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### U.S. Census Bureau History: John F. Kennedy

Democrat John F. Kennedy was elected the 35th President of the United Stateson November 8, 1960, defeating Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon.On a November 22, 1963, visit to Dallas, TX, President Kennedy was shot andkilled by Lee Harvey Oswald as he drove through the city greeting supporters.Photo courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.

Sixty years ago this month, President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed by an assassin in Dallas, TX.  Kennedy was in Dallas on November 22, 1963, to deliver a speech during a five-city Texas trip.  Enthusiastic crowds lined the streets to greet President Kennedy and First-Lady Jacqueline as their motorcade drove through Dallas.  At approximately 12:30, shots rang out as the presidential limousine drove through Dealey Plaza.  President Kennedy was mortally wounded and Texas Governor John Connally—who was sitting in front of the president—was seriously injured.  The president's Secret Service driver sped toward Parkland Memorial Hospital.  One hour later, the world mourned the loss of the popular and energetic 35th president of the United States.

John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, MA, on May 29, 1917.  He was the second oldest child of Rose Fitzgerald and Joseph P. Kennedy, a prominent businessman and politician.  Kennedy attended boarding school in Wallingford, CT.  After graduating in 1935, he briefly enrolled at Princeton University until health concerns forced him to withdraw.  The following year, he enrolled at Harvard University where he received a bachelor of arts degree in government, with an international affairs concentration in 1940.

Anticipating that the United States would soon enter World War II, Kennedy joined the United States Naval Reserve and was commissioned an ensign on October 26, 1941.  Initially assigned to the Office of Naval Intelligence, he transferred to patrol torpedo (PT) boat training in Charleston, SC, shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, HI.  He received command of a PT boat at the Panama Canal in December 1942, and was reassigned to command PT-109 in the South Pacific.  On August 2, 1943, Kennedy was in command of PT-109 when the Japanese destroyer *Amagiri* sliced the PT boat in half.  Two of the PT boat's crew died, but Kennedy's actions helped save several injured men, earning him the Navy and Marine Corps Medal.

Kennedy patriarch Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. intended that his oldest son Joseph Kennedy Jr. would become a politician.  When Joseph Jr., died during the war, his father shifted his political aspirations to his second eldest son John.  In 1946, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. persuaded James Curley to vacate his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives to become the mayor of Boston, MA.  Curley's departure from the House of Representatives allowed John F. Kennedy to campaign for and win the Massachusetts 11th congressional district seat.  Six years later, Kennedy campaigned for a U.S. Senate seat against Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.  With his father's financial assistance and his younger brother Robert F. Kennedy working as campaign manager, John F. Kennedy defeated Lodge in the 1952 election by 70,737 votes.

In January 1960, Kennedy announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination.  Despite strong support for challengers Lyndon B. Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, and Adlai Stevenson II, Kennedy won the nomination after brokering an agreement that named Johnson his vice presidential running mate.  Following the Democratic and Republican National Conventions, Kennedy and Republican nominee, Vice President of the United States Richard M. Nixon faced off in four televised presidential debates.  The debates allowed voters to compare an uncomfortable, but politically savvy Nixon against the handsome and confident Kennedy.  On November 8, 1960, voters narrowly elected John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States by 112,827 popular votes.  Kennedy won the electoral college vote 303 to 219.

Between January 1961 and November 1963, Kennedy's presidency witnessed a number of major events in American history, including: the failed Bay of Pigs invasion meant to overthrow Cuban leader Fidel Castro; escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam; early successes in the American space program; construction of the Berlin Wall separating East and West Germany; school desegregation; the Cuban Missile Crisis; and the Civil Rights Movement's "March on Washington."  Despite his administration's foreign and domestic challenges, Kennedy remained a popular president, with approval ratings ranging from 82 percent in spring 1961 to 58 percent shortly before arriving in Texas on November 21, 1963.

Kennedy's 5-city tour of Texas included stops in San Antonio, Houston, and Fort Worth on November 21, followed by engagements in Dallas, and Austin, TX, on November 22, 1963.  Kennedy anticipated that the trip would raise a substantial amount of money for the Democratic Party, launch his 1964 re-election campaign, and help soothe tension between liberal and conservative factions of the Texas Democratic Party.  Kennedy's trip began with a speech in San Antonio at Brooks Air Force Base, followed by a visit to the League of United Latin American Citizens in Houston, TX.  Arriving in Fort Worth that evening, Kennedy was greeted by cheering crowds as he drove from the airport to his hotel.  Following a speech to the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce on the morning of November 22, Kennedy flew to Dallas for a lunch and speech at the Dallas Trade Mart.

Shortly before noon, the president's motorcade left the Dallas, TX, Love Field airport for the Trade Mart luncheon.  Sharing the presidential limousine were two Secret Service agents, Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie, and President John F. Kennedy and wife Jacqueline.  Included in the motorcade's trailing vehicles were the vice presidential car carrying Lyndon B. Johnson and wife Lady Bird; Dallas Mayor Earle Cabell's car with his wife Elizabeth and Texas congressman Herbert Ray Roberts; National press cars carrying reporters and White House assistant press secretary Malcolm Kilduff; camera cars; Texas congressional delegation cars; a dignitary car; Secret Service cars and motorcycle escorts; and two buses carrying reporters, the White House Signal Corps, military personnel carrying the presidential nuclear codes, and the president's physician.

Cheering crowds greeted the president as his motorcade drove through downtown Dallas, stopping twice so the president could shake hands and speak to supporters lining the street.  As the motorcade entered Dealey Plaza, assassin Lee Harvey Oswald took aim from a sixth floor window of the Texas Book Depository building.  Bullets struck President Kennedy in the neck and head.  Governor Connally was wounded in the chest, wrist, and leg.  The presidential limousine sped away from Dealey Plaza and arrived at Parkland Memorial Hospital approximately 8 minutes later.  At 1:33 pm, assistant White House Press Secretary Malcolm Kilduff officially announced that President Kennedy died at 1:00 pm from gunshot wounds.  Five minutes later, CBS news anchor Walter Cronkite made an emotional announcement to television viewers, "From Dallas, Texas, the flash, apparently official: PRESIDENT KENNEDY DIED AT 1 P.M. (CST), 2:00 Eastern Time, some thirty eight minutes ago."  Kennedy's body was taken back to Washington, DC, aboard Air Force One.  Shortly before departing, federal judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson.

Kennedy lay in repose in the White House for 24 hours, before lying in state at the U.S. Capitol building where 250,000 mourners filed past the president's casket to pay their respects.  More than 1,200 people and dignitaries from 92 countries attended Kennedy's November 25 funeral service at St. Mathews Cathedral in Washington, DC.  One million lined the street as the horse-drawn caisson bearing Kennedy's body traveled from the U.S. Capitol to St. Mathews Cathedral, and finally internment at Arlington National Cemetery.  An estimated 180 million people worldwide watched the procession and funeral on television.  Sixty years since his death, millions of people still visit Kennedy's grave and its "eternal flame" as well as the nearby graves of First Lady of the United States Jacqueline Kennedy, and brothers Joseph P., Robert F., and Edward Kennedy.
                        - John F. Kennedy  was born in Brookline, MA, on May 29, 1917.  Incorporated in 1705, the town in  Norfolk County, MA , had a population of  484  at the time of our nation's first census in 1790.  Three years after Kennedy's birth, the 1920 Census counted  37,748  living in the town.  When Kennedy became the 35th president of the United States in 1960, Brookline was home to  54,044  people.  Today, Brookline, MA, is home to the  John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site  and a population estimated at  62,535 .
                        - John F. Kennedy  attended Harvard University in  Cambridge, MA , and graduated  cum laude  with a bachelor of arts degree in government and international affairs concentration in 1940.  Seven other presidents of the United States have attended Harvard University including:  John Adams ,  John Quincy Adams ,  Rutherford B. Hayes ,  Theodore Roosevelt ,  Franklin D. Roosevelt , George W. Bush, and Barack H. Obama.  Vice presidential alumni include John Adams, Elbridge Gerry, Theodore Roosevelt, and Al Gore.  Other notable civil servants who attended Harvard University include 22 U.S. Supreme Count Justices such as  Ruth Bader Ginsburg ,  Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. , and John Roberts; dozens of cabinet secretaries (including Secretary of Labor  Dean Acheson , Attorney General  Robert F. Kennedy , Secretary of War  Robert Todd Lincoln , and Secretary of State  Henry L. Stimson ); leaders of foreign governments (including the president of Mexico Felipe Calderon; the president of Mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj; the president of Columbia Alvaro Uribe, and the president of South Korean Syngman Rhee), and hundreds of U.S. senators, representatives, and state governors.
                        - After being commissioned an ensign on October 26, 1941,  John F. Kennedy  worked at the  Office of Naval Intelligence  in Washington, DC, and later in a field office in Charleston, SC.  Today, the Office of Naval Intelligence is headquartered adjacent to the U.S. Census Bureau at the  Suitland Federal Center  in  Suitland, MD .
                        - Seven U.S. presidents served in World War II, including  Dwight D. Eisenhower ,  John F. Kennedy ,  Lyndon B. Johnson ,  Richard M. Nixon, Gerald R. Ford ,  Ronald Reagan , and  George H.W. Bush .  These presidents were among approximately  16.1 million  veterans of World War II.  In 2022, the American Community Survey estimated that there were just  131,423  World War II veterans remaining.  More than  5.4 million  Vietnam-era veterans are still living in the United States, followed by Gulf War (September 2001 or later) veterans ( 4.3 million ), Gulf War (August 1990 to August 2001) veterans ( 4 million ), and Korean War veterans ( 664,177 ).  There are no surviving veterans of World War I or earlier wars.
                        The last surviving 
World War I
 (1917–1918) veteran was 
Frank W. Buckles
, who died at the age of 110 on February 27, 2011.
Spanish-American War (1898–1902) veteran 
Nathan E. Cook
 died on September 10, 1992, at the age of 106.
Civil War (1861–1865) Union Army veteran 
Albert Woolson
 was aged 109 when he died August 2, 1956, outliving last Confederate veteran 
Pleasant Crump
, who died at the age of 104 on December 21, 1951.
Mexican War (1846–1848) veteran 
Owen Thomas Edgar
 died September 3, 1929, at the age of 98.  
Fredrak W. Fraske
 was the last survivor of the Indian Wars (1817–1898) when he died on June 18, 1973, aged 101.
Hiram Cronk
 was the last surviving 
War of 1812
 (1812–1815) veteran when he died on May 13, 1905, aged 105.
Daniel F. Bakeman
 survived the 
American Revolution
 (1775–1783) and lived to the age of 109.  He died on April 5, 1869.

                        - John F. Kennedy's first elected office was serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1953) representing the now obsolete 11th congressional district of Massachusetts that included sections of  Boston ,  Cambridge , and  Somerville .  Massachusetts 11th congressional district was representative by a number of notable politicians, including  Manasseh Cutler  (1801–1803), who helped draft the Northwest Ordinance of 1787; Jonathan Russell, who later negotiated the Treaty of Ghent ending the  War of 1812 ; President  John Quincy Adams ;  Henry L. Dawes , whose  General Allotment Act of 1887  ("Dawes Act") had long-lasting consequences for American Indian and Alaska Native land ownership, sovereignty, and culture;  James Curley , who also served four separate terms as Boston's mayor and one term as Massachusetts governor; and  Thomas "Tip" O'Neill, Jr. , who represented the district from 1953 to 1987 and served as the 47th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987.
                        - Kennedy was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1952, representing Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960.  Other notable senators from Massachusetts include President  John Quincy Adams ; politician and constitutional lawyer  Daniel Webster ; prominent abolitionist  Charles Sumner ; outspoken critic of the Treaty of Versailles ending  World War I  and League of Nations  Henry Cabot Lodge ;  Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. , who also served as U.S. Ambassador to West Germany, South Vietnam, and the United Nations; John F. Kennedy's brother  Edward "Ted" Kennedy ; and  Sinclair Weeks , who was later the Secretary of Commerce responsible for establishing the  Watkins Commission  and approving ongoing funding for the Census Bureau's economic censuses.
                        - When Democratic candidate  John F. Kennedy  faced Republican  Richard M. Nixon  in the  1960 presidential plection , U.S. citizens had to be 21 years of age to vote.  In 1960, the nation's voting age population was approximately  108.5 million .  More than  68.8 million  (63.5 percent) of that population cast their vote in the election, giving John F. Kennedy a very narrow 113,000 popular vote victory over Nixon.  Nixon won the states of Idaho and Utah, which had the highest voter turnout in the nation with  80.7 percent  and  80.1 percent , respectively, of the voting age population casting ballots.  Kennedy won the states of Georgia and South Carolina where just  30.4 percent  and  30.5 percent  of voters cast ballots in 1960.
                        - In the  1960 presidential election  between  John F. Kennedy  (D) and  Richard M. Nixon  (R), Kennedy won the popular vote by just .17 percent.  Nixon won 26 states compared to Kennedy's 22-state win, but Kennedy prevailed with 303 electoral votes.  Several other  presidential elections  have been decided by a very small number of popular and/or electoral votes and sometimes the popular vote winner does not always become president.   For example, the  1876 presidential election  was even closer than the election in 1960.  Republican  Rutherford B. Hayes  lost the popular vote to Democrat  Samuel J. Tilden  by 3 percent, but Hayes defeated Tilden by a single electoral vote to become president.  More recently, Democratic candidate  Al Gore  lost the  2000 presidential election  to Republican  George W. Bush  despite winning the popular vote by approximately 530,000 votes.  In  2016 , Republican  Donald Trump  won the electoral vote and presidency, but Democrat  Hillary Clinton  won the popular vote by approximately 2.8 million.
                        - During the  1960 presidential election ,  John F. Kennedy  beat Republican  Richard M. Nixon  with a decisive 303 to 219 electoral college victory.  Three other presidential candidates earned electoral votes during the 1960 presidential election.  Democratic Segregationist ("Dixiecrat")  Harry F. Byrd  and vice presidential running mate  Strom Thurmond  received 14 electoral votes from electors in Alabama, Mississippi.  A single Oklahoma elector voted for Republican  Barry Goldwater .  Several other candidates—including  Eric Hass  (Socialist Labor),  Rutherford Losey Decker  (Prohibition),  Orval Eugene Faubus  (States' Rights),  Farrell Dobbs  (Socialist Workers),  Charles L. Sullivan  (Constitution), and  Joseph Bracken Lee  (Conservative)—received approximately 217,000 popular votes, but no electoral college support.
                        - John F. Kennedy is the only U.S. president to win a Pulitzer Prize.  Newspaper publisher  Joseph Pulitzer  established the award for outstanding achievements in journalism and literature.  Kennedy won the 1957 biography award for his book  Profiles in Courage .  The book contains the biographies of eight senators who displayed noteworthy but often overlook acts of bravery and integrity including:  John Quincy Adams  for breaking from the Federalist to join the Whig Party;  Daniel Webster  for his support of the  Compromise of 1850 ; Thomas Hart Benton who remained a loyal Democrat despite disagreements over their pro-slavery stance;  Sam Houston  for his opposition to the  1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act ;  Edmund G. Ross  for voting to acquit  Andrew Johnson  of his impeachment charges;  Lucius Lamar  for his attempts to mend the relationship between the North and South following the Civil War;  George Norris  for his support of  Alfred Smith —the first Catholic nominated as a major political party presidential candidate; and  Robert A. Taft  for his criticism of trying Nazi war criminals  *ex post facto*  at the Nuremberg Trials.
                        - President John F. Kennedy made  television history  when he hosted the first live broadcast of a White House press conference.  The event took place on  January 25, 1961 , from an auditorium at the U.S. State Department building in Washington, DC.  During the  televised news conference , Kennedy discussed planning to negotiate a nuclear test ban and famine relief to the Congo.  The president also announced that the Soviet Union would release Captains  John R. McKone  and  Freeman "Bruce" Olmstead  who had been crew members of a Strategic Air Command bomber shot down in international airspace over the Arctic on  July 1, 1960 —just 2 months after the Soviets shot down and captured U-2 surveillance airplane pilot  Francis Gary Powers  on  May 1, 1960 .  The other four crew members of the RB-47H bomber who died in the July 1 incident were Captains  Oscar Goforth ,  Dean Phillips ,  Eugene Posa , and Major  Willard Palm .   In a May 25, 1961, speech before a Joint Session of Congress, President John F. Kennedy challenged the nation to land an American on the moon before the end of the 1960s.  The speech shocked many observers because astronaut Alan Shepard had become the first American to make a sub-orbital flight to space just 3 weeks earlier.  Despite initially lagging behind the Soviet Union's space program and suffering the tragic loss of astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee in a 1967 fire, the United States met Kennedy's challenge.  On July 20, 1969, the world collectively held its breath as Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon.  Learn more about the race to the moon and the Kennedy Space Center—named for the president 1 week after his death (Executive Order 11129)—at our Apollo 11 and the First Man on the Moon webpage.Did you know that President John F. Kennedy was at the center of a disagreement that ended the friendship between 
"Rat Pack"
 entertainers 
Frank Sinatra
 and Peter Lawford.  During a 1962 visit to California, President Kennedy had agreed to stay at Sinatra's home.  However, soon after making the arrangements, Attorney General 
Robert F. Kennedy
 urged his brother to cancel his plans.  Robert Kennedy believed Sinatra was too closely associated with Las Vegas, NV, mobsters like 
"Bugsy" Siegel
, 
Sam Giancano
, and 
Charles "Lucky" Luciano
.  Sinatra asked Lawford—President Kennedy's brother-in-law—to intervene, but he refused, ending a personal and professional relationship that began in 1947.
Within minutes of shooting President John F. Kennedy and Governor 
John Connally
, assassin 
Lee Harvey Oswald
 calmly exited the Texas Book Depository.  He briefly stopped at his house, before witnesses saw him shoot and kill Dallas police officer 
J.D. Tippit
 at 1:15 pm.  He was arrested inside the Texas Theatre at about 1:50.  Dallas police first charged Oswald with Officer Tippit's murder and then the murder of President Kennedy later that evening.  At 11:21 am on November 24, police detective 
Jim Leavelle
 was escorting Oswald to a waiting armored car to transfer him from Dallas police headquarters to the county jail.  Suddenly,  nightclub owner 
Jack Ruby
 jumped from the crowd and shot Oswald in the abdomen.  Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital where he died at 1:07 pm.  Ruby was found guilty and sentenced to death for Oswald's murder on March 14, 1964.  He successfully appealed the conviction, but died—at Parkland Memorial Hospital—on January 3, 1967, before a new trial could begin.
In addition to appearing on the 
half-dollar
 coin since 1964, hundreds of schools, parks, public buildings, navy ships, and airports have been named in honor of John F. Kennedy including the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 
Cambridge, MA
; John F. Kennedy High School in 
Silver Spring, MD
; John F. Kennedy Middle School in 
Port Jefferson Station, NY
; John F. Kennedy Elementary School in 
Sioux Falls, SD
; the John F. Kennedy Federal Building in 
Boston, MA
; the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (the "Kennedy Center") in 
Washington, DC
; JFK Stadium in 
Springfield, MO
; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's John F. Kennedy Space Center in 
Cape Canaveral, FL
; John F. Kennedy International Airport in 
New York City, NY
; John F. Kennedy Memorial bridge spanning the Ohio River between 
Louisville, KY
, and 
Jeffersonville, IN
; Kennedy Plaza in 
Providence, RI
; the Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier 
USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)
; and the 
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
 in 
Boston, MA
.

Following his assassination on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery on November 25, 1963.  He joined the only otherU.S. president buried at the cemetery—William H. Taft.His gravesite features an "eternal" flame which rests alongside former first lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, and his brothers Joseph P. (memorial marker), Robert F, and Edward M. Kennedy. Photo courtesy of Arlington National Cemetery.Presidential Data and RecordsWant to use census data and records to learn more about the Presidents of the United States?Visit our First Ladies and Election Surprises webpages as well as pages dedicated to Presidents Abraham Lincoln, William McKinley, Ronald Reagan, and Theodore Roosevelt.  Also view individual census records available from the National Archives at our Famous and Infamous Census Records webpage.View larger imageTexansJames K. Polk won the 1844 presidential election against Henry Clay after vowing to annex the Republic of Texas to the United States.Polk signed legislation making Texas the nation's 28th state on December 29, 1845.Five years later, the 1850 Census counted 212,592 people living in Texas, including 154,034 White, 397 Free Colored, and 58,161 enslaved inhabitants. The state's most populous cities in 1850 were Galveston (3,469), San Antonio (3,252), and Houston (1,863).Between 1860 and 1880, the population of Texas grew from 604,215 to 1,591,749.  It reached nearly 3.9 million in 1910 and 6.4 million by 1940.In 1960, the census identified Houston, TX, as the nation's seventh largest city with a population of 938,219.By 1970, Dallas, TX, (844,401) joined Houston among the ten largest cities in the United States.With more than 14.2 million people, Texas was the nation's third most populous state in 1980. Twenty years later, the "Lone Star State" (20.8 million) was the nation's second most populous behind California (33.9 million).The 2020 Census counted 29,145,505 people living in Texas.  The state boasts 3 of the 10 most populous cities in the United States: "Space City" Houston (2,304,580); "Alamo City" San Antonio (1,434,625); and "Big D" Dallas, TX (1,304,379).Famous and infamous Texas natives include Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Lyndon B. Johnson;  Admiral Chester Nimitz; baseball Hall-of-Famer Ernie Banks; musicians Janis Joplin and "Buddy" Holly; gangsters Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow; actress Debbie Reynolds; and champion athlete Babe Didrickson Zaharias.View larger imageFor the RecordThe United States mourned the loss of three presidents to assassins between 1865 and 1901.On April 14, 1865, just 5 days days after general Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House, southern sympathizer John Wilkes Booth shot President Abraham Lincoln as he watched a play at Ford's Theater.  Gravely wounded, Lincoln succumbed to his wounds the next morning.James Garfield had been president just 4 months when Charles J. Guiteau shot him in a Washington, DC, train station on July 2, 1881.  Garfield survived the initial wound, but died from blood poisoning after an agonizing 79 days in which doctors probed the president's wound with unsterile fingers and instruments.William McKinley was the third president to be assassinated in less than 4 decades when he was shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, NY, on September 6, 1901.  The president died 8 days later from gangrene infection. Assailants severely wounded Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan, but both survived.Roosevelt was shot in the chest during his 1912 presidential election campaign in Milwaukee, WI, on October 14, 1912.  He refused medical attention until he delivered a speech in which he told the stunned crowd, "It takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose."Reagan suffered a more serious wound after being shot in Washington, DC, on March 30, 1981.  Luckily the bullet missed Reagan's heart by an inch.  He recovered and was released from the hospital 12 days later.**Visit *https://www.census.gov/history* every month for the latest Census History Home Page!**~~~~[an error occurred while processing this directive]  This symbol  indicates a link to a non-government web site.  Our linking to these sites does not constitute an endorsement of any products, services or the information found on them. Once you link to another site you are subject to the policies of the new site.CONNECT WITH US**********- Information Quality
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Measuring America's People, Places, and Economy
✕Is this page helpful?YesNo✕NO THANKS255 characters maximum255 characters maximum reached✕Thank you for your feedback.Comments or suggestions?   Source: U.S. Census Bureau | Census History Staff |  Last Revised: December 14, 2023