# Patent

## Title
Automatic mask threshold

## Abstract

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/157,399 filed May 19, 1988 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,133,023.

## Background
Field of the Invention

This invention relates in general to character recognition systems and relates more particularly to such systems having provision for resolving detected ambiguities in sensed characters.

2. Prior Art

A wide variety of pattern recognition systems are known in the art. Each such system optically receives data depicting a pattern to be recognized, and performs certain tasks on this pattern to compare it to known patterns in order to "recognize" the input pattern. A basic flow chart depicting a pattern recognition system is shown in FIG. 1. The input pattern is the pattern which is to be recognized. Digitizer 12 converts input pattern 11 to a series of bytes for storage in system memory 13. These bytes are typically binary in nature, reflecting the fact that input pattern 11 is basically a black and white figure. Digitizers are well known in the art and typically are used in such devices as facsimile machines, electronic duplication machines (as opposed to optical photocopy machines) and optical character recognition systems of the prior art. Memory 13 can comprise any suitable memory device, including random access memories of well-known design. Segmentation 14 serves to divide the image data stored in memory 13 into individual characters. Such segmentation is known in the prior art, and is described, for example, in "Digital Picture Processing," Second Edition, Volume 2,  Azriel Rosenfeld and Avinash C. Kak, Academic Press, 1982, specifically, Chapter 10 entitled "Segmentation".

Feature extraction 15 serves to transform each piece of data (i.e., each character) received from segmentation 14 into a standard predefined form for use by classification means 16, which in turn identifies each character as one of a known set of characters.

Classification means 16 can be any one of a number of prior art identification means typically used in pattern recognition systems, including, more specifically, optical character recognition systems. One such classification means suitable for use in accordance with the teachings of this invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,661, issued Mar. 31, 1981 to Todd, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Recognizing a Pattern". Identification means 16 is also described in "Syntactic Pattern Recognition and Applications," K. S. Fu, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1982, specifically, Section 1.6, and Appendices A and B.

Postprocessing means 17 can be any one of a number of prior art postprocessing means typically used in pattern recognition systems, such as described in "n-Gram Statistics For Natural Language Understanding And Text Processing" Suen, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence," Vol. PAMI-1, No. 2, pp. 164-172, April 1979.

Output means 18 serves to provide data output (typically ASCII, or the like) to external circuitry (not shown).

FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a typical prior art pattern recognition system;

FIG. 2a is an example of a prefix and a buffered block of possibility sets;

FIG. 2b is an example of a nonrecognition string;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting the overall operation of the context module;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting the operation of buffering a block of possibility sets;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting the operation of choosing the winning string;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart depicting the operation of computing the confidence and status of each string candidate; and

FIG. 7 is a flow chart depicting the prefilter strings operation.

Computing Character String Probabilities

The context algorithm employed in the present invention discussed later, assigns a probability value to each member of a set of character strings in order to determine which character string in the set has the highest probabilities. As used in this specification, a character string is an ordered list of characters of some selected length. The probability value assigned to a character string is computed by modeling the English language as a second order Markov process. That is ##EQU1## where x.sub.1 x.sub.2 x.sub.3 . . . x.sub.n is a string of n characters: In the above equation P(A/B) denotes the relative probability of the event A given the event B. If, as above, the event A is a subset of the event B, then it is known that P(A/B)=P(A)/P(B). Using this fact, the above equation is rewritten as ##EQU2## For any selected character string, after probability values for the appropriate character digrams and trigrams are obtained, the above equation is used to compute the probability value of the selected character string. As used in this specification, a character digram is a string of two characters, and a character trigram is a string of three characters. The problem of computing a probability value for a character string then reduces to the problem of computing probability values for the character digrams and character trigrams contained in the selected character string.

Computing Trigram/Digram Probabilities

One standard method of obtaining the probability value of any character trigram (digram) is to use a precomputed character trigram (digram) probability table. Such a character trigram probability table is constructed as follows. First, a large body of `typical` English text is obtained, which is referred to in this specification as the source tape. The character trigram probability table is constructed so as to contain, for each possible character trigram, a value proportional to the number of occurrences of that selected character trigram in the source tape. The character digram probability table is constructed in a similar way.

The method of this invention does not, however, use a character trigram table to obtain the probability of any character trigram, nor does it use a character digram table to obtain the probability value of any character digram. Instead, it uses a total of eight different probability tables, in a manner fully described below, to obtain an estimate for the probability of any character digram or trigram. This is done for two reasons: to minimize memory requirements and to improve statistical significance.

A character trigram probability table containing a probability value for any character trigram would require N.sup.3 *k bytes of memory, where N is the number of characters in the character set and k is the number of bytes used to store a single probability value. If, for example, the character set contains 120 different characters and one byte is used to store each probability value, the character trigram probability table would require approximately three megabytes of memory. In the method of this invention, the total amount of memory required to store the eight probability tables is approximately 30K bytes.

As mentioned above, the second problem with using a character trigram (digram) probability table to obtain a probability value for any character trigram (digram) is that the probability values generated by the source tape for low-probability trigrams (digrams) may not be statistically significant due to the limited size of the source tape. For example, referring to Table 1 below, the number of occurrences in the source tape of each of three character trigrams is given. ______________________________________ STRING      # OCCURRENCES ______________________________________ 53.cent.    0 58.cent.    1 72.cent.    5 ______________________________________

The character trigram probability values for these three character trigrams, generated by the source tape, would indicate that `72.cent.` was five times as probable as `58.cent.` and that `53.cent.` was impossible. The method of this invention assigns more statistically significant probability values to low-frequency character digrams and trigrams.

As mentioned above, eight probability tables are computed. A formula is then derived to compute the probability of any character trigram or digram using values stored in these eight probability tables. This formula is referred to in this specification as the `character ngram probability formula`. Prior to the construction of these tables, the following steps are taken:

Designate Context Independent Groups

Prior to the construction of probability tables, the first step is to designate certain groups of characters as `context-independent`. As used in this specification, a group of characters is `context-independent` if the members of the group are assumed to be contextually indistinguishable. That is, a group of characters is context-independent if that group is assumed to satisfy the context independent model, discussed below. In one embodiment, the groups of characters which are designated as context-independent are as given in Table 2 below. ______________________________________ Group Name         Characters in Group ______________________________________ <digit> group      `0`, `1`, `2` . . . `9` <sentence-ending   `!`, `?` punctuation> group <currency-suffix>  `.cent.`, ` `, ` ` group <arithmetic> group `+`, `=`, `.div.` ______________________________________

The context independent model, used in the derivation of the character ngram probability formula, is the statement that

where

Stated informally, the context-independent model asserts that, given that a character is a member of a particular context-independent group, the probability that it is a particular member of that group is independent of surrounding context.

The context-independent model is illustrated by examining the probability that a particular digit is the number `7` given that the digit is preceded by the letters `MB`:

The model is used to rewrite the above relative probability as follows:

The context-independent model asserts that the fact that a digit is preceded by the letters `MB` has no bearing on the probability that the digit is the number `7`. If, for example, one out of every 10 digits in standard English usage is a `7`, that is if P(<7>/<digit>)=10%, then it is expected that approximately 10% of all strings of the form <M><B><digit> end in the number `7`.

The designation of context independent groups is dependent on the given language. For example, in English, the character `.` is not included in the <sentence-ending punctuation> group consisting of `!` and `?`. This is because the character `.` serves additional syntactic functions and so is sometimes contextually distinguisable from `!` and `?`. For example, the character `.` is sometimes used as a decimal point and so is more likely to separate two digits than either `!` or `?`. In general, characters are grouped, when possible, into the same context-independent group in order to reduce the amount of memory required to store the probability tables and in order to improve the statistical significance of the probabilities generated for low frequency character digrams and trigrams.

Designate Generic Letter Independent Nonletters

Prior to the construction of probability tables, the second step is to designate certain nonletter characters as `generic letter independent`. As used in this specification, a selected nonletter character is `generic letter independent` if it is assumed to satisfy the generic letter independent model, discussed below. In one embodiment, all nonletters except blank and apostrophe are designated as generic letter independent. As used in this specification, the <generic letter independent> group is the set of all nonletters which have been designated as generic letter independent.

The generic letter independent model, which is incorporated into the relative independent model discussed later, is the statement that <g.l.i.>k.sub.2)

where obtained from x.sub.1 and x.sub.2 by replacing all occurrences of letters with the case of those letters

Stated informally, the generic letter independent model states that, given that a character belongs to the <generic letter independent> group, the probability that it is a particular member of the group is dependent on only the case (i.e., uppercase or lowercase) of the surrounding letters.

This model is illustrated by examining the relative probability that a string of three letters is the string `MB?` given that the string consists of the letters `MB` followed by a character in the <generic letter independent> group:

In this example, the character `?` is assumed, as in one embodiment, to have been designated as generic letter independent. The model is used to rewrite the above probability as follows: ##EQU3## where <cap> is the set of all capital letters The generic letter independent model asserts that the pair of capital letters `MB` is as likely to be followed by a question mark as is any other pair of capital letters. If, for example, 10% of all character strings of the form <cap><cap><g.l.i.> are strings of the form <cap><cap><?>, then it is concluded that approximately 10% of all character strings of the form <M><B><g.l.i.> are strings of the form <M><B><?>.

The designation of certain non-letter characters as generic letter independent is dependent on the given language. For example, in English, the character apostrophe is not designated as generic letter independent. This is because the character apostrophe is more likely to separate certain pairs of letters (such as `n` and `t`) than other pairs of letters (such as `e` and `m`). In general, nonletters are assumed to be generic letter independent whenever possible in order to reduce the amount of memory required to store the probability tables, discussed later, and to improve the statistical significance of the probabilities generated for low frequency character trigrams.

Groups and Projections

The third and final step prior to the construction of probability tables is the creation of groups and projections. As used in this specification, a projection is a mapping from a set of characters (domain of the projection) onto a set of character groups (range of the projection) with the following properties: character group that contains the selected character.

Also as used in this specification, a character group containing a single character is referred to as an `identity` group.

A letter projection is a projection from the set of all letters onto a set of letter groups. In one embodiment, four letter projections are defined. These are:

The letter-identity projection maps each letter onto its corresponding identity letter group. The identity letter groups are ##EQU4## Thus, for example, the letter-identity projection of the character lower-case `e` is the <e> group.

The letter-generic letter projection maps each letter onto its corresponding generic letter group. The generic letter groups are: ##EQU5## Thus, for example, the letter-generic letter projection of both lowercase `e` and uppercase `E` is the <generic e> group.

The letter-smallcap projection maps all lower-case letters onto the <small> group and all upper-case letters onto the <cap> group.

Finally, the letter-letter projection maps all letters onto the single <letter> group.

A nonletter projection is a projection from the set of all nonletters onto a set of nonletter groups. In one embodiment, three nonletter projections are defined. These are:

The nonletter-identity projection maps each nonletter onto its corresponding identity group. Thus, for example, the nonletter-identity projection of `?` is the <?> group.

The nonletter-fine projection maps each nonletter onto either a context-independent group of nonletter characters or an identity group. That is, if a selected nonletter is a member of a group of nonletter characters which was designated, as described earlier, as a context-independent group, then that selected character is mapped onto that context-independent group. Otherwise, the selected character is mapped onto an identity group containing that single character. In one embodiment the groups <digit> group, <sentence-ending punctuation> group, <currency-suffix> group, and <arithmetic> group are, as earlier discussed, the groups designated as context-independent. Thus, in this embodiment, the nonletter-fine projection maps all digits onto the <digit> group, the characters `!` and `?` onto the <sentence-ending punctuation> group, the characters `.cent.`, ` ` and ` ` onto the <currency-suffix> group, the characters `+`, `=`, `.div.` onto the <arithmetic> group, and all other nonletters onto identity groups.

The nonletter-coarse projection maps each nonletter which has been designated, as earlier discussed, as generic letter independent, onto the <generic letter independent> group and maps each nonletter that has not been designated generic letter independent (i.e., has been designated as generic letter dependent) onto an identity group containing that selected character. As discussed earlier, in one embodiment the characters blank and apostrophe are designated as generic letter dependent and all other nonletters are designated as generic letter independent. Thus, in this embodiment, the nonletter-coarse projection maps the character blank onto the <blank> group, the character apostrophe onto the <apostrophe> group, and all other nonletters onto the <generic letter independent> group.

The four letter projections and three non-letter projections are combined into nine different character projections. These are:

Thus, for example, the letter-smallcap/nonletter-coarse projection maps the letter lowercase `e` onto the <small> group and the nonletter ` ` onto the <generic letter independent> group.

Probability Tables

Eight probability tables are constructed using a source tape of `typical` English text. These are:

The first seven tables are group probability tables. For example, the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse trigram table is a three dimensional probability table that contains a probability value for each group trigram of letter-generic/nonletter-coarse groups, such as the group trigrams <generic n><apostrophe><generic t>, <generic t><generic h> <generic e>, and <generic t><generic letter independent> <generic letter independent>. The last table in the list is a character probability table. For each selected character in the character set, it gives the relative frequency of that character in the source tape.

The method used to construct the first seven probability tables is illustrated by discussing the method used to construct the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse trigram table. The other six tables are constructed in a similar manner. First, the source tape of `typical` English text is converted into a list of letter-generic/nonletter-coarse groups. This conversion takes place by projecting each character in the tape onto its corresponding group using the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse projection. Next, for each group trigram, its value in the trigram table is set to the number of occurrences of that group trigram in the converted source tape. Finally, these frequency values are converted into probability (relative frequency) values by dividing each frequency value in the table by the total number of group trigrams in the converted source tape. For example, ##EQU6##

Relative Independent Model

The derivation of the character ngram probability formula uses the projections defined above together with two models. The first model is the context independent model, discussed earlier. The second model is the relative independent model. One embodiment of the relative independent model states that the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse projection and the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine projection are independent relative to the letter-letter/nonletter-coarse projection. As used in this specification, two projections A and B are independent relative to a third projection C if for any string x of characters,

As used in this specification, if x is a string of characters and D is a projection, the notation D(x) denotes the string of groups obtained by projecting each character in the string x onto a group using the projection D.

Thus, this embodiment of the relative independent model asserts that for any string x of characters, ##EQU7## where g-c is the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse projection

Stated informally, this relative independent model asserts that: letters onto case groups (<small> or <cap>) is independent of the projection of those letters onto generic letter groups. group, knowledge of what the surrounding generic letters are does not assist in computing the probability that the character is a particular member of the <generic letter independent> group.

As is illustrated by an example below, this relative independent model is an extension of the generic letter independent model discussed earlier.

In the derivation of the character ngram probability formula, this relative independent model is used in conjunction with the fact that the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse projection and the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine projection `span` the letter-identity/nonletter-fine projection. As used in this specification, two projections A and B span a third projection C if any event expressed in terms of the projection C can be reexpressed as the conjunction of events involving A and B. For example, if x is the string of characters `MB7`, its letter-identity/nonletter-fine projection is the string of groups <M><B><digit>. The event that a string of characters is of the form <M><B><digit> can be reexpressed as the conjunction of the following two events: b><generic letter independent>. Note that this is the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse projection of the character string `MB7`. Note that this is the letter-smallcap/nonletter fine projection of the character string `MB7`.

That is, the set of all character strings of the form <M><B><digit> is the intersection of the set of all character strings of the form <generic m><generic b><generic letter independent> and the set of all character strings of the form <cap><cap><digit>. As used in this specification, the reexpression of an event expressed in terms of the letter-identity/nonletter-fine projection as the conjunction of events expressed in terms of the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse projection and the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine projection is referred to as the `expansion` of the original event expressed in terms of the letter-identity/nonletter-fine projection.

Three examples are provided to illustrate the use of the relative independent model.

The first example applies the model to the problem of computing the relative probability that a given string of three characters is the string `The` given that it is a string of three letters:

The relative independent model is used to `factor` the above relative probability into the product of two relative probabilities as follows. ##EQU8## The justification for reexpressing (I.1) as (I.2) is that the letter-genericletter projection and the letter-smallcap projection span the letter-identity projection. That is, the event

is expanded into the conjunction of events

Thus, in going from (I.1) to (I.2), no assumptions about the statistics of the given language are used.

In going from (I.2) to (I.3), the relative independent model is used to approximate the probability (I.2) as the product of two probabilities. The meaning of this model can be better understood if it is first noted that the probability (I.1) can also be expressed as follows: ##EQU9## Note that no assumptions about the statistics of the given language are made in (II). The only fact used is the following fact about relative probabilities: If A and B are events with A a subset of B, then P(A/B)=P(A)/P(B). Comparing (I) and (II), it is seen that the relative independent model asserts that: e>)=P(<cap><small><small>/<letter><letter><letter>)

Thus, the relative independent model asserts that if, for example, 10% of all <letter><letter><letter > trigrams are <cap><small><small>, that is if:

then it is expected that approximately 10% of all <generic t><generic h><generic e> trigrams are cap-small-small, that is

The second example applies the relative independent model to the problem of computing the relative probability:

The computation proceeds as follows: ##EQU10##

In a manner similar to that described above in conjunction with the first example, the model asserts that if, for example, 10% of all <letter><apostrophe><letter> strings are <cap><apostrophe><cap> strings, then it is expected that about 10% of all <generic n><apostrophe><generic t> strings are of the form <cap><apostrophe><cap>.

In the English language, this relative independent model is most notably violated in the word:

Though in general, whether or not a character is uppercase is independent of what the generic letter is, that is not true for the string `I`. That is, though 20% of all <blank><letter><blank> strings may be <blank><cap><blank> strings, it is not the case that approximately 20% of all <blank><generic i><blank> strings are <blank><I><blank>. This case is discussed in more detail later.

The third example illustrates the fact that this relative independent model is an extension of the generic letter independent model discussed earlier. The relative independent model is applied to

That is, given a string of two letters followed by a nonletter that has been designated as a generic letter independent character, the model is used to compute the probability that the string consists of the letters `MB` followed by a digit. This is done as follows. ##EQU11##

In going from (I.1) to (I.2) the event <M><B><digit> is expanded as the conjunction of events. In going form (I.2) to (I.3) the relative independent model is used. In a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the first example above, the model is seen to assert that b><g.l.i.>)=P(<cap><cap><digit>/<letter><letter><g.l.i.>)

That is, if for example 10% of all <letter><letter><generic letter independent> strings are <cap><cap><digit>, then 10% of all <generic m><generic b><generic letter independent> strings are <cap><cap><digit>. The model asserts that whether a given generic letter independent character is, for example, a digit, is independent of the surrounding generic letters. A digit is as likely to follow <generic m><generic b> as it is to follow any other generic letter pair.

Derivation of Character Ngram Probability Formula

The character ngram probability formula is derived for computing the probability of any character diagram or trigram using the eight probability tables discussed earlier. The derivation assumes the context independent model and the relative independent model. These models, and hence the derivation itself, can be appropriately modified for languages other than English. The formula derived can be used to compute the probability of a string of characters of any length. Hence, for any integer n, the formula can be used to compute the probability of a string of characters of any length. Hence, for any integer n, the formula can be used in conjunction with a context algorithm that models the English language as an nth order Markov process.

In the derivation, x is a string of characters of any length. The first step of the derivation expresses the probability of the character string in terms of relative probabilities, using group projections. ##EQU12## where l-c(x) is the letter-letter/nonletter-coarse projection of x

The only fact used here is that if the event A is a subset of the event B, then P(A/B)=P(A)/P(B).

The second step is to rewrite (I.2) above using the fact that the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse projection and the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine projection span the letter-identity/nonletter-fine projection. Thus the letter-identity/nonletter-fine projection is expanded as the conjunction of projections as follows:

where

Substituting this identity for (I.2) in (I) above, the following identity is obtained ##EQU13##

The third step applies the relative-independent model in order to replace (II.2) above with the product of two relative probabilities (III.2) and (III.3), as follows ##EQU14##

The fourth step applies the context-independent model to (III.3). This model asserts that all multiple character nonletter-fine groups are context-independent, and hence

where the product ranges over all characters x.sub.i in the string x which are members of context-independent groups. Substituting this identity for (III.4) in (III) above, the following identity is obtained. ##EQU15## where f(x.sub.i) is the nonletter-fine projection and the product ranges over those x.sub.i for which f(x.sub.i) is a context-independent group.

The fourth and final step is to replace all occurrences in (IV) of P(A/B) with P(A)/P(B) which is justified because in all cases, the event A is a subset of the event B. After making the substitution and cancelling terms, the following equality is obtained. ##EQU16## where the x.sub.i in (V.3) and (V.4) range over all characters in the string x which are members of context-independent groups.

The above is the character ngram probability formula used to compute digram and trigram probabilities. A value for each term is determined by looking up the appropriate entry in the appropriate probability table.

Three examples are provided illustrating the steps used in the previous derivation. These steps were:

The first example runs through the steps necessary to compute the probability of the string `The`:

Step 1. Express in terms of projections and relative probabilities. ##EQU17##

In this example, P(<T><h><e>/<T><h><e>) is equal to one, and hence is dropped from the equation.

Step 2: Expand <T><h><e>: ##EQU18## Step 3. Apply relative independent model: ##EQU19## Step 4. Apply context independent model: This step is not applicable because there are no characters in the original string which belong to context independent groups.

Step 5. Replace all probabilities of the form PP(A/B) with P(A)/P(B) and cancel terms: ##EQU20##

The first probability, P(<generic t><generic h><generic e>), is obtained from the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse trigram probability table. The second probability, P(<cap><small><small>), is obtained from the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine trigram probability table. The third probability, P(<letter><letter><letter>), is obtained from the letter-letter/nonletter-coarse trigram probability table.

The second example computes the probability of the string `MB?`

It is assumed, for the sake of illustration, that the character `?` was designated as a member of the generic letter independent group of nonletters by the second model discussed earlier, and was assigned to the context-independent group <sentence ending punctuation> group, consisting of the characters `?` and `!`, by the first model discussed earlier. The abbreviation <s.e.p.> is used for the <sentence ending punctuation> group. The abbreviation <g.l.i.> is used for the <generic letter independent> group.

Step 1. Express in terms of projections and relative probabilities: ##EQU21## Step 2. Expand <M><B><s.e.p.>: ##EQU22## Step 3. Apply relative independent model: ##EQU23## Step 4. Apply context independent model: ##EQU24## Step 5. Rewrite P(A/B) as P(A)/P(B) and cancel terms: ##EQU25##

Each of the above probabilities is obtained from the appropriate probability table. The first probability is obtained from the letter-genericletter/nonletter-coarse trigram probability table. The second probability is obtained from the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine trigram probability table. The third probability is obtained from the letter-letter/nonletter/coarse trigram probability table. The fourth probability is obtained from the character unigram probability table. The fifth probability is obtained from the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine unigram table.

The third example computes the probability of the string `53.cent.`:

For the sake of illustration, it is assumed that `.cent.` was not assigned to a context-independent group by the first model. It is also assumed that all three characters were assigned to the <generic letter independent> group of nonletters by the second model.

Step 1. Express in terms of projections and relative probabilities: ##EQU26## Step 2. Expand <digit><digit><.cent.>: ##EQU27## Step 3. Apply relative independent model: ##EQU28##

Since (1) above is equal to one it can be dropped from the equation.

Step 4. Apply context independent model:

In this example, the digit group is assumed to be context independent. ##EQU29## Step 5. Replace P(A/B) with P(A)/P(B) and cancel terms. ##EQU30##

Each of these probabilities is then obtained from the appropriate probability table.

It, in the above example, the character `.cent.` is assumed to have been assigned to the context-independent group <currency suffix> group, consisting of `.cent.`, ` `, and ` `  then, in a manner similar to above, the derivation would have given: ##EQU31##

Since multiplication and division are more costly than addition and subtraction, the probability tables are converted into confidence tables prior to the incorporation of these tables into the context module. Each probability value in each probability table is replaced with a number proportional to the logarithm of that probability value. As used in this specification, the logarithm of a probability value is referred to as a confidence value.

The character ngram probability formula is appropriately modified, using logarithms, so that instead of using probability values, it uses confidence values, as follows: ##EQU32## where the x.sub.i in (1) and (2) range over all characters in the string x which are members of context-independent groups.

As used in this specification the above formula is referred to as the character ngram confidence formula.

Similarly, the formula used to compute the probability of any character string is appropriately modified, using logarithms, so that instead of using probability values of character trigrams and digrams, it uses their confidence values, as follows: ##EQU33##

The input to the context module is either a single character or a set of more than one character candidates. If the input is a set of more than one character candidate than, as used in this specification, each character candidate in the set is referred to as `ambiguous`. In one embodiment, associated with each ambiguous character candidate is an `a prior confidence value` which is set by previous modules, such as the classification module, to a value proportional to the logarithm of the probability that the unknown input character is the character candidate, as that probability was determined by such previous modules. In this embodiment, the a priori confidence values are incorporated into the computation of the probability of a character string as follows: ##EQU34## where the sum in (1) ranges over those characters in the string which were ambiguous and conf (x.sub.i) is the a priori confidence of x.sub.i

FIG. 3 is a flowchart describing the overall operation of one embodiment of this invention. The operation begins with two initialization steps. The first initialization step stores the single character `blank` in the prefix buffer. In general, the prefix buffer stores the last two characters output by the context module. However, if the last character output was the character `blank` or if no characters have yet been output, then the prefix stores the single character `blank`. The second initialization stage sets the last character type buffer to `miscellaneous`. The last character type buffer stores information pertaining to the type of the last nonmiscellaneous character read. The character types are either letter, digit, or miscellaneous (all characters other than letters and digits). In one embodiment, this buffer is used to assist in choosing between the word `I` and the word `1`.

Next, possibility sets are sequentially read. A possibility set contains one or more characters, together with an associated confidence value, which have been determined to possibly be the next unknown character in the sequence of unknown characters being read. If the possibility set contains a single character which indicates unambiguously that the unknown character is that single character contained in the possibility set, the prefix is updated by including the character contained in the possibility set just read as the most recently read character. The character type buffer is then updated in accordance with the character type of the character contained in the possibility set. The possibility set is then output for use by other circuitry (not shown) and the next possibility set is read.

On the other hand, if the possibility set read is not an unambiguous possibility set containing a single character, the context operation is performed in order to determine which of the characters contained in the possibility set is most likely the unknown character being read and thus which should be the sole character remaining in the possibility set for output.

In this event, a block of possibility sets is buffered, as is more fully described in conjunction with FIG. 4. The buffered prefix, together with the buffered block of possibility sets, is used to create a string candidates containing each permutation of the characters contained in the prefix and the buffered block of possibility sets. Table 3 below depicts the character strings that are created from the prefix and block of possibility sets depicted in FIG. 2a. __________________________________________________________________________ Character Group String String Candidate Candidate                         Status __________________________________________________________________________ "On1cns <blank><"><digit><small><digit><small><small><small> eliminated "On10ns <blank><"><digit><small><digit><digit><small><small> eliminated "On10ns <blank><"><digit><small><digit><cap><small><small> eliminated "On1ons <blank><"><digit><small><digit><small><small><small> eliminated "Onicns <blank><"><digit><small><small><small><small><small> eliminated "Oni0ns <blank><"><digit><small><small><digit><small><small> eliminated "Oni0ns <blank><"><digit><small><small><cap><small><small> eliminated "Onions <blank><"><digit><small><small><small><small><small> eliminated "Onlcns <blank>< "><digit><small><small><small><small><small> eliminated "Onl0ns <blank><"><digit><small><small><digit><small><small> eliminated "Onl0ns <blank><"><digit><small><small><cap><small><small> eliminated "Onlons <blank><"><digit><small><small><small><small><small> eliminated "On1cns <blank><"><cap><small><digit><small><small><small> eliminated "On10ns <blank><"><cap><small><digit><digit><small><small> eliminated "On10ns <blank><"><cap><small><digit><cap><small><small> eliminated "On1ons <blank><"><cap><small><digit><small><small><small> eliminated "Onicns <blank><"><cap><small><small><small><small><small> contender "Oni0ns <blank><"> <cap><small><small><digit><small><small> eliminated "Oni0ns <blank><"><cap><small><small><cap><small><small> eliminated "Onions <blank><"><cap><small><small><small><small><small> contender "Onlcns <blank><"><cap><small><small><small><small><small> contender "Onl0ns <blank><"><cap><small><small><digit><small><small> eliminated "Onl0ns <blank><"><cap><small><small><cap><small><small> eliminated "Onlons <blank><"><cap><small><small><small><small><small> contender "on1cns <blank><"><small><small><digit><small><small><small> eliminated "on10ns <blank><"><small><small><digit><digit><small><small> eliminated "on10ns <blank><"><small> <small><digit><cap><small><small> eliminated "on1ons <blank><"><small><small><digit><small><small><small> eliminated "onicns <blank><"><small><small><small><small><small><small> contender "oni0ns <blank><"><small><small><small><digit><small><small> eliminated "oni0ns <blank><"><small><small><small><cap><small><small> eliminated "onions <blank><"><small><small><small><small><small><small> contender "onlcns <blank><"><small><small><small><small><small><small> contender "onl0ns <blank><"><small><small><small><digit><small><small> eliminated "onl0ns <blank><"><small><small><small><cap><small><small> eliminated "onlons <blank><"><small><small> <small><small><small><small> contender __________________________________________________________________________

The block contains three ambiguous possibility sets. The first two ambiguous possibility sets contain three character candidates each. The third ambiguous poset contains 4 character candidates. Thus three are 3.times.3.times.4=36 candidate strings. These 36 candidate strings are listed in the first column of Table 3. The second and third columns of Table 3 are discussed later in conjunction with the prescan operation of FIG. 7.

Nest, the "winning" string of the string candidates contained in the list just prepared is determined, as is described in conjunction with FIG. 5. With the winning string selected, the prefix is updated to include the two most recently read characters. However, if the most recently read character is a blank, the prefix is initialized to a single blank character. Also, the last character type buffer is updated to correspond with the character type associated with the last nonmiscellaneous character read. Each ambiguous possibility set (i.e. a possibility set containing more than one possible character) contained in the block of possibility sets is then modified to contain only that single character associated with that possibility set and the winning string candidate. The possibility sets contained in the block of possibility sets are then output for use by additional circuitry (not shown). The operation is then reiterated by reading in the next possibility set, determining if the possibility set is unambiguous, etc.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting one embodiment of the step of buffering blocks of possibility sets, as described previously in conjunction with FIG. 3 (as shown in the example of FIG. 2a). As shown in FIG. 4, a block which consists of a plurality of possibility sets, is initialized to include the new, ambiguous possibility set just read. The next possibility set is then read and added to the end of the block. In one embodiment of this invention, if the block ends in a blank character, and the last word (character separated by a blank) contained in the block contains more than a single character in width (such as the word "I"), the operation of buffering blocks of possibility sets is complete, and the return is made to the operation of FIG. 3. On the other hand, if the block dies not end in a blank character, or the last word in the block does not contain more than one character in width, but the last two possibility sets contained in the block are unambiguous (i.e., contain only a single character each), the operation of buffering a block of possibility sets is complete. If not, a final test is made to determine if the size of the block of buffer end possibility sets has reached preset limit (in one embodiment 15 possibility sets), in which case the operation of buffering a block if possibility sets is complete. If not, the operation of buffering a block of possibility sets continues with the step of reading in the next possibility set.

In this manner the operation, such as is shown in FIG. 4, stores a plurality of possibility sets in a buffered block for further analysis, commencing with the step of building a list of string candidates (FIG. 3) containing each permutation of the characters contained in the buffered possibility sets.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting the step of choosing a winning candidate string, as previously described in conjunction with FIG. 3 First, as is described more fully below in conjunction with the flow chart of FIG. 7, the strings are prefiltered, if desired, for example, in order to eliminate from the list of string candidates certain strings which are highly unlikely.

Following the prefilter operation, a check is made to determine the number of candidate strings left. In the example depicted in Table 3, shown earlier, 28 of the original 36 string candidates have been eliminated by the prefilter operation. These strings are deleted from the list of string candidates. Table 4 depicts the 8 string candidates that remain after the prefilter operation. ______________________________________ String Candidate Status    Confidence ______________________________________ "Onicns        eliminated "Onions        contender 70 "Onlcns        eliminated "Onlons        contender 50 "onicns        eliminated "onions        contender 65 "onlcns        eliminated "onlons        contender 45 ______________________________________

If exactly one candidate string is left after the prefilter operation, this candidate string is selected as the appropriate string and a return is made to the context algorithm, of FIG. 3, which then updates the possibility sets in accordance with the information contained in the single remaining candidate string.

The prefilter operation always leaves at least one string; in one embodiment of this invention, if the prefilter operation would normally delete al candidate strings, the prefilter operation has not assisted in identifying the unknown text being read and thus all string candidates remain.

If more than one string candidate remains, the context mode flag is set to either full language context or structural context. In one embodiment of this invention, the setting of this flag is determined by an operator-actuated switch available on the front panel of the machine. If the context mode flag is set to "full language," then the confidence value assigned to a character digram or trigram is computed using the character ngram confidence formula earlier described. If, on the other hand, the context mode is set to "structural" than the confidence value is computed using the `structural character ngram formula` which, in one embodiment, is

ps where projection of x number of characters in the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine projection group of x.sub.i

The character ngram confidence formula uses knowledge of probability statistics in a given selected language. If the input document is written in a language whose probability statistics differ significantly from the probability statistics of the selected language, then the content mode is set to `structural`. In this mode, the structural character ngram formula is used. Thus, in this mode, knowledge of generic letter digram and trigram probabilities is not used, and the members of any letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine projection group are assumed to be uniformly distributed.

Next, the status (i.e, contender or eliminated) and the confidence value of each string candidate is computed, as is more fully described in conjunction with FIG. 6.

In one embodiment of this invention, a separate flag is available to set the recognition mode as being either "recognize only if certain", or "always take best guess". The setting of this flag is determined by an operator-activated switch available on the front panel of the machine. If this flag is set to "recognize only if certain" and if the context module decides there is some uncertainty as to which character candidate in the possibility set is the correct choice, then the context module outputs a possibility set containing a default, nonrecognition character, such as "@".

Referring again to FIG. 5, if the recognition mode is set to "recognize only if certain," then the number of candidate strings whose status is "contender" is determined. If the number of "contender" strings is equal to one, that is, if all but one candidate string has been eliminated by either the prefilter operation or the compute status and confidence operation, then the remaining string candidate, having its status equal to "contender," is selected as the winning string candidate, and a return is made to the operation of FIG. 3. Conversely, if the recognition mode is equal to the "recognize-only-if-certain" mode, and it is not the case that all but one candidate string has been eliminated, a "nonrecognition string" is created as the winning string. This nonrecognition string is constructed as follows. For each unambiguous possibility set forming the buffer block, the character in the corresponding slot of the nonrecognition string is set equal to the character contained in its corresponding possibility set. The characters in the nonrecognition string corresponding to ambiguous possibility sets (containing more than a single possible character) are set to a default nonrecognition symbol, such as the "@". Referring to Table 4, more than one string candidate has the status value "contender." If the recognition mode is set to the "recognize-only-if-certain" mode, then the nonrecognition string is created as is depicted in FIG. 2b.

On the other hand, if the recognition mode is not set equal to the "recognize-only-if-certain" mode, i.e., the recognition mode is set equal to the "best guess" mode, a decision is made whether all string candidates have been "eliminated". If not, the string candidate whose status is still "contender", and has the highest confidence value, is selected as the winning string candidate, and a return is made to the context operation of FIG. 3. Referring to Table 4, there are 4 candidate strings whose status is "contender." Of these, the string

is the string with the highest confidence and so is chosen as the winning string. Conversely, if all string candidates have a status of "eliminated", and the context mode is "structured context" rather than "full-language context", the winning string is selected such that each ambiguous character is set equal to the first character contained in the associated possibility set, which corresponds to that character in the associated possibility set having the highest confidence value assigned during the character recognition operation. Conversely, if the context mode is "full-language", the context mode is reset to the "structural-context" mode and another iteration of the choose winning string candidate operation of FIG. 5 is performed, beginning with the step of computing the status and confidence of each string candidate. This reiteration after changing the context mode flag to "structural context" may provide a different result because the confidence of each string candidate is dependent upon the context mode, as has been previously described. In this manner, the context module is able to process input documents containing words that do not conform to the statistics of the selected language. For example, if the input document contains the name

and, for each `z` in the above word, the input to the context module is a possibility set containing the characters `z`, `Z`, and `?`, then all strings will be assigned a status of `eliminated` by the first iteration that uses a context mode of `full language`, but the correct string will be selected by the second iteration that uses a context mode of `structural context`.

The compute confidence of string candidate operation of FIG. 5 is now described in more detail in conjunction with the flow chart of FIG. 6. The compute confidence of string candidate operation is called as a subroutine from the choose winning string operation of FIG. 5 and serves to establish a confidence value for each string candidate which has previously been established during the build list of string candidates operation of FIG. 3 and has not been deleted by the prefilter operation of FIG. 7. The first step is to select the first such candidate string. Next, in one embodiment of this invention in which an extended ASCII code is used which includes certain specialized characters such as "ff" and "ffi", these characters are broken down into two and three characters, respectively, in order that each such character may be treated individually. Next, the string confidence is set to zero, and then the string status is set to "contender". A window is set to correspond to the first three characters of the string. Naturally, as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, a window other than length 3 can be used, although for windows of greater length, a correspondingly greater amount of memory is required in order to store the corresponding probability tables. Next, the trigram confidence value of the three characters contained within the window is computed according the the equations previously given. That is, if the context mode is set equal to the "full language" context mode, then the character ngram confidence formula is used. If the context mode is set equal to the "structural" context mode, then the structural character ngram confidence formula is used. Next, if it is determined that the trigram probability is zero (i.e., the trigram is impossible), the status of the string being analyzed is set to "eliminated" and the operation continues if there are further strings to be obtained. If there are no further strings to be obtained, a return is made to the choose winning string algorithm of FIG. 5.

On the other hand, if the trigram probability is not equal to zero, indicating that this trigram is possible, the trigram confidence is added to the string confidence value. As described in this specification, confidence values during this operation are added, since they are stored in probability tables as logarithms of probabilities. Next, it is determined if the window currently contains the last three characters of the string candidate being analyzed. If so, the operation reiterates if there are further strings to be analyzed or makes an exit to the choose winning string operation of FIG. 5 is there are no further string candidates to be analyzed.

On the other hand, if the window does not contain the last three characters of the string, the window is shifted to the right by one character, and the trigram confidence of the characters contained in the window is again computed in accordance with the equations previously described. If the trigram confidence is determined to be impossible, the status of the string candidate being examined is set to "eliminated" and the operation continues if there are any remaining strings to be analyzed. On the other hand, if the trigram confidence is not impossible, the digram confidence of the first two characters in the window is calculated as previously described, and the value equal to the trigram confidence minus the digram confidence is added to the string candidate confidence value in order to provide the logarithm of the relative probability of the characters in the current window given the characters in the previous window, as was earlier described. Next, the operation branches back to the step of determining if the window contains the last three characters of the string, and if not, further analysis is made after shifting the window to the right by one character.

FIG. 7 depicts the prefilter operation discussed earlier in conjunction with the flow chart of FIG. 5.

The first step is the coarse structural filter. The coarse structured filter uses a precalculated coarse structural trigram table, which in one embodiment is constructed as follows. The table has an entry of either `good` or `bad` for each trigram of letter-smallcap/monletter-fine projection groups. The value of a selected group trigram is set to `good` if the corresponding entry in the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine trigram probability table indicates that the selected group trigram has a non-zero probability, otherwise the value is set to `bad`. After this, certain group trigrams are deemed `structurally improbable` and their values are reset from `good` to `bad`. In one embodiment, the following group trigrams are deemed structurally improbable. ______________________________________ <small><small><cap> <small><cap><small> <small><cap><cap> <cap><small><cap> <cap><cap><small> <small><small><digit> <small><cap><digit> <small><digit><small> <small><digit><cap> <small><digit><digit> <cap><small><digit> <cap><cap><digit> <cap><digit><small> <cap><digit><cap> <cap><digit><digit> <digit><small><small> <digit><small><cap> <digit><small><digit> <digit><cap><small> <digit><cap><cap> <digit><cap><digit> <digit><digit><small> <digit><digit><cap> <blank><small><cap> <blank><small><digit> <blank><cap><digit> <blank><digit><small> <blank><digit><cap> <small><cap><blank> <small><digit><blank> <cap><digit><blank> <digit><small><blank> <digit><cap><blank> ______________________________________

The coarse structural filter operation uses the coarse structural trigram table to assign a temporary status value of either `contender` or `eliminated` to each candidate string. This is done as follows. For each selected character candidate string, a corresponding group candidate string is created, using, in one embodiment, the letter-smallcap/nonletter-fine projection. The group candidate string is then examined. If it contains any group trigram whose value, in the coarse structural trigram table, is `bad`, then the temporary status associated with the selected character candidate string is set to "ELIMINATED", otherwise it is set to "CANDIDATE". Referring to Table 3,  the temporary status assigned to the string <blank>On1ons is set to "eliminated" because the value of the group trigram <digit><small><digit> in the coarse structural trigram table is `bad`. Of the 36 original character strings in the example depicted in Table 3, 28 are assigned a temporary status value of "eliminated" by the coarse structural filter. After the coarse structural filter operation assigns a temporary status value to each character candidate string, if it is not the case that all strings have been assigned a temporary status value of "eliminated", then those strings whose status value is "eliminated" are deleted. Table 4 depicts those candidate strings which were not deleted by the coarse structural filter operation.

In one embodiment, after the coarse structural filter operation is performed, the next step is the I/i filter operation. In one embodiment, the word `i` is assigned a higher probability than the word `I` by the character ngram confidence formula. To prevent the wrong string from being chose, the I/i filter operation checks to see if there are candidate strings containing `i` and other candidate strings containing `I` in the corresponding locations. If so, it deletes those candidate strings containing `i`.

In one embodiment, after the I/i filter operation is performed, the I/1 filter operation is performed. In one embodiment, the word `I` is assigned a higher probability value than the word `1`. The I/1 filter operation checks to see if there are candidate strings containing `I` and other candidate strings containing `1` in the corresponding locations. If so, the I/1 filter operation uses information contained in the prefix, the buffered block of posets, and the last character type buffer to possibly delete all of the candidate strings containing `I`. In one embodiment, if the last character type is `digit`, or the prefix contains a digit or there is an unambiguous possibility set in the buffered block of possibility sets that contains a digit, then the candidate strings containing `I` are deleted.

While this specification illustrates specific embodiments of this invention, it is not to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. Many embodiments of this invention will become evident to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this specification. For example, although the method described earlier used projections, models and group probability tables to derive a formula that is used to assign a probability to any character ngram, the present invention can be appropriately modified to assign a probability value to any object ngram where strings of such objects obey statistical rules. For example, the method of this invention can be used in a speech recognition system where an object is a phoneme and certain combinations of phonemes are more probable than other combinations.

## Claims

1. A method for determining a value related to the probability of occurrence, within a reference sequence of occurrences of elements, of an input window of N element candidates, comprising the steps of: is defined by an element property and contains exactly those elements which share said element property, and wherein, for each set, an element has at most one of the element properties associated with said set, and therefore no two groups within the same set share any elements in common; each set of groups based on the properties of said element candidate, thereby forming, for each set of groups, an associated window of N groups; occurrence of the associated window of groups in said reference sequence; and window by combining the values related to the probability of occurrence of each of said windows of groups to obtain an aggregate window value.

2. A method as in claim 1 wherein each of said groups is associated with a property such that all elements contained in said group share said property.

3. A method as in claim 2 wherein the property associated with each of a plurality of groups is a contextual property such that for each group within a set is distinguishable from the other groups within said set based on the order of elements occurring in said reference sequence.

4. A method as in claim 2 wherein the property associated with each group is a contextual property such that for each group within a set is distinguishable from the other groups within said set based on the order of elements occurring in said reference sequence.

5. A method as in claim 3 wherein selected elements are uniquely specified by the conjunction of the contextual properties associated with the groups to which each such element belongs though not uniquely specified by the property associated with any one of the groups to which is belongs.

6. A method as in claim 5 wherein said elements are characters and said selected elements comprise uppercase letters and lowercase letters.

7. A method as in claim 3 wherein each element which is contextually distinguishable from all other elements is uniquely specified by the conjunction of the contextual properties associated with the groups to which it belongs.

8. A method as in claim 2 wherein each group contains all elements having the property associated with said group.

9. A method as in claim 2 wherein said step of computing a value related to the probability of occurrence of said input window of element candidates further comprises the steps of: occurrence of those elements in the input window which are not uniquely specified by the conjunction of the properties of the groups to which they belong; and obtain said value related to the probability of occurrence of said input window.

10. A method as in claim 9 wherein said aggregate unigram value is determined by the steps of: specified by the conjunction of the properties of the groups to which they belong occurrence of said element candidate in said reference string; occurrence in said reference string of a selected group containing said element candidate; values; and combining said values related to obtain said aggregate unigram value.

11. A method as in claim 1 wherein the groups contained in each set of groups collectively contain substantially all of said elements.

12. A method as in claim 11 wherein the number of groups in each set is substantially smaller than the number of said elements.

13. A method as in claim 1 wherein said input window comprises N element candidates and for each set of groups said step of determining a value related to the probability of occurrence of its associated window of groups comprises the steps of: set, said N-gram table containing one or more entries, each entry associated with a specific sequence of groups.

14. A method as in claim 13 wherein each precalculated N-gram table associated with a set of groups contains an entry for each possible sequence of N groups of elements contained in said set.

15. A method as in claim 3 wherein said elements are partitioned into a first collection of elements and a second collection of elements and wherein no group contains elements from both said first collection and said second collection.

16. A method as in claim 15 wherein, for one or more selected sets, each member of said second collection of elements is unambiguously specified by the conjunction of properties of the groups containing said elements in said selected sets.

17. A method as in claim 15 wherein, for a selected set, each member of said first collection of elements is assigned to a group in said selected set, having the property that its elements are substantially not distinguishable from each other based on the order of elements occurring in said reference sequence of occurrences of elements.

18. A method as in claim 16 wherein for one or more selected sets, each member of said second collection of elements is unambiguously specified by the conjunction of properties of the groups containing said elements in said selected areas.

19. A method as in claim 18 wherein said step of computing a value related to the probability of occurrence of said input window of element candidates further comprises the steps of: occurrence of those elements in the input window which are members of said first collection; and combining said aggregate unigram value with said aggregate window value to obtain said value related to the probability of occurrence of said input window.

20. A method as in claim 19 wherein said aggregate unigram value is determined by the steps of: first collection: occurrence of said element candidate in said reference string; occurrence in said reference string of a selected group containing said element candidate; and values; and combining said values to obtain said aggregate unigram value.

21. A method as in claim 1 wherein said elements are characters.

22. A method as in claim 21 wherein said characters comprise characters selected from the types of characters consisting of letters, punctuation, digits, blank, and other nonletters.

23. A method as in claim 22 wherein said groups comprise groups selected from letter groups and nonletter groups and no group contains both letters and nonletters.

24. A method as in claim 23 wherein for a selected set of groups of characters the letter groups comprise a first group of characters having the property of being uppercase letters and a second group of characters having the property of being lowercase letters.

25. A method as in claim 24 wherein said selected set further comprises one or more nonletter groups.

26. A method as in claim 23 wherein for a selected set of groups of characters, the letter groups comprise a plurality of generic letter groups of characters, each of said plurality of generic letter group containing two letters: a specific lowercase character and its associated uppercase character.

27. A method as in claim 26 wherein said selected set further comprises one or more nonletter groups.

28. A method as in claim 60 wherein, for a selected set of groups of characters, each nonletter group has the property that the characters contained in said group are substantially not contextually distinguishable from each other based on the order of characters occurring in said reference sequence.

29. A method as in claim 28 wherein; for said selected set, each of said one or more nonletter groups is as large as possible.

30. A method as in claim 28 wherein, for said selected set, the characters in each of said one or more nonletter groups are contextually distinguishable from the characters in other groups of said selected set based on the order of characters occurring in said reference sequence.

31. A method as in claim 28 wherein, for said selected set, the nonletter groups comprise one or more of the following groups: arithmetic symbols;

32. A method as in claim 23 wherein, for each of one or more selected sets of groups of characters, one nonletter group is a generic letter independent group which contains all and only nonletters which are not substantially more contextually distinguishable from other characters based on the order of generic letter groups and nonletter characters in the reference sequence than on the order of uppercase and lowercase groups and nonletter characters in the reference sequence and which are not substantially useful in contextually distinguishing among generic letters based on the order of characters in said reference sequence.

33. A method as in claim 32 wherein, for each of said one or more selected sets of groups of characters, each nonletter which is not a member of the generic letter independent group is assigned to a generic letter dependent group in such a way that the characters within a generic letter dependent group are contextually indistinguishable from each other based on the order of characters occurring in said reference sequence.

34. A method as in claim 33 wherein each generic letter dependent group is as large as possible.

35. A method as in claim 33 wherein, for each of said selected sets, the generic letter dependent groups comprise one or both of the following groups: character.

36. A method as in claim 35 wherein, for each of selected sets, all other nonletter characters are contained in the generic letter independent group.

37. A method as in claim 28 wherein the letter groups of said selected set comprise a first group containing all and only uppercase letters and a second group containing all and only lowercase letters.

38. A method as in claim 33 wherein the letter groups of one of said selected sets comprise one or more generic letter groups of characters, each of said generic letter groups containing two letters: a specific lowercase character and its associated uppercase character.

39. A method as in claim 33 wherein one of said selected sets includes a group containing all letters.

40. A method for determining a value related to the probability of occurrence, within a reference sequence of occurrences of elements, of an input window of N element candidates comprising the steps of: is defined by an element property and contains exactly those elements which share said element property, and wherein, for each set, an element has at most one of the element properties associated with said set, and therefore no two groups within the same set share any elements in common; each set of groups based on the properties of said element candidate, thereby forming, for each set of groups, an associated window of N groups; associated window of groups in said reference sequence; and window by combining said window value with an aggregate unigram value related to the probability of each element in the input window.

41. A method as in claim 40 wherein said aggregate unigram value is determined by the steps of: occurrence of said element candidate in said reference string; occurrence of its associated group in said reference string; and values; and combining said values related to obtain said aggregate unigram value.

42. A method as in claim 41 wherein said input window of element candidates is one of a plurality of input windows of element candidates obtained by dividing an input string of M element candidates into overlapping windows of length N and N-1, where N is an integer less than M and wherein said step of calculating a value related to the probability of occurrence of each of said input windows is followed by the step of combining said values to obtain a value related to the probability of occurrence of said input string within said reference string.

43. A method as in claim 42 wherein said step of combining is performed using an Nth order Markov model.

44. A method as in claim 42 wherein each element candidate of said input string has an associated prior probability value and wherein the value related to the probability of occurrence of said input string is combined with said prior probability associated.

45. A method as in claim 42 wherein said input string is one of a plurality of input strings and said step of computing a value related to the probability of occurrence of each of said input strings is followed by the step of selected for output that string of element candidates having the highest computed probability.

46. A method as in claim 45 wherein, if after said first calculation, the probability of occurrence of each input string is zero, the probability of each string is recalculated a second time using fewer sets of groups than were used in said first calculation and the input string with the highest probability after the second calculation is selected for output.

47. A method as in claim 46 which further includes the step of, prior to the step of computing the probability of each input string, eliminating from contention those input strings which contain highly unlikely substrings.

48. A method as in claim 47 wherein said step of eliminating comprises the steps of: of element candidates length N; and one of a plurality of groups of elements thereby creating a window of groups and then eliminating said string of element candidates from contention if its probability of occurrence in said reference string is very small.

49. A method as in claim 47 wherein the step of eliminating further comprises the step of checking to see whether all input strings have been eliminated and, if so, again considering those input strings which have been eliminated.

50. A method as in claim 48 wherein a lookup table is used to determine whether the probability of the window of groups is small.

51. A method as in claim 3 wherein the step of combining the values uses relationships among contextual properties.

52. A method as in claim 1 wherein said selected group has the property that its elements are substantially not distinguishable from each other based on the order of elements occurring in said reference sequence.

53. A method as in claim 20 wherein said selected group has the property that its elements are substantially not distinguishable from each other based on the order of elements occurring in said reference sequence.