NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 06a0494n.06

Filed: July 14, 2006

Case Nos. 04-4047; 04-4050; 05-3079

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

CITY OF SANDUSKY, OHIO,

Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

v.

COREGIS INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE NORTHERN

DISTRICT OF OHIO

BEFORE: SILER, BATCHELDER, and MOORE, Circuit Judges.

ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. The City of Sandusky, Ohio (“Sandusky” or

“the City”) and its insurer, Coregis Insurance Co. (“Coregis”), each appeal various orders of the

district court entered after Sandusky brought this action for a declaratory judgment against Coregis

for the alleged breach of Coregis’s duty to defend Sandusky in an action filed against Sandusky

under the Americans With Disabilities Act. Because we find that an award under 42 U.S.C. § 1988

is not an award of “damages” or “costs” that was covered by the insurance policy, that Coregis

breached its duty to defend by withdrawing its defense before the covered claims were finally

dismissed from the underlying lawsuit, and that Sandusky should be awarded the cost of pursuing

this action, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

I. Procedural and Factual History

Sandusky is a member of Buckeye Ohio Risk Management Authority, Inc. (“BORMA”),

which is a local government self-insurance pool. Coregis issued BORMA an insurance policy that
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covered the member municipalities for certain compensable injuries during the insured period. The

policy at issue here was valid from October 1, 1998, to October 1, 1999. The policy provides, in

part:

We will pay those sums that the Insured becomes legally obligated to pay as

damages, [in] excess of the “self-insured retention” . . . , because of “personal injury”

or “advertising injury” to which this insurance applies. No other obligation or

liability to pay sums or perform acts or services is covered unless explicitly provided.

We have the right to defend or be associated with the defense of any claim or “suit”

seeking damages.

The policy defines “personal injury” to include “injury, other than ‘bodily injury’ arising out of . . .

discrimination . . . or violation of civil rights, including but not necessarily limited to violations of

the Federal Civil Rights Act and similar state laws.”

The Ability Center of Greater Toledo, along with several disabled persons in the Sandusky

area (“the class plaintiffs”) filed a class action complaint against Sandusky in the district court in

September 1999, alleging that because of Sandusky’s failure to install and failure to implement a

schedule for installing curb ramps, individual class members were unable to travel safely on city

streets. The complaint sought monetary damages from Sandusky under the Americans With

Disabilities Act (a civil rights law), and also sought injunctive relief, punitive damages, and attorney

fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Coregis, acknowledging that it was responsible for providing a

defense against the claims for money damages, agreed to defend the City under a reservation of

rights. Coregis did not tell Sandusky that it would withdraw its defense if the claims for money

damages were dismissed in a non-final order, nor did the policy specify when the duty to defend

would terminate.

The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, which the district court granted in

part and denied in part. The court granted summary judgment to the City on the class plaintiffs’
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claims for compensatory and punitive damages for intentional discrimination and failure to

implement a transition plan in violation of the ADA, and dismissed those claims. The court granted

summary judgment to the plaintiffs on their claims that the City had failed to install or properly

install curb cuts or ramps in violation of the ADA. Following entry of this order, several claims for

equitable relief remained, as well as a claim for attorney fees under § 1988. The order dismissing

the intentional discrimination claim was therefore not immediately appealable. Coregis, believing

that it no longer had a duty to defend Sandusky because the claims for money damages had been

dismissed, withdrew its defense, and Sandusky hired a new lawyer to defend it against the remaining

claims. On January 17, 2003, the order dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims for compensatory damages

became final when the district court issued its final order in the case, granting injunctive relief and

awarding attorney fees to the prevailing class plaintiffs under 42 U.S.C. § 1988.

On January 8, 2003, before that litigation was finally resolved, Sandusky filed this

declaratory judgment action against Coregis, alleging that Coregis failed to meet its contractual

obligation to provide Sandusky a defense in the class action. Coregis moved for summary judgment,

arguing that once all of the claims for money damages had been dismissed from the suit on summary

judgment, it had no further duty to provide a defense. Sandusky filed a cross-motion for summary

judgment, arguing that (1) because the order dismissing the claims for money damages was not a

final order, Coregis’s duty to defend extended beyond the entry of that order; (2) Coregis had a duty

to provide counsel through the appeal; and (3) the claims seeking attorney fees in the underlying

action were claims for “damages” or “costs” that were covered under the policy, so not all claims

for which Coregis was required to provide a defense had in fact been dismissed.
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Coregis also filed a motion for relief from judgment in the district court as to this issue, which the district court

denied. Coregis did not appeal this determination.

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The district court found that Coregis had reserved the right to defend the underlying suit, but

that the insurance contract was ambiguous “as to what constitutes a defense, association with

defense, or scope of defense to be provided.” The court concluded that the duty to defend extended

through the expiration of the time for filing an appeal or resolving a timely appeal and that Coregis

had breached that duty. Coregis timely appealed that order, which is docketed here as Case No. 04-

4047.1

 The district court granted summary judgment to Coregis and denied it to Sandusky on the

issue of attorney fees, finding that the § 1988 attorney fees awarded to the class plaintiffs in the

underlying class action were not “damages” or “costs” as contemplated in the language of the

insurance contract. Sandusky timely appealed that order, which is docketed here as Case No. 04-

4050. As a result of the district court’s determination that Coregis had breached its duty to defend,

Sandusky filed a motion for an award of attorney fees and pre-judgment interest for having to bring

this action. The district court granted the motion on November 24, 2004, finding that Ohio law

provides such fees and interest as a matter of course when an insurer breaches its duty to defend.

Coregis timely appealed that decision, docketed here as Case No. 05-3079.

II. Standard of Review

We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, using the same standard

under Rule 56(c) used by the district court, Williams v. Mehra, 186 F.3d 685, 689 (6th Cir. 1999)

(en banc), and we consider the record as it stood before the district court at the time of its ruling.

Niecko v. Emor Marketing Co., 973 F.2d 1296, 1303 (6th Cir. 1992). Summary judgment is proper

if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
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party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” FED.R.CIV. P. 56(c). We view the evidence, all

facts, and any inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).

To withstand summary judgment, the non-movant must present sufficient evidence to create

a genuine issue of material fact. Klepper v. First Am. Bank, 916 F.2d 337, 342 (6th Cir. 1990). A

mere scintilla of evidence is insufficient; “there must be evidence on which the jury could

reasonably find for the [non-movant].” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).

Entry of summary judgment is appropriate “against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient

to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will

bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).

III. Case No. 04-4050

Sandusky appeals the judgment of the district court refusing to award it the attorney fees that

it was forced to pay to the prevailing class plaintiffs under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 in the underlying

action. That statute provides: “[i]n any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of [certain

enumerated statutes] . . . the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party . . . a reasonable

attorney’s fee as part of the costs.” 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). The district court in the underlying suit

awarded the class plaintiffs $92,683.58 in attorney fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, and Sandusky

contends it purchased insurance against such awards, as demonstrated by policy language providing

coverage for “damages” and “costs.” The district court in this case found that the award of fees and

costs in the underlying suit was not covered by the insurance policy because

the insurance contract specifically claims that damages mean monetary sums. There

is no indication that such monetary funds [sic] include attorney fees incurred in

obtaining such monetary sums. The Magistrate is not convinced that language of the

insurance contract demonstrates persuasively that in this particular policy, the word
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“damages” contemplates anything other than its traditional meaning: money

damages arising out of bodily injury or property damage liability covered by the

insurance contract.

It also found that the policy did not provide coverage for “costs” as defined in the insurance contract.

Accordingly, the district court refused to require Coregis to reimburse Sandusky for this amount.

A. Damages

The Coregis policy provides that it is obligated to pay those sums that Sandusky becomes

legally obligated to pay as “damages,” and that “damages” means “monetary sums and excludes all

forms of injunctive relief and declaratory judgments.” We have noted that Congress took great pains

to make sure that attorney fees awarded under § 1988 were awarded as “costs” rather than as

“damages” because of states’ Eleventh Amendment immunity from claims for “damages.” See

Sullivan Cty., Tenn. v. Home Indem. Co., 925 F.2d 152, 153 (6th Cir. 1991) (citing Oates v. Oates,

866 F.2d 203, 206 (6th Cir. 1989)). “Congress is free to put attorney fees in either category,” we

said, “but when an act of Congress unambiguously assigns such fees to one category, the courts are

not free to pretend that Congress has assigned them to the other.” Id. However, an insurer is free

to specify exactly what constitutes “costs” and what constitutes “damages” for purposes of the

insurance coverage, and can include costs taxed by the court in the category of “damages” if it so

chooses. Id. So where an insurance contract does not rely on the traditional legal definitions of

“damages,” the question of whether an award fits into this category under the contract is one of state

insurance law.

Ohio law provides that, where a contract term is free of ambiguity, the contract is to be

construed according to its ordinary meaning. See Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Guman Bros.

Farm, 652 N.E.2d 684, 686 (Ohio 1995). We find no ambiguity either in the contract’s term
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Because of the lack of ambiguity, this case is distinguished from Ohio cases finding that § 1988 awards can

be considered to be “damages” where the insurance contract provides coverage for such but the meaning of the term is

ambiguous. See, e.g., City of Kirtland v. Western World Ins. Co., 540 N.E.2d 282, 283-84 (Ohio App. 1988) (where

“money damages” was not defined, the term was ambiguous and could include a § 1988 award the insured was forced

to pay to plaintiffs in an underlying action); Sylvania Twp. Bd. of Trustees v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 2004 WL 226115,

*4-6 (Ohio App. 2004) (finding “damages” to be ambiguous and therefore possibly including an award of attorney fees

that the insured had to pay as a result of a state statute much like § 1988).

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We express no opinion as to whether a § 1988 award given to a prevailing party that depended, at least in part,

on the success of claims that were affirmatively covered by the insurance agreement, could be considered a claim for

“damages” under the language of this policy.

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“damages” or in its definition – “damages means monetary sums and excludes all forms of

injunctive relief and declaratory judgments.”2

 Though the contract seems to allow for more to be

considered “damages” than is included within the classic legal definition of the term, it certainly

does not include sums payable only because of the success of claims that were plainly not otherwise

covered by the insurance policy (“[w]e will pay those sums that the Insured becomes legally

obligated to pay as damages . . . because of ‘personal injury’ . . . to which this insurance applies”)

(emphasis added).

A prayer for § 1988 relief is not its own independent claim; rather, it is parasitic to the

success of other claims for relief. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) (awarding attorney fees to a “prevailing

party” on certain claims). The award of attorney fees as part of the costs under § 1988 in the

underlying suit here was due to the success of the class plaintiffs on equitable claims that were

plainly not covered by the Coregis insurance contract. We find no specific language in the insurance

contract providing that a § 1988 award under such circumstances is to be itself a claim for

“damages” covered by the contract, and we therefore hold that the contract plainly did not

contemplate such coverage.3

 Because the attorney fees awarded to the class plaintiffs in the

underlying suit were not “damages” as contemplated by the insurance contract, Coregis had no duty

to indemnify Sandusky for their payment.
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The policy therefore does not provide insurance against the insured’s having to pay out “costs” as it does for

“damages,” but only provides a mechanism for dividing the costs that Coregis would incur in defending the action,

including claims for which it does not provide coverage. This is to be contrasted with the policy at issue in Sullivan

County, where a portion of the insurance policy that the insured did not purchase would have covered the insured for

legal “costs” incurred, much like the portion of the policy that was purchased included coverage for “damages” incurred.

See Sullivan County, 925 F.2d at 152.

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B. Costs

Sandusky also argues that the portion of the insurance policy dealing with “costs” provides

coverage for § 1988 awards. The policy states, in part, that:

Allocated claims expenses and legal costs include the following: (1) Payments to

attorneys, law firms, . . . and all other services and expenses in connection with the

investigation and settlement of claims and the defense [of] legal proceedings as

defined in the policy.

. . . 

[If the amount to be paid by the insured as a judgment or as the result of a settlement

exceeds the amount the insured has agreed to pay as self-insured] then we, if

approved such settlement or consented to the proceedings continuing, shall

contribute to the costs incurred by you in the ratio that our proportion of the ultimate

loss, as finally adjusted, bears to the whole amount of such ultimate loss.

The policy language is again unambiguous and provides coverage for certain “costs” incurred.

However, it specifically limits any recovery from Coregis to its proportional share.4

 Although

Congress has categorized attorney fee awards under § 1988 as “costs,” see Sullivan Cty., 925 F.2d

at 153, any such “costs” incurred in this litigation related only to claims for which equitable relief

was sought. Because the policy did not insure against claims for equitable relief, claims covered by

the insurance policy represented no portion of the “ultimate loss” to Sandusky, and the district court

properly denied any recovery against Coregis for the attorney fees awarded under § 1988 to the

prevailing class plaintiffs.

IV. Case No. 04-4047
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Sandusky also argued that the duty to defend remained because a claim covered by the insurance policy (the

§ 1988 claim for “damages” or “costs”) remained active in the case even after the grant of summary judgment on the

intentional discrimination claims. However, because we have determined that the class plaintiffs’ request for an award

under § 1988 was not a claim for “damages” or “costs” covered under the policy, this argument is without merit.

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Coregis appeals the judgment of the district court finding that Coregis breached its duty to

defend by withdrawing its defense after all claims for money damages had been dismissed on

summary judgment, but before a final order was entered or an appeal pursued. Sandusky contends,

and the district court agreed, that because the insurance contract does not provide a specific point

at which Coregis’s duty to defend ends, the contract is ambiguous as to what “the right to defend

or be associated with the defense” means, and these terms must be construed against the insurer to

mean that it must continue to defend the insured until the time to file an appeal has expired or

through a timely filed appeal.5

An insurer’s duty to defend continues until no remaining claims against an insured are

covered by the subject policy. Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Travelers Ins. Co., 692 N.E.2d 1028, 1035 (Ohio

App. 1997); Wedge Prods. v. Hartford Equity Sales Co., 692 N.E.2d 1028, 1034-35 (Ohio 1987).

But where the duty to defend is unclear, the insurer must accept the defense, even if it is under a

reservation of rights. Grange Mut. Cas. Co. v. Rosko, 767 N.E.2d 1225, 1230-31 (Ohio App. 2001);

City of Willoughby Hills v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 459 N.E.2d 555, 557-58 (Ohio 1984); Monsler v.

Cincinnati Cas. Co., 598 N.E.2d 1203, 1206 (Ohio App. 1991); Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Anders, 789

N.E.2d 1094, 1099 (Ohio 2003) (no duty to defend only when claims are indisputably outside of

insurance coverage). Because the insurer is the party that drafts the contract, any exclusions from

coverage or limitation of duties must be clear and exact, and the insurer bears the burden of showing
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that an exclusion applies. St. Marys Foundry, Inc. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 332 F.3d 989, 992-

93 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Ohio cases).

Sandusky acknowledges that the precise question here – whether an insurer has a duty to

defend when the covered claims have been dismissed in a non-final order of summary judgment –

has not been addressed in the Ohio courts. However, two cases squarely on point from other states

have addressed the issue and have held that, absent language in the contract to the contrary, the duty

to defend continues until there is a final judgment on the covered claims. See Meadowbrok, Inc. v.

Tower Ins. Co., 559 N.W.2d 411 (Minn. 1997); Commerce & Indus. Ins. Co. v. Bank of Haw., 832

P.2d 733 (Haw. 1992).

We believe the district court correctly decided the issue. The phrase “defend or be associated

with the defense” is ambiguous, so it must be construed against the insurer. See Holliman v. Allstate

Ins. Co., 715 N.E.2d 532, 536 (Ohio 1999); Derr v. Westfield Cos., 589 N.E.2d 1278, 1282 (Ohio

1992). The language in the contract providing Coregis with the right to undertake the defense of an

action could have provided that it had the right to withdraw its defense before a final judgment was

entered or an appeal pursued. It did not, and in the absence of such language it was the reasonable

expectation of the insured that Coregis would maintain its defense at least through a final judgment.

While we are sympathetic to Coregis’s argument that this holding results in a windfall for insureds

because it forces insurers to provide a defense to claims plainly not covered by the insurance

contract, Ohio law is clear that an insurer must precisely define the scope of its defense if it expects

to defend on the ground that its duty was extinguished. See St. Marys, 332 F.3d at 992-93.

V. Case No. 05-3079
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Coregis also appeals the judgment of the district court awarding Sandusky attorney fees,

costs, and pre-judgment interest attributable to Sandusky’s prosecuting this action for breach of the

duty to defend. Pre-1999 Ohio case law provides that attorney fees, costs, and prejudgment interest

may be awarded to an insured where its insurer breaches its duty to defend. See OHIO REV. CODE

§ 1343.03(A); Allen v. Standard Oil Co., 443 N.E.2d 497 (Ohio 1982) (“When an indemnitor

wrongfully refuses to defend an action against an indemnitee, the indemnitor is liable for the costs,

including attorney fees and expenses, incurred by the indemnitee in defending the initial action and

in vindicating its right to indemnity in a third-party action brought against the indemnitor.”). See

alsoCity of Willoughby Hills v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 499 N.E.2d 31, 34-35 (Ohio App. 1986); Turner

Constr. Co. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 492 N.E.2d 836, 839-40 (Ohio App. 1985).

However, in 1999, Ohio Revised Code § 2721.16 became effective. This statute prohibits

an award of attorney fees in a declaratory judgment action except where “[a] section of the Revised

Code explicitly authorizes a court of record to award attorney’s fees . . . ,” where “[a]n award of

attorney’s fees is authorized by section 2323.51 of the Revised Code” (which provides an award of

attorney fees as a sanction for frivolous conduct), where authorized by the Civil Rules, or where a

court has awarded the attorney fees as an award of punitive or exemplary damages. OHIO REV.

CODE § 2721.16(A)(1)(a) & (b). We have previously noted this change in law, see Lincoln Elec.

Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 210 F.3d 672, 694-95 (6th Cir. 2000), and Ohio courts have

applied § 2721.16 to preclude an award of attorney fees in a failure-to-defend declaratory judgment

action. See, e.g., Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Colelli & Assocs., Inc., 2004 WL 1969367, *2-3 (Ohio Ct.

App. 2004). See also Weiss v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 283 F.3d 790, 798 (6th Cir. 2002).
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None of the exceptions listed in the statute appear to apply to Sandusky’s declaratory

judgment action, so the award would have been precluded by this section of the Revised Code had

Coregis raised it. However, Coregis has not raised the applicability of § 2721.16 at any stage of this

litigation. The argument is therefore deemed waived, and we will affirm the judgment of the district

court awarding Sandusky attorney fees, costs, and pre-judgment interest for pursuing this action

under the pre-1999 rule.

VI. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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KAREN NELSON MOORE, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I concur in the

majority opinion’s holding that Coregis breached its duty to defend Sandusky. However, I believe

that the award of attorney fees against Sandusky should properly be considered a form of damages

under the language of the policy and according to the relevant Ohio precedent, and I respectfully

dissent as to this issue.

The majority asserts that the contractual definition of damages is unambiguous and that it

clearly does not extend to fees incurred on the basis of claims seeking non-monetary relief. Majority

Op. at 7. As support for this proposition, the majority highlights the following policy language:

“We will pay those sums that the Insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages . . . because

of ‘personal injury’ . . . to which this insurance applies.” Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 96. This

statement requires that the damages flow from a covered injury, but it does not provide any

clarification as to the definition of damages. Because there is no dispute that the § 1988 fee award

was incurred by Sandusky as a result of the underlying discrimination suit, this language is not

relevant to the underlying question of whether the attorney fees can be considered damages under

the contract.

We are thus still left with the following contractual definition of damages: “With respect to

‘personal injury[,]’ damages means monetary sums and excludes all forms of injunctive relief and

declaratory judgments.” J.A. at 103. The term “monetary sums” is not defined, just as the term

“money damages” was not defined in City of Kirtland v. Western World Insurance Co., 540 N.E.2d

282, 285 (Ohio Ct. App. 1988). The Kirtland court concluded that “[s]ince the term ‘money

damages’ was not defined in the policy, for purposes of this discussion and under these

circumstances, this court holds that the attorney fees awarded appellee were money damages.” Id.
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Ohio Supreme Court Rule 4(A) for the Reporting of Opinions states as follows:

“Notwithstanding the prior versions of these rules, designations of, and distinctions between,

‘controlling’ and ‘persuasive’ opinions of the courts of appeals based merely upon whether they

have been published in the Ohio Official Reports are abolished.” (These Rules became effective on

May 1, 2002.) Rule 4(B) states that “[a]ll court of appeals opinions issued after the effective date

of these rules may be cited as legal authority and weighted as deemed appropriate by the courts.”

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at 285. In that case, the city sought indemnity for attorney fees it had to pay in the underlying suit,

which only involved claims for equitable relief. Id. at 167. The insurance policy did not require the

insurance company to “make payment for loss in connection with” actions seeking equitable relief,

just as in the case before us. Id. at 284-85. Given this, Kirtland’s holding that the insurer was

obligated to pay the attorney fees undermines the majority’s argument that the contractual definition

of damages “does not include sums payable only because of the success of claims that were plainly

not otherwise covered by the insurance policy.” Majority Op. at 7. The majority distinguishes

Kirtland on the basis that the term “money damages” was ambiguous, but it fails to acknowledge

the similarity of the language and the fact that the underlying claims in Kirtland were equitable.

Majority Op. at 7 n.2.

In 2004, the Ohio Court of Appeals again analyzed whether an award of attorney fees as a

form of costs pursuant to an Ohio statute were properly considered “damages” under an insurance

policy. Sylvania Twp. Bd. of Trs. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., No. L-03-1075, 2004 WL 226115, at

*2 (Ohio Ct. App. Feb. 6, 2004).6

 Unlike in Kirtland, the policy in Sylvania did define “damages”

as “monetary judgment, award or settlement . . .” Id. at *5. However, the court noted that this

definition was similar to the policy provision in Kirtland because it “[did] not uniquely define key

terms — ‘monetary judgment’ or ‘award.’” Id. The court then looked to the “common meaning”

of “monetary judgment” and “award,” and it concluded that such terms could include an award of
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attorney fees. Id. There is no meaningful distinction between the terms “monetary judgment” and

“monetary sums,” except the latter may in fact be broader in scope. Sylvania thus provides further

support for Sandusky’s argument that the term “monetary sums” is ambiguous.

Because this is a diversity case, we are bound to follow the Ohio state court decisions in

Kirtland and Sylvania. See Ruth v. Bituminous Cas. Corp., 427 F.2d 290, 292 (6th Cir. 1970)

(“[W]here the highest court of the State has not spoken, this Court is obligated to follow published

intermediate state appellate court decisions unless we are convinced that the highest state court

would decide differently.”). There is no basis to believe that the Ohio Supreme Court would decide

this issue differently, in light of two different appellate court decisions. Rather, the existence of

these two cases supports Sandusky’s position that the policy language was in fact “reasonably

susceptible of more than one interpretation” and accordingly should be “construed strictly against

[Coregis].” King v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 519 N.E.2d 1380, 1383 (Ohio 1988). Accordingly, I would

reverse the district court’s judgment against Sandusky on its claim that it is entitled to

reimbursement from Coregis for the § 1988 attorney fees awarded to the plaintiffs in the underlying

class action suit.