II 

113TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 1021 

To provide for a Next Generation Cooperative Threat Reduction Strategy, 

and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

MAY 22, 2013 

Mrs. SHAHEEN introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 

referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations 

A BILL 

To provide for a Next Generation Cooperative Threat 

Reduction Strategy, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Next Generation Coop5 erative Threat Reduction Act of 2013’’. 

6 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

7 Congress makes the following findings: 

8 (1) The United States nonproliferation and 

9 threat reduction assistance program known as the 

10 Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program is 


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1 one of the most successful congressionally led United 

2 States foreign policy initiatives in the post-Cold War 

3 era. 

4 (2) The CTR Program was initiated by the 

5 United States Congress in legislation introduced by 

6 Senators Sam Nunn (D–GA) and Dick Lugar (R– 

7 IN) in 1991. 

8 (3) The initial purpose of the Nunn-Lugar CTR 

9 Program was to dismantle and prevent proliferation 

10 of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons of mass 

11 destruction (WMD) and their associated infrastruc12 ture in the independent states of the former Soviet 

13 Union and to prevent the transfer of weapons of 

14 mass destruction knowledge to other countries. 

15 (4) As of February 28, 2013, the Nunn-Lugar 

16 CTR Program has— 

17 (A) deactivated 13,300 nuclear warheads; 

18 (B) destroyed 1,473 intercontinental bal19 listic missiles (ICBMs); 

20 (C) eliminated 831 ICBM silos; 

21 (D) destroyed 442 ICBM mobile launchers; 

22 (E) eliminated 233 bombers; 

23 (F) eliminated 906 nuclear capable air-to24 surface missiles; 


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1 (G) destroyed 728 submarine launched bal2 listic missile (SLBM) launchers; 

3 (H) eliminated 936 SLBMs; 

4 (I) destroyed 48 ballistic missile sub5 marines; 

6 (J) sealed 194 nuclear test tunnels and 

7 holes; and 

8 (K) destroyed 39,986 metric tons of chem9 ical weapon agent. 

10 (5) Due to the Nunn-Lugar CTR Program, 

11 Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus are nuclear 

12 weapons free and Albania is chemical weapons free. 

13 (6) The Nunn-Lugar CTR Program is based on 

14 the premise that governments have a responsibility 

15 and a mutual interest in working together to reduce 

16 the threat posed by nuclear, chemical, and biological 

17 weapons and their associated infrastructure and 

18 know-how. 

19 (7) Though the Nunn-Lugar CTR Program was 

20 initially focused on the independent states of the 

21 former Soviet Union, the threat represented by the 

22 proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological 

23 WMD-related materials, infrastructure, and know24 how extends well beyond the borders of these states. 


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1 (8) The threat posed by WMD-related prolifera2 tion is increasingly prevalent in the Middle East and 

3 North Africa (MENA), where political instability 

4 and deeply rooted violent extremism contribute to an 

5 already dangerous threat to the United States and 

6 some of its strongest allies. 

7 (9) Terrorist organizations, including core al 

8 Qaeda, al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, al Qaeda 

9 in Iraq, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, 

10 Hezbollah, Hamas, and their extremist supporters 

11 continue to operate in the MENA region and have 

12 sought or may seek to attempt to secure WMD ma13 terials or know-how. 

14 (10) The Government of Iran’s continued illicit 

15 development of its nuclear program and its move16 ment towards an advanced nuclear weapons capa17 bility could lead to a nuclear arms race in the re18 gion. 

19 (11) The Iranian regime’s continued support 

20 for and association with terrorist organizations in 

21 the region, including Hamas and Hezbollah, pose a 

22 significant and growing proliferation challenge for 

23 the entire global community. 

24 (12) Continued upheaval and violence in Syria 

25 and the threat of the Assad regime’s substantial 


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1 chemical weapons stockpile being used or falling into 

2 the wrong hands also pose a significant and imme3 diate WMD-related proliferation challenge to the en4 tire global community. 

5 (13) United Nations Security Council Resolu6 tion (UNSCR) 1540 (2004) binds all United Na7 tions members to adopt and enforce effective con8 trols to prevent the proliferation of WMD, their 

9 means of delivery, and the illicit spread of related 

10 materials; yet countries in the Middle East and 

11 North Africa have a relatively weak record of imple12 mentation of UNSCR 1540. 

13 (14) The MENA region continues to experience 

14 significant political instability and sits atop a com15 plex web of ethnic differences, a history of violence 

16 and extremism, robust military capabilities, a grow17 ing collection of unsecured weapons, and a variety of 

18 unstable governments. 

19 (15) The Arab Spring and the continued revolu20 tions across the MENA region represent significant 

21 opportunities but also difficult challenges as the 

22 United States attempts to create new relationships 

23 with popularly elected governments that can be inex24 perienced in nonproliferation, counter-proliferation, 

25 or related security efforts. 


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1 (16) A number of governments in this unstable 

2 region are considering the development of civilian 

3 nuclear power programs, including the Governments 

4 of the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, 

5 and other countries. 

6 (17) As a result of these difficult challenges, 

7 the United States has a clear interest in preventing 

8 or minimizing the potential proliferation of WMD-re9 lated weapons, technologies, materials, and know10 how in the MENA region. 

11 (18) Despite the threat of proliferation in the 

12 Middle East and North Africa, only a small percent13 age of United States CTR and nonproliferation-re14 lated assistance programs have been focused on the 

15 countries of this region. 

16 (19) Until 2003, Congress limited the use of 

17 Department of Defense (DOD) CTR funding to pro18 grams in the former Soviet Union. 

19 (20) Section 1308 of the National Defense Au20 thorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (22 U.S.C. 

21 5963) authorized the utilization of limited Depart22 ment of Defense CTR funding outside the inde23 pendent states of the former Soviet Union for short24 term projects and emergency funding. 


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1 (21) In section 1306 of the National Defense 

2 Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 

3 110–181; 122 Stat. 413), Congress, for the first 

4 time, specifically authorized funding for longer-term 

5 CTR initiatives to address emerging security chal6 lenges and urgent threats in regions of the world be7 yond the independent states of the former Soviet 

8 Union, stipulating that CTR should be ‘‘strength9 ened and expanded’’ for ‘‘broader international co10 operation and partnerships,’’ including ‘‘programs 

11 and projects in . . . the Middle East’’. 

12 (22) Section 1306 of the National Defense Au13 thorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 also mandated 

14 that the National Academy of Sciences conduct a 

15 study ‘‘to analyze options for strengthening and ex16 panding the CTR program’’. 

17 (23) The congressionally mandated report from 

18 the National Academy of Sciences, ‘‘Global Security 

19 Engagement: A New Model for Cooperative Threat 

20 Reduction,’’ published in 2009, recommended ex21 panding CTR activities into the Middle East, to in22 clude— 

23 (A) encouraging and assisting with secu24 rity and destruction of chemical weapons stock25 piles; 


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1 (B) providing chemical weapons detection 

2 and interdiction equipment and training; 

3 (C) providing training for parliamentarians 

4 and national technical advisors; 

5 (D) promoting chemical safety and security 

6 in the region; 

7 (E) promoting biological safety, security, 

8 and disease surveillance programs; 

9 (F) promoting implementation of UNSCR 

10 1540; 

11 (G) promoting counter-trafficking obliga12 tions under UNSCR 1540; 

13 (H) strengthening export controls and bor14 der security, including maritime security; and 

15 (I) other cooperative programs aimed at 

16 stemming the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, 

17 and biological weapons of mass destruction 

18 technologies, materials, and know-how. 

19 (24) The Department of State, the Department 

20 of Energy, and the Department of Homeland Secu21 rity support nonproliferation projects aimed at coop22 eratively preventing the proliferation of weapons of 

23 mass destruction in the Middle East and North Afri24 ca, including through— 


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1 (A) the Department of State Nonprolifera2 tion and Disarmament Fund; 

3 (B) the Department of State Export Con4 trol and Related Border Security Program; 

5 (C) the Department of State Global Threat 

6 Reduction program; 

7 (D) the Department of Energy Second 

8 Line of Defense program; 

9 (E) the Department of Energy Global Ini10 tiatives to Prevent Proliferation program; 

11 (F) the Department of Energy Global 

12 Threat Reduction Initiative; 

13 (G) the Department of Homeland Security 

14 Container Security Initiative; and 

15 (H) the Department of Homeland Security 

16 Secure Freight Initiative. 

17 (25) These programs provide critical but small18 scale support in combating proliferation challenges 

19 in the region, and they do not by themselves rep20 resent a robust, comprehensive, or whole-of-govern21 ment approach to nonproliferation in the MENA re22 gion. 

23 (26) After extensive delays, near the end of 

24 2012, the Executive Branch finally completed inter25 nal bureaucratic processes necessary to expand the 


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1 Department of Defense CTR Program more exten2 sively into the Middle East and the Department of 

3 Defense recently publicly announced its intention to 

4 apply fiscal year 2013 funds to help Syria’s neigh5 bors counter the immediate threat posed by Syria’s 

6 chemical weapons. 

7 (27) The Department of Defense has also initi8 ated a program with fiscal year 2013 funds to work 

9 with the Government of Libya to help the country 

10 meet its commitment to the Organisation for the 

11 Prohibition of Chemical Weapons by destroying its 

12 chemical weapons stockpile. 

13 (28) In addition to preventing proliferation of 

14 WMD across borders shared with Syria and destroy15 ing chemical weapons stockpiles in Libya, the De16 partment of Defense has requested new funding to 

17 initiate bio-engagement programs in the Middle East 

18 in its fiscal year 2014 budget request. 

19 (29) There is an urgent need today to more 

20 sharply focus United States Government efforts and 

21 resources on WMD proliferation in the MENA re22 gion. 

23 (30) The United States Government needs a 

24 comprehensive regional strategy for nonproliferation 

25 activities in the Middle East and North Africa, 


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1 which includes additional, targeted resources for co2 operative threat reduction work in the region, and 

3 one that utilizes all of our diplomatic, intelligence, 

4 military, and public affairs tools in a coordinated 

5 and creative whole-of-government approach and 

6 leverages support from a wide variety of partners 

7 and donors, including foreign countries, nongovern8 mental organizations, international institutions, 

9 United States and foreign businesses, academic in10 stitutions, and other sectors. 

11 SEC. 3. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 

12 It is the sense of Congress that— 

13 (1) countries around the world have a continued 

14 interest in working together to reduce the threat 

15 posed by nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, 

16 related technologies, materials, associated infrastruc17 ture, and know-how; 

18 (2) the United States Government, as a leader 

19 in the international community in curbing the threat 

20 posed by the proliferation of WMD-related weapons, 

21 technologies, materials, infrastructure, and know22 how, has a national security interest in working with 

23 the countries of the Middle East and North Africa 

24 on establishing and developing robust nonprolifera25 tion capabilities in the region to effectively detect, 


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1 interdict, deter, and defend against proliferation of 

2 WMD in the region; 

3 (3) the United States Government should con4 tinue to expand the Department of Defense CTR 

5 Program beyond the independent states of the 

6 former Soviet Union, to include the countries of the 

7 MENA region, provided that these programs com8 plement already existing United States nonprolifera9 tion programs in this region and provided that Con10 gress is properly informed of the long-term coopera11 tive threat reduction and nonproliferation assistance 

12 strategy to be implemented; 

13 (4) Congress supports the initiation of CTR 

14 programs aimed at addressing the immediate threat 

15 of Syrian WMD-related proliferation in the region 

16 and the destruction of the chemical weapons stock17 pile in Libya and urges the United States Govern18 ment to ensure sufficient funding for the continu19 ation and expansion, if necessary, of these critical 

20 programs; 

21 (5) the United States Government should con22 tinue to strongly press all members of the United 

23 Nations, including the countries of the MENA re24 gion, to fully implement UNSCR1540, which im25 poses binding obligations on all United Nations 


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1 member states to adopt and enforce effective con2 trols to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass 

3 destruction, their means of delivery, and the illicit 

4 spread of related materials, and the United States 

5 Government should provide for and develop coopera6 tive assistance programs aimed at more expedi7 tiously implementing those responsibilities and con8 trols; 

9 (6) at a time of strained resources, the United 

10 States needs a comprehensive and effective, whole11 of-government approach to global cooperative threat 

12 reduction and nonproliferation assistance programs 

13 that maintains the ability to provide assistance 

14 through both military and civilian channels, seeks to 

15 cancel unnecessary or ineffective programs, reduce 

16 and eliminate duplication or overlap, and that maxi17 mizes the efficiency and effectiveness of United 

18 States assistance; 

19 (7) the United States Government should seek 

20 increased and sustained financial and other support 

21 from Russia, the European Union and its member 

22 states, China, Japan, and other countries for strong23 er, standardized, and worldwide physical security for 

24 WMD-related weapons and materials as well as for 


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1 other international nonproliferation efforts, particu2 larly in the MENA region; 

3 (8) the United States Government should make 

4 clear that any states that provide WMD to terrorist 

5 groups or individuals will face severe and grave re6 taliation involving all elements of United States 

7 power; and 

8 (9) the United States Government should re9 assert and reinforce United States security commit10 ments around the MENA region in order to assure 

11 allies that the pursuit of nuclear, chemical, or bio12 logical weapons or capabilities is not necessary or 

13 conducive to stability in this dangerous region. 

14 SEC. 4. STRATEGY TO PREVENT THE PROLIFERATION OF 

15 WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION IN THE 

16 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA. 

17 (a) IN GENERAL.—The President shall establish a 

18 multi-year comprehensive regional assistance strategy to 

19 coordinate and advance CTR and related nonproliferation 

20 efforts in the Middle East and North Africa (in this sec21 tion referred to as the ‘‘MENA CTR and Nonproliferation 

22 Strategy’’). 

23 (b) CONSULTATION.—In establishing the MENA 

24 CTR and Nonproliferation Strategy, the President shall 

25 consult with the appropriate congressional committees; 


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1 relevant Federal departments and agencies, including the 

2 Departments of State, Defense, Energy, and Homeland 

3 Security; multilateral organizations; international institu4 tions; representatives of civil society, including leading 

5 nongovernmental and other experts; and other entities 

6 that could assist in curbing the proliferation of nuclear, 

7 chemical, or biological weapons, weapons components, 

8 weapons-related materials, their associated delivery vehi9 cles, and know-how. 

10 (c) ELEMENTS.—The strategy required by subsection 

11 (a) shall include the following elements: 

12 (1) A commitment to utilizing and building 

13 upon the cooperative model of success demonstrated 

14 by the last two decades of the Nunn-Lugar CTR 

15 Program in the independent states of the former So16 viet Union. 

17 (2) A commitment to approach Middle East 

18 and North Africa nonproliferation issues on a re19 gional basis as well as on a country-by-country basis. 

20 (3) The expansion of current CTR and other 

21 nonproliferation assistance programs in the MENA 

22 region and the initiation of new programs with new 

23 partner countries in the region as appropriate. 

24 (4) Planning to ensure that countries receiving 

25 such assistance in the Middle East and North Africa 


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1 countries have an appropriate stake in the develop2 ment of each country-specific strategy and are also 

3 contributing financially to the effort with an appro4 priate level of burden-sharing. 

5 (5) A plan to more fully engage, leverage, and 

6 increase assistance, financing, and other support 

7 from partners in the international community for 

8 CTR and nonproliferation assistance programs in 

9 the Middle East and North Africa, which may in10 clude— 

11 (A) governments of other countries, includ12 ing Russia, Japan, China, Turkey, and others 

13 with an interest in a safe, secure, and stable 

14 MENA region; 

15 (B) the European Union, including the 

16 European Council, the European Commission, 

17 the European Parliament, and the associated 

18 member states of the European Union; 

19 (C) the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza20 tion and its member states; 

21 (D) international institutions, including the 

22 United Nations, the International Atomic En23 ergy Agency, and others; 


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1 (E) international donors, including philan2 thropists, foundations, and businesses inter3 ested in international nonproliferation efforts; 

4 (F) multilateral partnerships, like the 

5 Group of Eight or the Group of Twenty; 

6 (G) Middle East and North African re7 gional institutions, including the Gulf Coopera8 tion Council and the Arab Atomic Energy 

9 Agency; or 

10 (H) well-respected and prominent inter11 national nonprofit and nongovernmental organi12 zations such as the Nuclear Threat Initiative. 

13 (d) ACTIVITIES SUPPORTED.—Assistance authorized 

14 under subsection (g) in support of the MENA CTR and 

15 Nonproliferation Strategy may be made available for pro16 grams and activities to address the challenges posed by 

17 the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weap18 ons, weapons components, weapons-related materials, and 

19 their delivery vehicles, in the MENA region, including in20 novative new assistance programs with new partner coun21 tries in the region. 

22 (e) COORDINATION.— 

23 (1) IN GENERAL.—Assistance authorized under 

24 subsection (g) in support of the MENA CTR and 

25 Nonproliferation Strategy shall be integrated with 


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1 pre-existing CTR and nonproliferation programs, 

2 and such assistance shall be coordinated between the 

3 relevant United States Government agencies involved 

4 with CTR or nonproliferation programming in the 

5 Middle East and North Africa. 

6 (2) SCOPE.—Integration and coordination of 

7 the Middle East and North Africa CTR and Non8 proliferation Strategy required under subsection (a) 

9 should be the responsibility of the President and 

10 shall include— 

11 (A) an assessment to address where poten12 tial gaps in assistance may exist while also en13 suring the elimination or reduction of any po14 tential overlap or duplication in efforts; 

15 (B) the establishment of appropriate 

16 metrics for determining success in the MENA 

17 region, as well as metrics for prioritizing poten18 tial partner countries under consideration for 

19 Middle East and North Africa CTR and non20 proliferation programs; 

21 (C) an effort to ensure that the MENA 

22 CTR and Nonproliferation Strategy fits in the 

23 broader United States Government-wide global 

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1 ance is properly aligned with United States pol2 icy goals in the MENA region; 

3 (D) a formal plan to ensure the sustain4 ability of coordination in the long term, irre5 spective of the President and other officials in 

6 office or personalities in place, including clear 

7 designations of agency and departmental re8 sponsibilities, accountability, and lines of com9 munication and authorities; 

10 (E) a description of ways to reduce the po11 tential for stove-piping of information, intel12 ligence, and activities between counterterrorism 

13 and counterproliferation programming; and 

14 (F) a plan to ensure the proper tracking 

15 and reporting of United States Government16 wide assistance in the MENA region. 

17 (f) REPORTS.— 

18 (1) INITIAL REPORT.—Not later than 180 days 

19 after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

20 President shall submit to Congress the strategy out21 lined in subsection (a). 

22 (2) ANNUAL REPORT.—Annually thereafter, the 

23 President shall submit to Congress a report, in clas24 sified and unclassified form, that describes the 

25 progress made by the President in implementing the 


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1 MENA CTR and Nonproliferation Strategy, which 

2 should include a list of the activities and countries 

3 supported by the MENA CTR and Nonproliferation 

4 Strategy, the agencies and assistance levels utilized 

5 to implement the strategy, and the extent to which 

6 specific program goals, progress, and milestones 

7 have been achieved over the course of the prior year. 

8 (g) ASSISTANCE AUTHORIZED.—There is authorized 

9 to be appropriated not less than $30,000,000 for each of 

10 fiscal years 2014 through 2019 to be utilized by the rel11 evant executive agencies, including the Department of De12 fense, the Department of State, and the Department of 

13 Energy, to implement the strategy outlined in subsection 

14 (a). 

15 SEC. 5. REPORT ON CTR AND NONPROLIFERATION EF16 FORTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AF17 RICA. 

18 Not later than 120 days after the date of the enact19 ment of this Act, the President shall submit to the appro20 priate congressional committees a report detailing all cur21 rent CTR and related non-proliferation activities in the 

22 MENA region over the previous five years and all United 

23 States Government funding contributed across each of the 

24 Federal agencies in support of CTR and related non25 proliferation activities in the MENA region during that 


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1 time period, including the amount contributed, the identity 

2 of the entity receiving such contribution and undertaking 

3 each funded activity, the agency providing the contribu4 tion, a brief summary of each specific project undertaken, 

5 the specific nonproliferation objectives sought to be 

6 achieved by each project, and the extent to which the ob7 jectives have been achieved. 

8 SEC. 6. REPORTS ON 2014 NUCLEAR SECURITY SUMMIT IN 

9 THE NETHERLANDS. 

10 (a) REPORT ON COMPREHENSIVE OBJECTIVES, 

11 STRATEGIES, AND POLICIES IN THE LEAD-UP TO THE

12 2014 NUCLEAR SECURITY SUMMIT IN THE NETHER13 LANDS.—The President shall submit to Congress a report, 

14 in classified and unclassified forms, that details the com15 prehensive objectives, strategy, and policies of the United 

16 States with respect to the upcoming 2014 Nuclear Secu17 rity Summit in the Netherlands, not later than 30 days 

18 prior to the Summit. 

19 (b) FOLLOW-UP REPORT ON OUTCOMES FROM THE

20 2014 NUCLEAR SECURITY SUMMIT IN THE NETHER21 LANDS.—Not later than 90 days after the conclusion of 

22 the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit in the Netherlands, 

23 the President shall submit to Congress a report, in classi24 fied and unclassified forms, detailing the outcomes of the 

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1 ernment was able to accomplish the objectives, strategies 

2 and policies detailed pursuant to subsection (a). 

3 SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS. 

4 In this Act: 

5 (1) MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA.—The 

6 term ‘‘Middle East and North Africa’’ includes the 

7 countries or areas of Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, 

8 Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mo9 rocco, Oman, Palestinian Territories, Qatar, Saudi 

10 Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and 

11 Yemen. 

12 (2) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT13 TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com14 mittees’’ includes— 

15 (A) the Committee on Appropriations, the 

16 Committee on Armed Services, the Committee 

17 on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Home18 land Security and Governmental Affairs, and 

19 the Committee on Energy and Natural Re20 sources of the Senate; and 

21 (B) the Committee on Appropriations, the 

22 Committee on Armed Services, the Committee 

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1 land Security, and the Committee on Energy 

2 and Commerce of the House of Representatives. 

Æ 


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