COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Frank, McClanahan and Senior Judge Willis 

LINDA MARTIN STOKES 

 

v. Record No. 2527-07-3 

 

JAMES WILLIS STOKES, II 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 PER CURIAM 

JAMES WILLIS STOKES, II MAY 20, 2008 

 

v. Record No. 2528-07-3 

LINDA MARTIN STOKES 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF MARTINSVILLE 

G. Carter Greer, Judge 

 (Monica Taylor Monday; Gentry Locke Rakes & Moore, LLP, on 

briefs), for Linda Martin Stokes. 

 (Kimberly R. Belongia, on briefs), for James Willis Stokes, II. 

Linda Martin Stokes, wife, appeals from the circuit court’s final decree of divorce entered 

on September 19, 2007. She argues on appeal that the trial court erred in: (1) finding that the 

parties’ home on Country Club Lane was marital property; and (2) failing to include in the 

marital estate two life insurance policies belonging to husband. 

James Willis Stokes, II, husband, cross-appeals, contending the trial court: (1) erred in 

refusing to grant him a divorce on the ground of cruelty, which would have precluded the award 

of spousal support; (2) abused its discretion in failing to impute income to wife; and (3) abused 

its discretion in awarding spousal support in an amount which exceeds his monthly income. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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Upon reviewing the record and the briefs of the parties, we conclude that these appeals 

are without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 

5A:27. 

BACKGROUND 

 The parties were married on August 25, 1972, and separated on or about October 2002. 

One child was born of the marriage, however, she reached the age of majority during the 

pendency of this action. On December 9, 2004, husband filed a bill of complaint seeking a 

divorce on the ground of living separate and apart for one year. 

 Wife filed a cross-bill on January 27, 2005, seeking a divorce on the ground of desertion 

and abandonment or, in the alternative, on the ground of living separate and apart for one year. 

Wife also requested spousal support. 

 Both parties asked the trial court to determine and equitably distribute their marital 

property. 

 The trial court heard evidence on February 21, 2007, and April 19, 2007. By opinion 

letter dated May 31, 2007, the trial court indicated it would grant husband a divorce a vinculo

matrimonii based upon living separate and apart without cohabitation for one year. After 

reviewing “the extensive testimony and voluminous exhibits in this case,” the trial court listed 

and valued approximately one hundred twenty pieces of personal property, three motor vehicles, 

and the 1105 Country Club Drive residence, all of which the trial court found was marital 

property. The trial court also included a list of items that were to be considered marital property, 

including money obtained by cashing savings bonds, proceeds from a closed IRA account, and 

money representing the net proceeds from the sale of real estate on Wagon Trail Road. As to the 

marital residence on 1105 Country Club Drive, the trial court ordered the parties to sell it and a 

time-share and divide the proceeds equally. The trial court awarded half of husband’s pension to 
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wife. Finally, after considering the statutory factors, the trial court awarded wife spousal support 

of $3,000 per month until the sale of the marital home, then, $2,500 per month for four years, 

and then $2,000 per month for three years after that, after which spousal support will end. In 

addition, the trial court directed husband to maintain health coverage for wife. 

 On June 12, 2007, husband’s attorney filed a draft order to reflect the trial court’s rulings. 

The parties appeared before the trial court on September 19, 2007, at which time their counsel 

endorsed the decree of divorce under the phrase, “Seen and Objected to” without further 

specification. 

 On October 3, 2007, wife filed a motion to set aside the final decree and grant a 

rehearing. She set forth four bases for her motion: (1) she did not receive sufficient notice and 

was out of town at the time of the September 19, 2007 hearing; (2) her attorney, R. Reid Young, 

III, no longer represented her; (3) “[t]here is other information the Court did not get a chance to 

consider, which would impact this case”; and (4) “the ends of justice would best be served if 

. . . [the trial court] will set aside the decree and grant a rehearing on this case to allow your 

Defendant to be heard and to provide the Court with evidence and documentation concerning key 

issues in this case.” Wife failed to allege any errors in the trial court’s rulings or in the decree 

itself, and she did not describe the evidence and documentation she wanted to present and why 

such evidence was not presented during the several years that the case was pending. 

 By order dated October 4, 2007, the trial court denied wife’s motion to set aside the final 

decree and grant a rehearing. 

 On October 10, 2007, wife filed another motion to set aside the decree and rehear 

evidence. In it, wife included eighteen numbered statements. In the first statement, wife asked 

the trial court “to take another look at the decision to sale [sic] the marital home, and use the 

majority of the equity to pay off credit card debt that the husband claims to be marital.” In 
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statements two through fifteen, wife addressed the parties’ debts, assets, and financial status, and 

in statement sixteen she reiterated that the equity in the marital home “not be used to repay credit 

card debt that she had no control over.” Statements seventeen and eighteen are listed below: 

17. The Defendant requests a ruling, on reinstating her and her 

daughter as the beneficiaries on the Plaintiff’s life insurance policy 

at Virginia Mirror. Defendant was listed as the beneficiary for 

over twenty years, and believes that removing her and their 

daughter, and listing two other women, neither of whom is related, 

is unjust. 

18. Defendant requests that she be made a permanent beneficiary 

of the New York Life Insurance Policy, the couple paid for with 

marital funds, so that she will know that the policy is kept up to 

date and the beneficiary on it will not be changed. Defendant also 

requests that the Plaintiff [husband] be ordered to prepay the 

$14,000 loan he took out on this policy, one week after purchasing 

his Jaguar convertible. 

In conclusion, wife asked the trial court to “set aside the decree of September 19, 2007 and 

review the above mentioned issues.” 

The trial court denied the motion by order dated October 10, 2007. 

WIFE’S ISSUES ON APPEAL 

 I. Wife argues “[b]ecause husband signed a written contract giving [her] his interest in 

the marital home, the trial court erred in finding that the home [on 1105 Country Club Drive] 

was marital property.” 

 “The Court of Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented 

to the trial court.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998). 

See Rule 5A:18. In the final decree, the trial court found the Country Club Drive home was 

marital property, and it did not address whether wife acquired the marital home under contract or 

as a gift. Moreover, wife’s attorney signed the decree “Seen and Objected to,” without 

specifying any objections relating to the findings regarding the marital home. 
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In her reply brief, wife attached page 11 from her memorandum filed in the trial court on 

February 20, 2007. We located that memorandum page on page 208 of the manuscript record, 

however, wife failed to include it in the joint appendix. On page 4 of that memorandum, wife 

referred to the residence at 1105 Country Club Drive as “[t]he marital home” that “is titled in 

both parties’ names,” and which both “parties have contributed equally to the maintenance of 

and improvements to their real estate.” On page 11 of her memorandum, wife “recommend[ed]” 

that she “keep the marital home.” She indicated she “has three agreements signed by [husband] 

that in the event they divorced, he would continue to make mortgage payments,” after which, she 

would “be the sole owner.” However, wife never argued, as she does on appeal, that the 

agreements were enforceable contracts under Code §§ 20-148 through -155. 

 Rule 5A:18 requires that objections to a trial court’s action or ruling be made with 

specificity in order to preserve an issue for appeal. See Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 

Va. App. 476, 480, 405 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1991) (en banc). A trial court must be alerted to the precise 

issue to which a party objects. See Neal v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 416, 422-23, 425 

S.E.2d 521, 525 (1992). The record demonstrated no miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, 

Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of this question on appeal. 

Although Rule 5A:18 allows exceptions for good cause or 

to meet the ends of justice, appellant does not argue that we should 

invoke these exceptions. See e.g., Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 

Va. App. 215, 221, 487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (“In order to avail 

oneself of the exception, a defendant must affirmatively show that a 

miscarriage of justice has occurred, not that a miscarriage might 

have occurred.” (emphasis added)). We will not consider, sua 

sponte, a “miscarriage of justice” argument under Rule 5A:18. 

Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 761, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc). 

 II. Wife also argues the trial court erred in failing to include husband’s life insurance 

policies in the marital estate and failing to order him to make her the beneficiary on those 

policies. Wife waited until the twenty-first day after entry of the final decree to request a 
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rehearing so she could argue that the policies were marital property and husband should name 

her and her daughter as a beneficiary on each policy. In its October 10, 2007 order, entered the 

same day wife filed her motion, the trial court denied the motion to set aside and rehear the 

evidence, but it did not explain the basis of its ruling. Based on the record before us, we cannot 

say the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to set aside the decree and rehear evidence. 

See Hughes v. Gentry, 18 Va. App. 318, 326, 443 S.E.2d 448, 453 (1994) (decision whether to 

grant rehearing is within court’s sound discretion); Morris v. Morris, 3 Va. App. 303, 307, 349 

S.E.2d 661, 663 (1986) (holding that after court has concluded evidentiary hearing, it is within 

its discretion to refuse to take further evidence). 

HUSBAND’S ISSUES ON CROSS-APPEAL 

 I. Husband contends the trial court erred in refusing to find that wife’s misconduct barred 

her from receiving an award of spousal support. Husband referenced page 42 of the joint 

appendix to indicate where he preserved this issue for appeal. Page 42 is the last page of the 

final decree and contains the signatures of the parties’ attorneys. Husband’s attorney signed 

under the following phrase: “Seen and Objected to,” without further elaboration. 

 Although counsel for a party may satisfy Rule 5A:18 by including an objection and 

reasons therefor in the trial court’s final order, a mere statement in an order that it is “seen and 

objected to” is insufficient. Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515-16, 404 S.E.2d 736, 738 (1991) 

(en banc). We “will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial 

court.” Ohree, 26 Va. App. at 308, 494 S.E.2d at 488; see Rule 5A:18. Accordingly, Rule 

5A:18 bars our consideration of this question on appeal. 

However, in his reply brief, husband asserts “there was an error that was ‘clear, 

substantial and material,’” permitting the “ends of justice exception to apply, because the trial 
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court failed to follow the mandates of 20-107.1(E) in determining if [wife] was barred from 

receiving spousal support due to her cruelty to [husband].” 

Husband filed a memorandum on February 20, 2007, regarding equitable distribution and 

the award of spousal support. In it, husband indicated he “will request . . . [t]hat the [trial] Court 

award him a divorce on the grounds of continuous separation for a period in excess of twelve 

months.” In his memorandum, husband also analyzed in detail the factors in Code § 20-107.1(E) 

that bear upon the decision to award spousal support. He did not mention wife’s fault in bringing 

about the dissolution of the marriage, and he recommended that she “be awarded a permanent 

award of spousal support for a fixed period of two years and in an amount which is reasonable 

under all of the circumstances.” 

In its May 31, 2007 opinion letter, the trial court granted husband a divorce based upon 

the ground he put forth in his bill of complaint, namely, having lived separate and apart without 

cohabitation and without interruption for one year pursuant to Code § 20-91(9). It also awarded 

wife spousal support, albeit for a period longer than husband requested. 

“‘No litigant . . . will be permitted to approbate and reprobate — to invite error . . . and 

then to take advantage of the situation created by his own wrong.’” Manns v. Commonwealth, 

13 Va. App. 677, 679-80, 414 S.E.2d 613, 615 (1992) (quoting Fisher v. Commonwealth, 236 

Va. 403, 417, 374 S.E.2d 46, 54 (1988)). Having requested that he be granted a divorce on the 

ground of living separate and apart and having recommended that wife receive permanent 

spousal support, husband cannot now assume inconsistent positions and argue the trial court 

erred in granting a no-fault divorce and in awarding spousal support to wife. 

Moreover, after reviewing the record, the record does not reflect any reason to invoke the 

good cause or ends of justice exceptions to Rule 5A:18. 
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 II. and III. In his second and third issues, husband argued that the trial court abused its 

discretion in failing to impute income to wife and in awarding wife monthly spousal support in 

an amount greater than the amount of income husband receives each month. 

Husband referenced page 42 of the joint appendix to indicate where he preserved these 

issues for appeal. Page 42 is the last page of the final decree and contains the endorsements of 

the parties’ attorneys. Husband’s attorney signed under the following phrase: “Seen and 

Objected to,” without further elaboration. 

Although counsel for a party may satisfy Rule 5A:18 by including an objection and 

reasons therefor in the trial court’s final order, a mere statement in an order that it is “seen and 

objected to” is insufficient. Lee, 12 Va. App. at 515-16, 404 S.E.2d at 738. We “will not 

consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.” Ohree, 26 Va. App. 

at 308, 494 S.E.2d at 488; see Rule 5A:18. Accordingly, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of 

this question on appeal. 

Although Rule 5A:18 allows exceptions for good cause or to meet 

the ends of justice, appellant does not argue that we should invoke 

these exceptions. See e.g., Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 

Va. App. 215, 221, 487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (“In order to avail 

oneself of the exception, a defendant must affirmatively show that a 

miscarriage of justice has occurred, not that a miscarriage might 

have occurred.” (emphasis added)). We will not consider, sua 

sponte, a “miscarriage of justice” argument under Rule 5A:18.1

Edwards, 41 Va. App. at 761, 589 S.E.2d at 448. 

WIFE’S REQUEST FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES ON APPEAL 

 Wife asks this Court to award her attorney’s fees for defending the issues raised by 

husband in his cross-appeal. Upon consideration of the entire record in this case, we hold that 

 1

 Although husband argued in his reply brief the ends of justice exception should apply to 

Issue I, he failed to make ends of justice arguments regarding the other two issues. 
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she is not entitled to attorney’s fees for this appeal. See O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 

690, 479 S.E.2d 98 (1996). 

For the reasons stated, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 

5A:27. 

 Affirmed.