# Patent

## Title
Anti-human P-cadherin (CDH3) recombinant antibody

## Abstract

It is an object to provide a recombinant antibody that is an anti-CDH3 antibody having cytotoxicity on CDH3-expressing cells, which is anticipated to have fewer side effects than antibodies derived from animals other than humans and to maintain its therapeutic effects for a long period of time. The present invention provides a recombinant antibody which specifically reacts with an epitope existing in the amino acids at positions 108 to 131 or at positions 551 to 654 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38 that is the extracellular region of human CDH3, and has cytotoxicity against CDH3-expressing cells.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a recombinant antibody that reacts with the extracellular region of human CDH3, recognizes a specific epitope, and has cytotoxicity.
BACKGROUND ART
Cancer is a serious disease that accounts for a major cause of death. However, therapeutic needs therefor have not yet been met. In recent years, in order to overcome the problem of conventional chemotherapy that causes damage even to normal cells, studies have been intensively conducted regarding cancer therapy using molecularly targeted agents, in which a drug targeting a specific molecule that is expressed specifically in a cancer cell is designed, and the therapy is then carried out using the drug.
CDH3 is a molecule in cancer cells that can be a target of molecular therapeutic agents (Non Patent Documents 1 and 2). CDH3 is a membrane protein that has been discovered as a molecule that is calcium-dependently associated with hemophilic cell adhesion (Non Patent Document 3). A protein, which has cadherin repeats (ECs) consisting of approximately 110 amino acid residues having high homology to one another, is referred to as a “cadherin superfamily.” There are 120 or more types of such proteins, and they play an important role in the maintenance of multicellular organization. CDH3 is a member belonging to such a cadherin superfamily.
It has been reported that the expression of CDH3 in cancer tissues is higher than that in normal tissues (Non Patent Documents 1, 2, and 4). In cancer therapy, it has been studied to use a drug formed by binding an anticancer agent to an anti-human CDH3 antibody or an antibody having antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) for cancer cells in which the expression level of CDH3 is high (Patent Documents 1 to 3).
In recent years, many antibody drugs for cancer therapy have been actually on the market as molecular targeted drugs, and these drugs have provided therapeutic effects. The principal modes of action of these drugs include inhibition of signals associated with cell survival or cell growth and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
It has been generally known that when an antibody derived from an animal other than a human, such as a mouse antibody, is administered to a human, the administered antibody is recognized as a foreign substance, so that a human antibody against the mouse antibody (Human Anti Mouse Antibody: hereinafter referred to as “HAMA”) is induced in the human body. It has been known that the HAMA reacts with the administered mouse antibody, and causes side effects (Non Patent Documents 5 to 8) or accelerates the disappearance of the administered mouse antibody from the body (Non Patent Documents 6, 9 and 10), thereby reducing the therapeutic effects of the mouse antibody (Non Patent Documents 11 and 12).
In order to overcome these problems, an attempt has been made to produce humanized antibodies, such as humanized chimeric antibodies or humanized complementarity determining region (hereinafter referred to as CDR)-grafted antibodies, from antibodies of animals other than humans by utilizing gene recombination technology. The humanized chimeric antibody means an antibody, in which the variable region (hereinafter referred to as a “V region”) is the antibody of an animal other than a human and the constant region (hereinafter referred to as a “C region”) is a human antibody (Non Patent Document 13). The humanized CDR-grafted antibody means an antibody, in which the amino acid sequence of CDR in the V region of the antibody of an animal other than a human is grafted into a suitable position of a human antibody (Non Patent Document 14). When compared with antibodies derived from animals other than humans, such as a mouse antibody, such humanized antibodies have various advantages for clinical application to humans. For example, with regard to immunogenicity and stability in blood, it has been reported that, upon administration of a humanized chimeric antibody to a human, the half-life in blood of the humanized chimeric antibody had been longer than that of a mouse antibody by approximately 6 times (Non Patent Document 15). In an experiment using monkeys, it has been reported that the immunogenicity of a humanized CDR-grafted antibody had been lower than that of a mouse antibody, and that the half-life in blood of the humanized CDR-grafted antibody had been longer than that of the mouse antibody by approximately 4 to 5 times (Non Patent Document 16). That is to say, a humanized antibody is anticipated to have fewer side effects than antibodies derived from animals other than humans and to maintain its therapeutic effects for a long period of time. In addition, cytotoxicity mediated by an Fc region of an antibody (a region that follows a hinge region on the heavy chain of an antibody), such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (hereinafter referred to as “CDC activity”) or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (hereinafter referred to as “ADCC activity”), is important to achieve therapeutic effects. Since the Fc region of a human antibody has a higher affinity for a human complement component or for an Fc receptor present on the surface of a human immune system effector cell as compared with the Fc region of a mouse antibody, it can be anticipated to provide more therapeutic effects. For instance, an increase in tumor cytotoxicity by human effector cells has been reported with regard to a humanized chimeric antibody in which the Fc region of a mouse antibody against GD2 is replaced with the Fc region of a human antibody (Non Patent Document 17). In addition, the same results as described above have been reported regarding a humanized CDR-grafted antibody against a CAMPATH-1 antigen (Non Patent Document 18). The aforementioned results demonstrate that a recombinant antibody is more preferable as an antibody for use in clinical application to humans, than an antibody derived from an animal other than a human.
Further, as a result of recent advances in the protein engineering and the genetic engineering, it has become possible to produce antibody fragments each having a small molecular weight, such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab)2, a single-chain antibody (hereinafter referred to as an “scFv”) (Non Patent Document 19), and a disulfide-stabilized V region fragment (hereinafter referred to as a “dsFV”) (Non Patent Document 20). Since these fragments have a molecular weight smaller than that of a complete antibody molecule, they are excellent in terms of transitivity to target tissues (Non Patent Document 21). Regarding these antibody fragments as well, a fragment derived from a recombinant antibody is more preferable as an antibody for use in clinical application to humans.
PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS
Patent Documents


    Patent Document 1: WO2002/097395
    Patent Document 2: WO2007/102525
    Patent Document 3: WO2010/126137


Non Patent Documents


    Non Patent Document 1: Clin Cancer Res., 14(20), 6487 (2008)
    Non Patent Document 2: Breast Cancer Res., 9, 214 (2007)
    Non Patent Document 3: Yoshida and Takeichi, Cell 28: 217-224, 1982
    Non Patent Document 4: Cancer, 89(10), 2053 (2000)
    Non Patent Document 5: J. Clin. Oncol., 2, 881 (1984)
    Non Patent Document 6: Blood, 65, 1349 (1985)
    Non Patent Document 7: J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 80, 932 (1988)
    Non Patent Document 8: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 82, 1242 (1985)
    Non Patent Document 9: J. Nucl. Med., 26, 1011 (1985)
    Non Patent Document 10: J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 80, 937 (1988)
    Non Patent Document 11: J. Immunol., 135, 1530 (1985)
    Non Patent Document 12: Cancer Res., 46, 6489 (1986)
    Non Patent Document 13: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 81, 6851 (1984)
    Non Patent Document 14: Nature, 321, 522 (1986)
    Non Patent Document 15: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 86, 4220 (1989)
    Non Patent Document 16: J. Immunol., 147, 1352 (1991)
    Non Patent Document 17: J. Immunol., 144, 1382 (1990)
    Non Patent Document 18: Nature, 332, 323 (1988)
    Non Patent Document 19: Science, 242, 423 (1988)
    Non Patent Document 20: Molecular Immunol., 32, 249 (1995)
    Non Patent Document 21: Cancer Res., 52, 3402 (1992)


SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Problem to be Solved by the Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a recombinant antibody that is an anti-CDH3 antibody having cytotoxicity on CDH3-expressing cells, which is anticipated to have fewer side effects than antibodies derived from animals other than humans and to maintain its therapeutic effects for a long period of time.
Means for Solving the Object
The present inventors have obtained antibody H chain V region cDNA and L chain V region cDNA from hybridomas which produce mouse monoclonal antibodies against CDH3, namely, PPAT-057-06, PPAT-057-17, PPAT-057-13, PPAT-057-23, PPAT-057-27 and PPAT-057-12, and they have found that CDRs in the V regions have novel amino acid sequences. That is, cDNA encoding the H chain V region and the L chain V region each having such novel CDR were ligated to cDNA encoding a human antibody H chain C region and a human antibody L chain C region, respectively. The thus ligated genes were each incorporated into an animal cell expression vector to construct a chimeric antibody expression vector. The constructed expression vector was introduced into an animal cell, so that an anti-CDH3 chimeric antibody was allowed to express therein. The obtained anti-CDH3 chimeric antibody was then purified. The thus obtained antibody specifically reacted with human CDH3 and exhibited antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) on an antigen-positive cell line, and it had a tumor-suppressing effect on cancer-bearing mice. As described above, the present inventors have demonstrated the usefulness of the present antibody in living human bodies, and thus, the inventors have completed the present invention.
The present invention provides a recombinant antibody which specifically reacts with an epitope existing in the amino acids at positions 108 to 131 or at positions 551 to 654 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38 that is the extracellular region of human CDH3, and has cytotoxicity against CDH3-expressing cells.
Preferably, the cytotoxicity is cell growth-suppressing activity or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Preferably, the recombinant antibody is a humanized chimeric antibody, a humanized CDR-grafted antibody, or a human antibody.
Preferably, the recombinant antibody of the present invention comprises any of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-3, 7-9, 13-15, 19-21, 25-27 and 31-33, as each of the complementarity determining regions CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the heavy chain variable region (HV) of the antibody, and/or which comprises any of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 4-6, 10-12, 16-18, 22-24, 28-30 and 34-36, as each of the complementarity determining regions CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the light chain variable region (LV) thereof.
Preferably, the antibody of the present invention is a recombinant antibody which is selected from the following (1) to (6):

    (1) a recombinant antibody, which comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a heavy chain variable region (HV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-3, and the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a light chain variable region (LV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 4-6;
    (2) a recombinant antibody, which comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a heavy chain variable region (HV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 7-9, and the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a light chain variable region (LV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 10-12;
    (3) a recombinant antibody, which comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a heavy chain variable region (HV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 13-15, and the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a light chain variable region (LV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 16-18;
    (4) a recombinant antibody, which comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a heavy chain variable region (HV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 19-21, and the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a light chain variable region (LV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 22-24;
    (5) a recombinant antibody, which comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a heavy chain variable region (HV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 25-27, and the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a light chain variable region (LV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 28-30; and
    (6) a recombinant antibody, which comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a heavy chain variable region (HV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 31-33, and the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a light chain variable region (LV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 34-36.


Preferably, the antibody of the present invention comprises a deletion, addition, substitution and/or insertion of one or several amino acids with respect to any one or more amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-3, 7-9, 13-15, 19-21, 25-27 and 31-33, and which has cytotoxicity against CDR3-expressing cells that is equivalent to that of the aforementioned recombinant antibody of the present invention.
Preferably, the antibody of the present invention comprises a deletion, addition, substitution and/or insertion of one or several amino acids with respect to any one or more amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 4-6, 10-12, 16-18, 22-24, 28-30 and 34-36, and which has cytotoxicity against CDH3-expressing cells that is equivalent to that of the aforementioned recombinant antibody of the present invention.
Preferably, the recombinant antibody of the present invention comprises the constant region of a human antibody.
Preferably, the constant region of the human antibody consists to the constant region of a human antibody IgG1 class.
Preferably, the recombinant antibody is an antibody fragment selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, a single-chain antibody (scFv), a dimerized V region (Diabody), a disulfide-stabilized V region (dsFv) and a peptide comprising CDR.
The present invention provides DNA encoding the aforementioned recombinant antibody of the present invention.
The present invention provides a recombinant vector comprising the aforementioned DNA of the present invention.
The present invention provides a transformant obtained by introducing the aforementioned recombinant vector of the present invention.
The present invention provides a method for producing the recombinant antibody of the present invention, which comprises culturing the aforementioned transformant of the present invention. in a medium, generating and accumulating the recombinant antibody of the present invention in the culture, and then collecting the recombinant antibody from the culture.
The present invention provides a cytotoxic agent comprising the aforementioned recombinant antibody of the present invention as an active ingredient.
The present invention provides a therapeutic agent for high human CDH3 expression-related disease, which comprises the aforementioned recombinant antibody of the present invention as an active ingredient.
Preferably, the high CDH3 expression-related disease is cancer.
The present invention provides a diagnostic agent for high human CDH3 expression-related disease, which comprises the aforementioned recombinant antibody of the present invention as an active ingredient.
Preferably, the high CDH3 expression-related disease is cancer.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
The anti-CDH3 antibody of the present invention is characterized in that it is a recombinant antibody that recognizes the extracellular region of human CDH3 and has cytotoxicity. By utilizing genetic recombination technology, an antibody having low immunogenicity to humans and having cytotoxicity can be produced. The recombinant antibody of the present invention is anticipated to have fewer side effects than antibodies derived from animals other than humans and to maintain its therapeutic effects for a long period of time. The anti-human CDH3 recombinant antibody of the present invention can exhibit anticancer action by being administered to a cancer, in which CDH3 is expressed. That is to say, the anti-human CDH3 recombinant antibody of the present invention is useful as an anticancer agent.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the sequence of a mature protein of CDH3, from which the signal and propeptide sequences were removed (SEQ ID NOS: 96-98).
FIG. 2 shows the results of flow cytometry, in which a human CDH3 forced expression cell line was reacted with a commercially available anti-human CDH3 antibody. a: 0.01 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody, b: 0.1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody, and c: 1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody.
FIG. 3 shows the results of flow cytometry using the reaction of a PPAT-057-17 antibody with each cell line. A: CHO cells, B: CDH3 forced expression CHO cells, and C: lung cancer-derived cell line NCI-H358. a: 0.01 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody, b: 0.1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody, and c: 1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody.
FIG. 4 shows the correspondence of CDH3 protein fragments 1 to 5 with a CDH3 extracellular region.
FIG. 5 shows the results regarding the expression of CDH3 protein fragments. A: fragment 1, B: fragment 2, C: fragment 3, D: fragment 4, and F: fragment 5.
FIG. 6 shows the reaction of CDH3 protein fragments with antibodies according to a Western blotting method. A: fragment 1, B: fragment 2, C: fragment 3, D: fragment 4, and F: fragment 5.
FIG. 7 shows the results of flow cytometry using the reaction of the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C with each cell line. A: CDH3 forced expression CHO cells, and B: lung cancer-derived cell line NCI-H358. a: 0.1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody, b: 1 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody, and c: 10 μg/ml anti-CDH3 antibody.
FIG. 8 shows the in vitro ADCC activity of the antibody PPAT-057-17 and that of the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C.
FIG. 9 shows the in vitro ADCC activity of each chimeric antibody.
FIG. 10 shows the in vivo antitumor effects of the antibody PPAT-057-17 and those of the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C.
FIG. 11 shows the purity (A,B) and in vivo tumor growth-suppressing effect (C) of F(ah′)2. A: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); B: SDS-PAGE; and C: the in vivo tumor growth-suppressing effect of F(ab′)2 derived from the antibody PPAT-057-17.
FIG. 12 shows the in vivo antitumor effects of the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-27C.
FIG. 13 shows the in vivo antitumor effects of the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-23C.



EMBODIMENT FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more in detail.
The antibody of the present invention is a recombinant antibody that recognizes the extracellular region of CDH3 and has cytotoxicity on CDH3-expressing cells, or an antibody fragment thereof. In particular, the present antibody is an antibody that specifically reacts with the regions of positions 108 to 131 or positions 551 to 654 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38.
The term “humanized chimeric antibody” is used to mean an antibody consisting of the H chain V region (hereinafter also referred to as “VH”) and L chain V region (hereinafter also referred to as “VL”) of an antibody derived from an animal other than a human, and the H chain C region (hereinafter also referred to as “CH”) and L chain C region (hereinafter also referred to as “CL”) of a human antibody. As such an animal other than a human, any animals can be used, as long as they can produce hybridomas. Examples of such an animal include a mouse, a rat, a hamster, and a rabbit.
cDNA encoding VH and VL was obtained from hybridomas that produce a monoclonal antibody specifically reacting with human CDH3. The humanized chimeric antibody of the present invention can be produced by connecting these genes with cDNA encoding human antibody CH and human antibody CL, respectively, then incorporating each of the connected genes into an animal cell expression vector, and then introducing the expression vector into animal cells to allow the genes to express therein. Moreover, the obtained cDNA encoding VH and VL are inserted into the animal cell expression vectors having cDNA encoding human antibody CH and human antibody CL, respectively, and the obtained expression vectors are then introduced into animal cells to allow the genes to express therein, thereby producing the humanized chimeric antibody of the present invention.
(Production of Monoclonal Antibody)
To produce a monoclonal antibody, first of all, cadherin, or a partial peptide thereof (which is preferably any one of the upstream region of EC1, a cadherin domain 4 (EC4), and a cadherin domain 5 (EC5)), is administered as an antigen to a mammal such as a rat, a mouse or a rabbit. The amount of an antigen per animal is 0.1 to 100 mg if an adjuvant is not used, and is 1 to 100 μg when an adjuvant is used. Examples of such an adjuvant used herein include a Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), a Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), and an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Immunization is mainly carried out by injecting an antigen into the vein, subcutis or abdominal cavity. In addition, the immunization interval is not particularly limited, and the immunization is carried out at intervals of several days to several weeks, preferably at intervals of 2 to 5 weeks, 1 to 10 times, and more preferably 2 to 5 times. Thereafter, one to sixty days, and preferably one to fourteen days after the final immunization, antibody-producing cells are collected. Examples of the antibody-producing cells include splenic cells, lymph node cells, and peripheral blood cells. Among these cells, splenic cells or local lymph node cells are preferable.
To obtain cell fusion hybridomas, cell fusion of antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells is carried out. As myeloma cells to be fused with antibody-producing cells, commercially available cells that have been established from animals such as mice can be used. As an established cell line used herein, a cell line, which has drug selectivity, cannot survive in a HAT selection medium (containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine) in an unfused state, and can survive therein only in a state in which it is fused with antibody-producing cells, is preferable. Examples of the myeloma cells include mouse myeloma cell lines such as P3X63-Ag.8.U1 (P3U1) or NS-1.
Subsequently, the aforementioned myeloma cells are fused with antibody-producing cells. Upon cell fusion, antibody-producing cells (1×106 to 1×107 cells/ml) are mixed with myeloma cells (2×105 to 2×106 cells/ml) in an animal cell culture medium containing no serum, such as DMEM or a RPMI-1640 medium (wherein the cell ratio between the antibody-producing cells and the myeloma cells is preferably 5:1), and a fusion is then carried out in the presence of a cell fusion promoter. As a cell fusion promoter, polyethylene glycol with a mean molecular weight of 1000 to 6000 Daltons or the like can be used. In addition, antibody-producing cells may also be fused with myeloma cells using a commercially available cell fusion apparatus that utilizes electrical stimulation (e.g. electroporation).
After completion of the cell fusion treatment, hybridomas of interest are selected from the resulting cells. As a selection method, a cell suspension is appropriately diluted, for example, with a fetal bovine serum-containing RPMI-1640 medium, and the resulting cell suspension is inoculated at approximately 3×105 cells/well on a microtiter plate. Thereafter, a selection medium is added to each well, and a culture is then carried out, while exchanging the selection medium with a fresh one, as appropriate. As a result, cells growing approximately 14 days after initiation of the culture in the selection medium can be obtained as hybridomas.
Thereafter, the presence or absence of an antibody of interest in a culture supernatant of the growing hybridomas is screened. The screening of hybridomas may be carried out according to an ordinary method, and the type of the screening method is not particularly limited. For instance, an aliquot of the culture supernatant of the growing hybridomas contained in a well is collected, and it is then subjected to enzyme immunoassay, radioimmunoassay or the like, so that hybridomas that produce an antibody binding to the upstream region of EC1 of cadherin, the EC4 domain, or the EC5 domain can be screened. The fused cells are cloned according to limiting dilution or the like, and thus, hybridomas can be finally established as cells that produce a monoclonal antibody.
As a method of collecting a monoclonal antibody from the established hybridomas, an ordinary cell culture method, an ascites extraction method or the like can be adopted. In the cell culture method, hybridomas are cultured in an animal cell culture medium, such as a 10% fetal bovine serum-containing RPMI-1640 medium, an MEM medium or a serum-free medium, under common culture conditions (e.g. 37° C. and 5% CO2) for 7 to 14 days, and thereafter, an antibody is obtained from the culture supernatant.
In the ascites extraction method, approximately 1×107 hybridomas are administered into the abdominal cavity of an animal of the same species as a mammal from which the myeloma cells have been derived, so as to allow large quantities of hybridomas to grow therein. Then, one or two weeks later, ascites is collected. When purification of an antibody is required in the aforementioned antibody collection methods, known methods, such as ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography, are selected as appropriate, or these methods are used in combination, so as to purify the antibody.
(Humanized Chimeric Antibody)
The CH of a humanized chimeric antibody is not particularly limited, as long as it belongs to a human immunoglobulin (hereinafter referred to as “hIg”). Those of hIgG class are preferable, and any one of subclasses belonging to the hIgG class, such as hIgG1, hIgG2, hIgG3 or hIgG4, may be used. In addition, the CL of a humanized chimeric antibody is not particularly limited, as long as it belongs to Mg, and those of κ class or λ class can be used.
The term “humanized CDR-grafted antibody” is used to mean an antibody, in which the amino acid sequences of CDRs in the VH and VL of an antibody derived from an animal other than a human are transplanted into suitable positions in the VH and VL of a human antibody.
Such a humanized CDR-grafted antibody can be produced by: constructing cDNA encoding V regions, in which the amino acid sequences of CDRs in the VH and VL of an antibody that is derived from an animal other than a human and specifically reacts with human CDH3 have been transplanted into the FRs in the VH and VL of any given human antibody; then inserting the cDNA into animal cell expression vectors comprising DNA encoding the CH and CL of a human antibody, respectively, so as to construct humanized CDR-grafted antibody expression vectors; and then introducing the constructed expression vectors into animal cells, so that the genes are allowed to express therein.
Among host cell systems used for protein expression, many antibody-producing host cell systems are derived from mammals. The manufacturers may preferentially determine a specific host cell system most suitable for a gene product to be expressed. Examples of a common host cell system include, but are not limited to, a CHO-derived cell line (a Chinese hamster ovary cell line), CV1 (a monkey kidney system), COS (a derivative of CV1 to an SV40T antigen), SP2/0 (mouse myelomas), P3x63-Ag3.653 (mouse myelomas), 293 (human kidney), and 293T (a derivative of 293 to an SV40T antigen). Such a host cell system is available from commercial facilities or the American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC), or also from institutions for publishing some publications.
Preferably, the host cell system is either a CHO-derived cell line comprising defective expression of a dgfr gene, or SP2/0. For such a CHO-derived cell line and SP2/0, see Urland, G et al., Effect of gamma rays at the dihydrofolate reductase locus: deletions and inversions, Somat. Cell. Mol. Genet. Vol. 12, 1986, pp. 5555-566, and Schulman, M. et al., A better cell line for making hybridomas secreting specific antibodies, Nature Vol. 276, 1978, pp. 269-270, respectively. Most preferably, the host cell system is DHFR-deficient CHO. Transfection of a plasmid into a host cell can be achieved by any given technique. Specific examples of such a transfection method include, but are not limited to, transfection (including a calcium phosphate method, a DEAE method, lipofection, and electroporation), a method of introducing DNA utilizing an envelope such as Sendai virus, microinjection, and infection using viral vectors such as retrovirus or adenovirus. For such transfection methods, see Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 9 Introduction of DNA into Mammalian Cells, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Introduction of a plasmid into a host by electroporation is most preferable.
A method of obtaining a human antibody has also been known. For example, human lymphocytes are sensitized with a desire antigen or a cell expressing such a desired antigen in vitro, and the sensitized lymphocytes are then fused with human myeloma cells, such as U266, so as to obtain a desired human antibody having an activity of binding to an antigen (see JP Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 1-59878 B (1989)). Also, a desired human antibody can be obtained by immunizing a transgenic animal having all repertoires of human antibody genes with a desired antigen (see WO93/12227, WO92/03918, WO94/02602, WO94/25585, WO96/34096, and WO96/33735). Moreover, a technique of obtaining a human antibody by panning using a human antibody library has also been known. For example, the variable region of a human antibody is allowed to express on the surface of phages as a single-chain antibody (scFv) according to a phage display method, and a phage binding to an antigen can be then selected. By analyzing the selected phage gene, a DNA sequence encoding the variable region of a human antibody binding to the antigen can be determined. If the DNA sequence of the scFv binding to the antigen could be determined, it would be possible to produce a suitable expression vector using the determined sequence and to obtain a human antibody. These methods have already been well known, and WO92/01047, WO92/20791, WO93/06213, WO93/11236, WO93/19172, WO95/01438, and WO95/15388 can be referred to.
An antibody comprising a deletion, addition, substitution and/or insertion of one or several (preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5, and further preferably 1 to 3) amino acids with respect to the aforementioned amino acid sequences and also specifically reacting with human CDH3 having the above-mentioned properties, or an antibody fragment thereof, is also included in the scope of the present invention.
According to a preferred aspect, the recombinant antibody of the present invention comprises any one of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-3, 7-9, 13-15, 19-21, 25-27 and 31-33, as each of the complementarity determining regions CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the heavy chain variable region (HV) of the antibody, and/or any one of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 4-6, 10-12, 16-18, 22-24, 28-30 and 34-36, as each of the complementarity determining regions CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the light chain variable region (LV) thereof.
A mutant of the recombinant antibody, which comprises a deletion, addition, substitution and/or insertion of one or several (preferably 1 to 5, more preferably 1 to 4, further preferably 1 to 3, and particularly preferably 1 or 2) amino acids with respect to the aforementioned amino acid sequences and which has cytotoxicity on CDH3-expressing cells that is equivalent to that of the above-described recombinant antibody of the present invention, is also included in the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, a mutant of the recombinant antibody, which has high identity to the aforementioned amino acid sequences and which has cytotoxicity on CDH3-expressing cells that is equivalent to that of the above-described recombinant antibody of the present invention, is also included in the scope of the present invention. It is to be noted that the term “high identity” is generally used in the present invention to mean that a certain antibody has an identity of 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, further preferably 95% or more, still further preferably 97% or more, still further preferably 99% or more, and particularly preferably 99.5% or more at the amino acid sequence level with another antibody. Such identity can be determined according to the algorithm described by Wilbur, W. J. and Lipman D. J. (Wilbur, W. J. and Lipman, D. J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1983) 80, 726-730).
In addition, in the present invention, with regard to mutants of the recombinant antibody, which are specified to comprise a deletion, addition, substitution and/or insertion of amino acid(s) with respect to the above-mentioned amino acid sequences or are specified with identity (%), when the cytotoxicity of such mutants on CDH3-expressing cells is “equivalent” to that of the original recombinant antibody, from which the mutants are derived, it means that, when the cytotoxicity of the original recombinant antibody on any CDH3-expressing cells is defined as 100%, the mutant antibody has a cytotoxic activity of 60% or more, more specifically 70% or more, and further specifically 80% or more of the cytotoxicity of the original one, unless otherwise specified. Regarding the measurement of the cytotoxicity of an antibody on CDH3-expressing cells, several means have been known. If a mutant antibody can be confirmed to have the above-described cytotoxic activity by any one of the means, the cytotoxicity of the mutant antibody on CDH3-expressing cells can be considered to be “equivalent”.
The phase “comprise a deletion, substitution, insertion or addition of one or more amino acid residues with respect to the amino acid sequence of the present invention” means that one or multiple amino acid residues are deleted, substituted, inserted or added in any given positions in a single amino acid sequence or in one or multiple amino acid sequences. A deletion, a substitution, an insertion, and an addition may take place simultaneously. The substituted, inserted or added amino acid residues may be either naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring amino acid residues.
(Antibody Fragments)
The recombinant antibody of the present invention may be an antibody fragment. Examples of such an antibody fragment include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, scFv, dsFv, and a peptide containing CDR.
Fab is an antibody fragment obtained by digesting IgG with a protease, papain (wherein the IgG is cut at the amino acid residue at position 224 on the H chain), in which about a half on the N-terminal side of the H chain is bound to the entire L chain via a disulfide bond, and the antibody fragment has a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 and has an antigen-binding activity
The Fab of the present invention can be obtained by digesting an antibody specifically reacting with CDH3 with a protease, papain. Alternatively, DNA encoding the Fab of the antibody is inserted into a prokaryote expression vector or a eukaryote expression vector, and the obtained vector is then introduced into a prokaryote or a eukaryote to allow Fab to express therein, thereby producing Fab.
F(ab′)2 is an antibody fragment obtained by digesting IgG with a protease, pepsin (wherein the IgG is cut at the amino acid residue at position 234 on the H chain), wherein the antibody fragment is slightly larger than those obtained by binding Fab to another Fab via a disulfide bond in the hinge region thereof, has a molecular weight of approximately 100,000, and has an antigen-binding activity.
The F(ab′)2 of the present invention can be obtained by digesting an antibody specifically reacting with CDH3 with a protease, pepsin. Alternatively, the present F(ab′)2 can also be produced by binding the below-mentioned Fab′ to another Fab′ via a thioether bond or a disulfide bond.
Fab′ is an antibody fragment obtained by cutting a disulfide bond in the hinge region of the aforementioned F(ab′)2, wherein the antibody fragment has a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 and has an antigen-binding activity.
The Fab′ of the present invention can be obtained by treating F(ab′)2 specifically reacting with CDH3 with a reducing agent, dithiothreitol. Alternatively, DNA encoding a Fab′ fragment of the antibody is inserted into a prokaryote expression vector or a eukaryote expression vector, and the obtained vector is then introduced into a prokaryote or a eukaryote to allow Fab′ to express therein, thereby producing Fab′.
scFv means a VH-P-VL or VL-P-VH polypeptide formed by ligating a single VH to a single VL using a suitable peptide linker (hereinafter referred to as “P”). As VH and VL contained in the scFv of the present invention, those derived from the antibody of the present invention that specifically reacts with CDH3, namely, either humanized antibodies or human antibodies can be used.
The scFv of the present invention can be produced by obtaining cDNA encoding the VH and VL of an antibody specifically reacting with CDH3, constructing DNA encoding scFv, inserting the constructed DNA into a prokaryote expression vector or a eukaryote expression vector, and introducing the obtained expression vector into a prokaryote or a eukaryote, so as to allow scFv to express therein.
dsFv means a polypeptide, in which a single amino acid residue in each of VH and VL has been substituted with a cysteine residue and the resulting VH is then bound to the resulting VL via a disulfide bond between the cysteine residues. The amino acid residue to be substituted with the cysteine residue can be selected based on prediction of the antibody conformation according to the method of Reiter et al. (Protein Engineering, 7, 697 (1994)). As VH and VL contained in the dsFv of the present invention, those derived from the antibody of the present invention that specifically reacts with CDH3, namely, either humanized antibodies or human antibodies can be used.
The dsFv of the present invention can be produced by obtaining cDNA encoding the VH and VL of an antibody specifically reacting with CDH3, constructing DNA encoding dsFv, inserting the constructed DNA into a prokaryote expression vector or a eukaryote expression vector, and introducing the obtained expression vector into a prokaryote or a eukaryote, so as to allow dsFv to express therein.
(Peptide Comprising CDR)
A peptide comprising CDR is configured to comprise at least one region of H chain or L chain CDR. A plurality of CDRs can be bound directly or via a suitable peptide linker. The peptide comprising CDR of the present invention can be produced by obtaining cDNA encoding the VH and VL of an antibody specifically reacting with CDH3, constructing DNA encoding CDR, inserting the constructed DNA into a prokaryote expression vector or a eukaryote expression vector, and introducing the obtained expression vector into a prokaryote or a eukaryote, so as to allow a peptide comprising CDR to express therein.
Moreover, a peptide comprising CDR can also be produced by chemical synthesis methods such as an Fmoc method (fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl method) or a tBoc method (t-butyloxycarbonyl method).
(Reactivity with CDH3-Expressing Cells)
To examine reactivity with CDH3-expressing cells, CDH3 expressed on the cell surface can be examined with a flow cytometer, for example.
The antibody used in flow cytometry may be either an antibody labeled with a fluorescent substance such as FITC or with biotin, or an unlabeled antibody. A fluorescently-labeled avidin, a fluorescently-labeled anti-human immunoglobulin antibody, or the like is used, depending on the presence or absence of labeling of the antibody used and the type thereof. Reactivity can be evaluated by adding a sufficient amount of anti-CDH3 antibody (generally having a final concentration of 0.1 to 10 μg/mL) to an analyte, and then by comparing the obtained reactivity with the reactivity with a negative control antibody or a positive control antibody.
(Cytotoxicity)
Cytotoxicity includes ADCC activity, CDC activity and cell growth inhibitory activity, which are exhibited either in vivo or in vitro.
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC activity) and CDC can be measured by known methods (Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 36, 373 (1993)). For example, ADCC activity can be measured by allowing target cells expressing CDH3 serving as an antigen to come into contact with effector cells, such as peripheral blood monocytes, monocytes, macrophages or granulocytes, collected from a human or other animals in the presence of an antibody, then detecting the degree of damaged target cells, and then quantifying the detected degree of the damaged target cells. The degree of damaged target cells can be detected by a 51Cr release assay, a method of detecting the enzymatic activity of the target cells, a detection method using flow cytometer, etc. The effects of the medicament of the present invention in an ADCC activity measurement system, can be measured by adding a drug to the ADCC activity measurement system, or by exposing such a drug to target cells or effector cells, or to both of them for a certain period of time, and then observing the effects of the drug on ADCC activity.
The cell growth inhibitory activity may be either an activity of slowing the growth of cells in vitro or an activity of slowing the growth of tumor cells in vivo. For example, the cell growth inhibitory activity can be measured in vitro according to an ordinary cell growth measurement method (e.g. the method described in Blood, 104 (4) 1137 (2004); J Biol. Chem., 279 (4), 2856 (2004)). Examples of an in vivo animal model include: a xenograft model prepared by transplanting a human cancer tissue-derived cultured cell line into an immunodeficient mouse such as a nude mouse; and a syngeneic graft model prepared by transplanting a cultured mouse cancer cell line into a wild-type mouse having a normal immune system.
A xenograft model can be produced by transplanting a human cancer cell line into various sites of immunodeficient mice such as a nude mouse, including the subcutis, intradermal site, abdominal cavity, or vein.
(Cytotoxic Agent, and Therapeutic Agent and Diagnostic Agent for High Human CDH3 Expression-Related Disease)
Since the antibody of the present invention exhibits high cytotoxicity, it can be used as a cytotoxic agent. Moreover, the antibody of the present invention can be used as a therapeutic agent or a diagnostic agent for high human CDH3 expression-related disease. The cytotoxic agent and therapeutic agent for high human CDH3 expression-related disease of the present invention can cause damage to cancer cells, for example, by allowing the agents to come into contact with cancer cells expressing cadherin. Examples of the high human CDH3 expression-related disease include colon cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, transitional cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, hepatic cancer, kidney cancer, biliary tract cancer, thyroid cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, cutaneous squamous cell cancer, melanoma, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, osteosarcoma, and soft tissue sarcoma.
The cytotoxic agent, therapeutic agent, and diagnostic agent of the present invention may appropriately comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, diluents, etc. as necessary, as well as the antibody of the present invention. The cytotoxic agent, therapeutic agent, and diagnostic agent of the present invention can be formulated in the form of an injection, for example. The administration amount of the cytotoxic agent, therapeutic agent, or diagnostic agent of the present invention depends on the degree of symptom, age and body weight of a patient, an administration method, etc. The weight of the antibody as an active ingredient is generally in the range from approximately 10 ng to approximately 100 mg/kg body weight.
The present invention will be more specifically described in the following examples. However, these examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Establishment of CHO Cell Line Expressing CDH3
In order to obtain a cell line used in screening for an anti-CDH3 antibody, CHO cells expressing the full-length CDH3 were established.
(1) Construction of CDH3 Gene Expression Vector
In order to insert the full-length human CDH3 DNA shown in SEQ ID NO: 37 into a mammalian expression vector pEF4/myc-HisB (Invitrogen), the DNA was digested with two types of restriction enzymes, KpnI (TAKARA BIO INC.) and XbaI (TAKARA BIO INC.), at 37° C. for 1 hour. Thereafter, the resulting DNA was inserted into pEF4/myc-HisB that had also been digested with KpnI and XbaI according to an ordinary method using T4 DNA ligase (Promega), thereby obtaining an expression vector, pEF4-CDH3-myc-His.
(2) Obtainment of CDH3 Stable Expression Cell Line
On the day before transfection, CHO cells (8×105) were inoculated on a dish with a diameter of 10 cm in accordance with the protocols included with FuGENE (registered trademark) 6 Transfection Reagent (Roche Diagnostics), and they were then cultured overnight. Thereafter, 8 μg of the expression vector pEF4-CDH3-myc-His and 16 μL of the FuGENE 6 reagent were mixed into 400 μL of a serum-free RPMI1640 medium (SIGMA-ALDRICH), and the obtained mixture was then left at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was added to the cell culture, so as to perform transfection. Two days after the transfection, cloning was carried out by limiting dilution using a selective reagent (Zeocin (registered trademark)).
The selection of CDH3 full-length expression CHO clone were carried out by a Western blotting method using Anti-c-Myc Monoclonal Antibody (SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY). As a result, a CDH3 full-length expression CHO cell line (EXZ1501) having a high expression level and a high growth rate was obtained. The measurement results obtained by examining the reactivity of this cell line with a commercially available anti-CDH3 antibody (R & D SYSTEMS) by flow cytometry are shown in FIG. 2.
Example 2
Production of Soluble CDH3 Antigen
In order to be used as an immunogen in the production of an anti-CDH3 antibody, a soluble CDH3-(sCDH3) protein, in which its C-terminal transmembrane region and the subsequent regions were deleted, was produced.
(1) Construction of Soluble CDH3 Antigen Expression Vector
Using full-length CDH3 cDNA as a template, a PCR reaction was carried out employing a forward primer (SEQ ID NO. 39: CGCGGTACCATGGGGCTCCCTCGT, (hCDH3 Full FW)) and a reverse primer (SEQ ID NO. 40: CCGTCTAGATAACCTCCCTICCAGGGTCC, (hCDH3 Solb RV)) that had been designed to amplify a region corresponding to the CDH3 extracellular region (which corresponded to positions 1-654 of SEQ ID NO. 38). KOD-Plus (Toyobo Co., Ltd.) was used in the reaction, and the reaction was carried out under reaction conditions consisting of 30 cycles of 94° C.-15 seconds, 55° C.-30 seconds, and 68° C.-90 seconds.
Thereafter, a gel fragment containing an approximately 2.0-kbp band that was a size of interest was cut out in agarose gel electrophoresis, and using QIA (registered trademark) Quick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN), sCDH3 cDNA of interest was obtained.
In order to insert this sCDH3 cDNA into an expression vector pEF4/myc-HisB, the DNA was digested with two types of restriction enzymes KpnI and XbaI, and it was then inserted into pEF4/myc-HisB that had also been digested with KpnI and XbaI according to an ordinary method using T4 DNA ligase, so as to obtain an expression vector pEF4-sCDH3-myc-His.
(2) Expression of Soluble CDH3 (sCDH3) Protein
On the day before transfection, CHO cells (8×105) were seeded on a dish with a diameter of 10 cm in accordance with the protocols included with the FuGENE 6 Transfection Reagent, and they were then cultured overnight. Thereafter, 8 μg of the expression vector pEF4-CDH3-myc-His and 16 μL of the FuGENE 6 reagent were mixed into 400 μL of a serum-free RPMI1640 medium, and the mixture was then left at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was added to the cell culture, so as to perform transfection. Two days after the transfection, cloning was carried out by limiting dilution using a selective reagent (Zeocin).
Soluble CDH3-expressing CHO cells were selected according to a Western blot method using an anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody (SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY). It was attempted to select a cell line, which was able to secrete a large amount of soluble CDH3 into the culture supernatant and which was able to grow favorably. As a result, a soluble CDH3-expressing CHO cell line (EXZ1702) was obtained. Using three roller bottles each having a culture area of 1,500 cm2, the selected soluble CDH3-expressing CHO cell line (EXZ1702) was cultured for 72 hours in 333 mL of a serum-free medium CHO-S-SFM-II (Invitrogen) per roller bottle. Thereafter, a culture supernatant was recovered. A soluble CDH3 protein was obtained from the recovered culture supernatant according to affinity chromatography using HisTrap (registered trademark) HP column (GE Healthcare Biosciences) and gel filtration chromatography using Superdex (registered trademark) 200 pg column (GE Healthcare Biosciences).
Example 3
Generation of Anti-CDH3 Monoclonal Antibody
(1) Production of Monoclonal Antibody Using Soluble CDH3 Protein as Immunogen
50 μg of a soluble CDH3 protein dissolved in a normal saline and Titer-MAX Gold (registered trademark) (TiterMax) were mixed in equal volumes. The obtained mixture was injected into the abdominal cavity and subcutis of each MRL/lpr mouse (Japan SLC, Inc.), so as to carry out initial immunization. The second immunization and the subsequent immunizations were carried out by mixing a soluble CDH3 protein (protein amount: 25 μg) that had been prepared in the same manner as described above with Titer-MAX gold and then injecting the obtained mixture into the abdominal cavity and subcutis of the mouse. Three days after the final immunization, splenic cells were aseptically prepared from the mouse, and the splenic cells were then fused with mouse myeloma cells SP2/O-Ag14 or P3-X63-Ag8.653 according to an ordinary method (polyethylene glycol method).
(2) Selection of Anti-CDH3 Antibody-Producing Hybridomas
An anti-CDH3 antibody was selected by flow cytometry using a CHO cell line (EXZ1501) expressing full-length CDH3.
Specifically, the CHO cell line (EXZ1501) that expressed full-length CDH3 was treated with 2 mM EDTA-PBS, so that it was removed from the culture plate. Thereafter, the cells were suspended in a FACS solution at 1×106 cells/mL. This cell suspension was inoculated on a 96-well plate at 50 μL/well, and a culture supernatant of hybridomas was then added thereto, so that they were reacted at 4° C. for 60 minutes. Thereafter, the reaction solution was washed out with a FACS solution (200 μL/well) two times, and AlexaFluor 488-labeled anti-mouse IgG-goat F(ab′)2 (Invitrogen) was then added to the resultant. Then, the mixture was reacted at 4° C. for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the reaction solution was washed out with a FACS solution two times, and it was then subjected to flow cytometry, so as to select hybridomas that were strongly reacted with the CDH3-expressing CHO cells. Thus, hybridomas producing mouse antibodies PPAT-057-06, PPAT-057-17, PPAT-057-13, PPAT-057-23, PPAT-057-27, and PPAT-057-12 were obtained. The hybridoma cell producing the mouse antibody PPAT-057-17 (Accession No. NITE BP-865) was deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with the International Patent Organism Depositary, the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, an Independent Administrative Institution under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2-5-8, Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba-ken, Japan, postal code: 292-0818) on Jan. 20, 2010. It is to be noted that hybridomas producing the mouse antibody PPAT-057-12 described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-140407 are the same as the hybridoma cells producing the mouse antibody PPAT-057-17 in the present application. That is to say, the mouse antibody PPAT-057-12 described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-140407 was renumbered to as a “mouse antibody PPAT-057-17” in the present application.
The results of typical reactions of the antibody PPAT-057-17 obtained from the aforementioned hybridomas with CDH3-expressing CHO cells (EXZ1501), with CHO cells as a parent cell line, and with cancer cells NCI-H358 that had been confirmed to express CDH3 at a high level, are shown in FIG. 3.
Example 4
Identification of Recognition Site of Anti-CDH3 Monoclonal Antibody Using CDH3 Protein Fragments
The recognition site of the anti-CDH3 antibody was identified by a Western blot method with CDH3 protein fragments. Fragments 1 to 5 were designed, so that the sequences of individual CDH3 fragments could be sufficiently overlapped (FIG. 4).
(1) Construction of Expression Vector for CDH3 Protein Fragments
Using the full-length CDH3 cDNA of Example 1 as a template, a PCR reaction was carried out employing the after-mentioned primer sets. Using iProof High Fidelity DNA Polymerase (Bio-Rad), the reaction was carried out under reaction conditions consisting of 35 cycles of 98° C.—10 seconds, 60° C.—10 seconds, and 72° C.—30 seconds. Thereafter, gel containing a band with a size near the size of interest was cut out in agarose gel electrophoresis, and using QIA (registered trademark) Quick Gel Extraction Kit, a CDH3 cDNA fragment of interest was obtained.
In order to insert this CDH3 cDNA fragment into an Escherichia coli expression vector pCold (registered trademark) TF (TAKARA BIO INC.), the fragment was digested with two types of restriction enzymes KpnI and XbaI, and it was then inserted into pCold TF that has also been digested with KpnI and XbaI according to an ordinary method using T4 DNA ligase, so as to obtain an expression vector for expressing each fragment.
Using the following primer sets, PCR reactions were carried out, so as to obtain individual fragments.

    Fragment 1 (positions 108 to 236 of SEQ ID NO: 38)











Forward primer:



(SEQ ID NO: 41)



TATGGAGCTCGGTACCGATTGGGTGGTTGCTCCAATATCTG



 



Reverse primer:



(SEQ ID NO: 42)



AGATTACCTATCTAGACTACTGCATCACAGAAGTACCTGGTAGG 






    Fragment 2 (positions 132 to 348 of SEQ ID NO: 38)









Forward primer.


(SEQ ID NO: 43)


TATGGAGCTCGGTACCAAGTCTAATAAAGATAGAGACACCAAG


 


Reverse primer:


(SEQ ID NO: 44)


AGATTACCTATCTAGACTACCTCTGCACCTCATGGCCCACTGCATTCTCA






    Fragment 3 (positions 237 to 461 of SEQ ID NO: 38)











Forward primer.



(SEQ ID NO: 45)



TATGGAGCTCGGTACCGTGACAGCCACGGATGAGGATGATG



 



Reverse primer: 



(SEQ ID NO: 46)



AGATTACCTATCTAGACTAGACACACACAGGCTCCCCAGTG 






    Fragment 4 (positions 349 to 550 of SEQ ID NO: 38)









Forward primer:


(SEQ ID NO: 47)


TATGGAGCTCGGTACCCTGACGGTCACTGATCTGGACG


 


Reverse primer:


(SEQ ID NO: 48)


AGATTACCTATCTAGACTAGGGCTCAGGGACTGGGCCATGGTCATTG






    Fragment 5 (positions 462 to 654 of SEQ ID NO: 38)









Forward primer:


(SEQ ID NO: 49)


TATGGAGCTCGGTACCTACACTGCAGAAGACCCTGACAAGG


 


Reverse primer:


(SEQ ID NO: 50)


AGATTACCTATCTAGACTAACCTCCCTTCCAGGGTCCAGGGCAGGTTTCG






(2) Expression of CDH3 Protein Fragments

Using an expression vector for expressing each of the CDH3 fragments described in (1) above, Escherichia coli Rossetta (registered trademark) 2 (Merck) was transformed according to an ordinary method, and the transformant was then cultured in an LB medium. When the absorbance at 600 nm became 0.4, the culture product was cooled on ice for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the concentration of isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was set at 0.5 mM, and the cells were then cultured at 20° C. for 18 hours. Thereafter, the resultant was then recovered.
The expression of CDH3 protein fragments was confirmed by electrophoresing the culture solution of the Escherichia coli, then subjecting the resultant to a Western blot method using an anti-Penta-His antibody (QIAGEN), and then confirming the presence of a band in a predicted position.
Specifically, an electrophoretic buffer was added to the above-described Escherichia coli culture solution in an amount of 1/10 of the culture solution, and the thus mixed solution was then charged to 5%-20% gradient gel (Bio-Rad) under reductive conditions, followed by performing electrophoresis. Thereafter, the resultant was transferred on Immobilon (registered trademark) P membrane (Millipore). The transfer membrane was lightly washed with TBS-T (0.05% Tween (registered trademark) 20, TBS), and it was then shaken in 40% BSA-containing TBS for 1 hour. Thereafter, each anti-CDH3 antibody that had been diluted with TB S-T containing 10% Block Ace (registered trademark) (Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd.) was added to the resultant, and the obtained mixture was then shaken for 1 hour. Thereafter, the reaction product was washed with TBS-T, and a HRP-anti-mouse IgG antibody (GE Healthcare Biosciences) diluted with 10% Block Ace-containing TBS-T was added thereto, followed by shaking the obtained mixture for 1 hour. Subsequently, the reaction product was washed with TBS-T. Using ECL (registered trademark)-Plus (GE Healthcare Biosciences), color development was detected with X-ray film RX-u (Fujifilm Corporation) in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer. The obtained results are shown in FIG. 5.
(3) Identification of Recognition Site of Antibody Using CDH3 Protein Fragments
The above-described Escherichia coli lysate, in which each of the above-mentioned CDH3 protein fragments had been expressed, was charged to 5%-20% gradient gel (Bio-Rad) under reductive conditions, followed by performing electrophoresis. Thereafter, using a blotting device (Bio-Rad), the resultant was transferred on Immobilon P membrane (Millipore). The transfer membrane was lightly washed with TBS-T (0.05% Tween 20, TBS), and it was then shaken in 40% BSA-containing TBS for 1 hour. Thereafter, the membrane was cut at equal intervals in the form of straps, and each antibody (including the antibodies PPAT-057-06, PPAT-057-17, PPAT-057-13, PPAT-057-23, PPAT-057-27, and PPAT-057-12) that had been diluted with 10% Block Ace-containing TBS-T was added thereto. The obtained mixture was shaken for 1 hour. Thereafter, the reaction product was washed with TBS-T, and a HRP-anti-mouse IgG antibody (GE Healthcare Biosciences) diluted with 10% Block Ace-containing TBS-T was added thereto, followed by shaking the obtained mixture for 1 hour. Subsequently, the reaction product was washed with TBS-T. Using ECL-Plus (GE Healthcare Biosciences), color development was detected with X-ray film RX-u (Fujifilm Corporation) in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer. As a result, it was found that the antibodies PPAT-057-06, PPAT-057-17, PPAT-057-23, PPAT-057-12, and PPAT-057-13 reacted with Fragment 1 and did not react with Fragments 2 to 5. These results demonstrated that the antibodies PPAT-057-06, PPAT-057-17, PPAT-057-23, PPAT-057-12, and PPAT-057-13 specifically react with an epitope that is present in positions 108 to 131 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38. The antibody PPAT-057-27 did not react with Fragments 1 to 4 and reacted with Fragment 5. Accordingly, it was found that the antibody PPAT-057-27 specifically reacts with an epitope that is present in positions 551 to 654 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38.
Example 5
Production of Chimeric Antibody Against CDH3
Using hybridomas each producing PPAT-057-06, PPAT-057-17, PPAT-057-13, PPAT-057-23, PPAT-057-27, or PPAT-057-12, DNA encoding the variable region of a mouse monoclonal antibody against human CDH3 was cloned as described below. Then, a mouse variable region was connected with the constant region of a human antibody gene, so as to produce chimeric antibodies PPAT-057-06C, PPAT-057-17C, PPAT-057-13C, PPAT-057-23C, PPAT-057-27C, and PPAT-057-12C.
(1) Cloning of Variable Region Gene of Mouse Monoclonal Antibody PPAT-057-17
(i) Purification of RNA from Hybridomas
Cytoplasmic RNA was isolated from hybridoma cells producing PPAT-057-17 (Accession No. NITE BP-865) according to the method described in Gough, Rapid and quantitative preparation of cytoplasmic RNA from small numbers of cells, Analytical Biochemisty, 173, pp. 93-95 (1988) (wherein another TNE buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 1% NP-40; 150 mM NaCl; 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) was used, instead of the lysis buffer described in the aforementioned study paper). Specifically, hybridoma cells (5×106) was suspended in 0.2 mL of a TNE buffer to dissolve the cell membrane therein, and the cell nucleus was then removed by centrifugation. To approximately 0.2 mL of the obtained cytoplasm supernatant, 0.2 mL of an extraction buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.5; 0.35 M NaCl; 1% (w/v) SDS; 10 mM EDTA, pH 8.0; 7 M urea) was added. The obtained mixture was extracted with phenol and chloroform, and glycogen (Roche; Cat No. 901393) was then added as a carrier to the obtained RNA solution. The reaction mixture was precipitated with ethanol. Subsequently, 10 to 50 μl of sterile distilled water was added to the RNA precipitate, resulting in a cytoplasmic RNA concentration of 0.5 to 2 μg/μl, so that the precipitate was dissolved therein.
(ii) Preparation of cDNA Library from RNA Prepared from Hybridomas
In order to synthesize single-stranded cDNA, 0.5 to 3 μg of the above-prepared cytoplasmic RNA was added to a reaction solution containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3 (room temperature); 75 mM KCl; 3 mM MgCl2; 10 mM DTT, 100 ng of random primer, 0.5 mM dNTP, and 200 units of Superscript II (reverse transcriptase, Invitrogen) to prepare 20 μL of a reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture was then incubated at 42° C. for 50 minutes. The thus synthesized cDNA library was directly used as a template in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
(iii) Amplification of Gene Encoding Variable Region of Anti-CDH3 Antibody PPAT-057-17 by PCR Method
Primers used in the experiments were all synthesized by Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.
(Primers Used to Amplify Gene Encoding Mouse L Chain Variable Region by PCR Method)
Using two types of primer sets, namely, (1) a DNA primer having homology with a FR1 portion at the 5′-terminus, and 4 primer sets having homology with a J chain gene in a mouse L chain at the 3′-terminus, and (2) primer sets having homology with an L chain signal portion at the 5′-terminus (7 primer sets), and a primer with a KC portion at the 3′-terminus (KVL antisense primer), mouse immunoglobulin L chain variable region DNA was isolated from the cDNA by a polymerase chain reaction, and the sequence of the obtained gene was then analyzed. The amino acid sequence of an L chain variable region was obtained from this gene (SEQ ID NO: 51). The primer sequences are as follows.
(4 Sense Primer Sets for Cloning of Mouse L Chain Variable Region)
With reference to “Phage Display—A Laboratory Manual—, Barbas Burton Scott Silverman” PROTOCOL 9.5, 17 types of sense primers and 3 types of reverse primers were synthesized by Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.
VK sense (FR1 portion): A mixture of the following 17 primers was used as a VK sense primer.









SEQ ID NO: 52



5′-GAYATCCAGCTGACTCAGCC-3′ (Degeneracy: 2)



 



SEQ ID NO: 53



5′-GAYATTGTTCTCWCCCAGTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 4)



 



SEQ ID NO: 54



5′-GAYATTGTGMTMACTCAGTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 8)



 



SEQ ID NO: 55



5′-GAYATTGTGYTRACACAGTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 8)



 



SEQ ID NO: 56



5′-GAYATTGTRATGACMCAGTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 8)



 



SEQ ID NO: 57



5′-GAYATTMAGATRAMCCAGTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 16)



 



SEQ ID NO: 58



5′-GAYATTCAGATGAYDCAGTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 12)



 



SEQ ID NO: 59



5′-GAYATYCAGATGACACAGAC-3′ (Degeneracy: 4)



 



SEQ ID NO: 60



5′-GAYATTGTTCTCAWCCAGTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 4)



 



SEQ ID NO: 61



5′-GAYATTGWGCTSACCCAATC-3′ (Degeneracy: 8)



 



SEQ ID NO: 62



5′-GAYATTSTRATGACCCARTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 16)



 



SEQ ID NO: 63



5′-GAYRTTKTGATGACCCARAC-3′ (Degeneracy: 16)



 



SEQ ID NO: 64



5′-GAYATTGTGATGACBCAGKC-3′ (Degeneracy: 12)



 



SEQ ID NO: 65



5′-GAYATTGTGATAACYCAGGA-3′ (Degeneracy: 4)



 



SEQ ID NO: 66



5′-GAYATTGTGATGACCCAGWT-3′ (Degeneracy: 4)



 



SEQ ID NO: 67



5′-GAYATTGTGATGACACAACC-3′ (Degeneracy: 2)



 



SEQ ID NO: 68



5′-GAYATTTTGCTGACTCAGTC-3′ (Degeneracy: 2)






J antisense (4 primer sets)










J1/J2 antisense primer (1)



SEQ ID NO: 69



5′-GGSACCAARCTGGAAATMAAA-3′ (Degeneracy: 8)



 



J4 antisense primer (2)



SEQ ID NO: 70



5′-GGGACAAAGTTGGAAATAAAA-3′



 



J5 antisense primer (3)



SEQ ID NO: 71



5′-GGGACCAAGCTGGAGCTGAAA-3′






A mixture of J1/J2, J4, and J5 antisense primers (4)

(7 Primer Sets for Cloning of Mouse L Chain Variable Region)

VK Sense (Signal Peptide Portion)

These primers were prepared by modifying nucleotide sequences based on the Mouse Ig-Primer Set of Novagen (Novagen; Merck, Cat No. 69831-3), such that restriction sites were removed.
Sense primer set A









SEQ ID NO: 72



5′-ATGRAGWCACAKWCYCAGGTCTTT-3′






Sense primer set B










SEQ ID NO: 73



5′-ATGGAGACAGACACACTCCTGCTAT-3′






Sense primer set C










SEQ ID NO: 74



5′-ATGGAGWCAGACACACTSCTGYTATGGGT-3′






Sense primer set D (a mixture of the following two types of primers was used)










SEQ ID NO: 75



5′-ATGAGGRCCCCTGCTCAGWTTYTTGGIWTCTT-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 76



5′-ATGGGCWTCAAGATGRAGTCACAKWYYCWGG-3′






Sense primer set E (a mixture of the following three types of primers was used)










SEQ ID NO: 77



5′-ATGAGTGTGCYCACTCAGGTCCTGGSGTT-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 78



5′-ATGTGGGGAYCGKTTTYAMMCTTTTCAATTG-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 79



5′-ATGGAAGCCCCAGCTCAGCTTCTCTTCC-3′






Sense primer set F (a mixture of the following four types of primers was used)










SEQ ID NO: 80



5′-ATGAGIMMKTCIMTTCAITTCYTGGG-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 81



5′-ATGAKGTHCYCIGCTCAGYTYCTIRG-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 82



5′-ATGGTRTCCWCASCTCAGTTCCTTG-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 83



5′-ATGTATATATGTTTGTTGTCTATTTCT-3′






Sense primer set G (a mixture of the following four types of primers was used)










SEQ ID NO: 84



5′-ATGAAGTTGCCTGTTAGGCTGTTGGTGCT-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 85



5′-ATGGATTTWCARGTGCAGATTWTCAGGTT-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 86



5′-ATGGTYCTYATVTCCTTGCTGTTCTGG-3′



 



SEQ ID NO: 87



5′-ATGGTYCTYATVTTRCTGCTGCTATGG-3′






KVL Antisense Primer











SEQ ID NO: 88:
5′-ACTGGATGGTGGGAAGATGGA-3′






(Primers Used to Amplify Gene Encoding Mouse H Chain Variable Region by PCR Method)

Using a primer having homology with a mouse H chain signal portion (4 primer sets) at the 5′-terminus and a primer having homology with a KC portion at the 3′-terminus, or using 1 primer set having homology with a FR1 portion at the 5′-terminus and two types of primer sets having homology with the constant region of a mouse H chain (IGHC) at the 3′-terminus, mouse immunoglobulin H chain variable region DNA was isolated from the cDNA by a polymerase chain reaction, and the sequence of the obtained gene was then analyzed. The amino acid sequence of an H chain variable region was obtained from this gene (SEQ ID NO: 89). The primer sequences are as follows.
Primers for Cloning of Mouse H Chain Variable Region
VH Sense (Signal Portion: 4 Primer Sets)
These primers were designed with reference to Table 2.12.2 shown in Current Protocols in Immunology (John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), Unit 2.12 Cloning, Expression, and Modification of Antibody V Regions.







SEQ ID NO: 90


5′-ATGGRATGSAGCTGKGTMATSCTCTT-3′ (Degeneracy: 32)


 


SEQ ID NO: 91


5′-ATGRACTTCGGGYTGAGCTKGGTTTT-3′ (Degeneracy: 8)


 


SEQ ID NO: 92


5′-ATGGCTGTCTTGGGGCTGCTCTTCT-3′


 


SEQ ID NO: 93


5′-ATGGRCAGRCTTACWTYY-3′ (Degeneracy: 32)






Primers for Cloning of Mouse H Chain Variable Region

VH Sense (FR1 Portion)

This primer was designed by modifying the nucleotide sequence of the sense primer described in Tan et al., “Superhumanized” Antibodies: Reduction of Immunogenic Potential by Complementarity-Determining Region Grafting with Human Germline Sequences: Application to an Anti-CD281, Journal of Immunology 169 (2002) pp. 1119-1125.







SEQ ID NO: 94


5′-SAGGTSMARCTKSAGSAGTCWGG-3′ (Degeneracy: 256)






VH Antisense (Antisense Primer Common in 3 and 4)

This primer was designed by degenerating the nucleotide sequence such that it can anneal with all isoforms of mouse IgG









SEQ ID NO: 95



5′-CASCCCCATCDGTCTATCC-3′ (Degeneracy: 6)






(2) Construction of Transient Expression Vector for Chimeric Antibody PPAT-057-17C

Construction of Expression Plasmid:

Using the primers shown in SEQ ID NOS: 52 to 95, a variable region in each of the L chain and H chain of an anti-CDH3 mouse monoclonal antibody PPAT-057-17 was amplified by a PCR method employing DNA Engine (Peltier Thermal Cycler, MJ Research, Bio-Rad). The amplified DNA fragment was inserted into a subcloning vector p-GEM (Promega), and the nucleotide sequence thereof was then determined using T7 and SP6 universal primers for this vector.
The nucleotide sequence of a variable region in each of the L chain and H chain of a chimeric anti-CDH3 antibody was searched on the IMGTN-QUEST Search page (http://imgt.cines.fr/IMGT_vquest/vquest?livret=0&Option=mouseIg). As a result, it was confirmed that the antibody gene could be reliably cloned.
CDR1 in the heavy chain variable region (VH) of the aforementioned chimeric anti-CDH3 antibody comprised the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; CDR2 in the heavy chain variable region (VH) thereof comprised the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; CDR3 in the heavy chain variable region (VH) thereof comprised the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3; CDR1 in the light chain variable region (VL) thereof comprised the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; CDR2 in the light chain variable region (VL) thereof comprised the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; and CDR3 in the light chain variable region (VL) thereof comprised the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6.
By applying the same method as described above, antibody variable regions were each cloned from the hybridomas of PPAT-057-06, PPAT-057-13, PPAT-057-23, PPAT-057-27, and PPAT-057-12. As a result, it was found that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-06C heavy chain variable region (VH) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, 8 and 9, respectively, and that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-06C light chain variable region (VL) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, 11 and 12, respectively. It was also found that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-13C heavy chain variable region (VH) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 13, 14 and 15, respectively, and that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-13C light chain variable region (VL) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 16, 17 and 18, respectively. It was also found that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-23C heavy chain variable region (VH) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 19, 20 and 21, respectively, and that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-23C light chain variable region (VL) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 22, 23 and 24, respectively. It was also found that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-27C heavy chain variable region (VH) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 25, 26 and 27, respectively, and that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-27C light chain variable region (VL) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 28, 29 and 30, respectively. It was further found that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-12C heavy chain variable region (VH) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 31, 32 and 33, respectively, and that the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the PPAT-057-12C light chain variable region (VL) comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 34, 35 and 36, respectively.
Subsequently, genes each encoding the V regions of the L chain and H chain of the cloned anti-PPAT-057-17 antibody were prepared by designing a gene, in which a gene encoding a human Ck region was ligated to a chimeric L chain expression vector and a gene encoding a human Cg1 region was ligated to a chimeric H chain expression vector, and then performing the artificial synthesis of the thus designed, full-length L chain and H chain chimeric antibody genes by GenScript. Upon the artificial synthesis of the full-length genes, optimization of codon usage was carried out for the advantages of gene expression in CHO-producing cells (in accordance with the method described in Kim et al., Codon optimization for high-level expression of human erythropoietin (EPO) in mammalian cells, Gene, Vol. 199, 1997, pp. 293-301). Specifically, in the case of the L chain, a DNA sequence essential for efficient translation (Kozak, M., J., At least six nucleotides preceding the AUG initiator codon enhance translation in mammalian cells. J. Mol. Biol. 196, pp. 947-950, 1987), a signal peptide of a mouse IGKV (k chain variable region) gene, a V region of the L chain of an anti-CDR3 antibody, and human KC (k chain constant region) were aligned in this order, and restriction enzyme sites (NheI on the 5′-terminal side and EcoRI on the 3′-terminal side) were then added to the both termini. A chimeric H chain was produced in the same manner as described above. The thus produced artificial synthetic genes were cleaved with NheI and EcoRI, and the gene fragments were then inserted into the NheI and EcoRI sites of the expression vector pCAGGS, so as to obtain an expression vector pCAGGS-IGK for an anti-CDH3 chimeric antibody L chain, and an expression vector pCAGGS-IGH for an anti-CDH3 chimeric antibody H chain.
(3) Construction of Stable Expression Vector for Chimeric Antibody PPAT-057-17C
To allow a recombinant antibody gene to express at a high level in CHO cells, an expression vector was constructed by ligating the antibody gene to a CMV promoter sequence and inserting a dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene having a poly(A) signal into the vector.
To produce a cell line capable of stably expressing and producing a chimeric antibody, a pCAGGS expression vector, into which a dhfr gene was inserted, was constructed. Specifically, a CMV promoter and a dgfr gene having a poly(A) signal were inserted into transient expression vectors pCAGGS-IGH and pCAGGS-IGK A CMV promoter, a mouse dgfr gene having a Kozak sequence, and a SV40 poly(A) signal were each amplified according to a PCR method. Thereafter, the mixture of these genes were ligated with one another by the PCR method, and at the same time, HindIII sites were added to both termini, so as to obtain a gene fragment HindIII-CMV promoter-Kozak-dhfr-poly(A)-HindIII. This fragment was inserted into the HindIII site of pCAGGS-IGH or pCAGGS-IGK to obtain pCAGGS-IGH-CMVp-dhfr-A and pCAGGS-IGK-CMVp-dhfr-A. These expression vectors can express chimeric antibody by a CAG promote; and can express dgfr gene by a CMV promoter, and thus, they could efficiently produce chimeric antibodies by utilizing gene amplification.
(4) Establishment of CHO Cell Line Capable of Producing Chimeric Antibody PPAT-057-17C
CHO dhfr(−) cells (G Urlaub et al., Isolation of Chinese hamster cell mutants deficient in dihydrofolate reductase activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, pp. 4216-4220, 1980) were used in simultaneous transformation with two types of plasmids (wherein a plasmid was cleaved with PvuI in an ampicillin resistance gene to form linear plasmids from a cyclic plasmid), namely, with a pCAGGS-IGK-CMV-dhfr-A vector used for expression of a chimeric anti-CDH3 L chain and a pCAGGS-IGH-CMV-dhfr-A vector used for expression of a chimeric anti-CDH3 H chain. Electroporation was carried out using Amaxa manufactured by LONZA. DNA (0.002 mg/sample of each plasmid for the L chain and the H chain) was added to 0.1 mL of Amaxa electroporation CHO buffer containing 3×10e3 cells, and electric pulse was then given thereto.
The cells treated by electroporation were added to an Iscove's Modified Dulbecco Medium (IMDM), which contained 10% dialyzed FBS and did not contain HT (H: hypoxanthine; T: thymidine). Three days after the gene transfection, the medium was replaced with IMDM which contained 10% dialyzed FBS and 2 mM L-glutamine, and did not contain HT. Thereafter, the transfected neo+ cells were selected with 1 mg/mL G418, and clones of a chimeric antibody production-positive cell line were obtained. Subsequently, gene amplification was carried out using the clones selected with G418. The gene was amplified in 2 rounds of methotrexate (MTX) (0.25 mM, 1 mM), and a cell line capable of producing approximately 50 to 100 mg of chimeric CDH3 antibody per liter could be established.
Cell lines each capable of producing chimeric antibodies PPAT-057-06C, PPAT-057-13C, PPAT-057-23C, PPAT-057-27C, and PPAT-057-12C were established by the same method as described above.
(5) Quantification of Chimeric Antibody by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
A culture supernatant of the transfected CHO cells was measured by ELISA, and it was confirmed that a chimeric antibody had been produced. To detect the chimeric antibody, a plate was coated with goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (which had previously been absorbed against mouse, rabbit, bovine, and mouse IgG) (COSMO BIO: AQI, Cat No. A-110UD). After blocking, the culture supernatant obtained from CHO cells capable of producing anti-CDH3 chimeric antibody was subjected to serial dilution, and was then added to each well. After the plate had been subjected to incubation and washing, goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (which had previously been absorbed against mouse, rabbit, bovine, and mouse IgG)-HRP(COSMO BIO: AQI, Cat No. A-110UD) was added to the plate. Following incubation and washing, a substrate buffer was added to the plate. Incubation was further carried out, the reaction was then terminated, and the absorbance at 450 nm was then measured. Purified human IgG was used as a standard.
Example 6
Measurement of Antigen-Binding Activity of Chimeric Antibody PPAT-057-17C
The antigen-binding activity of the purified chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C was measured by flow cytometry, using a CHO cell line (EXZ1501) expressing full-length CDH3 or a CDH3-positive expression lung cancer cell line NCI-H358.
Each cell line was treated with 2 mM EDTA-PBS to remove the cells from a culture plate, and the cells were then suspended in a FACS solution at 1×106 cell/mL. This cell suspension was inoculated on a 96-well plate at 50 μL/well, and the purified chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C was then added in each different concentrations to the plate, followed by performing a reaction at 4° C. for 60 minutes. Thereafter, the wells were washed with a FACS solution (200 μL/well) two times, and 4 μg/ml AlexaFlour488-labeled anti-human IgG/goat F(ab′)2 (Invitrogen) was then added to the resultant. The obtained mixture was reacted at 4° C. for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was washed with a FACS solution two times, and was then subjected to flow cytometry. As a result, as shown in FIG. 7, the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C was found to have strong reactivity with a CDH3-expressing cell line.
Example 7
Measurement of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) of Chimeric Antibody PPAT-057-17C
ADCC activity was measured using EuTDA cytotoxicity assay kits (PerkinElmer, Cat. AD0116).
(1) Preparation of Effector Cells
Bone marrow cells were collected from the femur of a C3H/HeJ Jcl mouse (8-week-old, male, CLEA Japan, Inc.), and were adjusted at 2×106 cells/mL in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium. The cells were cultured in the presence of 50 mg/mL human IL-2 (PEPROTECH) and 10 ng/mL mouse GM-CSF (PEPROTECH) for 6 days. On the day of performing measurement, the cells were recovered, and were then washed with a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium, so as to obtain a solution of effector cells.
(2) Preparation of Target Cells
A CDH3-positive expression lung cancer cell line NCI-H358 was used as target cells. The cells were removed from a plate, and were then suspended in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium at 1×106 cells/mL. Then, 5 μl/ml BATDA was added to the suspension, and the obtained mixture was then cultured at 37° C. for 25 minutes. Thereafter, the resulting cells were washed with a medium four times, and a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium was then added to the resultant. The resulting cells were inoculated on a 96-well U-bottom plate (NUNC) at 1×104 cells/well, so as to prepare target cells.
(3) Measurement of ADCC Activity
An antibody solution (the antibody PPAT-057-17 or the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C) that had been adjusted to a concentration of 0.01, 0.1, or 1 μg/mL was dispensed at 50 μL/well into each well that contained the target cells, and the mixture was then incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. Subsequently, 100 μL of effector cells (4×105 cells/well) was dispensed into each well, and the obtained mixture was then cultured in a carbon dioxide incubator for 3 hours. Thereafter, a culture supernatant was recovered, and 20 μL of the culture supernatant was transferred on a fluorescence measurement plate. Then, 100 μl of an Eu solution was added, and the obtained mixture was then reacted at room temperature for 15 minutes. Thereafter, the amount of fluorescence in each well of the plate was measured using a fluorescence plate reader.
Herein, cytotoxicity was obtained according to the following formula:

Cytotoxicity(%)=(A−C)/(B−C)×100

    A: The amount of fluorescence in each antibody-added well
    B: The amount of fluorescence in a well, in which 100 μL of 2% NP40 solution and 50 μL of 10% FBS-containing RPMI medium were added to the target cells
    C: The amount of fluorescence in a well, which 150 μL of 10% FBS-containing medium that contained effector cells was added to the target cells


Using the aforementioned formula, the ADCC activity was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 8.
Example 8
Measurement of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) of Chimeric Antibody
ADCC activity was measured, using a bladder cancer cell line BFTC905 as target cells and mouse bone marrow cells as effector cells, and employing a kit manufactured by PROMEGA, CytoTox96 non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay.
(1) Preparation of Effector Cells
Bone marrow cells were collected from the femur of a C.B-17/Icr-scid mouse (8-week-old, male, CLEA Japan, Inc.), and were then cultured for 6 days in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 50 ng/mL recombinant human IL-2 (PEPROTECH) and 10 ng/mL recombinant mouse GM-CSF (PEPROTECH). The bone marrow cells were recovered on the day of measurement, and were then adjusted at 0.9×107 cells/mL with a measurement buffer (a 2.5% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium that did not contain phenol red), so as to prepare a solution of effector cells.
(2) Preparation of Target Cells
A CDH3-positive expression bladder cancer cell line BFTC905 was used as target cells. The cells were removed from a plate, and were then suspended in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium at 0.75×105 cells/mL. Thereafter, the suspension was dispensed at 100 μL/well into a 96-well U-bottom plate. On the following day, the reaction mixture was washed with a measurement buffer (a 2.5% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium that did not contain phenol red), and a measurement buffer was added at 50 μL/well to the plate.
(3) Measurement of ADCC Activity
An antibody solution was adjusted to 12 μg/mL with a measurement buffer, and it was then added at 25 μL/well to a plate, on which the target cells had been dispersed. The obtained mixture was left in a 5% CO2 incubator for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the prepared effector cells were added at 25 μL/well to the plate (final antibody concentration: 3 μg/mL; effector cells: target cells=31:1). The obtained mixture was left at 37° C. in a 5% CO2 incubator for 4 hours. Thereafter, a 50 μL/well supernatant was recovered, and was then subjected to a measurement using CytoTox96 non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay. The results are shown in FIG. 9.
Example 9
Antitumor Effects of Chimeric Antibody PPAT-057-17C on Xenograft Models
The antitumor effects of the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C were confirmed using xenograft models, into which a human lung cancer-derived cell line NCI-H358 had been transplanted.
NCI-H358 was cultured in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium, and the thus obtained cell culture was then transplanted into the subcutis on the right abdomen of each SCID mouse (female, 7-week-old, CLEA Japan, Inc.) at 5×106 cells/mouse.
The NCI-H358-transplanted mice were divided into four groups (n=8). With regard to each group, the antibody PPAT-057-17 or the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C was administered at an amount of 0.3 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg, or 7.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse. With regard to a negative control group, PBS was administered at an amount of 0.2 mL/20 g into the caudal vein of each mouse. Administration was initiated at the time point at which the mean tumor volume reached 80 mm3, and was carried out two times a week (every three or four days) in a total of eight times.
On the day of administration, tumor size and body weight were measured. After completion of the final administration, the mice were further observed for 1 week, and then, body weight, tumor volume and tumor weight were measured. The results are shown in FIG. 10. The results of the antibody administration groups were compared with the results of the PBS administration group. As a result, the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-17C was found to exhibit antitumor effects in all of the antibody administration groups.
Example 10
In Vivo Tumor Growth-Suppressing Effect of F(Ab′)2 
(1) Preparation of F(ab′)2 
The antibody PPAT-057-17 or a negative control antibody was dialyzed against a dialysis buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5) overnight, and it was then adjusted to a final concentration of 5 mg/ml. Subsequently, the same volume of digestion buffer (0.2 M Sodium citrate buffer, pH 4) was added to the solution, and 0.25 mg/ml Pepsin (Roche) was further added thereto. Thus, the obtained mixture was digested with pepsin at 37° C. for 2 hours. Thereafter, 2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.2) that was in a volume of 1/10 of the reaction solution was added to the reaction solution to terminate the pepsin digestion reaction, and F(ab)2 was then purified by gel filtration. Finally, the buffer was replaced with another buffer (20 mM Na2PO4. 2H2O, 150 mM NaCl), and endotoxin was then removed using Mustang E membrane (Pall life sciences, Port Washington, N.Y.). As a result of performing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and SDS-PAGE, the purity of the purified F(ab′)2 was found to be 99% or more (FIGS. 11A and B).
(2) In Vivo Tumor Growth-Suppressing Effect of F(Ab′)2 
NCI-H358 was cultured in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium, and the culture was then transplanted in the subcutis on the right abdomen of each SCID mouse (female, 7-week-old, CLEA Japan, Inc.) at 5×106 cells/mouse.
The NCI-H358-transplanted mice were divided into four groups (n=8). Taking into consideration a difference in half-life between IgG antibody and F(ab′)2, the antibody PPAT-057-17 IgG or a negative control antibody IgG was administered at an amount of 1.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse in each group, or the PPAT-057-17 F(ab′)2 or the negative control F(ab′)2 was administered at an amount of 1 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse in each group. Administration was initiated at the time point at which the mean tumor volume reached 100 mm3. The IgG antibody was administered two times a week in a total of eight times. On the other hand, the F(ab′)2 was administered three times a week in a total of twelve times.
On the day of administration, tumor size and body weight were measured. After completion of the final administration, the body weight, the tumor volume and the tumor weight were measured. The results are shown in FIG. 11C. When compared with the negative control F(ab′)2 administration group, the F(ab′)2 of the antibody PPAT-057-17 exhibited a tumor growth-suppressing effect. These results demonstrated that the antibody PPAT-057-17 has an ADCC-non-dependent tumor growth-suppressing action.
Example 11
Antitumor Effects of Chimeric Antibody PPAT-057-27C on Xenograft Models
The antitumor effects of the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-27C were confirmed using xenograft models, into which a human bladder cancer-derived cell line BFTC905 had been transplanted.
The bladder cancer cell line BFTC905 was cultured in a 10% FBS-containing D-MEM culture medium. Upon transplantation, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, and the thus recovered cells were suspended in RPMI1640 at 5×107 cells/ml. This cell suspension was transplanted into the subcutis on the right abdomen of each C.B-17-scid mouse (female, 7-week-old, CLEA Japan, Inc.). After completion of the transplantation, the tumor diameter of each mouse was measured with a vernier caliper two times a week. At the time point at which the mean tumor volume reached approximately 150 mm3, the mice were divided into two groups (five mice per group) according to random assignment regarding tumor volume. To one group, the PPAT-057-27C antibody was administered at an amount of 1 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse. To the other group, PBS was administered at an amount of 0.2 mL/20 g mouse into the caudal vein of each mouse. Administration was carried out two times a week (every three or four days) in a total of five times. Even after completion of the administration, the tumor diameter was measured with a vernier caliper two times a week, as with before the assignment, so that the tumor volumes in each group were obtained. Antitumor effects were determined based on the mean tumor volumes on the final day of measurement according to the Student's t-test.
Tumor volume was calculated according to the following formula.

Tumor volume=(Minor axis)2×Major axis×0.5

The random assignment and the Student's t-test were performed using animal experiment data statistical analysis software EXSUS (CLC Corporation).
A change over time in the mean value of the tumor volumes in each group is shown in FIG. 12. As shown in FIG. 12, the growth of the tumor was suppressed by the PPAT-057-27C antibody. In the figure, the symbol *** indicates that there was a significant difference at P<0.001.
Example 12
Antitumor Effects of Chimeric Antibody PPAT-057-23C on Xenograft Models
The antitumor effects of the chimeric antibody PPAT-057-23C were confirmed using xenograft models, into which a human lung cancer-derived cell line NCI-H1650 had been transplanted.
The non-small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H1650 was cultured in a 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 culture medium. Upon transplantation, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, and the thus recovered cells were suspended in RPMI1640 at 5×107 cells/ml. This cell suspension was transplanted into the subcutis on the right abdomen of each C.B-17-scid mouse (female, 7-week-old, CLEA Japan, Inc.). After completion of the transplantation, the tumor diameter of each mouse was measured with a vernier caliper two times a week. At the time point at which the mean tumor volume reached approximately 150 mm3, the mice were divided into two groups (six mice per group) according to random assignment regarding tumor volume. To one group, the PPAT-057-23C antibody was administered at an amount of 1.5 mg/kg into the caudal vein of each mouse. To the other group, PBS was administered as a negative control at an amount of 0.2 mL/20 g mouse into the caudal vein of each mouse. Administration was carried out once a week in a total of two times. Even after completion of the administration, the tumor diameter was measured with a vernier caliper two times a week, as with before the assignment, so that the tumor volumes in each group were obtained. Antitumor effects were determined based on the mean tumor volumes on the final day of measurement according to the Student's t-test.
Tumor volume was calculated according to the following formula.

Tumor volume=(Minor axis)2×Major axis×0.5

The random assignment and the Student's t-test were performed using animal experiment data statistical analysis software EXSUS (CLC Corporation).
A change over time in the mean value of the tumor volumes in each group is shown in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 13, the growth of the tumor was suppressed by the PRAT-057-23C antibody. In the figure, the symbol * indicates that there was a significant difference at P<0.05.

## Claims

1. A recombinant antibody which specifically reacts with an epitope existing in the amino acids at positions 551 to 654 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38 that is the extracellular region of human CDH3, and has cytotoxicity against CDH3-expressing cells, and which comprises the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a heavy chain variable region (HV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 25-27, and the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of a light chain variable region (LV), respectively, consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 28-30.

2. The recombinant antibody according to claim 1, wherein the cytotoxicity is cell growth-suppressing activity or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

3. The recombinant antibody according to claim 1, which comprises the constant region of a human antibody.

4. The recombinant antibody according to claim 3, wherein the constant region of the human antibody consists to the constant region of a human antibody IgG1 class.

5. A cytotoxic agent comprising the recombinant antibody according to claim 1 as an active ingredient.

6. A therapeutic agent for high human CDH3 expression-related disease, which comprises the recombinant antibody according to claim 1 as an active ingredient.

7. The therapeutic agent according to claim 6, wherein the high CDH3 expression-related disease is cancer.

8. A diagnostic agent for high human CDH3 expression-related disease, which comprises the recombinant antibody according to claim 1 as an active ingredient.

9. The diagnostic agent according to claim 8, wherein the high CDH3 expression-related disease is cancer.