# Patent

## Title
Combustion system with low NO.sub.x adapter assembly

## Abstract

This application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 07/742,540 filed Jun. 20, 1991 entitled "Apparatus For Combustion, Pollution and Chemical Process Control" by M. B. Frish et al. and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,215, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

## Background
Combustion of carbonaceous materials, such as coal, oil, natural gas and biomass is the dominant source of energy in today's industrial society. The primary products of combustion are heat, gases and ash. Heat generated by combustion is transferred to a working fluid, such as steam (making the system a "boiler"), which is then transported to a location where it is used to power turbines to produce electricity, drive chemical processes or provide a source of heat. Combustion is also used to incinerate solid municipal wastes. In this case, the primary product is the destruction of the waste, although some "waste-to-energy" systems make practical use of the heat generated by incineration. Combustion gases from boilers and incinerators are injected into the atmosphere after recovering as much heat as possible.

A typical boiler collects heat from both the combustion or furnace section and from the exhaust gas stream. Heat transfer in the furnace is primarily by absorption of the heat by water-cooled walls or tubing.

Combustion furnace designers and operators desire to monitor and control the operation of a boiler so that the performance of the boiler can be optimized and the efficiency of the boiler can be maximized, resulting in more efficient and cost-effective use of resources and less unwanted emissions. In utility boilers, the fraction of heat recovered is maximized when a particular temperature distribution is maintained within the boiler and its downstream recovery apparatus. When combustion temperatures or heat transfer temperatures deviate from this range, more heat is lost up the stack. This occurs, for example, when soot or slag builds up on the heat exchange surfaces of the combustion chamber thereby reducing the efficient transfer of heat to the boiler.

Incinerators for waste to energy production or for waste destruction must maintain combustion temperatures in a specified range in order to reduce the risk of emission of significant quantities of toxic hydrocarbons and/or chlorinated compounds. Exhaust gas temperatures are generally not monitored in these facilities, therefore procedures for assuring that these temperature requirements are met require use of excessive, and thus wasteful auxiliary fuels.

Certain pollution control systems for boilers or incinerators use a chemical process in the post-combustion zone to reduce the concentration of harmful pollutants. These systems inject urea, ammonia, or other compounds that react chemically with the harmful pollutants in the gas stream, rendering them benign. The reaction occurs within an optimum temperature range. Should these reactions occur at temperatures outside of the optimum range, the pollution reduction could be inadequate and other harmful compounds could be produced.

One of the parameters used to measure and control the efficiency of a boiler is the temperature of the gas exiting the combustion chamber. For many commercial boilers, it is desirable that the exit gas temperature be between about 1000.degree. K. to 1800.degree. K. When the temperature falls below this range, the combustion conditions can be changed to increase the temperature. When the temperature rises above this range, the heat transfer surfaces can be cleaned to improve heat transfer to the boiler. For example, an auxiliary heater is often used to control the temperature of combustion in solid waste incinerators. It is desirable to fire the auxiliary heaters only when necessary and only to the extent required to keep the combustion temperature within the desired range for maximum efficiency.

Attempts at providing reliable and accurate systems for monitoring exit gas temperatures have met with only limited success. Suction pyrometers, also known as high-velocity thermocouple probes, are generally used for this purpose. These devices are essentially thermocouples shielded by water-cooled tubular housings through which the hot exhaust gas is drawn. These devices are difficult to use and are not accurate unless the thermocouple junction is well shielded from the colder furnace walls. The thermocouples cannot withstand continuous exposure to the hot gases, and generally succumb to erosion and breakdown. Another drawback is that these devices only provide a single point measurement, so that several devices must be used to obtain an average gas temperature.

Acoustic pyrometers have been used to monitor exit gas temperatures. Acoustic pyrometers are based on the premise that the change in the temperature of the gas can be related to the change in the speed of sound. These devices take a measurement across a line of sight to compute an average temperature. Acoustic temperature measurement assumes that the gas molecular weight is fairly constant. In practice, however, the amount of moisture and the hydrogen content in the fuel can vary significantly, which renders sonic measurements less accurate. Another drawback is that the acoustic horns used in these devices are subjected to extremely high temperatures and soot and ash deposits which change their sound characteristics. For accurate temperature mapping, multiple horns and detectors are required. In addition, turbulence in the system cause dispersion of the particles, and acoustic emissions from combustion related equipment introduces background noise both of which reduce the accuracy of the measurements. Sonic measurement is costly and complex, and requires time consuming signal analysis.

Infrared optical pyrometers also have been used to monitor exit gas temperatures. These pyrometers measure infrared radiation in the boiler exit chamber. However, they cannot distinguish between infrared radiation emitted by the gas and that radiating from the cooler furnace walls, thus, optical infrared pyrometers are not sufficiently accurate for use in industrial monitoring and control systems.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus which exploits an optical temperature monitoring device which accurately measures the temperature of exit gas, which can distinguish between the temperature of the gas and that of the walls, and which can be used to improve the control of a boiler, furnace or incinerator by regulating various combustion, heat transfer, pollution control and/or other chemical process parameters.

The present invention relates to a system for controlling chemical reactions, including combustion, and thermal efficiency in a boiler or incinerator by detecting the relative intensities of wavelengths of light emitted from ash particles entrained in the gas stream which exits the combustion chamber. The particles are in thermal equilibrium with the gas, so an accurate measurement of the gas temperature is obtained. The wavelengths of light which are measured are in narrow visible and near infrared (IR) bands selected to discriminate between particle radiation and radiation emitted by the cooler furnace walls or other sources.

The system comprises a means for detecting the intensity of light within a preselected, narrow band of wavelengths emitted from ash particles entrained in the combustion product gas stream and a means for generating a signal indicative of the intensity of light detected. Means responsive to the signal are used for controlling a combustion parameter in an incinerator, regulating heat-transfer in a boiler, or for operating pollution control or other chemical process equipment. The band of wavelengths detected is preferably within the range of from about 400 nm to about 900 nm and preferably has a bandwidth of about 10 nm to about 12 nm. Variations in the absolute or relative intensity of the light within these bands is indicative of temperature changes which, for example, indicate thermal inefficiency in the boiler. In one mode of operation, an increase in the intensity of light emitted from the particles in the selected band of wavelengths indicates an undesirable increase in the temperature of the particles, and thus, of the gas with which they are in equilibrium. This temperature increase in turn indicates that inefficient heat transfer is taking place in the boiler, e.g., due to soot or slag build-up on the heat exchange surfaces. A signal indicative of the intensity of light detected, and thus, the temperature of the gas stream is generated. This signal is used to compute the temperature, which then is transmitted to an operator or to a computer controlled device which activates a means to clean the slag, soot or other deposits from the heat exchange surfaces in the boiler, such as a water lance or soot blower, thereby restoring efficient heat exchange in the boiler.

In one aspect, the system of the present invention provides a method for determining and monitoring exit gas temperatures in situations where highly reflective particles are produced, for example, by combustion of fuels having a high mineral content where the minerals are predominantly associated with the organic matrix of the fuel. For example, many low-rank coals are rich in calcium, magnesium and other minerals which form a reflective coating on ash particles upon combustion of the coals. This reflected light can overwhelm the light emitted by the ash particles which is indicative of the temperature, thereby compromising the accuracy of the temperature readings. In this embodiment, the present system comprises selectively measuring particular wavelengths of light emitted by reflective particles having a particle size conducive to forward scattering of the reflected light. This technique permits the present device to discriminate between light reflected by and light emitted from the particles. As in the above-described system, the intensities of the wavelengths detected are indicative of the temperature of the exit gas, which can be used to monitor the efficiency of the combustion process.

The present invention provides an accurate system for monitoring efficiency, e.g., the combustion conditions in an incinerator or heat transfer conditions in a boiler. The present invention can be used to monitor and regulate pollution control systems to maximize efficiency of the systems and thereby reduce emission of pollutants. The optical monitoring device of the present invention can be integrated into a computer or microprocessor-controlled feedback system which automatically activates a secondary system for auxiliary burning or cleaning of the heat exchange surfaces when the temperature rises or falls outside of the optimal range. The system provides real-time, accurate readings of furnace exit gas temperatures which are substantially free of interference or background noise resulting from the furnace walls or from reflected light, and means for controlling operating parameters to optimize efficient combustion and minimize undesirable emissions.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an optical temperature monitor useful in the apparatus of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration showing the present system installed in the furnace exit of a boiler.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT) temperature in a coal-fired boiler during operation.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the FEGT temperature in a coal-fired boiler as detected by the present optical monitor system compared to the temperatures detected by an HVT probe.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the change in temperature obtained using the present optical monitor system before, during and after one soot blowing operation.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the change in temperature obtained using the present optical monitor system before, during and after several soot blowing operations.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the temperature vs. wavelength vs. emissivity obtained using an optical temperature monitor system in a power plant burning low mineral content Eastern bituminous coal.

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the temperatures measured during two 24 hour periods using a three-color pyrometer which had not been optimized for use with reflective particles in a power plant burning Western sub-bituminous coal having a high level of organic-associated calcium. These data showed the temperature to be much higher than expected indicating that reflected light was interfering with accurate temperature measurement.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the temperature vs. wavelength vs. emissivity obtained using an optical temperature monitor modified to discriminate between reflected light and emitted light. The temperature was within the expected range.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the change in temperature obtained using the present optical temperature monitor system before, during and after a soot blowing operation in a power plant burning Western high-mineral coal.

The present invention provides a system for detecting the intensities of selected narrow bands of wavelengths of light emitted by ash particles entrained in the gas stream which results from combustion of fuels in a boiler or an incinerator; for processing a signal generated in response to the light which is detected; and for utilizing the signal to regulate the thermal efficiency or other critical operational parameters of the boiler or incinerator. The intensity of the light in certain wavelengths emitted by the ash particles is indicative of the temperature of the particles. The ash particles are typically about 20 to 30 microns in diameter and in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding gas within tens of microseconds, thus, an accurate measurement of the temperature of the gas stream as it exits the furnaces can be obtained from the particles.

Referring now to the Figures, FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an optical temperature monitor 10 according to the present invention. The monitor includes an aperture tube 16 which is inserted into an observation port suitably positioned in a furnace or stack wall 18. The aperture tube 16 preferably is surrounded by a water-cooled jacket 20.

At the end of the tube is objective lens 26. Field stop aperture 28, field lenses 30 and one or more photodetectors 32 are located behind lens 26. Field lenses 30 and stop aperture 28 may be omitted and replaced with optical fibers which conduct light from objective lens 26 to photodetectors 32. Interference filters 34 are mounted in front of photodetectors 32 so that only light of the preselected wavelengths is admitted to photodetectors 32. The device is preferably contained within an air-cooled dust-tight enclosure 14 having an air inlet 64. The enclosure 14 can also contain cooling water inlet 22 and outlet 24 for providing cooling water through a conductor (not shown) to the water jacket 20. Dotted lines 50 represent the light path.

At the end of the aperture tube opposite the furnace side, the tube preferably contains air inlets 36. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 air inlets 36 are located in front of lens 26 as shown, and are positioned to direct an air flow from air inlet 64 over the surface of lens 26. The air then exits the tube into the furnace exhaust, thereby creating positive pressure in front of lens 26, which keeps soot and ash particles from being deposited on the lens. Other means of cleaning lens 26, for example a closable shutter or device which wipes the surface clean periodically, can also be used for this purpose.

The device according to the present invention contains at least one photodetector and at least one field lens and/or optical fiber. A preferred configuration contains two or more field lenses or optical fibers and photodetectors. The photodetectors are serviced by filters which exclude light having wavelengths outside the range of from about 400 nm to about 900 nm. Each photodetector is filtered to detect a narrow band of wavelengths, or colors, which if more than one photodetector is used, is different from that detected by the other photodetector(s). In operation, the light shown by dotted lines 50 which is emitted from ash particles is imaged by lens 26 then passes through aperture 28 and is re-imaged by field lenses 30 onto photodetectors 32. If optical fibers are used in lieu of field lenses, then the light imaged by lens 26 is received and transmitted by the optical fibers to photodetectors 32. Interference filters 34, preferably located between the field lenses 30, or the optical fibers, and photodetectors 32, limit the light striking each of the photodetectors 32 to the desired wavelengths. The wavelengths are selected to diminish or negate radiation emitted by the furnace walls and/or reflected light as disclosed herein. Preferred wavelengths are those in the visible to near IR range, from about 400 nm to about 900 nm. In one embodiment, which is most useful where non-reflective ash particles are generated, three photodetectors which detect a specific band of wavelengths having a bandwidth of about 10 nm to 12 nm centered at 600, 650 and 700 nm, respectively are used. In another embodiment, which is most useful where reflective ash particles are generated, two photodetectors which detect a specific band of wavelengths having a bandwidth of about 10 nm to 12 nm centered at 430 nm and 730 nm, respectively, are used. All other light is filtered out by interference filters 34.

Photodetectors 32 generate a signal which is indicative of the absolute or relative intensities of the wavelengths of light which strike them. This signal is transported to a processing unit which generates a signal indicative of the temperatures of the ash particles, as shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the present system mounted in the furnace exit area of a boiler. As shown in FIG. 2, an enclosure 14 containing the optics is mounted on the furnace exhaust stack 15 so that aperture tube 16 traverses the furnace wall. The device is mounted just above combustion chamber 42 and is located such that it is above flame zone 44 where the hot gas stream exits the combustion zone. Ash particles 48 resulting from combustion of the fuel are entrained in gas stream 46.

The intensities of light having the selected wavelengths are converted by the photodetectors into signals which are directed through signal paths 52 into a signal processor 54. Signal processor 54 is preferably integrated into enclosure 14. Signal processor 54 analyzes the signals and, optionally, computes the temperature of ash particles 48 based on the data. Analysis of the spectral distribution of the radiant energy emitted from the particles enables a computation of the temperature of the gas stream. In one embodiment, in signal processor 54, analog signals emitted by the photodetectors are amplified and transmitted to an analog-to-digital converter. The digitized signals are then communicated to a computer which computes the temperature of the particles based on the signals.

The temperature data can then be transported via line 61 to a display unit 62 which displays the temperature or time course thereof, or other indicia, thereby prompting an operator to perform an activity to regulate combustion and/or heat transfer. Alternatively, the signal from processor 54 can be delivered via line 63 to actuate an automated control unit 60 which regulates one or more combustion or heat transfer parameters, e.g., starts an auxiliary burner, or controls a soot blower or a water lance servicing combustion chamber 42.

In one aspect the system of the present invention provides a method to determine and monitor exit gas temperatures in situations where highly reflective ash particles are produced by combustion of fuels having a high mineral content. Reflective particles entrained in the gas stream can skew measurements taken by optical detectors by reflecting light from the flame in the combustion chamber. This reflected light can overwhelm the light emitted by the ash particles which is indicative of the temperature, thereby compromising the accuracy of the temperature readings. The present system comprises selectively measuring particular wavelengths of light emitted by reflective particles having a particle size conducive to forward scattering of the reflected light at these wavelengths. This technique permits the present device to discriminate between light reflected by and light emitted from the ash particles. In a preferred embodiment, the detection means comprises at least one photodetector which detects light having a band of wavelengths of from about 400 nm to about 800 nm having a bandwidth of about 10 nm to 12 nm. If more than one photodetector is used, each photodetector detects a different band of wavelengths. In a more preferred embodiment, a pyrometer equipped with at least two photodectors which detect a band of wavelengths of light centered at 430 nm and 730 nm, respectively, is used. The ratio of the intensities of light detected by this pyrometer provides an accurate temperature reading, particularly when reflective particles are present, although it can be used in systems having either reflective or non-reflective particles.

If all elements within the enclosed volume comprising the furnace exhaust gases and the surrounding walls were at the same temperature, then the volume would act as a blackbody and the radiant power, P.sub.i, incident on a detector would be determined by the Planck equation; and the transmittance of each optical path, t.sub.i (.lambda.), where .lambda. denotes wavelength, the solid angle .OMEGA. subtended by the optical collection system, and the area, A, of the aperture by the following equation: ##EQU1## where C.sub.1 /.pi.=1.191.times.10.sup.-12 W-cm.sup.2 /sr,C.sub.2 =1.44 cm-K, i denotes the optical path for each photodetector (e.g., if the device contains three photodetectors, then i=1, 2, 3) and T is the temperature. As described below, the central wavelengths, .lambda..sub.i, of the bandpass filters have been selected such that .lambda..sub.i T.ltoreq.0.3 cm-K, or exp(C.sub.2 /.lambda..sub.i T)>>1, so that the Planck function can be approximated by the Wien Law: exp (C.sub.2 /.lambda..sub.i T)-1=exp(C.sub.2 /.lambda..sub.i T) Furthermore, the bandwidths, .DELTA..lambda..sub.i, of the filters are small enough to allow its transmission curve to be approximated by a top-hat, that t.sub.i (.lambda.)=t.sub.i for .lambda..sub.i -.DELTA..lambda..sub.i /2<.lambda.<.lambda..sub.i +.DELTA..lambda..sub.i /2 and t.sub.i (.lambda.)=0 elsewhere. Equation (1) can therefore be accurately approximated as

where B.sub.i =A.OMEGA.C.sub.1 t.sub.i .DELTA..lambda..sub.i /.pi..lambda..sub.i.sup.5 is a constant (independent of temperature) that is determined by the optical system and may be evaluated by calibration. Thus, if the furnace exhaust volume was indeed a blackbody radiator, then, by measuring P.sub.i, Equation (2) could be used to calculate T.

In practice, because the furnace exhaust gases are not uniformly hot nor are they at the same temperature as the walls, the system is not strictly in thermal equilibrium and, as a result, radiant energy transfer occurs among its various portions. Planck's equation is not strictly valid under these conditions, so Equation (2) cannot be used directly to evaluate the particle-laden gas temperature without careful consideration of the effects of these temperature differences.

Nevertheless, a reasonable approximation of the system can be made by assuming that the particle-laden gas is of uniform temperature and radiates as a partially transparent hot volume with temperature T.sub.P, while the cooler walls radiate like a blackbody with temperature T.sub.w. The radiant energy incident upon the pyrometer's aperture can then be considered to be the sum of the separate contributions from the particles in the gas and from the walls, taking into account the fact that the particles partially obscure the walls. The innovative key to the present system is to select wavelengths that, under typical furnace operating conditions, make the radiant energy contributions from the walls insignificant compared to those from the particles, and then to use Equation (2) to determine the temperature.

An approximation of the energy that enters the pyrometer's aperture assumes that the gas itself is transparent, i.e., it absorbs and emits no energy at the wavelengths of interest, and that the particles, of number density n cm.sup.-3 and having uniform radii r (the radii of the particles are assumed to be uniform; although this is not the case, it provides a useful approximation) and cross-sections .sigma.=.pi.r.sup.2, are large compared to those wavelengths. Each ray emitted by the wall that strikes a particle is blocked by that particle. The fraction of rays from the wall that reach the pyrometer is given by f.sub.w =exp(-.alpha.1) where.alpha.=n.sigma. is the extinction coefficient of the particle cloud and 1 is the path length through the cloud between the wall and pyrometer. The complementary fraction of rays, f.sub.p =1-f.sub.w emanate from the particles. Thus, in this illustration, the total power incident on each photodetector is separated into two contributions: T.sub.p)+(1-f.sub.p)exp(-C.sub.2 /.lambda..sub.i T.sub.w)](3)

where the first term represents the contribution from the particle cloud, and the second term represents the fraction of radiation that is emitted by the walls which passes through the cloud to reach the pyrometer.

Because this illustration ignores interparticle scattering, radiant heat transfer among particles and the wall, and the true polydispersity of the particles, it would be unreasonable to attempt to direct calculation of f.sub.p. Nevertheless, when the cloud is sufficiently dense, it is reasonable to assume that f.sub.p >0.1. Furthermore, examination of Equation (3) shows that if T.sub.w <T.sub.p, then the contribution of the second term, representing the wall radiation, can be made negligibly small compared to the particle radiation manifested in the first term by selecting a sufficiently short wavelength. Under these conditions, the radiant power detected at each wavelength is given by

where .epsilon..sub.i is the effective emissivity of the ash cloud and is roughly the same magnitude as f.sub.p. (Note that when there is considerable interparticle radiation transfer, as in a dense ash cloud, the effective cloud emissivity is only weakly related to the emissivity of an individual particle.) Furthermore, at these short wavelengths, the radiant power emitted by the ash cloud increases faster than exponentially with temperature, but is only linearly dependent on emissivity. Thus, a relatively large uncertainty in emissivity causes only a small error in temperature. Mathematically, this is seen by solving Eq. (4) for temperature. ##EQU2## Differentiating with respect to .epsilon..sub.80  gives the temperature accuracy as: ##EQU3## For T=1900.degree. K. and .lambda.=430 nm, Eq. (6) shows that the temperature error resulting from an 25 percent emissivity error is only 1.4 percent, or 27.degree. K.

On the basis of this analysis, it would appear that a single color pyrometer could be used to measure any temperature to any degree of accuracy simply by selecting a sufficiently short wavelength. Although this is true in principle, detector noise places a lower limit on the temperature sensitivity for any particular wavelength and optical collector combination. In addition, there is a maximum temperature to which a particular system will be sensitive, fixed by the onset of detector non-linearity or amplifier saturation. Thus, use of short wavelengths where the emissivity is high is not suitable for all furnace temperature measurement applications, particular those requiring measurement of a broad range of temperatures or exceptionally low temperatures. Under those circumstances, use of longer wavelengths will be required. At those wavelengths, the apparent emissivity is likely to be unpredictable and will fluctuate over time.

To eliminate the effects of unknown or highly variable emissivity, ratio pyrometry can be performed. To this end, it is assumed that the emissivity at two closely-spaced wavelengths, .lambda..sub.1 and .lambda..sub.2, is constant (the gray-body assumption). The temperature is then determined from the ratio of the power detected at those two wavelengths: -1/.lambda..sub.1)]                                       (7)

After calibration of B.sub.1 and B.sub.2, Equation (7) is solved to yield the temperature upon measurement of P.sub.1 /P.sub.2. The assumption of wavelength-independent emissivity is a good one here because at the visible wavelengths employed by the optical monitor, the interparticle radiation transfer removes the effect of inherent particle emissivities leaving the effective cloud emissivity dependent only on the particles sizes and number densities. The effective emissivity is therefore at most only weakly dependent on wavelength, and the gray body assumption is valid for closely spaced wavelengths. Thus, the key to accurately measuring furnace exhaust gas temperatures is to measure radiation from ash particles using a pyrometer where the wavelengths have been selected to make negligible the radiation from the walls and the effects of emissivity have been diminished either by using very short wavelengths such that .lambda.T<<1 cm-k, or by performing two (or more) color ratio pyrometry.

The present system provides a non-intrusive, rapid response optical instrument which can monitor continuously and ultimately control the furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT) in energy plants and incinerators, particularly those which burn fossil fuels, coal or combustible wastes. The invention can also be used to monitor pollution control devices in these plants. The present system can be used in most chemical process plants in which ash-laden exhaust gas streams are produced, including those in which reflective ash is produced.

Steam boiler furnaces are designed to maximize the efficiency of heat transfer to the working fluid. Heat transfer in a furnace is calculated based on the flame temperature, furnace configuration, and assumed ash and slag deposition on the walls. These calculations yield a design value of the FEGT that is used to design the convective heat transfer sections of the system. Off design operation can occur when the heat transfer rates in the furnace or convective sections change as a result of fuel changes, burner fouling or ash and slag deposits on the furnace walls. These conditions are manifested by changes in the FEGT, which the present system can sense.

The information can then be used to direct a furnace controller or controller personnel to adjust the combustion conditions, e.g., turn on an auxiliary burner, or to clean the heat exchange surfaces in the boiler e.g., by activating a soot blower or a water lance. Alternatively, the information can be used to automatically activate the appropriate controls.

Since most of the steam generation in a boiler occurs at the furnace walls, an increase in furnace efficiency causes a decrease in FEGT. This can be damaging to the boiler since the increased radiation heat transfer causes high steam flow rates. Lower FEGT diminishes the ability to superheat the steam in the convective heat transfer sections. The resulting low steam temperatures can lead to early condensation and, in power generation plants, reduce turbine efficiency and contribute to erosion of steam turbine blades by water droplet impacts. Conversely, a low furnace efficiency, manifested by high FEGT, will result in low steam generation rates and high superheated steam temperatures. A low steam flow rate reduces power output from a turbine causing loss of income to a power generation utility.

Depending on the facility, control of the FEGT is achieved by recirculating flue gases into the furnace, by removing the ash deposition from the furnace walls, and/or by changing the air/fuel mixture. For example, ash buildup impedes radiation and convective heat transfer. Ash is removed by "soot blowing", that is, blowing the ash deposits off the wall using air, water or steam. Soot blowing operations are usually performed periodically in most boilers, but the frequency is based on operating experience rather than by direct measurements of heat transfer efficiency, resulting in the furnace being operated above and below optimum efficiency most of the time.

The present device can be used to continuously monitor the FEGT, or other temperature parameters if desired, so that the furnace can be operated at or near optimal efficiency all of the time. An example of the use of the present system to activate soot blowing when the FEGT rises above a preset value is illustrated in the Exemplification.

The present system can be permanently installed into utility boilers and used to control automatically or manually the combustion process. A one percent improvement in the availability of a 100 MW coal fired utility steam generator used for power generation can save several million dollars per year.

In waste destruction facilities (i.e., incinerators), the critical temperature history of the exhaust gases is controlled by the firing rate of the primary burner. Since the quality of the fuel cannot be easily controlled, the heating value of the fuel or fuel availability may be insufficient to maintain the required exhaust temperature. Supplemental fuels, such as natural gas or fuel oil are used to raise the furnace temperature during these periods. To provide a margin of safety, the target temperatures in waste destruction plants are raised by 5 to 10 percent above their required values, which results in unnecessary support fuel costs and concomitant increased operating costs. The present system can be used to provide reliable and continuous FEGT measurements, thereby increasing incinerator efficiency and reducing costs. For example, the temperature measurement obtained by the optical device could be coupled to the combustion control system to control fuel feed rate. If the FEGT dropped below a preset value, then auxiliary support fuel combustion would be started.

Many boilers are equipped with pollution control systems that inject chemicals into the post-combustion region. These chemicals react with harmful pollutants in the exhaust gas, converting them into benign compounds. The chemical reactions are temperature dependent, and when improperly controlled, such systems produce undesirable by-products.

The performance of these systems is measured by the degree of pollution reduction and amount of undesirable by-product production, which are strongly affected by the reaction temperature. For example, in systems that reduce nitrogen oxide (NO) concentrations in exhaust gas by injecting urea or ammonia, the effectiveness of NO reduction diminishes when the temperature rises above the optimum range. When the temperature falls below optimum, ammonia and other undesirable species are emitted. Thus, the pollution control operator or system may wish to change chemical parameters, such as injection rate or species, in response to changes in boiler operating conditions as manifested by a change in exit gas temperature. The present invention allows the exit gas temperature to be closely monitored so that the combustion conditions can be controlled to maintain the optimum exit gas temperature required for effective pollution control.

Other chemical processes that will benefit from the present invention include: steel production, chemical refining, and other processes requiring temperature monitoring in harsh, particle-laden gas environments.

The present system avoids the problems associated with using thermocouples, acoustic pyrometers or other temperature measuring devices. These problems include short life span in the harsh environment of the furnace and the inability to distinguish between the actual temperature of the gas stream and the temperature of the furnace walls, which are usually much cooler.

The present invention will be further illustrated by the following exemplification.

The operation of the present optical temperature system was demonstrated in a coal-fired boiler of an electric generating station. The present optical monitor was compared to a high velocity thermocouple (HVT) during various furnace operating conditions. The facility burned Eastern (U.S.) coal, which produces ash particles having low reflectivity, therefore a three-color temperature monitor was used.

The optical temperature monitor used in the tests is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1. It contained three independent photodetectors 32, each filtered to be sensitive to a different wavelength from the others, and all served by a single, air-purged objective lens 26 located at one end of a water-cooled aperture tube 16. The aperture was 20 mm in diameter, and was imaged by the objective lens 26 with 1/3 magnification onto the field stop 28. The field stop 28 was then imaged, again with 1/3 magnification, by the three field lenses 30, onto three silicon photodiodes 32 having 2.54 mm diameter sensitive areas, and combined with integral operational amplifiers to minimize noise. The field lenses were mounted at the vertices of an equilateral triangle on a plate. The photodiodes (photodetectors) 32 were mounted on an additional plate behind the lenses. Interference filters 34 having central wavelengths of 600, 650 and 700 nm with bandwidths of about 10 nm were mounted between the field lenses 30 and the photodiodes 32. The photodiode amplifiers were powered by a .+-.15 volt dc power supply.

The output signals from the amplifiers were transported to a computer (Compaq personal computer) equipped with a Data Translation Model 2801A multichannel high speed 12 bit analog-to-digital acquisition board. This data acquisition board included an amplifier with a self-adjusting gain of 1, 2, 4 and 8, yielding 15 bits of dynamic range, which spans the 1000.degree. to 1800.degree. K. range of temperature measurements demanded of the pyrometer. Software to operate this board, to acquire data and to analyze it was written in the compiled BASIC language using, as needed, subroutines from Data Translation's PCLAB library package. The program was based on the equations set out in the theory section hereinabove. Many other implementary programs could be designed by those skilled in the art in view of the equations set out in the specification. The computer was programmed to calculate the apparent temperature using data from each pair of photodiodes, and also used an algorithm to use all three photodiodes to deduce another approximation of the temperature when the emissivity varied slightly with wavelength. The computer and data acquisition board were also programmed to provide an output voltage signal representative of the calculated temperature. This signal can be coupled to a furnace control system, most of which accept a standard 4 to 20 mA signal.

The instrument was packaged to withstand and operate continuously within the harsh, dust-laden environment of the power plant, which can have ambient temperatures up to 150.degree. F. Except for the objective lens, all optics and electronics were totally enclosed in a heavy duty, dust-tight box. The water-cooled aperture tube can be inserted permanently into a boiler observation port. The objective lens was recessed in the tube and was kept clean by a continuous air purge. The purge air exited the tube at the aperture, and its pressure was adjusted to prevent dust from entering the tube.

The instrument was calibrated using an Infrared Industries Model 463 blackbody source operable at temperatures between 300.degree. and 1273.degree. K. The source was accurately aligned with the optical axis of the pyrometer and its aperture diameter adjusted so that its image filled the pyrometer's field stop. The temperature of the blackbody was set and allowed to reach a steady value, which was measured by a platinum/platinum-rhodium (13 percent) thermocouple and ice point reference. The voltages produced by the three photodiodes were measured by the computer-coupled data acquisition system with a precision of 0.030 mV.

The detector voltages were plotted versus exp(-C.sub.2 /.lambda..sub.i T). The relationship between the two parameters was linear over the entire temperature range. The slope of the line was the calibration constant, B.sub.i. After least squares fitting of the straight lines, the calibration constants were found to be:

Because the outputs of the photodiode/op-amp combinations increase linearly in proportion to the input radiant power over more than seven orders or magnitude, these calibration constants are valid throughout the 15 bit dynamic range of the data acquisition system.

The pyrometer was built with three colors to provide some flexibility in optimizing the choice of colors (wavelengths) to be used for the furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT) measurements and, if needed, to help overcome the effects of temperature inhomogeneities as described above. The data reduction algorithm was as follows: upon measuring the voltage signals from the three photodetectors, the ash temperature as a function of effective emissivity for each wavelength was calculated using Equation 4. The calculation provided three curves. If the emissivity of the ash laden gas stream was truly independent of wavelength (Equation 5), then these three curves would intersect at a single point corresponding to the correct values of temperature and emissivity. If, however, the apparent emissivity varies somewhat as a function of wavelength (due, perhaps, to non-uniform temperature), then the three curves intersect at three points. Each intersection of two curves provides a "two color" emissivity and temperature value equivalent to that which would be calculated. Furthermore, for each value of emissivity, an average temperature and a standard deviation around that average was calculated from all three curves. The temperature that has the smallest standard deviation was chosen to be the "three-color" temperature.

Operation of the optical monitor was demonstrated at a coal fired commercial power station. The goals of the tests were to compare results of the present optical monitor system with those of a high velocity thermocouple (HVT) probe during various furnace operating conditions. The monitor was mounted in a port on level 7.5 (elevation 115 ft) in the unit. There were no physical obstructions between this port and a furnace division wall located 20 feet away. However, there was a set of screen tubes just to the left of the port. The optical monitor was angled away from the tubes to assure that their presence did not affect the measurements.

FIG. 3 shows 75 minutes of temperature data collected by the optical monitor. The instantaneous temperature was determined approximately five times per minute. These instantaneous values are all plotted, and a curve showing a running average of the previous 10 minutes was superimposed on them. Each instantaneous temperature shown is the mean of the three "two color" temperatures described previously. Usually the spread among the three values was less than 25.degree. F. The three-color temperature was typically within 5.degree. F. of the mean instantaneous two color temperature average.

It is clear in FIG. 3 that, though the instantaneous measurement displays .+-.50.degree. F. fluctuations, the 10 minutes running average is quite smooth. In the first 25 minutes of the run it decreased from a steady value of about 2200.degree. F. for the first 10 minutes to a final steady value of 2160.degree. F. This drop in FEGT was caused by a change in the furnace operating conditions. During the initial 10 minute period the furnace was operating at 158 MW load using approximately 3.6  percent O.sub.2. In the period of 10 to 25 minutes after the start of the run, the oxygen concentration was decreased to about 2.0 percent. According to the furnace operator, the effect of decreasing the O.sub.2 is to increase the flame temperature by about 150.degree. F., thereby increasing the efficiency of radiative heat transfer to the furnace walls and thus decreasing the temperature of the furnace exhaust gases by about 50.degree. F. A change of this magnitude is clearly evident from the data, demonstrating the optical probe's sensitivity to subtle changes in furnace operating conditions.

During the first 10 minutes of this run, the temperature distribution in the exhaust gases was also sampled with an HVT probe. These measurements are plotted in FIG. 4 and compared with the present optical monitor's measurements. The average temperature measured by the optical monitor appears to represent the actual temperature near the center of the furnace quite well. Furthermore, the range of instantaneous fluctuations sensed by the optical monitor all fall within the range of temperatures measured by the HVT probe as it was traversed from the furnace wall to the center of the flue.

FIG. 5 shows the change in temperature which occurred during and after a soot blowing operation. The graph shows that the FEGT was about 2400.degree.-2425.degree. F. prior to soot blowing. The soot blowing operation was commenced just before hour 21. After soot blowing was completed, the FEGT dropped below 2350.degree. F.

FIG. 6 shows a graph of the change in temperature after several soot blowing operations. In each case, the exit gas temperature decreased after soot blowing was performed. These results show that continuous measurements of FEGT can be made to monitor and control combustion and/or heat transfer operations such as soot blowing.

During the power station tests, the mechanical features of the monitor performed as designed; the temperature of the water exiting the aperture tube never exceeded 95.degree. F., the objective lens remained clear at all times. The instrument remained installed throughout at least one soot blowing operation with no adverse effects. Changes of the air temperature within the device's enclosure also had no effect on its operation. The instrument required no special attention other than connection to water, air, and electrical outlets already existing in the plant.

Another embodiment of the present invention is in the form of a miniature spectrophotometer mounted in a ruggedized housing like that described in Example 1. The spectrophotometer is an American Holographic Model 100S with a Model 446.121 holographic diffraction grating coupled to a Model DA-38 photodiode array. This combination provides 38 discrete voltage signals, each signal corresponding to the radiance received within a specific bandwidth of wavelengths. The wavelengths range from 320 to 750 nm, and the bandwidth detected by each photodiode is about 11.5 nm. The outputs from 16 of the 38 photodiodes were connected to a manually-selectable gain ranging from unity to 100. The output from that amplifier was read with a digital voltmeter having 0.1 mV precision. Similarly to the instrument illustrated in FIG. 1, the spectrophotometer is fitted with a 50 mm focal length, 25 mm diameter objective lens. Because the radiation at longer wavelengths is much brighter than at shorter wavelengths, portions of the photodiode surfaces were masked with black tape to attenuate the signal. All infrared radiation at wavelengths of 800 nm or longer was blocked with a pair of KG3 glass filters. In addition, neutral density filters were installed when using the instrument at high-temperature power plants to attenuate the radiation at all wavelengths uniformly.

This instrument was calibrated using a blackbody source. As in Example 1, the calibration determined the proportionally constant that relates the output voltage from each photodiode to the input radiant power. The calibration procedure was as follows: The output voltage of each photodiode would be measured as a function of the temperature of a blackbody source located at its entrance aperture. The voltage was plotted against the Planck function, yielding a nearly straight line. At least squares fit determined the slope of the line, which is the desired calibration constant. This procedure was performed concurrently for all 16 monitored outputs.

The first use of this instrument was at a unit which burns Eastern-type coal and was one of the locations where the monitor described in Example 1 was installed and operating.

Data were acquired by installing the two-color pyrometer at a port located approximately 50 feet above the burners. An ND 2.0 filter was installed to bring the signals at all wavelengths to within the measureable range of 0-5 V. The outputs of the sixteen calibrated channels were measured, using the same procedure as described in Example 1. Output signals fluctuated as the ash particle number density fluctuated so, for each wavelength, output maxima, minima, and probable value was consistently within about 10 percent of the average between the maxima and minima. For further analysis of the temperature, the output value deduced by averaging the most probable value with the average of the maximum and minimum for each wavelength was used.

These output values then were used along with the calibration constants to calculate apparent temperature as a function of assumed emissivity for each wavelength. The data were then plotted in the form shown in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, the data are represented in curves of temperature vs. wavelength with emissivity used as a variable parameter. Thus, each line in FIG. 7 corresponds to a constant emissivity. If a gray body assumption is involved, it follows that the curves in FIG. 7 which most closely fit horizontal lines are the ones that provide the best estimates of temperature and emissivity. The values that provide the least deviation around horizontal lines are a temperature of 1768.degree. K. (2722.degree. F.) and an emissivity of 0.25. This temperature is in excellent agreement with the temperatures reported by the three-color monitor described in Example 1 and installed at this furnace side-by-side with the two-color test monitor, and also in agreement with expected furnace operating conditions.

Similar data acquired at the same power station when the plant was operating at a higher load was similar to the low-load data, with two distinct exceptions: large peaks were seen in the signal at 430 and 730 nm. If these peaks are ignored, then the remainder of the data indicates a temperature of 1750.degree. K. with an emissivity of 0.54, again in agreement with expectations. The temperature is approximately the same as when operating at low load, indicating good heat transfer, but the emissivity has doubled, indicating increased particle loading due to increased fuel consumption.

The two-color test monitor was transported to the Midwest and used to acquire data at the two plants burning Powder River Basin coal, which is a Western sub-bituminous coal having a high level of organic associated calcium. Typical data from both of these plants are represented by the curves in FIG. 8. The two peaks seen at the Eastern coal power station at 430 nm and 730 nm were exhibited once again. These peaks occurred in all data acquired regardless of temperature or load, in the plants burning Western coal. If these peaks are ignored, then the temperature that would be deduced using the same procedure is approximately 1900.degree. K. (2960.degree. F.) with an apparent emissivity of 0.02. These reported temperatures were significantly in error. The furnace could not operate at such high temperatures without suffering frequent steam tube failures, and the very low calculated emissivity would require nearly complete absence of ash particles from the exit gas stream, which is an unrealistic situation. The conclusion was that, as indicated by previous measurements, the Western coal ash particles do not behave as gray bodies, but appear to exhibit a wavelength-dependent emissivity that makes multi-color ratio pyrometry unreliable. It appeared as if the reflective nature of the particles was causing a small fraction of the radiation from the relatively hot flame zone to reach the temperature monitor. This radiation, even though relatively weak compared to its intensity near the flame, was much more intense then the self-radiation from the ash particles and thus made the measured temperature appear to be that of the flame rather than that of the ash.

Upon analyzing the Western coal data, it was observed that if only the two peaks at 430 nm and 730 nm were used to deduce the temperature, then perfectly reasonable values of both temperature and emissivity were consistently calculated. Indeed, the data of FIG. 9 yield a temperature of 1550.degree. K. (2330.degree. F.), quite near the expected value for the conditions at which the plant was operating. These two wavelengths appear to be uniquely suited to measuring the temperatures of Western coal ash particles. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that this is because these ashes contain enough particulates in the size range of 0.1 to 1 .mu.m (100 to 1000 nm) to cause them to behave as forward scatterers at rather discrete wavelengths. The presence of large numbers of sub-micron ash particles is well-known in the coal combustion literature. The ability of small (sub-micron) particles to forward scatter light also is known. The result of this forward scattering is that, at these wavelengths, the radiation from the flame zone is not scattered, or is very weakly scattered, into the temperature monitor. The instrument is therefore able to sense the self-radiation from the ash particles and correctly deduce their temperature, as desired. This effect appears to be quite consistent from one plant to another, and appears also when burning Eastern (low mineral content) coals. The two-color pyrometer operating near 430 and 730 nm was highly effective for determining the exhaust gas temperature for plants burning Western or other high mineral content coals. However, a two-color pyrometer operating at these wavelengths also has accurately determined the exhaust gas temperature of coals and other fuels having a low mineral content and which do not generate reflective ash particles.

The operation of an optical temperature monitor of the present invention which is capable of distinguishing between light emitted by reflective particles and reflected light was demonstrated in a coal-fired boiler of an electric generating station. The facility burned Western (U.S.) coal containing organic-associated alkaline earth minerals which produces reflective ash particles. A two-color temperature monitor was used in this facility.

The instrument was substantially the same as described in Example 1 and shown in FIG. 1 except for the following variations: field stop 28 and objective lenses 30 were omitted and optical fibers were used to transmit the detected light from objective lens 26 to photodetectors 32. Three photodiodes were available, but only two were used. The instrument was calibrated as described in Example 1. The photodiodes were selected to specifically detect a band of wavelengths of light centered at 430 nm and 730 nm, respectively.

The operation of the two-color optical temperature monitor system described above was tested in a coal-burning power generating station burning Western coal containing high levels of organic-associated alkaline earth minerals. The test monitor was installed in the furnace exit flue as described in Example 2. The power plant was operated normally and the temperature was monitored using the system as described in Example 1.  The results are shown in FIG. 10. In FIG. 10, at time a the power plant was operating at a load of about 219 MW with a burner tilt of -8.degree.. At this time, sootblowers in the plant were shut off so that the effect of ash deposition on the plant's steam tubes could be studied. Prior to time "a", the temperature was constant at about 2300.degree. F. With the sootblowers off, the temperature gradually increased to reach 2375.degree. at time "b". At time b, the load is reduced to 213 MW. The soot blowers were turned on at time c. As shown in FIG. 10, the soot blowing operation resulted in a significant temperature drop. Times d, e, and f refer to a change in the boiler tilt to +2.degree., +8.degree. and +2.degree., respectively.

One skilled in the art will be able to ascertain many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. A system for controlling operating parameters of a combustion process in a combustion chamber yielding products including flowing gases having particles entrained therein, said system comprising: emitted from particles entrained in the combustion product gas stream which exits the combustion chamber thereby excluding radiation from flame within the combustion chamber, wherein the intensity of the light at said preselected wavelength is indicative of inefficiency in the combustion process; and said wavelength detected by the detection means, for indicating the presence of inefficiency.

2. The system of claim 1 further comprising means responsive to the signal generated in step (b) for controlling the operating parameter in the combustion process.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein the means responsive to the signal comprises a signal processor.

4. The system of claim 2 wherein the operating parameter comprises an auxiliary burner.

5. The system of claim 2 wherein the operating parameter comprises a pollution control system.

6. The system of claim 5 wherein the pollution control system comprises a means for injecting a pollution control chemical or chemicals into the flowing gases thereby converting harmful compounds in the gases to benign compounds.

7. The system of claim 6 wherein the pollution control chemical comprises ammonia or urea.

8. The system of claim 1 wherein the intensity of the wavelength of light detected is indicative of the temperature of the entrained particles.

9. The system of claim 8 wherein the indicated temperature is unaffected by light emitted from media other than the entrained particles.

10. A system for controlling thermal efficiency in a combustion chamber having a heat exchange surface and combustion products including flowing gases having particles entrained therein, said system comprising: emitted from particles entrained in the combustion product gas stream which exits the combustion chamber thereby excluding radiation from flame within the combustion chamber, wherein the intensity of the light at said preselected wavelength is indicative of inefficiency in the combustion chamber; and said wavelength detected by the detection means, for indicating the presence of inefficiency.

11. The system of claim 10 further comprising means responsive to the signal generated in step (b) for controlling a combustion parameter or heat transfer in the combustion chamber.

12. The system of claim 10 wherein the intensity of the wavelength of light detected is indicative of the temperature of the entrained particles.

13. The system of claim 10 wherein the indicated temperature is unaffected by light emitted from media other than the entrained particles.

14. The system of claim 10 wherein the wavelength of light detected is within the range from about 400 nm to about 900 nm and the photodetector detects a band of light having a bandwidth of about 10 nm to 12 nm.

15. The system of claim 11 wherein the means responsive to the signal comprises a signal processor.

16. The system of claim 11 wherein the means for controlling comprises a means for cleaning the heat exchange surface of the combustion chamber.

17. The system of claim 16 wherein the means for cleaning the heat exchange surface of the combustion chamber is selected from the group consisting of a soot blowing device and a water lance.

18. The system of claim 17 wherein the combustion chamber is adapted for combustion of a fuel selected from the group consisting of coal and solid waste products.

19. A method for regulating thermal efficiency in a combustion chamber having a heat exchange surface and combustion products including a gas stream having particles entrained herein, comprising the steps of: emitted from particles entrained in the combustion product gas stream which exits the combustion chamber thereby excluding radiation from flame within the combustion chamber, wherein the intensity of light at said preselected wavelength is indicative of thermal inefficiency in the combustion chamber; wavelength detected for indicating the presence of inefficiency; and obtained thereby for regulating a combustion parameter or heat transfer in the combustion chamber.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein the wavelength of light detected is within the range from about 400 nm to 900 nm and the photodetector detects a band of light having a bandwidth of about 10 nm to 12 nm.

21. The method of claim 19 wherein step (c) is performed by analyzing the signal obtained in step (b) with a signal processor and applying the analysis obtained to initiate cleaning a heat exchange surface of the combustion chamber.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein the cleaning is performed using a member selected from the group consisting of a soot blowing device and a water lance.

23. The method of claim 19 wherein the combustion chamber is adapted for combustion of a fuel selected from the group consisting of a coal and solid waste products.

24. A device for controlling thermal efficiency in a combustion chamber having a heat exchange surface and combustion products including a gas stream having particles entrained therein, comprising: specific wavelength of light emitted from ash particles in the combustion product exhaust which exits the combustion chamber thereby excluding radiation from flame within the combustion chamber; specific wavelength of light detected; and producing an output signal useful to control at least one combustion or heat transfer parameter.

25. The device of claim 24 wherein the wavelength of light detected is within the range from about 400 nm to about 900 nm and having a bandwidth of about 10 nm to 12 nm.

26. The device of claim 24 further comprising means responsive to the output signal for automatically initiating a decrease in furnace exit gas temperature.

27. The device of claim 24 wherein the means responsive to the output signal comprises a means for cleaning the heat exchange surface of the combustion chamber.

28. The device of claim 27 wherein the means for cleaning the heat exchange surface comprises a soot blowing device or a water lance.

29. A device for detecting a preselected wavelength of light emitted from ash particles entrained in combustion product gas streams which exit a combustion chamber, comprising: the combustion chamber; objective lens; through the field lenses; and temperature of the ash particles.

30. The device of claim 29 further comprising means for transporting the signal indicative of the temperature of the ash particles to a combustion chamber efficiency control device.

31. The device of claim 29 wherein the means for converting light to signals comprises a signal processor.

32. A system for controlling operating parameters of a combustion process in a combustion chamber yielding products including flowing gases having reflective particles entrained therein, said system comprising: preselected wavelengths of light emitted from said reflective particles entrained in the gas stream discharged from the combustion chamber, wherein said preselected wavelengths are wavelengths at which said particles forward scatter light reflected from flame in the combustion chamber thereby permitting selective detection of light emitted from said particles, and wherein the intensity of the emitted light at said wavelengths is indicative of the efficiency of the combustion process; and detected emitted light indicating the presence of combustion inefficiency.

33. The system of claim 32 further comprising means responsive to the signal generated in step (b) for controlling the operating parameter in the combustion process.

34. The system of claim 33 wherein the means responsive to the signal comprises a signal processor.

35. The system of claim 32 wherein the particles exhibit forward scattering of light reflected from the combustion process.

36. The system of claim 32 comprising a pollution control system.

37. The system of claim 36 wherein the pollution control system comprises a means for injecting a pollution control chemical into the flowing gases thereby converting harmful compounds in the gases to benign compounds.

38. The system of claim 37 wherein the pollution control chemical comprises ammonia or urea.

39. The system of claim 32 comprising at least two photodetectors wherein each photodetector detects a wavelength of light different from the other.

40. The system of claim 32 wherein the intensity of emitted light detected is indicative of the temperature of the reflective particles.

41. The system of claim 40 wherein the indicated temperature is unaffected by light from media other than that emitted from the entrained particles.

42. A method for controlling operating parameters of a combustion process in a combustion chamber yielding products including flowing gases having reflective particles entrained therein, the method comprising selectively detecting light emitted from said reflective particles with at least one photodetector located in a flue and which detects wavelengths of light at which said particles forward scatter light reflected from flame within the combustion chamber thereby permitting selective detection of light emitted from said particles, and wherein the intensity of the emitted light at said wavelength is indicative of the efficiency of the combustion process.

43. The method of claim 42 wherein the reflective particles result from combustion of fuel having a high mineral content.

44. The method of claim 42 wherein the fuel comprises coal.

45. The method of claim 42 further comprising the step of generating a signal indicative of the intensity of light at said wavelength detected, for indicating thermal inefficiency in the combustion process.

46. The method of claim 45 further comprising analyzing the signal and utilizing the analysis obtained for regulating a combustion parameter or heat transfer in the combustion process.

47. The method of claim 42 wherein at least two photodetectors are used, and wherein each photodetector detects a band of wavelengths of light different from the others.

48. The method of claim 42 wherein the wavelength of light detected is in the range of from about 400 nm to 900 nm and has a bandwidth of about 10 nm to 12 nm.

49. A device for controlling thermal efficiency in a combustion chamber which generates combustion products including a gas stream having reflective particles entrained therein, comprising: wavelengths of light emitted from said reflective particles at a wavelengths wherein said particles forward scatter light reflected from flame in the combustion chamber thereby permitting selective detection of light emitted from said particles, wherein the intensity of the emitted light at said wavelengths is indicative of the efficiency of the combustion process; detected, emitted light; and producing an output signal useful to control at least one combustion or heat transfer parameter.

50. The method of claim 49 wherein the wavelength of light detected is within the range of from about 400 nm to about 000 nm and has a bandwidth of about 10 nm to 12 nm.

51. The device of claim 49 wherein the reflective particles have a particle size conductive to forward scattering of light reflected from the combustion chamber.

52. The device of claim 49 comprising at least two photodetectors wherein each photodetector detects a wavelength of light different from the others.