### In the 

# United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit

____________________ No. 18-2562
S LOBODANKA N ESTOROVIC , Plaintiff-Appellant ,

v.

M ETROPOLITAN W ATER R ECLAMATION D ISTRICT OF G REATER C HICAGO , Defendant-Appellee

.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:17-cv-6807 — Rebecca R. Pallmeyer , Judge

.

____________________
S UBMITTED A PRIL 10, 2019 *

— D ECIDED J UNE 11, 2019

____________________

Before B ARRETT , B RENNAN , and S CUDDER , Circuit Judges

. P ER C URIAM . This case turns on the requirement in 28 U.S.C. § 2107(c) that a litigant sh ow excusable neglect or good

* We have agreed to decide this ca se without oral argument because the briefs and record adequately pr esent the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not significantly aid the court. F ED

. R. A PP

. P. 34(a)(2)(C).2 No. 18-2562

cause to fi le an appeal after the deadline for doing so has passed. The district court dism issed Slobodanka Nestorovic’s discrimination claims against her employer and the deadline to appeal expired without Nestorovic appealing. Nestorovic then moved for an extension of time to fi le a notice of appeal, and the district court granted her motion without making any fi nding as to whether Nestorovic had made the required showing that excusable neglect or good cause justi fi ed missing the original deadline. Becaus e this showing is required by an act of Congress—§ 2107(c), in particular—the necessity for Nestorovic to have shown excusable neglect or good cause serves as a prerequisite to our having appellate jurisdiction. As the record below contained no evidence of excusable neglect or good cause for Nestorovic’s tardiness, we dismiss Nestorovic’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
I In 2015, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago hired Slobodanka Nestorovic as an assistant civil engineer. Nestorovic initia lly did well in the position, but later lost her job for allegedly poor performance. Nestorovic responded by fi ling a discrimination ch arge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. She then receivedpermission to sue and brought sex and disability discrimination claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and theAmericans with Disabilities Act against the Water Reclamation District. The district court dismissed her case on May 16, 2018 for failure to comply with Title VII’s fi ling requirements. Nestorovic then had 30 days to fi le a notice to appeal—until June 15. See 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a); F ED

. R. A PP

. P. 4(a)(1)(A). She missed this deadline.No. 18-2562 3

Instead, on July 13, Nestorovic asked the district court to extend her time to appeal. Sect ion 2107(c) allows such an extension in certain circumstances: “The district court may, upon motion fi led not later than 30 da ys after the expiration of the time otherwise set for bringing appeal, extend the time for appeal upon a showing of excusable neglect or goodcause.” Rule 4(a)(5)(A) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure implements § 2107(c) and likewise allows the district court to extend the time to fi le an appeal if a party shows excusable neglect or good cause and moves for the extension no later than 30 days after the appeal deadline has expired.

Nestorovic fi led her motion to extend the time to appeal within the 30 days permi tt ed by § 2107(c). Although timely, her motion o ff ered li tt le to explain what excusable neglect or good cause warranted the requested extension. Nestorovic explained only that she was “actively searching for a tt orneys willing to take the case on co ntingency” and had been “advised very recently that [prospective] counsel could not fi le an appeal before reviewing fi lings to date, which would take several weeks.” The district court granted the requested extension of time, saying only thatthe extension was warranted “inthese circumstances.” The district court also construed Nestorovic’s motion as a notice of appeal. Nestorovic contends in her jurisdictional statement that her appeal is timely because she received an extension of time from the district court. For its part, the Water Reclamation District fi led a brief opposing Nestorovic’s appeal on the merits while agreeing that the appeal was timely. After we questioned the completeness of its jurisdictional statement, however, the Water Reclamation District argued for the fi rst time in an amended jurisdictional st atement that the appeal must4 No. 18-2562

be dismissed because Nestorovic had not shown excusableneglect or good cause to justify the extension of time to appeal. The question before us, then, is whether the showing of excusable neglect or good cause required under § 2107(c) is jurisdictional, and whether Nestorovic made that showing in the district court.
II
AIn recent years the Supreme Court has undertaken to clarify the meaning of the word “jurisdiction,” a term that has been subject to frequent and sometimes imprecise use. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Be tt er Env ʹ t, 523 U.S. 83, 90 (1998). Two of those decisions combine to resolve this appeal.
In Bowles v. Russell , 551 U.S. 205 (2007), the Supreme Court held that an appellate court has no authority to consider an appeal fi led after the period allowed by statute. In this way, the statutory deadline within which a notice of appeal must be fi led is jurisdictional. See id. at 213 (explaining that “[b]ecause Congress speci fi cally limited the amount of time by which district courts can extend the notice-of-appeal period in § 2107(c),” the court of appeals lacked jurisdiction over the tardy appeal). And because courts lack authority to createequitable exceptions to jurisdictional requirements, they cannot excuse a party’s noncomplia nce even when extraordinary circumstances present themselves. See id. at 214. In holding in Bowles that statutory time limits for taking anappeal are jurisdictional, the Court distinguished statutorilyprescribed time limits from ot her limitations found in court rules: while only Congress may determine a lower federalNo. 18-2562 5

court’s subject-ma tt er jurisdiction, court-adopted procedural rules may be relaxed in the exercise of discretion. See id. at 211–12. This very distinction received further illumination ten years later in Hamer v. Neighborhood Housing Services of Chicago , 138 S. Ct. 13 (2017).
In Hamer, the Court reinforced not only that a provision governing the time to appeal set by Congress quali fi es as jurisdictional, but also that failure to comply with such a time prescription “deprives a court of adjudicatory authority over the case, necessitating dismissal—a ‘drastic’ result.” Id. at 17 (quoting Henderson ex rel. Henderson v. Shinseki , 562 U.S. 428, 435 (2011)). These statutory time limits are not subject to waiver or forfeiture and may be raised at any time, with courts even shouldering the oblig ation to notice jurisdictional issues and address them ontheir own initiative. See id.
The Court went further in Hamer and explained that claimprocessing rules—those not prescribed by Congress—were di ff erent. Id. Those rules must be enforced if properly invoked but otherwise may be waived or forfeited. Id. The Court therefore vacated our prior ruling that Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(5)(C) imposed a jurisdic tional limit on the power of a district court to grant an extension of time to appeal longer than 30 days—a time limit not rooted in § 2107. Id. at 21–22. Because the time prescription found the Rule 4(a)(5)(C) was “absent from the U.S. Code,” it was not jurisdictional. Id. at 21. Hamer told us, in short, that supplemental or implementing provisions in the Rules of Appellate Procedure are not jurisdictional. Id.
After Bowles and Hamer, the controlling legal standard isclear: “If a time prescription governing the transfer of adjudicatory authority from one Articl e III court to another appears6 No. 18-2562

in a statute, the limitation is ju risdictional; otherwise, the time speci fi cation fi ts within the claim-pr ocessing category.” Id. at 20.

B The application of this framework and Hamer in particular to this case is straightforward. The limitation at issue here is set forth in a statute and speaks to the court’s adjudicatory authority. Under § 2107(a), a party must fi le a notice of appeal within 30 days of the entry of the judgment being appealed,“[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this section.” Section 2107(c), in turn, allows an extension of time to fi le a notice of appeal upon “motion fi led not later than 30 days after the expiration of the time otherwis e set for bringing appeal” and“a showing of excusable neglect or good cause.” This limitation comes from the U.S. Code and is jurisdictional. See Hamer, 138 S. Ct. at 21. While Rule 4( a)(5)(A) likewise contains this requirement, the jurisdictional nature of the limitationcomes from its presence in § 2107, which lays out the requirements for seeking review in a court of appeals.
The soundness of our conclusi on that a showing of excusable neglect or good cause is jurisdictional fi nds further support in the Supreme Court’s de cision just this term in Fort Bend County v. Davis , No. 18-525, 2019 WL 2331306 (U.S. June 3, 2019). There the Court sounded the reminder that not all statutory requirements are juri sdictional, as some requirements embodied in statute spea k not to the court’s authority to entertain a case but instead to a party’s procedural obligations. See id. at *6 (concluding that Title VII’s charge- fi ling requirement was not jurisdictional but instead a claim-processing rule).No. 18-2562 7

The requirements of § 2107 not only are statutory but also plainly delineate the circumst ances under which a party may seek judicial review in a court of appeals. The section fi rst creates a 30-day period within which a party must appeal and provides that no appeal can be heard if a party misses that deadline, unless the party satis fi es an exception expressly provided in the statute. 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a). From there, the section proceeds to lay out various circumstances under which a party may appe al outside of that time limit, including by fi ling a timely motion for an extension and showing excusable neglect or good cause. Id. § 2107(c). In this way, § 2107(c)embodies a statutory “prescription delineating the adjudicatory authority of courts.” Fort Bend County, 2019 WL 2331306, at *6. Section 2701(c)’s requirements, including the need to show excusable neglect or good cause to fi le an appeal outside of the original deadline, are thus jurisdictional. That the requirements of § 2107(c) are jurisdictional has clear consequences in this case . Most especially, it does not

ma tt er that the Water Reclamation District initially did not argue that Nestorovic had failed to show excusable neglect or good cause: § 2107(c)’s requirement of a showing of excusable neglect or good cause is jurisdictional and cannot be waived. See Bowles , 551 U.S. at 213 (“[B]ecause Bowles’ error is one of jurisdictional magnitude, he cannot rely on forfeiture or waiver to excuse his lack of compliance with the statute’s time limitations.”).
C
All that is left for us to determine is whether the district court abused its discretion by concluding that an extension was warranted in these circumstances. Because the record8 No. 18-2562

contained no fi nding or evidence of excusable neglect or good cause for the missed deadline, we conclude that it did.
A court abuses its discretion when the record contains no evidence on which it could have rationally based its decision or when the decision rests on an erroneous view of the law. See James v. Eli , 889 F.3d 320, 328 (7th Cir. 2018); see also United States v. Smith , 860 F.3d 508, 516 (7th Cir. 2017) (“Before we can conclude that a court did not abuse its discretion,we have to satisfy ourselves that the court exercised its discretion, that is, that the court considered the factors relevant to that exercise.”). Here, we do not know whether the district court applied the proper legal standard because it did not mention excusable neglect or good cause, cite the applicable statute, or look to the relevantfactors—such as the length of the delay and its impact on ju dicial proceedings and whether the movant acted in good faith. See Satkar Hosp. v. Fox Television Holdings , 767 F.3d 701, 707 (7th Cir. 2014). All the record contains is a brief statement that the extension was justi fi ed “in these circumstances.”
We will sometimes remand a case for the district court to explain its rationale, but when “the absence of excuse is so total ... that it would be an abus e of discretion for the judge to extend the time for appeal,” the proper course is to dismiss the appeal as untimely. Sherman v. Quinn , 668 F.3d 421, 425 (7th Cir. 2012) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Guy, 140 F.3d 735, 736 (7th Cir. 1998)). That is the case here. Nestorovic o ff ered no meaningful explanation for not fi ling a timely notice of appeal. Although not directly interpreting § 2107(c), our caselaw considerin g parallel substantive standards makes clear that Nestorovic’s unsworn, unsupported statement that she was searching for an a tt orney—even if weNo. 18-2562 9

credit it—does not demonstrate excusable neglect or good cause. See e.g. , Satkar Hosp. , 767 F.3d at 708 (explaining that Rule 4(a)(5) “requires excusable neglect, after all—not just plain neglect”); United States v. Cates , 716 F.3d 445, 449 (7th Cir. 2013) (concluding that new counsel’s statement that he needed time to familiarize himself with case did not show excusable neglect under Rule 45).A party’s choice to wait, without more, is not a proper reason for extending the time to appeal. See Sherman , 668 F.3d at 427. Nestorovic did not need an a tt orney to fi le a notice of appeal; indeed, the district court’s treatment of her motion as one demonstrates how li tt le was required. See Robinson v. Sweeny, 794 F.3d 782, 784 (7th Cir. 2015) (refusing to overlook pro se litigant’s failure to fi le notice of appeal, which “requires very li tt le”). Because the statute requires a showingthat Nestorovic did not make, she was not entitled to an extension of time, and her appeal is untimely. We thus lack jurisdiction to review it. For these reasons, Nestorovic’s appeal is DISMISSED.