rOURTEENTH CENSUS OF" TH~ UNITED STATES: 1920 

OE!:PARTMS:NT 

OF" COM MERCIE: BULLETIN BUREAU OF THE CE:NS~ SAM. L. flOOERS, 0JNECTOR 

POPULATION CANAL ZONE 

CONTENTS. 

INTitODHCTION. J•:i;•('. , 

Acquioition............ ......................................... ..... .... .. .. 1 

Arca ......................................................................... . 

Map ......................................................................... . 

NUMBER OF !NIIADfi'AN'£8. 

Ccrrnusrs of population ...................................................... __ 

Population clrnugcs ...................................................... _ .... . 

COMPOSI'£ION AND CilAHAC:TER!S'l'ICS OF 'fHE l'Ul't: !,A'J'I1 ~;. 

Color or race, nativity, and parent.age clas:.:es ................................... . 

Color or rucc, nativity, and parentage ............................... . 

8ex. rn.tios ..•••.••.....••..•••••.•........•...•..... _ ...•.................. 

Comparison with 1912............................... .................... .. tJ [ 

'"".' .... ~ •. u . .. ll 

11 

.. ............... ll 

.. "'"'"'"'". !:> 

l" 

INTRODUCTION. 

This bulletin giYes the results of the census of Llie 

Canal Zone, which ·was taken by tlic Governor of 'l'Le 

Panama Canal as of January 1, Hl20, in accordt11we 

with plans prescribed l:y the Director of tlw Census, 

as rcquiretl hy the act of Congress itpprovPd :viurth :~. 

19H.l, providing for tho Fourteenth and sul1seq11rnt. 

decennial censuses of the United Stittes. 

Acquisition.-The United States acquired sov<'reignty over the territory now comprising the Canal 

Zone by a treaty of November 18, rno:3, eondndnd 

with the Republic of Panama, which was formerly n 

department of tlic Republic of Colombia. Uy tl-i:::; 

treaty Panama granted to the United Stutes ·'in 

perpetuity the use, occupation, and control of' a r.mw 

of land and land under water" of tlte width of 10 

miles for "the construction, maintenance, operntinn, 

sanitation, and protection" of a ship canal across tlin 

Isthmus of Panama. Tlin citieR and harbor:; of 

Panama and Colon were expressly excluded from this 

grant, but the United St11tes was given authority to 

prescribe and enforce sanit1iry ordinances in these 

cities and under extraordinary circumstances to maintain public order there. Compensation to Panama in 

the form of a lump-sum payment and an annual rentttl, 

payable beginning nine years after the exclwnge of 

ratification, was provided for. The treaty was rntified 

on February 26, 1904. 

Area.-The extent of the Canul Zone wns (lefined iu 

the treaty of November 13, 1903, with Panama as 

follows: 

The Republic of Panama grants to the United States in pr,rpetuity the use, occupation, and control of a zone of lant~ and Jund 

under water * * * of the width of ten rniles extendmg to the 

distance of five miles on each side of the center lino of the route of 

the canal to be constructed; the said zone beginning in the Curi1l· 

bean Sea three marine miles from mean low water mark und extend41567-21 

in~ f·J Ld11l ~tr~T·'l:H thn J:sih1l1!::~ rif l'.uunn into tiie l\u:ii~e Oee::tn tn 

a di~:;ttnte rd tbr~~e nuri.n{~ n11k·! fr( . .Jll L:L~_u1 l.;tV \\~.lh~r rrnrk "·1th 

tlto pr•.•'ci!'o tlut r:ie cit;,.,, r,f l';uun::1 :twl 1 ';.]1,Jl am! tlw lmrJ.,r,r;; 

adj:·l<~t~nt tn !·ui1i Pitl··.~.-;~ i.d1id1 .U'l! indud!_·.l wi:.:iiu t!ic Loun1laries 

of tho zorH~ ~J.)o\··.~ ~l1::~i.~riTjnrl, ;~;1.1H !FJt }ii_~ in:-·l:~de,J \Yithin tl1L~ 

gunt. 

Tlie :c;mHt fart!;1.·r irwlud,.,i "all i-,fonds \\·itLiu tl1e 

limits ol' th1 1m1w ttLuv1: d11,;l'riLeil and in nddition 

tl1(•rcto tlie group of smnll i~lnuds iu the Bnv of 

Pttrnlll1fl, n:um•il .l'Pri1·n, Xaos, Culel•rn, ·and 

Flat t11:1w• i.'' 

Tlu.~ l~1:1inhlic t.f PmHU!Hl further granted "in 

Ji(:rpPLnii.y tlw u,;l\ fJC1:upa.tion, n11'l control of any 

oth•r lnnd" aud watt·r,.; oUi."ide of tl10 zmw 11};0\'n 

clP,;•:rib"l w!1icl1 rn:iy L1~ rn•ee,.~nry·and convr•nient. for 

the: uin,;lrudinn, uwintt>HUW'i\, opi•ration, ;;;1111it11tion, 

:rnd protl'dinn of tho ,,aid eanul or of nny auxiliary 

ea11nls or •itLPr works llL'Ct'ssnry urn! l'.!HlY<'.niPnt for 

IJ:p 1·n1Htrudi1>11. rrmiaten:llH't\ operation, sunitflt,ion, 

and l'roter·1ion of tlii' ,.;uid l'nlt·rpris(>." 

Cnd!'t· tl1c1 J>Irn:i;;.;ions ,,f tlie twaty flie Unit('rl 

;.:;1ntP.'> sul:st>•1m·11t tun d1'1'.n·" fron1 Prm:mm ol' May 17, 

Hll'.:!, took ovt•r t1w ishmds in L11kc Gatun, the shores 

of the lake up tu nn devatfon uf 100 fo<it above mean 

SPiL levd, nnd the peninsula"' h11rdering on it t.o which 

there is nn aeee.sc; extcpt fr<•rn tlw lak(" or from laud 

in tlw C.mul /,ime. Tlw honrnlari(~;; of this urea ·were 

e:>tn.hli:"ht'd in a e1mnmtion of Septemher 2, 1 B14, 

mtilied in l!l1ii, between the United Stat<"s and 

Panama. This convention iilso effocted u rnadjustment of hnundariPs, mainly hy tho exchange of lands 

adjoining the city of Pan:nnu for cr,rtain harbor areas 

in the city of Colon netedod to bring within the Cannl 

Znm~ nll Hrn terminnl construction along the mole and 

nll the water nren, in fnmL of Toro Point in Limon 

Buy in the lee of the breakwater. 
,.., .,. ... 

~ 

11, 

(_~ .. ·--' "°--: !'I . ___ ,_,. __ - -~--~-!.: ... 

\ 

I 

\11 I 

rTHE PANAMA CANA 

l\V\J> 

OP ·ruE 

CANAL 

Aug:,1,1920 

SCALE 

.5 4 3 2 I 0 

~ 4 3 2 1 o b JOKilornti.ers/ .. 

lif..."IZ:.~Ql·emor.ThePanmnalluu\l J1 ..... -~,___~~--''-"~~--~~~~~~~::......:~~'--~~ 

2 
= I @A@ i JUWWWWiiWWWWMUJ,£j 

POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 

The present area of the Canal Zone, ineludin:~ laud 

and water, within the limits of 5 miles on eitlwr ,.;ide 

of the center line of the canal hut not including the 

area within the 3-mile limit from the Atlantic and 

Pacific ends, is 441.5 square miles. The land nnm uf 

the ·10-mile strip is 832.4 square miles. The arcrts 

outside the original 5-mile limits which are under the 

control of the United States Government are ul!icially 

designated as auxiliary areas of the Cunu.1 Zoue ttnd 

im:ludi1, in addition to purtions t•f Uatun 1.ako and 

iH slwre;;, se\·e1·al smull nn•:ts taken 1r1·1·r for ennal or 

niilital'y purpus!'s. The area uf llw portious of G11tm1 

Lake untside tlw 11riginal JO-rnil(\ sl rip is til S'!Uarc 

mile"', lml a detaikd "ill'Yey of thr Potire anm hor-

!.kriug tlw lake has m•t been mude. 1 

NUMBER OF INHABITANTS. 

Censuses of population,·-In 1004, the year in which 

the United States took over control of the Canal 

Zone, a census was taken by order of the newly appointed Isthmian Canal Commission. Jn 1 !JUO, between 1\farch 8 and 10, a census of' towns in Llw Caual 

Zone was taken by the Sanitary Depart1nent, sl1owing the number of "whites," "hlacks," nwl "yellows"; and it was stated tlrnt an :td<li ti on of ii or 1 Cl 

per cent should he made for persons living in untl,ring 

districts who were indirectly connected Y>itl1 f'.11rn1l 

work. Between .March 3 and ,Juno 2:3, mos, tt census of population was taken hy the C:mal Commission of the towns, villages, and lahol' camps adjoin" 

ing the Panama Railroad, and the totals for this w<:rn 

aclde<l to the results of a census of rural district;; taken 

in ,July, HJ07. These returns showed dutit for towns 

according to race and sex, and a distribution aeeording to nationality for the total number enunH;rnted, 

with the number of employees of the Cann! Conuui~­

sion and the Panama Railroad, besides the numher of 

single and married men and women, respectively. nnd 

the number of children, by sex, for white rwr;;ons 

from the United Stn.tes. 

In 1912 a complete and detailed enumeration wus 

mttde of all the inhabitants of the Canal Zone, which 

comprised the military am! naval population and 

included also figures for employees of the Isthmian 

Carntl Commission and the Ptnrnma H1tilroad li\'ing 

outside the Canal Zone proper at Cmrnl Cummiss:Pn 

settlements. In iuldition all employees of tlw T,;thrnian Canal Commission arnl the Panama Hailrow ! 

who were employed in the Canal Zone but resided in 

the cities of Pnnamn or Colon were enumerated, !mt 

were not included in the total for the Canal Zone. 

At the census of 1912, which was the only enumeration prior to 1920 gi v·ing details as t.o the cha'.·acteristics of the population, the data shown comp1:1s~!d 

for each town and the rural part of m1ch adrnm1::;-

trntive district figures ns to sex, color or race, 1md 

broad age groups, ns well as the number of empl.oyecs 

of the Canal Commission or the Pannnrn II:ulrrnul 

and the number of other persons gainfully employed, 

the latter being shown by broad occupation clas:;es. 

For the total population of the Canul Zone d:ita were 

g-i\'Nl :1.' Jq eomitry of birth {for peI·,:;r;u;.; burn in the 

L11i1 ed :-lLH•.:; :d;;u the ;;tat;; •if b: rt hJ, chizt•nship, 

11ur11hel' ,;in;..:lc <11' l1J;U'1<1~1 I ;;!llflll'.!; tl11icie IH•ru in the 

l 'nite ! ;-;t;d (·~, i1Jiternn, :ml BmulJ()l', according tfr 

hirtlipliu·e, 'i\ bht~ iir;;t. n•oidew··~ ;n the Zt•IW dated 

frrnu ;1 1w;·iul l1d',1n' tile r,dilic:iti1J11 uf tlw fir,;t 

tl'C':tl.y \1·itlt 1':,11·.lllt<t. 

Lnd.:r a pn•,;identi::l odl'r id' llN'.tmlwr ;;, l!ll:d', 

reforrnd tu a,; llw d•:!"•J1til:1t.ir,11 11rd1~r, the clmirnrnu 

of tlw Cmw.! ( 'mllilll~:'iun 1r:1s :1.11tl111riz<~d to take 

pu,.;,,;t•.:;,;iou in i1el1:ilf ,,f tlw t"nitp.J ;-lt:1ks nf all land 

in dw t'::n:il ZL·IH'. .\,.; tfie W·•f'k coi' dr•popul:it.iuμ; tlw 

zom~ pr•i:.!;l't::'·"'"!, tlie i!l!ta11i1:mb w!i•.i wen· not in tlw 

ernpi••.<' .. r UH) !."11itP I :~.! :d1!:> (·:tilt'!' rernon.,J t.u tl1e 

b:1·mn1ai e'tit·> 11r h·rt tla: htlinni;;, :dtor.:etl1er. llurin:~ tli1~ fis!'al year 111 I '.i-·1 ! liuu,.,;<~·til-1ir1lbt~ cn11Y1t:-;,;es 

or the pupalttt:1111 \•t·re rnwll' by tiJ,. p . .1lieo ut freqrwnt !ntervub;, but 1i:,'.tH'P'i for only two of t1w:;;e 

enumuratiun" :m· a','<1il:il:i1r. ln Dt'l'Ci.Hht·r, HlJ ,1, and 

.July, HlliJ, f'i."ll:-\\L•:P·,; Vdr!'1' ulHn l:!Ltn hy i lte pqjj('I', 

sinee wi1:c:: t:uw t!1ei·e !::1,; ht•i:u nn :mmrnl polic(• 

c1.m;.;us rn•:tr tile tad 1.f tlie fi,wd .rt•ar. 

Tlw t<msn,.; of l !;:!11, \\ !id:h i::; tiw first, eensu;,; of tho 

C':uud z, mu ti.ken un• l1·r ti l(.' ,

0 ;q •t•n-i;•ion of t.110 Bu-

!'(~;m uf t1w t'ewms. prr;,1·nt•; detuil;.; as to sex, rM·e or 

color, nativity, parentage, nge, marital condition, und 

illiteracy for tht• total popnlntion n.nd for the civilian 

nwl the 111ilit:1ry and 11;1Y1tl population separately. 

Separate figmes for th1~ two pupulation groups are 

gi n~n us rPμ;ard:> school uttendancn and inahility to 

speak E11glish. Data ns to occupations are prei:lented 

for the civiliun population. 

Population changes. · -'I' able 1, on tho next page, 

shm\;, till' pup1tlation nf t!w Cann! Zmrn as retunrnd at 

sw·,~t""siYe £·numt•rntimb nrndr~ sirn·p t:liP l'nitPd States 

took over the control of the tc•rritory. At the police 

censusc:;:, and probably at tlH' Parly eensuses, the 

methods of enmuemtion differpd from thut followed 

nt the Federul r·pn;;us of l !l'.!O, und therefore only the 

most general <'nmparisons can he nuuln of the figures 

given in this tnhle. 

i Sep ( in·tdar ~\1., fi.Yiy.-1 of A11 1,!. :!:\, Hi:!O, !;iμn~·tJ hy tJu~ GOYf:rnor 

(Jf Tlw l1;u1atn:1. (\t:ial. 1 Thd P:.H1.an1:t t 'au:.11 l~··cnrd, ~PpL 8, HJ!:!U, 

p. ~i !,) 
POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 

'J'A!ll.B 1.···l'<H'IJLA'J'l()N: l!JIH 'l'O Hi20. 

l'Ol'ULATION. 

ci:r.;nus nATE. Military 

'l'otul. Civilian. and 

------------·----. 

Jn~n, Jau. l ................................... . 

lfllfr,Ang. 211 t" :11 ......................... . Hll8, June 2:) to :m .........•.•................. HH7, .T11uo 10 to :m ............................ . min, .1111111 1111 lo 2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

rn1;;, July HI' ................................ . Hll4, ()pc, ~2 1 to Jan. l, l!HG ::i ••••••••••••••• _. 

Hl1'1, JmH' Iii 1o :lfJ 2 ...... .................... .. 

HJH, .Jan.:H to 1"PlJ. lll2 ..................... .. 

1012, .!"eh. 1 .................................. .. rn11s., ~far.a to Juw~ 2;~ 6 •••.•....•.............. l!Hlr>, Mar. 8 to JO ............................. . lf!f).1 .• - • - ••••••••••••••••• ·- •••. - -- • "" ••••.•. ". 

__ ,,!: _____ _ 

17,!ltH 

'21, 759 I 

• 21, 707 I z 23,2\15 I 

22.&lO 

2:J,·1k~ 

21,an1 

:15,4!m 

(") 

('J 

(') 

('} 

(') 

no.val. 

.J,SG·I 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

8,218 

li,443 

3, 793 

2,2-17 

(3) 

(<) 

(') 

(3) 

(') 

\ Nu figuri·s (or military llIHl naynl r1opul,1tio11 rmhli~.;1H'd. ' :!. J'ollce t·f.:ns11s. flie~JI\ t·t~ll~Llse~ Hidwle !:'Olll<J t•lu~>:1·:: uot eoYerPd hy the l«!dernl t!•.!URUS, n. g.: 'l'rausiPut hoar1I1~r:i or Jo1lg(1rs urni ~hort-terrn 1n·iso!!crs v.·~1ose P.erma~ 

rnmt plan~ of alrn.fo h 1iuL1ide the Cu11a.J 7.0JH'; worker~;; t1.imvornr1Iy r1~sH1mg in the Canal Zolle tmt ha\'J11g l11Pir lw11t(~~• i11 tile Ht•tmhlk of .Panuma; servants in Cuna1 Znu.n 1H.1mcs whtHn mdinai·;: sl1~r::prng pJaee i::: Ju the Uepul11k. iS£~Jiarat{~ 1i~urc~:; 11111 aYuilal1lP. 11':s1irnah'L1 at l,2tiO. SP1~ '1 111~ l'nnawa Canal Jh~l'ord, Mar. 21, HH7. Ci l>nt.a. Cur rur,11 distrlt'fs TPb1P to ,fu1v, 1~1ni. 

'For towns 1J11ly: from ;, tn JO JJl>r ernt :Jhoul<l lie nlid<'d for the population of outlyill!l h'rritory. 

'l'lw population of the Pnn:una Canal Zone may be 

said to have been crnutcd or called into existence by 

tlw construetion of the Panama Canal, and the growth 

and decline of the popultttion have been mainly determined lJy the labor requirements for that work. 

In l!J04, when the United States iirst assumed control of the strip of land 10 miles wido oxtending from 

ocean to ocean across the Isthmus and constituting 

the Canal Zone, tlie territory contained a population 

of less than 10,000 people. Eight years later, as 

shown by the census of 1912, the population had increased to over G0,000, the increase, of course, consisting mainly of laborers who had come to the zone 

from other parts of the world to work on the canal. 

Since that census th~re h11s been a general decrease in 

the civilian population, with the exception of slight 

increases shown by the police censuses of June, 1917, 

und August, 1919. 'I'hc population shown at the 

police CCllSUS of HJl() \VHS much larger than the figure 

for the Federal census of .fonuary 1, 1920, the difference representing largely transients and workers temporarily residing in the Canal Zone but permanently 

domiciled in the Republic of Panu.ma. A large part 

of the decrease in popufotion since 1912 is due to the 

Executive order of December 5, 1912, previously mentioned, whieh resulted in the depopulation of the 

Canal Zone of nati:ve landowners an~ squatters; but 

obviously another rmportant factor is the reduction 

of the force of employees consequent upon the completion of the construction work on the canal. The 

census of 1912 was taken at a time when the force 

employed was nearing its maximum, the greatest 

working force (including contractors' forces) ever 

reported being 44,733 on March 26, 1913. It should 

be noted that employees living in the cities of 

.Panama and Colon, which are outside the Canal Zone 

are not included in the census :figures presented in thi~ 

bulletin. 

The readjustment of boundaries in 1915 did not 

materially affect comparisons of the total population 

as the number of persons in the section taken fro~ 

the Canal Zone did not differ greatly from the number 

in the added area. 

The population of the Canal Zone is still largely a 

transient one, fluctuating according to the amount of 

work involved in the maintenance and operation of the 

canal and in providing for the needs of canal and 

railroad employees. 

On the basis of a land area of 333 square miles, 

representing the original 10-mile zone, the density of 

the population (including military and naval) in 1920 

was 68.6 persons per square mile. 

In Table 2, for purposes of comparison, tlie population as reported at the census of February, 1912, has 

been distributed according to areas conforming as 

nearly as possible to those shown for 1920; corrnsponding figures from the police census of June, 19161 have 

been included. 

TABLE 2.-POPULATION, BY DISTRICTS: 1920, 1016, AND 1912. 

PER CENT OF 

DECREASE. 

DISTitICT, 1920 1916 1912 

1916- 1912· 1920 1916 

--------------- Total. ...................... 22, 858 31, 048 62,810 26.4 50.6 

= = Bal boa district ................... 14,350 21,450 34, 711 33. l 38.2 Cristobal district ................. 8,508 9,598 28,009 11.4 65.8 

It should be noted that the figures for 1916 probably 

include some classes not covered by the Federal census of 1920 or th c earlier census taken by the Canal 

Zone authorities. 
4 

POPULATION-CANAL ZONB. 

COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION. 

ooLCm OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PAitlm'l'AGI~ ULASSES. 

Color or race, nativity, and parentage.--Of the civilian. population of the Canal Zone, 42.!l per cent am 

white m:~cl 55,.8. per cent Neg~·~, the remainder (O.:l per 

cent) bemg Clunese. The m1ht11ry and naval population is 95.2 per cent white. 

'l'ADLI': 3.--POPULATION, DY Cown on HAcE, NAnvrrY PAirnsTAGE, ANll SEX: 1920. ' 

POI'U!.ATION: 1920, 

cor.on OR RACE1 NA- Per C'cnt TlVITY, AND PARENT· cliStributioti. !\umAGE. Both Fe- bl~r of 

Mole. mal<"' sexes. male. lo Iilll 

f~. 

nrn.lw~ 

·----·-

'r(JT.u. 

Allclassos ........... 22, 858 8,272 100.0 100.0 100.0 l'iG. a 

Wltito .•................. 12,370 8,555 3,815 51.l 5~. 7 4fi.1 2:.'!1.2 Negro .....•.............. 10, 420 5,IJ72 4,457 4ii.l) 40. fl 51. g t:lJ. () Other colored'··· ........ 5D 5U fl.~ 0. 4 

Native white .....•...... 10, 753 7,463 3,2\!0 47.0 221;. s Native parnntage ..•.•. 7,73.\ 5,315 213sn 33. H 223. 7 Foreign or mixed par .• 3,orn ~. 118 001 13.2 i '..!35.l Foreign-horn white •..... 1,617 l,OU2 52[J 7.1 ' ~08.0 

Native Negro ............ 2, 757 1, 391 l,3flfi 12.1 lllt.8. l'oreign-!Jorn Negro ...... 7,672 4,581 3,01!1 aa.n J.18.2 

CIVIi.UN. 

All classes. . • • • . • . . . . 11, un~--~o,a~~r~~~~T Hxi.~ i ~o~. ~[~;~~~;·0; 

White................... 7, 711 4,377 3."334142-:fi i42.fi'f4:\.fi -J:.\i::i Negro .••.•..•..•...••..•. 10,207 5,882 ·i,325 1 fifi.S 1 fi7.1, 5G.5 1 J;;G.O 

Othercolored'........... 16 46 ........ i o.:i ru · ............ . 

Native white............ 0,660 

Native parentage... . . . 4, 771 Foreign or mixed par.. 1, 889 l'orcign-!Jorn white.. . • . . 1, 051 Native Negro............ 2, 719 Foreign-born Negro...... 7, 488 

3,80·! 2,856 

2, 714 2,057 

1,0\JO 799 573 478 1,364 1,355 

4,1i18 2,970 

37.1 

2!i.6 

10.5 

5.!J 

15. l 

41. 7 

3!\.U 37.3 !:.-0.3 213. 9 10.6 10.4 lj.6 6 ') 

13. 2 17. 7 43.8 3'i. 8 

MILITARY AND NW.\L. 

l~J3. 2 1s1.n 

13\l. j 

lUJ.9 

101.1. i rn2.1 

--·-·--····---·-·-·--1-·· ,;--···-··1····· .. ····,, --· Allclasses........... 4,894 ·1,281 613 i 100.0 i', 100.0 1 HXJ.O !! 09"4 

White ...•.•....•........ 4,65H -1,178 1s11-or.~2'\,'.u1.6T'7~'.'ii°:'=8:1~'.G Negro ••..••..•••.••••..•• 222 90 132 4.fi!Z.ll:.!1.5:'68.:.! 

othercolorcd'........... 13 I:l ········i o.:l ;: o.a 1 .•.•... 11 .....•. 

Native white............ 4, 093 3, 659 434 I 83. G I' 85. a I 70. s : S43. l Naliveparentage...... 2,963 2,031 :J32 \ 60.5 ii til.5, 54.2 i' 7il~.5 Forcignormlxedpar •. 1,130 l,0

5

2

19

s 102 1 23.1·\: 2UJ 1 Hl.6:1,007.~ 

Foreign-born white...... 566 47 11. t1 ' 12.1 ' 7. i i (') 

Native Negro............ 38 27 11 I o. 8 .! o. H I LS ' (') 

Foreign-born Negro...... 184 63 121 3.~.l .. :".~-~-~Jl _ __':~-~ 

'Includes 48 Chinese, 10 Filipino9, and 1 Japanese. 

' All foreign-born Chinese. 

' Includes 10 Filipinos, 2 Chinese, and I Japanese. • Ratio not shown when base is less than 100. 

All persons born in the United States or any of its 

possessions are classed as native. The native population of the Canal Zone, as thus defined, comprises the 

native white, practically nJl of whom were born in the 

United States or are children of persons born in the 

United States, and the native colored, most of whom 

were born in the Canal Zone. After the Presirlent's 

order of depopulation, as already stated, those natiYes 

of the Canal Zone who were not in the employ of the 

United States moved to the terminal cities or other 

places outside the zone. The majority of the foreignborn Negroes are natives of the British West Indies, 

most 11f tlwm !minμ: from .J:uuaica ur the Harliudu:-". 

'!'lie "other colored;, in l ~120 eumpri:;1"d in tlie 1~ase of 

the ti viii an p11pulati. ill Iii CJiint'.':ilJ and in tho e1tse of 

tlHi military and naval pupulatiuu Jil Filipinos, :.J 

Chinese, and J .f1qwrn:;;e. 

'~'lin nativl! wliiho·, form -17 pt•r 1•uut. of tli1; 1111.nl p11pulat10n of t !in Canal Zurn~ and .'-:ti. '.I u1or ··nit 11f tlw totnl 

wl1il1• populatiPH. In tli1' i·irilian p1qmlatiutt tlit' 

11ativu white·' <'ll!btitut" a lmnr p..r·c1•Jlt.:Jgl' (;]7. )I 11!' 

the tutal p11pulati11J1, Lut alinut till~ ,;;t1w• prt1JH•rliu11 

(SfiA ]l<'l' c1•11t) of tlw t11tal whit<• pupuluLiu11. 

In tl1e Hn!Loa di~trid, w!1id1 ttJu1pri,.;e,; tlu: Paeifie 

terminal of tlti' eal!nl and tli1• !ic.milquarkr,.; of tl111 

Cluvenu11ent nnd of Th\l Pmrnma Canul and t1 iu Puri um a 

l~uilrond, uLout om•-k1Ir Li0...11wr c1,nt1 ul' tL~· civilian 

populatiou of 11,517 ar1~ wl1iir•. 1See Table 4.J All of 

tlw re11rnirnl1•t', wit11 tlie 1:xn:ption of 2\J Cl1iuese, are 

Negroes. fo tlm Cristobal distriet, on the ot!in liawl, 

which iudmlu;.; tlw Atlantic frrmiual of the earrnl, 

only 2HA per 1·Pnt of tlrn fi,-117 J'Pff/,ns in tJw (;idlian 

population an~ whitt.,, 70.:3 11er t(•nt being S egroe;:;. 

'l'Aill.E 4.--·l'on·r.ATH1r; •.>Jc' EACH l.l1srJ:IcT. Ii"\" 1.:(1L'Ht ou ltAt"E 

A1'll ::'EX: lflJO. , 

Pli.fr!.A'l'lON; 1~20. 

I ('.QJ.(1Jt OR II.ACE. I Tora!. ]Miiltary r~n:! na.n1l. 

H.11.Lli(L\. 1•18Tl:!CT. 

\Vliiti.1 ••••••.••.•• Negro ..•...•.•...• Otlwrcolcm•il ..••• 

.\ll clasire, .... 

White ..•...•..•.. 

Nt'~O ..• ~-········ Ot!for eolorl!\I. .... 

l Inr:lwk.Y 4~ Chinr•1P1 l!l Filipln'.>.•;, iirnl l J:11w.r1rMO. :i All lur1.,ig11-hon1 fh1rw:-w. ~ Ineludc~-11U Fi!i11iau:11 2 Clliue~;(\ nlld l Jaftlllr.:+e-. 

Sex ratios.--'l'Le rntio nf rnnk:; tn frm111ks in t\w 

dvilitm pnpuln,tirm of (.]rn Canal Zmw in rn2n Wlb l~H.fi 

pr•r 100, as comparetl with 10\i per 1 OU in ('ontinental 

Unite1l St!lt('S in. rnrn. In tl10 !'!ISP of tht· nalivo 

NPgroes, the only strietly indignnous ekment. the 

ratio of rnnlcs to 100 fonrnle,.; \VHS l 01. Thi:; compares \vi.th ns.u for Ncgroe;,i in the United States in 

1910. For the severnl dasses oi white:> in the rivilian 

popula,tion of the C1111al Zone tlw mtio of mnlll:i to 
.'. 

• 

· .. 

6 POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 

1 oo fornalm;; rnngccl fron1 11 u. n for tLc foreign-horn 

whitPs to l :HJ.4 for the natini whites of foreign or 

mixed pnrmitage. As oxplaining U10 excoss of males 

in tlie nntivc wliitn populaticm, it mny lie noted that 

very fow of the nntirn wl1ites wpru born in the Canal 

Zone. Most of Ll1c~m are uaLivPs of tlrn states, wlto 

came to the zmw attrncted l)y the opportunities for 

employmont. 

TABLE 5.-Porur,ATION, BY CoL<;m AND SBx: 1920 AND 19l2

• 

COLOP,. A1'Tll cr~Nsu:; 

rn.\J.t. Both 

gexcs. Mnlrg. 1"C'mr1l('.';. 

PER CEN'r OF TOTAL. Num. 

--.,,---,...--11 ber or llo1h I'. male sexes :\folrs. cl- to l~Q · - · • m::i P2, fe-mnl,•:,. 

In the militnry iuHI uaval i1opulation there wore 

from about cigl: t to dnven tin1c·s us many males as 

fenrnlrs in t·nd1 dnss of tl1f' wl1ile population. T\10 

colorPd demm1ts wen· uuirnpnrtant nunwrieully. 

Tut.al: 

White: 

l!l,'0 •.... 1!11'!. 

1n:!O •... 

1!112.. ..... l 'ol·~rer:L: 

l\L•O..... .. ..... Fil? ..... . 

~2, 85S 14,586 a~ •. ~10 ·15, in:i 

---·-- ==:;:;--...-=::; 

12,:!70 rn,.in H, 555 11, D5D 

l.0,48q 

·t3,afJ7 

li,O:JJ 

30, ~(II 

S,2i2 100. 0 100.0 100 0 li1i.a 17,1\47 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 25:. 0 ::::==-----=--::::: ------ ==-·--··-· =-=:.::::= 3,815 54.l 5R. 7 ·lr..1 221.2 ·I, ~.51 30. g :J3. J 25. 2 335. u t, -157 4fi. 0 ·H.3 li:l. fl 13\.1 rn, rn1 GO.I 6fi. !! ns 2'R.O 

Comnarison with 1912. -It will he noted hv refrrenc<1 td 'I'aLle 5 tl1nt tLe c•x<:Pss of males in tlie ·population of the Canal Zone is much smaller now tlian it 

was in Hil2, when tlw construction work on the 

cnnnl was at its lwi;rht. At that time the ratio of 

mules to females wns 250 to 100. Evm at tlie present 

time t.lie rnalrs in tlrn wl!itc popu)i1tion outnumber 

the fp11111fos by moro tlinn two to ono, which is oJ 

coursP rt condition very fnr frnm normal. 

- .... - ~-"· -·----------- --------··-----

The percentage of colored in the total population 

of the Canal Zone, as shown by the above table, declined from 69.1 in 1012 to 4.5.D in 1920. 

COUNTRY OF BIRTH OF 'rIIE FOREIGN BORN. 

In 'l'ahle 6 the foreign-horn civilian population in 

1020 is distributed l~.V country of hirth, figures 

I 1eing given for the wlnte ancl colored of each sex . 

TAm,E fl.-FOitEIGN-BORN CIVILIAN POPULA1'ION, DY COLOR, SEX, AND COUNTRY OF BIRTH: 1920. 

l~~,-~:~=;,:-:1::~"'::,::.,""no'h~'M C:::: '•molo 

I----- ·---, ---------. ·-·---

(~OUN'I'UY tW Bll!'l'II. 

4,5G4 2,970 Totalfore1gn born ...................................... ! 8,f,S!i i o,137 i 3,.J.!8 ·1' 1,051 573 478 7,534 

.\m:mc,1. ........................................ i. 7,7ol: 4,GOO '. 3,1"1 ,

1 

333 129 20.1 7,418 

Cun~<~n:rnd Nev:frnmdhnd ............................. ! ~5. 3~ I 33 ·1 fi9 37 32 3 

4,47li~ 

~~:.~~~~:. ;~:.:_::::::::.::: :: ::::::::: ::::::: ::::: ::::::J G,O'.I~ i :l,G:~ 1------~·;;,~·,1 ......... ~~- .......... ~ ........... ~. l~ 2 1 12 

2 

llnl1sh \V,.,;t l!Hlll•L ............................... ] 5,7;;7 i 3 ~·:2 I 2'315 ~¥ i2 i~ ~:~fg 3,627 

I~:i;.~:r:.~~ .. ; ::: :: : : :: : : :: : : . : : ::: : : : : : :: : : : ::: : : :[ N~~ ! r:~I;~ I 1:gn 1g ~ 16 2,466 t~~~ OlherllnhKhWcKtlml1es ...................... , -·\i;.ii]' iiS7 i 3;m[I "I 3 2 2,~;~ 1,259 Cnha ............................................... 1 lli, 5 , 111 ~ o 584 

2,426 

2,332 

931 

1,034 

367 4 

90 rn~n!·h We1;t Inrli<•s ................................. 

1

. 32!! I 237 i 02 !I 2 1 7 32~ 23

i 

lfnitt................................................ io 1

1 s, 2 I 2 :::::::::::: ~ 8 8 OthnrWest 1111hes .................................. 1 a I a 1 ............ 1 3 3 ............................................... . 

Ccn\~aJAmerica ......................................... i l,Hlfil 0381 5581' 137 39 08 1,059 

c~~l~"l{~<·fi::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1 ;~ 1~ I "~~ i~~ 21 1a 1,022 

OtherC~nlraL\i;:ema ............................. j 2i I 10 I 8 lG 15 ~ i~ 

South America... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 3G3 I 2fil I 102 I 7.1 32 42 289 

599 

573 

17 

9 

229 

460 

449 9 

2 

60 

Eumm:... ....................................... i47 I, ·17-1 j 273 708 ·HO 258 39 

::~~~"· : • : • : I :~I ·~ ! ~11 ;: '~ ---;-!-l-;-;;-;;-;-;;-;-;;-;ll-.-.-•• -•• -.-•• -.-•• 1-;-;;-;;-;·;-;;-;;; 

Scanrlina1·ianeounlries ................................. i 139 \\2 47 ,I 139 92 47 

3.1 

~~ ~I rn /I 11 21 20 :::::::::::: :::::::::::: :::::::::::: 

10 31 g •

1

1 ~5 ~i ig .................................. .. 21 15 12 .I 20 11 ................................... . 

g !r it 11 g 13 1~ ...................... ~.1:::::::::::: 31'? 213! 7 1' 23 216~ 141 18 18 .......... .. , . 1 1 I 11 .......... .. 

i~ 11

1 

:~ ~ i~ i! .......... r :::::::::x ~~~~~~~~~~~~ :::::::::::~ I 32 I 21 ......... ii" 2~ 28 .......... g. ~ i ........... a 

.\1.1. 01wm .................................... : .. 1 87 ii 63 2! 10 4 59 18 

~t!~~;1~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::I ~ II ~ I ii ~ i ~ :::::::::::: 

ctlant1cislnnds ........................................ 1 111 11 11 2 1 ....................... . Ilountrynotspeclfied ................................... f 29 I 8 ......... 2

.. ............ ........ ............ 1 1 ...... . 

~rn~~-se~ ................................ :.·-~~-·-::~j ____ _:jl _____ ~J=~-·'.. i ......... T .......... ~ .......... :~ ........... ~. ::::: ..... '.~ 

6 77 

1 48 1 2 

1 ·-------···· 

T 
POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 7 

Four-fifths of the foreign-born colored in the ciYiliau 

population are West Indians, three-fourths being from 

the British West Indies. It is probable that a,large proportion of the natives of Panama reported are ehildren 

of West Indians. Various countries contributrn l to the 

foreign white population, 1mt more than one-third of 

the total number are from English-speaking countries. 

AGE AND MAltlTAL CONllITION. 

Age.-A large proportion of the civili11n inlrnbitants 

of the Canal Zone are in the most Mtive period of adult 

life, the percentage from 25 to 44 years of age in HJ20 

being 44.5, whereas in the United States, according to 

the census of 1910, only about 29 per cent of the population fall within that age period (see Table 8). 'l'he 

percentage 45 years of age and over in the Cann! Zone 

is but 9.9, as compared with 18.9 in the United States; 

and the percentage of old people, 65 years of age and 

over, is but 0.5, as compared with 4.3 in the United 

States. 

TABLE 7,-POPULATION, BY AGE AND SEX: l!J20, 

AOE PEIUOD, 

------

Al11\ges. 

U ntler 5 years Un<ler 1 ycnr ti to 9 ycurs .. - 10 to 14 year:< .. 15 tu IO years .• 20 to 21 yc!\rs •• 2.1 to 2!1 yen rs .. 30 to :i I years .. :l5 to 30 yenr8 .. 40 to H years .. ·15 to .IQ years •. fiO to M year~ •. ti.i t.n 59 years •• m to Gl ycArs •. fi.I) to Ci9 years •. 70 to H ycarR .. 75 1 o 7H years .• 

Both 

SC!XPS. 

---

n,sris 

·-·--

2,500 

5-10 

2, 207 

l, 197 

1,fi.12 

2, 968 a,2n2 

2 UfiO 2:2,1,.i 

1,.5Rl 

(!67 

.'H6 

210 

113 

1!l 

~/') 

10 RO lo 81 years •• 2 

8-1 to S\l years .. \ l 

A~c not re· 11orlcd ..... 208 

'l'ot::il. 

--

14,586 

·--~-

1,~l08 

2-% 1, 101 

fi52 

1,00il 

2,'.1()? 

2, 129 

J,HIH 

l,bfi3 

l,Oil!I 

1)87 

.JO?. 

18!1 

61 

21 

0 

-1 

203 

'···-·· - , _______ 

S,272 17,001 

----- - -~.-~ 

1,2~2 

2fifi 

2, :!05 

5Hi 

l,J:lil 2 21·1 

Mf>I 1;15t 530 ~!Ill 

700 1, ~07 

1, 123 ?., 171 9!lO 2,~50 

6Kl I,!140 '112 1,48:! 2~0 •1:1 1-14 191 n7 2:!3 fi2 100 2~ -1,j 

16 21 

B 10 

2 

1 

(),1 2!lh 

f'ivilian Military and mv·11. 

------- ----- 10,301> 7105!) 4,891 !,~iii 111::: ~:::---:--= === ----·----- 1, 21;! 1.222 12.• Wi ft\! ~lj!f 2·:0 '.J:i lti !l 

l, ltl ] or1·~ K3 40 1

1

{ 

522 In:~~ ·l:l ::tJ J:i 

:mn 4iJ1 fi;j2 f\!17 ·1.'.'i 

i\13 !iU1 l, 7Gl 1,fi;j:j m; 

1, 171 \Hfi I,ll"l U.:i5 l~ij 

l,1'i2S !n2 fiOll 12il 71 

1,30~ ti:J2 :1{)1 '.!55 -m !lfi{l -17:1 14K J()!I :rn 013 ~I)() n1 71 ~/\ 

3H3 1:11 !i2 :1~1 ta 17.5 :;~ !J:~ 14 0 

[}7 -rn 1"' I !I 

:!1 2i 4 1 8 rn 1 

1 ~ 

l 1Jl\ n~ 10 

·-- -----·-----------

The percentage of children under 10 years of age in 

the Canal Zone 26 is larger than in the United States, 

where it is 22.2; b~t the percentage of the population 

from 10 to 24 years of age is relatively small, being 

only 18.1, as compared with 29.6 in the Unit~d Sta~es. 

It may be said, therefore, that while there. 1s a f1~1r~y 

large number of young children and infants m thecrv1lian population of the Canal Zone, there are cornpamtivelyfew older children or young people. The explanationmay be found in the fact that the large pc~~lation that immigrated to tlie Canal Zone from the Umted 

States or other countries something more than 10 years 

ago probably included comparatively !ew infant~ and 

young children, who would now be m the period of 

youtli. But, nu tlw of.lwr hand, tlw l>irtli rate in tlw 

Canal L:orw is eompar11tivdy high, so tlrnt t,Jie num}wr 

of children horn since tlieir parPnb cunw them is 

relatively larg:t>. 1 

[n th;~ eiYllian pupnlatiun nf 1,l11• Canal Zon11 the 

mm:J1 highur pmportinn und11r l!i year .,; of uge in LIH1 

ease of ff•mah•s as (•omp:ir1•d wit l i mrd«s is d m· to tJw 

fact tluit tfH.'l'I' i,; a g1· .. at ''"-''"~s of rnalf'B amon,!.': adults, 

wl1ert'ns amon!! the childrl'Il, as in :t norrmd popnlatiou, 

the s1;xe,,; tt>rnl to appro;H·J1 nHnu•rical 1·1111nlity. Tl1P 

1wr 1'.ent -rn yi·ar;; of :l:.!'.f' and nrPl' wa,.; 12 for mnlr·s 

and i .1 for fr.malt's in !Lr- civilian population. 

'l\BLE 8,--J'I:It \'.E'iT I.l!~TBIHl"Tl"'.; H\' .\1;1: <•F THE i'11 ll.L\~ 

PnI'FL:\THf~.; 1.JF THE j':\ _\I. Z11'\C 1 lH!:!t\ L"'; ('nMl'·\Hr:.:n!'<; WITH 

t'lnuL.~n DFrHJIH'Tl"" nm T111-: T<rr.\L l'<11·cun.,:·' 01· THE 

Ft>ITE!J ST.HES, ]ftJO. 

AGY.: PEHrnn. 

.'li;\I'·, ~fnk Fein.a:(\ ('X0., Mal•» 

Allar(ei .......... lf>l.0 JIW>.0 1'..Wl.0 Ji>l.O J()(J,0 100.U 

Urnler 5 Yt!ar,; .... l'',.., . .. 11.4 

lirnkr 1 year._ ........ ~.9 2.fi 2.1 2.fJ 

5 to 9 years ...... l~. :i 111. ~-! 10. 4 111.8 

HI to 14 ;·ears ............ l0.4 fl.I Y. 7 10.l 

15to19 year::: ... -·· .. ·- .. !.°J.n :-1.v IJ.4 9. fi 10.2· 

2iJ to 24 year~ ..... _ ...... _ u. i :i,Y ;_" 9. 'i" lll.11 

2_1j to ~J \·car; ... 12.l IL4 LUl ~.o ~- 8 ;{fl to :a )·ears .. __ ._ .. J;).C 14. ~ l::! ,, 7. i 7.4 

:{j to(~() rr~1r~: .... - .. lfl.'.-3 r1 ... f, .. 7. l fl.~. 

40to4·1yean\ ... -.. ~.O t1.:1 !;, ~ :.. 7 5.ti ii.5 

4ii to 4.~) ~·rnr,; ..... 4.U f1, ~I :t4 4.U 5.0 4. j 

f.i() to .1:'1! y1~ar:• ......... ..... ~. 7 :·1.:-i l. 7 4.'.J 4.fJ 4.0 

55 to GL! year~: ....... 1 ,) l. 7 11.1.. a.o :1.1 ~.Q 

~J ;~,~;:/~~~~r(~~·i:r .. U.C l!.ll II.ii ., [; 2.fi 2. 4 

O.;i 11,;; 0. ,; 4.:.1 4 " 1.1 ·• A go uot n·r1ortPd. i. ·1 J.{1 n.:, 0.2 0 •) 0.1 

TJie aboni stntement:0 rc•fpr to the eiviliun population of tho Caual ZnIH'. Tlie militnry and mtYal population consists maiuly of n<lulls wlin have not reached 

the period of middle ·lifr, only :i. l por eent of tho total 

being childrt>n under Hi )"('tU'.-; of nge, and only :t8 pH 

cent lwin11 4.'i years of uge arnl oYer. 

Color o~"'race: nativity, 'and age. --TJw -~frgro ciYilian 

popul11tion 11f th« ('annl Zorw i1whtdl's u nm«h larger 

propurtion of young dtildr<•n than thP whitt', as WP!l as 

a larger net.uni nurnh,•r. ::,1~·-1. or :H.:.! JH'l' eN1t, of f:lw 

NcgroPs heing 1md<·r Ht Yl'tJJ',; ,,f aw'. HS 1•omparml with 

l,4(~Jil, or Hl.t Jll'l' 1'('!1L ,,f the wliiiP p11pnlatinn: nnd 

while t.lw tnt:tl 11umhPr of Nq.;r•>1's !'\CP(•ds tlw tutnl 

t The binh m1e oi 1he civilfo.11 r•o1mlatio11 in 1l1e !isr.~al year IHH! 

was :-ll.B per 1,011!1. In 11lls thn rati: was ::l.07; m 1!'.17, J!Uil; 

and in lfllC, 20.lil. Th•• rnws fur the last two ~-oam an• lnglwr than 

those for the n'gistration !'tat1•s of thu Un~t,ed :-it.at•·~ for t!J'' c'alei;~lar 

vnars 1017 and Hl!s, wlnl'.11 aw, reRpuct1v1:]~', 2-1.b mul 2'l.·!. Ihe 

infant murtality or nmu J.nr oi dt:at.11~ of ~nf:rnts uud1,r 1 yc,ar pe~ 

1 rnJObirthsin the Canal Zorn' W!lR 81.1 lll HIJ!I (iJS<'al year),]}(, 

i{1 JillS i:m in IH17, awl 170 in l!llH. Thus there app1•ars to hlmi 

he!'1l ll. 'steady •It-dine. iu this mtn, r,·!ii:·h no;\' t:OillJ>lUt!S fanll'ably 

\lith rnc1mt ratnB anulalJle for the l 1mtPd l'tatPR and most ot.hf:r 

countries. 
8 POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 

num her of whites by nearly one-third, more whites foreign-born whites include a much smaller proportion 

than Negroes were reported in eneh age group above of ch~ldren and a somew~iat larger pr.oportion of per-

:~5. (See Table 0.) sons m the early and middle years of adult life than 

Of the nutive Negroes more than nine-tenths arc the native whites, the percentage under 15 for the tw 

under 15. The majority of these are probably chi!- classes being, respectively, 8:3 and 29.6 and the percen:-

llren of the West lrHl1an Negroes, who form the uge 15 to 44 years, respectively, 62.5 and 58.6. The 

greakr part of the labor force c•mployed on the cinrnl. percentnge 45 a~d over was also higher among the 

The age clistrilmtion of the native whites differs foreign-born wlutes than among the native whites 

matnrinlly from that of Llw Jurnign-born white,;. The (29.2 as compared with 11.7). 

'l'Am.E t>.----CJVILIAN l'OPULA'l'ION, BY COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND AGE: 1920. 

CIVILIAN !'()!'lJLATION: 1020. 

---···--··--··----·---- -- ----·~--·-·- ---------------------------~--

II 

"'""· I , •••••. 1 ""~ AGE PEl~lC1!J. 

11 

,; 1''hite. Negro. 

•rota I. 

I born. j 

ii -·------

:1-:;otnl. J_~:I~~J-~~m:~e. t:t~~-·e_. _I ~'g~~~l- II Male. ·1 Totul. Fomule. 

NlJMIH'r.. 

i I 

3,:134 fl,Wl! 1,051 1 10,_:m1 I .. 

rn I 

3G:J mi 1, 708 

GU ; iH I 2 369 

370 ' 708 I 30 1,476 

3lii 5251 41 588 

227 :J4(\ 52 492 24(i ! 

asu I 68 7-19 

87fl 1, 720 220 2, 66G l 

620 i 1,4-11 317 l, 593 

2~i~ I: 

598 221 li35 141 58 123 

33 • 39 18 2/'i 

4 i 6 ······-···· 252 

.~ll a~eo .. _ ............... 17, !)(j.1 7, 711 4,an 

U11lh~r 5 ye:irs ................. 2,4i!i1 7t}7 .j(J.l 

l 111der l yvar_ ••••••••••••. {IJ;j 1.Jti 77 

!'i to 0 years ....... ~··· ••.....•.. 2,2H 7:l8 30~ 

10 t<> U )'Oar.s .................. 1, 15·1 

11 

5f){i 2f1l 

Hi to 1!I yoa.rs .................. ~'.Iii 3H8 171 

~gt~ 51 s:~~~~:::: :: :: : : :: :: ::: : 1,2n7 4(17 211 4, ~)21 l,04G 1,070 

35 to 4.f yPam .................. 3,:17;{ 11 

1· 1,7GS J, l:~R 

4f> to U.l years .................. 1,:Hl7 1' 81!! wn 55 to G1 years .................. :i:i:i 

11 

2ll0 l:lU 65 yea.rs and over .............. S2 ;,7 

! 2·1 Age not rcporte•J .............. 2~~ u 2 I 

I 

I PEP. CENT DISTltll\lJTION. 

Allages .................. I rno.n r- lOll.Or---~iJ.O I l 'IC r I rio o 'J. J :, __ 1 _._ i=c==• 

lln<lorilyears ................. 1 n7 0.811 fl.2 iO.il 11 11.l 

Um!er 1 year.............. 2.u 1.9 I! 1.8 2.1 ii' 2 '' 

5 to 9 years .................... i 12.3 o. fi ! 8.-1 11.1 II 10.0 

10to14years .................. ! li.4 7.:l, 5.7 !1.4 'I 7.n 15to10 years .................. \ ri.o 5.2 I :i.u u.8 I <i.2 

2Hto24years .................. ! 6.7 fi.!J 4.8 7..i 11 5.8 25to34years .................. 1 

2;;,7 2; ... 2 I 21.4 20.3

1 

2;,.o 

35to 44 ycurs .................. i 18.8 22.8 \ 21\.fl 18.6 2Ui 

45tofi4years ................... 1 7.t; H!.111!. ta.7 tl.ft 0.0 55 to 04 years ................. -1 l.!J 2. 7 I' 3.2 2.1 II 2.1 65 years and over..... 0.5 o. 7 o.5 1 o I o.o 

,\genotreported........ 1.4 O.~.J.-.. ~---~ll __ ····-··--0.1 

I 

I 

i 

100. o I 100.0 I 

1.5 16. 71 (J.2 3.6 

2.9 14.5 3.9 5.8 

4.9 4.8 6.5 7.3 20. g 20.1 

30.2 15.6 21.() 5. 2 0.5 1.2 1. 7 0.2 

··········· 2.5 

5,882 4,325 l==-=:719 ~1- 146 --- S39 8fi!l 1,4·!9 259 ·········· 192 177 350 19 ·········· 71i3 723 972 504 271 317 185 ·········· 403 228 204 27 ·········· 4G5 ·101 348 16 733 ......... i 

1,623 1,043 41 2,625 9 

1, 108 485 10 1,577 22 364 171 6 529 13 92 31 3 120 1 9 16 1 24 .......... 104 58 3 2·19 ·········· 

100 .. 0 1 100.0 -~! 100, 0 100.0 

14.3 20.1 53. 3 I 3.5 ....•..••. 3. 3 ·1. 1 12.9 0.3 ........ .. 

12.8 16. 7 35. 7 6.7 ......... . 4.6 7.3 6.8 5.4 ......... . 3.!l 6.1 1.0 6. 2 ........ .. 9.8 2.2 35.l 19.6 

IJ.8 2~:~ I O.G 27.6 1. 5 

18.8 11.2 0.6 21.l 47.8 

0.2 4.0 0.2 7.1 28.3 1. 6 0. 7 0.1 1. 6 2.2 

0.31 ........ .. 3.3 ......... . 0. 2 0.4 (•) 

3.3 1.3 0.1 

··~--·-------

' All foreign-born mule.s. • Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

Broad age groups: 1920 and 1912.-A t the census of 

Hll2 tho only nge groups distinguished in the published returns were thm~e comprising children under 6 

and G to 1·1 yettr::l of age nm! persons 15 vears and over. 

Of the 45,H.10 mules in the <'anal Zon~ population in 

HJ12 (see Table 10), 2,7·17, or G.1 per cent, were under 

6 years; 2,::HiO, or !i.2 per cent, wern from (i to 14 

years; and 40,050, ur SS.7 per cent, were 15 years of 

age and over. The corresponding percentages for the 

17,047 femah;s were lii.!l, 14,2, and GD.U. 

In 'I'ttblE'. 10 tlw proportions under 15 years of nge 

among wh1t11 und <·olorerl mules and females, respectively, are compured for Hl'.W and 1D12. For both 

white and colored there !ins been tt very lllilrkecl incre11sc in the proportion of children under 15 years 

of age, this change being one which would be expected 

to accompany the completion of the canal and the 

trttrniition from construction work to the more permanent work of operation and maintenance, 

'l'ADI,E 10.-Porur.ATION UNDER 15 AND 15 YEARS OF AGE AND 

Ovmt, RESPECTIVELY, BY COLOR AND SEX: 1920 AND 1912. 

1920 1912 PER CENT 

UNDER 15 YEA.RS or ~OLOI\ AND SEX, Under 15 r,mirs Under 15 years AGE. 

Total. 15 o ago Total. 15 o!age 

years and years and 

of age. over.I of age. over. 1920 I 1012 

-----------1-

'rotal.. ....... 22, 858 0,084 16, 77-i 02,810 10,425 52, 385 26.6116.6 

Male ....... 14,586 3, 021 11, 565 45 163 5, 107 40,056 20. 7 11.3 

Female ..... 8,272 3,063 5,209 11:011 5,318 12,329 ~1so.1 

White = = = = )ii' 13.9 ............ 12,370 2,207 10,073 19, 413 2, 704 16, 709' Male ......... 8,555 1, 147 7,408 14, 959 1, 338 13,621 13.4 S.9 

l'ema!e ....... 3,815 1, 150 2,665 4,454 1, 366 3,088 30.1 3-0. 7 

r.oJorecl.. ......... J0,488 3, 787 6, 701 43,397 7, 721 35,676 36.1 17.8 

Male .......... 6,031 1,874 4,157 30,204 3, 769 26,435 31.l 12.5 

Female ....... 4,457 1, 913 2,544 13, 193 3,952 9,241 42.9 3-0.0 

1 Includes persons whose age was not reported. 
¥174 &at4z&t:A!W¥Ji-WWW 

POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 9 

Marital condition.-In the civilian population of tlw 

Canal Zone in 1920, 40.6 per cent, or about two-fiftlis, 

of the adult males, or males 15 years of age and over, 

were single, as compared with 19.2 per cent, or about 

one-fifth, of the achilt females. In almost itnv countrv 

or community the percentage single is larger .for malr;,'l 

than for females, because males as a rule remain single 

longer than females, or, in other words, marry at an 

older age. But the very marked and unusual difference between the sexes as regards the percentage single\ 

n the Canal Zone is doubtless clue in large measure to 

excess of males in the total aclult civilian population, 

'n which there are 157.4 males to 100 females. 

'l'he percentage of single men in the United States, 

38.7, according to the census of 1910, is sournwliat 

smaller than it is in the civilian population of the 

Canal Zone ( 40.6); hut the percentage of single women, 

on the other hand, is much larger in the United States, 

being 29. 7, as compitred with 19.2 in tho Cimnl Zone. 

T ABJ,J~ 11,-MAmTAL CONDI1'ION Ol<' THE MALE AND FE~IALE 

POPULATION 15 YEARS 01<' AGE AND 0VEU: l!J20. 

MAUIT.'1. CONDITION. 

POPULATION'. 1920. 

!-----~-----.,.--·-··-

Total. Civilian. 

NUMRER. 

Military uml 

naval. 

!5yearsofageandovert,. 11,565 5,20u \ 7,4rn ___ ±,712 \_~!46 ---~'. • =I==----··- ----·---1-·--·-~-· -----.· .. o 582 1 02n \ 3 01s 001; I 3,r,1"9 , 1211 Sm~!~.--..................... ''20 3'927 4'191 3,570 fi2!1 34>> M~mcd....................... 4•155 •

237 1 '142 2110 I 13 2S "\\'.tdowed..................... fl! 12 3

s 11 23 I 

i}~';?t'~f~ciilciition ~at'icirorieii: 47 1 I 35 1 12 

PER CENT DI'TRlfll'TION. 

15 years of age and overt .• ~1 100.0 _i_oo.oJ_~oo.o 100.0 I l~.'(I · --sii\J 19. 7 40. 6 19. 2 8G. l i 2U Smg!~........................ 40·

8 75 4 5G.5 76.0 12.8 I ;u.o Ml!rned....................... 1

· 3 4· 5 1.Q 4.4 0.3 , 5.ti 

Widowed..................... 0

·

5 0

·

2 05 0.2 O.f•I 0.2 

Divorced..................... · " 0· 5 o 1 o 3 

Marital condition not reported. 0.4 0.1 " · ·• 1---~·.:~ 

1 Includes persons whose age was not reported. 

It may be noted from Table 11 that there .are ti12, or 

17 .1 per cent, more married men than marned won:en 

in the civilian population of the Canal Zone, wlnch 

means probably that there are about that numhor 

of married men in the zone whose wives have not 

a!'eom11tmieil them hut have remained at home (>itlier 

m the l 'nited States or in some other country or locality 

outside the zone. This is fL e1mdition which results 

naturally from the temporary charadf'l' of tlrn populution u.nil the unfavornhk' 1·limat!'. 

In the military and nand population of tlw Canul 

Zone in 1 n20, as would he 1~xper·te1!, n grnat majority of 

the adult umles wer1~ single, nearly sen·n-eightbs (sli.l 

ppreentl of the J,1·1Gmales Hi yPars of age and on'r being so roportp1L Only about one-1•ig-hth (12.s per eenO 

were marri1.~d und Ji;s:-: than I rwr 1'.ent widowi'rl or 

d.ivorcerl. Of tlw ·t!l7 adult fonm]ps in this group Jo;;i,,; 

than onfl-fourth (2·1.1 per crnt1 were single, 70 per 

cent being married and tho rNnainder, with tho exef•ption of 1 reportf!d as di,·on·pd, IH•ing widnwed. 

As shnwJJ by Table 12, the p1~rf'!'Uta~e sindP is much 

higher among males than ~tmong fom.ah•s in every age 

group of the ('ivilian population, hut tlw eoulrast is 

most markPd relativf'ly in tlw age gronps "2;, to 2\'l 

years" and ";-:() to ~H years," whid1 l'Omprise more 

than orw-third of the adult mal1~s and females, the 

pere<•ntagc single being, respeetivdy, r.0.:~ and :i.').2 for 

nmles und 12 . .J and. 1>.l fur fNuales. 

1.'AnLE 12.-!lfAmTM. 1 '<11rnITH•N OF ~'lIF .MAu; .~Nil FEM.HI' 

C1vn.IAN Puna .. \'l'WN 15 YF:.ARs OF A(rn AND uvER, UY Arm: 

Hl20. 

;.;y,:;.;- A'!\I\ 11,(;C 

l'FHI••ll, 

Li to 1n year:; ... . ~'ii to 24 year:'i .... . ~5 to 2'J yeur;.• ••.. :wto 34 y~nrs .. :~5 to ,14 \" ear:i, .. . 

45to f'>l i·~arf' ... ·I r~5 tn G4 years ... . (.5 \'t,.'!a.f3 n.nd 01.·(~f 

.\ ~e Hot rt'! <rtrted 

fomales ..... 

ll 

19 

4:1 

48 

10 

10 

I 

;, 

\I 

12 

ii6 

1" 

;:~ 

5 

i 

~ 

Marital 

I~ ..... z 14 l 

11--··--

11 

l 

,, 

~ 

4 " .. . 

7 

2 

I 

:l 

I , ... .. 

I .... .. 
10 POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 

TABLE 13.-MAHITAL CONDITION OF THE MALE AND FEMALE CIVILIAN POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 

HY COLOR AND AGE: 1920. 

:'":;:::'":::::-.::--"··--:''."::.=--;"-==--=-~-------- ------------,=~------------------------~ 

~1AI.ES 15 YEAl\S 01' AGE AND ov1m. FE~!ALES 15 YEARS Oli' AGE AND OVER, 

AGg H".RlnlJ. i Murried, widowed, or divorced. Marital 

II Mar- j Wid-1 Di- :~1t 

Married, widowed, or divorced, Marital 

Total. Toto.I. Single. I f'inglc. i 

Total. rled. owed. vorccd. ported. II I 

. I c1~~- 'l'otal. Mur- W1d- DI_· notr~._ r!ed. owed. 1•orcod. ported. 

T-1TAI .. 

•rota!.............................. 7,410 I 3,013 J,3711~~~ 3~1 4~:_ ~ 900 _ 3,709 _ _!,579 209 11 =--3_ 

1rito)Oyean;._.......................... ~oo ani Y ~ .............. i. 594 178 415 409 ..... 'i;' ...... i' 2 

~ to 21 ;;"~':>-·-··· ... ···· .............. , ~·!3 0lf! 1M 3 A/i~ ··· ··73· 22 ..... '3' 3,021 263 2, 7.58 2,687 63 8 1 

==1=~---;------- 5 491 424 65 05 ----

2~tn !-1 y0,1t............................... 1, 9,0 l,~s 3•1 ' 3 •

8 15 1 .192 35 457 357 98 2 3 

!'!to h1 Y'"'"· .•••••••. •••.••.....•..•..• 1,2!1~ I 30,l ooo 83 ·•0 ' 401. 2 47 o 38 ........ 

"" ye:lf.>;1ml over........................ 3311 3 30 ~O 1 · .. · · · •• ... • · 26 • r, 2 4 57 52 5 • · · •• ••• · •·••·•• Ai:!e 11ot rnnorteol... ..... .. .. .. .•• •• • . .•• l!lfl i 10 mo I 109 I ••... .•• ' .••••• .. 1 

W!I!TE, 

' ' 'I I Tot111.. ............................ _~~r.1_J_1,rn:_)_2,187J 1 2,012 so_a5 5 2,29".__ -178 1,815 1,~.:_ 116_ 10 3 

lf.to 19 y1?arR... .. ••. .. .. . • .. ..... •. . ••.• 171 I !07 I ~ !i 2 ..•.••.. ..... ... 2 227 1~~ ~~ ~~ ••••••·· ..••••.....•...• 20 to 21 Y"ars. .. •..•••• ••.••..•..•••••..• 211 IOI I 41 Ii 4~ ........ 1 ·····°3" l 2~0 174 l a2o l 27!' / l 1 2~to:4.yuar8 ..••••••••••••••••..•.•••••• 2,208 0971 l,.50Sj, l,~~ 3~ 1~ ,40 0 ,

27_

1 1

222 ·,o 8 2 4,, to h ! ymre. .•... ...... .. ...... .......• 738 1321 606 I' 005 36 lo •..• .• .• 290 1 3 , ol 1 ..•••••• ur. }"l':tr.·rnnd O\'l'r.......... .. . ........... 21 I 23 i 15 8 .... . • . . . .. . . . . . 33 · · • · · · ·· • 3 •' 28 ............... . AJ!enotrcporte<I........................ 21 I I l !1 1 •.•.•..• 1

.•..••.•........ 4 ...•.•... 4 4 ....................... . 

COLORED. 

'rota!.............................. 4,00511 I,8iil [ 2,1841 2,110 62 3 _ 30 _ 2,110_ 428_= 1,984 _ l,890 93 :_ _ _: 

!ft to l!J ypnn;. •. •• ••••• ••••••••• •••••••.• 22X II 224 !I 1 1 ••• .•••• . •.•• .•• 3 264 225 37 37 .•.•• .•• •. ...... 2 20 to 2-1 yc11ro.......... .. . . ... .. . .. . . ... . 402 336 66 60 •• • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • .. • • • . . 348 89 259 255 4 ............... . 

2;; to -l·l ymrs ..• _ . . • . . . . . . . • .• ... . . . . . • . • . 2, 702 Ii' 1, Ill j I, 651 1, 6!1 37 3 .. . . . . . . 1, 528 1

• 89 l, 438 1, 411 27 . ... . ... 1 45toGl yemL .•............•....•.•••.•. 

1 

·!70 169 300 218 22 ........ 1 202 19 183 135 47 1 ....... . O:iyears·aiHlov,~r ........................ () 2· 7 5 2 .•••...•...•.•.• 161 2 ~4 -t 10 ............... . A~r11wt rl'portell.... .. . . . .. ..•.. ••. .•... 1D4 1 9 f 159 15S I •.....•. 26 58 , ·I o3 48 5 •....••• 1 I I -·----~------· ····-··-- -----·-------

In the male civilian population of the Canal Zone the 

percentage single is greater for the colored than for the 

white; in the female populittion the difference is the 

other Wfty, the percentage single being in general higher 

for thco white women than for the colored. 'I'his may 

be explitine<1, at least in pu,rt, by thefnct that the excess 

of men is considerably htrger for the colored race in 

the zone than for the white, the number of adult 

males per 100 adult females being 168 for the colored 

and 14f.i for the white. 

Attention has alrettdy been called to the fact that 

the population of the Canal Zone as compared with that 

of the United States has a larger percentage of single 

men and it smaller percentage of single women. The 

contrast is emphnsize1l when the comparison is made 

by age groups as presented in Table 14, the difference 

being very marked in the population above 25 years. 

In the census of l!ll2 returns as to marital condition 

in the Canal Zone were tiibulatecl only for persons 15 

years of age and over born in the United States or its 

territmial possessions, and all these persons are shown 

either n.s "single" or "married." Among the white 

males l.'i years of age and over born in the United 

States or its outlying territory, 58.9 per cent were 

reported ns single. When compared with this the percentage single for white males (nearly all native) in 

1920, as given in Table 14, 34.6, shows a very material 

reduction, resulting naturally from the fact that the 

ratio of males to 100 femnles has fall en off from 256 in 

1912 to 176 in 1920, all of which is indicative of progress 

townrds more normal concli tions since 'the construction 

work on the canal was at its height. In the case of the 

female population, the percentage single, as might be 

expected in view of the continuous excess of males, 

shows little change, being 19.9 for native white females 

in 1912 and 20.8 for white females in 1920. 

T ADLE 14.-PER CENT SrnoLE IN 'l'HE ADUI,T POPULATION OF THE 

CANAL ZONE (CIVILIAN), 1920, AND OF THE UNITED STATEB1 

1910. 

PER CENT S!NGI.E IN POPULATION 15 YEABi 

OF AGE AND OVER. 

SEX A!;D AGE ~ERIOD. Civilian ~opnlatlon or Canal one: 1920. United 

States: 

1910, 

'l'otal. White. Colored, 

-------------! ----- ------· -- Males 15 years of age and over'· .... 40.6 34.6 45,5 as. 1 

98.0 97. 7 98.2 98.3 

81.6 77. 7 83.6 74,9 

36.4 31. 6 40.2 27.0 

24.9 17. 9 36.0 10.1 

(') (') (') 

~~~~}}g~~i~~ ~::::~~~:::: 6.2 ::: : : : ~ :~:~~; 65 years and over ...................... . 

Females 15 years of age and over'· .. 19.2 20.8 17.7 2\l, 7 

86.4 87. 7 85.2 87.9 

30.0 36.2 25.6 48.3 

8. 7 11.6 5.8 16.8 

7.1 5.5 9.4 8.0 

(') (') (') o.a 

~g ;g ~ y~~~~- ... : ...•..••.......•..•... 

25to 44 ~cars::::.:::::::::::::::::::::: i~ to 64 years.... . . . .. . . . . . ......... .. years and over ...................... . 

1 Incluclos those whose age was not reported. t Per cent not shown when base Is less than 100. 

i 

I 
POPULATION-- CANAL ZONE. 11 

SCHOOL A'l'TENDANOI~, ILLI'l'ERACY, AND INABILITY 'l'O 

SPJDAK ENGLISH. 

School attendance.----In 1!)20, 3,02U persons, or cou-· 

siderably more than two-thircls (71. l per cont) of the 

civilian population 5 to HJ yettrs of age, rnnorte1l that 

they hn,cl nttendcil school nt some t;ime ·during tlw 

current school year. 

'l'Anr,E lo.-Nu11rn1m AT'mNmNG ScnooL IN TUE C1nu.u; PoruLATION, BY C'or,on, A<m, AND SEX: 1920. 

Total PERSONS 5 ~·o 0 PEitSONS lfl rn 14 !'J:Esmrn t,; ro la num- YEARS (Jlo' AGE. YEAitS 01'' AGE. YJ:AHS J.ll,' AGI~. 

]Jer of -----····-----------· 

cm.mt AND f0'g; Attending Attending 1-\tlCJJdin~ ~EX. at- school. school. •,chool. 

tr~g- Total. ------Total.----- - Totul. 

school. Num- Per Nwn- !'er IKum-1 I'l'r ber. cent. bcr. cent. I u. cmt. 

----1---- --··- ·- ·--- _.__ ------ -··· I 

Total.. .••.. 3,fl25 2,214 1,680 75.9 1,1;,4 1,ooa 02.1 _ H!J.J [ 2s:1 \ :H.> 

Male ..•.•. 1,462 1,121 850. 75.8 _"2_2_ M'a_ 92J_, __ -:\!l!J 1· 1'.!'.1-_.\-:J;·-;, Female .•. 1,564 1,ooa 830 75.0 n32 r.so vi.s 4a1 i;,1, 01.-1 

w11ito ....••.. 1, aa6 - ns -564 76~4- =?,66' 0 MO 'n7.i~0 - :;~;3_-:;-:?J\' r,(;:'f, 

00101~~:·= I,60~-~~~--~-~~:_~:_°__~s~ 51-1 f:7.4 402 j_r~r1 12.~ 

There is little difference apparently either between 

tho sexes or between tlie white and <·o]ored t'hildren 

as regards the percentage attending school, except 

in the case of the older children 15 to 1\) yonrs of age, 

in which age group the percentage is mud1 higher 

for the white children (5fl i than for the colored (12.2 ). 

The higher percentage represents largely pupils 

attending a high school or industrial courses conducted for white children. 

The percentages of children attending ~whool in 

the Canal Zone, as shown in Table 15, do not differ very 

much from the corresponding percentages for most 

of tho Northern states, as reported in the census of 

HllO. 

For the fiscal year ending June 30, mm, tl1e urt 

enrollment in the schools, as stnted in the mmual 

report of the Governor of The Pnnuma Carrnl. wns 

3,006. This is about the same as the number who at 

the census of 1920 were reported as having attended 

school for a longer or shorter period at, some time 

between September 1, H119, and January 1, 1020: but 

it should be noted that the enrollment figures include 

some children of canal employees who liYe outside the 

Canal Zone and therefore are not rovercd hy tiie <·ensns of 1920. 

'l'he following statement giving the average 1lnily 

attendance and the net enrollment, so for as figures 

are available, for the white and colored schools sopurately during the school years 1905 to mm, is compiled from the reports of the Governor of 'The Punama 

Carmi and from a rnview uf the avernμ;o daily attenclu1w1.1 in tlie Canul Zonn pulili1· w:l1011ls eo11tained in The 

P:mmnaCnnul Hccord of De1·<~lllhtll' l 7, 1 !llH (Vol. XUI, 

p. :2·10 j. l t slii1ws a g-1•w:rnl iJwn•nsP in a n.•rage daily 

attewJance up J.11 U;J:J, 1111~ \'Pllr w!a:n tlw waximmn 

fore1• was r>mploy<•d on tlF: 1·mwl, nrnl Jluduu.t ion•' 

nftcr tlmt .\"P!ll'. Sinr·r; lUltj tl11'l'P bas lil'cn a steiuh· 

im·n•aH• LH1tl1 in tlie uet PmullHH:Ht and iu ilie arnrage 

daily aitf'nda111·1•. 

T.\!1u: Hi.-·-·_\ u_r;_\,,1: l•MLY _\rr1::.;1.,\:.;n: i;.; Sc!JIH.>l .. " or· Till·: 

~~A~;t,r. Zij_.,.;1:1 j'.11·1,-J 'r11 /~jJ'.1, \~~J' ~<1:T };'.\'.HuL1.Mr:·.~'I'. J!1i,'.! T~• 

I'll!!. 

,'~l.'HlJr )L YL\i~ 

r~~1 w;(i-··· 

1 Jlt:rltH:Pd 

nunre:·irlt;nt 

l---- ~-- -- - ~- - -- ·--~~-·--·--~ ... -· ··-····--

1,- ··---~:,t~~~,~~'l''lll_. - ·- '. 

'1\>1.:tl. ' jf1

r,Jf1rnd 

I schoo1~:. 

1, 4;.;.1 jl m; lr:J~;) fl4H 

l~~n 4flfi lJ 1.IOii l 43fi 

l,1~1fi_· I Iii(! ut'1ri :·u) 

1_,11~~1 I 7!J~) 

11·:· I :·34 s:;~i r~ftJ 

f;~~ fi"i7 

(1:~!1 ! 74~ 

;(~;j i l~l!i 

jl:;' I 071 

10; I l,t•OO ·········! ........ 

'rla• faet tlrnt nutwithstandin;.:· a d('r·r.:>aH~ l1el'i'l'(11•11 

1012 mid l'.120 of 11.fi pPr l'(')lj, in 1lw tut al 1rn111l1er uf 

ehi\<lruu rnid,·r l;j .\-1·ari> r.f' ngn iSt'e Table 10) tlie 

l1Ye1'HgP daily sdwnl nt!HtdHHl'e WttS larger in HJlfl 

than in 1 \ll:.! indfratrs 1·onl'id1•ruhle irn1n·tn-emen1. in 

tlw rn:1tifl' nf !"dw11l atf!>1ulnm·n or in ,,wlH•ol facilities . 

• \.s Uiu tutal nmuhH· uf JWl'S(IJl:S lwt,>H'Pn thP :iges 

of !i and El, indusivc, in the military awl naval 

popul:ition nf tlw l'm11tl Zone in 1!l:!!l was only 778 

and tthout iivP-sixth,; (!ii'i:!l pf tht-~S\I Wfl'f' ];~ to HJ 

years t1f :igP. rnost of then1 ]wing- aetively eJJgaged in 

the military or nan1l sPrviet'. the Jigures as to sclwol 

nttPnrl:aH·e for this gnJ11p nn' not. important l'IHrngh 

to enll for s1wei:1l r·ommPnt. Of tliP l :!G pers1ms 5 to 

H year,; of u;.ri•, !17. or 77 )H'I' cMH. attended R<·hnol, 

and nf tlio: fi'i:l 1wrsons 1 !i to 1 n .Yf'il I'." 11f ago, '...!;i, or 

:-l.8 pn <'Prl t-. 

Illiteracy. T:d1lP 17 :-dmws tlw numhf'r :md per 

cent illitf'rnte umnn;; malt.l~' u11.I fournll's of oach class 

of the ci\·ilian popnlntiun of tlw Canal Zorw in 1 H20. 

.\ll Jtt•rsnns unnlile to write haY1~ hPen ehssiJi1\d a~ 

illitt~ratc, uhhcrngh sunrn of thPnt may hP nhle to 

read. 
12 POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 

'l'AULB 17.--lLLI'rEllA'l'Ell AMON{i 111msONS 10 YEAH8 fJF AGE AND 

Onrn IN nm C'n•rLIAN PnruLA'l'ION, 11;: Cown on R11.cE, 

NA'l'IVI'l'Y, AND SEX: Hl20. 

('IVILL\li l'Ol'ULATION 11! YEA!l8 OF AGE .\?lD OVER: 192\),l 

I 

:-~;;:~~~:=~-I-II -- .Male. I 1<cmulc. 

cor.01~ on. HACE AN11 L_ ··--···-· .. ···--·--·--- [. ··-··~-1--.. ·---

N.\Til'ITY. I ' '!' I ! I i II!itcrnte. i ! Illiterate. ] , Illiterate. 

I ! I I ' ! 

j 'l'otal. 1-----:. Tutu!. :-----·:'l'otal. 1----

1 

INun1~ I1er !\ ;Num- Pel' r !Num- Per 

··- ____ 11··~"··: ~~~11----V'"'·. ~:l~J ---1~~ ~~~ 1· ' I All cla;;:;cs ..••••. !:l, 2'5 : 7;;1 5. 7 I I 7, 041 I . 514 G. 5 : 5, 3-14 ; 237 4. 4 

White ............... n~2u)'j=rul~j).'~'t':V,115·,·13·-0.4 i-2,611 .=~tl 0.2 

;N'ative .............. nJ211 1 .................. 3,(154 ........ ······! 2,157 ! ............ .. l!'oreign born .•.••. 1,0115 I rn J.U ·1 551 i 1:l 2.4 i 454 l O 1.3 

: I i I i 

Negro ............... 7,02:1 1 714. 1111.2 ,

1

. 4,2'.JO : ,1sa l!.3 : 2, 7:?3 : 2a1 8.5 

chincBo.... .. . . .• .. . 46 1 rn -~~-L- ~~.I ~ .~~>_c~·J:·== 

i Include:i }Jl'r~mus who~e age was not reported. ' l'er cent not dwwu when l1ase is 1C,5s than mo. 

TABLE l8.-ILI.rr1rnA'l'E8 AMnNn I'1rnsoi-:s JO YEAns 01'' AGE ANr• 

Ovim IN nm Cr1-1LIAN P•WULA'l'ION, BY CorDn, A(m, AND SEx: 

l!J!!O. 

Cl\'ILIAN l 1fll1UI.ATlON 10 YE.Urn (JF AGE AND ovr:.u: 1920. 

____ .. ___ ., ------------- Both se-~1.·s. ~fah.'. Ji'emule. 

--·····;··--··-· 

i lllitPmtc. Illitrmtt'. llliternlt'. 

'N11m-i rcr Num- Per I Num- Per 

Tntal i--!-:,l'otal.'--1-- 1Tutnl. I j lier. I e .. :ut. , . i bi::r. cent. [ lJur. cent. 

'1.10TAL. 

WI!ITE. 

10 yt>nrB of agil ' I [ '1 I I 11 I 

anclovcr ...... ~J.."._i~l-.~~i-3,f.O,i _1_3 ~ 2,61! --"~ 

IO to H yt':irs ........ ---::,.~; -:-1 1-0.;i '1:251--3 f'J::2i----m5~~ 15 tn l!J yt:ar~........... ~iH~ 1 ............. i 171 -·····T·····i 227 -•·H• ...... . 

201021 yrnrn........ 457 1 I 0.2 ' ~11 I o.5

1 

246 ........... . 2fito3·1 Y''ars ........ l,04r.; 7, IJ.4 )' 1,070 4 I 0.4 876 3 0.3 :J;ito H ycms ........ l,'1'fi.~ : :i I n. 2 : I, 138 . 3 H.3 1 u20 ·rn to ;;1 ye:1rn........ >19 : :: u.4 1: ouu I 2 .

1 

o.a 220 .... i .... o.'5 ;;;. to 0.1 r<•:ffs........ wa ! I 

1

, o.;, I: 139 ............ 1 70 l (1) fiii Vt1

:J.r.'i and on~r.... fi7: 1 (I) i ~!-! .••..• ,..... 33 1 (l) 

.Ag~i not n11rirtPd.... ti ; .. ·-··j······: 2 ---··t····· 4 ..........•• 

COI.ORE!l. 

In 1920 only 751 persons, or 5.7 per cent of the 

civilian population of the Canal Zone 10 years of age 

and over, were reported as unable to write. No 

illitemte persons were reported among the native 

whites, and the percentage illiterate among the foreign-born whites was only 1.9, which is lower than 

that for the native whites in the United States in 

1910 (3). The low percentage for the whites is not 

surprising, inasmuch as the work on the canal which 

requires no education is in large measure performed 

by the "silver force," made up principally of West 

Indian Negroes, and the white employees are for the 

most part engaged in work for which the ability to 

read and write is important. 

It will be noted that within each population class 

which included illiterate persons the percentage of 

illiteracy is slightly higher for males than for females. 

This is contrary to the situation in the United States, 

where for all classes combined and for each individual 

class except the native whites the percentage for 

females in 1910 was the higher. 

In each 11ge group under 45 the percentage illiterate, 

as shown in Table 18, is higher among all males than 

among all females, but in the case of the colored there 

are slight exceptions. 

It is a fact of some significance as indicating the 

influence of the recently established school system 

in the Canal Zone that the colored children 10 to 14 

years of age are as free from illiteracy as the white 

children in the same age group. At older ages, and 

especially above the age of' 45, the illiteracy of the 

colored population is very high, while for the white 

population cases of' illiteracy are but few. 

'l'AHLE 19,-PER CENT ILLITERATE IN THE CIVILIAN POPULATION 

OF THE CANAL ZONE IN 1920 AND IN '.l'HE POPULA'l'ION OF THE 

UNITED STATES IN 1910, BY AGE. 

AGE PE!t!OD, 

PER CEN'f ILLITERATE. 

Civilian United States, 19!0. 

population 11-----,----

0! tho Canul • Native 

Zone, 1920. All classes. wWte. 

Population 10 years of age and over•.... 5. 7 7. 7 3.0 

10to14 years ................................ 1===0=. =4 ll===4=.1~l===1=:. 7 

~s1g~n~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5:i ~J k~ 2[itoa.iyeurs................................ 5.0 7.3 2.4 

3[ito44yeurs................................ 5.9 8.1 S.0 45 to 54 years................................ s. 9 9. O 4.6 

55 to G4 years .......... ,..................... 10.5 12.0 6.0 65 years and over.............. . . .. . .. .. .. . . . (') 14. 5 7, 3 

1 Inclucles persons whoso age was not reported. 'Percent not shown when baseis JessthanlOO. 

For nearly every age group, as Hhown by Table 19, 

the percentage illiterate in theCanalZoneis below that 

shown for all classes combined in continental United 

States, although slightly higher than that for the 

native white alone. 
'TM 4 

POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 13 

TAm,E 20,-!LLITERATES IN THE MILI'rAHY AND NAVA!, I'oi•ur.A· 

TION 10 YEARS or A<m AND Ovmi: 1D20. 

IO years ol nge uncl over .........•......... 

¥,:,~~'~ic~s::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

--·---~----

'l1otal. 

4,liSfi 

4,17fi 

filO 

·1:) 

/J;}2 

l,71ll 

1,5~1 

<1fl~ 

J.jfi 

lllitr:rate. 

Number. l.)ur Cf:Ht. 

3'.I 

2·1 

15 

O.H 

0. c ~. 'J 

········.j· ·········t1:r. l:l II. 7 1'..! iU{ 

1..) 

l. 4 :lfi (1) 

ij ••.... - - ..•• - ••.••••.• 

Ill ·········· ············ 

'ty01

1

1

0

irt0e:;································ ....... = 1,.11i! ;-1-=-~o. :, U-··-······················------·-·--·- 222 lti G.~ 

-~- ---- 1 Per cent not shown when base ls less than JOO. 

In the military and naval population in rn20, as 

shown by Table 20, the percentage illiterate was 

higher among females IO years of age and ovor than 

among males of that group and consiclerabl,, bi,,her .r o 

for the colored than for the white. 

'l'AllLE 21.-!Lr.rrmtA'rEs IN 1'Hf: '1'01'AL Porrn.ATit1N li:i Y1uns op AGE AND Ovmt, BY CoLOu: 1920 AND Hll2. 

COLOR AND CENSUS YEAR. 

POIJULATION 15 YEARS 0}' .AGl~ 

AND ov1;n.I 

Total. \I, N11111ll1elrli.tcrnlc>. 

~ Per tent~ 

------------1---1\--···-·-·--- --·-

'l?otal: 

White: 

1920 •••.•...••....••. ·•••· •....•..••. 

1912. - .. ·••·•·•···•· •.•.....•...•.••. 

1920. ••••••·•·•·•······•···•····••·••··•· 1912 .••••••.•.•.••..•..••.......•.....••. 

Colored: 

rn20 .••...•...•.•.•••..••....••.••....... rn12 ..••.•....•....••.•••••............•. 

Hl,7H 

fi2,a85 

1====1 

10,073 

16, 709 

G, iOl 35iG70 

\ 

1 78f1 

! 12,GtiS 

I 41) 

I 

2,430 

74[J 

10,238 

t Includes persons wllose ago was not reported. 

4. 7 2.1.2 

11 .. 1 14 .. 5 

11. l 2~. 7 

Separate :figures as to illiteracy among persons 10 

yea.rs of age an.d over in 1912 are not avidlable, hut 

Table 21 gives the number and per cent illiterate in 

the t,otnl populntion LG _veul'B nf ngo awl over, by rnlnr, 

as reported nt thn ce11sn::1~s nf lH:.!IJ and 1\J 1 ::.! : nnd it 

will he noted Hmt ,;iJwe rn12, wlien tlrn l'.()Jl~.;Lrue1.ion 

work on Ll1e ('Ullal wus near its lwiglit, ilif:l'<~ lius bcf•n 

H mnr-J,ed redu«tion in tlie percen tago of iHitenH~Y in 

tlio adult populatinn of eaeh 1:lttsF. ,, 

Inability to speak English.- {)f tlw totul eivilian 

population uf tlw Cmwl Zurw, cmly -I \}fl iwrsous, or :;. 7 

per t.i'l1t of tlinso 1U ypnr·:, of agt• and (ff!~l', were rejlfJrted as unalJle tCJ :;ppafr Eng1isl1, ,1IJ(J uf this munher 

being fm·eign-lmm N egrne:'l. 

TAllJ,E 22.--P1:w~u1\',~ U!-:AHI.l~ 'I'' i SH.::d~ E~~(H.l.SH 11\ THh CrvuJAN 

l_;1.:1 1~L\'l'll:..\;: l~>~U. 

CltirH.:.9JH•••·········-"····· 

Cl\'lLl.<YN' l'Uf.'U_,\'Ur.,~ J(t 'lC/U.:':\ 

(•1" A(l-L -"'~',;u t1\ Lr~: Jtl:.'.(J.J. 

The low pereentage unable to speak English is ~Jue 

to the fact tktt tlie nwjority of the foreign-born 

i\'(~groes, as well as 11 large prupnrtion of t!ie foreignborn white,s, came frnm English-speaking countries. 

_lforeover, the wliite males 1.1mpl11yed in t:lw Canlll 

Zone are for the most part engaged in work which 

requires some ndueatiou and pruirnhly srmrn knowledge of English. 

Less than l jl<Jf eent of tlw mili t:n·y and n:n· al populatil•ll 10 yenrs of age and ovp1· WNe repurted us unnhle 

to speak English, sud1 Jwrsnns compri;;.:ing !I of tl1e 

·1,086 persons of the specifie.J ago in this group. 

OCCUPATIONS. 

The occupations of 7, 730 residents of the Canal 

Zone were reported in the present census. The tot11l 

number of males returned n,s gainfully employed 

(7,008) constituted 94.5 per cent of the civilian male 

population 15 ye:trs of ag(\ awl over in rn20. :rnmploye1l females numh1H't1

rl unly 72'.J, 1md ennstitutccl 

!mt 15.:3 per cent of the fpm alt~ pnpubtion Hi ye:H"S of 

age and over. 
14 POPULATION-CANAL ZONE. 

TABI,B 23.-0ct:UPATIONB oP THE G1vnrAN P01•u1,A'J'ION, CLASSI1·rnn HY 8EX AND COLOR: lll20. 

PEUSONS GA1NFl1LI. Y EM.Pl'.OYEU! 1020. 

INDUSTRY OR Biel.VICE. ~::1T/,:~-T-- --l-1=-1~~ mnn- i dlstri- [' Mule. male. i Wbi e. ored. 

her. : b11iion": I : 

.A.lloccupations. ~=~ 7, 73Cl I !!Kl.~ I! ;,011~ I 722 I ~:566 , 4,101 

Agricutture,forestry,andanlmal ·=1=,1==· 34 I~ husllaudry...... •. .. .. . . ...•..•. 237 , 3.1 : 2:J7 . · .. ·• I M~nufact!lr!ng and moelmnical , . ! .. 2 i :i2 1 495 '11,069 mdustries.. . . . . • . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. 2, ,,f,4 ,J,l. I I 2, r.a2 ' 

Tmnsportation... •. .. .. .. .. . ..... 2,H93 : 27. I d 2,0:,1 I :m 912 ·f~~ Wi1t1~r transportation......... I, :n2 ' 17. O Ii 1, 312 ... ·.. 3~\I I 0 ' Rai!romHnmspurtatiou....... r.u1 i 7.!i >

1

i 5lil .•.... 1 IM •J27 

Ott tl l''ll ', 2. ,', ·,' l"l 

1 

:m ' 1rn .

1 

1or trnnsportu. on.......... , , 0 n 

It>''• i 2. 1 !, : !3S 28 , 81 '1 '£radG............................. ' .· 2 85 

Puhlic service (not cibuwhcrn 711,,.

1 I! 708 1 "Sf I 423 cJus:;ificd) .......... .•.•........ !l. 2 ji " 1 · 

3

2 .Pro!essionnlscrvltc. -··-·········· 40a ti. 2 .

1

: 2f13 HO ~ 371 I Domesti'~ aud persuirn.l :~mrvke .• _. t:.'i'3 s. 7 : 33G :3ai 1 Ga 1 610 C!ericu l oecuputions............... 8bo l!. ·1 Ji 7·10 14G I 62J : '2ul ii_ _______ i ___ I __ __ 

1 Includes ;i.g Chine3e. • Int.'luu1)3;, Cl1ine:;e. 'Includes l Chinese. 

As the total number of employees of The Panama. 

Canal and Pumrnrn B.ailroud was 22,328 1 on January 

7, 1920, it will be seen that the gainfully occupied population of the C1mttl Zone includes only about onethird (3·1.6 por cont) of the total number of employees 

of The Panama Canal and the P11nnma Railroad. It 

is evident, therefore, that the occupation statistics 

here presented do not conv·ey a true impression of the 

mar,nitude of the industri11l operations being· cauied 0 ' 

on within tho Cmrnl Zone. This is due to tho fact that 

many of the employees of The Pa1rn1rn1 Canal and the 

Panama Railroad reside out::;idc tlie Canal Zone. 

The occupation returns were classified, as nearly ns 

possible, in accordance with the standardized census 

method; but as some of the enumerators returned 

the industry merely as "Panama Canal'' or "Panama 

Railroad," it was not always possible to distinguish 

between persons engaged in the manufacturing and 

mechanical industries and those employed in the 

actmd operation and maintenance of the canal. 

The largest occupa,tion group, including one-third of 

the gainfully employed populntion of the Canal Zone, 

is composed of those engaged in the various manufacturing and mechanical industries directly connected 

with the operation and maintenance of The Panama 

Canal and the Panama Railroad. 

More than one-fourth (27.1 per cent) of the occupations reported were classified under transportation. 

As would naturally be expected, the proportion of the 

gainfully occupied population engaged in pursuits 

peculfar to transportation is much larger in the Canal 

Zone than it was in the United States in 1910 (6.9 

per cent). The occupations of 591 persons were 

classified under railroad transportation, who represent 

only 8 per cent of the 7,358 1 employees of the Panama 

1 Data furnished by the Washington office of 'fhe Panama Canal. 

Railroad reported at work on January 7, 1920. The 

explanation of the difference is found in the fact that 

the great majority of the Panama Railroad employees 

reside in the terminal cities of Colon and Panama 

both of which are situated outside of the Canal Zone'. 

In Table 24 a comparison is made of the per cent 

distribution, by occupation groups, of the population 

of the United States and of the Canal Zone engaged 

in gainful pursuits. 

TABLE 24.-PER CENT Drs1·mnuTION, BY OccuPATION GnoUPs, OF 

'!'Im GAINPULJ,Y EMPJ,OYED CIVILIAN POPULA'l'ION OP THE CANAL 

ZONB IN 1920, AND OP THE UNITED STATES IN 1910, 

pgu CENT lJJ~THIBUTION. 

'lCCUPA'flON GrtOlll', Canal 

Zone: 

JU20. 

United 

~!ntcs: 

1910. 

All groups ......................................... · 1==1=00=, O=I !Oii. !1 

A:,ricnlture, lor~stry, and animal husbandry............. 3.1 

F ··traction nf n1111erals .•....... -...... -..•.••..••.....••....••.••.... )~f~~nnfacturing and mechanical industries ... - ........ -- - . 33. 2 

~~~a~'-l~~·~~~~{~l~::::::::: :: : ::: :: : : : :: :: : : : :: : : : : : : : :: :: :: : 2~: ~ l'uhlic service (not elsewhere classified) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 2 Professional serdce ................... - . -...... - ..... - -. . fi.2 Domc:1Lil1 o.ud personal SOl'\'iCe •••••.••••• - •.•••• - •• - • • • • • • S. 7 

Clerirnl occupnt.ions.. ........ ... ......... ...... .......... ll.·I 

A majority (56.5 per cent) of the 4,120 gainfully 

occupied Negroes residing within the Canal Zone were 

returned as laborers (1,969) or servants (360). On the 

other hand, only 87 white persons were so returned, 

and they constituted but 3.6 per cent of the total 

number of laborers and servants residing in the Canal 

Zone. 

Table 25 shows, by race, the number of laborers and 

servants in each of the major occupation groups, and 

the percentage which each race contributes to the total 

number reported, in comparison with the total number 

of persons in all occupations. 

TABLE 25.-LADOREUS AND 8ERVAN'rS RBSIDING IN 'fHE UA;i.u, 

ZoNE, BY OotoR: 1920. 

OCCUPATION GROUP. Total. 

WHITE. 

Num- co~1irof bor. total. 

COLORED. 

____ , _____ ----· '~------

Alloccupations...................... 7,730 3,555 41i.J '4,lM !~.9 

Lal1orersands~rvants............ 2,-132 - 87 - 3.0 ~2,J.15 [~ 

Agricult.urc .......................... ---uIB" --lli ~ -----;J37S9J. !\1nnufn.cturing anrl 1nechanical in- dustries ........................... . 

'rransportation ...................... . Water tmusportation ............ . Hailroad transportation ........ .. All othor transportation ......... . 

I'nhlic service (not elsowhere classi- fiod) ••..••.•........••..•...••..•... Domestic anli personal service a ..... . 

3H 

!,~~~ 

396 

3 

290 I 409 

l1 

37 

32 

5 ........ 

1 

22 

3.2 333 oo .. ~ 

:i. 0 1, 199 07.0 

3.8 R01 00.2 

1.3 391 08.7 

........ a 100.n 

0.3 289 \¥.),7 

5.4 :l87 OU 

1 Inclndes H Chin{)Se, ' lncludcs 16 Chinese. a Includes porters not in stores. 

WASHINGTON : GOVERNMJlJNT PRINTING OFFICZ: !9lll 

I