IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

AUGUST 29, 2001 Session

GUY VARNADOE v. SHELTON McGHEE, JR., ET AL.

Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County

No. 98-0667-2; The Honorable Floyd Peete, Jr., Chancellor

No. W2001-00075-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 27, 2001

This appeal arises from a breach of contract claim brought by the Appellee against the Appellants

in the Chancery Court of Shelby County. The trial court entered a consent order, referring the case

to a special master. Pursuant to the consent order, the trial court directed the special master to

conduct an investigation and report his findings to the trial court. The special master conducted an

investigation and submitted his report to the trial court. The special master concluded that the

Appellee was entitled to full payment under the contract but that the Appellants were entitled to a

set-off. The trial court entered a judgment in the Appellee’s favor and gave the Appellants a set-off.

The trial court ordered that the fees approved by the special master be divided equally between the

Appellants and the Appellee.

The Appellants appeal the entry of a judgment in the Appellee’s favor by the Chancery Court

of Shelby County. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand to

the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed in Part,

Reversed in Part and Remanded

ALAN E.HIGHERS,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which W.FRANK CRAWFORD, P.J.,W.S.,

and HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J., joined.

Adam M. Nahmias, Memphis, TN, for Appellants

John D. Horne, Memphis, TN, for Appellee
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OPINION

I. Facts and Procedural History

On March 23, 1998, the Appellee, Guy Varnadoe (“Mr. Varnadoe”), entered into a written

contract with the Appellants, Sandra and Shelton McGhee (“the McGhees”), whereby Mr. Varnadoe

agreed to complete a framing project at the McGhees’ residence in Memphis, Tennessee. The

contract required Mr. Varnadoe to complete the framing project in a “workmanlike manner” and

within approximately two weeks, weather permitting, from the date the contract was signed. The

contract provided that the McGhees would pay Mr. Varnadoe $12,040.00 to perform the framing

project. Mr. Varnadoe did not have a residential contractor’s license or a home improvement

contractor’s license.

Mr. Varnadoe commenced work on the framing project. The McGhees claim that disputes

arose between the parties concerning the timeliness and quality of Mr. Varnadoe’s work. Mr.

Varnadoe claims that he substantially completed the framing project on April 13, 1998. Mr.

Varnadoe claims that he was unable to proceed to completion by hanging windows, however, because

the windows had not been provided by the McGhees. The McGhees refused to pay Mr. Varnadoe.

On April 15, 1998, Mr. Varnadoe served a notice of nonpayment upon the McGhees. On June 11,

1998, Mr. Varnadoe filed a mechanic’s and materialmen’s lien (“lien”) against the McGhees’

residence in the Office of the Register of Shelby County. 

On July 28, 1998, Mr. Varnadoe filed a complaint against the McGhees in the Chancery Court

of Shelby County to enforce the lien as well as for damages for breach of contract. On September 25,

1998, the McGhees filed an answer and counterclaim for breach of contract against Mr. Varnadoe.

On July 20, 1999, the McGhees filed a motion to dismiss Mr. Varnadoe’s complaint based on his

failure to have and maintain a home improvement contractor’s license in violation of section 62-37-

101 et seq. of the Tennessee Code. On July 21, 1999, Mr. Varnadoe filed an answer to the

counterclaim. On December 9, 1999, Mr. Varnadoe filed a response to the motion to dismiss. On

February 2, 2000, the trial court denied the motion to dismiss. 

On February 28, 2000, the trial court entered a consent order requiring the McGhees to deposit

the amount of the disputed lien, $12,436.00, with the court clerk and referring the case to a Special

Master. Pursuant to that consent order, the trial court directed the Special Master to conduct an

investigation and report his findings to the trial court on the following questions:

1. Did Mr. Varnadoe perform the framing work in accordance with the specifications set forth

in the parties’ March 23, 1998 contract?

2. Did Mr. Varnadoe perform the framing work contemplated by the contract in a

workmanlike manner?

3. Did Mr. Varnadoe complete the framing work contemplated by the contract in a timely

manner?
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4. If Mr. Varnadoe performed his obligations under the contract, the Special Master shall

determine the reasonable value of the work performed by Mr. Varnadoe, his agents, subcontractors,

and/or employees.

5. If the Special Master shall find that Mr. Varnadoe failed to perform his obligations set forth

in the contract in accordance with specifications, in a good and workmanlike manner, and/or in a

timely manner, the Special Master shall set forth with particularity each element of the contract that

Mr. Varnadoe failed to perform, as well as the factual basis for each such conclusion.

6. If the Special Master shall find that Mr. Varnadoe failed to perform his obligations set forth

in the contract in a good and workmanlike manner, in accordance with its terms and conditions,

and/or in a timely manner, the Special Master shall determine the nature and amount of damages that

were directly and proximately caused by Mr. Varnadoe. 

On June 26, 2000, the Special Master submitted his report to the trial court. In conducting

his investigation, the Special Master met with the parties, inspected the property, consulted with two

general contractors, and reviewed the court pleadings, the potential evidence, and the records

pertaining to this case. The Special Master found that Mr. Varnadoe performed the framing work in

a workmanlike manner, in a timely manner, and in accordance with the specifications set forth in the

contract. The Special Master also found that there was no evidence of any damages caused by Mr.

Varnadoe. The Special Master concluded that Mr. Varnadoe was entitled to full payment under the

terms of the contract in the amount of $12,040.00. The Special Master also concluded that the

McGhees were entitled to a set-off for the costs of installing windows and the performance of certain

punch list and related remedial work items. The Special Master limited his findings to the specific

questions submitted by the trial court. No exceptions were filed to the Special Master’s report.

On July 11, 2000, Mr. Varnadoe filed a motion to confirm the Special Master’s report, to

award costs, and to enter judgment. On July 20, 2000, the McGhees filed an opposition to the motion

to confirm. On July 26, 2000, Mr. Varnadoe filed his affidavit and his attorney’s affidavit in rebuttal

to the opposition to the motion to confirm. On July 28, 2000, the trial court held a hearing on the

motion to confirm. On October 19, 2000, the trial court entered a judgment in favor of Mr. Varnadoe

in the amount of $10,890.00 after giving the McGhees a set-off of $1,150.00. The trial court denied

Mr. Varnadoe’s request for discretionary costs and ordered that the fees approved by the Special

Master be divided equally between Mr. Varnadoe and the McGhees. On November 14, 2000, the

McGhees filed a motion to alter or amend judgment. On November 16, 2000, Mr. Varnadoe filed an

opposition to the motion to alter or amend judgment. On December 14, 2000, the trial court denied

the motion to alter or amend judgment. This appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review

The trial court’s referral of matters to a special master affects this Court’s standard of review

on appeal. See Archer v. Archer, 907 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). A concurrent finding

of fact by a special master and a trial court “is conclusive on appeal, except where the finding is on

an issue not appropriate for referral, where it is based on an error of law or a mixed question of fact

and law, or where the factual finding is not based on material evidence.” Aussenberg v. Kramer, 944
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S.W.2d 367, 370 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (citing Archer, 907 S.W.2d at 415); see also TENN. CODE

ANN. § 27-1-113 (2000) (stating that “the court of appeals shall not have the right to disturb such

[concurrent] finding” of the special master and the chancellor). If there is any material evidence to

support the trial court’s concurrent finding, the trial court’s finding must be affirmed. See id.

III. Law and Analysis

The following issues are presented for our review:

1. Whether this Court is bound by the findings of fact made by the Special Master and confirmed by

the trial court when the McGhees filed no exceptions to those findings and submitted no transcript

of evidence produced;

2. Whether the trial court erred by failing to consider Mr. Varnadoe’s failure to have and maintain

a home improvement contractors license;

3. Whether there was sufficient material evidence to support the Special Master’s conclusion that Mr.

Varnadoe was entitled to payment in full for the labor and services he provided to the McGhees;

4. Whether the trial court erred by assessing fees awarded to the Special Master one-half to Mr.

Varnadoe and one-half to the McGhees; and

5. Whether Mr. Varnadoe is entitled to recover damages from the McGhees for frivolous appeal.

We will examine each issue in turn.

The first issue presented for our review is whether this Court is bound by the findings of fact

made by the Special Master and confirmed by the trial court when the McGhees filed no exceptions

to those findings and submitted no transcript of evidence produced. Rule 53.04(1) of the Tennessee

Rules of Civil Procedure states that a master shall prepare a report and file the report with the clerk

of the court who then mails to all parties notice of the filing of the report. See TENN. R. CIV. P.

53.04(1). Rule 53.04(2) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure states that “[w]ithin ten (10) days

after being served with notice of the filing of the report, any party may serve written objections

thereto upon the other parties.” TENN.R.CIV.P. 53.04(2). An appellant waives an issue for purposes

of appellate review when he fails to make the appropriate objection at the trial court level. See

Barnhill v. Barnhill, 826 S.W.2d 443, 458 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). Thus, the failure to serve written

objections to a master’s report within ten days constitutes a waiver of any objection to a master’s

report on appeal. The record fails to reflect that the McGhees formally objected to the Special

Master’s report as permitted by Rule 53.04(2). Accordingly, we find that the McGhees have waived

any issues for appellate review concerning the factual findings within the Special Master’s report.

The second issue presented for our review is whether the trial court erred by failing to consider

the legal issue of Mr. Varnadoe’s failure to have and maintain a home improvement contractor’s

license. The McGhees argue that the trial court failed to adequately consider the effect of Mr.

Varnadoe’s failure to have and maintain a home improvement contractor’s license when confirming

the Special Master’s report and entering judgment in favor of Mr. Varnadoe. Mr. Varnadoe argues

that the trial court did adequately consider the McGhees’ argument as evidenced by the trial court’s

denial of the McGhees’ motion to dismiss Mr. Varnadoe’s complaint where the motion to dismiss was
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based on Mr. Varnadoe’s failure to have and maintain a home improvement contractor’s license in

violation of section 62-37-101 et seq. of the Tennessee Code.

Section 62-6-101 et seq. of the Tennessee Code (“the Contractors Licensing Act”) covers

licensing requirements of general contractors. Section 62-6-101(3)(A) defines a contractor, in

pertinent part, as 

any person or entity who undertakes to, attempts to, or submits a

price or bid or offers to construct, supervise, superintend, oversee,

schedule, direct, or in any manner assume charge of the construction,

alteration, repair, improvement, movement, demolition, putting up,

tearing down, or furnishing labor to install material or equipment 

for any building, highway, road, railroad, sewer, grading, excavation,

pipeline, public utility structure, project development, housing,

housing development, improvement, or any other construction

undertaking for which the total cost of the same is twenty-five

thousand dollars ($25,000) or more.

TENN. CODE ANN. § 62-6-102(3)(A) (1997).

Section 62-6-103(a) requires any person engaged in contracting to submit evidence of his or her

qualification to engage in contracting and to be licensed. See TENN. CODE ANN. § 62-6-103(a)

(1997). Section 62-6-120 states that any person who engages in contracting without a license

commits a Class A misdemeanor. See TENN. CODE ANN. § 62-6-120 (1997). Section 62-6-103(b)

permits an unlicensed contractor “to recover actual documented expenses only upon a showing of

clear and convincing proof” in a court of equity. TENN. CODE ANN. § 62-6-103(b) (1997).

Section 62-37-101 et seq. of the Tennessee Code (“the Home Improvement Licensing Act”)

covers licensing requirements of home improvement contractors. Section 62-37-103(7) defines a

home improvement contract as “an agreement between a contractor and an owner for the performance

of home improvement, and includes all labor, services and materials to be furnished and performed

thereunder.” TENN. CODE ANN. § 62-37-103(7) (1997). Section 62-37-103(6)(A) defines home

improvement as 

the repair, replacement, remodeling, alteration, conversion,

modernization, improvement, or addition to any land or building,

or that portion thereof which is used or designed to be used as a

residence or dwelling unit for one (1), two (2), three (3), or four 

(4) dwelling units, and includes the construction, replacement, or

improvement of driveways, swimming pools, porches, garages,

landscaping, fences, fall-out shelters, roofing, painting, and other

improvements to structures or upon land which is adjacent to a

dwelling house for one (1), two (2), three (3), or four (4) dwelling
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units. Without regard to the extent of affixation, ‘home improvement’

includes the installation of central heating or air-conditioning systems,

storm windows or awnings;

TENN. CODE ANN. § 62-37-103(6)(A) (1997).

Section 62-37-103(6)(B) states, in pertinent part, that home improvement does not include “[t]he

construction of a new home building or work done by a contractor in compliance with a guarantee

of completion of a new building project.” TENN.CODE ANN. § 62-37-103(6)(B) (1997). Section 62-

37-104(b) requires any person engaged in a home improvement business to first obtain a license. See

TENN. CODE ANN. § 62-37-104(b) (1997). The legislative purpose in enacting the Home

Improvement Licensing Act was “to safeguard and protect the homeowner against abuses by home

improvement contractors through regulating the home improvement business and by the licensing of

persons engaged in such business.” TENN.CODE ANN. § 62-37-102 (1997). Section 62-37-114 states

that any person who procures a home improvement contract without a license commits a Class A

misdemeanor. See TENN. CODE ANN. § 62-37-114 (1997). 

In the case at bar, Mr. Varnadoe argues that the construction project for which he was

contracted to perform framing was of such magnitude that it was “new construction” covered by the

Contractors Licensing Act rather than “home improvement” covered by the Home Improvement

Licensing Act. Mr. Varnadoe then argues that he was not required to be licensed under the

Contractors Licensing Act because the contract did not exceed $25,000.00. We agree that, had the

Contractors Licensing Act been applicable to the case at bar, Mr. Varnadoe would not be required to

be licensed because the contract did not exceed $25,000.00. We disagree, however, with Mr.

Varnadoe’s argument that the Home Improvement Licensing Act is not applicable to the case at bar.

The Home Improvement Licensing Act defines home improvement as an addition to any land or

building. The parties’ contract states that Mr. Varnadoe agreed to “frame an addition on the home

of Mr. and Mrs. McGhee.” Because the Home Improvement Licensing Act defines home

improvement as an addition to any building and the contract in the case at bar concerns a framing

project of an addition to a building, this contract and the failure of Mr. Varnadoe to obtain a license

falls squarely within the Home Improvement Licensing Act. 

Wemust determine whether an unlicensed home improvement contractor is entitled to recover

on the contract. Unlike the Contractors Licensing Act, the Home Improvement Licensing Act does

not address the recovery of an unlicensed home improvement contractor. The Contractors Licensing

Act permits an unlicensed general contractor to recover his actual documented expenses upon a

showing of clear and convincing proof. Both the Home Improvement Licensing Act and the

Contractors Licensing Act are penalty statutes in that they state that any person engaged in contracting

commits a Class A misdemeanor for failure to have a license. As such, we find the following analysis

by the Tennessee Supreme Court construing the Contractors Licensing Act analogous to cases

involving the Home Improvement Licensing Act:

The statute was designed for protection of the general public from
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unlicensed and unqualified persons. However, when this policy

creates a disproportionate penalty, the general rule cannot stand

and the court will be permitted to consider the merits of the case

to avoid a forfeiture. Therefore, in Carondolet, we permitted

recovery under a quantum meruit theory. . . . We interpreted such

penalty statutes as providing sufficient protection to the public to

render unnecessary the judicially created bar to quantum meruit.

Since nothing in the statute reveals an implied intent to deprive

unlicensed contractors of the right to recover the reasonable value

of their services, when the wrong committed by the violation of

the statute is merely malum prohibitum and does not endanger 

health or morals, we concluded that additional punishment should

not be imposed unless the legislative intent is clear. 

Chedester v. Phillips, 640 S.W.2d 207, 208 (Tenn. 1982) (citing Gene Taylor & Sons Plumbing Co.,

Inc. v. Carondolet Realty Trust, 611 S.W.2d 572 (Tenn. 1981).

While we are not concerned with an unlicensed general contractor in this case but, rather, an

unlicensed home improvement contractor, the parallel between the two is clear. The application of

quantum meruit in the case at bar would prevent the McGhees from reaping an unfair windfall and

would not harm the legislative intent of the Home Improvement Licensing Act. To prevent Mr.

Varnadoe from recovering his actual documented expenses expended on the framing project would

result in additional punishment to Mr. Varnadoe for his failure to have a license. There is no clear

legislative intent behind the Home Improvement Licensing Act to impose additional punishment upon

an unlicensed home improvement contractor. Accordingly, we find that Mr. Varnadoe is permitted

to recover under quantum meruit limited to the actual documented expenses expended on the framing

project as shown by clear and convincing proof. We reverse the trial court’s judgment permitting Mr.

Varnadoe to recover on the contract and remand this issue to the trial court for a determination of the

actual documented expenses incurred by Mr. Varnadoe.

The third issue presented for our review is whether there was sufficient material evidence to

support the Special Master’s conclusion that Mr. Varnadoe was entitled to payment in full for the

labor and services he provided to the McGhees. This issue is pretermitted by the resolution of the

previous two issues. Accordingly, we decline to address this issue on appeal.

The fourth issue presented for our review is whether the trial court erred by assessing fees

awarded to the Special Master one-half to Mr. Varnadoe and one-half to the McGhees. Rule 53.01

of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure states, “The compensation to be allowed to a master shall

be fixed by the court, and shall be charged upon such of the parties or paid out of any fund or subject

matter of the action, which is in the custody and control of the court as the court may direct.” TENN.

R. CIV. P. 53.01. The trial court’s decision to assess fees to a party under Rule 53.01 is reviewed

under an abuse of discretion standard. See Nguyen v. Hart, 1993 WL 291411, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.

July 29, 1993). We find no evidence of an abuse of discretion by the trial court. Accordingly, we
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affirm the trial court’s assessment of fees awarded to the Special Master one-half to Mr. Varnadoe

and one-half to the McGhees.

The final issue presented for our review is whether Mr. Varnadoe is entitled to recover

damages from the McGhees for frivolous appeal. Tennessee law permits any reviewing court to

award damages for frivolous appeal:

When it appears to any reviewing court that the appeal from any

court of record was frivolous or taken solely for delay, the court

may, either upon motion of a party or of its own motion, award

just damages against the appellant, which may include, but need

not be limited to, costs, interest on the judgment, and expenses

incurred by the appellee as a result of the appeal.

TENN. CODE ANN. § 27-1-122 (2000).

A frivolous appeal is one that is devoid of merit or has no reasonable chance of succeeding. See

Combustion Eng’g, Inc. v. Kennedy, 562 S.W.2d 202, 205 (Tenn. 1978); Davis v. Gulf Ins. Group,

546 S.W.2d 583, 586 (Tenn. 1977); Jackson v. Aldridge, 6 S.W.3d 501, 504 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999);

Industrial Dev. Bd. v. Hancock, 901 S.W.2d 382, 385 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). Determining whether

to award damages based on a frivolous appeal is a discretionary decision. See Banks v. St. Francis

Hosp., 697 S.W.2d 340, 343 (Tenn. 1985).

Mr. Varnadoe argues that this Court should award damages because the McGhees’ appeal is

frivolous. We do not deem this to be an appropriate case for imposition of sanctions for a frivolous

appeal and, therefore, respectfully deny Mr. Varnadoe’s request in this regard.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the trial court is affirmed in part, reversed in part,

and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed

equally against the Appellants, Sandra and Shelton McGhee, and their surety, and the Appellee, Guy

Varnadoe, for which execution may issue if necessary. 

 

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ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE