In the

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-23-00012-CV

IN THE MATTER OF THE MARRIAGE OF

AMBER BROOKS AND MATTHEW JUSTIN BROOKS

AND IN THE INTEREST OF A.B., L.B., AND E.B., CHILDREN

On Appeal from the County Court at Law

Bowie County, Texas

Trial Court No. 17D1415-CCL

Before Stevens, C.J., van Cleef and Rambin, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice van Cleef
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MEMORANDUM OPINION

Amber Brooks and Matthew Justin Brooks were divorced in 2018. The agreed divorce 

decree appointed Amber and Matthew joint managing conservators of their three sons, A.B., 

L.B., and E.B., with Amber having the right to designate the children’s primary residence. In 

2022, Amber filed a petition to modify the parent-child relationship so that she could move with 

the children to Maine. After finding a substantial and material change in the parties’ 

circumstances, the trial court modified the agreed divorce decree by allowing Amber to relocate 

the children and by altering the dates for Matthew’s possession of and access to the children.

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On appeal, Matthew argues that the trial court abused its direction in allowing Amber to 

relocate the children to Maine because (1) there was no substantial or material change in the 

parties’ circumstances and (2) relocation was not in the children’s best interests. Because we 

find that sufficient evidence showed a substantial and material change in the parties’

circumstances and that relocation was in the children’s best interests, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment. 

I. Standard of Review

“We review the trial court’s decision to modify conservatorship under an abuse of 

discretion standard.” In re P.M.G., 405 S.W.3d 406, 410 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.) 

(citing Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982)). “A trial court abuses its 

discretion only when it has acted in an unreasonable or arbitrary manner, or when it acts without 

reference to any guiding principle.” Id. (quoting In re Jeffries, 144 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 

1Amber also sought, and the trial court ordered, child support from Matthew in the amount of $1,288.40 per month. 

Matthew does not complain of the order to pay child support. 
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App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.) (citing Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 

238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985))). “Under this standard, legal and factual sufficiency are not 

independent grounds for asserting error, but are relevant factors in determining whether the trial

court abused its discretion.” Id. (citing Niskar v. Niskar, 136 S.W.3d 749, 753 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2004, no pet.); In re Davis, 30 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.)). 

“In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, we consider whether the trial court 

had sufficient evidence upon which to exercise its discretion and, if so, whether it erred in the 

exercise of that discretion.” Id. (citing In re W.C.B., 337 S.W.3d 510, 513 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

2011, no pet.)).

Since Matthew did not have the burden of proof at trial, legal sufficiency is analyzed as a 

no-evidence challenge. See In re A.B.O., No. 06-14-00071-CV, 2015 WL 2236593, at *6 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Giron v. Gonzalez, 247 S.W.3d 302, 306

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.) (citing Croucher v. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 

1983))). “In assessing factual sufficiency, we are to consider all of the record evidence, not just 

the evidence supporting the judgment.” Id. (quoting In re G.R.W., 191 S.W.3d 896, 899 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2006, no pet.) (citing Mar. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406–07 

(Tex. 1998))). The trial court’s findings are set aside “only if they are so contrary to the 

overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, shock the 

conscience, or clearly demonstrate bias.” Id. (quoting In re C.R.J., No. 06-13-00053-CV, 2014 

WL 199209, at *5 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Jan. 17, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Cain v. 

Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam))).
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As the fact-finder in a bench trial, the trial court determines “the credibility of the 

witnesses and the weight [of] their testimony.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 819 

(Tex. 2005). As “sole arbiter of a witness’ demeanor and credibility,” the trial court “may 

believe all, part, or none of a witness’ testimony.” In re E.M., No. 06-17-00083-CV, 2017 WL 

5586633, at *2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Nov. 21, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing In re H.R.M., 

209 S.W.3d 105, 109 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam)). “Where, as here, no findings of fact and 

conclusions of law are filed, it is ‘implied that the trial court made all the findings necessary to 

support its judgment.’” In re P.M.G., 405 S.W.3d at 410 (quoting Worford v. Stamper, 801

S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990) (per curiam)). 

II. Sufficient Evidence Showed a Substantial and Material Change in the Parties’

Circumstances

“A court with continuing, exclusive jurisdiction may modify an order that provides for 

the conservatorship, support, or possession of and access to a child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 156.001. In relevant part, Section 156.101 states, 

(a) The court may modify an order that provides for the appointment of a 

conservator of a child, that provides the terms and conditions of conservatorship, 

or that provides for the possession of or access to a child if modification would be 

in the best interest of the child and:

(1) the circumstances of the child, a conservator, or other party 

affected by the order have materially and substantially changed 

since the earlier of:

(A) the date of the rendition of the order; or

(B) the date of the signing of a mediated or 

collaborative law settlement agreement on which the order 

is based . . . .
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TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 156.101(a). Matthew argues that the Department failed to establish a 

material and substantial change in the parties’ circumstances. We disagree. 

“A court’s determination of whether a material and substantial change of circumstances 

has occurred is not based on rigid rules and is fact-specific.” In re T.I., No. 06-20-00089-CV, 

2021 WL 3669339, at *5 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Aug. 19, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing 

In re A.J.M., No. 10-14-00284-CV, 2016 WL 936869, at *2 (Tex. App.—Waco Mar. 10, 2016, 

no pet.) (mem. op.)). “Material changes may be established by either direct or circumstantial 

evidence.” Id. (citing In re A.J.M., 2016 WL 936869, at *2). “Whether a particular change is 

material and substantial depends on the circumstances of each case.” Id. (citing In re A.J.M., 

2016 WL 936869, at *2). 

“[R]emarriage of a parent who has been appointed a conservator can constitute a material 

change of circumstances.” Id. at *8 (citing In re S.R.O., 143 S.W.3d 237, 244 (Tex. App.—

Waco 2004, no pet.)); see In re K.S.F., No. 05-21-01030-CV, 2023 WL 1501632, at *2 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas Feb. 3, 2023, no pet.) (“Some examples of material changes include . . . 

remarriage by a party . . . .”). Also, where, as here, a parent seeks to modify a child support 

obligation, a change in a parent’s income can also constitute a material and substantial change. 

See In re Y.E., No. 14-20-00608-CV, 2022 WL 364074, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

Feb. 8, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re K.F., No. 02-18-00187-CV, 2018 WL 6816119, at *4 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 27, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“It was undisputed at trial that 

Father’s income had significantly increased from 2013 to 2016 and thus had changed since the 
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Agreed Order. This fact alone is sufficient to establish a material and substantial change in his 

circumstances, permitting the trial court to modify the Agreed Order.”). 

Here, Amber testified that, since the 2018 agreed divorce decree, she had remarried and 

had a child with her new husband. As a result, A.B., L.B., and E.B. had a new stepfather and 

sibling. Both Amber and Matthew testified about substantial changes to their income. Amber 

said that her husband, an assistant produce manager at Albertson’s, had a job offer in Maine to 

become a produce manager at Shaw’s grocery store. Amber, who made $48,000.00 as a Texas 

middle school teacher, had a contract with a school in Maine that was going to pay her

$77,200.00 to teach. Matthew testified that he made “around $17.50, $18.00 maybe” per hour in 

2018 but was, at the time of trial, making $24.00 an hour.

We find that the record presented ample evidence to support the trial court’s decision that 

the circumstances of the parties had materially and substantially changed since the entry of the 

2018 agreed divorce decree. As a result, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in making such a finding. See In re T.I., 2021 WL 3669339, at *9 (“Since some 

evidence of a substantive and probative character exists to support the trial court’s decision, we 

find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding that a material and substantial 

change had occurred sufficient to warrant its ordered modifications.”). Accordingly, we overrule 

Matthew’s first point of error. 
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III. Sufficient Evidence Showed that Relocation Was in the Children’s Best Interests

A. Relevant Factors 

The Texas Family Code does not list the factors to be considered by the trial court in its 

determination of a child’s best interest in a modification proceeding. With respect to relocation, 

“[g]enerally, courts have moved ‘from a relatively strict presumption against relocation and 

toward a more fluid balancing test that permits the trial court to take into account a greater 

number of relevant factors.’” In re N.W.C., No. 05-21-00882-CV, 2023 WL 355176, at *2 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas Jan. 23, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 14–15

(Tex. 2002)). “Increasing geographic mobility and the availability of easier, faster, and cheaper 

communication have in part accounted for this shift in perspective.” Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 

15 (Tex. 2002). “There is ‘no bright-line test,’ however, because determining whether relocation 

is in a child’s best interest is ‘intensely fact driven.’” In re N.W.C., 2023 WL 355176, at *2

(quoting Lenz, 79 S.W.3d at 19).

“In Lenz, the [Texas] supreme court . . . identified a number of factors that may help give 

meaning to the best-interest standard in the context of relocation.” Id. (citing Lenz, 79 S.W.3d at 

15–16, 19). Those non-exhaustive factors are: 

the reasons for and against the move; education, health, and leisure opportunities 

afforded by the move; accommodation of the child’s special needs or talents; the 

effect on extended family relationships; the effect on visitation and 

communication with the noncustodial parent; the noncustodial parent’s ability to 

relocate; and the child’s age.
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Id. (citing Lenz, 79 S.W.3d at 15–16). We may also employ relevant Holley2factors and are

guided by imperatives to:

(1) assure that children will have frequent and continuing contact with parents 

who have shown the ability to act in the best interest of the child;

(2) provide a safe, stable, and nonviolent environment for the child; and

(3) encourage parents to share in the rights and duties of raising their child 

after the parents have separated or dissolved their marriage.

Lenz, 79 S.W.3d at 14 (citing TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.001(a)). 

B. The Evidence at Trial 

At the time of trial, the boys were ten, eight, and six years old. Amber testified that she 

sought to move the children to Brunswick, Maine, so that she could better support her children

financially. She testified that she would be making $30,000.00 more in Maine than in Texas and 

that her husband would also be receiving a promotion. Amber visited the schools in Maine and 

said that they had approximately half of Texas’s “student-to-teacher ratio” and that they were

also better rated. She said that the schools in Maine offered many extra-curricular activities the

children were interested in, including hockey and skiing. Amber was looking forward to leisure 

activities with the children, including visiting nearby islands and lighthouses, going deep-sea 

2The Holley factors are:

(A) the desires of the child; (B) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the 

future; (C) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (D) the parental 

abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (E) the programs available to assist these individuals

to promote the best interest of the child; (F) the plans for the child by these individuals. . . ; (G) the 

stability of the home. . . ; (H) the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing 

parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and (I) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the 

parent. 

In re A.B.O., 2015 WL 2236593, at *7 (quoting Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976) (citations 

omitted)). 
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fishing, and participating in community activities and festivals in both Brunswick and nearby

Portland. She testified that the boys shared a bedroom in Texarkana, but where she planned to 

live in Maine, the house had a bedroom for each child.

According to Amber, she discussed her plans to relocate with Matthew in the summer of 

2021, and they “talked about [Matthew] moving up to Maine.” Matthew worked for Quality 

Petroleum as a “backup” driver and was “around the assistant manager level.” He agreed that he 

“did seriously think about” moving to Maine but decided against it. On April 10, 2022, Matthew 

informed Amber that he was not going to move because “he didn’t want to take the risk of 

losing” “a friend of his named Katie.” Matthew clarified that, even though he no longer had 

contact with Katie, he was no longer interested in moving. Even so, Matthew agreed that, with

the extra income in Maine, Amber could afford to the take the children on their first vacation 

since their divorce.

Amber told the trial court that she had a good friendship with Matthew, “couldn’t ask for 

a better dad for [her] boys,” and did not wish to take the children away from him but only wanted 

“a better life for [the children].” Amber testified that the children could spend all holidays and 

summers with Matthew and that “his biggest objection . . . was he didn’t have a babysitter” to 

watch them while he was working. Amber also offered to pay for the children’s transportation to 

Matthew and agreed to fly Matthew to Maine “either in March or in October” for a long 

weekend. Amber testified that that would allow Matthew more visitation than the schedule in

the agreed divorce decree. She also said that the children would “Facetime” Matthew when they 

were not physically with him.
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Amber said that insurance for the boys in Maine would cost $200.00 less than what it 

cost in Texas. She testified that her youngest son’s “paralysis of his intestines” required drives 

from Texarkana to Dallas or Little Rock, Arkansas, but would only require a twenty-minute 

drive from Brunswick to Portland, which had a “highly recommended pediatric 

gastroenterologist.”

3

 Amber also testified that her oldest son was in therapy for being bullied in 

Texarkana. 

Matthew testified that it would be in the children’s best interests to remain in Texas, 

stating, “[A]ll my family is here. Her family is here. They have aunts, uncles, grandparents 

here.” Matthew also felt that it would be in his children’s best interests to see him regularly.

C. Analysis

The evidence at trial showed that Amber wished to move to increase her family’s 

financial security to better provide for her children. Amber testified, and Matthew did not 

contest, that Maine had better rated schools with a twelve-to-one student-to-teacher ratio versus 

Texas’s twenty-four-to-one ratio. Amber testified about extracurricular activities that the 

children were interested in and the leisure activities she would enjoy with them in Brunswick and 

Portland. She also testified that her youngest son required specialized medical treatment that 

was more easily accessible to him in Maine and implied that her older son might get relief by 

moving away from his Texas bullies. Amber also testified that she would afford Matthew a 

visitation schedule that was more generous than the one currently specified by the agreed divorce 

decree. 

3Amber testified that Matthew had violated the agreed divorce decree by failing to carry insurance on the children as 

ordered. 
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Matthew agreed that the move to Maine would provide Amber with more financial 

stability, but he testified that it was not in the best interests of the children because they would 

not get to see him or their extended family in Texas as often as they currently did. 

In light of the evidence, the trial court could have found that, even after a move to Maine, 

(1) Amber would assure that the children had frequent and continuing contact with Matthew, 

(2) both parents would provide the children with a safe and stable environment, and (3) both 

parents would share in the rights and duties of raising their children. The trial court could have 

reasoned (1) that Matthew would have more access to the children under Amber’s plan than in

the agreed divorce decree, (2) that the children would be free to videochat with Matthew and 

other Texas family members anytime, and (3) that they would enjoy their holidays and summers 

with Matthew and their family members in Texas. It also could have found that nothing 

hampered Matthew’s ability to relocate to Maine if he wished to do so, that the children would 

enjoy better schools and health care in Maine, and that the children would generally be afforded 

a better life due to the change in Amber’s financial circumstances if they were allowed to move. 

After weighing the Lenz and other relevant factors, we conclude that the trial court had 

sufficient evidence upon which to exercise its discretion and did not act in an unreasonable or 

arbitrary manner or without reference to any guiding principles by finding that the move to 

Maine would be in the children’s best interests. As a result, we overrule Matthew’s last point of 

error. 
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IV. Conclusion 

We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Charles van Cleef

Justice

Date Submitted: August 16, 2023

Date Decided: August 24, 2023