# Patent

## Title
Gas generating propellant

## Abstract

This application is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 08/292,294, filed Aug. 16, 1994, which is the file wrapper continuation application of Ser. No. 08/091,640, filed Jul. 14, 1993, which in turn was a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/827,740, filed Jan. 29, 1992, all now abandoned, which in turn was a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/602,675, filed Oct. 24, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,698, issued on Mar. 10, 1992, which was the parent of application Ser. No. 07/848,646, filed Mar. 9, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,520, issued on Aug. 17, 1993. This application is also a continuation-in-part application of patent application Ser. No. 08/268,411, filed Jul. 8, 1994, now abandoned, which was a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 08/091,640, filed Jul. 14, 1993 to which reference was previously made herein. Each of the applications or patents previously identified herein are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

## Background
The present invention relates to a method of making high-strength steel parts and the parts produced thereby, and more particularly it relates to a method in which a blank of high-strength steel is warm formed into a desired geometric configuration while maintaining the high-strength properties of the steel blank.

Steel parts have heretofore been formed using cold forging or hot forging techniques which are well known in the art. In hot forging parts from steel, the material is initially heated to about 2000.degree. F. and higher. At these hot forging temperatures, substantial scale and decarburization of the steel occurs. Since the scale and decarburized surfaces must be removed to obtain the finished part, known hot forging techniques result in the waste of a certain amount of material; furthermore, such techniques are costly due to increased processing steps required to remove the scale and the higher energy consumption because of the high temperatures.

On the other hand, there are drawbacks to cold forming parts as well. Since the part is formed at or about room temperature, the reshaping or forming steps require substantially higher forces. This frequently necessitates a series of cold forming steps in which the material is formed into the desired part gradually. This increases die wear and noise associated with such processes. Furthermore, if the material is worked to a substantial degree over a series of forming stages, the strength of the part is increased and the part must therefore be annealed between successive cold forming operations to relieve internal stress, which adds to the time and cost of such processes.

To avoid the above drawbacks, warm forging may be utilized to form parts from materials at an intermediate temperature which is high enough to reduce the strength of the material and thereby facilitate forming, and yet is below the hot forging temperature at which scaling and decarburization occurs. One such warm forming method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,557,587. Certain other patents disclose processes which include rolling and extruding steps carried out at "warm" temperatures so as to avoid the drawbacks of decarburization and scaling and/or to impart or improve desired metallurgical and mechanical properties to the steel. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,767,836; 2,767,837; 2,880,855; 3,076,361; 3,573,999, and "Warm Working of Steel", Gokyu, et al, translation of the Japanese Institute of Metal, 1968, Volume 9, Supplement, Pages 177-181.

Additionally, there are other known methods for bending or forging steel bars, rods or billets to form a desired product which methods include a warm forming or warm forging step. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,953,794; 3,720,087; 3,877,281; 4,312,210; 4,317,355; 4,608,851 and 4,805,437. No representation is made that any of the above cited references fairly represent the prior art or that such references are the most material references.

There has heretofore been lacking a method of making a high-strength steel part from a blank of steel possessing desired high-strength properties, which method includes a warm forming step whereby the blank is formed into a desired part and whereby the mechanical properties of the part remain substantially the same or greater than those originally possessed by the blank, and in which the part is produced without additional strengthening processing steps to impart mechanical strength properties to the steel part.

The present invention is directed to a method of making high-strength steel parts from blanks of high-strength steel material having a tensile strength of at least about 120,000 psi and a yield strength of at least about 90,000 psi.

In one of its aspects, the present invention provides a method of making high-strength steel parts from blanks of high-strength steel material by warm forming the blank to provide a part having a desired geometric configuration, whereby the mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength of the part are substantially the same as or greater than the blank.

The term "blank" as used herein has its usual meaning, i.e., a piece of metal to be warm formed into a finished part of desired geometric configuration. Blanks include such pieces of metal as bar stock (i.e., a piece of steel long in proportion to its thickness or width). The specific parts and configurations into which the blank is warm formed include various types of screws, bolts, headed and upset shanks, cam rollers, nuts, ball joint casings, torsion bars, axles, cam shafts, spline shafts, steering arms, sway bars, I-beams and other such parts according to this invention.

The present invention also provides a method of making high-strength steel parts including warm forming a blank of high-strength steel material whereby the mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength of the part are substantially the same as or greater than the blank and wherein the part, with the desired mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength, is produced without further strengthening processing steps. High-strength steel parts are produced in accordance with the method of this invention.

The principles of this invention, its objectives and advantages will be further understood with reference to the following detailed description.

The method of the present invention is useful for producing a wide variety of high-strength steel parts including various types of bolts (such as U-bolts, eye-bolts, J-bolts, hex-head bolts, square-head bolts, etc.), screws, headed shanks (such as rivets, ball studs, headed pins such as those used to connect chain links or to mount pinions, automobile door lock gears, etc.), upset shanks, axles, cam rollers, nuts, ball joint casings, torsion bars, axles, cam shafts, spline shafts, steering arms, sway bars, I-beams and other such parts susceptible to forming by the warm forging or forming process disclosed herein. The term headed shank refers to such structure as wire, rod, bar stock, etc. which has some of its length, typically an end, deformed into some form of a head having a cross-sectional area larger than the cross-sectional area of the balance of its length. An automotive door lock gear is a shank having a gear formed at one end.

In a preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention for making a high-strength steel part includes providing a blank of high-strength steel material having a tensile strength of at least about 120,000 psi, and preferably at least about 150,000 psi, and a yield strength of at least about 90,000 psi, and preferably at least about 130,000 psi. In one form, the high-strength steel material utilized as the blank has been hot reduced and cold drawn to provide the blank having the mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength stated above.

The high-strength steel material may be exemplified by the following composition, by weight percent: carbon      about 0.30 to about 0.65% manganese   about 0.30 to about 2.5% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount for grain refining up to about 0.35% iron        balance ______________________________________

In a more preferred form, the high-strength steel material has the following composition, by weight percent: carbon      about 0.40 to about 0.55% manganese   about 0.30 to about 2.5% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount for grain refining up to about 0.20% iron        balance ______________________________________

In a still more preferred form, the high-strength steel material has the following composition, by weight percent: carbon      about 0.50 to about 0.55% manganese   about 1.20 to about 1.65% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount for grain refining of about 0.03 to about 0.20% iron        balance ______________________________________

While aluminum, niobium (i.e., columbium), titanium and vanadium act as grain refiners, vanadium is the most preferred of the grain refiners.

The blank, having a composition and mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength as given above, is thereafter warm formed at a temperature of about 300.degree. to about 1200.degree. F. to provide a part having a desired geometric configuration, whereby the mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength of the part are substantially the same as or greater than the blank. The temperature at which the part is formed is related to the chemical composition of the steel material used. The formed part, with the mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength given, is produced without any further strengthening processing steps subsequent to the warm forming thereof.

The blank of high-strength steel material having a tensile strength of at least about 120,000 psi and a yield strength of at least about 90,000 psi, which is used as the starting piece in the method of the present invention is produced by any suitable method known in the art. One such method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,904,445 to the present inventor, and the specification in its entirety is incorporated herein by reference. The '445 patent discloses a processing sequence to produce a high-strength steel bar stock of the type particularly useful for producing threaded fasteners, including U-bolts. In the described process, the bar stock produced has a fine grained structure between about ASTM No. 5-8. In the disclosed process, a steel, having a chemistry falling within certain disclosed ranges, is subjected to a standard hot reducing operation to within 10%-15% of final gauge. The hot reduced bar stock is then cut or severed into individual lengths for rapid air cooling. Thereafter the individual lengths of hot reduced bar stock are subjected to a cold finishing to final gauge. The final step is a controlled stress relieving step to increase the mechanical strength properties. This stress relieving step comprises heating the lengths of bar stock to between about 500.degree.-850.degree. F. for about 1 hour, but may or may not be necessary. Thus, such bar stock, with and without further stress relieving may be used to form the starting blank material of high-strength steel.

The following example illustrates the practice of the present invention to produce an upset shank from high-strength steel bar stock produced in accordance with the method disclosed in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,904,445 described above. The term "upset shank" refers generally to such structure as wire, rod, bar stock, etc. which has some of its length, typically an end, deformed into some form of a head having a cross-sectional area larger than the cross-sectional area of the balance of its length.

High-strength steel billet equivalent to grade 8 strength steel, having a diameter of 1/2" is cut to lengths of approximately 4". This stock has a tensile strength of at least about 150,000 psi and a yield strength of at least 130,000 psi, with a ferrite-fine pearlite microstructure and a fine grain structure. The head of the shank is warm formed by forging or heading, one or more times, one end of each bar stock segment with a shaped die using a mechanical forging press applying approximately 150 tons of pressure. The head of the resulting shank is approximately 3/8" thick and 3/4" wide.

The mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength of the finished headed shank part are substantially the same or greater than that originally possessed by the bar stock, and therefore, no further strengthening processing steps are required. The finished headed shank also has enough of the desired mechanical property of ductility originally possessed by the bar stock that the need for further processing steps to improve toughness can generally be eliminated. However, for certain uses of the shank, a stress relieving step may be necessary. For example, in some applications it is not desirable for a shank to break under its head when pulled in tension. It is usually more desirable for the shank to be the weakest section of the part. In such instances, stress relieving improves the toughness of the part such that it breaks in its shank under tensile loading.

Thus, in accordance with other features of this invention, the method provides for warm forming a blank into a part whereby the mechanical properties of tensile and yield strengths may be substantially the same as or greater than the blank.

The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited by the examples provided herein, but rather is defined by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of making a high-strength steel part selected from the group of parts consisting of various types of screws, bolts, headed and upset shanks, cam rollers, nuts, ball joint casings, torsion bars, axles, cam shafts, spline shafts, steering arms, sway bars, and I-beams, the method comprising the steps of: of at least about 120,000 psi and a yield strength of at least about 90,000 psi; and consisting of various types of screws, bolts, headed and upset shanks, cam rollers, nuts, ball joint casings, torsion bars, axles, cam shafts, spline shafts, steering arms, sway bars, and I-beams, whereby the mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength of the part are substantially the same as or greater than the blank; carbon          about 0.30 to about 0.65% manganese       about 0.30 to about 2.5% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount for grain refining up to about 0.35% iron            balance ______________________________________ strength produced without further strengthening processing steps.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the high-strength steel material has previously been hot reduced and cold drawn to provide the blank having a tensile strength of at least about 120,000 psi and a yield strength of at least about 90,000 psi.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the blank of high-strength steel material has a tensile strength of at least about 150,000 psi and a yield strength of at least about 130,000 psi.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the high-strength steel material comprises, by weight percent: carbon      about 0.40 to about 0.55% manganese   about 0.30 to about 2.50% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount for grain refining up to about 0.20% iron        balance ______________________________________

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the high-strength steel material comprises, by weight percent: carbon      about 0.50 to about 0.55% manganese   about 1.20 to about 1.65% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount for grain refining of about 0.03 to about 0.20% iron        balance ______________________________________

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said warm forming is carried out at a temperature between about 300.degree. to about 1200.degree. F.

7. A method of making a high-strength steel part selected from the group of parts consisting of various types of screws, bolts, headed and upset shanks, cam rollers, nuts, ball joint casings, torsion bars, axles, cam shafts, spline shafts, steering arms, sway bars, and I-beams, the method comprising the steps of: microstructure and a tensile strength of at least about 120,000 psi and a yield strength of at least about 90,000 psi; carbon      about 0.30 to about 0.65% manganese   about 0.30 to about 2.5% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount for grain refining up to about 0.35% iron        balance ______________________________________ and consisting of screws, bolts, headed and upset shanks, cam rollers, nuts, ball joint casings, torsion bars, axles, cam shafts, spline shafts, steering arms, sway bars, and I-beams, whereby the mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength of the part are substantially the same as or greater than the blank.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the high-strength steel material comprises, by weight percent: carbon      about 0.50 to about 0.55% manganese   about 1.20 to about 1.65% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount of for grain refining about 0.03 to about 0.20% iron        balance ______________________________________

9. A method of making a high-strength steel part selected from the group of parts consisting of various types of screws, bolts, headed and upset shanks, cam rollers, nuts, ball joint casings, torsion bars, axles, cam shafts, spline shafts, steering arms, sway bars, and I-beams, the method comprising the steps of: of at least about 150,000 psi and a yield strength of at least about 130,000 psi, which material has previously been hot reduced and cold drawn to provide the blank with said strength properties, said high-strength steel material comprising, by weight percent: carbon      about 0.50 to about 0.55% manganese   about 1.20 to about 1.65% at least 1 ferrous grain refiner from the group consisting of aluminum, niobium, titanium and vanadium, and mixtures thereof, in an effective amount for grain refining about 0.03 to about 0.20% iron        balance ______________________________________ and 1200.degree. F., to provide the part selected from the group of parts consisting of screws, bolts, headed and upset shanks, cam rollers, nuts, ball joint casings, torsion bars, axles, cam shafts, spline shafts, steering arms, sway bars, and I-beams, whereby the mechanical properties of tensile strength and yield strength of the part are substantially the same as or greater than the blank; strength produced without further strengthening processing steps.