PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 17-2399

SIERRA CLUB, INC.; APPALACHIAN VOICES; WILD VIRGINIA, INC.,

Petitioners,

v.

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

AGRICULTURE,

Respondents,

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

 Intervenor.

------------------------------

CHEROKEE FOREST VOICES; THE CLINCH COALITION; GEORGIA 

FORESTWATCH; MOUNTAINTRUE,

 Amici Supporting Petitioner.

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the United States Forest Service.

No. 18-1012

THE WILDERNESS SOCIETY; PRESERVE CRAIG, INC.; SAVE MONROE, 

INC.,

 Petitioners,
2

v.

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

AGRICULTURE,

 Respondents,

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

 Intervenor.

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the United States Forest Service.

No. 18-1019

SIERRA CLUB, INC.; APPALACHIAN VOICES; WILD VIRGINIA, INC.,

 Petitioners,

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR; UNITED STATES 

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE; 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

 Respondents,

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

 Intervenor.

------------------------------

CHEROKEE FOREST VOICES; THE CLINCH COALITION; GEORGIA 

FORESTWATCH; MOUNTAINTRUE,

 Amici Supporting Petitioner.
3

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the Bureau of Land Management. (VAES-058143; WV-ES-058142)

No. 18-1036

THE WILDERNESS SOCIETY; PRESERVE CRAIG, INC.; SAVE MONROE, 

INC.,

 Petitioners,

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR; UNITED STATES 

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE; 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

 Respondents,

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE, LLC,

 Intervenor.

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the Bureau of Land Management. (VA-ES058143; WV-ES-058142)

Argued: May 8, 2018 Decided: July 27, 2018

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and TRAXLER, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.

Petitions granted, vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge Thacker wrote the 

opinion, in which Chief Judge Gregory and Judge Traxler joined.

ARGUED: Nathan Matthews, SIERRA CLUB ENVIRONMENTAL LAW PROGRAM, 

Oakland, California, for Petitioners. Kevin William McArdle, UNITED STATES 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondents. George Peter 

Sibley, III, HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for Intervenor. 
4

ON BRIEF: Elizabeth Fay Benson, SIERRA CLUB ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 

PROGRAM, Oakland, California, for Petitioners Sierra Club, Wild Virginia, and 

Appalachian Voices. Tammy L. Belinsky, Copper Hill, Virginia, for Petitioners The 

Wilderness Society, Preserve Craig, and Save Monroe. Jeffrey H. Wood, Acting 

Assistant Attorney General, Eric Grant, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, J. David 

Gunter II, Emily A. Polachek, Environment & Natural Resources Division, UNITED 

STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; John Henson, Haninah 

Levine, Office of the Solicitor, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE 

INTERIOR, Washington, D.C.; Jay McWhirter, Sarah Kathmann, Office of the General 

Counsel, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Washington, D.C., 

for Respondents. Kevin S. Elliker, HUNTON ANDREWS KURTH LLP, Richmond, 

Virginia; Thomas C. Jensen, Washington, D.C., Murray D. Feldman, Boise, Idaho, 

Sandra A. Snodgrass, HOLLAND & HART LLP, Denver, Colorado, for Intervenor. J. 

Patrick Hunter, Austin D. Gerken, Jr., Amelia Y. Burnette, Asheville, North Carolina; 

Gregory Buppert, SOUTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CENTER, Charlottesville, 

Virginia, for Amici Curiae.
5

THACKER, Circuit Judge:

In this case, we address petitions seeking review of two federal agency decisions. 

The first is the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”)’s decision granting a right of way

through federal land for construction and operation of a pipeline proposed by Mountain 

Valley Pipeline, LLC (“MVP”). The second is the United States Forest Service (“Forest 

Service”)’s decision to amend the Jefferson National Forest Land Resource Management 

Plan to accommodate the right of way and pipeline construction. Sierra Club, Inc.; 

Appalachian Voices; Wild Virginia, Inc.; the Wilderness Society; Preserve Craig, Inc.; 

and Save Monroe, Inc. (collectively, “Petitioners”) claim that by these decisions, the 

federal agencies violated the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), the Mineral 

Leasing Act (“MLA”), and the National Forest Management Act (“NFMA”). 

After careful review, we conclude that aspects of the Forest Service’s decision fail 

to comply with NEPA and the NFMA. As more fully explained below, we grant the 

petition challenging the Forest Service’s decision and vacate that decision. We also 

conclude that the BLM failed to acknowledge its obligations under the MLA, and 

therefore, we also grant the petition challenging the BLM decision and vacate that 

decision. We remand to the respective agencies for further proceedings consistent with 

this opinion.
6

I.

A.

The Pipeline Project and FERC 

MVP plans to construct, operate, and maintain approximately 303.5 miles of new 

underground, 42-inch diameter pipeline extending from Wetzel County, West Virginia, to 

Pittsylvania County, Virginia. The trench for the pipeline will be at least 54 inches wide 

and 5.5 to 9 feet deep. Construction will involve “remov[ing] trees, shrubs, brush, roots, 

and large rocks” and will initially require a 75-foot to 125-foot right of way for 

construction purposes, and a subsequent 50-foot right of way for at least 30 years to 

accommodate the pipeline’s operation. J.A. 102–03, 107.

1

 

On October 13, 2017, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) 

issued a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity for MVP’s pipeline project

(“Certificate”). Pursuant to the Natural Gas Act (“NGA”), a natural gas company is not 

permitted to undertake construction of a pipeline unless FERC first issues a Certificate 

authorizing such construction. See 15 U.S.C. § 717f(c)(1)(A). Before doing so, in most 

cases FERC “shall set the matter for hearing and shall give such reasonable notice of the 

hearing thereon to all interested persons as in its judgment may be necessary under 

[FERC’s] rules and regulations.” Id. § 717f(c)(1)(B). FERC also “shall have the power 

to attach to the issuance of the certificate and to the exercise of the rights granted 

 1 Citations to the “J.A.” refer to the Corrected Deferred Joint Appendix filed by 

the parties in this appeal.
7

thereunder such reasonable terms and conditions as the public convenience and necessity 

may require.” Id. § 717f(e). Petitioners do not challenge FERC’s issuance of the 

Certificate in this case.

FERC was also required to issue an Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”).2

 

Pursuant to NEPA, when a federal agency proposes to take a “major Federal action[] 

significantly affecting the quality of the human environment,” the agency must prepare a 

detailed EIS describing the likely environmental effects, “adverse environmental effects

which cannot be avoided,” and potential alternatives to the proposal. 42 U.S.C. 

§ 4332(C). Multiple agencies may cooperate to issue an EIS, but a “lead agency” is 

usually designated. 7 C.F.R. § 3407.11(a).

3

 Where an interstate gas pipeline is involved, 

FERC acts as the lead NEPA agency. See 15 U.S.C. § 717n(b)(1); see also EarthReports, 

Inc. v. FERC, 828 F.3d 949, 953 (D.C. Cir. 2016). Here, the BLM and the Forest Service 

served as cooperating agencies and ultimately adopted the EIS. 

 2 The issues in this case concern both the draft EIS and the final EIS. Unless 

otherwise noted, the acronym “EIS” in this opinion refers to the final Environmental 

Impact Statement issue by FERC. 

3 This regulation provides, “If more than one Federal agency participates in a 

program activity, a lead agency shall be selected . . . . The lead agency, in full 

cooperation with all participating agencies, shall assume responsibility for involving the 

public . . . and shall prepare the EIS or shall cause the EIS to be prepared . . . .” 7 C.F.R. 

§ 3407.11(a).
8

B.

The Pipeline Project and the BLM

It is not enough, however, that FERC issued a Certificate and an EIS. Because 

portions of the proposed pipeline route cross federally owned lands, MVP was also 

required to obtain rights of way and temporary use permits from the federal government 

to construct and operate the pipeline on those lands. The proposed right of way will cross 

land managed by two different agencies -- the Forest Service (3.6 miles or approximately 

83 acres of the Jefferson National Forest in West Virginia and Virginia) and the Army 

Corps of Engineers (60 feet of the Weston and Gauley Bridge Turnpike Trail in Braxton

County, West Virginia) -- which means the Department of the Interior is responsible for 

issuing rights of way and attendant permits. See 30 U.S.C. § 185(c)(2) (“Where the 

surface of the Federal lands involved is administered by . . . two or more Federal 

agencies, the Secretary [of the Interior] is authorized, after consultation with the agencies 

involved, to grant or renew rights-of-way or permits through the Federal lands 

involved.”). In situations involving oil and gas pipeline rights of way, the Department of 

the Interior has delegated that authority to the BLM. See 36 C.F.R. § 251.54(b)(3). 

Importantly, the BLM must have the concurrence of the Forest Service and the Army 

Corps of Engineers in order to grant the necessary rights of way or permits. See 30 

U.S.C. § 185(c)(2); 43 C.F.R. § 2884.26.4

 4 The Army Corps of Engineers is not a party to this case.
9

On December 20, 2017 -- upon review of the pertinent regulations, FERC’s EIS, 

and public comments, and with the concurrence of the Forest Service and the Corps of 

Engineers -- the BLM issued a Rule of Decision (“ROD”) granting a 30 year, 50-foot 

operational right of way and associated temporary use permits across 3.6 miles of the 

Jefferson National Forest. The BLM explicitly adopted the EIS and “prepared th[e] ROD 

based on information contained” therein. J.A. 574.

C.

The Pipeline Project and the Forest Service

In addition to the Certificate, EIS, and right of way, MVP was also required to 

ensure compliance with a Land Resource Management Plan governing the Jefferson 

National Forest (the “Jefferson Forest Plan”). Pursuant to the NFMA, any plans, permits, 

or contracts for use of the Jefferson National Forest “shall be consistent with” the 

Jefferson Forest Plan. 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i). Here, it is undisputed that the pipeline 

project, as proposed, is not consistent with certain aspects of that plan. See J.A. 1280 

(Forest Service ROD: “[A]mendment [to the Jefferson Forest Plan] is needed because the 

MVP Project cannot achieve several Forest Plan standards . . . .”). In such a case, the 

Forest Service has four options: 

(1) modify the proposed project to make it consistent with the 

Forest Plan; (2) reject the proposal; (3) amend the Forest Plan 

so that the project would be consistent with the plan as 

amended; or (4) amend the Forest Plan simultaneously with 

the approval of the project so the project would be consistent 

with the plan as amended[.] [Such amendments] may be 

limited to apply only to the project. 
10

J.A. 1271 (citing 36 C.F.R. § 219.15(c) (offering these four options if “a proposed project 

. . . would not be consistent with the application plan components”)). In its ROD filed on

December 1, 2017, the Forest Service decided it would select option four above and 

amend the Jefferson Forest Plan such that the MVP project would be consistent with that 

plan, but those amendments would only apply to the MVP project.

D.

The Pipeline Project and Review of Agency Decisions

Petitioners seek review of the BLM and Forest Service RODs, and we possess 

jurisdiction to review them pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act, see 5 U.S.C. 

§§ 701–06, and the NGA, see 15 U.S.C. § 717r(d)(1) (“The United States Court of 

Appeals for the circuit in which a [natural gas] facility . . . is proposed to be constructed, 

expanded, or operated shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction over any civil action 

for the review of an order or action of a Federal agency . . . to issue, condition, or deny 

any permit, license, concurrence, or approval . . . required under Federal law . . . .”).

II.

We may “‘hold unlawful and set aside [a federal] agency action’ for certain 

specified reasons, including whenever the challenged act is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an 

abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law.’” Friends of Back Bay 

v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 681 F.3d 581, 586–87 (4th Cir. 2012) (quoting 5 U.S.C. 

§ 706(2)(A)). 

An agency’s decision is arbitrary and capricious if the agency 

relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to 

consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the 
11

problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs 

counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so 

implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in 

view or the product of agency expertise.

Defs. of Wildlife v. N.C. Dep’t of Transp., 762 F.3d 374, 396 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting

Motor Vehicle Mnfs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)). 

III.

Petitioners raise a host of alleged violations of NEPA, the NFMA, and the MLA. 

We address each of these Acts and alleged violations in turn. 

A.

The National Environmental Policy Act

Congress enacted NEPA, in part, “to reduce or eliminate environmental damage.” 

Dep’t of Transp. v. Pub. Citizen, 541 U.S. 752, 756 (2004). “NEPA itself does not 

mandate particular results in order to accomplish these ends,” but rather, “imposes only 

procedural requirements on federal agencies with a particular focus on requiring agencies 

to undertake analyses of the environmental impact of their proposals and actions.” Id. at 

756–57 (internal quotation marks omitted). NEPA’s procedures require that agencies 

“take a hard look at environmental consequences” and “provide for broad dissemination 

of relevant environmental information.” Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, 

490 U.S. 332, 350 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

As explained above, FERC, as lead agency for natural gas pipeline projects, 

issued the EIS. Nonetheless, the Forest Service and the BLM may adopt FERC’s EIS, 

but only if the EIS “meets the standards for an adequate statement” under pertinent 
12

regulations, 40 C.F.R. § 1506.3(a), and only if the agencies undertake “an independent 

review of the statement” and determine that their “comments and suggestions have been 

satisfied,” id. § 1506.3(c); see also Hughes River Watershed Conservancy v. Glickman, 

81 F.3d 437, 445 & n.6 (4th Cir. 1996).

1.

Erosion and Sedimentation5

We begin with Petitioners’ argument that the Forest Service violated NEPA by 

adopting and relying upon the EIS’s analysis of erosion and sedimentation effects in the 

Jefferson National Forest. See, e.g., J.A. 1269 (Forest Service ROD “adopt[ing] the 

environmental analysis prepared by FERC”); id. at 1274 (“All design features and 

mitigation measures described in the []EIS that are applicable to N[ational] F[orest] 

S[ervice] land are incorporated by reference into [the ROD].”). Specifically, Petitioners 

contend that the “EIS is invalid[.] [It] fails to take the required hard look at impacts 

within Jefferson National Forest.” Pet’rs’ Br. 2.6

 

 5 Erosion is defined as the “removal of surface material from the Earth’s crust, 

primarily soil and rock debris, and the transportation of the . . . materials by natural 

agencies (such as water or wind) from the point of removal.” Erosion, Encyclopaedia 

Brittanica: Geology, https://www.britannica.com/science/erosion-geology (enclosed as 

PDF attachment). Sedimentation is defined as the “process of deposition of a solid 

material,” or sediment, “from a state of suspension or solution in a fluid,” here, the 

waters in the vicinity of the Jefferson National Forest. Sedimentation, Encyclopaedia 

Brittanica: Geology, https://www.britannica.com/science/sedimentation-geology

(enclosed as PDF attachment). 

6 We decline to address any arguments by Petitioners that seek to challenge 

FERC’s actions in composing the EIS. FERC is not a party to this case, and such 

challenges are being made elsewhere, via the FERC rehearing process, see FERC-CP 16-

(Continued)
13

a.

The Hydrologic Report

In assessing the impacts of erosion and sedimentation that would occur as a result 

of pipeline construction and operation in the Jefferson National Forest, FERC relied on a 

report entitled “Hydrologic Analysis of Sedimentation,” see J.A. 234–36, which was 

prepared by MVP and attached to the EIS, see id. at 297–327 (Appendix O–3) (the 

“Hydrologic Report”). 

There were three drafts of the Hydrologic Report. The first was completed on 

June 7, 2016, and released to the public on July 25, 2016. See J.A. 1311–26. Although 

that report observed that pipeline construction in the Jefferson National Forest “has 

potential to introduce temporary excess sediment into waterways . . . which may result in 

changes to water quality and potentially temporarily impact aquatic biota,” id. at 1313, it 

also noted that the results in the analysis “represent[ed] a worst case scenario” because 

the first draft did not address erosion and sediment control measures or best management 

practices (“BMP”s) that would reduce sedimentation effects, id. at 1324. The Forest 

Service promptly filed comments to the first draft on August 16, 2016. One of its main 

concerns was that the draft “treats the [sedimentation] disturbance as a single-year 

 

10-000, and in the D.C. Circuit, see Appalachian Voices v. FERC, No. 17-1271 (D.C. Cir. 

filed Dec. 22, 2017). In this matter, we address only the arguments that the Forest 

Service and the BLM failed to comply with applicable regulations in adopting and 

relying upon the EIS. 
14

occurrence.” Id. at 1330. It asked MVP to “estimate when (if ever) sediment yields 

return to pre-disturbance levels.” Id. 

MVP then submitted a second draft of the Hydrologic Report on March 3, 2017. 

See J.A. 297–327. It addressed the Forest Service’s concern and explained that sediment 

yields would reach a “new sediment equilibrium” within approximately four to five years 

from the start of the project, which for “the majority of streams” would represent one 

percent or less increase in sedimentation load over baseline conditions. Id. at 323. But it 

also predicted a new sediment equilibrium in excess of 10 percent over baseline for 

“several streams within the New River drainage.” Id. 

The second draft also considered BMPs and containment measures such as 

sediment basins, traps, and barriers,7 and it attempted to determine a proper estimate of 

reduction in sediment load expected from those measures. It explained that “performance 

estimates vary widely among studies with some estimates as low as 55 percent . . . [and 

some] as high as 99 percent.” J.A. 310. The second draft of the report also cited to a 

2007 study from the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), which concluded that 

with the use of sediment basins, “annual average sediment reductions ranged from 77 to 

93 percent.” Id. The second draft cited still another study, a 2014 Master’s thesis

 7 Sediment basins and traps “are designed to promote settling of sediment by 

reducing flow velocities.” J.A. 310. Sediment barriers, such as silt fences, “are installed 

to intercept and detain sediment from disturbed areas and to decrease the velocity of sheet 

flows.” Id. at 311. Sheet flow is when water “flow[s] overland as a sheet instead of in 

definite channels or rills.” Sheet erosion, Encyclopaedia Britannica: Geology, 

https://www.britannica.com/science/sheet-erosion (enclosed as PDF attachment). 
15

examining sediment barriers “evaluated containment at a variety of slopes and rainfall 

events and found that overall average projected performance efficiency ranged from 48 to 

87 percent with a mean and median of 79 and 86 percent, respectively.” Id. at 311. In 

light of this data, the second draft concluded that 79% containment would be a proper 

figure to use “to model the benefits of erosion and sediment control practices” expected 

for the pipeline project. Id. 

The second draft also grappled with setting a proper exceedance threshold for 

impact of sedimentation on waterbodies. Ultimately, it decided to utilize a “commonly 

used impact threshold” of 10% “to assess potential changes associated with 

sedimentation.” J.A. 314–15. It then delineated streams and downstream waterbodies 

within the vicinity of the pipeline route with expected sediment loads or sediment 

increases of “10 percent or greater.” Id. at 319, 322. Initially, the Forest Service 

expressed concern with this analysis, especially with regard to Threatened and 

Endangered Species (“TES”). At an April 6, 2017 meeting with consultants who 

composed the report, Forest Service officials expressed concern that “organisms respond 

differently to increases in sedimentation, and a 10% impact threshold to determine when 

impacts would occur is likely not relevant.” Id. at 1357–58. 

The Forest Service filed comments to the second draft on April 25, 2017, and

conveyed apprehension with both the 79% and 10% figures. It explained:

• “Since many of the literature citations [offered in the second 

draft] are laboratory based and proper installation is widely 

understood in the industry to be a limiting factor for 

effectiveness in the field, [79%] is a vast overestimate of 

containment. It is more appropriate to err on the side of the 
16

worst case scenario, rather than the best case. Update the 

analysis to reflect a . . . factor, equal to or less than 48% 

containment.” J.A. 1361.

• “The commonly used threshold of 10% may be a valid 

assumption for [areas that] meet[] water quality standards or 

do not contain sensitive aquatic biota. However, in 

downstream areas where TES aquatic species are present, it 

is important to further evaluate cumulative impacts less than 

10% increase in sediment load, particularly if construction 

may coincide with low flow conditions. . . . Update the 

analysis to include cumulative effects delineation for Stony 

Creek and Craig Creek [both of which contain TES], and 

track updates (where appropriate) in the tables and figures.” 

J.A. 1362. The Forest Service also explained, “If there are 

impacts to sensitive species the F[orest] S[ervice] must 

analyze the significance of adverse effects on the 

populations, its habitat, and on the viability of the species as 

a whole.” Id.

After the Forest Service filed these comments, representatives of the Forest 

Service and MVP met on May 9, 2017, to discuss the Forest Service’s concerns. During 

that meeting, MVP representatives expressed “concern[] that lowering the containment 

value from 79% to 48% . . . would have ramifications for the entire project analysis and 

would not accurately reflect the work that MVP has already done.” J.A. 1363 (emphasis 

supplied). A representative from Environmental Solutions & Innovations, the company 

that completed the Hydrologic Report, explained that “the 79% containment figure was 

based on a field test thesis paper study,” and thus, was not strictly laboratory based. Id. 

In turn, the Forest Service urged MVP to provide “additional supporting 

documentation for how MVP came up with their model assumptions, in particular 

containment efficiency.” J.A. 1363. One of the Forest Service officials “stressed” that 
17

“good plans aren’t enough and must be bolstered by consistent monitoring and accurate 

implementation.” Id. at 1364. 

On June 21, 2017, MVP responded to the Forest Service’s concerns with the 

second draft of the Hydrologic Report, and submitted a third and final Hydrologic 

Report. See J.A. 1374–81 (response to comments), 1384–1420 (final draft), 1422–37 

(appendix with methods used in final analysis). As to the Forest Service’s sedimentation 

concerns, MVP sent the Forest Service copies of the following studies: The Performance 

Evaluation of Two Silt Fence Geosynthetic Fabrics During and After Rainfall Event, the 

2014 Master’s thesis mentioned above by Gregg Steven Dubinski; a turbidity monitoring 

study completed by the United States Geological Survey; details regarding site specific 

erosion control measures along Craig Creek; and “additional details supporting various 

aspects of the analysis.” J.A. 1377–78. It also responded to the Forest Service comments 

as follows:

• The 79% containment value: The studies provided to the 

Forest Service “use both field and laboratory investigations 

. . . to provide a range of efficiencies that are reasonably 

attainable. The 79% containment is not the best-case 

scenario, but rather the mean reported value for both silt 

fences and compost filter socks, two predominant controls 

proposed to be used on the [pipeline right of way].” J.A. 

1378. 

• The 10% sedimentation threshold value: The Hydrologic 

Report “explains that no nationally accepted sedimentation 

standard or exceedance threshold for sediment is available. 

The level of 10 percent was chosen because it was a 

commonly used impact threshold for sediment metrics in a 

review conducted by the [EPA]. Additional detail is 

provided in Section 2.6 of the [Hydrologic Report].” J.A. 

1381. Section 2.6 of the third Hydrologic Report, in turn, 
18

contains a soil loss and sediment delivery analysis, and 

explains that “[f]rom a sensitive-species perspective, a 10 

percent increase over background would likely be within 

the normal variance experienced in a stream system” and 

“natural variation in streams is relatively high”; thus, 

“detecting sediment increases in streams is fairly difficult.” 

Id. at 1405. 

The very next day, June 22, 2017, FERC released the EIS, which incorporated and 

relied upon the second draft of the Hydrologic Report.

8

 Specifically, the EIS stated the 

following:

• In the commentary process, the Forest Service expressed 

concern “regarding the potential for increased 

sedimentation caused by erosion of exposed soil . . . to 

affect the waterbodies crossed by the [pipeline] within the 

Jefferson National Forest and impact downstream 

resources.” J.A. 234.

• To address these concerns, MVP “commissioned a 

sedimentation model to assess the extent of sedimentation 

that could occur during construction within [certain] 

subwatersheds that intersect the Jefferson National Forest 

boundaries and the project area.” J.A. 234–35. 

• This “model” resulted in the conclusion that catchments in 

certain subwatersheds “would likely experience increases 

in sediment yield over baseline conditions during 

construction, restoration, and operation.” J.A. 235. Such 

sedimentation “would likely be transported into 

downstream waterbodies.” Id. 

• The model also indicated that “construction could increase 

sedimentation, when accounting for [MVP’s] erosion and 

sediment control methods, by more than 10 percent along 

sections of Craig Creek and [certain other headwater 

 8 The third and final draft of the Hydrologic Report became available on FERC’s 

docket on June 30, 2017. 
19

streams and tributaries, and subwatersheds].” J.A. 235. 

Impacts on the streams would be “greatest during the 

active construction phase of the project.” Id. 

• Although the Hydrologic Report suggested that sediment 

loads would reach a “new sediment equilibrium” of one 

percent or less increase in sediment load within 

approximately four to five years, it also predicted “a new 

sediment equilibrium in excess of 10 percent over baseline 

for streams within [two certain] subwatersheds.” J.A. 

235. 

Nearly six months later, the Forest Service issued its ROD, adopting the EIS, and 

presumably relying on the third and final Hydrologic Report. Of note, the Forest Service 

did not provide any discussion as to how its concerns with regard to the second draft had 

been alleviated, and did not explain how the EIS was an adequate statement even though 

it relied on the second draft, not the third. The ROD states merely, “Forest Service 

hydrology and aquatic biology specialists reviewed the [Hydrologic Report] and . . . 

enlisted expertise from local, certified consultants to validate results.” J.A. 1279.

b.

Forest Service’s Adoption of the EIS’s Analysis

The Forest Service may adopt FERC’s EIS only if it undertakes “an independent 

review of the [EIS]” and “concludes that its comments and suggestions have been 

satisfied.” 40 C.F.R. § 1506.3(c). It must also ensure that the EIS is “adequate” under 

NEPA regulations. Id. § 1506.3(a); see also Hughes River Watershed, 81 F.3d at 445 & 

n.6. Our responsibility is to “determine whether the [agency] has considered the relevant 

factors and articulated a rational connection between the facts found and the choice 

made.” Balt. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 462 U.S. 87, 105 (1983). 
20

The agency’s decision is arbitrary and capricious if it “entirely failed to consider an 

important aspect of the problem” or “offered an explanation for its decision that runs 

counter to the evidence before the agency.” Defs. of Wildlife, 762 F.3d at 396 (internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

i.

Independent Review and Comments Satisfied?

First, we discern no evidence that the Forest Service undertook the required 

independent review of the EIS’s sedimentation analysis. Nor can we ascertain how the 

Forest Service concluded that its comments had been satisfied, especially after having 

expressed such grave concerns about the sedimentation impact and containment figures 

presented in the second draft of the Hydrologic Report. The Forest Service suggests the 

written comments from MVP after the second draft, and the Forest Service’s ROD 

months later, demonstrate that the concerns had been alleviated. See Resp’ts’ Br. 38. 

MVP counsel likewise explained at oral argument, “[T]he court can certainly discern the 

rationale” for the Forest Service’s ultimate acquiescence to the 79% figure. Oral 

Argument at 39:37–40, Sierra Club v. Forest Service, No. 17-2399 (May 8, 2018)

(hereinafter “Oral Argument”); see also Intervenor’s Br. 19. 

But we certainly cannot discern the Forest Service’s rationale because, as MVP 

counsel admitted at argument, “[The Forest Service] doesn’t say in the record specifically 

that [its proposed 48% figure] is incorrect.” Oral Argument at 39:33–36. Indeed, the 

Forest Service expressed nothing but skepticism of the 79% figure for more than three 

months. In fact, the Forest Service proposed the 48% figure as a ceiling, rather than a 
21

floor or even a desired target, for sediment containment. See J.A. 1361 (proposing a 

figure “equal to or less than 48% containment”). Given the circumstances, we simply 

cannot conclude that the Forest Service undertook an independent review and determined 

that its comments and concerns were satisfied when it shifted from a 48% ceiling to 79% 

with absolutely no explanation. See 40 C.F.R. § 1506.3(c). This shift is particularly 

concerning in light of MVP’s commentary at the May 9 meeting that using the 48% 

figure would have “ramifications for the entire project analysis.” Id. at 1363. MVP’s

counsel attempted to curb this statement at argument. See Oral Argument at 35:55–36:01

(The “ramifications . . . would be to challenge basic practice for dealing with construction 

related impacts.”). But a more logical way to interpret the statement is that MVP was 

troubled that using the 48% figure would undercut other studies and numbers supporting 

the project, causing the entire project to fail or be delayed. 

Moreover, MVP’s June 21, 2017 comments do not support the Forest Service’s 

change in position. For example, in response to concerns about the 79% containment 

figure, MVP states that the figure “is not the best-case scenario, but rather the mean 

reported value for both silt fences and compost filter socks, two predominant controls 

proposed to be used on the [pipeline right of way].” J.A. 1384. Significantly, the Forest 

Service already knew this. See id. at 311 (second draft of Hydrologic Report: “Th[e] 

[79%] value is chosen because it is the mean reported value for both silt fences and 

compost filter socks.”). In response to both the 79% figure and the 10% sedimentation

impact threshold, MVP’s June 21 comments list the Dubinski thesis, one government 

turbidity study, “details” about erosion control on Craig Creek, and “additional support” 
22

that MVP provided to the Forest Service to further explain its rationale. Id. at 1368–69, 

1372. But critically, the Forest Service ROD does not explain how these materials

support the metrics used in the Hydrologic Report, or how they assuage the Forest 

Service’s earlier concerns about TES in the above-threshold subwatersheds.

As to the 10% figure for sediment increase above baseline measures, the EIS 

explains that even when “accounting for [MVP’s] erosion and sediment control 

methods,” construction could increase sedimentation “by more than 10 percent along 

sections of Craig Creek and [other certain headwater streams, tributaries, and 

subwatersheds].” J.A. 235 (emphasis supplied). The EIS also explains that “a new 

sediment equilibrium in excess of 10 percent over baseline for streams within [two 

certain] subwatersheds” would occur as a result of the project. Id. (emphasis supplied).

Yet the Forest Service does not address these points in adopting the EIS, even though it 

earlier explained that (1) “organisms respond differently to increases in sedimentation, 

and a 10% impact threshold to determine when impacts would occur is likely not 

relevant,” id. at 1357–58; and (2) if increase in sediment load leads to “impacts to 

sensitive species,” the Forest Service “must analyze the significance of adverse effects on 

the populations, its habitat, and on the viability of the species as a whole,” id. at 1362.

Indeed, the Forest Service asked MVP to further evaluate the impacts on TES of less than 

10% over the sedimentation baseline, but in response, MVP simply stated that a 10% 

increase “would likely be within the normal variance experienced in a stream system,” 

and “detecting sediment increases in streams is fairly difficult.” J.A. 1405. 
23

ii.

Remand to the Forest Service 

Pursuant to NEPA, we conclude the Forest Service acted arbitrarily and 

capriciously in adopting the sedimentation analysis in the EIS. It did not “articulate[] a 

rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Balt. Gas & Elec., 

462 U.S. at 105. By MVP counsel’s own admission, there is no statement in the ROD 

explaining the Forest Service’s abandonment of its earlier concerns. See Oral Argument 

at 39:33–36 (“[The Forest Service] doesn’t say in the record specifically that [its 

proposed 48% figure] is incorrect.”). Its decision also “runs counter to the evidence 

before the agency.” Defs. of Wildlife, 762 F.3d at 396 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Leading up to the filing of the EIS, the Forest Service expressed steadfast concerns about 

the figures proposed by the Hydrologic Report. But it is not clear whether and how 

MVP’s comments and the studies and reports it provided to the Forest Service alleviated 

those concerns. Finally, FERC incorporated the second draft of the Hydrologic Report in 

the EIS, even though the third and final draft was issued the previous day. There is also

no indication FERC considered the third draft at all, yet the Forest Service adopted the 

EIS anyway. 

Upon remand, the Forest Service should explain its assent to the 79% and 10% 

figures, and also explain how the EIS took a “hard look” at the sedimentation issues 

discussed here considering its reliance on a superseded report with which the Forest 

Service had grave concerns. If supplemental analysis is needed, i.e., regarding the effect 

of aquatic TES, the agency should perform that analysis as well.
24

2.

Forest Effects

Petitioners also contend that the BLM and Forest Service violated NEPA because, 

in adopting the EIS, they did not consider the impact on the forests in considering 

alternative routes and plans. For example, they argue the BLM and the Forest Service 

did not consider whether the core forests through which the right of way passes would

still be part of a contiguous forest patch, or whether alternative routes “would reduce 

visual or scenic impacts.” Pet’rs’ Br. 40. They claim “[m]ore nuanced analyses could 

have addressed other elements of forest quality, such as the shape or ‘depth’ of forest 

patches.” Id. at 36. Thus, Petitioners contend the BLM and Forest Service did not 

recognize that the EIS “fails to justify its conclusion” that none of the alternative routes 

offers a significant environmental advantage. Id. at 43. 

We conclude that Petitioners have not met their “demanding burden” on this issue. 

Almy v. Sebelius, 679 F.3d 297, 307 (4th Cir. 2012). NEPA requires that agencies 

reasonably evaluate a right of way’s impacts on forests and “candidly acknowledge[] its 

risks.” Webster v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 685 F.3d 411, 429 (4th Cir. 2012). “It is of 

course always possible to explore a subject more deeply and to discuss it more 

thoroughly.” Coal. on Sensible Transp., Inc. v. Dole, 826 F.2d 60, 66 (D.C. Cir. 1987). 

The BLM and the Forest Service, through their respective RODs, sufficiently explained 

their methodology and identified the competing factors they weighed in reaching their 

conclusion. They also considered viable alternatives and explained why they are not 

appropriate. 
25

The agencies likewise did not “entirely fail[] to consider an important aspect of the

problem.” Defs. of Wildlife, 762 F.3d at 396. The EIS indicated that the proposed right 

of way would transform approximately 336 acres of adjacent “interior forest” habitat into 

“forest edge” habitat.

9

 J.A. 210. The EIS noted that interior forest “has a higher habitat 

value for some wildlife species, and is generally considered rarer than forest edges which 

have lower habitat value for many species and can be created immediately with 

disturbance.” Id. at 195. It also discussed the pipeline’s potential to fragment interior 

forests. See id. at 224–26. A diagram in the EIS also demonstrates that the proposed 

right of way would transect three core forests that Virginia has rated as having 

“outstanding” or “very high” ecological value. Id. at 199. 

The EIS and the BLM’s ROD also discuss four alternatives to the proposed 

pipeline route, and they specifically address the impact on forest fragmentation. For 

example, Alternative 1, which would be collocated with existing electrical transmission 

lines for around 70 more miles than the proposed route, also “crosses 1.9 fewer miles of 

[National Forest Service] lands, . . . and would impact less interior forest” compared to 

the proposed route. J.A. 604. However, it would also be 20 miles longer, “potentially 

disturbing 336 more acres, and 90 more parcels.” Id. Hybrid Alternative 1A, which 

would cross the forest in a different location, would “be substantially collocated with 

various overhead electric transmission lines,” and would cross 1.8 fewer miles of the 

 9 “Interior forest” is defined in the EIS as “forested areas greater than 300 feet 

from the influence of forest edges or open habitat.” J.A. 195. 
26

Jefferson National Forest and five fewer miles with landslide potential. But it would also 

increase the length of the pipeline by six miles, affect 28 more landowners, and cross 22 

more perennial streams and two more major waterbodies. Id. Hybrid Alternative 1B 

would reduce impacts on interior forests, but would increase the length of the pipeline by 

almost 15 miles and increase the “overall project disturbance.” Id. at 605. And the 

Atlantic Coast Pipeline Collocation Alternative, which would involve the installation of 

the MVP pipeline adjacent to the proposed pipeline route for the Atlantic Coast pipeline 

project, would affect less interior and old growth forest compared to the proposed route. 

But that option would cross 15.6 more miles of Forest Service land, and in many areas, 

there is insufficient space to run the pipelines beside each other, so construction would 

require side slope construction techniques and additional acres of disturbance. The EIS 

also discussed how collocation is desirable because it reduces forest fragmentation. See 

id. at 225 (explaining that collocating the pipeline with an existing right of way “reduces 

the amount of fragmentation and new edges by shifting the existing forest edge as 

opposed to creating a completely new corridor”). 

As for visual impact, the agencies considered this as well, including “potential 

visual impacts . . . both at the [Appalachian Trail] crossing location and from more 

distant viewpoints.” J.A. 152. The EIS acknowledged, however, that a “buffer of 

undisturbed forest on either side of the trail . . . would substantially reduce visual 

impacts.” Id. at 153. The EIS also recognized “[o]ther visual effects could result from 

the removal of large individual trees that have intrinsic aesthetic value.” Id. at 259. But 
27

it also explained measures for ‘minimizing visual effects” and “reducing long-term 

impacts of the permanent right-of-way.” Id. at 271. 

In sum, perhaps the agencies’ analysis could have been more “nuanced,” but the 

agencies did not “entirely fail[] to consider an important aspect of the problem,” and their 

decision was not “implausible.” Defs. of Wildlife., 762 F.3d at 396. We thus defer to the 

agencies’ conclusions on the issue of forest effects.

3. 

Meaningful Analysis

As explained above, an agency may only adopt an EIS if it “meets the standards 

for an adequate [EIS]” under NEPA regulations. 40 C.F.R. § 1506.3(a). One applicable 

regulation applies to Draft Environmental Impact Statements (“DEIS”) and provides:

If a [DEIS] is so inadequate as to preclude meaningful 

analysis, the agency shall prepare and circulate a revised draft 

of the appropriate portion. The agency shall make every 

effort to disclose and discuss at appropriate points in the 

[DEIS] all major points of view on the environmental impacts 

of the alternatives, including the proposed action.

40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(a) (emphasis supplied). In addition, “[n]o material may be 

incorporated by reference unless it is reasonably available for inspection by potentially 

interested persons within the time allowed for comment.” Id. § 1502.21. Petitioners 

contend that the DEIS precluded meaningful comment because (1) it failed to address the 

efficacy of MVP’s Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (the “Control Plan”); (2) its

description of the project’s purpose and need precluded meaningful analysis; (3) it did

not adequately analyze or weigh impacts on forests. See Pet’rs’ Br. 25–29. Therefore, 
28

Petitioners’ claim, the agencies should not have adopted the EIS. We reject each of these 

arguments. 

a.

Time for Comment

First, a DEIS must not be “so inadequate as to preclude meaningful analysis,” and 

any referenced material should be made available “within the time allowed for 

comment.” 40 C.F.R. §§ 1502.9(a), 1502.21. The Control Plan was publicly available on 

the FERC docket during the DEIS comment period. Indeed, Petitioners filed six pages of 

comments on sedimentation issues at the DEIS stage, including a critique of the Control 

Plan itself. Petitioners have not demonstrated that “omissions in the DEIS left the public 

unable to make known its environmental concerns about the project’s impact.” Nat’l 

Comm. for the New River v. FERC, 373 F.3d 1323, 1329 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

b.

Project’s Purpose

Second, a DEIS “shall briefly specify the underlying purpose and need to which 

the agency is responding in proposing alternatives including the proposed action.” 40 

C.F.R. § 1502.13. We have explained, “The statement of a project’s purpose and need is 

left to the agency’s expertise and discretion, and we defer to the agency if the statement is 

reasonable.” All. for Legal Action v. F.A.A., 69 F. App’x 617, 622 (4th Cir. 2003) (per 

curiam) (citing Friends of Se.’s Future v. Morrison, 153 F.3d 1059, 1066–67 (9th Cir.

1998)). We further explained that we should consider “the nature of the proposed federal 

action” informed by “the project sponsor’s goals,” as well as “the goals that Congress has 
29

set for the agency.” Id. On the flip side, “a purpose is unreasonable when the agency 

defines it so narrowly as to allow only one alternative from among the environmentally 

benign ones in the agency’s power, such that the EIS becomes essentially a foreordained 

formality.” Webster, 685 F.3d at 422 (internal quotation marks omitted). It may also be 

unreasonable “if the agency draws [the purpose] so broadly that an infinite number of 

alternatives would accomplish” the project’s goals. Id. (internal quotation marks 

omitted). 

Here, the DEIS explained:

In general, as described by the Applicants, the purpose of . . . 

the MVP . . . is to transport natural gas produced in the 

Appalachian Basin to markets in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, 

and Southeastern United States. Specifically, the MVP would 

deliver the identified gas volumes (2 Bcf/d) to five contracted 

shippers via a pooling point at Transco Station 165 in 

Pittsylvania County, Virginia . . . . 

J.A. 4. It is not clear whether Petitioners are arguing that this statement is too narrow or 

too broad. Nonetheless, we conclude the statement allows for a wide range of 

alternatives but is narrow enough (i.e., it explains where the gas must come from, where 

it will go, how much it would deliver) that there are not an infinite number of 

alternatives. It also reflects the goals Congress set forth in the Natural Gas Act, which 

bestows upon FERC the “power to perform any and all acts . . . to carry out the 

provisions of” the NGA in the transportation of natural gas in interstate commerce. 15 

U.S.C. § 717o; see also id. § 717(b). Although Petitioners would like more detail, 

specifically about the precise final destination of the gas transported through the pipeline, 
30

they have not sufficiently explained how the absence of that detail precluded meaningful 

analysis of the DEIS.

c.

Opportunity to Respond

Third, Petitioners also believe the DEIS did not adequately analyze or weigh 

impacts on forests, and they lacked a meaningful opportunity to respond to an impacts 

analysis. However, the DEIS does discuss the project’s potential to convert interior 

forest to edge forest and to fragment interior forests. See, e.g., J.A. 3, 38–44, 47–49. 

Indeed, Petitioners and others submitted detailed comments on these edge effects and 

fragmentation. See, e.g., id. at 471–75. Clearly, then, there was an opportunity for 

meaningful comment and review, and Petitioners took advantage of it.

4.

Alternatives

Petitioners’ next NEPA argument is that the Forest Service’s ROD is deficient 

because it does not discuss all alternatives examined in FERC’s EIS. Rather, it 

“unlawfully limited its analysis to only two alternatives: MVP’s proposal and the ‘no 

action’ alternative.” Pet’rs’ Br. 60 (citing J.A. 1291). Petitioners claim “[t]his cabined 

analysis violates the Forest Service’s obligation to ‘rigorously explore and objectively 

evaluate all reasonable alternatives.’” Id. at 60–61 (quoting 40 C.F.R. § 1502.14(a))

(emphasis in brief).

NEPA regulations require that a ROD “[i]dentify all alternatives considered by the 

agency in reaching its decision, specifying the alternative or alternatives which were 
31

considered to be environmentally preferable.” 40 C.F.R. § 1505.2(b). The EIS shall

“[r]igorously explore and objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives,” and “[d]evote 

substantial treatment to each alternative considered in detail including the proposed 

action so that reviewers may evaluate their comparative merits.” Id. § 1502.14(a), (b). 

Here, while the Forest Service ROD does not have a separate section addressing 

alternatives, it nonetheless adopts the EIS’s conclusion that the “proposed route 

minimizes the totality of impacts across federal and non-federal lands,” J.A. 1288, and

“[t]he alternatives and variations considered were either not technically feasible or did 

not result in significant environmental advantage over the corresponding proposed route,” 

id. at 1289. 

NEPA regulations require the EIS -- not the ROD -- to “[r]igorously explore and 

objectively evaluate all reasonable alternatives” to the proposed action. 40 C.F.R. 

§ 1502.14(a). Therefore, the Forest Service did not act arbitrarily in failing to tick 

through each alternative and the reasons for rejecting them. By adopting the EIS and 

rendering its decision, it sufficiently “identified” all alternatives considered and 

“specified” that the preferred route was environmentally preferable. Id.. § 1505.2(b). In 

the end, the Forest Service was tasked with determining whether to amend its Forest Plan, 

and whether to join in the BLM’s decision to grant a right of way. It was not tasked with 

approving the project as a whole -- nor could it be under the Natural Gas Act. Therefore, 

this argument fails.

Petitioners also contend that the Forest Service and the BLM acted arbitrarily by 

“conclud[ing] that the no action alternative would not offer environmental benefits.” 
32

Pet’rs’ Br. 63. But the premise underlying this argument is false. In fact, the EIS 

acknowledges that “[c]ompared to the proposed action, the no action alternative would 

offer a significant environmental advantage.” J.A. 116 (emphasis supplied). We reject 

this argument as well.

B.

The National Forest Management Act

We turn next to Petitioners’ arguments under the NFMA. This Act “establishes a 

two-step procedure for managing National Forest System lands.” Am. Wild Horse Pres. 

Campaign v. Perdue, 873 F.3d 914, 919 (D.C. Cir. 2017). First, the Forest Service must 

“develop, maintain, and, as appropriate, revise [Forest Plans],” which provide a 

framework for where and how certain activities can occur in national forests. Id. (quoting 

16 U.S.C. § 1604(a)); see also Sierra Club v. Robertson, 28 F.3d 753, 758 (8th Cir. 

1994). Second, the Forest Service must “ensure that all ‘[r]esource plans and permits, 

contracts, and other instruments for the use and occupancy of National Forest System 

lands’ . . . are ‘consistent with the Forest Plans.’” Id. (quoting 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i))

(alteration omitted). 

The NFMA also provides a process for developing, revising, and amending Forest 

Plans. It charges the Department of Agriculture with promulgating guidelines for Forest 

Plans, which should, inter alia, “insure consideration of the economic and environmental 

aspects of various systems of renewable resource management,” and “provide for 

diversity of plant and animal communities based on the suitability and capability of the 

specific land area.” 16 U.S.C. § 1604(g)(3)(A)–(B). 
33

1.

The 2012 Planning Rule

Under the authority bestowed by the NFMA, the Forest Service has promulgated 

regulations for all Forest Plans. See 36 C.F.R. § 200.3(b) (Secretary of Agriculture 

delegating authority under the NFMA to the Forest Service). In 2012, the Forest Service 

issued the regulations at the heart of this appeal. See Nat’l Forest Sys. Land Mgmt. 

Planning, 77 Fed. Reg. 21162 (April 9, 2012) (the “2012 Planning Rule”). The 2012 

Planning Rule allows forest plans to be amended “at any time.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(a). 

When promulgated, the 2012 Planning Rule stated that amendments to forest plans 

should occur “consistent with the Forest Service NEPA procedures.” Id. § 219.13(b)(3) 

(2012). But it did not elaborate further, which led to “confusion about how responsible 

officials should apply the substantive requirements for sustainability, diversity, multiple 

use and timber set forth in [the 2012 Planning Rule] when amending [earlier] plans.” 

Nat’l Forest Sys. Land Mgmt. Planning, 81 Fed. Reg. 70373-01, at 70374–75 (Oct. 12, 

2016). 

To resolve this confusion, the Forest Service further revised portions of the 2012 

Planning Rule in 2016 (the “2016 Revisions”).10 Specifically, the 2016 Revisions

provide that the Forest Service “shall . . . [d]etermine which specific substantive 

requirement(s) within §§ 219.8 through 219.11 are directly related to the plan direction 

 10 The 2016 Revision took effect Jan. 17, 2017, after initiation of the proceedings 

at issue here. The Forest Service agrees that its final decision was required to comply 

with the revised rule. See J.A. 1272.
34

being added, modified, or removed by the amendment,” and then “apply such 

requirement(s) within the scope and scale of the amendment.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(5) 

(emphasis supplied). Conversely, “[t]he responsible official is not required to apply any 

substantive requirements within §§ 219.8 through 219.11 that are not directly related to 

the amendment.” Id. (emphasis supplied). 

Thus, the issue we consider here turns on whether the requirements in the 2012 

Planning Rule are directly related to the instant Forest Service amendments to the 

Jefferson Forest Plan.

2.

The Jefferson Forest Plan Amendments

In its ROD, the Forest Service explained that it decided to amend the Jefferson 

Forest Plan standards, but only for the limited purpose of construction and operation of 

the MVP pipeline. It made amendments in five categories to accommodate the project: 

(1) utility corridors; (2) soil and riparian; (3) old growth management; (4) Appalachian 

Trail area; (5) and scenic integrity.11 See J.A. 1274–76. For example, following is an 

amendment set forth in the Forest Service ROD, with the bold language applicable only 

for purposes of the MVP pipeline project:

Standard FW-5: On all soils dedicated to growing vegetation, 

the organic layers, topsoil and root mat will be left in place 

over at least 85% of the activity area and revegetation is 

accomplished within 5 years, with the exception of the 

operational right-of-way and the construction zone for the 

 11 Petitioners only challenge the soil and riparian category on this issue. 
35

Mountain Valley Pipeline, for which the applicable [MVP 

proposed] mitigation measures . . . must be implemented. 

Id. at 1274. There are similar Forest Plan standards from which the MVP project is 

exempt, including: (1) no heavy equipment can be used on plastic soils when the water 

table is within 12 inches of the surface or when soil moisture exceeds the plastic limit;12

(2) heavy equipment is operated so that soil indentations, ruts, or furrows are aligned on 

the contour, and the slope of such indentations is 5% or less; (3) management activities 

expose no more than 10% mineral soil in the channeled ephemeral zone;13 (4) 

management activities expose no more than 10% mineral soil within the project area 

riparian corridor.14

 12 Plastic soils are soils that exhibit plastic properties and “will deform without 

shearing (typically silts or clays).” Plastic Soil, Vocabulary Catalog, Environ. Prot. 

Agency, https://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossaries 

andkeywordlists/search.do?details=&vocabName=UST%20Technical%20Terms, Page 5 

of 7 (enclosed as PDF attachment).

13 An ephemeral stream “has flowing water only during, and for a short duration 

after, precipitation events in a typical year. Ephemeral stream beds are located above the 

water table year-round. Groundwater is not a source of water for the stream. Runoff 

from rainfall is the primary source of water for stream flow.” Ephemeral Stream, 

Glossary, Environ. Prot. Agency, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-

02/documents/realestate_glossary.pdf (enclosed as PDF attachment). 

14 Riparian areas are “lands adjacent to streams, lakes, and estuarine-marine 

shorelines. Riparian areas are transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, 

through which surface and subsurface hydrology connects water bodies with their 

adjacent uplands.” Riparian, Glossary, Environ. Prot. Agency, 

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-02/documents/realestate_glossary.pdf

(enclosed as PDF attachment). A riparian corridor, on the other hand, is a Forest Service 

designated prescription area that includes the area in and around water, including the 

highest water mark and around the perimeter of the water source. See Forest Service, 

(Continued)
36

3.

“Directly Related”

Having set forth the amendments to the Jefferson Forest Plan, we must now look 

to whether the 2012 Planning Rule substantive requirements are “directly related” to the 

plan direction added or modified by those amendments. 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(5). 

a. 

Proper Analysis

 In undertaking the “directly related” analysis, an agency’s “determination must 

be based on the purpose for the amendment and the effects (beneficial or adverse) of the 

amendment, and informed by the best available scientific information, scoping, effects 

analysis, monitoring data or other rationale.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(5)(ii) (emphasis 

supplied). In the ROD, the Forest Service states that some 2012 Planning Rule soil and 

riparian substantive requirements are “relevant to th[e] [Jefferson Forest Plan]

amendment”: for example, soil and soil productivity; water resources in the plan area; 

ecological integrity of riparian areas. J.A. 1287 (emphasis supplied). But it nonetheless 

concludes they were not “directly related” to the Planning Rule because, with proposed 

mitigation measures in the plan of development and project design, which “will minimize 

adverse environmental impacts to soils and water resources and riparian areas,” the 

amendment will not cause “substantial adverse effects” or “a substantial lessening of 

 

Definition of Riparian Corridor, https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/

stelprd3834599.pdf (enclosed as PDF attachment). 
37

protections” to soil and water. Id. 

With regard to the directly related analysis, the Department of Agriculture itself 

has explained, “When a specific substantive requirement is associated with either the 

purpose for the amendment or the effects (beneficial or adverse) of the amendment, the 

responsible official must apply that requirement to the amendment.” Nat’l Forest Sys. 

Land Mgmt. Planning, 81 Fed. Reg. 90723-01, 90731 (Dec. 15, 2016) (emphasis 

supplied). We conclude that the only way to read this statement, along with 

§ 219.13(b)(5)(ii), is to require the agency to look to both the purpose and effect of the 

amendment, and if the substantive requirement at issue (i.e., soil, water) is based upon or 

associated with either one, it is directly related. 

In its ROD here, however, the Forest Service failed to analyze the purpose of the 

amendment. Instead, it only analyzed the effects of the amendment. This is an improper 

interpretation of a decidedly unambiguous regulation -- one that, as noted directly above,

the Department of Agriculture had already interpreted to the contrary -- and thus, the 

Forest Service analysis here is entitled to no deference. See Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 

452, 461 (1997) (review of agency’s interpretation of its own regulation “controlling 

unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation” (internal quotation marks 

omitted)); see also Ohio Valley Envtl. Coal. v. Aracoma Coal Co., 556 F.3d 177, 193 (4th 

Cir. 2009) (“In applying . . . Auer deference . . . we must first determine whether the 

regulation itself is unambiguous; if so, its plain language controls.” (internal quotation 

marks omitted)). 
38

b.

Purpose of the Amendment

Thus, we look to the purpose of the amendment, which is determined by “the need 

to change the plan.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(1); see also 81 Fed. Reg. at 90,731. A 

“responsible official” is required to identify that need, 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b), and the 

record is clear that the Forest Service has already done this. The Forest Service

admittedly needed to change the Forest Plan because the MVP project could not meet its 

requirements otherwise. See J.A. 1280 (“The amendment [to the Forest Plan] is needed 

because the MVP Project cannot achieve several Forest Plan standards that are intended 

to protect soil, water, [and] riparian . . . resources.” (emphasis supplied)). Of note,

elsewhere in the ROD, the Forest Service characterizes the purpose of the amendment as 

“ensur[ing] consistency between provisions of the Forest Plan and the proposal to 

construct, operate, and maintain [the pipeline] on National Forest System land.” J.A. 

1284. But there would be no need to “ensure consistency” if the Forest Plan need not be 

amended in the first place. Thus, the clear purpose of the amendment is to lessen 

requirements protecting soil and riparian resources so that the pipeline project could meet 

those requirements. 

Having determined the purpose of the amendment, it is clear the Planning Rule 

sets forth substantive requirements directly related to that purpose: “soil and soil 

productivity” (36 C.F.R. § 219.8(a)(2)(ii)); “water resources” (36 C.F.R. 

§ 219.8(a)(2)(iv)); “the ecological integrity of riparian areas” (36 C.F.R. § 219.8(a)(3)(i)). 

Therefore, there is no question that the 2012 Planning Rule requirements for soil, water, 
39

and riparian resources are directly related to the purpose of the Forest Plan amendment. 

The Forest Service acted arbitrarily and capriciously in concluding otherwise. 

c.

Remand to the Forest Service

Because the soil and riparian Planning Rule requirements are directly related to 

the amendments to the Jefferson Forest Plan, the agency is required to “apply [those]

requirement[s] within the scope and scale of the amendment.” 36 C.F.R. § 219.13(b)(5). 

At base, this means that the Forest Service is required to ensure that amendments to the 

soil and riparian standards in the Jefferson Forest Plan will comply with the NFMA and 

attendant regulations. The Forest Service claims this would be an exercise in futility, as 

the record already demonstrates that the mitigation measures proposed by MVP and 

agreed upon by FERC and the other agencies will ensure that there will be no substantial 

adverse effects to soil and water. However, as explained in our analysis of the 

Hydrologic Report, supra, the record does not support such a conclusion as a matter of 

law. We therefore remand to the Forest Service for proper application of the Planning 

Rule soil and riparian requirements to the Forest Plan amendment.

C.

The Mineral Leasing Act

Finally, we turn to Petitioners’ argument that the BLM violated the MLA in its 

grant of the 3.6 mile right of way across federal land. The Natural Gas Act gives FERC 

the authority over construction and operation of interstate gas pipelines, but it does not 

limit or modify other agencies’ authority or obligations. The MLA regulates the location
40

of interstate pipelines across most federal lands. See 30 U.S.C. § 185(a). This includes 

approving rights of way and easements for the siting of those pipelines. The BLM 

implements the right of way program to “[p]rotect[] the natural resources associated with 

Federal lands”; “[p]revent[] unnecessary or undue degradation to public lands”; and 

“[p]romote[] the use of rights-of-way in common.” 43 C.F.R. § 2881.2(a)–(c). 

1.

Practicality 

The MLA provides, “In order to minimize adverse environmental impacts and the 

proliferation of separate rights-of-way across Federal lands, the utilization of rights-ofway in common shall be required to the extent practical.” 30 U.S.C. § 185(p) (emphasis 

supplied). Petitioners contend the BLM violated its obligations because it “failed to 

demonstrate that alternatives that would make greater use of existing rights-of-way were 

impractical.” Pet’rs’ Br. 45 (emphasis supplied). We agree. Whereas the BLM’s ROD 

adopted and incorporated the EIS’s NEPA alternatives analysis on this issue, it 

nonetheless failed to recognize that the MLA imposes a higher and more specific bar.

The EIS “evaluate[d] a range of reasonable alternatives, as required by NEPA,”

explaining, “The purpose of this evaluation is to determine whether an alternative would 

be preferable to the proposed action.” J.A. 113–14 (emphasis supplied). The EIS used 

the following criteria in considering whether an alternative was “preferable”: (1) whether 

it met “the stated purpose of the project”; (2) whether it was “technically and 

economically feasible and practical”; and (3) whether it “offer[ed] a significant 

environmental advantage over [the] proposed action.” Id. at 114. Importantly, the EIS 
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explained, “Ultimately, an alternative that results in equal or minor advantages in terms 

of environmental impact would not compel [FERC] to shift the impacts from the [set of 

landowners set to be affected by the proposed route] to a new set of landowners.” Id.

Using this criteria, the EIS discussed alternative routes. For example, the 

Columbia Gas of Virginia (“CGV”) Peters Mountain Variation would “follow existing 

rights-of-way . . . cross[ing] approximately 0.8 mile[s] of the Jefferson National Forest.” 

J.A. 149. However, the EIS also explained that this route “would be about 9 miles longer 

than the comparable portion of the proposed route, and would result in approximately 136 

additional acres of construction disturbance.” Id. at 151. Thus, the EIS concluded that 

the CGV alternative route “does not offer a significant environmental advantage when 

compared to the corresponding proposed route.” Id. at 152 (emphasis supplied). The 

BLM’s ROD, like the EIS, considered whether alternatives “offer[ed] a significant

environmental advantage over the proposed pipeline route.” Id. at 603; see also id. at

607. Nowhere, however, does the BLM recognize the MLA’s direction that the 

utilization of rights of way in common “shall be required to the extent practical.” 30 

U.S.C. § 185(p).

However, the BLM contends that its analysis is sufficient, explaining, “The 

comparative analysis in the EIS showed that alternative National Forest crossings along 

existing rights-of-way posed greater practical difficulties without yielding a significant 

environmental advantage.” Resp’ts’ Br. 16. Thus, by incorporating and adopting the 

EIS, the BLM fulfilled its statutory duty to utilize existing rights of way when practical. 

The BLM also argues it has wide discretion to decide, on a case-by-case basis, which
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alternatives are practical. As support for its interpretation, it points to a BLM regulation 

providing that the agency “may . . . restrict new grants to existing right of way corridors 

where safety and other considerations allow.” 43 C.F.R. § 2882.10(b) (emphases 

supplied). And as set forth in the EIS, with regard to alternatives, other factors 

outweighed the environmental benefits of utilizing existing rights of way. 

We disagree with the BLM’s analysis. The agency “entirely failed to consider an 

important aspect of the problem.” Defs. of Wildlife, 762 F.3d at 396. It never decided

that the utilization of an existing right of way would be impractical. Indeed, it never 

even purported to do so. Had the BLM done so, its analysis -- rather than favoring the 

proposed route by rejecting alternatives unless they were substantially better -- would 

have favored routes utilizing existing rights of way unless those alternatives were 

impractical. 

Although the BLM did not make a practicability finding, we are not authorized to 

step in and do so on behalf of the agency, nor may we predict how the agency might have 

made such a finding. See Michigan v. EPA, 135 S. Ct. 2699, 2710 (2015) (“[A] court 

may uphold agency action only on the grounds that the agency invoked when it took the 

action.” (citing SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 87 (1943))). We thus vacate the 

BLM’s decision and remand for consideration of the MLA’s preference for utilizing 

existing rights of way.
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2.

Feasibility

The MLA also requires the BLM to ensure that “activities in connection with the 

right-of-way or permit” comply with “facility siting standards established by or pursuant 

to law.” 30 U.S.C. § 185(h)(2)(B). Petitioners state that one such facility siting standard 

is set forth in the Jefferson Forest Plan and requires that “[w]hen feasible, expansion of 

existing corridors and sites is preferable to designating new sites.” Standard FW-247, 

J.A. 1238. 

Petitioners read this standard as creating an obligation upon the BLM to 

demonstrate that collocation with existing rights of way is infeasible. But the siting 

standard does not appear to apply to the ROD’s determination of the proper route for a 

right of way. Rather, it dictates that the right of way grant would “ensure that activities 

in connection with” the right of way abide by siting standards. See 43 C.F.R. 

§ 2885.11(b)(9)(ii) (providing that applicants who receive a right of way grant from the 

BLM must, “[d]uring construction, operation, maintenance, and termination of the 

project,” “[e]nsure that activities in connection with the grant . . . comply with . . . facility 

siting standards”); see also J.A. 572 (BLM ROD stating that approval of the right of way 

is “subject to terms, conditions, stipulations, and environmental protection measures” 

developed by the Forest Service, which would include the Jefferson Forest Plan). 

Accordingly, the BLM is not required to show that siting alternatives are infeasible under 

the MLA. 
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IV.

MVP’s proposed project would be the largest pipeline of its kind to cross the 

Jefferson National Forest. American citizens understandably place their trust in the 

Forest Service to protect and preserve this country’s forests, and they deserve more than 

silent acquiescence to a pipeline company’s justification for upending large swaths of 

national forestlands. Citizens also trust in the Bureau of Land Management to prevent 

undue degradation to public lands by following the dictates of the MLA. 

As a result, for the reasons set forth herein, we grant the petition for review of the 

Forest Service Rule of Decision and vacate that decision. We also grant the petition for 

review of the BLM’s Rule of Decision and vacate that decision. We remand to the 

respective agencies for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

PETITIONS FOR REVIEW GRANTED,

VACATED AND REMANDED