FILED

March 6, 1998

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate C ourt Clerk

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

DECEMBER, 1997 SESSION

RANDY L. CARTER, )

) No. 02C01-9701-CR-00028

Appellant, )

) Shelby County

vs. )

) Honorable W. Fred Axley, Judge

STATE OF TENNESSEE, )

)

) (Post-Conviction)

Appellee. )

FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:

BARBARA D. MACINTOSH JOHN KNOX WALKUP

Peppel, Gomes & MacIntosh Attorney General & Reporter

Suite 205

474 Perkins Extended CLINTON J. MORGAN

Memphis, TN 38117 Assistant Attorney General

Criminal Justice Division

450 James Robertson Parkway

Nashville, TN 37243-0493

WILLIAM L. GIBBONS

District Attorney General

ALANDA HORNE

Assistant District Attorney General

201 Poplar Ave. Third Floor

Memphis, TN 38103

OPINION FILED: ____________________

AFFIRMED

CURWOOD WITT 

JUDGE
1

The indictment for first-degree murder was the second indictment. The

record indicates that the grand jury originally indicted Carter for second-degree

murder. The state later dismissed this indictment and obtained the indictment

under which the petitioner ultimately pleaded guilty to second-degree murder.

2

Appointed counsel filed an amended petition on Dec. 16, 1994 and an

amendment to the amended petition on March 7, 1996.

2

OPINION

The petitioner, Randy L. Carter, appeals pursuant to Rule 3 of the

Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure from the Shelby County Criminal Court’s

denial of post-conviction relief. On March 5, 1992, the grand jury indicted the

petitioner for the premeditated and deliberate murder in the shooting death of

Robert Milton.1

 He pleaded guilty to second-degree murder on April 27, 1992 and

received a sentence of thirty-five years as a Range II offender pursuant to a plea

agreement. Carter filed no direct appeal. A timely petition requesting postconviction relief was filed on September 20, 1994.2

 The trial court held an

evidentiary hearing on June 6, 1996 and denied post-conviction relief in a written

order filed on August 27, 1996. In this appeal, Carter contends that he entered his

guilty plea involuntarily, and that, but for the errors of counsel, he would not have

pleaded guilty to second-degree murder. 

We have carefully reviewed the record in this case. Finding no error

requiring reversal, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

The facts to which Carter stipulated at his guilty plea submission

hearing are as follows: On August 1, 1991, the victim, Robert Milton, was the

security guard for a club located in Shelby County. At approximately 1:00 a.m., a

fight broke out inside the club. The victim attempted to break up the fight, and when

he was unable to do so, he sprayed the participants with mace. The people

involved then fled outside into the parking lot. A short time later, the victim went

outside the club where he was confronted by Rico Mickens. Mickens took a
3

Rico Mickens, Jimmy Ford and Timothy Brown submitted guilty pleas at

the same hearing. The record does not indicate the crimes to which they

entered their pleas. 

3

nightstick from the victim and began hitting him on the head. Others entered the

fray, and the guard was thrown to the ground. Randy Carter and Timothy Brown

produced pistols as the victim was lying face down in the parking lot and shot him

several times in the back.

3

 Three of the shots hit the victim in his buttocks. One

shot in the back caused his death. 

Carter’s pro se petition for post-conviction relief alleges that he did not

plead guilty knowingly and voluntarily and that he was denied the effective

assistance of counsel. In the amended petition, Carter claimed that his plea was

involuntary because he had not understood the elements of the crime, because he

was unable to read the waiver, and because stress and fear rendered him incapable

of making a rational decision. With respect to the ineffective assistance of counsel

claim, he contended that counsel failed to communicate or share information with

him, that counsel never explained the plea bargaining process to him, that counsel

failed to investigate and create a viable defense, and that counsel agreed to an

illegal sentence. 

At the evidentiary hearing, Carter was the only defense witness. After

his testimony, the court recessed briefly. When the hearing reconvened, the trial

court denied defense counsel’s request to bring the petitioner back into the

courtroom. The trial judge said, “No. He’s finished testifying. That’s a Court rule.

That’s not your rule, but it’s a Court rule . . . . This is civil in nature and he’s just a

witness.” After the assistant public defender who represented Carter during the

plea process testified for the state, the court took the matter under advisement.

In its written order denying relief, the trial court found that the

petitioner’s guilty plea was constitutionally valid under the constitutions of the United

States and the State of Tennessee and that trial counsel’s performance was within
4

We note that, although the hearing in the matter was held in 1996, the

petition was filed in 1994. The Post-Conviction Procedure Act of 1995 applies to

petitions filed after May 10, 1995. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-201, compiler’s

notes. Therefore, the clear and convincing standard of proof required by

Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-30-210(f) is inapplicable in this case.

4

the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. On appeal,

Carter argues that the attorney’s failure to investigate, to inform his client, to explain

the re-indictment, and to resolve the confusion about the sentencing range

constitute ineffective assistance of counsel, and that the errors of counsel resulted

in an involuntary guilty plea. He also contends that the trial court erred in excluding

him from the court room during the testimony of his former attorney. 

Under Tennessee law, post-conviction relief may be granted when the

conviction is void or voidable because it was obtained in violation of any right

guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of the United

States. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-105 (1990) (repealed May 10, 1995). In order to

sustain a post-conviction petition, an appellant must prove the allegations of

constitutional violations by a preponderance of the evidence.4 Clark v. State, 800

S.W.2d 500, 506 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). This court may not reweigh or reevaluate

the evidence, and we defer to the trial court’s resolution of questions concerning the

credibility of witnesses and the weight and value of their testimony. Black v. State,

794 S.W.2d 752, 755 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). When reviewing the dismissal of

a post-conviction petition, this court must affirm the judgment of the trial court

unless the evidence in the record preponderates against the judgment. Cooper v.

State, 849 S.W.2d 744, 746 (Tenn.1993). With these standards in mind, we

address the issues presented.

The trial court found that the petitioner had not met his burden of

proving the allegations in the petition by a preponderance of the evidence.

Specifically, the court found that defense counsel (1) took adequate steps to ensure

that the petitioner understood the plea, (2) met with the petitioner at least seven

times, (3) had access to all the witness statements, and (4) had assigned the case
5

to an investigator. The trial judge also found that the petitioner was able to

communicate with his attorney and to participate in the plea bargaining process, that

there was no evidence that the petitioner was unable to appreciate the nature of his

position or the consequences of his plea, and that the trial judge and defense

counsel had both advised the petitioner that he was being sentenced as a Range

II offender. 

When an appeal challenges the effective assistance of counsel, the

appellant has the burden of establishing (1) deficient representation and (2)

prejudice resulting from that deficiency. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

686, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2065 (1984); Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn.

1975). Deficient representation occurs when counsel provides assistance that falls

below the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. Bankston

v. State, 815 S.W.2d 213, 215 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). Prejudice is the

reasonable likelihood that, but for deficient representation, the outcome of the

proceedings would have been different. Overton v. State, 874 S.W.2d 6, 11 (Tenn.

1994). On review, there is a strong presumption of satisfactory representation. Barr

v. State, 910 S.W.2d 462, 464 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). As to guilty pleas, the

petitioner must establish a reasonable probability that, but for the errors of counsel,

he would not have entered into the plea. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59, 106 S.

Ct. 366, 370 (1985); Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d 334, 349 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994);

Wilson v. State, 899 S.W.2d 648, 653 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). 

A reviewing court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's

conduct falls within the range of reasonable professional assistance and must

evaluate counsel's performance from counsel's perspective at the time of the

alleged error and in light of the totality of the evidence. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695,

104 S. Ct. at 2068-2069. The petitioner must demonstrate that there is a

reasonable probability that but for counsel's deficient performance, the result of the

proceeding would have been different. Id. In this case, Carter has not carried his
6

burden of showing that he would not have pleaded guilty but for the alleged errors

of counsel.

The proof in the record strongly supports the trial judge’s findings. As

the trial judge noted, a trial court may grant relief only when the conviction or

sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgement of a constitutional right.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-105 (1990) (repealed May 10, 1995). A sentencing issue

is not a constitutional issue and cannot serve as the basis for post-conviction relief.

McKinley v. State, 910 S.W.2d 465, 466 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Moreover, if,

pursuant to a plea bargain, a petitioner agrees to be sentenced in a higher range

than is required by law, a trial court may legally impose such a sentence. State v.

Mahler, 735 S.W.2d 226, 228 (Tenn. 1987). 

 In this case, the gravamen of Carter’s complaint is that his attorney

failed to clarify the confusion that existed on the negotiated plea agreement form.

Apparently, in one place the form states that the sentence is a “Range I” sentence;

in another it shows the release eligibility date as 35%. Carter contends that he did

not understand that he had agreed to serve 35% of his sentence. On the other

hand, both defense counsel and the transcript of the submission hearing indicate

that he was properly informed. At the hearing, the assistant public defender

explained that he had corrected the 30% to 35% prior to reading the form to the

petitioner but that he had neglected to change the “Range I” portion. During the trial

judge’s colloquy with the petitioner, the judge told the petitioner that he would serve

35% of his sentence before he became eligible for parole. The petitioner

acknowledged that he understood the sentence he was receiving. The trial court

credited the statement of defense counsel and the evidence contained in the record.

The record supports a conclusion that the petitioner was well aware of and had

consented to the enhancement of the sentencing range. That finding, therefore, is

conclusive on appeal. See Brooks v. State, 756 S.W.2d 288, 289 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1988).
7

The evidence also does not preponderate against the trial judge’s

findings that the attorney adequately investigated the case, that the petitioner had

ample opportunity to communicate with his attorney, and that he was able to

participate in the plea bargaining process. Moreover, nothing in the record, except

the petitioner’s own testimony at the post-conviction hearing, indicates that he was

suffering from confusion about his re-indictment or the difference between a Range

I and a Range II sentence. The trial court did not err in finding that the defense

counsel’s services were within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in

criminal cases. See Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). 

The record also supports the conclusion that the petitioner knowingly

and voluntarily entered his guilty plea. The judge’s colloquy at the submission

hearing substantially complies with the requirements of Rule 11 of the Tennessee

Rules of Criminal Procedure. State v. Newsome, 778 S.W.2d 34, 36 (Tenn. 1989).

The trial court’s advice satisfies the constitutions of both the United States and the

State of Tennessee, and the trial judge carefully observed the additional procedures

imposed by our supreme court in Mackey v. State, 553 S.W.2d 337 (Tenn. 1977),

and McClintock v. State, 732 S.W.2d 268 (Tenn. 1987). After a thorough review of

the record on appeal, we find that the petitioner knowingly and voluntarily entered

his guilty plea to second-degree murder.

One further issue awaits our consideration. The petitioner complains

about the trial court improperly removing him from the courtroom before the

evidentiary hearing was concluded. He contends that his removal prevented him

from assisting his attorney during cross-examination of the state’s only witness and

deprived him of a full and fair hearing in his case. The state concedes that the trial

court erred in denying post-conviction counsel’s request that the petitioner be

returned to the courtroom. However, the state also contends that the error was

harmless in this instance. We agree.
5

Parenthetically, we note that Clark was not just a “witness” at the hearing. 

He was a party to the proceedings.

6

In fairness to the trial judge, we note that the hearing in this matter was

held on June 6, 1996 and the Scott opinion was filed on August 2. 

8

Although a post-conviction petitioner has no inherent constitutional

or statutory right to be present at all stages of the hearing, the mere fact that the

constitution does not command his presence does not necessarily justify his

removal. Scott v. State, 936 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996), perm. app.

denied (Tenn. 1996). In Scott, this court stated:

Given the fact that a post-conviction petitioner

has the burden of proof, the right to appear and testify

when disputed facts are at issue may well include the

need for rebuttal testimony to respond to unexpected

details of evidence presented through the testimony of

others. Thus, absent some appropriate justification for

removal, a petitioner appearing at an evidentiary

proceeding pursuant to the Post-Conviction Procedure

Act should be allowed to remain through the remainder

of the presentation of evidence.

Id. As in Scott, the record does not indicate that the petitioner was disruptive, was

a special security risk, or had a detrimental impact on the available facilities.

Therefore, we conclude that the trial court should have allowed Carter to return to

the courtroom.5 However, as Clark has not pointed to any specific failure or

weakness in his attorney’s cross-examination that resulted from his removal, and

as our review of the record has failed to uncover any evidence of harm, we

conclude that the error was harmless.6

For the reasons discussed in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of

the trial court.

__________________________

CURWOOD WITT, Judge

CONCUR:

______________________________

JOE B. JONES, Presiding Judge
9

______________________________

JERRY L. SMITH, Judge