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### STATE OF MICHIGAN

COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee, UNPUBLISHED January 12, 2016

v No. 314341 Wayne Circuit Court JEREMY DEWAYNE BROWN, LC No. 12-005176-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 314342 Wayne Circuit Court BRANDON LEWIS CAIN, LC No. 12-005176-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 314712 Wayne Circuit Court
REGINALD VAU GHN BROWN, LC No. 12-005176-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 316110 Wayne Circuit Court BRIAN CHRISTOPHER LEE, LC No. 12-005176-FC

Defendant-Appellant.-2- Before: T ALBOT , C.J., and C AVANAGH and K. F. K ELLY , JJ.

P ER C URIAM

.
Defendants Jeremy Dewayne Brown (J. Brown), Brandon Lewis Cain , Reginald Vaughn Brown (R. Brown), and Brian Chri stopher Lee were tried jointly, before two separate juries. One jury convicted J. Brown of two counts of first-degree preme ditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a), two counts of first-degree felony murder, MCL 75 0.316(1)(b), and two counts of torture, MCL 750.85, and it convicted defendant R. Brown of two counts of first-degree premeditated murder, two counts of first-degree felony murder, two counts of tortu re, two counts of unlawful imprisonment, MCL 750.349b, and possession of a fir earm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Another jury convi cted Cain of two counts of firstdegree premeditated murder, two counts of first-degree felony m urder, two counts of torture, two counts of unlawful imprisonment, felon in possession of a firearm, MCL 750.224f, and felonyfirearm, and it convicted Lee of four counts of second-degree m urder. MCL 750.317.

The trial court sentenced J. Brown to life in prison for each murder conviction and 20 to 50 years in prison for each tortu re conviction, to be served co ncurrently. The court sentenced R. Brown to life in prison for each murder conviction, 20 to 50 ye ars in prison for each torture conviction, and 35 months to 15 years in prison for each unlawf ul imprisonment conviction, to be served concurrently, but consecutive to a two-year term of i mprisonment for the felonyfirearm conviction. It sentenced Cain to life in prison for ea ch murder conviction, 20 to 50 years in prison for each torture convic tion, 3 to 15 years in prison for each unlawful imprisonment conviction, and one to five years for the felon-in-possession c onviction, to be served concurrently, but consecutive to a two-year term of imprisonmen t for the felony-firearm conviction. Lastly, the court sentenced Lee to 45 to 80 years in prison for each second-degree murder conviction, to be served concurrently. All four defenda nts appeal as of right, and their appeals have been consolidated. We remand for correction of th e judgments of sentence to vacate defendants’ duplicative murder convictions and sentences , and remand for a Crosby 1 hearing with respect to Lee’s departure sentences, but affirm d efendants’ convictions and sentences in all other respects.

Defendants’ convictions arise from the abduction, torture, and murder of best friends, 18- year-old Abreeya Brown (Brown) and 21-year-old Ashley Conaway, after they refused to discontinue the prosecution of d efendants Cain and Lee for a se parate shooting incident weeks
earlier. 2 Brown and Conaway were abducted on the evening of February 28 , 2012. They were placed in the trunk of a vehicle and, for a short while, were a ble to use their cell phones to

1 United States v Crosby , 397 F3d 103 (CA 2, 2005).

2 Cain and Lee were each convicted of two counts of assault withintent to commit murder, MCL 750.83, and Lee was also convicted of felony-firearm, in connec tion with the earlier shooting
incident. This Court affirmed those convictions in People v Lee and People v Cain , unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 21, 20 15 (Docket Nos. 313302 & 313303), lv den ___ Mich ___ (9/29/2015) (Docket Nos. 151647 & 151774).-3- communicate with friends and family members from their location in the trunk, but they were not
seen or heard from afterwar d. On March 24, 2012, the police fo und the victims’ bodies buried in shallow graves in Eliza Howell Park. Autopsies revealed that e ach victim had been shot in the head at close range. 3

I. DOCKET NO. 314341 – J . BROWN’S APPEAL

A. SUFFICIENCY O F THE EVIDENCE

J. Brown argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions, arguing instead that the evidence only showed that he was an accessory after the fact. We disagree.

A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a jury trial is reviewed de novo, by reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prose cution to determine whether the
trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of t he crime were proved beyond a
reasonable doubt. People v Harverson , 291 Mich App 171, 175; 804 NW2d 757 (2010). “All conflicts with regard to the evidence must be resolved in favor of the prosecution.” People v
Wilkens , 267 Mich App 728, 738; 705 NW2d 728 (2005).

An accessory after the fact is a substantive offense. People v Perry , 460 Mich 55, 62; 594 NW2d 477 (1999); People v Lucas , 402 Mich 302, 304-305; 262 NW2d 662 (1978). “An ‘accessory after the fact’ . . . is ‘one who, with knowledge of the other’s guilt, renders assistance to a felon in the effort to hinder his detection, arrest, trial or punishment.’ ” Id ., 402 Mich at 304 (citation omitted). In contrast , the elements necessary to con vict a defendant under an aiding and abetting theory are:

(1) the crime charged was committed by the defendant or some other person; (2) the defendant performed acts or gave encouragement that assiste d the commission of the crime; and (3) the defendant intended the commission of the crime or had knowledge that the principal intended its commission at the tim e that [the defendant] gave aid and encouragement. [ People v Plunkett , 485 Mich 50, 61; 780 NW2d 280 (2010) (citations and quotation marks omitted).]

“[A] defendant who has helped both before and after a crime is [guilty] as a principal.” People v Hartford , 159 Mich App 295, 301; 406 NW2d 276 (1987).

“The elements of first-degree murder are (1) the intentional k illing of a human (2) with premeditation and deliberation.” People v Bennett , 290 Mich App 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). Premeditation means “to think about beforehand,” and d eliberation means “to measure and evaluate the major facets of a choice or problem.” People v Plummer , 229 Mich App 293, 300; 581 NW2d 753 (1998) (citation and quotation omitted). Pre meditation and deliberation

3 Another codefendant, Miguel Rodr iguez, was also charged in thi s case, but as discussed further below, he pleaded guilty to two counts of second-degree murder and was sentenced to 20 to 35 years in prison. His convictions and sentences are not at issu e on appeal.-4- “may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the killing .” People v Anderson , 209 Mich App 527, 537; 531 NW2d 780 (1995). “Premeditation may be estab lished through evidence of (1) the prior relations hip of the parties, (2) the defendant’s actions before the killing, (3) the circumstances of the killing itself, and (4) the defendant’s co nduct after the homicide.” People v Unger , 278 Mich App 210, 229; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).

In People v Burks , 308 Mich App 256, 264; 864 NW2d 580 (2014), this Court, quoti ng People v Gayheart , 285 Mich App 202, 210; 776 NW2d 330 (2009), observed:

The elements of felony murder are (1) the killing of a human b eing, (2) with the intent to kill, to do great bodily harm, or to create a very high risk of death or great bodily harm with knowledge that death or great b odily harm was the probable result, (3) while committing, attempting to commit , or assisting in the commission of any of the fel onies specifically enumerated i n MCL 750.316(1)(b) [including torture].

MCL 750.85 provides:

A person who, with the intent to cause cruel or extreme physic al or mental pain and suffering, inflicts great bodily injury or severe ment al pain or suffering upon another person within his or her custody or physical contr ol commits torture and is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for life o r any term of years.

Contrary to J. Brown’s argument that he was only an accessory after the fact, there was
sufficient evidence for a reasonable trier of fact to conclude that he was an aider or abettor, if not a principal—helping before, durin g, and after the crimes. From the exchange of text messages, between R. Brown and J. Brown on the day before the victims’ ki dnapping, the jury could infer that J. Brown was anticipating a windfall, which required plann ing and his assistance to acquire a gun and a car. The jury could al so infer, from J. Brown’s acti ons, that the windfall involved defendants’ plan to torture and kill Conaway and Brown. As dis cussed further below, the record demonstrated that J. Brown’s phone number was ***-***-9038, and his phone was used near the scene of the kidnapping—a place it had never been used previous ly—immediately before the kidnapping. As the prosecutor argued, the jury could therefore infer that, from his presence, J. Brown aided the kidnapping by serving as a lookout. Furthermor e, the women were buried in Eliza Howell Park. Given that J. Brown’s phone was used near the park just hours before the crime, the prosecutor argued tha t the jury could infer that J. Brown was “scouting out” that burial location ahead of time. In addition to serving as a scout and a lookout, however, the jury could also infer that J. Brown offered aid and encouragement to defen dants by meeting R. Brown after the shooting and burial, assisti ng with cleaning the weapon, se tting fire to the silver Chrysler Sebring, which was used to transport the victims in the trunk, and providing a getaway to R. Brown as emergency personnel responded to the fire. Finally, f rom text messages involving R. Brown, the jury could infer that J. Brown’s motive with these c rimes was the $10,000 that R. Brown was splitting with “J.” See People v Henderson , 306 Mich App 1, 11; 854 NW2d 234 (2014).

J. Brown claims on appeal that there is no evidence that he wa s the person using the phone at the scenes of the abduction and burial. Again, as dis cussed further below, it was-5- reasonable for the jury to infer that J. Brown was the person u sing that phone given who he was communicating with—his acquaintances and relatives (including h is cousins, R. Brown and Miguel Rodriguez)—and witness testimony confirming that J. Brow n was, in fact, in the places where and when the cell phone records show his phone was being used. In any event, weighing the evidence, drawing reasonable inferences from the evidence, and making credibility determinations are tasks within the exclusive province of the j ury and will not be second-guessed by this Court. Unger , 278 Mich App at 232; People v Gadomski , 232 Mich App 24, 28; 592 NW2d 75 (1998). The evidence was sufficient to establish J. Br own’s guilt of the charged
crimes.

B. JUDICIAL BIAS (VOIR DIRE)

During voir dire for the R. Brow n/J. Brown jury, a prospective juror asked to be excused the following day for a Muslim holiday (Eid-al-Adha). Initiall y, the trial court excused members of the jury pool celebrating the holiday. Only after some of t he prospective jurors began to leave did the trial court ask the parties if they had any objection. The prosecutor did not object. The following exchange then occurred on the record:

J. Brown’s Attorney: Judge, I respect everybody’ s religion. But I have some concerns, in terms of - -

Trial court: Okay. Then- - then I can’t excuse you. I’m sorry.

J. Brown’s Attorney: Well, but, Judge, I don’t wa nt to be looking like- -

Trial court: Well, sir, you can’t h ave it both ways.

I’m sorry. I can’t excuse you. No, no, no, I’m not excusing them. Get everybody back in. I’m not excus ing those ladies either. See if we can catch them. Have everybody come in.

Deputy: All right. Everybody have a seat, again.

Trial court: Just everybody come on in. Everybody come back in. The two that we excused for the holiday, we’re going to bring them back in. We’ll just notify the jury pool to br ing them back in. I’m going to cancel their holiday.

A defendant has the right to a fair and impartial trial under both the United States and Michigan Constitutions. See US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1 , § 20. This right is violated when the trial court’s conduct “p ierces the veil of judicial im partiality.” People v Conley , 270 Mich App 301, 307-308; 715 NW2d 377 (2006). Although “a trial judge has wide discretion and power in matters of trial conduct,” a trial court pierces the v eil of judicial impartiality when its conduct or comments are “of such a nature as to unduly influenc e the jury and thereby deprive the appellant of his right to a fair and impartial trial.” People v Jackson , 292 Mich App 583, 598; 808 NW2d 541 (2011) (citations and quotation marks omitted ).

“A defendant claiming judicial bias must overcome a heavy pres umption of judicial impartiality.” Id . (citation and quotation marks omitted). A judge’s opinions o r judicial rulings-6- are not valid grounds for alleging bias “unless there is a deep -seated favoritism or antagonism such that the exercise of fair judgment is impossible.” Id ., quoting People v Wells , 238 Mich App 383, 391; 605 NW2d 374 (1999) (quotation marks omitted); se e also Armstrong v Twp of Ypsilanti , 248 Mich App 573, 596; 640 NW2d 321 (2001). In addition, “[c ]omments that are critical of or hostile to counsel and the parties are generallynot sufficient to pierce the veil of impartiality.” Jackson , 292 Mich App at 598.

A trial court should, to the ext ent practical, ma ke its ruling s outside the presence of the jury. MRE 103(c). But here, the trial court had already made a ruling excusing the prospective jurors and defense counsel did not object until some had alread y left. It is unclear from the record how many, if any, prospe ctive jurors heard counsel’s obj ection first-hand. In any event, the trial court logically explai ned defense counsel’s objectionto the prospective jurors when she
called them all back to the cour troom and changed her ruling. Nothing in the trial court’s ruling evidences deep-seated favoritism or antagonism toward either de fense counsel or J. Brown. Cf.
Wells , 238 Mich App at 391 (even calling a defendant’s attorney a li ar, while punishing the attorney, did not indicate a bias or prejudice against the defe ndant). Rather, the trial court merely chronicled what had happened as a means of explanation. Therefore, J. Brown cannot overcome the heavy presumption of judicial impartiality. See Jackson , 292 Mich App at 598.

Even if we were to conclude that the trial court’s statement amounted to error, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See People v Anderson , 446 Mich 392, 405; 521 NW2d 538 (1994). Before and after the evidence was presented, the t rial court instructed the jury to ignore any opinions it believed the trial court possessed about the case, and to “set aside any bias or prejudice.” “Jurors are presumed to follow their instructio ns, and instructions are presumed to
cure most errors.” People v Abraham , 256 Mich App 265, 279; 662 NW2d 836 (2003). In addition, defense counsel had an opportunity to explain his obj ection on the record, in the presence of all the prospective jurors that heard the trial cou rt’s statement. As a result, the jury learned that his objection was not made out of disrespect for a nyone’s religious beliefs, but instead was intended to ensure that defendants had a jury that was representative of the crosssection of the local community, including Muslim citizens. Not hing in the record demonstrates that J. Brown suffered any prej udice from counsel’s objection o r the trial court’s comments. On the contrary, even one prospective juror, who was initially ups et that she could not celebrate the holiday, testified that she could be fair and would not hold gr udges against defendants for this situation. Again, J. Brown cannot overcome the heavy presumpti on of judicial impartiality and
even if the trial court erre d, any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

C. CELL PHONE RECORDS

Next, J. Brown argues that the trial court erred by admitting cell phone records without an adequate foundation. We disagree.

This Court reviews a trial court’s decision regarding the admi ssion of evidence for an
abuse of discretion. Unger , 278 Mich App at 216. An abuse of discretion occurs when a tr ial
court “chooses an outcome that is outside the range of reasonab le and principled outcomes.” People v Waclawski , 286 Mich App 634, 670; 780 NW2d 321 (2009).-7- “The rule governing the admission of physical evidence require s that a proper foundation be laid and that the articles be identified as that which they purport to be and that the articles are
shown to be connected with the crime or with the accused.” People v Furman , 158 Mich App 302, 331; 404 NW2d 246 (1987). MRE 901(a) provides that for a document to be admissible, it must be authenticated by the introduction of “evidence sufficie nt to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” MRE 901(b) d elineates, “[b]y way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation,” various means or methods of authentication or identification to comply with “the requirements of this rule.” MRE 901(b)(1) permits authentication through the elic itation of testimony from a “wit ness with knowledge . . . that a matter is what it is claimed to be.” MRE 901(b)(4) also permit s authentication by “distinctive characteristics,” meaning “[a]ppearance, contents, substance, i nternal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with circumst ances.” MRE 901(b)(6) permits identification of a telephone conversation with “evidence that a call was made to the number assigned at the time . . . to a particular person . . . if . . . circumstances, including selfidentification, show the person answering to be the one called . . . .” Identification need not be
“absolute or certain.” People v O’Brien , 113 Mich App 183, 204; 317 NW2d 570 (1982). 4 “Once a proper foundation has been established, any deficiencie s in the chain of custody go to the weight afforded to the evidence, rather than its admissibil ity.” People v White , 208 Mich App 126, 133; 527 NW2d 34 (1994).

Jasmine Richbow testified that she called J. Brown for her fiancé, Raymon Brown, approximately four times during the same week of the kidnapping , or the month before. She further testified that she recalled J. Brown’s cell phone numbe r was ***-***-9038. Text messages sent before the kidnapping also linked J. Brown to thi s Metro PCS phone number— identifying the sender “Jeremy,” with J. Brown’s address and bi rthday.

In addition, United States Marsh all John Jaehnig, who compiled the cell phone records and testified about the phones’ u sage at trial, testified that some cellular providers, including Metro PCS, do not verify the name of the subscriber. Even thou gh Metro PCS had no record of J. Brown’s legal name associated with ***-***-9038, the subscri ber’s name was “Ju Ju.” At trial, the prosecution played a jail call involving an inmate, who used J. Brown’s pin number. During the call, the inmate was called “Ju Ju” by the woman on the other end of the line. From these facts, the jury could infer that J. Brown’s nickname was Ju Ju, and he used it to subscribe for the phone.

J. Brown argues that even if ***-***-9038 was his phone number , the prosecutor failed to offer evidence identifying him as the person who used the ph one at the time of the charged crimes. Again, under MRE 901(b), one way to authenticate a pho ne record is to show a call was made to the number assigned to a particular pers on at the time and circumstances establishing the person who answered was the one called. Jaehnig’s testimony re garding the towers utilized by ***-***-9038 around the time of the crimes allowed the jury to infer that it was J. Brown making and receiving calls and texts. Most importantly, ***-** *-9038 was utilized in the Eliza

4 See MCR 7.215(J)(1).-8- Howell Park area from about 1:00 to 2:00 a.m. Richbow confirme d that J. Brown, in fact, was with her in that same area during that time period. That the t ower usage showed that the phone returned to J. Brown’s neighborhood on Beresford—both between t he abduction and after J.
Brown’s visit to Richbow and the fire—and that the number was u sed to call J. Brown’s friends and relatives, also allowed the jury to infer that it was J. Br own making and receiving calls and texts. Again, the foundation n eed not have identified J. Brown as the user with absolute certainty. See O’Brien , 113 Mich App at 204. Therefore, the trial court did not abus e its discretion by concluding that the prosecutor introduced evidenc e to establish a proper foundation for the admission of cell phone records for ***-***-9038.

II. DOCKET NO. 314342 – C AIN’S APPEAL

A. EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COU NSEL – CELL PHONE RECORDS EXPERT

Cain also complains about the admission of the cell phone reco rds by arguing that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to call an expert t o refute Jaehnig’s testimony. We disagree. Because Cain did not r aise this issue in an appropri ate motion in the trial court and this Court denied his motion to remand, our review is limited to err ors apparent from the record. See People v Matuszak , 263 Mich App 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342 (2004); People v Wilson , 242 Mich App 350, 352; 619 NW2d 413 (2000).

The United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee a defen dant the right to the
effective assistance of counsel . US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show: (1) t hat counsel’s performance was below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s defic ient performance, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Strickland v Washington , 466 US 668, 688, 694; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984); People v Trakhtenberg , 493 Mich 38, 51; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). A “reasonable probability” is a probability sufficientto undermine confidence in the

outcome. Strickland , 466 US at 694.

Effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a substantial burden of proving otherwise. People v Vaughn , 491 Mich 642, 670; 821 NW2d 288 (2012). A defendant can overcome the presumption by showing that counsel failed to perform an essential duty and that failure was prejudicial to the defendant. People v Reinhardt , 167 Mich App 584, 591; 423 NW2d 275 (1988), remanded on other grounds 436 Mich 86 6 (1990). Counsel’s strategic judgments are afforded deference, Wiggins v Smith , 539 US 510, 521-522, 528; 123 S Ct 2527; 156 L Ed 2d 471 (2003), bu t strategic choices made aft er an incomplete investigation are reasonable only to the ext ent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitation on investigation. Id. at 521-522; Trakhtenberg , 493 Mich at 52-55.

The failure to reasonably investigate a case can constitute in effective assistance of
counsel. Trakhtenberg , 493 Mich at 51-55. However, defe nse counsel has extensive di scretion on matters of trial strategy. People v Heft , 299 Mich App 69, 83; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). Decisions regarding whether to retain witnesses, including expe rt witnesses, are matters of trial strategy. People v Ackerman , 257 Mich App 434, 455; 669 NW2d 818 (2003). “[A]n attorney’s selection of an expert witness may be a ‘paradigmatic example’ of trial strategy, [but] that is so-9- only when it is made ‘ after thorough investigation of [th e] law and facts’ in a case.” People v Ackley , 497 Mich 381, 390; 870 NW2d 858 (2015), quoting Hinton v Alabama , ___ US ___, 134 S Ct 1081, 1088; 188 L Ed 2d 1 (2014) (emphasis in Ackley ). “[T]he failure to call witnesses only constitutes ineffective assi stance of counsel if it depriv es the defendant of a substantial
defense.” People v Dixon , 263 Mich App 393, 398; 688 NW2d 308 (2004). A substantial defense is one that might have made a difference in the outcome of the trial. People v Marshall

, 298 Mich App 607, 612; 830 NW2d 414 (2012) , vacated in part on other grounds 493 Mich 1020 (2013).

Cain cannot establish that counsel’s failure to call an expert regarding the cell phone records was anything but strate gic. Nothing in the record establishes that counsel failed to consult with an expert, or made his decision not to retain an e xpert before deciding on a trial strategy. Instead, the record demonstrates that although couns el did not call an expert to testify, he cross-examined Jaehnig about the fact that he was not qualif ied as an expert and attempted to impeach the cell phone records by eliciting that (1) none of th e phone records actually had a
subscriber name of “Brandon Cain” or established that he was th e subscriber with, for example, a handwriting sample of the subscr iber, (2) Jaehnig did not resea rch records for a number Cain acknowledged as his own, (3) the motive for Cain’s involvement in the crimes was to silence the victims, who intended to prosecute him for an earlier February 8, 2012 shooting, and Cain first allegedly tried to buy their sile nce, but there was no evidence of any communication in the cell phone records for the victims and Cain around the time of the e arlier shooting, and (4) Jaehnig had no evidence that Cain was actually the person using the pho ne numbers associated with him at any time. In addition, counsel used closing argument to dis credit Jaehnig, arguing that he worked for the government, so his research would have a governm ent-bias and his data were so “mangled and confusing” that it was unbelievable. Counsel remi nded the jury in closing that there was no proof that Cain w as actually using the phone. Aga in, there is no evidence that counsel made these strategic decisions about cross-examination and closing argument without first investigating whether to c all his own cell phone records expert and declining to do so.

Additionally, Cain cannot establish a reasonable probability t hat calling an expert would have made a difference in the result of the proceedings. See Trakhtenberg , 493 Mich at 51. As Cain explains in his brief, no expert has reviewed the records or offered any proposed testimony contrary to that provided by Jaehnig. 5 Moreover, there was overwhe lming evidence of Cain’s guilt even without the cell phone records. Again, Cain had a m otive to silence the victims. Brown’s stepfather, Major Chapman, testified that while Brown w as dragged to the trunk of a

5 Although Cain states in his quest ion presented that Jaehnig’s testimony was not based on scientific analysis and did not meet the reliability standard i n Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharm,

Inc , 509 US 579, 590; 113 S Ct 2786; 125 L Ed 2d 469 (1993), the Daubert standard applies to expert testimony and Jaehnig did not testify as an expert. Asi de from merely citing a law review article that discusses cell phone records and Daubert , Cain makes no argument in his brief regarding why the Daubert standard should nevertheless apply. Therefore, Cain has abando ned this argument. See People v Kevorkian , 248 Mich App 373, 389; 639 NW2d 291 (2001) (holding that failure to brief a question on appeal is tantamou nt to abandoning it).-10- car, Cain fired shots at their home. In addition, the jury cou ld infer that Cain sought out money from Andre Douglas on the night of the kidnapping to pay his ac complices for the kidnapping and murders. Eyewitness testimony placed Cain at Eliza Howell Park and the jury could infer that, around the same time, the victims were buried in the park . Finally, the jury could find that Cain was conscious of his guilt on the night of the kidnapping when he told one of his girlfriends, Audrey Christina Glenn, that she would no longer h ave to worry about Conaway competing for his affections. Given the presumption that couns el acted strategically and the absence of evidence establishing prejudice, Cain was not denied the effective assistance of
counsel.

B. SEVERANCE

Next, Cain argues that the trial court should have granted his motion to have a separate jury from Lee, or a separate trial. We disagree. “This Court reviews a trial court’s decision regarding severing the trials of multiple defendants for an abu se of discretion.” People v Bosca

, 310 Mich App 1, 51; 871 NW2d 307 (2015); see also MCL 768.5.

“There is a strong policy favoring joint trials in the interes t of justice, judicial economy, and administration, and a defendant does not have an absolute r ight to a separate trial.” People v Etheridge , 196 Mich App 43, 52; 492 NW2d 490 (1992). A trial court must sever the trial of codefendants on related offenses only when the defendant shows that “severance is necessary to avoid prejudice to substantial rights of the defendant.” MCR 6 .121(C); Etheridge , 196 Mich App at 53. Under MCR 6.121(D), a trial court has the discretio n to grant a request for severance “on the ground that severance is appropriate to promote fairnes s to the parties and a fair determination of the guilt or innocence of one or more of the d efendants.” When determining if severance is appropriate, a trial court may consider factors li ke “the potential for confusion or prejudice stemming from either the number of defendants or the complexity or nature of the evidence” and “the convenience of witnesses.” MCR 6.121(D).

To show that severance is nece ssary, a defendant must provide the court with a supporting affidavit, or make an offer of proof, “that clearly, affirmatively, and fully
demonstrates that his substantia l rights will be prejudiced andthat severance is the necessary means of rectifying the potential prejudice.” People v Hana , 447 Mich 325, 346; 524 NW2d 682 (1994); see also MCR 6.121(C). Such a showing is not made by c odefendants’ plans to present
inconsistent defenses. Hana , 447 Mich at 349. The Supreme Court in Hana further explained:

It is natural that defendants accused of the same crime and tr ied together will attempt to escape conviction by pointing the finger at eac h other. Whenever this occurs the co-defendants are, to some extent, forced to de fend against their co-defendant as well as the government. This situation results in the sort of compelling prejudice requiring rev ersal, however, only when the competing defenses are so antagonistic at their cores that both cannot be believed. Consequently, we hold that a defendant seeking severance based on antagonistic defenses must demonstrate that his or her defense is so antagon istic to the codefendants that the defenses are mutually exclusive. Moreover, defenses are mutually exclusive within the meaning of this rule if the jury, in order to believe the core of the evidence offered on behalf of one defendant, mu st disbelieve the-11- core of the evidence offered on behalf of the co-defendant. [ Id. at 349-350, quoting State v Kinkade , 140 Ariz 91, 93; 680 P2d 801 (1984).]

During the pretrial motion hear ing for severance, Cain’s attor ney referenced the fact that Cain and Lee received separate juries in their trial for the Fe bruary 8 shooting incident. But he only argued that defendants had similarly antagonistic defenses in this case, without providing any explanation of those defenses. Therefore, Cain failed to c learly, affirmatively, and fully
demonstrate how his substantial r ights would be prejudiced if C ain and Lee shared a jury for this
trial. See id. at 346-347.

Furthermore, nothing in the record demonstrates the prejudice required by MCR 6.121(C). Both Cain and Lee argued that they were not the perp etrators, but inste ad were merely present in the neighborhoods where some of the crimes occurred. They also denied having any motive for the kidnapping and murders—Cain arguing he did not o rder the February 8 shooting, and Cain and Lee both arguing that others besides Lee, such as Glen Hunter, Marlin Church, or Andre Douglas, actually fired the gun. In addition, both Cain and Lee argued that the prosecutor promised to produce Rodriguez to tie them to the crimes, but fa iled to fulfill that promise. Finally, Cain placed some of the blame on the victims themselve s, arguing that they participated in high risk activities, such as visiting strip clubs and threa tening rivals, and attempted to refute the prosecutor’s claim that he had a serious relationship with Conaway, whom he sought to control through violence.

On appeal, Cain now argues that if the motion for severance ha d been granted, he would have argued that Lee, alone, had a motive to commit the crimes to silence the victims. But nothing in the record actually demonstrates such finger pointin g. In addition, Cain’s finger pointing regarding motive would not have been so antagonistic w ith Lee’s defense that the defenses would have been mutually exclusive. Specifically, mot ive is not an element of the charged crimes. See People v Fisher , 193 Mich App 284, 289; 483 NW2d 452 (1992). The jury could have believed Cain’s defense that, despite this motive, L ee had a motive to silence the victims, but at the same time believed Lee’s defense that he wa s merely present in the neighborhood at the time of the crimes and played no part in th em. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion to sever.

C. RODRIGUEZ

Cain’s next claims involve his former codefendant, Rodriguez, who was also charged with the murders, torture, and unlawful imprisonment of the vic tims, and had been scheduled to be tried jointly with defendants. After the Cain/Lee jury was empaneled, Rodriguez pleaded guilty to two counts of second-degree murder and agreed to test ify truthfully on behalf of the prosecution. Before continuing with opening statements, howeve r, the trial court questioned the Cain/Lee jury about Rodriguez’s role in the proceedings and all of the jurors agreed that they could keep an open mind and cauti ously evaluate Rodriguez’s cre dibility. The trial court then denied defendants’ request to qu estion the jurors and their mot ions for a mistrial.

Toward the end of trial, however , the prosecutor interviewed R odriguez and informed the trial court that she suspected that he intended to perjure hims elf because his plea allocution
differed from his interview state ments regarding whether he kne w the victims were in the trunk-12- and whether he saw Lee walking toward Eliza Howell Park with a victim. The prosecutor urged
the trial court to treat Rodri guez as an unavailable witness, r easoning that she could not call a witness to testify who she knew intended to perjure himself. S he noted, however, that the prosecution had not yet decided whether to withdraw Rodriguez’s plea because of his failure to fulfill the obligation to testify truthfully.

The trial court ruled that good cause had been shown to treat Rodriguez as an unavailable
witness and denied defendants’ motions for a mistrial. R. Brow n’s attorney also later noted on the record that, even though the prosecutor declined to call Ro driguez to testify, his client wanted to call him. But then Rodriguez asserted his Fifth Amendment p rivilege and the trial court ruled that no one could call Rodriguez as a witness.

1. VOIR DIRE

First, Cain claims that the trial court abused its discretion in conducting voir dire about Rodriguez and by failing to allow defense counsel to question t he jurors. We disagree. This Court reviews preserved challenges concerning voir dire for an abuse of discretion. MCR 6.412(C)(1); People v Tyburski , 445 Mich 606, 619; 518 NW2d 441 (1994).

“A defendant who chooses a jury trial has an absolute right to a fair and impartial jury.”
Id . at 618. “The purpose of voir dire is to elicit enough inform ation for development of a rational basis for excluding those who are not impartial from the jury.” Id . There are no “hard and fast rules” regarding what constitutes acceptable voir dire. People v Sawyer , 215 Mich App 183, 186; 545 NW2d 6 (1996). “Rather, trial courts must be allowed wide discretion in the manner they employ to achieve the goal of an impartial jury.” Id . at 186-187 (quotation marks omitted). In reviewing the trial court’s conduct, the test is whether the trial court conducted a voir dire “sufficiently probing . . . to uncover potential juror bias.” Tyburski , 445 Mich at 609. “A
defendant is entitled to relief fr om a verdict because of disal lowance of voir dire only if he can prove that he was actually prejud iced by the presence of the juror in question or that the juror was properly excusable for cause.” People v Washington , 468 Mich 667, 675; 664 NW2d 203 (2003).

In People v Mumford , 183 Mich App 149; 455 NW2d 51 (1990), the trial court exclude d
voir dire and cross-examination of the defendant’s codefendant regarding his plea of guilty and agreement to testify in exchange for a reduced sentence. The t rial court reasoned that the defendants had faced the same charges and any questioning on th e reduced sentence would violate the general rule that a jury should not be informed of a defendant’s possible punishment,
if convicted. Id. at 151. On appeal, this Court concluded that strict adherence to the rule against informing jury of possible punishment would deprive the defenda nt of the right to cross-examine and present to the jury anything tending to affect the credibil ity of the witness, such as sentencing consideration received in return for testimony. Id. at 152-154. Likewise, this Court held that the trial court abused its discretion by restricting voir dire on the issue of the sentencing consideration because it prevente d the development of a factual basis for the exercise of peremptory challenges. Id. at 154-155.

In this case, the record demonstr ates that the trial court fir st asked each juror:-13- [I]f there were testimony that a p erson was accused of a crime, and accused of a crime that the defendants were alleged to be a part of . . . an d that person decided that they wanted to plead guilty, and they wanted to testify, b ut in return for them being a witness against the defendants, that they got a reduced plea . . . Would you say: “I can’t believe anything that person said?” Or . . . would you have an open mind?

Each juror responded that he or she would have an open mind. N ext, the trial court promised to instruct the jury that it would have to be “very, very careful” and “to proceed very, very cautiously” when considering the testimony and credibility of awitness who is receiving a deal. The trial court then asked each juror if it could use such caut ion and each juror responded affirmatively.

Although Cain argues that the tri al court’s questioning regard ing Rodriguez’s plea was cursory and did not adequately probe for bias, he does not arti culate on appeal what additional probing questions the trial court should have asked, and how di fferent questions would have helped the parties to determine which potential jurors were imp artial. See People Orlewicz , 293 Mich App 96, 105; 809 NW2d 194 (2011), remanded on other ground s 493 Mich 916 (2012) (“[d]efendant fails to articulate what the trial court should h ave asked in addition to the questions it did ask, and the trial court appears from the record to have given the attorneys the opportunity to request questions to be asked”). The trial court’s question ing about whether the jury could keep an open mind about Rodriguez, but also carefully consider the credibility implications involved with his sentence agreem ent, is distinguishable from t he dearth of questioning in Mumford . Moreover, Cain has not offere d any evidence that he was actu ally prejudiced by the presence of any of the jurors or that a juror was properly excu sable for cause. See Washington

, 468 Mich at 675. Therefore, Cain has not established that the trial court abused its discretion with the scope of its own questioning.

Cain also challenges the trial court’s decision to preclude de fense counsel’s questioning. Again, the questions defense counsel would have asked are not amatter of record or addressed by Cain on appeal. It is well-settled that a defendant does no t have the right to have his attorney conduct voir dire. See MCR 6.412(C)(2) (“[t]he court may condu ct the examination of prospective jurors or perm it the lawyers to do so”); Tyburski , 445 Mich at 619 (“[d]efendant does not have a right to have counsel conduct the voir dire”). But a trial court has discretion to “permit the lawyers to supplement the examination by direct que stioning or by submitting questions for the court to ask.” Id. at 619 n 5, quoting MCR 6.412(C)(2). When the trial court precluded further questioning by defense counsel, it ruled thatit had already “discussed this, thoroughly, with them.” It also p romised an instruction would be drafted relating to Rodriguez and how to assess his credibility. 6 In light of the trial court’s discretion when conducting voir dire and Cain’s failure to make a record of any additional ques tions that could have revealed bias

6 In his brief, Cain notes that the trial court did not actually give an instruction. CJI2d 5.6 addresses accomplice testimony. Because Rodriguez did not ulti mately testify, the instruction was not applicable when the trial court gave its closing instru ctions to the jury.-14- regarding Rodriguez, the trial c ourt’s refusal to allow defense counsel to ask additional questions was not outside the range of principled outcomes.

2. MISTRIAL

Next, Cain argues that the trial court should have granted a m istrial when Rodriguez agreed to testify—after the jury was empaneled—and later when t he prosecutor refused to call him to testify. We disagree. Thi s Court reviews a trial court ’s ruling on a motion for a mistrial
for an abuse of discretion. People v Schaw , 288 Mich App 231, 236; 791 NW2d 743 (2010).

A trial court should exercise its power to grant a mistrial wi th great caution and only do so when there is “an irregularity that is prejudicial to the ri ghts of the defendant and impairs his ability to get a fair trial.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). Stated differently, a mistrial is only appropriate whe re the error is so egregious th at its prejudicial effect can be removed in no other way. People v Gonzales , 193 Mich App 263, 266; 483 NW2d 458 (1992).

a. WHEN RODRIGUEZ PLEADED GUILTY

Cain argues that his jury was tainted by the surprise of Rodri guez’s plea and proposed testimony after it was empaneled. The record is clear that, wh en jury selection began and the jurors were empaneled, Rodriguez’s plea and proposed testimony was unexpected. But as discussed earlier, the parties w ere not precluded from observin g the jurors’ potential biases on this subject because the trial court conducted voir dire about it before proceeding with trial. In light of the trial court’s ruling that this questioning removedany prejudicial effect of the surprise regarding Rodriguez’s plea and proposed testimony, the trial co urt did not abuse its discretion by denying Cain’s motion for a mistrial. See Gonzales , 193 Mich App at 266.

b. WHEN THE THREAT OF ROD RIGUEZ’S PERJURY AROSE

Cain claims that he was entitled to a mistrial because the pro secutor promised to produce Rodriguez during her opening statement and then decided not to call him to testify. If a prosecutor refers to evidence in his opening statement that is not substantiated, reversal is warranted only if the defendant was prejudiced or the prosecuto r was acting in bad faith. People
v Wolverton , 227 Mich App 72, 77; 574 NW2d 703 (1997). Some of the prosec utor’s argument about Rodriguez was cumulative. For example, even without Rodr iguez’s testimony, other
evidence established that Tristan Cash transported Rodriguez th at night to various scenes of the crimes and that Rodriguez purchased shovels and gas for defenda nts, which the jury could infer were used to bury the victims and burn the car used to kidnap them. Other portions of the prosecutor’s argument were unsubs tantiated, such as her claim t hat Rodriguez purchased duct tape to silence the victims and that Rodriguez saw a victim bei ng forced into the park. These arguments did not prejudice Cain because the jury was presumed to follow the court’s instructions to only decide the case based on the evidence and that the attorneys’ statements were
not evidence. See Abraham , 256 Mich App at 279. In additi on, as discussed earlier, ther e was overwhelming evidence presented against Cain even though Rodrig uez did not testify. Additionally, although Cain appears to argue that the prosecuto r acted in bad faith by promising Rodriguez’s testimony, nothing in t he record suggests that she knew that Rodriguez would fail to comply with his plea agreement to testify truthfully and threat en to perjure himself. See People-15- v Herndon

, 246 Mich App 371, 418; 633 NW2d 376 (2001) (noting that “[p]ros ecutors . . . have a constitutional obligation to re port to the defendant and to the trial court whenever government
witnesses lie under oath” and tha t “Michigan courts have also r ecognized that the prosecutor may not knowingly use false testimony to obtain a conviction, and t hat a prosecutor has a duty to correct false evidence”). The tr ial court theref ore did not ab use its discretion by failing to grant a mistrial when the prosecutor refu sed to call Rodriguez to testi fy.

Cain also makes several additional arguments related to Rodrig uez’s failure to testify. First, Cain argues that Rodriguez was not a res gestae witness and therefore the prosecutor had a duty to make him available for defendants to call him to testif y. But a res gestae witness is “ ‘one who is present at the scene of the alleged crime, at th e time of the alleged crime, or one
who had occasion to observe the surrounding events and circumst ances.’ ” People v Steanhouse

, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2015) (Docket No. 318329); slip op at 7, quoting People v Dyer , 425 Mich 572, 577 n 4; 390 NW 2d 645 (1986). According to his own allocution, Rodriguez was present during the crimes and was therefore a res gestae witness. Therefore,
Cain’s citation to People v Lummis , 260 Mich 170; 244 NW 438 (1932), for the proposition that an indorsed witness, who is not a res gestae witness, must be i n court but need not be called by the prosecution, is inapposite.

Next, Cain seems to argue, with no citation to authority, that the prosecutor should have assisted him in producing Rodriguez as his witness because Rodr iguez could not assert the Fifth Amendment privilege. As the prosecutor argues, Cain did not ob ject to Rodriguez’s assertion of this privilege at trial. Theref ore, his argument is unpreserve d and reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. See People v Carines , 460 Mich 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). Moreover,

[t]he Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Art icle 1, § 17 of the Michigan Constitution provide that “[n]o person shall be compel led in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” “This prohibit ion ‘not only permits a person to refuse to testify against himself at a crim inal trial in which he is a defendant, but also ‘privileges him not to answer official questions put to him in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in future criminal proceedings.’ ” [ Steanhouse , ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 8.]

Contrary to Cain’s claim, it was not inconceivable that testify ing at this trial could incriminate Rodriguez in future criminal proceedings. If Rodriguez testifi ed as the prosecutor anticipated—
that he did not know the victims were in the trunk or see Lee w alking toward Eliza Howell Park with a victim—he could be prosecuted for perjury because the an ticipated testimony differed from his allocution. See MRE 410 (a statement made in the cour se of plea proceedings is admissible “in a criminal proceeding for perjury or false state ment if the statement was made by the defendant under oath, on the record and in the presence of counsel”). Therefore, after Rodriguez asserted the Fifth Ame ndment privilege, the trial cou rt did not commit plain error by concluding that defendants could not call Rodriguez to testify, and contrary to Cain’s claim, the prosecutor did not fail to assisthim in producing Rodriguez.-16- D. JUDICIAL QUESTIONING

Next, Cain argues that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s questioning of certain witnesses, which he claims demons trated bias for the prosecutio n. We disagree.

Cain did not object to the tri al court’s questioning. Therefo re, Cain’s unpreserved arguments regarding the trial court’s questioning are reviewed only to ascertain whether any plain error affected his substantial rights. See Carines , 460 Mich at 763-764; People v Davis

, 216 Mich App 47, 51; 549 NW2d 1 (1996).

MRE 614(b) provides that a “court may interrogate witnesses, w hether called by itself or by a party.” Under this rule, “ [t]he trial court may question witnesses in order to clarify testimony or elicit relevant information.” People v Conyers , 194 Mich App 395, 404; 487 NW2d 787 (1992). The “trial court should conduct a trial with a vie w to eliciting the truth and to attaining justice between the parties.” Davis , 216 Mich App at 49 (internal quotation and citation omitted). A trial judge possesses

good reason to interject itself in to the trial . . . when a witness is difficult or is not credible and the attorney fails t o adequately probe the witness , . . . if a witness becomes confused,” or the “attorneys for both sides avoid askin g a witness a material question . . . In these and other appropriate instance s, the trial court may have good reason to questio n a witness in ord er to enhance the role of the criminal trial as a search for substantive truth. [ Id . at 49-50.]

A trial judge does not deprive a defendant of a fair trial by a sking “questions posed in a neutral
manner.” Id . at 50.

“The principal limitation on a court’s discretion over matters of trial conduct is that its actions not pierce the veil of judicial impartiality.” Id. In Conyers , 194 Mich App at 405, this Court summarized the following relevant cautionary principles g overning judicial questioning of
witnesses:

[T]he trial court must exercise caution and restraint to ensure that its questions are not intimidating, argumentative, prejudicial, unfair, or partia l. The test is whether the judge’s questions and commen ts may well have unjustifiably aroused suspicion in the mind of the jur y as to a witness’[s] credibili ty, and whether partiality quite possibly could have influenced the jury to the detriment of defendant’s case. [Internal quot ations, citations and emphasis omitted.]

“A trial court may not assume the prosecutor’s role with advant ages unavailable to the prosecution,” but “the fact that testimony elicited by a court’ s questions damaged a defendant’s case did not demonstrate that the court had improperly assumed the role of surrogate prosecutor.” Davis , 216 Mich App at 51 (internal quotation and citation omitted).

This was a long and complicated trial, wh ich was conducted ove r a period of many weeks and involved many parties and pieces of evidence. The trial co urt’s questioning of Chapman elicited testimony, which he had p reviously struggled to explai n clearly. Likewis e, the trial court questioned evidence technician, Mary Gross, about details of he r evidentiary findings that the-17- parties had failed to adequately probe. As even Cain notes, onone occasion the trial court began to interject about the location of a shell casing and duct tape where the victims were buried, but when the prosecutor promised to continue that line of questioni ng, the trial court exercised restraint and allowed the prosecutor to fulfill her role. Cainonly argues that some of the evidence elicited by the judge could have led to an inference o f guilt. But the same evidence
also could have created reasonable doubt. 7 Regardless, the trial court i nstructed the jury only to decide the case based on the evidence and, “My comments, ruling s, questions and instructions are . . . not evidence.” Because the jury was presumed to foll ow its instructions, Cain cannot establish a plain error affecting his substantial rights from t he trial court’s questioning. See
Abraham , 256 Mich App at 279. 8

III. DOCKET NO. 314712 – R. BROWN’S APPEAL

A. RODRIGUEZ

Like Cain, R. Brown also argues that the trial court should ha ve granted a mistrial because the prosecutor promised to produce Rodriguez during her opening statement and then decided not to call him to testify. R. Brown does not argue th at the prosecutor acted in bad faith, but rather that he was nevertheless prejudiced by her unsubstan tiated argument. We disagree. Again, this Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion fo r a mistrial for an abuse of
discretion. Schaw , 288 Mich App at 236.

Any prejudice from the prosecutor’s unsubstantiated argument w as not so egregious that its effect could not be removed in another way. See Gonzales , 193 Mich App at 266. Again, the jury is presumed to have followed the instructions that the cas e could only be decided based on the evidence and that the attorneys’ statements were not eviden ce. Abraham , 256 Mich App at 279. Moreover, in light of the overwhelming evidence against R . Brown, any additional promises that Rodriguez would further implicate him were not outcome determinative. The text messages between R. Brown and J. Brown establish their plan of “hittin’ that lick,” which required a gun and a car. The very next day, R. Brown’s cell p hone placed him in the Hamtramck neighborhood at the time of the kidnapping and shooti ng at Chapman’s home. From R. Brown’s subsequent statement that he “almost got [his] f**ki n’ head blown off,” the jury
could infer that he was involved in the crossfire between Cain and Chapman. After the kidnapping, the victims reported that they were inside a silver Chrysler Sebring and R. Brown was seen driving a green or gray Chrysler Sebring that night. In addition, cellular phone tower

7 For example, Cain argues that the trial court’s elicitation of evidence that Chapman was never formally introduced to Cain made Cain look “shifty, antisocial, and suspect,” but the jury could have just as easily inferred tha t, absent an introduction, Chap man did not know Cain well enough to recognize him as the s hooter during the kidnapping.

8 Although Cain references the sentencing transcript from the tr ial involving the February 8 shooting to demonstrate the trial court’s bias, any statements the trial court made in that proceeding are not part of the instant record and will not be c onsidered on appeal. See Reeves v K-Mart Corp , 229 Mich App 466, 481 n 7; 582 NW2d 841 (1998).-18- usage immediately after the ki dnapping showed R. Brown’s phone was moving in the same direction as the victims’ phones. The victims were shot and bu ried in Eliza Howell Park and the jury could infer that R. Brown shot them and dug their graves b ecause he arrived at Raymon’s nearby house later, covered in mud, with a gun he needed to cle an and bullets he wanted to dispose of. He also carried one of the victim’s purses. When Rodriguez joined him at Raymon’s house, R. Brown requested a gas can filled with gas. The silve r Chrysler Sebring was parked on Bramell Street at the time. Just after R. Brown left the home, emergency vehicles responded to
Bramell Street to control a fi re involving a silver Chrysler; a gas can sat nearby. In the aftermath of the kidnapping and murders, R. Brown texted demands to be pa id to Rodriguez, inquired what Richbow saw and what should be done to her, and threatened to k ill Cash for being a “snitch.” Given these facts linking R. Brown to the crimes, any mention o f Rodriguez’s proposed testimony about his involvement in the crimes did not affect R. Brown’s right to a fair trial.

R. Brown also argues on appeal that reversal is required becau se the prosecutor withheld potentially exculpatory infor mation revealed during Rodriguez’s interview. We disagree.

Due process demands that a criminal defendant have “a meaningf ul opportunity to present a complete defense,” which includes a defendant’s recei pt of exculpatory evidence. People v Anstey , 476 Mich 436, 460; 719 NW2d 579 (2006). A prosecutor must di sclose exculpatory and material evidence in his or her possession, reg ardless of whether the defendant
has asked for the disclosure. People v Schumacher , 276 Mich App 165, 176; 740 NW2d 534 (2007). R. Brown cites Brady v Maryland , 373 US 83, 87; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963), under which a defendant must prove:

(1) the prosecution has suppressed evidence; (2) that is favorable to the accused; and (3) viewed in its totality, is material. [ People v Chenault , 495 Mich 142, 155; 845 NW2d 731 (2014).]

In addition, when evidence is lost or not preserved and the exc ulpatory value of the evidence is indeterminate and only potentially useful, a defendant must sho w that the government acted in bad faith in failing to preserve the evidence. Arizona v Youngblood , 488 US 51, 57-58; 109 S Ct 333; 102 L Ed 2d 281 (1988); People v Johnson , 197 Mich App 362, 365; 494 NW2d 873 (1992).

In this case, after the prosecutor interviewed Rodriguez and d eclined to call him to testify because she anticipated that he would perjure himself, Rodrigue z asserted his Fifth Amendment right to silence and the trial court ruled that he could not be called as a witness at trial. Therefore, even assuming that the prosecutor possessed and supp ressed evidence favorable to defendants, the outcome of the trial would not have been differ ent because Rodriguez’s testimony could not have been presented. See Chenault , 495 Mich at 156. Therefore, any alleged suppression of evidence would not require reversal.

B. CELL PHONE RECORDS

Like J. Brown and Cain, R. Brown also argues that the trial co urt abused its discretion when admitting the cell phone records associated with him, argu ing that the records were not sufficiently authentic ated. We disagree.-19- Again, to admit evidence, a proper foundation must be establis hed. The “articles [must] be identified as that which theypurport to be and that the art icles are shown to be connected with
the crime or with the accused.” Furman , 158 Mich App at 331; MRE 901(a).

When he was interviewed by the police, R. Brown told Officer A lejandro Parra that his phone number was ***-***-8929. As R. Brown argues, there is no evidence in the record from an eyewitness identif ying him as the user of that phone number at the time of the charged crimes. But Jaehnig’s testimony regardi ng the towers utilized by ***-** *-8929 around that time allowed the jury to infer that it was R. Brown making and receiving cal ls and texts. Most importantly,
***-***-8929 was utilized in the Eliza Howell Park area when Ri chbow confirmed that R. Brown was with her in that same area. That the tower usage sho wed that the phone returned to R. Brown’s neighborhood on Beresford—after R. Brown’s visit to Richbow and the car fire— also allowed the jury to infer t hat it was R. Brown making and receiving calls and texts.

Again, the foundation need not have identified R. Brown as the user with absolute certainty. That R. Brown offered evidence that his friends did not know he could be reached at ***-***-8929, 9 and that the subscription was taken in California, 10 was evidence the jury could consider when assessing the weight to be given to the phone rec ords, not their admissibility. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by conc luding that the pro secutor introduced evidence to establish a proper foundation for the admission of cellular phone records for ***-
***-8929.

IV. DOCKET NO. 316110 – LEE’S APPEAL

A. SUFFICIENCY O F THE EVIDENCE

Lee argues that he was merely present during the crimes and th e prosecutor failed to
establish his convictions of second-degree murder beyond a reas onable doubt. We disagree.

“The elements of second-degree murder are: (1) a death, (2) ca used by an act of the defendant, (3) with malice, and (4) without justification or ex cuse.” People v Goecke , 457 Mich 442, 463-464; 579 NW2d 868 (1998). Lee only challenges the sec ond element that he played any role in causing the victims’ deaths.

The prosecutor offered evidence at trial that, on February 8, 2012, Cain ordered Lee to shoot at the victims as they fled in Brown’s car. The jury cou ld therefore infer that, in addition to Cain, Lee had a motive to silence the victims. See Unger , 278 Mich App at 223-224 (evidence of motive and opportunity are logically relevant in a prosecution for murder). But contrary to Lee’s claims, his motive was not the only fact conn ecting him to the murders. The record demonstrated that Cain gave Douglas money for safe-keepi ng, and both Cain and Lee went together to retrieve that m oney from Douglas on the night of the kidnapping; the jury could

9 Their phone records neverthele ss showed calls to ***-***-8929.

10 Jaehnig testified that Irvine California is the location used on an account when a subscriber refuses to provide an address.-20- infer that the money was to pay their accomplices. In addition , Cash observed a man with braids with Cain, R. Brown, and Rodrigu ez by the trunk of the Chrysler Sebring (both open and shut) after the kidnapping. The jury could infer that the man with b raids with this group was Lee,
because Lee had braids at the time and he was identified shortl y afterward by Douglas with the same group of three men and cars at Douglas’s father’s house. In addition, cell phone records demonstrated that Conaway, R. Brown, and Lee used their phones about a half hour after the kidnapping in the same geographi cal location. Again, the victi ms were subsequently buried in Eliza Howell Park. Cell phone records demonstrated that Lee wa s in this area for about two hours after the kidnapping. Rodr iguez delivered shovels there to the same group of men. Moreover, the jury could infer that Lee assisted with the buria l and was not merely present in the area because, like R. Brown who was covered in mud, Lee’s socks were dirty afterward. Furthermore, Lee exhibited consciousness of guilt when he and C ain went to Glenn’s house after the burial and he nervously looked out the window. See People v Kowalski , 489 Mich 488, 509 n 37; 803 NW2d 200 (2011) (“attempts to conceal involvement in a crime are probative of a defendant’s consciousness of guilt”).

Lee attempts to chip away at the evidence supporting his convi ctions by arguing that there was no physical evidence, such as fingerprints or DNA, co nnecting him to the crimes and claiming that the identification of him as the February 8 shoot er was uncertain. But these questions of fact were within the exclusive province of the jur y and will not be second-guessed on appeal. See Gadomski , 232 Mich App at 28.

Last, Lee also claims that the jury’s verdict finding him guil ty of second-degree murder
was inconsistent with the trial court’s dismissal of the unlawf ul imprisonment charge and the jury’s verdict finding him not guilty of torture. Similarly, L ee questions the jury’s conclusion that Cain was guilty of first-degree murder while merely findin g him guilty of second-degree murder. But a jury may rende r inconsistent verdicts. People v Wilson , 496 Mich 91, 100-101; 852 NW2d 134 (2014); People v Vaughn , 409 Mich 463, 464; 295 NW2d 354 (1980). Because there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s conclusion that the victims’ deaths were caused by Lee, any alleged inconsis tency regarding the verdicts does not require reversal.

B. RODRIGUEZ

Just like Cain and R. Brown, Lee argues that the trial court s hould have granted a mistrial because the prosecutor promised to produce Rodriguez during her opening statement and then decided not to call him to testify. Lee does not argue that th e prosecutor acted in bad faith, but rather that he was nevertheless prejudiced by her unsubstantiat ed argument. 11 We disagree. Again, this Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion fo r a mistrial for an abuse of
discretion. Schaw , 288 Mich App at 236.

11 Citing Baker v State , 906 A2d 139, 148 (Del, 2006) (“[i]f the Court determine[s] th at no misconduct occurred, [the] analysis should end there”), the pro secutor argues that error requiring reversal should only occur whe n the prosecutor acted in bad fai th. But this Court is not bound by decisions in other states and the holding in Wolverton—that either prejudice or the prosecutor’s bad faith can require reversal—remains good law. Wolverton , 227 Mich App at 77.-21- Lee cites Wolverton , 227 Mich App at 75-78, where this Court vacated the defendant ’s conviction for operating a vehicle under the influence of intox icating liquor (requiring a blood alcohol level of .10 or higher) based on the prosecutor’s refer ence in the opening statement to the incriminating results of a bl ood alcohol test (showing a BAC of .19 and .20), which were ultimately held inadmissible. The prosecutor apparently made the reference in good faith. And the remaining evidence merely de monstrated a credibility contes t between the arresting officer and the defendant and his witnesses. The arresting officer tes tified that he observed the defendant drive erratically, exit his car, stumble to a barn wh ere he pretended to work, smell of intoxicants, slur his speech, and fail a field sobriety test. Id. at 73. On the other hand, the defendant denied drinking, which was supported by several coworkers and family members who
had been with him. The witnesses also testified that the defen dant worked with a strongsmelling glue, which was on his clothing on the day of the arre st. In addition, the booking officer testified that the defendant was agitated, but the book ing sheet stated that he did not appear to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The defe ndant claimed that he ran into the barn and pretended to be working because he was driving with a suspended license, and he
testified that the arresting officer did not conduct field sobr iety tests. Id. at 74. This Court ruled on appeal that, given the credibility contest, the “damning, an d subsequently unproved, allegation that [the] defendant’s blood alcohol content was twi ce the legal limit, was so prejudicial as to require the declaration of a mistrial in orde r to assure [the] defendant a fair
trial.” Id. at 77.

Any prejudice from the prosecutor’s unsubstantiated argument w as not so egregious that its effect could not be removed in another way. See Gonzales , 193 Mich App at 266. In his attempt to show prejudice, Lee’s argument is somewhat misleadin g. Lee quotes a substantial portion of the prosecutor’s opening statement, in which she ass erted that she would produce evidence (1) that Lee was with Cain, R. Brown, and Rodriguez onthe night of the crimes, (2) that someone, who she did not name, forced one of the victims a t gunpoint into the park, and (3) allowing the jury to infer Lee’s active participation in the cr imes, including his motive to silence the victims and circumstantial evidence, such as his dirty sock s. In his brief, Lee then recounts a fact from Rodriguez’s allocution, which was never presented or argued to the Cain/Lee jury, that Lee was the person forcing the victims into the park. Lee clai ms that this fact from the allocution, making an eyewitness link to his participation, is comparable to the prejudicial BAC
levels in Wolverton . But, again, the prosecutor did not make this specific eyewitness link to Lee’s participation. As discussed earlier, many of the facts p romised in the prosecutor’s argument were established without Rodriguez’s testimony at tria l. In addition, as discussed repeatedly throughout this opinion, the jury is presumed to hav e followed the instructions that the case could only be decided based on the evidence and that the attorneys’ statements were not
evidence. Abraham , 256 Mich App at 279. Because Lee has failed to establish tha t any prejudice from the prosecutor’s unsubstantiated argument was so egregious that its effect could not be removed in another way, it was not outside the range of principled outcomes to deny
Lee’s motion for a mistrial. See Gonzales , 193 Mich App at 266.

C. SENTENCING DEPARTURE

Lee next argues that the trial court erred by departing from the sentencing guidelines range of 270 to 450 months for t he second-degree murder convict ions, arguing that the trial court failed to identify substantial and compelling reasons to justif y a departure, or the extent of the-22- departure. In People v Lockridge , 498 Mich 358, 364-365; 870 NW2d 502 (2015), our Supreme Court recently held that a tria l court is no longer required to provide a substantial and compelling reason for a departure from the sentencing guidelines. Thus, r eview of defendant’s specific arguments concerning whether the reasons articulated by the tri al court were substantial and compelling is unnecessary. Instead, under Lockridge , an appellate court mu st review a departure
sentence for reasonableness. Id. at 392.

In Steanhouse , ___Mich App at ___; slip op at 23-25, this Court adopted the prestatutory-sentencing-guidelines p rinciple of proportionality te st in People v Milbourn , 435 Mich 630; 461 NW2d 1 (1990), to define reas onableness, explaining:

Under the new test, “a given sentence [could] be said to consti tute an abuse of
discretion if that sentence viol ate[d] the principle of proport ionality, which require[d] sentences imposed by the trial court to be proportio nate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and th e offender.” Id . at 636. As such, trial courts were required to impose a sentence that took “into
account the nature of the offense and the backgr ound of the off ender.” [ Milbourn

, 435 Mich] at 651.

With regard to the judicial sentencing guidelines, the [ Milbourn ] Court
stated:

The guidelines repr esent the actual sentencing practices of the judiciary, and we believe that the second edition of the sentencing guidelines is the best “barometer” of where on the
continuum from the least to the m ost threatening circumstances a given case falls.

. . . We note that departures [from the guidelines] are appropr iate where the guidelines do not adequately account for important factors legitimately considered at sentencing . . . . To requi re strict adherence to the guidelines would effectively prevent their evolution, and, for this reason, trial judges may continue to d epart from the guidelines when, in their judgment, the recommended range under the guidelines is disproportionate, in either direc tion, to the seriousness of the crime. [ Id . at 656-657.]

The Court also provided the following guidance for appellate c ourts reviewing a departur e from the guidelines:

Where there is a departure from the sentencing guidelines, an appellate court’s first inquiry should be whether the case involves circumstances that are not adequately embodied within the variables used to score the guidelines. A departure from t he recommended range in the abse nce of factors not adequately reflected in the guidelines should alert the appellate court to the possibility that the trial court has violated the principle of-23- proportionality and thus abused its sentencing discretion. Eve n where some departure appears to be appropriate, the extent of t he departure (rather than the fact of the departure itself) may em body a violation of the prin ciple of proportionality. [ Id . at 659-660.]

Factors previously considered by Michigan courts under the proportionality standard included, among others, (1) the seriou sness of the offense, People v Houston , 448 Mich 312, 321; 5 32 NW2d 508 (1995); (2) factors not considered by the guidelines , such as the relationship betw een the victim and the aggressor, id . at 323; Milbourn , 435 Mich at 660, the defendant’s misconduct while in custody, Houston , 448 Mich at 323, the defendant’s expressions of

remorse, id ., and the defendant's potential for rehabilitation, id .; and (3) factors that were inadequately consider ed by the guidelines in a partic ular case, id . at 324.

In Steanhouse , this Court also provided proced ural instructions for this cir cumstance, where a defendant was sentenced before our Supreme Court’s deci sion in Lockridge and the trial court departed from the guidelines, relying on the previous sub stantial and compelling standard.
This Court stated:

Given that Lockridge overturned the substantial and compelling reason standard . . . which was in plac e at the time of defendant’s se ntencing, and given our conclusion that the princip le of proportionality establishe d under Milbourn and its progeny is now the appropriate standard by which a defe ndant’s sentence should be reviewed, we also find that the procedure articulated in Lockridge , and modeled on that adopted in United States v Crosby , 397 F3d 103 (CA 2, 2005), should apply here. As recently stated by this Court in People v Stokes , ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___NW2d ___ (2015); slip op at 11, “the purpose o f a Crosby
remand is to determine what effect Lockridge would have on the defendant’s sentence, so that it may be determined whether any prejudice re sulted from the
error.” While the Lockridge Court did not explicitly hold that the Crosby procedure applies under the circumstances of this case, we conc lude this is the proper remedy where, as here, the trial court was unaware of an d not expressly bound by a reasonableness standard rooted in the Milbourn principle of proportionality at the time of sentencing.

Under the Crosby procedure, which “offers a measure of protection to a defendant[,]” “a defendant is pr ovided with an opportunity ‘to avoid resentencing by promptly notifying the trial judge that resentencing will no t be sought.’ ” Given the possibility that defendant could receive a more sever e sentence, defendant should be provided the opportunity to avoid resentenc ing if that is his desire. Accordingly, we remand the matter to the trial court t o follow the Crosby procedure outlined in Lockridge . Defendant “may elect to forego resentencing by providing the trial court with pr ompt notice of his intention t o do so. If ‘notification is not received in a timely manner,’ the trial co urt shall continue with
the Crosby remand procedure as explained in Lockridge .” [ Steanhouse , ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 25 (citations omitted).]-24- Thus, in accordance with Lockridge and Steanhouse , we remand this case to the trial court for a Crosby hearing, including “permitting the sentencing judge to determin e whether to resentence, now fully informed of the new sentencing regime, and if so, to resentence.” Lockridge , 498
Mich at 396.

D. JURY’S OATH

In a supplemental brief, Lee ar gues that structural error occurred when the trial court clerk read the incorrect oath to the Cain/Lee jury. We disagre e. This issue is unpreserved because Lee did not object to the trial court’s swearing of the jury at trial. Because this issue is unpreserved, review is for plain error affecting substantial ri ghts. Carines , 460 Mich at 763. Even if a defendant succeeds in establishing a plain error that affects substantial rights, an appellate court must still exercise discretion in deciding whether to reverse, and “relief is warranted only when the court determines that the plain, forfei ted error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or ‘seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of [the] judicial proceedings.’ ” People v Cain , 498 Mich 108, 116; 869 NW2d 829 (2015) (internal quotations and citation omitted).

Codefendant Cain, who shared the same jury with Lee, previousl y raised this issue in a motion for peremptory reversal. This Court granted the motion, People v Cain , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, issued May 2, 2014 (Docket No. 3 14342), and the prosecutor appealed that decision. The Michigan Supreme Court thereafter vacated this Court’s order, reinstated Cain’s convictions and sentences, and remanded the c ase to this Court for consideration of Cain’s remaining claims on appeal. Cain , 498 Mich at 112. The Supreme Court observed that Cain “does not even argue that he is actual ly innocent,” id. at 119, and concluded that because the juror s were conscious of the gravity of the task before them and the manner in which that task was to be carried out, the two primar y purposes served by the juror’s oath, the error of failing to properly swear the jury in this c ase did not seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proce edings. Id. at 126-128. Therefore,
reversal was not warranted. Id. at 128.

Lee similarly does not argue that he is actually innocent. Further, because Lee and Cain shared the same jury, the Supreme Court’s conclusion in Cain that the error of failing to properly swear the jury did not seriously affect the fairness, integrity , or public reputation of the judicial proceedings, applies equally to L ee. Therefore, reversal is no t warranted.

V. DOUBLE JEOPARDY

J. Brown, R. Brown, and Lee argue that their right against dou ble jeopardy was violated because they were convicted of four counts of murder for the de aths of just two victims. We

agree.

The Double Jeopardy Clause protects against multiple punishmen ts for the same offense, US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 15. Matuszak , 263 Mich App at 49. In Orlewicz , 293 Mich App at 112, this Court explained:

[C]onvicting a defendant of both first-degree premeditated murd er and firstdegree felony murder arising out o f the death of a single victi m is a violation of-25- double-jeopardy protection. People v Williams , 265 Mich App 68, 72; 692 NW2d 722 (2005). We will uphold a single conviction for murder base d on two
alternative theories. Id . Accordingly, the proper remedy when a defendant is
convicted of both firs t-degree premeditated murder and first-de gree felony murder arising out of the death of a single victim is to modify the co nviction to specify that it is for a single count of first-degree murder supported by two theories.

J. Brown and R. Brown were each convicted and sentenced for two counts of both first-degree premeditated murder and first-degree felony murder, arising out of the deaths of both Conaway and Brown, totaling four separat e convictions and sentences. T herefore, remand is necessary to correct their judgments of senten ce to show a single conviction of first-degree murder for both Conaway and Brown, each supported by two different theories. C ain was similarly sentenced for four first-degree murder convic tions and, although he does not raise the same claim on appeal, in the interest of consistency and equal justice, we remand his ca se with the same instruction for the trial court. See MCR 7.216(A)(7).

Lee’s convictions are distinct b ecause, although he was charge d with first-degree premeditated murder and first-deg ree felony murder for each vic tim, the jury convicted him of the lesser crime of second-degree murder for each count. In any event, because these
convictions also resulted in two c onvictions and sentences for the death of each victim, we
likewise remand Lee’s case for co rrection of his judgment of se ntence showing a single conviction of second-degree murder for both Conaway and Brown.

We remand for correction of the judgments of sentence to vacat e defendants’ duplicative murder convictions and sentences, and remand for a Crosby hearing regarding Lee’s departure sentences in accordance with this opinion, but defendants’ conv ictions and sentences in all other respects are affirmed. We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Michael J. Talbot /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly