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 December 2023  Visit https://www.census.gov/history every month for the latest Census History Home Page!    U.S. Census Bureau History: The 1773 Boston Tea Party On December 17, 1773, American colonists outraged over a British tax on tea boarded
three merchant ships in Boston Harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard that
were valued at approximately $1.7 million today.
Photo courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Corcoran Collection (Gift of Lorillard Tobacco Company). On December 16, 1773, colonists in Massachusetts boarded three merchant ships and dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor.  The "Boston Tea Party" was the culmination of simmering anger over revenue-generating taxes levied on the colonists without granting them representation in Parliament.  King George retaliated with passage of the Coercive ("Intolerable") Acts—laws so burdensome that the colonists organized the First Continental Congress in September 1774, fired the first shots of the American Revolution in 1775, and declared their independence from the crown in 1776.  Fifteen years after the Boston Tea Party, ratification of the U.S. Constitution established the United States of America. Between June 1767 and March 1768, Great Britain's Parliament passed a series of laws—called the Townshend Acts—that increased taxes, pressured colonists to comply with earlier laws, favored the British East India Company over colonial merchants, and attempted to stop colonial smuggling.  The laws angered colonists who had no voice in Parliament to protest the passage of any laws or the levying of taxes designed to raise money solely from the American colonies.  Anger soon turned to revolt after Parliament passed the Tea Act in May 1773.  The Tea Act permitted the East India Company to export untaxed tea from their overflowing warehouses to the colonies.  Colonial merchants (and smugglers) would be at a competitive disadvantage as shiploads of cheap East India tea flooded American ports. In September and October 1773, seven ships carry nearly 300 tons of East India Company tea set sail for wholesale consignees in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston.  Protesters in the latter three cities forced the tea's consignees to refuse the shipments.  Customs officials seized the unclaimed tea in Charleston, while the Philadelphia and New York tea ships returned to England with there cargo.  
The tea ship Dartmouth was first to arrive in Boston Harbor at the end of November 1773.  Boston merchant John Hancock attempted to persuade the tea's consignees to surrender claims to the ship's cargo and argued that anyone who purchased tea was an "Enemy to America."  All but two of the Boston-bound tea consignees resigned claims to the cargo.  The two reluctant consignees were the sons of Massachusetts governor and loyal monarchist Thomas Hutchinson.  He demanded that the tax be paid and tea unloaded.  On November 29, hundreds of colonists attended a meeting at Boston's Faneuil Hall led by Sons of Liberty leader Samuel Adams.  When the boisterous meeting concluded, colonists drafted a resolution imploring Dartmouth's captain to refuse paying the tea tax and return to England with the East India Company's tea.  Learning of the request, Governor Hutchinson prohibited Dartmouth from leaving Boston and demanded the tax be paid within 20 days of the ship's arrival in Boston Harbor.  As the days passed, colonists guarded the docks to make sure no one unloaded Dartmouth's cargo. As Dartmouth's 20-day deadline approached, the Eleanor and Beaver arrived in Boston Harbor laden with even more East India Company tea.  On December 16, thousands packed into Boston's Old South Meeting House.  Learning that Governor Hutchinson had again refused to allow the ships to leave, the Sons of Liberty in attendance left the meeting determined to settle the tea's fate once and for all.  Disguising themselves as American Indians, the colonists boarded the three tea ships that evening.  Over the next 3 hours, they broke open 342 crates of tea—approximately 92,000 pounds and valued $1.7 million today—into Boston Harbor.  The fourth tea ship bound for Boston, the William had run aground near Cape Cod, MA, earlier in December.  Samuel Adams urged nearby colonists to destroy that ship's cargo, but Governor Hutchinson succeeded in unloading the tea and had it stored inside Boston's fortified Castle Island.  When colonists later learned that merchants had paid tax on William's tea and transferred it to Boston in March 1774, the Sons of Liberty broke into their warehouses and shops and destroyed all they could find. Opinions were sharply divided over the Sons of Liberty's actions following the Boston Tea Party.  Many colonists—including founding fathers John Adams, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson—were inspired by the courage displayed by the New England colonists.  Colonists loyal to the British monarchy and British government officials were shocked by the rebellious and destructive behavior.  In response, the British Parliament passed the Coercive Acts of 1774 ("Intolerable Acts") to punish colonists, especially those in Massachusetts.  These four laws included the Boston Port Act, which resulted in a Royal Navy blockade of Boston Harbor that closed the port to trade beginning in June 1774; the Massachusetts Government Act which granted the royally-appointed governor of Massachusetts more power over the colony; the Act of the Impartial Administration of Justice which favored British officials charged with crimes committed while enforcing law or suppressing riots; and the Quartering Act, which required local governments to house and feed British troops stationed in the colonies. Intended to break the will of the rebellious Massachusetts colonists and teach a lesson to others who might consider rebelling against King George III, the Intolerable Acts instead united the colonies against Great Britain.  Within months of the implementation of the acts, delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies began meeting in Philadelphia, PA.  Between September 5 and October 26, 1774, this First Continental Congress drafted a list of grievances, organized a boycott of British goods, asked King George III to address their concerns, and requested that the Intolerable Acts be repealed.  The delegates agreed to meet again in 1775 if their grievances were not satisfactorily addressed.  Weeks after the April 19, 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord Link to a non-federal Web site, delegates gathered for the Second Continental Congress (1775—1781).  This second meeting of colonial delegates declared independence from Great Britain in 1776, drafted the 1777 Articles of Confederation, managed the American Revolution, and functioned as the provisional government of the United States until March 1, 1781 .
The American Revolution ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783.  In May 1787, all 13 colonies sent delegates to Philadelphia, PA.  Four months later, they sent the U.S. Constitution to the states for ratification.  It became the official framework of our nation's government on June 21, 1788. The populations of the largest cities in colonial America grew thanks to the economic activity generated by their busy seaports.  The 10 largest cities in the United States in 1790 had thriving ports and large natural harbors that protected cargo, fishing, and whaling fleets including New York City, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Boston, MA; Charleston, SC; and Baltimore, MD.  Located on the Hudson River and having a population of 10,762, Albany, NY, was the first "interior city" to be among the 10 most populous places in the United States in 1810.  In 2020, 3 of the 10 most populous cities in the United States did not have seaports nearby: Phoenix, AZ (1,608,139); San Antonio, TX (1,434,625); and Dallas, TX (1,304,379). The Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Link to a non-federal Web site in Boston, MA, estimates that hundreds of colonists participated in the December 16, 1773, destruction of tea in Boston Harbor.  Some of these participants included:  Boston silversmith Paul Revere; wheelwright Francis Akeley, who was the only person jailed for participating in the tea party and died during the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill; 16-year-old Samuel Cooper who later fought in the Battles of Bunker Hill, Germantown, Monmouth, Trenton, and Brandywine; newspaper publisher Benjamin Edes; American Revolution and Shay's Rebellion veteran Amos Lincoln; French and Indian War, American Revolution, and War of 1812 veteran and Massachusetts convention delegate Thompson Maxwell; Thomas Melville, grandfather of Moby Dick author Herman Melville; cobbler and founder of Gardner, MA, Joseph Payson; and "Daughters of Liberty" member Sarah Bradlee Fulton who suggested the colonists disguise themselves as Mohawk Indians and helped paint their faces and prepare costumes. On December 16, 1773, American colonists boarded the British East India Company ships Beaver, Dartmouth, and Eleanor and destroyed 342 chests of tea shipped from England to Boston, MA, to protest British taxation of goods sold in the colonies.  Since 2007, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) has classified American companies transporting commodities like tea between foreign and domestic ports as Deep Sea Freight Transportation (NAICS 483111) establishments.  According to the Census Bureau's County Business Patterns series, there were 315 establishments in the United States engaged in the deep sea transportation of goods between foreign and domestic ports in 2021.  These establishments employed 7,216 people during the pay period that included March 12, 2021. Tea aficionados might enjoy a tea-themed road trip.  Begin your visit in Boston, MA, to learn about our nation's most famous tea party at the Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Link to a non-federal Web site; then see the city's historic 200-gallon tea kettle Link to a non-federal Web site which began steaming in the 1870s as an advertisement for the Oriental Tea Company.  Next, enjoy a "hot cuppa" during "Teapot Day" in Tea, SD.  Visit the historic tea plantations and a world-famous tea garden on Wadmalaw Island in Charleston County, SC.  Visit the shops and restaurants in Teaneck, NJ.  Marvel at the view of Boulder Mountain from Teasdale, UT.  Travel down Tea Road to the census designated place of Tea, in Brush Creek, MO.  Drink traditional oolong or green tea at the historic tea houses in the Chinatown neighborhood of San Francisco, CA.  Savor "hand-picked" tea in Mars Hill, NC.  Visit the historic Japanese Tea House and monitor the tea growing experiments at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu County, HI.  Stop by "The World's Largest Teapot" in Chester, WV.  Then take selfies at Teapot Rock in Natrona County, WY, which lent its name to the nearby Teapot Dome oil field and the Teapot Dome Scandal that rocked President Warren G. Harding's administration and sent Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall to prison. The Census Bureau's County Business Patterns series reported that there were 968 Coffee and Tea Manufacturing (NAICS 311920) establishments in the United States in 2021.  These establishments employed 20,218 people during the pay period that included March 12, 2021.  California led the nation with 136 Coffee and Tea Manufacturing establishments, followed by Texas (79), New York (62), and Oregon (55).  In 2021, the hot and cold coffees and teas these manufacturers produced were served at many of the nation's 584,329 Restaurants and Other Eating Places (NAICS 72251).  Those restaurants employed more than 9.7 million people during the pay period that included March 12, 2021. Do you enjoy your tea with sugar?  The Census Bureau's 2021 County Business Patterns series reported that the United States is home to 56 establishments engaged in the manufacture of cane sugar.  These establishments employed 6,774 people during the pay period that included March 12, 2021.  Enjoy a splash of milk in your tea?  It may have come from one of the nation's 420 Fluid Milk Manufacturing establishments that employed 55,279 people during that same time period. In 2021, the Census Bureau's County Business Patterns series reported that there were 72,985 establishments in the Snack and Nonalcoholic Beverage Bars (NAICS 722515) sector primarily engaged in serving specialty snacks and nonalcoholic beverages like coffee and tea.  These establishments employed 813,507 people during the pay period that included March 12, 2021. One of the newest beverage trends would certainly have been unfamiliar to the Boston Tea Party's participants—bubble tea.  Bubble tea originated in Taiwan in the 1980s and began appearing in the United States a few years later.  Bubble tea typically consists of tea, milk, sweeteners, and pearls or "bubbles" made of tapioca starch.  In the United States, tapioca starch is produced by some of the 366 Starch and Vegetable Fats, and Oils Manufacturing (NAICS 31122) establishments identified by the Census Bureau's County Business Patterns series in 2021.  These establishments employed 25,631 people during the pay period that included March 12, 2021. The United States employed tea tasters at its Board of Tea Experts from 1897 until 1996.  As a result of the Tea Importation Act of 1897, the Food and Drug Administration's tea tasters were located at offices near ports and tasted a sample of every shipment of tea imported into the United States.  When the office closed in 1996, it employed a head and assistant tea taster in Brooklyn, NY, as well two other tasters at the ports of Boston, MA, and San Francisco, CA.  The 1996 Federal Tea Tasters Repeal Act closed the office after lawmakers argued that ". . . there is no justification for tea being held to a higher federal standard on behalf of the tea industry, which should assume responsibility for the competitive quality of its products." Tea remains a popular beverage in the United States, especially with populations that have a long history of tea drinking to quench one's thirst, participate in religious and cultural ceremonies, and celebrate holidays.  Tea is especially popular among the United State's 31,380,620 English; 4,534,339 Asian Indians; 2,099,079 Russians; 1,887,550 Vietnamese; 1,501,587 Koreans; 717,413 Japanese; 247,639Nepalese; 239,667 Turks; 140,196 Moroccans; and 88,999 Australians. Although tea was a popular beverage in the United States, Americans began drinking more coffee than tea as a direct result of the Tea Act of 1773, the Boston Tea Party, and the American Revolution.  Colonial merchants were angered when Great Britain began taxing goods sold to colonists to help pay for the British administration of the colonies.  Boston-area merchants like John Hancock were so enraged by the 3-cents-per-pound tax on tea arriving in colonial ports that he declared that anyone who drank the "baneful weed" and paid the tea tax was an "Enemy of America."  Two and one-half centuries later, the National Coffee Association Link to a non-federal Web site reported more Americans drank coffee every day than any other beverage including bottled and tap water.  In August 2023, the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Analysis report U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services showed that nearly the United States imported $4.1 billion of green coffee from January to August 2023, compared to approximately 1.8 billion of "tea, spices, etc." during the same period.  During that same time, coffee imports also exceeded imports of nuts ($1.8 billion), cocoa beans ($622 million), cane and beat sugar ($1.6 billion), and dairy products and eggs ($2.3 billion). Few people have heard of Roger Sherman today, but he was the only person to sign the First Continental Congress' 1774 Articles of Association, the Declaration of Independence written by the Second Continental Congress in 1776, Articles of Confederation written during the Confederation Conference in 1777, and Constitution of the United States drafted during the Constitutional Convention of 1787.  His support of a bicameral legislature giving states two senators in one house and representation proportionate to their population in the other was key to drafting the U.S. Constitution.  Following the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1788, Sherman served Connecticut in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1789 to 1791, and the U.S. Senate from 1791 until his death in New Haven, CT, July 23, 1793. Colonists known as the "Sons of Liberty" dressed as Mohawk American Indians participated in the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773.  Despite the large number of
participants and witnesses, Francis Akeley was the only colonist arrested and imprisoned for taking part in the protest against British taxation.  Akeley died 18
months later during the June 17, 1775, Battle of Bunker Hill.
Photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.    This Month in Census History On December 8, 1953, the Census Bureau announced that a special census it conducted confirmed that a special census conducted after the 1950 Census confirmed that Los Angeles, CA, was the nation's third most populous city.
Los Angeles became the nation's second most populous city by 1990.
Today, Los Angeles remains the second most populous city in the United States.  Its population of 3,822,224 in 2022, was second only to New York City, NY, which numbered 8,335,897.    Map of Colonial America from the Library of Congress
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  Colonial Americans  38 censuses 350 331,711 1.2 million 2.1 million   447,016 240,057 235,308   202,599 197,200 183,881 162,920 124,244 117,431 62,395 58,196 35,496 23,375   28,042 15,520 21,863   1790 3,929,214   747,610 434,373 393,751 378,787   33,131 28,522 18,320 16,359 13,503   515,547 5,620,048 8,008,278   8,335,897         Portrait of Lemuel Cook from the Library of Congress
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  For the Record  Lemuel Cook   Cook Litchfield County, CT   Plymouth, CT Clinton, NY Pompey, NY North Bergen, NY Clarendon, NY surrender Yorktown, VA War of 1812 beginning end   1790 Montgomery County, NY veterans data 1840     Samuel Downing William Hutchings Daniel Waldo John Gray   Fairfax County, VA Noble County, OH                         **Visit https://www.census.gov/history every month for the latest Census History Home Page!**
 
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