# Patent

## Title
Receiver with dual D.C. noise cancellation circuits

## Abstract

A receiver comprises an input circuit that receives an input signal. An error circuit generates an error signal based on the input signal. A first noise canceler generates a first noise cancellation signal based on the error signal. A second noise canceler generates a second noise cancellation signal based on the error signal. The input circuit is responsive to the second noise cancellation signal.

## Background
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/028,223, filed Jan. 4, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/536,120, filed Mar. 27, 2000, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.


BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is related to noise reduction in communication systems such as Ethernet. More particularly, this invention is related to reduction of D.C. noise components in a signal received from a communication channel.
2. Background Information
The structures of digital communications such as Ethernet, as described in the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) specification IEEE 802.3, are well known in the art. To improve reception of encoded signals from a communication channel, noise components must be determined and subtracted from the received signal. One of the noise components induced within the communication channel is referred to as D.C. noise. Refer to FIGS. 2a and 2b to understand the definition and the effect of D.C. noise components on the received signal ai. FIG. 2a shows an eye diagram of a received signal ai of a five-level amplitude-modulated signal. Each voltage level represents one of the code values of the digital signal being transferred. In an ideal communication system, each “eye” of the eye diagram would be nearly rectangular. The more “closed” the “eye,” the more noise induced on the communication channel. Low frequency or D.C. noise components that are a result of the encoding of the digital data or that are induced on the communication channel may actually shift the D.C. voltage level as shown in FIG. 2b. In this example, the whole signal ai is shifted by a D.C. voltage level Δdc. The effect of the D.C. noise components is to degrade the performance of the circuitry that decoded the received signal ai to recover the digital data. This implies a higher error rate of the data received, thus requiring more robust error recovery and slower data transmission.
Further, as can be seen in FIG. 2b, the receiver must have a wider dynamic range. That is the voltage range that the receiver recognizes, as the signal ai must be larger.
Refer now to FIG. 1 for a discussion of a receiver and a D.C. noise cancellation circuit of the prior art. The multiple level amplitude-modulated signal ai is transferred to the communication channel. The received signal airec having D.C. noise components, as shown in FIG. 2b, is the input to the receiver. Typically, it is desirable to remove as much of the D.C. noise components as early as possible in the receiving of the signal airec. Typically, a D.C. noise canceling signal is subtractively combined in a first summing circuit Σ1 with the received signal airec to remove the D.C. noise components. The signal ainc with the D.C. noise components removed is the input to the analog-to-digital converter.
The analog-to-digital converter creates a set of sampled digital data hk indicating the amplitude of the received signal ainc with the D.C. noise components removed. The sampled digital data is created at discrete periods of a sampling clock and is retained or buffered as needed in a memory or registers (not shown).
As is known in the art, the communication channel acts as a low pass filter causing what is termed intersymbol interference where noise components from adjacent symbols of the encoded data interfere with the current symbol. The feed-forward or feedback equalizer removes any of the intersymbol interference to create the equalized sampled digital data of the received signal fk. The equalized sampled digital data fk is the input of the decision circuit that determines an estimate of the transmitted value of the signal âk.
An error signal εk is determined as the difference between the equalized sampled digital data fk and the estimated value of the signal âk. The equalized sampled digital data fk and the estimated values of the signal âk are the inputs to the second summing circuit Σ2. The second summing circuit Σ2 subtractively combines the equalized sampled digital data fk and the estimated values of the signal âk to form the error signal εk.
The error signal εk is used to determine the level of the D.C. noise component that needs to be removed from the received signal.
The error signal εk is the input to the D.C. noise canceling circuit DCC. The error signal, further, is the input of the multiplier circuit M1. The second input of the multiplier circuit M1 is a gain constant μdc. The gain constant μdc is chosen to be sufficiently small to make the noise cancellation stable, but sufficiently large to track any slow variation in the D.C. voltage level of the received signal airec. The range of the gain constant μdc is dependent on the condition of the communication channel.
The output of the multiplier circuit M1 is one input of a third summing circuit Σ3. The second input of the third summing circuit Σ3 is the value of the D.C. noise cancellation signal for the previous sample period, and the output of the third summing circuit Σ3 is the D.C. noise cancellation signal for the previous sampling period of the received signal airec. The output of the third summing circuit Σ3 is the input of the delaying circuit τd1. The output of the delaying circuit τd1 is the input to the first summing circuit Σ1 to remove the D.C. noise component from the received signal airec.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,740 (Seidel) describes a circuit for DC noise cancellation in ternary-coded data systems. An encoder processes an input signal to produce a ternary coded data stream having suppressed DC. The data stream is augmented with a compensating set of code symbols as determined by the number of positive and negative code symbols in the data stream as well as all prior compensating code symbols. A decoder processes the received signal to extract the symbols in the data stream corresponding to the input signal. In order to achieve a pre-selected end-to-end transmission rate with the encoder-decoder combination, the rate of the signal propagated between encoder and decoder is increased to compensate for the appended code symbols.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide a circuit to eliminate D.C. noise from a signal received from a communication channel.
Another object of this invention is to provide a circuit employing dual adaptive D.C. noise cancellation loops to eliminate D.C. noise from a signal received from a communication channel.
An additional object of this invention is to provide a circuit employing two adaptive D.C. noise cancellation loops that are decoupled to insured stability of the circuit while eliminating D.C. noise components from a signal received from a communication channel.
To accomplish these and other objects a circuit within a receiver of a communication system is provided for removing D.C. noise components from a signal acquired by the receiver. The circuit has a first D.C. noise canceler that generates a first D.C. noise cancellation signal. An input is connected within the receiver to an output of an error circuit, which determines an error signal that is an estimate of D.C. noise within the signal. The first D.C. noise canceler has an output connected within the receiver to an input of a decision circuit that subtractively combines the first D.C. noise cancellation signal with the signal to remove a first portion of the D.C. noise components. The circuit has a second D.C. noise canceler with an input to receive the first D.C. noise cancellation signal, a second input connected to the output of the error circuit to receive the error signal, and an output connected to the input of the receiver to subtractively combine the received signal acquired from the communication channel with the second D.C. noise cancellation signal to remove a second portion of the D.C. noise components.
The first D.C. noise canceler forms the first noise cancellation signal as a function of the error signal according to the formula:

DC1n+1=DC1n+μdc1×εk 

where:

    
    
        DC1n is the first noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the received signal;
        DC1+1 is the first noise cancellation signal for the next sampling time of the received signal;
        μdc1 is a first loop gain constant;
        εk is the error signal determined by the formula:

εk=fknc−âk 

    
    


where:

    
    
        âk is the estimated value of the transmitted signal;
        fknc is an equalized, noise cancelled received signal of the current sampling.
    
    


The second D.C. noise canceler forms the second noise cancellation signal as a function of the error signal according to the formula:

DC2n+1=DC2n+μdc1×(εk+DC1n)

where:

    
    
        DC2n is the second noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the received signal;
        DC2+1 is the second noise cancellation signal for the next sampling time of the received signal;
        μdc2 is a second loop gain constant;
        εk is the error signal determined by the formula:

εk=fknc−âk 

    
    


where:

    
    
        âk is the estimated value of the transmitted signal;
        fknc is an equalized, noise cancelled received signal of the current sampling;
        DC1n is the first noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the input signal.
    
    


The first D.C. noise canceler includes a first multiplication circuit, which is connected to the input to receive the error signal and to multiply the error signal by a first loop gain constant to produce a first product. The first product is an input to a first additive combining circuit. The first additive combining circuits is additionally connected to the output of the first D.C. noise canceler to receive a current first D.C. noise cancellation signal. The first additive combining circuit additively combines the first product with the current first D.C. noise cancellation signal to produce a next first D.C. noise cancellation signal. A first unit delay circuit is connected to the first additive combining circuit to delay the first D.C. noise cancellation signal by one sampling time.
The second D.C. noise canceler has a second additive combining circuit connected to receive the error signal at the first input and to receive the first D.C. noise cancellation signal at the second input. The error signal and the first D.C. noise cancellation signal are additively combined to form a first sum, which restores the first D.C. noise cancellation signal to the error signal. A second multiplication circuit is connected to the second additive circuit to receive the first sum and to multiply the first sum by a gain constant to produce a second product. Connected to the second multiplication circuit is a third additive combining circuit to receive the second product and to the output of the second D.C. noise canceler to receive a current second D.C. noise cancellation signal. The third additive combining circuit additively combines the second product with the current second D.C. noise cancellation signal to produce a next second D.C. noise cancellation signal. Connected to the output of the third additive combining circuit is a second unit delay circuit to delay the second D.C. noise cancellation signal by one sampling time.
The first and second loop gain constants are chosen to have values that are sufficiently small to insure stable operation of the first and second noise cancelers. However, the first and second loop gain constants must be sufficiently large to track any slow variation in the level of the D.C. noise present in the received signal.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals have been used to designate like elements, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a system schematic diagram of a receiver of the prior art.
FIGS. 2a and 2b are eye diagrams of a signal received from a communication channel.
FIG. 3 is a system schematic diagram of a receiver having noise cancellation circuitry of this invention.
FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of a method for noise canceling in a receiver of this invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A drawback of an adaptive loop created by the D.C. noise canceling circuit of FIG. 1 is the large time latency from the analog-to-digital converter of FIG. 1 to the decision circuit of FIG. 1. The long time latency results in less accuracy in the determination of the D.C. noise component and thus allowing a residual D.C. noise component to remain.
A solution to the long time latency of a single adaptive loop is a dual adaptive loop terminating at the input of the decision circuit of FIG. 1. A second potential problem in using two adaptive loops to cancel the D.C. noise is that the two loops are coupled together and can cause stability problems.
Refer now to FIG. 3 for a discussion of a receiver within a communication circuit containing two D.C. noise cancellation circuits. The basic receiver structure is as described above in FIG. 1 with a signal ai traversing a communication channel to the input of the receiver. The analog-to-digital converter samples the received signal having D.C. noise components removed periodically and converts these samples to a sampling digital data hk indicating the amplitude of the received signal airec at the sampling times. The sampled digital data hk is transferred to the feed-forward/feedback equalization circuit for removal of intersymbol interference noise components to create an equalized sampled digital data fk. The equalized sampled digital data fk is then conveyed to the decision circuit where it is decoded. The decision circuit is, as described above, a Viterbi trellis decoding circuit. The output of the decision circuit is an estimate of the original signal âk.
An error signal εk is generated as a difference between the estimated original signal âk and the equalized sampled digital data fk. This is accomplished in the second summing circuit Σ2. The inputs of the second summing circuit Σ2 are the estimated original signal âk and the equalized sampled digital data that has had the D.C. noise removed fknc. The second summing circuit Σ2 subtractively combines the estimated original signal âk and the equalized sampled digital data with the D.C. noise removed fknc to form the error signal εk.
The first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1 is the D.C. noise cancellation signal that has the smallest time latency and is subtractively combined with the equalized sampled digital data fk at the summing circuit Σ6. The first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1 is formed as a function of the error signal εk in the first noise cancellation circuit DCC1. The first D.C. noise cancellation circuit performs the function to create the D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1 according to the formula:

DC1n+1=DC1n+μdc1×εk 

where:

    
    
        DC1n is the first noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the received signal;
        DC1n+1 is the first noise cancellation signal for the next sampling time of the received signal;
        μdc1 is a first loop gain constant;
        εk is the error signal determined by the formula:

εk=fknc−âk 

    
    


where:

    
    
        âk is the estimated value of the transmitted signal;
        fknc is an equalized, noise cancelled received signal of the current sampling.
    
    


To minimize the complexity of the design of the D.C. noise cancellation circuit, the second D.C. noise cancellation signal DC2 is subtractively combined with the received signal airec to eliminate a portion of the D.C. noise from the received signal airec. The second D.C. noise cancellation circuit DCC2 forms the second D.C. noise cancellation signal as a function of the error signal εk in combination with the first D.C. noise cancellation signal to effectively decouple the first and second D.C. noise cancellation circuits DCC1, DCC2. The second D.C. noise cancellation circuit DCC2 executes the formula:

DC2n+1=DC2n+μdc1×(εk+DC1n)

where:

    
    
        DC2n is the second noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the received signal;
        DC2n+1 is the second noise cancellation signal for the next sampling time of the received signal;
        μdc2 is a second loop gain constant;
        εk is the error signal determined by the formula:

εk=fknc−âk 

    
    


where:

    
    
        âk is the estimated value of the transmitted signal;
        fknc is an equalized, noise cancelled received signal of the current sampling;
        DC1n is the first noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the received signal.
    
    


The first and second loop gain constants μdc1 and μdc2 are chosen to have value that is sufficiently small to insure stable operation of the first and second noise cancellation circuits DCC1, DCC2. However, the first and second loop gain constants μdc1, μdc2 must be sufficiently large to track any slow variation in the level of the D.C. noise present in the received signal airec.
The first D.C. noise cancellation circuit DCC1 has a first multiplying circuit M1. The input of the multiplying circuit are the error signal εk and the first loop gain constant μdc1. The first multiplying circuit M1 multiplies the error signal εk and the first loop gain constant μdc1 to form a first product at the output of the first multiplying circuit M1.
The first product is an input of the third summing circuit Σ3 where it is additively combined with the current level of the first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1n to form a next first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1n+1. The next first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1n+1 is the input to the first delaying circuit τd1 which delays the next first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1n+1 by one sampling period. The output of the first delaying circuit τd1 is the input to the sixth summing circuit Σ6, thus forming the adaptive loop at the decision circuit.
The fourth summing circuit Σ4 additively combines its inputs, which are the error signal εk and the first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1 to form a first sum. The fourth summing circuit effectively returns the first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1 to the error signal εk, thus decoupling the first and second D.C. noise cancellation circuits DCC1 and DCC2.
The first sum of the error signal εk and the first D.C. noise cancellation signal DC1 is multiplied in the second multiplying circuit M2 by a second loop gain constant μdc2 to form a second product at its output. The second product is additively combined with the current second D.C. noise cancellation signal DC2n in the fifth summing circuit Σ5 to form a next second D.C. noise cancellation signal DC2n+1. The next second D.C. noise cancellation signal DC2n+1 is the input to the second delaying circuit τd2. The second delaying circuit τd2 delays the next D.C. noise cancellation signal by one sampling time. The output of the delaying circuit is the input of the first combining circuit Σ1 which subtractively combines the second D.C. noise cancellation signal DC2 with the received signal airec at the next sampling time of the analog-to-digital converter.
It is well-known in the art that, while the above describes individual circuitry to implement an apparatus that removes the D.C. noise component of a received signal airec, the apparatus may be implemented as a program code for execution on a computational processor. The program code maybe obtained from media such as storage nodes of an internal or external network or stored on a storage media such as read only memory (ROM) or a magnetic disk. Further, while complex and difficult to implement, the apparatus to remove the D.C. noise components of a received signal may be constructed as analog filter circuits using continuous time processing.
The program code executed by the computational processor executes a method for removing D.C. noise components from a received signal described as shown in FIG. 4. The method to remove D.C. noise components from a signal received from a communication channel begins by generating a first D.C. noise cancellation signal 100 as a function of an error signal. The error signal is an estimate of noise within the signal as described above. The first D.C. noise cancellation signal is subtractively combined 105 with an equalized received signal thus removing a first portion of the D.C. noise components from the signal. A second D.C. noise cancellation signal is generated 110 as a function of the error signal and the first D.C. noise cancellation signal. Then subtractively combined 115 with the signal as it is received from the communication channel thus removing a second portion of the D.C. noise components from the received signal.
The generating the first D.C. noise cancellation signal 100 is formed as the function of the error signal according to the formula:

DC1n+1=DC1n+μdc1×εk 

where:

    
    
        DC1n is the first noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the received signal;
        DC1n+1 is the first noise cancellation signal for the next sampling time of the received signal;
        μdc1 is a first loop gain constant;
        εk is the error signal determined by the formula:

εk=fknc−âk 

    
    


where:

    
    
        âk is the estimated value of the transmitted signal;
        fknc is an equalized, noise cancelled received signal of the current sampling.
    
    


The generating the second D.C. noise cancellation signal 110 is formed as a function of the error signal and the first D.C. noise cancellation signal according to the formula:

DC2n+1=DC2n+μdc1×(εk+DC1n)

where:

    
    
        DC2n is the second noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the received signal;
        DC2n+1 is the second noise cancellation signal for the next sampling time of the received signal;
        μdc2 is a second loop gain constant;
        εk is the error signal determined by the formula:

εk=fknc−âk 

    
    


where:

    
    
        âk is the estimated value of the transmitted signal;
        fknc is an equalized, noise cancelled received signal of the current sampling;
        DC1n is the first noise cancellation signal for the current sampling time of the received signal.
    
    


Further, the generating the first D.C. noise cancellation signal 100 is a method that begins by multiplying the error signal by a first loop gain constant to produce a first product. The first product is additively combined with a current first D.C. noise cancellation signal to produce a next first D.C. noise cancellation signal. The next first noise cancellation signal is delayed by one sampling time the next first D.C. noise cancellation signal to align.
The generating the second D.C. noise cancellation signal 110 is a method that begins by additively combining the error signal and the first D.C. noise cancellation signal to form a first sum which adds the first D.C. noise cancellation signal back to the error signal to decouple the generating of the first noise cancellation signal from the generating of the second noise cancellation signal. The method continues by multiplying the first sum by a second loop gain constant to produce second product. The second product is additively combined with a current D.C. noise cancellation signal to produce a next second D.C. noise cancellation signal, which is then delayed by one sampling time. The first and second loop gain constants are chosen to have values that are sufficiently small to insure stable operation of the first and second noise cancellation circuits. However, the first and second loop gain constants must be sufficiently large to track any slow variation in the level of the D.C. noise present in the received signal.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A receiver comprising:
an input circuit configured to receive an input signal;
an error circuit configured to generate an error signal based on the input signal;
a first noise canceler configured to generate a first noise cancellation signal based on the error signal;
a second noise canceler configured to generate a second noise cancellation signal based on the error signal;
a first feedback loop comprising the first noise canceler, the first feedback loop configured to receive the error signal;
a second feedback loop comprising the second noise canceler, the second feedback loop configured to receive (i) the first noise cancellation signal and (ii) the error signal;
a first summer configured to receive the second noise cancellation signal; and
a second summer configured to receive the first noise cancellation signal,
wherein the input circuit is responsive to the second noise cancellation signal.

2. The receiver of claim 1, further comprising an equalizer in communication with the input circuit.

3. The receiver of claim 2, wherein the equalizer comprises a feed forward/feedback equalizer.

4. The receiver of claim 2, further comprising an analog-to-digital converter responsive to the input circuit,
wherein the equalizer is responsive to the analog-to-digital circuit.

5. The receiver of claim 2, further comprising a first adder circuit that subtracts the first noise cancellation signal from an output of the equalizer.

6. The receiver of claim 5, further comprising a decision circuit configured to determine an estimate of the input signal based on an output of the first adder circuit.

7. The receiver of claim 6, wherein the error circuit comprises a second adder circuit configured to generate the error signal based on a difference between (i) an output of the decision circuit and (ii) the output of the first adder circuit.

8. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the first noise canceler comprises:
a scaler circuit configured to scale the error signal; and
an accumulator circuit configured to accumulate the scaled error signal.

9. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the second noise canceler comprises:
an adder circuit configured to generate an addition signal by adding the error signal and the first noise cancellation signal;
a scaler circuit configured to scale the addition signal; and
an accumulator circuit configured to accumulate the scaled addition signal.

10. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the second noise canceller generates the second noise cancellation signal based on the first noise cancellation signal and the error signal.

11. The receiver of claim 1, wherein each of the first noise canceler and the second noise canceler receives the error signal.

12. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the second noise canceler (i) receives the first noise cancellation signal and (ii) generates the second noise cancellation signal based on the first noise cancellation signal.

13. The receiver of claim 1, wherein:
the second noise canceler receives the error signal; and
the input circuit receives the second noise cancellation signal.

14. The receiver of claim 1, wherein:
the first summer receives the input signal and generates an adjustment signal; and
the second summer receives an equalized signal that is generated based on the adjustment signal.

15. A receiver comprising:
a first circuit that generates a first signal based on an input signal and a first noise cancellation signal;
an equalizer that generates an equalized signal based on the first signal;
a second circuit that generates a second signal based on a second noise cancellation signal and the equalized signal;
a decision circuit that generates an estimated original signal based on the second signal;
a third circuit that generates an error signal based on the estimated original signal and the second signal;
a first noise canceler that generates the first noise cancellation signal based on the error signal; and
a second noise canceler that generates the second noise cancellation signal based on the error signal.

16. The receiver of claim 15, wherein the second noise canceller generates the second noise cancellation signal based on the first noise cancellation signal and the error signal.

17. The receiver of claim 15, wherein the second noise cancellation signal has a shorter time latency than the first noise cancellation signal.

18. The receiver of claim 15, wherein the equalizer comprises a feed forward/feedback equalizer.

19. The receiver of claim 15, further comprising an analog-to-digital converter that receives the first signal,
wherein the equalizer is responsive to the analog-to-digital circuit.

20. The receiver of claim 15, wherein the first, second and third circuits comprise adder circuits.

21. The receiver of claim 15, wherein the first noise canceler comprises a scaler circuit that scales the error signal.

22. The receiver of claim 21, wherein the first noise canceler comprises an accumulator circuit that accumulates the scaled error signal.

23. The receiver of claim 15, wherein the second noise canceler comprises an adder circuit that adds the error signal and the first noise cancellation signal to generate an addition signal.

24. The receiver of claim 23, further comprising:
a scaler circuit that scales the addition signal; and
an accumulator circuit that accumulates the scaled addition signal.

25. A method comprising:
receiving an input signal;
generating an error signal based on the input signal;
generating a first noise cancellation signal based on the error signal via a first noise canceler;
generating a second noise cancellation signal based on the error signal via a second noise canceler; and
generating an adjusted signal based on the input signal and the second noise cancellation signal,
wherein generating the second noise cancellation signal comprises adding the error signal and the first noise cancellation signal to generate an addition signal.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising equalizing the adjusted signal.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the equalizing comprises feed forward/feedback equalizing.

28. The method of claim 26, further comprising converting the adjusted signal to a digital signal.

29. The method of claim 26, further comprising subtracting the first noise cancellation signal from an output of the equalizing.

30. The method of claim 29, further comprising determining an estimate of the input signal based on an output of the subtracting.

31. The method of claim 30, further comprising generating the error signal based on a difference between outputs of the determining and the subtracting.

32. The method of claim 25, wherein generating the first noise cancellation signal comprises:
scaling the error signal; and
accumulating the scaled error signal.

33. The method of claim 25, wherein generating the second noise cancellation signal comprises:
scaling the addition signal; and
accumulating the scaled addition signal.

34. The method of claim 25, further comprising generating the second noise cancellation signal based on the first noise cancellation signal and the error signal.

35. The method of claim 25, further comprising transmitting the error signal to a first noise canceler and to a second noise canceler.

36. A method comprising:
generating a first signal based on an input signal and a second noise cancellation signal;
generating an equalized signal based on the first signal;
generating a second signal based on a first noise cancellation signal and the equalized signal;
generating an estimated original signal based on the second signal;
generating an error signal based on the estimated original signal and the second signal;
generating the first noise cancellation signal based on the error signal; and
generating the second noise cancellation signal based on the error signal.

37. The method of claim 36, further comprising generating the second noise cancellation signal based on the first noise cancellation signal and the error signal.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein the second noise cancellation signal has a shorter time latency than the first noise cancellation signal.

39. The method of claim 36, wherein the equalizing comprises feed forward/feedback equalizing.

40. The method of claim 36, further comprising scaling the error signal.

41. The method of claim 40, further comprising accumulating the scaled error signal.

42. The method of claim 36, further comprising adding the error signal and the first noise cancellation signal to generate an addition signal.

43. The method of claim 42, further comprising:
scaling the addition signal; and
accumulating the scaled addition signal.

44. The method of claim 36, wherein generating the second signal comprises adding the equalized signal and the first noise cancellation signal.