Pathway-initiated risk analysis of the importation 

of fresh false coriander, Eryngium foetidum L., 

from Panama into the continental United States 

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment 

May 9, 2008 

Agency contact: 

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

Plant Protection and Quarantine 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology 

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory 

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 

Raleigh, NC 27606 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 ii

Executive Summary 

This risk assessment document examines the risks associated with the importation of false 

coriander (leaves and stem without roots), Eryngium foetidum L., from Panama into the United 

States. We found one pest of quarantine significance associated with false coriander via this 

pathway that could be introduced into the United States. 

Insects: 

Nysius simulans (Stal) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) 

The quarantine pest was analyzed based on international principles and internal guidelines 

described in the PPQ Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02, 

(USDA, 2000). Pest biology studies are the basis for the Consequences of Introduction and 

Likelihood of Introduction sections. These analytical phases and specific criteria are then used to 

categorize pests. This species receiving a High risk rating. Port-of-entry inspections, as a sole 

mitigative measure, may be insufficient to safeguard U.S. agriculture from pests; additional 

phytosanitary measures are necessary to reduce risks to acceptable levels. 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 iii

Table of Contents 

 

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iii

1. Introduction................................................................................................................................1

2. Risk Assessment .........................................................................................................................1

2.1 Initiating event: Proposed action ...................................................................................1 

2.2 Assessment of weed potential of Eryngium foetidum L. ...............................................1 

2.3 Previous risk assessment(s), Decision history, and Pest interceptions ..........................2 

2.4 Pest Categorization – Identification of quarantine pests, and quarantine pests likely to 

follow the pathway.........................................................................................................3 

2.5 Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway............................................................7 

2.6 Consequences of Introduction........................................................................................8 

2.7. Introduction Potential..................................................................................................10

2.8. Conclusion – Pest Risk Potential and Pest Requiring Phytosanitary Measures .........11 

3. Author and Reviewers .............................................................................................................12

4. Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................12

Appendix A: Risk Mitigation Options for the Importation of false coriander (Eryngium 

foetidum L.) from Panama into the United States...............................................................16

1. Introduction....................................................................................................................16 

2. Risk Mitigation Options.................................................................................................16 

3. Conclusions....................................................................................................................20 

4. Literature cited...............................................................................................................21 

Appendix B. Pest interceptions on Eryngium foetidum L.........................................................23
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 1

1. Introduction 

The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of 

Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 

Center of Plant Health Science and Technology (USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST) prepared this pest 

risk assessment to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of false coriander 

(leaves and stem without roots), Eryngium foetidum L., from Panama into the continental United 

States. This assessment estimates risk in qualitative terms: High, Medium, and Low rather than 

probabilities or frequencies. Details of the methodology and rating criteria can be found in the 

template document, Guideline for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment, Version 5.02 

(USDA, 2000). 

International plant protection organizations, such as the International Plant Protection 

Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the 

North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), provide guidance for conducting pest 

risk analyses. The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report pest risk analyses are consistent 

with guidelines provided by IPPC and NAPPO. The use of biological and phytosanitary terms 

conforms to the Definitions and Abbreviations (Introduction Section) in the International 

Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, Section 1: Import Regulations Guidelines for Pest Risk 

Analysis (IPPC, 2004), the Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms and the Compendium of 

Phytosanitary terms (IPPC, 2004, 2007 ), the Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms and the 

Compendium of Phytosanitary terms (IPPC, 2007). These guidelines describe three stages of pest 

risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This 

document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stage 1 and 2. 

2. Risk Assessment 

2.1 Initiating event: Proposed action 

APHIS initiated this pathway-initiated assessment in response to a request from Panama for 

market access to the United States for fresh false coriander, which can introduce plant pests. 

Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (CFR, 2003) provides regulatory 

authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources in the United States. 

2.2 Assessment of weed potential of Eryngium foetidum L. 

In this step we examine the potential of the commodity to become a weed after it enters to the 

United States. If our assessment indicates a significant weediness potential, then a “pestinitiated” risk assessment is conducted. The results of the weed screening for Eryngium foetidum

L. did not prompt a pest-initiated risk assessment, even though Eryngium foetidum L. is listed as 

a weed in several sources (Table 1). This is due to the presence of this species in the Southern 

United States (USDA-NRCS, 2007), and the long record of Eryngium foetidum L. imports. In 

addition, Eryngium foetidum L. is not under official control and thus does not meet the definition 

of a quarantine pest. 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 2

Table 1. Assessment of Weed Potential of Eryngium foetidum L. 

Commodity: Vegetable of Eryngium foetidum L. 

Phase 1: Consider whether the genus is new to or not widely prevalent in the United States 

(exclude plants grown under USDA permit in approved containment facilities). 

Eryngium foetidum L. is present in Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Virgin 

Islands. Plants in the Eryngium genus are widely distributed in the United States 

USDA-NRCS, 2007. 

Phase 2: Is this species listed in: 

Yes Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1979) 

Yes The Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2007) 

No World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1977) or World Weeds: Natural 

Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1979) 

No Report of the Technical committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds: Exotic 

Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982). 

No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977). 

No Weed Science Society of America List (WSSA, 1989) 

Yes Are there any literature references indicating weed (e.g., AGRICOLA, 

CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; search on “species name” combined 

with “weed”) (Cooke et al., 1969; Reddy and Raju, 2002) 

Phase 3: Conclusion 

 Eryngium foetidum L. already occurs in the U.S. and is not under official control and thus 

does not meet the definition of a quarantine pest. Therefore the risk assessment will proceed. 

2.3 Previous risk assessment(s), Decision history, and Pest interceptions 

In this section we identify previous pest risk assessments for the same commodity, or related 

commodities. If an existing risk assessment adequately assesses this situation, the risk 

assessment stops. In this instance we found no PPQ risk assessments for Eryngium foetidum L. 

We also list the decision history for worldwide imports of Eryngium foetidum L. into the United 

States (Table 2). Finally, we give a comprehensive list of all pests intercepted on Eryngium 

foetidum L. at the United States ports-of-entry (Appendix B). 

Table 2. Decision History for Eryngium foetidum L. 

Year Country/State Decision Rationale 

1938 Dominican Republic 

(British Honduras) 

Approved Inspection and treatment, if warranted by pest findings 

1943 Cuba Approved 

1963 Columbia Approved 

1966 British Honduras Approved 

1968 Peru Approved 

1972 Trinidad and Tobago Approved Inspection and treatment, if warranted by pest findings 

1983 Hawaii Approved Inspection and treatment, if warranted by pest findings 

1988 Thailand Approved Inspection and treatment, if warranted by pest findings 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 3

2.4 Pest Categorization – Identification of quarantine pests, and quarantine pests likely to 

follow the pathway 

Our procedures are based on ISPM 5 and 11 (IPPC, 2004, 2007). The first step in identifying 

quarantine pests is to present a comprehensive pest list of potential quarantine pests known to 

occur in the country or region from which the commodity is to be exported. To identify and 

categorize the pests of fresh false coriander multiple data sources were consulted, including, but 

not limited to, major abstract databases (e.g., CAB Abstracts), relevant texts and treatises, 

electronic databases (e.g., The Crop Protection Compendium, ECOPORT), the primary 

literature, pest interceptions records, and a preliminary list of pests provided by Panama. The list 

includes all pests in the exporting country associated with the proposed export commodity. 

Because all pests on the list are associated with the plant species, they are considered to be “of 

potential economic importance” (IPPC, 2007). The listed pests may or may not also occur in the 

United States. The dynamic nature of quarantine species (for example, species move into new 

territories and on the other hand eradication programs change their distribution) explains why 

comprehensive pest lists are developed. 

There are two primary components to the definition of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007). First, a 

pest must be “of potential economic importance.” to be included on the comprehensive list of 

potential quarantine pests. An organism is considered to be of potential economic importance if 

scientific evidence, as indicated in the literature, demonstrates that an organism has an 

association with the plant species being assessed; as a result, all listed organisms are potential 

quarantine pests. An organism is considered to be of potential economic importance if scientific 

evidence, as indicated in the literature or other scientific evidence, demonstrates that an organism 

has an association with the plant species being assessed; as a result, all listed organisms are 

potential quarantine pests. Second, to be considered a quarantine pest, an organism must satisfy 

geographic and regulatory criteria, specifically, the pest must “not yet be present there or present 

but widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007). 

The information collected for the risk assessment documents how each organism satisfies these 

criteria. We searched literature to determine if the pest is present in the United States, the type of 

association it has with its host, its quarantine status with respect to the United States, and its 

ability to follow the pathway on imported fresh false coriander (leaves and stem without roots). 

We also provide geographic and regulatory information, i.e., with respect to the exporting 

country and the United States. If none of the potential quarantine pests satisfy the geographic and 

regulatory criteria as a quarantine pest, the PRA stops. 

Below we show the pest list for Eryngium foetidum L. from the Republic of Panama (Table 3). In 

the pest list we identify the presence or absence of these pests in the United States; the generally 

affected plant part or parts; the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States; if 

the pest is likely to follow the pathway to enter the United States on commercially exported 

Eryngium foetidum L.; and pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the 

pest. We considered that a pest associated with the leaves or stem could follow the pathway. 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 4

Table 3. Pest list of Eryngium foetidum L. in Panama. 

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reference 

Supporting Host 

Association

Plant Part(s) 

Association2

Quarantine 

Pest 

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway3

Arachnida 

Tetranychus urticae PA , US Bolland et al., 

1998 

N/A No N/A 

Arthropoda 

Insecta 

Coleoptera-Chrysomelidae

Aphthona fulvipennis PA MDA, undated Roots Yes No 

Coleoptera-Curculionidae

Baris sp.

4 PA, US Eastman et al., 

1998; MDA, 

undated 

Stems, Roots Yes Yes 

Diptera-Tephritidae

Eurosta sp.5 PA, US CABI, 2006; 

MDA, undated 

N/A No N/A 

Hemiptera-Aleyrodidae

Bemisia tabaci

(Gennadius) 

PA, US CABI, 2006; 

EPPO, 2005 

N/A [No]6 N/A 

Hemiptera-Aphididae

Aphis gossypii

(Glover) 

PA, US MDA, undated N/A No N/A 

Myzus persicae 

(Sulzer) (Place in 

Aphididae.)

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006 

N/A No N/A 

Hemiptera-Asterolecaniidae

Asterolecanium 

pustulans 

(Cockerell) 

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006 

N/A No N/A 

 

1

 Distribution Abbreviation: PA= Panama Within United States: FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; TX= Texas 2

 Plant Part(s) Associated: N/A = Not applicable. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, 

phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the 

United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is “likely to follow the 

pathway” is not needed for non-quarantine pests. 3

 Follow the pathway: N/A = Not Applicable. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, 

phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the 

United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is “likely to follow the 

pathway” is not needed for non-quarantine pests. 4

 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain 

the specific species of Baris sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum. 5

 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain 

the specific species of Eurosta sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum. 6

 According to NIS, 2004, action for Bemisia tabaci is only required on tomatoes from the Dominican Republic. 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 5

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reference 

Supporting Host 

Association

Plant Part(s) 

Association2

Quarantine 

Pest 

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway3

Hemiptera-Cicadellidae

Agallia sp.7 PA, US DeLong and 

Davidson, ; 

MDA, undated 

Flowers, 

Leaves, Seeds, 

Stems (PestID, 

2007) 

Yes Yes 

Empoasca sp.8 PA, US CABI, 2006; 

MDA, undated 

Flowers, 

Leaves, Seeds, 

Stems, Roots 

(PestID, 2007) 

Yes Yes 

Hemiptera-Coccidae

Coccus hesperidum 

(Linnaeus) 

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006 

N/A No N/A 

Parasaissetia nigra 

(Nietner)

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006 

N/A No N/A 

Saissetia coffeae 

(Walker) 

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006 

N/A No N/A 

Hemiptera-Lygaeidae

Nysius simulans 

(Stal) 

PA MDA, undated Flowers, 

Leaves, Seeds 

(Ramírez, 

2007) 

Yes Yes 

Hemiptera-Pseudococcidae

Pseudococcus 

jackbeardsley 

(Gimpel & Miller) 

PA, US (FL, 

HI, TX) 

PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006 

N/A No N/A 

Dysmicoccus sp.9 PA, US CABI, 2006; 

MDA, undated 

Flowers, 

Leaves, Roots, 

Seeds, Stems 

(PestID, 2007) 

Yes Yes 

Hemiptera-Miridae

Sixeonotus sp.10 PA, US MDA, undated; 

PB-PBI, undated 

Leaves 

(PestID, 2007) 

Yes Yes 

 

7

 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain 

the specific species of Agallia sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum. It could possibly be Agallia modesta, which is 

reported to occur in Panama (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967). According to available literature Eryngium 

foetidum is not listed as a host for this species. 8

 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain 

the specific species of Empoasca sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum. Three species of Empoasca occur in 

Panama: E. hastusa, E. krameri, and E. papayae (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967). According to available 

literature Eryngium foetidum is not listed as a host for any of these species. 9

 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain 

the specific species of Dysmicoccus sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum. It could possibly be Dysmicoccus 

boninsis, which is reported to occur in Panama (CABI, 2006). According to available literature Eryngium 

foetidum is not listed as a host for this species. 10 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to 

ascertain the specific species of Sixeonotus sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum.
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 6

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reference 

Supporting Host 

Association

Plant Part(s) 

Association2

Quarantine 

Pest 

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway3

Lepidoptera-Crambidae

Spoladea recurvalis 

(Fabricius) 

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006; 

Solis, 1986 

N/A No N/A 

Nematoda 

Helicotylenchus 

dihystera (Cobb) 

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006 

N/A No N/A 

Meloidogyne incognita 

(KoFoid & White) 

Chitwood

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

CABI, 2006; 

Sheela et al., 2003

N/A No N/A 

Meloidogyne sp. PA, US CABI, 2006; 

MDA, undated 

Roots, Seeds, 

Stems (PestID, 

2007) 

Yes Yes 

Bacteria 

Ralstonia 

solanacearum (Smith) 

PA, US CABI, 2006; 

Costa et al., 2006 

N/A [No]11 N/A 

Xanthomonas sp.12 PA, US CABI, 2006; 

Ramcharan, 1999 

Leaves, Stem Yes Yes 

Fungi

Cercospora sp.13

[Ascomycetes, 

Mycosphaerellales]

PA, US PestID, 2007; 

Calderón and 

Díaz, 2002 

Flowers, 

Leaves, Roots, 

Seeds, Stems 

(PestID, 2007) 

Yes Yes 

Haematonectria 

haematococca (Berk. 

& Broome) 

[Anamorph= 

Fusarium solani

(Wollenw.) Gerlach] 

[Ascomycetes, 

Hypocreales] 

[PA]14, US CABI, 2006; 

Calderón and 

Díaz, 2002 

N/A No N/A 

 

11 The United States has specific concerns for Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 bivar 2. According to CABI (2006) 

and USDA (2003) this race does not occur in Panama. The USDA (2003) lists Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 

bivar 2 as occuring in Costa Rico and Columbia. Furthermore Eryngium foetidum is not a reported host for 

Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 bivar 2 (Janse et al., 2004). Therefore Ralstonia solanacearum, which does occur 

in the United States will not be analyzed. 12 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to 

ascertain the specific species of Xanthomonas sp. that infects Eryngium foetidum. At least seven species of 

Xanthomonas occurs in Panama: X. albilineans, X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum, X. axonopodis pv. manihotis, X. 

axonopodis pv. phaseoli, X. axonopodis pv. vasculorum, X. cmpestris pv. campestris, and X. oryzar pv. oryzae 

(CABI, 2006). 13 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to 

ascertain the specific species of Cercospora sp. that infects Eryngium foetidum. At least twenty species of 

Cercospora occurs in Panama: C. beticola, C. capsici, C. caribaea, C. carotae, C. citrullina, C. coffeecola, C. 

fusimaculans, C. henningsii, C. koepkei, C. longissima, C. mangiferae, C. orizae, C. papayae, C. purpurea, C. 

sacchari, C. sechii, C. sorghi, C. unamunoi, C. vaginae, and C. zeae-maydis (CABI, 2006; McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967). 14 Brackets “[ ]” indicate that this pest is assumed to occur in Panama as it is found in Costa Rica and Columbia. 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 7

Pest Scientific Name Distribution1 Reference 

Supporting Host 

Association

Plant Part(s) 

Association2

Quarantine 

Pest 

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway3

Macrophomina 

phaseoli (Maubl.) S.F. 

Ashby [Anamorphic, 

Ascomycetes]

PA, US Horst, 2001; 

McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967; 

Pirone, 1978 

N/A No N/A 

Phytophthora sp.15

[Oomycetes: Pythiales] 

[PA]14, US CABI, 2006; 

Calderón and 

Díaz, 2002 

Flowers, 

Leaves, Stems 

Yes Yes 

Rhizoctonia sp.16

[Mycelia Sterilia] 

[PA]14, US CABI, 2006; 

Calderón and 

Díaz, 2002 

N/A No N/A 

Sclerotinia 

sclerotiorum (Lib.) de 

Bary [Anamorph= 

Sclerotium varium] 

[Ascomycetes, 

Helotiales]

[PA]14, US CABI, 2006; 

Calderón and 

Díaz, 2002 

N/A No N/A 

Mollusca 

Pallifera 

costaricensis17

PA Pilsbry, 1926 N/A No N/A 

Subulina octona18

(Bruguière) 

PA, US Godan, 1983; 

Pilsbry, 1926 

N/A No N/A 

2.5 Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway 

For quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway, i.e., included in commercial shipments of

the leaves and stems of Eryngium foetidum L., we analyzed them in detail (USDA, 2000). Other 

plant pests not chosen for further scrutiny may be potentially detrimental to the agricultural 

production systems in the United States, but we did not further analyzed them for a variety of 

reasons. Some reasons were as follows: pests were mainly associated with plant parts other than 

the commodity; pests were associated with the commodity, but we could not reasonably expect 

them to remain with the commodity during processing; or pests were intercepted as biological 

contaminants of these commodities during inspection by Plant Protection and Quarantine 

Officers, but we would not expect them to be present with every shipment. In addition, the 

 

15 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to 

ascertain the specific species of Phytophthora sp. that infects Eryngium foetidum. At least ten species of 

Phytophthora occurs in Panama: P. capsici, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. drechsleri, P. drechsleri f. sp. 

cajani, P. infestans, P. nicotianae, P. palmivora, P. parasitica, and P. phaseoli (CABI, 2006; McGuire Jr. and 

Crandall, 1967). 16 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to 

ascertain the specific species of Rhizoctonia sp. that infects Eryngium foetidum. At least three species of 

Rhizoctonia occurs in Panama: R. grisea, R. oryzae, R. solani (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967). 17 Pallifera costaricensis has been intercepted from shipments of Eryngium foetidum from Puerto Rico (AQAS, 

2007). 18 Subulina octona has been intercepted from shipments of Eryngium foetidum from Dominican Republic, Puerto 

Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago (AQAS, 2007). 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 8

biological hazard of organisms identified only to the genus level is not assessed if the genus 

already exists in the United States due to the lack of adequate biological taxonomic information; 

the lack of biological information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with 

low risk and additional evidence will trigger new analyses. By necessity, pest assessments focus 

on organisms for which biological information is available. By developing detailed assessments 

for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on a given commodity, e.g., on the surface of or 

within the bark/wood, on the foliage, etc., effective mitigation measures may be developed to 

eliminate the known organism and any similar, lesser-known ones that inhabit the same niches. 

Eleven pests were identified only at the genus level: Baris sp., Eurosta sp., Agallia sp., 

Empoasca sp., Dysmicoccus sp., Sixeonotus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Cercospora sp., Phytophthora 

sp., Rhizoctonia sp., and Xanthomonas sp. Although the U.S. considers unidentified species as 

potentially quarantine species, these taxa were not analyzed further due to limited taxonomic 

and/or ecological knowledge about those pests. Those genera already occur in the United States. 

Lack of species identification may indicate limited taxonomic knowledge about that group, 

inappropriate life stage for full identification, or poor quality of the specimen. This lack of 

biological information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk. By 

necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which biological information is 

available and for which effective mitigation procedures may be developed (IPPC, 2004). 

Agricultural inspectors at the port of entry will continue to take action against pests not identified 

to the species level if other species in the same genus are quarantine pests. Furthermore, if pests 

identified to only higher taxa are intercepted in the future, the USDA may re-evaluate their risk. 

We identified and analyzed further only one quarantine pest to the species level that is likely to 

follow the pathway of importation on false coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.) from Panama: 

Nysius simulans Stal (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). 

2.6 Consequences of Introduction 

After identifying those quarantine pests reasonably expected to follow the pathway (Table 3), the 

assessment of risk continues by considering the Consequences of Introduction (). These results 

are summarized below (Table 4). 

For each of these quarantine pests, the potential Consequences of Introduction are rated using 

five Risk Elements; these elements reflect the biology, host range, and climatic/geographic 

distribution of the pests. For each Risk Element, pests are assigned a rating of Low (1 point), 

Medium (2 points), or High (3 points). The sum of the five Risk Elements gives a Cumulative 

Risk Rating. This Cumulative Risk Rating is considered to be a biological indicator of the 

potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause economic and environmental impacts. Table 4 

summarizes the risk rating for the Consequences of Introduction. 

Nysius simulans (Stal) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Risk rating 

Risk Element #1: Climate – Host Interaction 

Nysius simulans has been reported to occur in Argentina, Brazil, Panama, 

Paraguay, and Uruguay (MDA, undated; Melo et al., 2004). This region 

Medium (2) 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 9

Nysius simulans (Stal) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Risk rating 

corresponds to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8-13 (USDA-NA, 2003). Based on 

its distribution, we estimated that Nysius simulans could likely establish in USDA 

Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10. Nysius simulans would likely encounter several 

suitable hosts in the United States within this range (USDA-NRCS, 2007). 

Risk Element #2: Host Range 

Nysius simulans’ host range is not well known. Reported hosts include 

Amaranthaceae: amaranth; Brassicaceae: crucifer; Fabaceae: Glycine max 

(soybean); Poaceae: Zea mays (Maize) (Aragón and Flores-Sección, 2006; 

Aragón et al., 2003; Clarín, 2005; Ramírez, 2007). In general Nysius sp. hosts also 

include Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth); Asteraceae: 

Helianthus annus (sunflower), Parthenium argentatum; Pedaliaceae: Sesamum 

indicum (sesame) (CABI, 2006).

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential 

Very little specific biological information is available on Nysius simulans, but 

there is information available for several closely related species, such as Nysius 

huttoni and Nysius nemorivagus. Nysius simulans most likely has 2 to 3 

generations per year and overwintering as adults in Argentina (Aragón and 

Flores-Sección, 2006). For Nysius huttoni a single copulation is capable of 

fertilizing a female for the remainder of her life. Females will, however, lay more 

eggs throughout their lives if they have continued access to males (Whittle and 

Henry, 1985). In general females may lay anywhere from 25-248 eggs in their 

lifetime (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000). Eggs are laid either singularly or in clusters 

primarily in cracks in the soil (Gurr, 1957), although females may occasionally 

lay eggs on host plants (He and Wang, 2000). 

Nysius groenlandicus, like most Nysius sp., typically build high populations on 

weeds, migrate in swarms to nearby crops due to overcrowding, lack of food, or 

destruction of the weed host (Kessing and Mau, 1993). It appears that Nysius 

simulans behaves similarly. In Argentina Nysius simulans was reported causing 

damage in soybean field invaded by common cottony weeds and crucifers 

(Aragón et al., 2003). Nysius simulans, like N. huttoni, is most likely a hitchhiker 

and may be spread through shipments of non hosts (EPPO, 2006), as Nysius 

simulans refuges in stubble of maize crops (Clarín, 2005). Between 1985 and 

2007 Nysius sp. Has been intercepted at the ports of entry 4,767 times (PestID, 

2007). 

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

While Nysius sp. are primarily seed feeders, Nysius simulans has also been 

reported to attack leaves and flowers (Ramírez, 2007). Nysius simulans sucks sap 

from host plants while injecting toxins into the plant. In soybeans the toxin effects 

the normal development of seedlings (Aragón et al., 2003). The closely related 

species Nysius huttoni attacks wheat. Damaged kernels display a white or pale 

yellow oval patch with a dark puncture mark typically in the center. Prolonged or 

multiple feedings on the kernel will shrink it in size and may generate a cuboid 

shape (Gurr, 1957; Whittle and Henry, 1985). Untreated infestations of Nysius 

simulans can cause mortality in corn plants (Clarín, 2005). As Nysius simulans

High (3)
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 10

Nysius simulans (Stal) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Risk rating 

has a limited global distribution, introduction into the United States would likely 

cause the loss of domestic and foreign markets for several commodities. 

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact 

Nysius simulans may impact threatened and endangered species listed in Title 50, 

Part 17, Section 12 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 

§17.12 CFR, 2005), such as Amaranthus brownie and Amaranthus pumilus 

(USFWS, 2007). Introduction and establishment of Nysius simulans is likely to 

initiate new chemical and biological control programs, which may negatively 

impact threatened and endangered species.

High (3)

Table 4. Risk rating for the Consequences of Introduction of quarantine pests associated with 

Eryngium foetidum L. from Panama. 

Pest Risk Elements 

1 

Climate/Host 

Interaction 

2 

Host 

Range 

3 

Dispersal 

Potential

4 

Economic 

Impact 

5 

Environmental 

Impact 

Cumulative 

Risk 

Rating 

Nysius simulans (Stal) Medium (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14) 

2.7. Introduction Potential 

Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway are also rated with respect to its Likelihood of 

Introduction. This is based on two separate components; an estimate is made concerning the 

quality of the commodity likely to be imported (Risk Element #6), and pest opportunity (Risk 

Element #7) is estimated using five biological features. Details of these two Risk Elements and 

their rating criteria are provided in USDA (2000). Table 5 summarizes the ratings and 

cumulative score for Risk Element #6 and #7, i.e., the Likelihood of Introduction. 

Risk Element #6: Pest Opportunity (Survival and Access to Suitable Habitats and Hosts) 

1. Quantity of commodity imported annually: 

The annual anticipated amount to be exported from the Panama is unknown. Annual false 

coriander quantities were not available. As false coriander is a small specialty crop we assume 

that the total shipments would not exceed 10 containers per year. Therefore the rating for this 

element is Low. 

2. Survive post-harvest treatment: 

Nysius simulans is an external feeder of Eryngium foetidum L. and may be treated by chemical 

treatments; however, Nysius sp. are known to take refuge in plant parts so it is possible that it 

may survive postharvest treatment in the crevices of the plant. Anticipated post-harvest 

treatments for Eryngium foetidum L. from Panama are unknown; therefore, the risk is estimated 

to be High. 

3. Survive shipment: 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 11

The standard shipping conditions for Eryngium foetidum L. from Panama, and the ability of 

Nysius simulans to survive shipping are unknown. A closely related species Nysius huttoni is 

capable of surviving for extended periods of time at low temperatures (He et al., 2003), and may 

therefore easily survive the storage and shipment of many commodities. In addition adult Nysius 

simulans are capable of overwintering (Aragón and Flores-Sección, 2006). Therefore, this 

element is rated High. 

4. Not detected at the port-of-entry: 

Adult Nysius simulans are approximately 3-4 mm in length (Aragón and Flores-Sección, 2006) 

and may be identified on false coriander with the naked eye. Nysius sp. have been detected at the 

U.S. ports-of-entry 4,767 times from 1985 to 2007 PestID, 2007. Therefore the rating for this 

element is Medium 

5. Imported or move subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival: 

Commodities for consumption are distributed according to market demands through commercial 

distribution areas. The distribution channels and the fact that Eryngium foetidum L. leaves and 

stems are destined for consumption reduce the number of plants that end up in regions suitable to 

pests. Nysius simulans could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10. In the United States, 

zones 8-10 are limited to the south and the west coast, which comprise an estimated 10 – 12 

percent of the total land area of the continental United States, however this area contains 3 of the 

4 most populous states in the U.S. Nysius simulans is therefore rated Medium. 

6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction: 

If Nysius simulans were to establish in the United States it would likely come into contact with 

host material suitable for reproduction. Two of Nysius simulans hosts, soybean and corn are 

widely cultivated in the United States, and both are grown in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10 

(USDA-NRCS, 2007). Therefore, this element is rated High. Table 5 summarizes the ratings for 

the Likelihood of Introduction. 

Table 5. Risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction of quarantine pests.

Pest Quantity 

Imported 

Annually 

Survive 

Postharvest 

Treatment 

Survive 

Shipment

Not Detected 

at Port of 

Entry 

Move to 

Suitable 

Habitat 

Contact 

with Host 

Material 

Cumulative 

Risk Rating

Nysius simulans 

(Stal) 

Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium (2) Medium 

(2) 

Medium 

(2) 

Medium 

(13) 

2.8. Conclusion – Pest Risk Potential and Pest Requiring Phytosanitary Measures 

To estimate the Pest Risk Potential for each pest, the Cumulative Risk Rating for the 

Consequences of Introduction and Cumulative Rating for the Likelihood of Introduction are 

summed in Table 6. 

The following guidelines explain the Low, Medium, and High Pest Risk Potential Ratings: 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 12

Low: Pest will typically not require specific mitigation measures; the port of entry 

inspection to which all imported commodities are subjected can be expected to 

provide sufficient phytosanitary security. 

Medium: Specific phytosanitary measure may be necessary. 

High: Specific phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended. Port of entry inspection 

is not considered sufficient to provide phytosanitary security. 

Identification and selection of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk 

for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the risk management 

phase; it is not discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management strategy for a 

particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. APHIS risk management programs are 

risk-based, and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation methods. Details of the 

APHIS risk management program are published, primarily, in the Federal Register as quarantine 

notices. 

Table 6. Pest risk potentiala 

Pest Consequences Pest Risk Potential 

of Introduction 

Likelihood of 

Introduction Score Rating 

Nysius simulans (Stal) High (14) Medium (13) 27 High a

 Low is 11-18 points, Medium is 19-26 points, and High is 27-33 points. 

3. Author and Reviewers 

Author 

Tara Holtz – Ecologist 

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory 

CPHST, Raleigh, NC 27606 

Reviewer 

Robert Schall- Plant Pathologist 

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False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 16

Appendix A: Risk Mitigation Options for the Importation of false coriander (Eryngium 

foetidum L.) from Panama into the United States 

1. Introduction 

Panama requested permission to export fresh false coriander (leaves attached to short stem 

without roots) (Eryngium foetidum L.) into the United States. Because the commodity has not 

been imported from Panama before, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) conducted a pathway-initiated risk 

assessment to determine the unmitigated risks associated with importing fresh false coriander 

from Panama. In conducting the assessment, APHIS analysts first prepared a list of pests from 

Panama associated with Eryngium foetidum L. based on (1) documents submitted by Panama, (2) 

USDA APHIS records of intercepted pests, and (3) scientific literature. From this list, the 

analysts then determined which quarantine pests (identified to the species level) were likely to 

follow the false coriander pathway and qualitatively analyzed them to determine the unmitigated 

risk each poses to the United States. 

The Pest Risk Assessment identified the following pest as having a high unmitigated pest risk 

potential: Nysius simulans (Stal) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) 

The proposed importation of fresh false coriander from Panama, if approved, would be regulated 

by amendment to existing fruits and vegetables regulations (7 CFR § 319.56, CFR, 2003b). This 

document outlines possible phytosanitary measures and provides evidence to conclude that these 

measures will effectively prevent the introduction of the quarantine pest. The appropriate level of 

protection may be achieved through the application of a single phytosanitary measure, such as 

inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. 

2. Risk Mitigation Options 

Pest risk management is the decision-making process of reducing the risk of introduction of a 

quarantine pest (IPPC, 1996a, 2004). The appropriate level of protection for an importing 

country can be achieved by the application of a single phytosanitary measure, such as inspection 

or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. If no single measure is likely to reduce 

pest risk to an acceptable level, then a combination of measures may be needed. The 

combination of specific phytosanitary measures that provides overlapping or redundant 

safeguards is called a “systems approach.” The Plant Protection Act of 2000 (SEC. 401. 7 U.S.C. 

7701,U.S., 2000) defines “systems approach” as “...a defined set of phytosanitary procedures, at 

least two of which have an independent effect in mitigating pest risk associated with the 

movement of commodities.” Similarly, the FAO Standard for Integrated Measures for Pest Risk 

Management (June 2002) proposed that a systems approach be defined as, “The integration of 

different pest risk management measures, at least two of which act independently, and which 

cumulatively achieve the desired level of phytosanitary protection” (IPPC, 2002). 

Systems approaches vary in complexity; however, all require the integration of two or more 

measures that act independently of each other, with the cumulative effect achieving the desired 

level of phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 2002). Specific mitigations may be selected from a 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 17

range of pre-harvest and post-harvest options, and may include other safeguarding measures. 

Measures may be added or the strength of measures increased to compensate for uncertainty. At 

a minimum, for a measure to be considered for use in a systems approach, it must be: 1) clearly 

defined; 2) efficacious; 3) officially required (mandated); and 4) subject to monitoring and 

control by the responsible national plant protection organization (IPPC, 2002). Plant Protection 

and Quarantine (PPQ) uses systems approaches for the importation of many commodities 

including Unshu oranges from Japan (7 CFR § 319.28, CFR, 2003c), tomatoes from Spain, 

France, Morocco, and Western Sahara (7 CFR § 319.56-2dd, CFR, 2003d), and peppers from 

Israel (7 CFR § 319.56-2u, CFR, 2003a). These programs have performed successfully for many 

years. 

A systems approach to mitigate risks from false coriander imports from Panama might combine 

several measures: 1) certification of pest-free areas, pest-free places of production, or areas of 

low pest prevalence for certain quarantine pests; 2) programs to control pests within fields (e.g., 

mechanical, chemical, cultural); 3) preclearance oversight by APHIS officials; 4) packinghouse 

procedures to eliminate external pests (e.g., washing, brushing, inspection of plants); 5) 

quarantine treatments to remove external pests; 6) consignments inspected and certified to be 

free of quarantine pests; 7) plant traceable to origin, packing facility, grower, and field; 8) 

consignments subject to sampling and inspection after arrival in the United States; and 9) limits 

on distribution and transit within the United States. 

2.1 Phytosanitary Measures Prior to Harvesting 

2.1.1. Establishment of Pest-free Areas: 

A pest free area is defined as “an area in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by 

scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially 

maintained” (IPPC, 1996b, 2007 ). As a sole mitigation measure, the establishment of pest-free 

areas or pest-free places of production may be completely effective in satisfying an importing 

country’s appropriate level of phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 1996b, 1999). This option has 

been successful in practice, eliminating the need for post-harvest commodity treatments to 

achieve probit-9-level security (e.g., TDOA, 2003). Establishment and maintenance of pest-free 

areas or production sites should be in compliance with international standards (e.g., Ibrahim et 

al., 1993; IPPC, 1996b, 1999; NAPPO, 2004). 

2.1.2. Establishment of Areas of Low Pest Prevalence: 

According to the IPPC (2005), an area of low pest prevalence may comprise all of a country, part 

of a country, or parts of several countries, in which a particular pest species occurs at low 

population densities and which is or are subject to effective surveillance and control or 

eradication measures (IPPC, 1999). Procedures for the establishment and maintenance of areas of 

low pest prevalence should comply with international standards (e.g., IPPC, 2005; NAPPO, 

2003). For example, elements of an operational plan for establishment and maintenance of such 

areas might include a geographic description to delimit the area; specification of an upper limit 

to pest densities; means to document and verify all necessary procedures and maintain records; 

specification of phytosanitary procedures (e.g., survey, pest control); and movement controls to 

prevent pest entry or re-entry into the area. The international standards recommend that the 

exporting country consult with the importing country in the early stages of implementation to 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 18

ensure that importing country requirements are met. In particular, target or threshold population 

densities defining an area of low pest prevalence should be established in consultation with the 

importing country. 

Any protocol for establishing and maintaining a pest-free area or area of low pest prevalence 

also should include a pest-reporting procedure and emergency action plan to address target pest 

detections in the pest-free or low-prevalence zones (IPPC, 1999, 2005; NAPPO, 2003, 2004). 

Nysius simulans appears to be primarily a pest of weeds; therefore, freedom from or suppression 

of this pest may be achieved through a combination of chemical control, cultural control, and 

effective IPM programs that eliminate weeds in production areas. Area-wide freedom or Areas of 

Low Pest Prevalence could be verified by conducting official surveys. 

2.1.3. Control Program: 

Cultural, chemical, biological, or mechanical controls (e.g., grove sanitation, biocontrol, preharvest application of pesticides, traps) may be used to suppress or eliminate pests from fields or 

prevent fruit infestation. Panama has not provided any information on the control programs 

proposed or currently implemented for the production of false coriander. 

2.1.4. Phytosanitary Certification Inspections: 

Sampling and inspection of false coriander should occur periodically during the growing season 

and after harvest for quality control and as phytosanitary precautionary measures. Production 

areas also should be subject to scheduled audits and periodic, unannounced, inspections by 

certified inspectors from PPQ and Government of Panama officials; these inspections should 

insure that production areas meet stipulated requirements for the issuance of a phytosanitary 

certificate required for each consignment. This measure is useful for detecting pests present 

during the growing season that may be more difficult to detect post-harvest. Detection methods 

need to be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of pests of concern. Statistical 

procedures are available to verify, to a specified confidence level, the pest-free status of an area, 

given negative survey or trapping results (Barclay and Hargrove, 2005). Results of surveys must 

be negative for Nysius simulans. Each shipment of false coriander should be accompanied by a 

phytosanitary certificate of inspection issued by the NPPO of Australia. Additionally, production 

areas should be subject to periodic, unannounced inspections by certified inspectors from PPQ 

and Government of Panama officials to ensure that they meet stipulated requirements. 

2.2. Mitigation Options Post-harvest and Prior to Shipping 

2.2.1. Post-harvest Safeguards and Packinghouse Procedures: 

Panama has not provided any information on the post-harvest safeguards or packing house 

procedures proposed or currently implemented for false coriander. At a minimum all plants 

should be inspected prior to packing. A random sample of plants per lot should be inspected for 

Nysius simulans; each sample should be of a sufficient size in order to detect pest infestations. 

During the grading process, any damaged, diseased, or infested plants should be removed from 

the commodity destined for export. 

2.2.2. Quarantine treatments: 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 19

There is one approved PPQ treatment for false coriander leaves, T101-n-2 fumigation, however 

it is unknown if this treatment is sufficient to address Nysius simulans (USDA, 2007). An 

approved quarantine treatments exist for Nysius huttoni, a close relative of Nysius simulans, on 

Kiwi (T102-m-2 fumigation) (USDA, 2007). This treatment however is not approved for false 

coriander. It is assumed that the packing house procedures (especially culling) will significantly 

reduce risk associated with this external pest. 

Recently, APHIS published a final rule establishing “a minimum generic dose of 400 Gy for all 

plant pests of the class Insecta other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera” for “all 

regulated articles (i.e., fruits, vegetables, cut flowers, and foliage)” (Shea, 2006). There are two 

exceptions to these generic doses: 1) “lower minimum doses for certain fruit flies,” and 2) “new 

approved minimum doses for 10 plant pests” (Shea, 2006). 

If irradiation is used, measures should be implemented to ensure the phytosanitary security of the 

consignments after treatment to prevent re-infestation. Irradiation may not kill all internal 

insects; the endpoint of treatment may be inactivation, sterilization, or preventing maturation of 

larvae. Therefore, the presence of live larvae in a treated consignment would not necessarily 

result in its rejection, provided appropriate safeguarding measures had been used (IPPC, 2003). 

The probit-9-level security afforded by a quarantine treatment may be overwhelmed by a large 

volume of infested fruit (Powell, 2003). For this reason, adoption of a particular quarantine 

treatment should be in conjunction with efforts to maintain pest populations in production zones 

below specified densities, as would satisfy requirements for the establishment of areas of low 

pest prevalence (IPPC, 2005). Lastly, plants may be damaged or quality of the plant reduced as a 

result of some of these treatments, e.g. irradiation may damage some fruits. 

2.2.3. Point-of-entry sampling and inspection: If a preclearance program is not implemented, 

then inspection at port of entry is necessary. Upon arrival in the United States, consignments 

should be inspected, with particular attention given to paperwork and seals on vehicles, to 

ascertain that the chain of custody has remained intact. Each consignment should be inspected to 

detect a pest infestation rate of 10 percent or greater. 

2.2.4. Limits on distribution and transit within the United States: In some instances, the 

importation of commodities that might be harboring exotic pests is authorized for shipment to 

certain locations (e.g., Alaska or North Atlantic ports) or during a specific season (usually the 

one with the coldest temperatures). These additional measures limit the risk of establishment for 

many exotic pests. The potential distribution of Nysius simulans in the U.S. includes U.S. Plant 

Hardiness Zones 8-10. In the United States, these zones are limited to the south and the west 

coast, which comprise an estimated 10 – 12 percent of the total land area of the continental 

United States. Accordingly, there is a very low risk of Nysius simulans establishing in the Mid 

and Northern U.S. states, therefore shipping to these states will lower the risk of successful 

introduction of Nysius simulans. 

2.3. Oversight 

2.3.1. Pre-shipment programs: Inspection, treatment, or other risk mitigation measures 

performed in the field and packinghouse should be under the direct supervision of qualified 

APHIS and Government of Panama officials, and in accordance with specified phytosanitary 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 20

procedures. Such programs require monitoring all aspects of the application of any required 

phytosanitary measures and also aim to identify shortcomings or opportunities for program 

modifications (IPPC, 2002). Provision should be made for the formal recognition of approved 

areas, sites, or producers, as well as the specification of conditions for revoking approvals or 

refusing certification for export to the United States. 

2.3.2. Field Survey and Trapping: Survey procedures include visual inspection and trapping 

within and outside areas of production. Surveys should be conducted at regular intervals during 

the growing season to determine the presence or absence of pests. Growers should receive or be 

denied certification for export on the basis of survey or trapping results. 

2.3.3. Shipments traceable to place of origin in Panama: A requirement that false coriander be 

packed in containers with identification labels indicating the specific place of origin is necessary 

to ensure traceability to each production site. 

3. Conclusions 

A combination of measures in a systems approach, including field monitoring and management 

programs to achieve and maintain area pest freedom or low pest prevalence, packinghouse 

inspection and treatments, quarantine treatments, and maintenance of consignment security and 

traceability in transit, should sufficiently lower the risk of introducing Nysius simulans into the 

United States. Options for risk mitigation are summarized below (Table 1). 

This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a 

specific program or systems approach. It identifies risks and provides information regarding 

known mitigative measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be 

present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. 

Table 1. Summary of risk mitigation options for Nysius simulans on false coriander from 

Panama 

Measures Efficacy 

Pest-free areas or areas of 

low pest prevalence

When conducted in compliance with international standards (e.g., 

IPPC, 1996b, 1999; NAPPO, 2004) this method satisfies 

requirements for appropriate level of protection 

Suppression /Control 

program 

Nysius simulans could be managed, at least in part, with a control 

program, whether cultural, chemical, or mechanical means, but 

the program should include monitoring and inspection to verify 

program effectiveness. Control must be used in combination with 

other measures. Research required on effectiveness of methods 

and of monitoring options. 

Phytosanitary Certification 

Inspection and Monitoring 

Must be used in combination with other measures. A 

phytosanitary certificate guides inspection efforts in Panama and 

alerts U.S. inspectors to pests of concern with this commodity. 

Packinghouse procedures, 

including washing and/or 

visual culling 

Research required on efficacy. 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 21

Measures Efficacy 

Point-of-entry sampling and 

inspection including fruit 

cuttings 

Sample size should be adequate to detect Nysius simulans

infestation 

Fumigation T101-n-2 

combined with low pest 

prevalence 

Approved treatment for false coriander leaves; more research is 

needed to verify effectiveness for Nysius simulans.

Irradiation, generic dose 400 

Gy, combined with low pest 

prevalence 

Approved by APHIS 

Port-of-entry sampling and 

inspection 

Should be used in combination with other measures 

4. Literature cited 

Barclay, H. J., and J. W. Hargrove. 2005. Probability models to facilitate a declaration of pestfree status, with special reference to tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 

95(1):1-11. 

CFR. 2003a. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. 319.56-2u Conditions 

governing the entry of lettuce and peppers from Israel. 

CFR. 2003b. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. 319.56 Notice of Quarantine. 

CFR. 2003c. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. 319.28 Notice of Quarantine. 

CFR. 2003d. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. Sec. 319.56-2dd 

Administrative instructions: conditions governing the entry of tomatoes. . 

Ibrahim, S. A., J. A. Ottea, and S. H. Martin. 1993. Field evaluation of certain synthetic 

pyrethroids and IGR's/insecticide mixtures against cotton pests. Proc. Beltwide cotton 

Conf. 2:769-772. 

IPPC. 1996a. Guidelines for pest risk analysis. International Standards for Phytosanitary 

Measures Publication No. 2. Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection 

Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 

IPPC. 1996b. Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas. International Standards for 

Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 4. Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant 

Protection Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 

IPPC. 1999. Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free 

production sites. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 10. 

Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food 

and Agriculture Organization. 

IPPC. 2002. The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management. 

International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 14. Rome: 

Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food and 

Agriculture Organization. 

IPPC. 2003. Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure. International 

Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 18. Rome: Secretariat of the 

International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture 

Organization. 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 22

IPPC. 2004. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, Publication No. 11: Pest risk 

analysis for Quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living 

modified organisms. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 

IPPC. 2005. Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence. International 

Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 22. Rome: Secretariat of the 

International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture 

IPPC. 2007 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, Publication No. 5. Glossary of 

Phytosanitary Terms. . Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention 

(IPPC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 

NAPPO. 2003. Guidelines for the establishment, maintenance and verification of areas of low 

pest prevalence for insects. NAPPO Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 

20. Ottawa: Secretariat of the North American Plant Protection Organization. . 

NAPPO. 2004. Guidelines for the establishment, maintenance and verification of fruit fly pest 

free areas in North America. NAPPO Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 

17. Ottawa: Secretariat of the North American Plant Protection Organization. 

Powell, M. R. 2003. Modeling the response of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) 

to cold treatment. J. Econ. Entomol. 96(2):300-310 

Shea, K. 2006. Treatments for Fruits and Vegetables. Rules and Regulations. Final Rule. Federal 

Register: January 27, 2006. (FR Doc. 06-746) 71(18):4451-4464. 

TDOA. 2003. Texas Rio Grande Valley Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens, (Loew) [sic] 

Protocol—2003/2004. Unpublished report. Texas Department of Agriculture. . 

U.S. 2000. Plant Protection Act. Public Law 106-224, June 20, 2000. 

USDA. 2007. Treatment Manual. USDA-APHIS-PPQ. Last accessed August 16, 2007, 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/port/pdf_files/TM.pdf. 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 23

Appendix B. Pest interceptions on Eryngium foetidum L.

Table B1. Pest interceptions on Eryngium foetidum L. by origin from 1985 - May, 2007 (PestID, 2007). 

[NR = Non-reportable] 

Pest Origin Imported As No. 

Abgrallaspis sp. (Diaspididae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Acrolophus sp. (Acrolophidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Adoretus sinicus Burmeister (Scarabaeidae) Hawaii Leaf 7 

Alitocoris parvus (Distant) Pentatomidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Allopeas gracile (Hutton) (Subulinidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Amblyseius sp. (Phytoseiidae) NR Puerto Rico Seed 1 

Anasa scorbutica (Fabricius) (Coreidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Anastrepha sp. (Tephrititdae) Dominican Republic Fruit 1 

Anchonus sp. (Curculionidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Anthonomus sp. (Curculionidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Anthoxanthum sp. (Poaceae) NR Germany Seed 1 

Aonidella inornata McKenzie (Diaspididae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Artipus sp. (Curculionidae) Jamaica Leaf 1 

Aspidiotus sp. (Diaspididae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Asterolecanium pistulans (Cockerell) 

(Asteroclecaniidae)

Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Asterolecanium sp. (Asterolecaniidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Atta sp. (Formicidae) Costa Rica Leaf 

Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Diaspididae) India Fruit 1 

Puerto Rico Fruit 1 

West Indies Country 

Unknown 

Fruit 1 

Botocudo sp. (Lygaeidae) NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Bradybaena similaris (Rang) (Bradybaenidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Bulimulus guadalupensis (Bruguiere) (Bulimulidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 7 

Bulimulus sp. (Bulimulidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Trinidad and Tobago Cutting, Fruit 2 

Catolethrus sp. (Curculionidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Cecospora psidii Rangel (Hyphomycetes) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Ceratocystis sp. Jamaica Leaf 1 

Cerconota sp. (Oecophoridae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Cercospora acericola Woron. (Hyphomycetes) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Cercospora apii Fres. (Hyphomycetes) NR Costa Rica Leaf, Plant 3 

Cercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) Anguilla Leaf 2 

Antigua and Barbuda Leaf 16 

Barbados Leaf 1 

Colombia Leaf, Cut flower 8 

Costa Rica Cut flower, Leaf 218 

Dominica Leaf, Plant 3 

Dominican Republic Cut flower, Cuttings, Leaf, Fruit, 

Plant, Stem 

3279 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 24

Pest Origin Imported As No. 

Cercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) Ecuador Leaf 7 

Grenada Leaf 5 

Guyana Leaf 7 

Haiti Cutting, Leaf 33 

Honduras Leaf 4 

Jamaica Fruit, Leaf 46 

Martinique Leaf 1 

Mexico Leaf 3 

Panama Leaf 1 

Providence Island Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Cut flower, Cutting, Fruit, Leaf, 

Plant, Root, Seed, Stem 

9464 

South Africa Leaf 8 

St. Kitts and Nevis Leaf 1 

St. Lucia Leaf 3 

Trinidad and Tobago Cut flower, Cutting, Fruit, Leaf, 

Plant, Root, Seed, Stem 

1258 

Unknown Leaf 4 

U.S. Virgin Islands Leaf, Plant, Stem 12 

Venezuela Leaf 3 

Cercosporella sp. Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Cercosporidium sp. (Hyphomycetes) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock (Coccidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1 

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Coccidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Chalcodermus sp. (Curculionidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday) (Noctuidae) Hawaii Leaf 1 

Cladosporium sp. (Hyphomycetes) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Netherlands Cut flower 1 

Clavipalpus sp. (Scarabaeidae) Ecuador Cut flower 1 

Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) (Coccidae) NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Penz & Sacc. 

(Coelomycetes) NR

Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 5 

Colletotrichum sp. (Coelomycetes) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Panama Leaf 1 

Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Conocephalus sp. (Tettigoniidae) Hawaii Leaf 1 

Conoderus rodriguezi Candeze (Elateridae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Criconemoides sp. (Criconematidae) Jamaica Plant 1 

Deroceras laeve (Muller) (Agriolimacidae) NR Costa Rica Cut flower 1 

Dominican Republic Leaf 2 

Hawaii Leaf 2 

Mexico Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Deroceras sp. (Agriolimacidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 2 

Dialeurodicus sp. (Aleyrodidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 25

Pest Origin Imported As No. 

Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Guilding) (Veronicellidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Drymaeus lilacinus (Reeve) (Bulimulidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Ecdytolopha sp. (Tortricidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Ecnomiomorpha sp. (Tortricidae) Costa Rica Stem 1 

Euplectrus sp. (Eulophidae) NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Euschistus sp. (Pentatomidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Forcipomyia sp. (Ceratopogonidae) NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Frankliniella sp. (Thripidae) Colombia Cut flower 3 

Costa Rica Leaf 2 

Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Glomerella sp. (Thripidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Glyptapanteles sp. (Braconidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Granodomus lima (Ferussac) (Pleurodontidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 5 

Guppya gundlachi (Pfeiffer) (Euconulidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 

Helicina (Striatemoda) striata Lamarck (Helicinidae) 

NR

Puerto Rico Leaf 4 

Helicopsis striata (Muller) (Hygromiidae) Puerto Rico 1 

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher (Hoplolaimidae) 

NR

Jamaica Plant 1 

Helicoverpa sp. (Noctuidae) Zimbabwe Cut flower 1 

Hoplia sp. (Scarabaeidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Ischaemum rugosum Salisbury (Poaceae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 

Lamellaxis gracilis (Hutton) (Subulinidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Leidyula kraussi (Ferussac) (Veronicellidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Leidyula sp. (Veronicellidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Leptinaria unilamellata (D’Orbigny) (Subulinidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Limonia sp. (Tipulidae) NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus) (Noctuidae) Netherlands Cut flower 1 

Melipotis sp. (Noctuidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid percent White) 

Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) NR

Dominican Republic Root 1 

Microcentrum sp. (Tettigoniidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Myodocha unispinosa Stal (Rhyparochromidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Myxomyceter sp. NR Costa Rica Leaf 2 

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Aphididae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Neopamera bilobata (Say) (Rhyparochromidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Pentatomidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1 

No Identifiable Mollusca Found NR Hawaii Leaf 1 

No identifiable Pathogen found NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Oncometopia sp. (Cicadellidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Orthezia praelonga Douglas (Ortheziidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 6 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 26

Pest Origin Imported As No. 

Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude) (Helicarionidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Pallifera costaricensis (Morch) (Philomycidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 5 

Palmicultor palmarum (Ehrhorn) (Pseudococcidae) Hawaii Leaf 1 

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Coccidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1 

Paropeas achactinaceum (Pfeiffer) (Subulinidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Pheidole sp. (Formicidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Phoma sp. (Coelomycetes) Costa Rica Leaf 2 

Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 6 

Phomopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 

Physa sp. (Physidae) NR Dominican Republic Cutting 1 

Physella acuta (Draparaud) (Physidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1 

Physonota sp. (Chrysomelidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green (Coccidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

St. Lucia Leaf 1 

Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Pseudocercospora piperis (Pat.) Deighton 

(Hyphomycetes)

St. Lucia Leaf 1 

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller 

(Pseudococcidae)

Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Pseudococcus sp. Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Puccinia Nakanishiki Dietel (Pucciniaceae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Puccinia sp. (Pucciniaceae) Dominican Republic Leaf 2 

Pupisoma dioscoricola (C.B. Adams) (Valloniidae) NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Puto barberi (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Ramularia sp. Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Remaudiereana nigriceps (Dallas) (Rhyparochromidae) Hawaii Leaf 1 

Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton (Poaceae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Rottboellia exaltata Linnaeus F. (Poaceae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (Coccidae) NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Saissetia sp. (Coccidae) Providence Island Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 7 

Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) Costa Rica Stem 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Septoria passiflorae Louw. (Coelomycetes) NR Puerto Rico Fruit, Leaf 2 

Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) Ghana Fruit 7 

Jamaica Fruit 2 

Solenopsis invicta Buren (Formicidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 27

Pest Origin Imported As No. 

Species of Agromyzidae Costa Rica Leaf 1 

 Ecuador Cut flower 1 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

 United Kingdom Cut flower 2 

Species of Aphididae Costa Rica Leaf 4 

 Puerto Rico Leaf, Seed 2 

Species of Asterolecaniidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Species of Auchenorrhyncha Puerto Rico Leaf 4 

Species of Baridinae (Curculionidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Species of Bethylidae NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Species of Camaenidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Species of Catocalinae (Noctuidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Species of Chrysomelidae Costa Rica Fruit 1 

Species of Cicadellidae Costa Rica Leaf 6 

 Hawaii Leaf 2 

 Liberia Stem 1 

Species of Coccidae Costa Rica Leaf 1 

 Cuba Leaf 1 

 Hawaii Leaf 1 

 Mexico Plant 1 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 9 

Species of Coleoptera Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Species of Coreidae Costa Rica Leaf 2 

Species of Diaspididae Puerto Rico Leaf 3 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Diptera Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Species of Dryophthoridae Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Species of Elateridae Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Species of Geometridae Hawaii Leaf 1 

 Netherlands Cut flower 2 

Species of Gryllidae Costa Rica Leaf 2 

 Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Species of Helicidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Species of Hesperiidae Mexico Stem 1 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 

Species of Heteroptera Costa Rica Leaf 3 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Species of Homoptera Hawaii Leaf 1 

Species of Hydrophilidae NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Insecta Costa Rica Leaf 1 

 Hawaii Leaf 1 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 1 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 28

Pest Origin Imported As No. 

Species of Lepidoptera Costa Rica Leaf 3 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Limacidae Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Limacodidae Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 

Species of Lygaeidae Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Species of Margarodidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Species of Miridae Colombia Leaf 1 

 Costa Rica Cut flower, Cutting, Leaf, Plant 201 

 Ecuador Cut flower 1 

 Netherlands Leaf 1 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Mollusca Hawaii Leaf 5 

Species of Molytinae (Curculionidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Species of Noctuidae Colombia Cut flower 1 

 Costa Rica Cut flower, Cutting, Leaf, Plant 34 

 Dominican Republic Cut flower, Leaf 2 

 Ecuador Cut flower 1 

 Haiti Leaf 1 

 Hawaii Leaf 2 

 Israel Leaf 1 

 Jamaica Leaf 1 

 Netherlands Cut flower 1 

 Puerto Rico Fruit, Leaf, Seed 60 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 

Species of Ortheziidae Dominica Leaf 1 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 4 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Pentatomidae Costa Rica Cut flower, Leaf 8 

 Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Pentatomoidea Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Species of Plusiinae (Noctuidae) Costa Rica Cut flower, Leaf 8 

 Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 7 

Species of Pseudococcidae Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

 Puerto Rico Fruit, Leaf, Seed 17 

Species of Psychidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Species of Pterophoridae Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Pyralidae Hawaii 1 

Species of Pyraustinae (Crambidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 

Species of Rhyparochromidae Costa Rica Cut flower 1 
False coriander from Panama 

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 29

Pest Origin Imported As No. 

Species of Sciaridae NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Species of Stratiomyidae NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 

Species of Tettigoniidae Costa Rica Leaf 2 

 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Species of Thripidae Ecuador Cut flower 1 

Species of Tipulidae NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 

Species of Tortricidae Costa Rica Leaf 2 

Species of Veronicellidae Costa Rica Leaf 3 

 Dominican Republic Leaf, Plant 10 

 Puerto Rico Leaf 6 

Sphaceloma spondiadis Bitanc& Jenk. (Coelomycetes) Dominican Republic Fruit 1 

Spissistilus sp. (Membracidae) Mexico Leaf 1 

Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) (Crambidae) NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Subulina octona (Bruguiere) (Subulinidae) NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 3 

Trinidad and Tobago Plant 1 

Succinea costaricana Von Martens (Succineidae) Costa Rica Leaf 12 

Succinea sp. (Succineidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 

Hawaii Leaf 1 

Hawaii Leaf 1 

Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Puerto Rico Leaf 1 

Thrips palmi Karny (Thripidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 

Trochoidea conspurcata (Draparnaud) (Hygromiidae) Italy Leaf 1 

Tylenchus sp. (Tylenchidae) NR Mexico Plant 1 

Udea rubigalis (Guenee) (Crambidae) NR Haiti Cut flower, Cutting, Leaf 3 

Veronicella cubensis (Pfeiffer) (Veronicellidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 6 

Veronicella sp. (Veronicellidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 12 

Puerto Rico Leaf, Plant 53 

Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud) (Hygromiidae) Italy Leaf 1 

Zachrysia auricoma (Ferussac) (Pleurodontidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2 

Zonitoides arboreus (Say) (Gastrodontidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1