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FOR RELEASE AT 10:00 AM EST, Tuesday, January 30, 2024 

QUARTERLY RESIDENTIAL VACANCIES AND HOMEOWNERSHIP, 

FOURTH QUARTER 2023 

Release Number: CB24-10

January 30, 2024 — The U.S. Census Bureau announced the following residential vacancies and homeownership 

statistics for the fourth quarter 2023: 

 

National vacancy rates in the fourth quarter 2023 were 6.6 percent for rental housing and 0.9 percent for 

homeowner housing. The rental vacancy rate was higher than the rate in the fourth quarter 2022 (5.8 percent) 

and virtually the same as the rate in the third quarter 2023 (6.6 percent). 

The homeowner vacancy rate of 0.9 percent was not statistically different than the rate in the fourth quarter 

2022 (0.8 percent) and not statistically different from the rate in the third quarter 2023 (0.8 percent). 

The homeownership rate of 65.7 percent was not statistically different from the rate in the fourth quarter 

2022 (65.9 percent) and not statistically different from the rate in the third quarter 2023 (66.0 percent). 

Table 1. Rental and Homeowner Vacancy Rates for the United States: 2018 to 2023

Rental Vacancy Rate (percent) Homeowner Vacancy Rate (percent)

Year First

Quarter

Second

Quarter

Third

Quarter

Fourth

Quarter

First

Quarter

Second

Quarter

Third 

Quarter

Fourth

Quarter

 2023......

 2022...... 

 2021......

6.4

5.8

6.8

6.3

5.6

6.2

6.6

6.0

5.8

6.6

5.8

5.6

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.9

 2020...... 6.6 5.7 6.4 6.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0

 2019......

 2018......

7.0

7.0

6.8

6.8

6.8

7.1

6.4

6.6

1.4

1.5

1.3

1.5

1.4

1.6

1.4

1.5

All comparative statements in this report have undergone statistical testing, and unless otherwise noted, all comparisons are statistically significant at the 90 percent 

significance level. For an explanation of how the rates are calculated, please see the Explanatory Notes at the end of the press release. 

Explanations of confidence intervals and sampling variability can be found on the CPS/HVS website at: <www.census.gov/housing/hvs>

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

2003 2008 2013 2018 2023

Percent

Quarterly Rental and Homeowner Vacancy Rates for the United States: 2000-2023

Rental Vacancy Rate

Homeowner Vacancy Rate

Recession

Figure 1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024

Recession data: National Bureau of Economic Research, <www.nber.org>

RESIDENTIAL VACANCIES

AND HOMEOWNERSHIP

FOURTH QUARTER 2023

 

Rental Vacancy Rate 6.6% 

Homeowner Vacancy Rate 0.9% 

Homeownership Rate 65.7% 

Next release: April 30, 2024

Data are not adjusted for seasonality.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 

Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024
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In the fourth quarter 2023, the median asking rent for vacant for rent units was $1,465. 

In the fourth quarter 2023, the median asking sales price for vacant for sale units was $310,900. 

1. Median asking rent and median asking sales price data for vacant units can be found in Historical Table 11A/B at <www.census.gov/housing/hvs/data/histtabs> 

2. The data in figures 2 and 3 are not adjusted for price changes. 

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2020 2023

Recession Dollars ($)

Figure 2 Median Asking Rent for Vacant for Rent Units: 1999-2023

50,000

75,000

100,000

125,000

150,000

175,000

200,000

225,000

250,000

275,000

300,000

325,000

2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2020 2023

Recession Dollars ($)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy, January 30, 2024 

Recession data: National Bureau of Economic Research, <www.nber.org>

Figure 3 Median Asking Sales Price for Vacant for Sale Units: 1999-2023

(Current Dollars)

(Current Dollars)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024

Recession data: National Bureau of Economic Research, <www.nber.org>
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The rental vacancy in principal cities (6.9 percent) was higher than the rate outside MSAs (6.1 percent) and not 

statistically different from rate in suburbs (6.4 percent). The rates in the suburbs and outside MSAs were not 

statistically different. The rates in principal cities and in suburbs were higher than the rates in fourth quarter 

2022, and the rate outside MSAs was lower than the rate in the fourth quarter 2022.

The homeowner vacancy rate in suburbs (0.8 percent) was lower than the rate outside MSAs (1.1 percent) and 

not statistically different from the rate in principal cities (0.9 percent). The rate in principal cities was not 

statistically different than the rate outside MSAs. The rates outside MSAs and in suburbs were higher than the 

rate in the fourth quarter 2022, while the rate in principal cities was lower than the fourth quarter 2022 rate.

The rental vacancy rate was highest in the South (8.7 percent), followed by the Midwest (6.8 percent), then

the West (5.1 percent) and Northeast (4.3 percent). The rates in the South and West were higher than the 

fourth quarter 2022 rates. The rates in the Northeast and Midwest were not statistically different from the 

fourth quarter 2022.

The homeowner vacancy rate in the South (1.0 percent) was higher than the rates in the West (0.8 percent)

and Midwest (0.8 percent) but not statistically different than the rate in the Northeast (0.8 percent). The rates 

in the Northeast, Midwest, and West were all virtually the same. The rate in the South was higher than the 

rate in fourth quarter 2022. Rates in all other regions were virtually the same as the fourth quarter 2022.

 Table 2. Rental and Homeowner Vacancy Rates by Area and Region: Fourth quarter 2022 and 2023

Rental Vacancy Rates (percent) Homeowner Vacancy Rates (percent)

Area/Region Fourth

Quarter

2022

Fourth

Quarter

2023

Margins of Errora

Fourth

Quarter

2022

Fourth

Quarter

2023

Margins of Errora

of

2023 rate

of

difference

of

2023 rate

of

difference

United States...............

Inside Metropolitan 

Statistical Areas...........

...In principal cities.......

...Not in principal

...cities (suburbs).........

Outside Metropolitan 

Statistical Areas ..........

Northeast....................

Midwest......................

South...........................

West............................

5.8

5.6

5.9

5.3

7.8

3.9

6.9

7.3

4.2

6.6

6.7

6.9

6.4

6.1

4.3

6.8

8.7

5.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.8

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.6

0.9

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.2

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.8

0.9

0.8

1.1

0.8

0.8

1.0

0.8

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2 a

A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s reliability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This 

number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 
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Approximately 89.9 percent of the housing units in the United States in the fourth quarter 2023 were occupied 

and 10.1 percent were vacant. Owner-occupied housing units made up 59.1 percent of total housing units, 

while renter-occupied units made up 30.8 percent of the inventory in the fourth quarter 2023. Vacant yearround units comprised 7.7 percent of total housing units, while 2.5 percent were vacant for seasonal use. 

Approximately 2.2 percent of the total units were vacant for rent, 0.5 percent were vacant for sale only and 

0.5 percent were rented or sold but not yet occupied. Vacant units that were held off market comprised 4.4 

percent of the total housing stock – 1.3 percent were for occasional use, 0.7 percent were temporarily 

occupied by persons with usual residence elsewhere (URE) and 2.4 percent were vacant for a variety of other 

reasons.

 Table 3. Estimates of the Total Housing Inventory for the United States: Fourth quarter 2022 and 2023a

(Estimates are in thousands, estimates may not add to total due to rounding)

Type

Fourth 

Quarter

2022 (r)

Fourth 

Quarter

2023

Difference 

Between 

Estimates

Margins of Errorb 

Percent of

total 

(2023) 

of 2023

estimate

of

difference

All housing units................

..Occupied..........................

....Owner............................

....Renter............................

..Vacant..............................

....Year-round..................... 

......For rent........................ 

......For sale only................. 

......Rented or Sold...............

......Held off Market............

........For Occ’l Use..............

........Temp Occ by URE.......

........Otherc

..........................

....Seasonal...........................

144,332

129,738

85,448

44,291

14,593

10,980

2,768

721

816

6,675

2,016

1,113

3,546

3,614

145,967

131,206

86,220

44,985

14,761

11,177

3,224

757

783

6,414

1,907

1,054

3,452

3,583

1,635

1,468

772

694

168

197

456

36

-33

-261

-109

-59

-94

-31

(X)

167

464

577

327

285

120

57

52

222

157

113

143

220

(X)

232

640

780

412

340

154

71

69

265

174

134

175

241

100.0

89.9

59.1

30.8

10.1

7.7

2.2

0.5

0.5

4.4

1.3

0.7

2.4

2.5 a

The housing inventory estimates are benchmarked to the 2020 Census. b

A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s reliability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This 

 number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. 

 c

A detailed breakdown of the ‘other’ vacant category can be found in Historical Table 18 <www.census.gov/housing/hvs/data/histtabs> 

 (r) Revised using vintage 2022 housing unit controls. See note below.

 X Not Applicable. Since the number of housing units is set equal to an independent national measure, there is no sampling error, and hence no confidence interval. 

 1. Since first quarter 2003, the Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey estimates have been controlled to an independent set of housing unit 

 estimates produced annually by the Census Bureau’s Population Division from Census 2000, 2010, and 2020 and updated using building permit data, estimates of 

housing loss, and other administrative record data. Doing so makes the CPS/HVS estimates of housing units more comparable to other Census Bureau housing surveys 

 controlled to these census-based estimates. The housing unit controls affect the estimate of vacant units in the sense that the estimates of total occupied and vacant 

 units sum to the control total. Vacancy rates and homeownership rates are not affected by this change.

 2. Beginning in the second quarter 2023, the housing inventory estimates are based on vintage 2022 housing unit controls that are projected forward through the 

current quarter. The fourth quarter 2022 housing inventory estimates, shown above, reflect vintage 2022 housing unit controls, benchmarked to the 2020 Census. 

The CPS/HVS historical table series, from the second quarter 2020 through the first quarter 2023, has also been revised based on vintage 2022 housing unit controls. 

These revised estimates and additional information on terms and definitions can be found at: <www.census.gov/housing/hvs/data/histtabs>

 3. For the methodology used in developing the housing unit estimates used for controls in the CPS/HVS, please see the Census Bureau’s Population Division

 website: <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html> 

 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 
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The homeownership rate of 65.7 percent was not statistically different from the rate in the fourth quarter 

2022 (65.9 percent) and not statistically different from the rate in the third quarter 2023 (66.0 percent). 

Table 4. Homeownership Rates for the United States: 2002 to 2023 

Year

Homeownership Rates (percent)

First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter

Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa

2023........

2022........

2021........

2020........

66.0

65.4

65.6

65.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

65.9

65.8

65.4

67.9

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

66.0

66.0

65.4

67.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

65.7

65.9

65.5

65.8

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

2019........

2018........

2017........

2016........

2015........

2014........

2013........

2012........

64.2

64.2

63.6

63.5

63.7

64.8

65.0

65.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

64.1

64.3

63.7

62.9

63.4

64.7

65.0

65.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

64.8

64.4

63.9

63.5

63.7

64.4

65.3

65.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

65.1

64.8

64.2

63.7

63.8

64.0

65.2

65.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

2011........ 66.4 0.5 65.9 0.5 66.3 0.5 66.0 0.5

2010........

2009........

2008........

2007........

2006........

2005........

2004........

2003........

2002b.......

67.1

67.3

67.8

68.4

68.5

69.1

68.6

68.0

67.8

 0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

66.9

67.4

68.1

68.2

68.7

68.6

69.2

68.0

67.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.3

0.3

66.9

67.6

67.9

68.2

69.0

68.8

69.0

68.4

68.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.3

0.3

66.5

67.2

67.5

67.8

68.9

69.0

69.2

68.6

68.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3 a

A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s reliability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This 

number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. b

Revised in 2002 to incorporate information collected in Census 

2000. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2021 2023

Percent

Recession Homeownership Rate Seasonally Adjusted Homeownership Rate

Quarterly Homeownership Rates and Seasonally Adjusted Homeownership Rates

for the United States: 1999-2023

Figure 4

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024, Recession data: National Bureau of Economic Research, www.nber.org
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Table 4SA shows the seasonally adjusted homeownership rates for the United States, from 2000 through the

fourth quarter 2023. (Research has shown that seasonality for homeownership rates is present.) When 

adjusted for seasonal variation, the fourth quarter 2023 homeownership rate was not statistically different 

from the rates in the fourth quarter 2022 or the third quarter 2023. 

Table 4SA. Homeownership Rates for the United States: 2000 to 2023, Seasonally Adjusteda

Year

Homeownership Rates (percent), Seasonally Adjusted

First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter

Rate MOEb Rate MOEb Rate MOEb Rate MOEb

2023........

2022........

2021........

2020........

66.0

65.4

65.6

65.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

66.0

65.9

65.5

68.1

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

65.9

65.9

65.3

67.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

65.7

65.9

65.5

65.7

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

2019........

2018........

2017........

2016........

2015........

2014........

2013........

2012........

64.2

64.2

63.6

63.5

63.8

64.9

65.2

65.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

64.3

64.5

63.9

63.1

63.5

64.8

65.1

65.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

64.7

64.3

63.8

63.4

63.6

64.3

65.2

65.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

65.0

64.7

64.0

63.5

63.7

63.9

65.1

65.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

2011........ 66.5 0.5 66.0 0.5 66.1 0.5 65.9 0.5

2010........

2009........

2008........

2007........

2006........

2005........

2004........

2003........

2002c

.......

2001........

2000........

67.2

67.4

67.9

68.5

68.6

69.2

68.7

68.1

67.9

67.6

67.1

 0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

66.9

67.4

68.1

68.3

68.8

68.7

69.4

68.2

67.8

67.8

67.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

66.7

67.4

67.7

68.0

68.9

68.7

68.9

68.3

67.9

67.9

67.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

66.5

67.2

67.5

67.8

68.8

68.9

69.1

68.5

68.2

67.9

67.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

a

As new quarterly data are input, previous quarters’ seasonally adjusted homeownership rates may change. b

A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s reliability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This 

number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. 

c

Revised in 2002 to incorporate information collected in Census 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 
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The fourth quarter 2023 homeownership rate was highest in the Midwest (69.8 percent), followed by the 

South (67.8 percent), then the Northeast (61.5 percent) and West (61.4 percent); the rates in the Northeast 

and West were not statistically different from each other. The homeownership rates, compared to the fourth

quarter 2022, were lower in the Northeast and West, higher in the South, and not statistically different in the 

Midwest. 

Table 5. Homeownership Rates for the United States and Regions: 2018 to 2023

Homeownership Rates (percent)

Year/Quarter United States Northeast Midwest South West

Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa

2023

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2022

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2021

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2020

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2019

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2018

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter 

 

 

 

65.7

66.0

65.9

66.0

65.9

66.0

65.8

65.4

65.5

65.4

65.4

65.6

65.8

67.4

67.9

65.3

65.1

64.8

64.1

64.2

64.8

64.4

64.3

64.2

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

61.5

63.0

62.5

62.7

63.0

63.0

62.1

61.8

62.4

61.7

61.8

63.1

62.6

62.0

63.3

62.4

62.3

61.7

61.2

60.7

61.3

61.5

61.3

60.5

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

69.8

69.6

70.2

70.3

70.1

70.1

70.1

70.0

70.1

70.9

70.7

70.3

70.8

71.2

71.4

69.2

69.5

69.0

68.0

68.2

69.3

69.0

68.3

67.9

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.7

67.8

67.4

67.5

67.3

66.7

67.5

67.8

67.4

67.3

67.0

67.1

67.4

67.7

70.8

71.1

67.6

66.7

66.2

66.0

66.2

66.0

65.4

65.9

66.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

61.4

62.3

61.7

61.9

62.6

62.0

60.9

60.2

60.5

59.9

60.1

59.7

60.4

62.1

62.6

60.1

60.3

60.6

59.3

59.8

60.9

60.2

59.7

59.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

a

A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s reliability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This 

number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 
Data Inquiries Media Inquiries

Social, Economic & Housing Statistics Division, Financial & Market Characteristics Branch Public Information Office

301-763-3199 / Robert Callis / Patricia Holley / Daniel Truver 301-763-3030

sehsd.financial.market.characteristics@census.gov pio@census.gov

The fourth quarter 2023 homeownership rate was highest for those householders aged 65 years and over 

(79.0 percent) and lowest for those householders under 35 years of age (38.1 percent). The fourth quarter 

2023 rates were not statistically different in any age group from the rates in fourth quarter 2022.

Table 6. Homeownership Rates by Age of Householder: 2018 to 2023

Year/Quarter

Homeownership Rates (percent)

United States Under 35 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over

Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa Rate MOEa

2023

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2022

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2021

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2020

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2019

Fourth Quarter 

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter 

2018

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter 

 

 

 

 

 

65.7

66.0

65.9

66.0

65.9

66.0

65.8

65.4

65.5

65.4

65.4

65.6

65.8

67.4

67.9

65.3

65.1

64.8

64.1

64.2

64.8

64.4

64.3

64.2

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

38.1

38.3

38.5

39.3

38.7

39.3

39.1

38.8

38.3

38.5

37.8

38.1

38.5

40.2

40.6

37.3

37.6

37.5

36.4

35.4

36.5

36.8

36.5

35.3

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

62.0

62.9

63.1

62.6

62.2

62.5

61.9

62.3

61.4

61.3

61.3

62.0

61.0

63.9

64.3

61.5

60.4

60.3

59.4

60.3

61.1

59.5

60.0

59.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

70.3

71.0

70.8

70.1

70.6

71.4

70.6

69.4

70.0

70.1

69.4

69.4

69.8

72.0

72.2

70.3

70.6

70.1

70.1

69.5

70.1

69.7

70.6

70.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

76.0

75.4

75.5

76.1

75.7

74.6

75.1

75.0

75.3

73.7

75.4

75.7

76.0

76.4

77.4

76.3

75.6

75.1

74.8

75.4

75.5

75.6

75.1

75.4

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

79.0

79.2

78.9

78.8

79.0

79.5

79.3

78.6

79.4

79.7

79.6

79.3

80.2

80.7

80.4

78.7

79.0

78.9

78.0

78.5

78.8

78.6

78.0

78.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

a

A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s reliability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This 

number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 
Data Inquiries Media Inquiries

Social, Economic & Housing Statistics Division, Financial & Market Characteristics Branch Public Information Office

301-763-3199 / Robert Callis / Patricia Holley / Daniel Truver 301-763-3030

sehsd.financial.market.characteristics@census.gov pio@census.gov

For homeownership rates by race, the fourth quarter 2023 homeownership rate for non-Hispanic White Alone 

householders reporting a single race was highest at 73.8 percent. The rate for Asian, Native Hawaiian and 

Pacific Islander Alone householders was second at 63.0 percent, and the rate for Black Alone householders 

was lowest at 45.9 percent. The homeownership rates for non-Hispanic White Alone householder was lower 

than the rate in fourth quarter 2022; rates in all other race categories were not significantly different.

Table 7. Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity of Householder: 2019 to 2023

Homeownership Rates (percent)

Year/Quarter

United

States

Non-Hispanic

White Alone

Black 

Alone

All Other Races

Hispanic

Total (of any race) a

Asian, Native 

Hawaiian, and

Other

Pacific Islander 

Alone

Rate MOEb Rate MOEb Rate MOEb Rate MOEb Rate MOEb Rate MOEb

2023

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2022

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2021

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2020

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2019

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

 

 

 

65.7

66.0

65.9

66.0

65.9

66.0

65.8

65.4

65.5

65.4

65.4

65.6

65.8

67.4

67.9

65.3

65.1

64.8

64.1

64.2

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

73.8

74.5

74.5

74.4

74.5

74.6

74.6

74.0

74.4

74.0

74.2

73.8

74.5

75.8

76.0

73.7

73.7

73.4

73.1

73.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

45.9

45.5

45.7

45.8

44.9

45.2

45.3

44.7

43.1

44.0

44.6

45.1

44.1

46.4

47.0

44.0

44.0

42.7

40.6

41.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

58.4

58.1

58.0

58.2

58.7

58.5

57.3

56.0

57.6

57.2

56.2

57.1

56.3

58.0

59.3

55.9

55.7

56.0

55.0

53.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

63.0

62.7

61.8

61.6

61.9

61.6

61.1

59.4

61.2

60.2

58.7

59.6

59.5

61.0

61.4

59.1

57.6

58.5

57.7

56.9

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

49.8

49.4

49.0

49.7

48.5

48.7

48.3

49.1

48.4

48.3

47.5

49.3

49.1

50.9

51.4

48.9

48.1

47.8

46.6

47.4

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

a

Includes people who reported Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, or American Indian or Alaska Native regardless of whether they reported any other race, 

as well as all other combinations of two or more races.

b

A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This

number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 
Data Inquiries Media Inquiries

Social, Economic & Housing Statistics Division, Financial & Market Characteristics Branch Public Information Office

301-763-3199 / Robert Callis / Patricia Holley / Daniel Truver 301-763-3030

sehsd.financial.market.characteristics@census.gov pio@census.gov

The fourth quarter 2023 homeownership rate for households with family income greater than or equal to the 

median family income (78.4 percent) was not statistically different from the fourth quarter 2022 rate (79.0

percent). The rate for those households with family income less than the median family income (53.0 percent)

was not statistically different than the fourth quarter 2022 rate (52.7 percent). 

 

Table 8. Homeownership Rates by Family Income: 2018 to 2023

Homeownership Rates (percent)

Year/Quarter United States

Households with family income 

greater than or equal to the median 

family incomea

Households with family income less 

than the median family incomea

Rate MOEb Rate MOEb Rate MOEb

2023

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2022

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2021

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2020

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2019

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

2018

Fourth Quarter

Third Quarter

Second Quarter

First Quarter

 

 

 

65.7

66.0

65.9

66.0

65.9

66.0

65.8

65.4

65.5

65.4

65.4

65.6

65.8

67.4

67.9

65.3

65.1

64.8

64.1

64.2

64.8

64.4

64.3

64.2

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

78.4

78.9

78.8

78.6

79.0

79.4

79.0

79.1

79.0

79.0

78.9

79.4

79.4

80.2

80.5

78.8

78.8

78.7

78.2

78.0

78.9

78.2

78.3

78.3

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

53.0

53.1

53.0

53.4

52.7

52.7

52.6

51.6

52.0

51.7

51.9

51.7

52.3

54.7

55.2

51.8

51.4

50.9

50.0

50.5

50.7

50.5

50.2

50.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6 a

Based on family or primary individual income. b

A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s reliability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This 

number, when added to and subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey, January 30, 2024. 
Data Inquiries Media Inquiries

Social, Economic & Housing Statistics Division, Financial & Market Characteristics Branch Public Information Office

301-763-3199 / Robert Callis / Patricia Holley / Daniel Truver 301-763-3030

sehsd.financial.market.characteristics@census.gov pio@census.gov

The first quarter 2024 data are scheduled for release on April 30, 2024. View the full schedule in the Economic 

Briefing Room: <https://census.gov/economic-indicators/>. More details can be found at 

<www.census.gov/housing/hvs>.

EXPLANATORY NOTES 

The estimates in this release are based on a sample survey and therefore are subject to both sampling and 

non-sampling error. Sampling error is a result of not surveying the entire population. Non-sampling error 

occurs because accurate information cannot always be obtained. 

The sample estimate and its standard error enable one to construct a margin of error. A margin of error is a 

measure of an estimate’s reliability. The larger a margin of error is in relation to the size of the estimate, the 

less reliable the estimate. For example, the standard error on the estimated rental vacancy rate of 6.6 percent 

is 0.147 percentage points. The margin of error, at the 90 percent confidence interval, is calculated as 1.645 x 

0.147 percent, or 0.242 percentage points. Thus, the 90 percent confidence interval is from 6.4 percent to 6.8 

percent. If all possible samples were surveyed under essentially the same general conditions and the same 

sample design, and if an estimate and its standard error were calculated from each sample, then 

approximately 90 percent of the margins of error would include the average result of all possible samples. 

In the first quarter 2017, the parameters used to calculate standard errors for rates and estimates were 

updated. The factors are evaluated, and updated if necessary, after approximately 15 months of data have 

been collected from a new Current Population Survey/Housing Vacancy Survey (CPS/HVS) sample following a 

decennial census. The current sample has been fully phased-in since July 2015. 

Since the first quarter 2003, the CPS/HVS housing inventory estimates have been controlled to independent 

housing unit estimates based upon Census 2000 (2000-2009 data), Census 2010 (2010-2019), and Census 2020 

(2020-present data) and updated with building permit data, estimates of housing loss, and other 

administrative records data. In the second quarter 2023, the CPS/HVS revised the series of housing inventory 

estimates back to the second quarter 2020, based on the latest series of independent housing controls, the 

vintage 2022 time series. Housing inventory estimates from the second quarter 2000 through the fourth 

quarter 2009 are revised based on the vintage 2010 time series. Housing inventory estimates from the second 

quarter 2010 through the first quarter 2020 are revised based on the vintage 2020 time series. Housing 

inventory estimates prior to the second quarter 2000 have not been revised. The CPS/HVS housing inventory 

data series are based on the independently produced vintage 2022 housing unit estimates that are projected 

forward through the current quarter. The vintage 2022 estimates are benchmarked to the 2020 Census. The 

same general procedure will be followed each year in revising housing inventory estimates with the most upto-date independent housing estimates available. 

 For an explanation of the methodology used in producing the housing inventory independent estimates, 

please see: <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html> 

 
Data Inquiries Media Inquiries

Social, Economic & Housing Statistics Division, Financial & Market Characteristics Branch Public Information Office

301-763-3199 / Robert Callis / Patricia Holley / Daniel Truver 301-763-3030

sehsd.financial.market.characteristics@census.gov pio@census.gov

Note: This time series is by the latest "vintage" year. For example, vintage 2022 means that all of the 

estimates in this time series are identified as belonging to "vintage 2022." The 2023 data are from the 2022

vintage, the 2022 data are from the 2022 vintage, and so on.

The CPS/HVS also began computing first-stage factors (used for weighting purposes) based on year-round and 

seasonal counts of housing units from Census 2000 for the first quarter 2003. From 1980 to 2002, the CPS/HVS 

first-stage factors were based on year-round estimates only. The effect on the data is slight and the change 

should improve the counts of year-round and seasonal units. For more information on the effects of these 

changes, please see the Source and Accuracy Statement at: 

<www.census.gov/housing/hvs/files/qtr423/source_23q4.pdf>

Beginning in the second quarter 2022, the population controls reflect the results of the 2020 Decennial 

Census. This change has virtually no effect on vacancy and homeownership rates. The new 2020-based 

controls had virtually no effect on the rental vacancy rate in April 2020 which remained 5.72 percent. The 

homeowner vacancy rate similarly remained the same at 0.91 percent, while the homeownership rate 

increased negligibly from 65.56 percent to 65.57 percent.

The question on race on the CPS was modified beginning in the first quarter 2003 to comply with new 

standards for federal statistical agencies. Respondents are now allowed to report one or more races. The 

question on Hispanic origin is asked separately, and is asked before the question on race.

First-stage factors for year-round vacant units have been corrected as of the second quarter 2004. Research 

has shown that this correction had no significant effect on the vacancy rates or homeownership rates.

The rental vacancy rate is the proportion of the rental inventory that is vacant for rent. In tables 1 and 2, the 

rates are computed using the following formula. 

RRRRRRRRRRRR VV VV VVVV RRRRRRRR (%) =

⎣

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎡ VV VV yy − rrrr rr

uu uu ff

�

RRRRRRRRRR

oo

uu uu

� + �

VV VV yy − rrrr rr

uu uu rr bb

aa aa oo

� + �

VV yy − rrrr rr

uu ff �

⎦

⎥

⎥

⎥

⎥

⎤

∗ 100

The homeowner vacancy rate is the proportion of the homeowner inventory that is vacant for sale. In tables 1 

and 2 the rates are computed using the following formula.

HH HH VV VV VVVV RRRRRRRR (%) =

⎣

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎢

⎡ VV VV yy − rrrr rr

uu uu ff

�

OO

oo

uu uu

� + �

VV VV yy − rrrr rr

uu uu bb

aa aa oo

� + �

VV yy − rrrr rr

uu uu ff �

⎦

⎥

⎥

⎥

⎥

⎤

∗ 100

The homeownership rate is the proportion of households that is owner-occupied. It is computed by dividing 

the number of households that are occupied by owners by the total number of occupied households 

(tables 4, 4SA and 5).
Data Inquiries Media Inquiries

Social, Economic & Housing Statistics Division, Financial & Market Characteristics Branch Public Information Office

301-763-3199 / Robert Callis / Patricia Holley / Daniel Truver 301-763-3030

sehsd.financial.market.characteristics@census.gov pio@census.gov

HH HH h RRRRRRRR (%) = � 

OO oo h uu uu

TT OO h uu uu � ∗ 100

For the homeownership rate for a specific characteristic (tables 6, 7 and 8), use the owner and total number of 

units for that characteristic. For example, for the West region: 

HH HH h RRRRRRRR (WW ) (%) = � 

OO oo h uu uu (WW )

TT OO h uu uu (WW ) � ∗ 100

RESOURCES

API

The Census Bureau’s application programming interface, available at <www.census.gov/developers/>, lets 

developers create custom apps to reach new users and makes key demographic, socio-economic and housing 

statistics more accessible than ever before.

FRED Mobile App

Receive the latest updates on the nation’s key economic indicators by downloading the 

FRED App <https://fred.stlouisfed.org/fred-mobile/> for both Apple and Android 

devices. FRED, the signature database of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, now 

incorporates the Census Bureau’s 13 economic indicators.

###