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# OAR Box 

# 1772 Prepped by Ch armelle Math ews



## Document

Number: 

# F R 8/24/198 9
Docket Number: 

# A-86-0 3

Printed 12/2/20089:45:12 AM

Sheet 47 of 117P. 2 

# fit - %<o-02>
Thursda y Augus t 24 , 198 9



# Par t I I 

# Environmenta l Protectio n Agency
4 0 CF R Part s 8 0 an d 8 6 Regulatio n o f Fuel s an d Fue l Additives ; Fue l Quality Regulation s fo r Highwa y Diese l Fue l Sol d i n 199 3 an d Late r Calenda r Years ; Propose d Rul e3527 6 Registe r / Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s P. 3

ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N A©IEN<gV

•
[AMS-FRL-3577-3 ] RI N 2060-ACO

O Regulatio n ©

. Fuel s lighwa yDiss® ! Fe_@! Sol d i n 1199 3 an d
A@EC.ev : Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. ACTIO-. : Notic e o f

propose drulemaking

. syMKlARV : EP A propose s i n today' s notic e ane w nationa l progra mo f diese l fue l qualit y control

. Th e propose dactio n woul drequir e refiner s t o reduc e th e sulfu r conten t o f on-highwa y diese l fue l fro mcurren t

averag e level s o f approximatel y 0.2 5 weigh t percen t t o level s no t

exceedin g 0.0 5 percen t b y weight

. Th e proposa l woul dals o requir e tha t on-highwa y diese l fue l aromati c level s b e hel da t

o r belo w curren t averag e level s (approximatel y 3 4 percent)

. Th e propose dmechanis mfo r cappin g aromatic s woul db e t o se t a minimu mcetan e inde x specificatio n o f 40

. Bot hrequirement s woul dtak e effec t a t al l point s throughou t

th e distributio n syste mo n Octobe r

1,1993

. Thes e propose daction s woul dresul t i n substantia l reduction s i n emission s o f particulat e matte r

an dsulftz r

dioxid e (SO.) . Certificatio n diese l fue l woul db e change d4>eg___r__n

3 wit h hct h th e 1S9 1 an d199 4 mode l year s i o reflect th e change s i n -commercia l Diese l fue l quality

. Vehicle s sol di n mode l _yea_ 3 199 1 throug h199 3 woul db e certifie d usin g 13.1 0 weigh l percEn i salfa r fuel , reflectin g th e averag e fue l sulfu r leve l expecte dt o b e ase dove r thes e vehicles 1 usefu l live s (n s define dmC M titl e 4 0 § 86.085-2)

. Beginnin g wit hth s 199 4 mode l year , th e certificatio n fue l sulfu r leve l woul db e tha t

o f commercia l diese l fue l [i.e., no t

t o excee d0.0 5 weigh t percent)

. DATES : EP A ha s no t

schedule dapubli c hearin g o n thi s Notic e o f Propose d Rulemaking

. A hearin g wil l b e hel dif requeste do n o r

befor e Septembe r

7 , 1989

. Comment s o n thi s proposa l wil l b e accepte dthroug hSeptembe r 25,1989

. Additiona l informatio n o n th e submissio n o f

comment s ca n b e foun d unde r "Publi c Participation " i n th e Supplementar y Informatio n sectio n o f today' s notice

. ADDRESSES : Intereste dpartie s ma y submi t writte n comment s (i n duplicat e if possible ) to : Ai r

Docke t Sectio n (A-130) , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Attention : Doclce t No

. A-86-03 , £01 M Streel,SW. , Washington , D C 2C560

. MaSerial s aslevan t

t o thi s proposa l hav e bee n place di n Docke t No

. A-C6-Q 3 b y EPA

. Th e docke t

i s locate da . th e abov e addres s i n Roo mM-1500 , Watersid e Mal l (groun dfloor) , an dma y b e inspecte dbetwee n 8 a.m . an d3 p.m . Monda y throug hFriday

. A reascnei b fe e ma y b e charge db y EP A fo r copyin g docke t materials

. FO RFURTHI

B INFORMATIO

N CONT&S7

. Mr

. Charle s Moulis , Standard s Developmen t

an dSuppor t

Branch , Emissio n Contro l Technolog y Division , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 256 5 Plymout hRoad , An n Arbor , M I 48105 , Telephone : (313 ) 668-4229

. gUPP_J_.KJEE.YAR

V INFORMATION

: I

. Introductio n Thi s preambl e present s th e majo r issue s raise db y today' s propose dactio n an ddiscusse s EPA' s rational e fo r eac h aspec t o f tha t action

. Th e followin g section s o f

th e preambl e describe : {! ) Th e backgroun do f

di e proposal , {2 ) th e contro l option s whic hwer e considere d durin g th e rulemakin g developmen t process , {3 } th e cos t

t o th e refinin g industr y o f

di e propose ddiese l fue l requirements , {{f

l th e economi c an d environmenta l benefit s o f th e propose d rulemaking , (5 ) th e overal l cos t effectivenes s o f

th e propose dfue l regulations , (6 ) th e leadtim e issus s involved , p]th e enforcemen t aspect s c f th e propose drulemaking , (8 ) di e issu e o f diese l engin e certification , an dp. ) th e aGtaa l proposa l i n detail , wit h reques t fo r comment s o n specifi c issues

. H.JEka;kgr®E_id I n Marc ho f

1985 , EP A promulgate d particulat e -amissio n standard s o f 6.2 5 gram s pe r

brak e horsepower-hou r (g / UHP-hr J fo r

heavy : dut y truck s (greate r than-8,50 0 R.3) , un d0.1 0 g/BHP-h r fo r buses , effectiv e beginnin g i n th e 1BS 1 mode l year ; an d0.1 0 g/BHP-h r fb r heavy-dut y truck s beginnin g i n th e 199 4 mode l yea r

(5 0 FR10606 , Marc h15 , 1985)

. Durin g th e rulemakin g process , manufacturer s expresse dconcer n tha t sulfu r i n diese l fue l coul deithe r plu g th e trap-oxidizer s tha t

EP A projecte dwoul d b e neede dt o mee t

th e propose d particulat e standar do r generat e significan t

particulat e sulfat e emission s tha t woul dmak e i t

difficul t t o mee t th e standards

. T o addres s thi s concer n commenter s recommende dtha t EP A regulat e th e sulfu r

conten t o f diese l fuel

. I n th e preambl e t o th e fina l rule , SP A responde dtha t

no t enoug hwa s the n know n abou t

th e effec t

o f diese l fue l sulfu r o n trap s o r

particulat e emission s t o tak e regulator y actio n a t tha t time , tet

tha t i t woul dcontinu e t o stud y Ui e issu e and , i f

warranted , conside r regulatin g diese l fue l sulfu r content
. I n Jan e o f 1986 , EP A release dfo r publi c commen t astud y prepare dunde r contrac t fo r EP A b y Energ y an d Resourc e Consultants , Inc

. (ERC) , an d SoboUc aan dCompany , Inc

. (SCI) , Entitle d"Diese l Fue l Qualit y Effect s o n Emissions , Durability , Performance , an d C*C8ts'M5 1 F

R23437 , Jun e 27,1986)

. Th e draf t Tepor t b y ER C presente dth e importan t

emission

- performance

- an d fiurability-relatedpropertie s o f diese l fuel

. A versio n o f

th e Departmen t

o f Energy' s Refiner y Evaluatio n Modelin g Syste m(REMS ) wa s use db y SC I t o estimat e th e cos t

involve di n makin g shange o i n fue l composition

. A s presente di n th e ER C report , th e mos t importan t

emission-relate d

. propertie s o f

diese l fue l ar e it s sulfu r •an daromatic s content
. A reductio n i n feel sulfu r

woul ddirectl y reduc e SO 2 an dsulfat e particulat e emissions , whil e reducin g fue l aromatic s woul dreduc e carbonaceou s an dorgani c particulat e laniissions

. Th e repor t

als o conclude d tha t back-en dvolatilit y [e.g., th e 90

- #£rcen t distillatio n point ) doe s no t significantl y affec t

particulat e emissions

. ER C an dSC I als o conclude dthat , i n additio n t o th e emissio n benefit , a reductio n o f

fue l sulfu r

fro mestimate d presen t level s t o 0.0 5 weigh t

percen t CTCuldreduc e corrosiv e engin e wea r an d «3rten d-engin e life

. A 3 0 percen t extensio n i n engin e lif

e wa s estimate d an duse di n thei r

cost-effectivenes s analysis

. Thi s effec t

i s difficul t

t o quantify , however , a s dat awhic h quantif y th e effec t

unde r in-us e condition s wit hmoder n oil s ar e scarce . Accordin g t o th e report , areductio n o f fizsl aromatic s conten t

woul dimprov e ignitio n quality , whic h woul di n tur n improv e th e abilit y o f

engine s t o star t

i n •col dtemperature s an dreduc e engin e BGise

. Th e REM S refiner y mode l wa s use dt o estimat e th e cos t

o f reducin g fue l sulfu r alon e fro mestimate daverag e level s o f 0-27 4 percen t

t o 0.0 5 percent
. Th e result s o f th e mode l showe dtha t b y segregatin g th e productio n of

highwa y diese l fue l feomdistillat e burne r

fuel s an db y usin g existin g desulfurizatio n capacity , thi s sulfu r reductio n coul db e accomplishe d a t acos t o f abou t 1. 2 cent s pe r

gallon

. Mi C claime dtha t

thi s cos t woul db e cer e tha n offse t

b y th e saving s generate db y th e increase dengin e lif e sssultin g fro mdesulfurization

. ER C aa dSC I als o conclude d(althoug h EP A disagree dwit hthi s conclusion ) tha t & £desulfurizatio n proces s woul deffec t areductio n i n aromatic s conten t t oFedera l Registe r / Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 196 9 /

Propose dRule s 3527 7
abou t 20. 3 volum e percen t

varyin g from refiner y t o refinery

. I t

wa s furthe r estimate dtha t

a n additiona l reductio n o f aromatic s conten t

t o 1 7 percen t

woul d increas e refinin g cos t

b y a n additiona l 0. 4 cen t pe r gallon

. Comment s receive dfro mindustr y o n th e ERC/SC I stud y indicate dtha t

* I wor k wa s neede di n estimatin g th e t

i sto f controllin g diese l fue l qualit y a s wel l a s i n evaluatin g tli e effec t

o f fue l sulfu r contro l o n engin e life

. A s aresult , EP A commissione dSouthwes t Researc h Institut e (SWRI ) an dBonne r an dMoor e Consultants , Inc

. (B&M ) t o investigat e thes e area s further

. A repor t prepare d b y SWR I entitle d"Stud y o f th e Effect s of Reduce dDiese l Fue l Sulfu r Conten t o n Engin e Wear " an daB& M repor t entitle d" A Stud y o n Restrictio n o f Sulfu r an dAromatic s Conten t o f Highwa y Diese l Fuel " wer e th e resul t o f thi s effort

. Th e repor t

b y SWR I gav e furthe r indicatio n tha t

areductio n i n fue l sulfu r conten t migh t resul t i n asubstantia l reductio n i n engin e wear . Dat ai n th e literatur e wer e reviewe dan d summamed , an da n analysi s o f use doi l sample s take n fromengine s operatin g o n hig han dlo w sulfu r

fue l wa s performed

. A s documente di n th e report , i t wa s foun dtha t

i n alarg e numbe r

o f use doi l sample s th e amoun t o f wea r particle s wa s significantl y lowe r i n case s wher e lo w sulfu r

fue l ha dbee n used

. Afte r

reviewin g th e report , member s o f

industr y cautione dtha i stil l mor e investigatio n wa s neede dbefor e fir mconclusion s coul db e draw n regardin g th e effec t

o f sulfu r o n engin e life

. Th e Bonne r

an dMoor e repor t examine dth e effec t

o f fue l qt
. regulation s o n th e cos t

o f producin g diese l fuel

. Tli e cost s o f controllin g i o 0.0 5 weigh t

percent , controllin g aromatic s t o 2 0 volum e percent , an d controUin g bot hsimultaneousl y wer e estimated

. Tw o assumption s regardin g th e volum e of

fue l controlle dwer e mad e i n th e study

. On e a s wa s tha t th e curren t

degre e o f

segregatio n (o r lac k thereof) o f

heatin g oi l an d "highway " diese l fue l woul db e maintained

. Th e othe r

wa s tha t

al l heatin g oi l woul db e produce dan d •ute dseparately , an dwoul d therefor e no t

nee dt o mee t

"on

highway " fue l specifications

. Fue l contro l cos t

estimate s wer e develope d fo r eac hsegregatio n scenario

. I n additio n t o thes e contractin g effort s EP A als o engage di n aserie s o f meeting s wit hengin e manufacturers

. Th e purpos e o f thes e meeting s wa s t o monito r th e progres s bein g mad e towar dmeetin g th e 199 1 an d199 4 heavy-dut y diese l particulat e emissio n standards

. Engin e manufacturer s repeatedl y expresse dth e nee dfo r areductio n i n sulfu r

level s i n commercia l diese l fuel

. Mos t recently , i n alandmar k initiative , member s o f

th e diese l engin e manufacturin g an dpetroleu mrefinin g i ie s submitte dajoin t

proposa l fo r o n highwa y diese l fue l modificatio n t o EPA

. I n th e proposal , refiner s state dtha t the y coul dprovid e diese l fue ) containin g n o mor e tha n 0.0 5 weigh t percen t sulfu r an dmeetin g aminimu mcetan e inde x specificatio n o f

4 0 (a s amean s o f cappin g aromatic s a t

curren t levels ) b y Octobe r 1,1993

. Diese l engin e manufacturer s expresse dthei r belie f tha t thi s leve l o f

fue l qualit y improvemen t

woul db e sufficien t

t o allo w complianc e wit hth e 199 4 emissio n standards

. T o provid e flexibilit y withi n th e refining industry , i t wa s suggeste dtha t

onl y "on-highway " diese l fue l b e require dt o mee t thes e specifications , an dtha t individua l refiner s b e allowe dt o choos e whethe r o r no t t o marke t

"on-highway " diesel

. Engin e manufacturer s als o state dtha t EP A shoul dallo w certificatio n usin g lo w sulfu r fue l beginnin g wit hth e 199 1 mode l yea r

t o reflec t

upcomin g change s i n commercia l fue l quality

. Th e informatio n receive dfrom member s of

industr y an dgovernmen t contractor s wa s incorporate dint o a mor e recen t

EP A study

. Th e ma/o r

focu s of th e analysi s wa s t o determin e th e cost-effectivenes s o f

areductio n i n diese l fue l sulfu r

conten t alone , an do f

a subsequen t

reductio n i n diese l fue l aromatics

. Thu s assumption s wer e mad e tha t woul dresul t

i n th e mos t conservativ e cost-effectivenes s estimates

. Specifi c topic s whic h wer e evaluate d i n detai l includ e th e refiner y cos t o f fue l control , th e effec t

o f fuel regulation s o n engi n rs ' complianc e strate ^ .fectoffu i o n engin e wear , si r

qualit y an dhealt h effects

. Thi s mor e recen t

stud y i s publishe d toda y a s th e Draf

t Regulator y Impac t Analysi s (Draf

t RIA ) supportin g thi s propose drulemakin g an dha s bee n place di n Docke t

A-86~Q3

. a s reference d above

. Althoug h th e Draf t RI A i s no w out dn e aspects , i t stil l comprise s th e technica l basi s fo r today' s prop ; in

. Contro l Option s Th e contro l option s whic hwer e considere di n Ih e rulemakin g proces s includ e severa l combination s o f fue l sulfu r an daromatic s control

. Sulfu r contro l option s wer e considere ddow n t o level s as lo w a s 0.0 5 percen t b y weight

. Th e primar y sulfu r contro l scenari o whic h wa s evaluate d

quantitativel y wa s asulfu r reductio n t o 0.0 5 percen t

b y weigh t

wit h n o chang e i n aromatics

. Intermediat e level s o f sulfu r contro l wer e evaluate dqualitativel y relativ e t o th e 0.0 5 weigh t percen t level

. Aromatic s contro l option s rangin g fro mn o contro l t o areductio n t o 2 0 volum e percen t

wer e als o considered

. Sinc e ! aromatic s level s hav e lcreasin g ove r

pas t year s (du e t o increase dblendin g o f

high-aromati c cracke dstock s int o diese l fuel ) an dth e oi l industr y propose dt o eliminat e thi s slippage , th e prospec t

o f merel y cappin g aromatic s conten t

a t curren t level s t o avoi dfutur e deterioratio n wa s als o considered

. Th e primar y scenari o evaluate dquantitativel y wa s a reductio n i n aromatic s t o 2 0 volum e percen t subsequen t

t o areductio n o f

fue l sulfu r t o 0.0 5 percen t

b y weight

. Bot h primar y contro l scenario s ar e evaluate d i n detai l i n th e Draf

t RIA

. IV

. Cos t o f Fue l Contro l T o date , severa l independen t analyse s o f th e cos t an dfeasibilit y o f

diese l fue l qualit y contro l hav e bee n prepared

. Thes e includ e studie s performe dfo r EP A unde r

contrac t b y SC I an dBonne r an dMoor e Managemen t Consultants

. Inc. , an dasurve y conducte db y th e Nationa l Petroleu mi Associatio n (NPRA ) o f

membe r refineries

. Th e result s o f

thes e differen t

studie s sho w som e disagreemen t

ove r th e tota l co . diese l fue l modification s du e to : (1 ) Uncertaintie s invol w modelin g process , an d(2) ur . th e analytica l technique s an dassumption s mad e b y tli e NPR A member s i n thei r surve y responses . Th e majo r area s o f modelin g uncertaint y include : (i ) Th e amoun t o f desulfu r uipmen t currentl y i n plac e i n th e refinin g industry , (2 ) th e a\ perfo r aromatic s control , an do f th e refinin g in d •f.utio n sysle mt o segregat e "an

llat e fuels

. Th e deg i c hth e cos t o f diese l fue l modifi f

".penden t

o n thes e area s o f

un . i s discusse d i n mor e detai l below

. Oft ! hesegre *

mos t important

. Accordin g t o th e NPR A survey , if

curren t fo t ; maintained , abou t 2. 4 : Tel ape r

da y ( I day ) of distillat e woul dhav e t o mee t th e lo w sulfu r

requirement

. O f

thes e 2. 4 millio n bbl/day , however , onl y 1. 2 millio n bbl/da y ar e use do n highways

. I f refiner s an ddistributor s c o completel y segregat e th e on - sn doff

highwa y portion s o f

th e distillat e pool

.

### Fosfea l Kegist e /

Vol.

. 54 , No

. 16

3 / Thursday , August

24, 198 9 / ProposedRule s P.5 ^

th e controlle dvolume (an dregulatory cost ) coul db e cu t

nearl y i n half

. I n th e join t industry proposa l fo

r on-highway diese l fue l specifications , i t

wa s strongl y requeste dtha t

only on-highwa

y fue l b e regulate dan dtha t

individua l refiner s b e allowe dt o determin e whethe r o r no t t o marke t on-highway diese l fuel

. Th e join t industr y proposa l als o containe d provision s fo

r distinguishin g betwee n on-highway an doff-highwa y diese l fue

l [i.e., fuel dying)

. Althoug hEP A i s unabl e t o accuratel y estimat e th e quantit y o f distillat e tha t

woul db e segregated , th e languag e o

f th e join t industry proposa l indicate s Uia

t increase dsegregatio n o

f distillat e fuel s i s likely

. T o bracke t thi s likelihood , arang e o

f cost s wil l b e presented : On e assumin g complet e segregatio n o

f on-highway fue

l an ddi e othe r assumin g curren t

segregatio n practices

. A. Sulfur Reduction Diese l fuel sulfu

r reductio n i s accomplishe db y th e hydrodesulfurizatio n process . Hydroge n i s introduce da t

elevate dtemperatur e an dpressur e i n distillat e hydrotreaters , resultin g i n areductio n i n fue l sulfu r content
. Th e technolog y i s commerciall y prove n an di s currend y employe dt o a larg e degre e b y th e refinin g industry

. Thus , regulatio n o

f fue l sulfu r woul d merel y requir e th e extende dapplicatio n o f a n existin g technology

. Th e nea r termcos t o f mandator y remova l o f sulfu r fro mdiese l fue

l i s affecte dsignificandy b y tw o factors : Th e amoun t

o f exces s desulfurizatio n capacit y dia t

cuitentl y exist s i n th e refinin g industry , an dth e degre e t o whic hrefiner s ca n segregat e th e productio n o

f on-highway diese l fuel

. Th e amoun t

o f exces s desulfurizatio n capacity availabl e wil l certainl y effect th e amoun t

o f capita l investmen t require dfo

r complianc e withsulfu

r regulations

. Th e degre e t o whic hth e refinin g industry ca n segregat e distillat e fue l type s wil l impac t

bothcapita l investmen t

an doperatin g cos t requirements

. In 1986 , NPR

A surveye dmembe r refinerie s t o determin e th e cos t o f makin g change s i n fue

l quality

. Th e result s o f th e surve y showe dtha t

whil e 65 o f th e 13 9 refiner s whic hresponde d ha dn o distillat e desulfurizatio n capacity , asignificant

amoun t o f desulfurizatio n capacit y di dexist

. It wa s estimate dtha t

ful l practica l utilizatio n o f existin g facilitie s coul dresul t i n th e productio n o

f 315,78 5 bbl/da y o

f 0.0 5 weight percen t sulfu r fue l i n 1991

. NPR

A als o conclude dtha t

increase d segregatio n o

f distillat e fuel s woul dtak e plac e i n some refineries , bu t only t o a margina l degree

. Th e NPR A surve y estimate dtha t controllin g diese l fuel sulfu r t o 0.05 weight

percen t woul d requir e capita l expenditure s o f $3. 3 billio n an dwoul dcos t

approximatel y 3.1 1 cent s pe r

gallo n o f diese l fue

l controlled

. Thi s cos t i s highe r tha n tha t estimate d b y th e EP A contracto r

studies

. SCI , i n a n analysi s performe dsubsequen t t o th e ERC/SC I report , estimate dtha t cost s fo r sulfu r contro l coul db e a s lo w a s 1.4 1 cent s pe r gallon

. Thi s cos t

estimat e wa s generate dassumin g tha t

onl y 69 percen t o f curren t desulfurizatio n capacit y i s utilize dan dtha t

"on-highway " diese l fuel coul db e segregated

. SC I estimate d acos t o f 2.2 8 cent s pe r

gallo n o f controlle dfue

l assumin g n o exces s desulfurizatio n capacit y exist s an dn o increase dsegregatio n o

f distillat e product s i s feasible

. Bonner an dMoore Consultant s Inc

. recentl y complete danothe r stud y fo r EP A o n th e cos t

o f modifying diese l fue

l quality

. Th e result s of

tha t stud y showe d tha t diese l fue

l sulfu r contro l woul dcos t 2.6 9 cent s pe r

gallo n controlle d assumin g n o exces s desulfurizatio n capacit y i s availabl e an dn o increas e i n segregatio n woul dtak e place

. Th e cos t pe r gallo n of controlle dfue

l wa s estimate dt o b e abou t

di e sam e unde r

a n inci-ease dsegregatio n scenari o (off

highway diese l quality wa s no t allowe d t o deteriorat e i n th e model)

. Th e NPR A survey' s estimat e o

f curren t exces s desulfurizatio n capacit y an dBonner

& Moore' s sulfu

r reductio n cos t estimate s (adjuste dfo

r after ta x rea l rat e o

f return o n investment ) wer e use dt o develo p afina

l estimat e o

f sulfu r contro l costs
. Th e Bonner an dMoore cost s incorporate dan daddresse d comment s whic h wer e receive do n th e earlie r SCI work , an dthus wer e use d preferentiall y here

. Thes e adjuste dcost s wer e calculate db y EP

A t o b e abou t

2. 3 cent s pe r gallo n o f controlle dfue

l assumin g n o increase dsegregatio n o f distillat e product s ove r

th e bas e case . Thi s figure i s clos e t o tha t calculate db y SCI , a s indicate dabove

. A cos t o f 1. 8 cent s pe r gallo n o f controlle dfue

l wa s estimate dfo

r di e complet e (10

0 percent ) segregatio n scenario

. B. Aromatics Control Ther e ar e anumbe r

o f technica l option s fo r th e remova l o

f aromatic s fro mdiese l fuel

. Hydrocracking , a technolog y i n widesprea duse , can b e use dt o mildl y reduc e aromati c level s i n distillat e fuels

. A more sever e process , hydrodearomatization , can als o b e used , althoug hcommercial experienc e i s limited

. Solvent

extractio n can als o b e use dfo r aromatic s remova l an di s als o commerciall y available , bu t may no t b e practica l i n man y refinin g situations

. Th e Mobi l "methanol-to-olefin-to

distillate " proces s ca n als o b e use dt o produc e alo w aromati c distillat e fuel

. Whateve r proces s i s used , significant capita l investmen t

woul db e required

. Th e 198 6 NPR

A surve y result s Indicate ddiat , no t

onl y woul daromatic s contro l b e expensive , bu t

tha t 5 3 o f th e 13 9 refinerie s reportin g woul db e financiall y unabl e t o instal l th e equipmen t

necessar y t o produc e lo w aromatic s fuel

. Th e contro l o f sulfu r an d aromatic s woul drequir e capita l investmen t

o f a n additiona l $3.3 4 billio n beyon dtha t

necessar y fo

r sulfu r contro l ($6.65 billio n total)

. Thi s investmen t Plu s operatin g expense s woul drais e diese l fue l price s b y a n additiona l 3.2 4 cent s pe r gallo n (6.3 5 cent s pe r

gallo n fo r both sulfu r an daromatic s control)

. I n a n analysi s performe dafter th e initia l ERC/SC I report , SC I estimate d aromati c contro l costs , assumin g solven t extractio n woul db e th e technolog y employe dfo

r aromatic s removal

. Cost s fo r controllin g aromatic s t o 2 0 percen t after controllin g sulfu

r t o 0.0 5 weight percen t wer e estimate di n it s report t o b e 0.4 8 cen t

pe r gallo n assumin g 10

0 percen t segregation

. A contro l cos t estimat e o

f 1.2 6 cent s pe r

gallo n wa s generate dassumin g n o increas e i n fue l segregatio n [i.e., NPR

A segregatio n assumption)

. Th e recentl y complete dBonner & Moore report

estimate dcost s fo

r controllin g aromatics , with hydrodearomatizatio n use da s th e principa l technolog y fo

r aromatic s reduction

. Incrementa l cost s fo r aromatic s contro l (th e differenc e betwee n sulfu

r an dsulfur/aromatic s contro l costs ) wer e projecte dt o b e 2. 5 cent s pe r gallo n o f controlle dfue

l assumin g n o increas e i n fue l segregation , an d2. 6 cent s pe r gallo n o f controlle dfue

l i n th e increase d segregatio n case . Usin g informatio n containe di n al l thre e o f thes e studies , EP

A estimate s that , with NPR

A segregation , aromatic s contro l woul dcos t

o n additiona l 2. 1 cent s pe r gallo n o f treate dfue

l wit h 0.05 weight percen t sulfu r contro l alread y i n place

. With 10

0 percen t distillat e fue

l segregation , aromatic s contro l woul d cos t a n additiona l 2.4 cent s pe r gallo n o f treate dfuel

. V

. Benefit s of

Fue l Conta. 1 Reduction s i n diese l fue

l sulfu r an d diese l fue l aromatic s woul dresul t

in a numbe r o f benefit s (bot

h financial an d environmental ) whic hcan b e weighe d agains t th e refinin g cos t

o f modification

. A s wil l b e describe di n Sectio n A , improvement s i n fue

l quality woul d allo w engin e manufacturer s t o comply

### P. 6

Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s 3527 9

mor e easil y wit hfutur e heavy-dut y diese l particulat e standard s an dwoul d reduc e th e cos t

an dcomplexit y of engin e hardwar e necessar y fo r particulat e control

. I n Sectio n B , th e relationshi p betwee n fue l sulfu r an d engin e wea r

wil l b e describe dan d possibl e economi c benefit s wil l b e quantified

. Th e projecte dnationwid e emissio n an dai r

qualit y benefit s wil l b e presente di n Sectio n C

. I n Section s D an dE

. th e projecte dhealt heffect s an d visibilit y effect s o f

emissio n reduction s resultin g fromfue l contro l wil l b e presented

. A. Exhaust

Aftertreatment

Technology Benefits Th e 0. 1 g/BHP-h r

particulat e emission s standar dpromulgate dfo r heavy-dut y diese l vehicle s fo r tli e 199 4 mode l yea r

(5 0 FR10606 , Marc h15,1985 ) wil l likel y necessitat e th e us e o f som e typ e o f exhaus t aftertreatmen t

device

. Th e desig n an dth e cos t o f th e devic e wil l b e affecte db y th e qualit y o f th e fue l used

. Th e purpos e o f

thi s sectio n i s t o identif y th e impac t

tha t th e propose d fue l contro l wil l hav e o n exhaus t aftertreatmen t

technolog y requirements

. Th e benefit s o f

sulfu r contro l i n thi s are aar e two-fold

. Firs t o f aU , fue l sulfu r contribute s t o particulat e emission s directl y vi aformatio n o f sulfat e i n th e engin e exhaust

. O n average , abou t 2 percen t o f th e sulfu r

i n th e fue l i s emitte da s sulfat e particulate , o r abou t 0.06-O0 8 g/BHP-h r

(includin g th e weigh t of boun dwater)

. Tli e propose dfue l sulfu r regulation s woul dreduc e thi s amoun t b y roughl y 8 0 percent , greatl y enhancin g engin e manufacturers ' abilitie s t o compl y wit h th e particulat e standards

. Secondly , th e us e o f

som e aftertreatmen t

devices , particularl y flo w throug hcatalyst s o r

catalyze dtrap s i s effectivel y prohibite db y th e curren t level s o f sulfu r i n fuel

. Whil e acatalys t woul dsignificantl y reduc e organi c particulat e emissions , ahighl y activ e catalys t woul dals o greatl y increas e th e amoun t o f sulfat e particulat e produce d i n th e exhaust , thu s negatin g th e beneficia l effect s o f

th e catalyst

. Whe n fue l sulfu r

i s reduced, however , thi s effec t become s les s pronounced , a s th e concentratio n o f

sulfu r specie s i n th e exhaus t i s reduce dproportionally

. A les s activ e catalys t

formulatio n ma y b e abl e t o avoi dthi s problem , albei t wit ha los s o f efficienc y i n controlhn g orgam c particulates

. A smalle r

emission s benefi t

ca n als o b e achieve db y aromatic s control

. Engin e tes t

result s sho w tha t

reduction s i n fue l aromatic s level s resul t i n lowe r emission s o f

carbonaceou s (RCP ) an d solubl e organi c fractio n (SOF ) particulates

. Hence , areductio n i n fue l aromatic s woul dreduce particulat e formation , an dsubsequentl y reduc e th e nee dfo r exhaus t treatmen t

devices

. A projectio n o f

exhaus t aftertreatmen t technolog y requirements wa s mad e for heavy-dut y diese l vehicle s fo r th e 199 4 an dlate r mode l year s unde r

variou s fue l contro l scenarios

. Th e Hkely aftertreatmen t

technolog y mixe s wer e determine db y evaluatin g tb e cost

effectivenes s o f

eac h technolog y typ e wit hrespec t

t o particulat e control , for eac hheavy-dot y vehicl e class

. Th e first ste p i n thi s proces s wa s t o establis h adistributio n o f baselin e particulat e emissio n level s an d compositions , base do n availabl e tes t data , fo r eac hvehicl e class

. Next , variou s aftertreatmen t

technologie s wer e applie dincrementall y t o engine s i n eac hheavy-dut y clas s accordin g t o th e cost-effectivenes s o f

control , unti l aftertreatmen t

applicatio n wa s sufficien t t o insur e complianc e wit h th e particulat e standard s (assumin g averagin g withi n eac hheavy-dut y subclass)

. Fo r 199 4 an dlate r

mode l yea r

heavy

dut y diesels , du e t o th e larg e contributio n of

sulfate s t o engine-ou t particulate , com p b e 0. 1 g / B l iP-h r particulat e standar dwil l likel y requir e fleetwid e trap-oxidize r applicatio n if

n o fue l control s ar e implemented

. Th e onl y exceptio n i s th e heavy-heavy-dut y engin e class , where , wit haveraging , i t

i s projecte dtha t y unde r 9 0 percen t

o f vehicle s wil l requir e traps
. Wit hsulfu r

control , th e 199 4 pictur e i s projecte dt o b e somewha t different

. Th e enhance dfeasibilit y o f high-activit y flow-throug h oxidatio n catalyst s wit h sulfu r contro l woul dallo w ; displacemen t

o f som e trap s b y oxidatio n catalysts

. O n average , t t i s projecte d tha t approximatel y 3 5 percen t o f engine s woul drequir e trap s i n al l vehicl e classe s whil e a n additiona l 2 9 t o 5 5 percent , dependin g o n engin e subclass , woul drequir e flow-throug h oxidatio n catalysts

. Furthe r reductio n o f

aromatic s t o 2

< volum e percen t

woul ddisplac e trap s froma n additiona l 5 percen t o f al l engine s an dals o decreas e oxidatio n catalys t requirements. Th e onl y exceptio n woul db e th e mediu mheavy

dut y diese l engin e subclass , wher e tra p displacemen t

woul db e abou t

9 percent , bu t oxidatio n catalys t

usag e woul d increas e abou t

8 percent
. Th e fue l economy , hardware , an d maintenanc e cost s saving s associate d wit hsulfu r

contro l fo r

199 4 woul db e $32 4 fo r light-heav y dut y diesel s (LHDDEs), $65 1 fo r

medium-heav y dut y diesel s (MHDDEs)

. $75 2 fo r heavy-heav y dut y diesel s (HHDDEs) , an d$70 0 fo r

urba n buses

. Th e subsequen t reduction i n fue l aromatic s t o 2 0 percen t woul d resul t i n furthe r

saving s o f

$3 1 fo r LHDDEs , $8 7 fo r

MHDDEs , $7 8 fo r HHDDEs

. an d$9 4 for

urba n buses

. A n analysi s t o determin e th e saving s i n aftertreatmen t

cost s for

1991-9 3 mode l yea r

engine s wa s als o performe d an di s describe di n th e Draf t RIA

. Thi s analysi s wa s initiate dsom e tim e ag o an dassume dtha t

trap s woul db e use d o n asubstantia l numbe r o f 1991-9 3 engines

. Presently , ht appear s tha t manufacturer s wil l no t us e trap s t o compl y wit h Ih e 199 1 mode l yea r truc k standard , bu t

instea drel y o n engine

relate dcontrols

. Th e adoptio n o f a0.1 0 percen t sulfu r leve l fo r certificatio n fue l i s expecte dt o redu c i tio n emission s b y abou t

0.03-0.0 4 g/BHP-h r fro mwha t

the y woul dhav e been , usin g a0.2 5 percen t

sulfu r fue l an dthu s eas e th e manufacturers ' attempt s t o achiev e th e 199 1 standards

. Nevertheless , sinc e manufacturers ' plan afo r 199 1 engine s ar e alread y largel y fixed , EP A doe s no t expec t fue l contro l t o a: : manufacturers ' plan s fo r engine-relate d control s i n thi s timeframe

.

n-us e emission s woul d remai n unaffected

. Som e truc k manufacturer s no t

abl e t o compl y wit h th e standar dwithou t

fue l contro l migh t choos e t o pa y nonconformanc e penaltie s (NCPs)

. However , sinc e NCP s ar e no t ane t cos t t o society , bu t

rathe r a "transfe r payment " fromon e secto r o f societ y t o another , n o afiertrcatment

relate dsocieta l saving s ca n b e claime d fo r fue l contro l o n thes e engines

. Trap s ar e stil l expecte dt o b e th e primar y technolog y use db y bu s engin e manufacturer s l o compl y wit h th e 0.1 0 g/BHP-h r 199 1 bu s s f a n alternativ e fuel , sue ; ma y flU;o b e employed

. Som e reducedusag e of trap s i s likel y i f

certificatio n fue l sulfu r wer e reduced. However , du e t o th e fac t tha t arelativel y smal l numbe r o f bu s engine s woul db e certifie dove r th e 3-yea r period , thi s s . e t o fue l contro l wa s n . ed

. B. Wear Benefits A n extensiv e bod y o f

dat aexist s i n th e literatur e documentin g th e

i p betwee n diese l fue l s i an dconosiv e engin e wear . Becaus e o f thi s effect , engin e oil s typicall y co ; alkalin e additive s whic hwor k t o neutraliz e th e acidi c sulfur specie s presen t i n th e combustio n chamber

. A s wa s postulate di n th e ERC/SC I study , curren t oi l formulation s m.! y no t b e sufficien t t o completel y contro l corrosiv e wear . and

. consequently , a reductio n i n fue l sulfu r

level s ma yP. 7



### isteg / Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s significandy reduc e engin e wea r rates
. Base do n dat aavailabl e a t th e time , th e ERC/SC I report

predicte dtha t

th e reductio n i n wea r

a s aresul t

o f fuel sulfu r control s woul dincreas e engin e lif e b y approximatel y 3 0 percent
. After di e ERC/SC I report

wa s released , Southwes t

Researc hInstitut e (SwRI) wa s commissione db y EP A t o stud y th e issu e further

. A s state di n it s report , SwR

I foundtha t

engine s whic h ha doperate do n bot hhig han dlo w sulfu r fuel s i n Southern Californi a exhibite dareductio n i n wea r particle s foundi n use doi l sample s whe n operate do n lo w sulfu

r fuel

. Whil e th e effect o f lo w sulfu r fue l differe damon g engine s an dfleets , th e vas t majorit y o f th e dat ashowe ddia t

afue l sulfu r reductio n fromroughl y 0. 3 t o 0.05 weigh t percen t resulte di n a3 0 t o 4 0 percen t reductio n i n wea r

particle s [i.e., oi l iro n content)

. Base do n thes e data , EP

A calculate s tha t areductio n i n sulfu

r leve l t o 0.05 weight percen t fro mth e nationa l averag e baselin e sulfu

r leve l o f 0.25 weigh t percen t woul dresul t

i n awea r rat e reductio n o

f abou t 1 8 percent
. Estimatin g di e financial saving s t o consumer s o

f suc hadecreas e i n engin e wea r rates, however , i s amore difficult task

. Engine s ar e currend y rebuil t fo r a numbe r o f reasons , includin g excessiv e oi l consumption , los s o

f power , an d majo r engin e failures

. Whil e thos e engine s whic hfai l du e t o cylinde r wear- ' relate dfactor s woul drealiz e abenefit , man y engine s may not
. Fo r instance , i

f a n engin e experience s amajor failure , item s suc ha s pisto n rings an dcylinde r liner s wil l normall y b e replace ddurin g rebuild

. Thi s woul deffectively eliminat e an y benefi t

o f reduce dcorrosiv e wea r whic hwoul dhav e bee n realizedha d anothe r engin e componen t

no t failed

. Further , th e relativ e contribution s o f corrosiv e an dabrasiv e wea r t o engin e lif e i s no t wel l understood

. Whd e bot h type s o f wea r contribut e t o deterioratio n i n engin e performanc e an dlife , i t i s possibl e tha t

abrasiv e wea r

contribute s more to los s o

f oi l contro l tha n doe s corrosiv e wear . Withthes e factor s i n mind , a n attemp t

t o quantif

y di e economi c benefit s o

f reduce dengin e wea r wa s made

. Thre e different

approache s wer e take n t o thi s problem

. Th e firs t wa s base do n th e assumptio n tha t lowe r fue l sulfu r level s woul dallo w engin e manufacturer s t o exten drecommende d oi l chang e intervals , withn o resultin g chang e i n engin e life

. Th e secon d approac hassume ddia t

reduce d corrosiv e wea r

woul dresul t

i n a n extensio n i n th e lif

e o f th e engine

. Th e thir dapproac hwa s t o assum e tha t a reductio n i n wea r

woul dexten dth e lif

e o f bothth e engin e an dvehicl e chassis

. Thes e method s provide dthre e independen t

estimate s o

f th e potentia l cos t savings

. Usin g th e firs t

approach , informatio n o n lifetime mileage , o dchang e interval , an dvehicl e lif

e wa s use dt o estimat e th e annua l numbe r

o f oi l change s fo

r eac h diese l vehicl e class

. It

wa s the n assume dtha t

oi l chang e interval s coul d b e extende db y 1 8 percent , resultin g i n oi l cos t saving s for

owners . Th e result s o f thi s analysi s showe dpresen t valu e saving s o f 1.60/ga l fo r light-dut y diese l vehicle s (LDDVs) , 1.20/ga l fo r light-dut y diese l truck s (LDDTs) , 0.80/gal fo r LHDDEs , 1.30/ga

l fo r MHDDEs , 0.90/gal fo r HHDDEs , an d1.8$/ga

l fo r urba n buses

. Th e benefi t

wa s assume dt o apply , beginnin g i n 1994 , onl y t o 198 8 M Y an dlate r

LDDV s an dLDDTs , an dt o 199 1 M Y an dlate r

HDDVs

. Vehicle s produce di n previou s mode l year s exhibi t muc hhigher

particulat e emissions , whic hmay contaminat e di e oi l an deliminat e di e ability t o exten doi l chang e intervals

. Th e secon dapproac hwa s t o assum e tha t ther e woul db e n o chang e i n oi l chang e interval , bu t

tha t reduce dwea r rate s woul dlea dto, alonger engin e life

. Th e reductio n i n engin e wea r wa s expecte dt o resul t

i n longer rebuil d interval s onl y i n engine s whic h ar e rebuil t fo r reason s relate dt o high oi l consumption

. Base do n dat aobtaine d fro ma n EM A surve y o

f rebuil d practices , i t

wa s estimate dtha t

42 percen t o f truck s woul drealiz e th e 1 8 percen t increas e i n engin e lif

e a s a resul t o f sulfu r control

. Thi s 1 8 percen t increas e i n engin e lif

e translate s int o a n economi c benefi t

fo r th e owne r

b y delayin g rebuil dmaintenanc e costs
. Estimate dcos t

saving s unde r

thi s scenari o (average dove r

th e entir e fleet) wer e 2.510/ga

l o f diese l fue l consume d fo r MHDDEs , 2.52$/gal fo

r HHDDE s an d 1.980/ga l fo r urba n buses

. LDDVs , LDDTs an dLHDDEs receive dn o benefi t sinc e dies e engine s ar e no t normall y rebuil t an dtiiere wa s n o credi t

take n fo r extende dvehicl e lif

e unde r thi s scenario

. Th e thir dapproac h wa s t o estimat e th e cos t saving s assumin g tha t

reduce d engin e wea r

woul dresul t

i n both a n extensio n i n rebuil dinterval s an di n tota l vehicl e life

. Unde r

thi s approach , th e economi c benefit s includ e bot h delayin g maintenanc e cost s an d delayin g subsequen t

vehicl e purchases

. Onc e agai n usin g informatio n o n rebuil d practices , rebuil dcosts , an dvehicl e costs , a n estimat e o

f th e cos t saving s o n ape r gallo n fue

l consume dbasi s wa s generated

. Tota l cost s saving s estimate s wer e 300/gal fo

r LDDVs , 260/gal fo

r LDDTs , 230/ga l fo

r LHDDEs , 11.70/gal fo r MHDDEs , 8.40/gal fo

r HHDDEs

. an d 11:5$/gat fo r urba n buses

. Thes e estimate s represen t

th e highes t

cos t saving s whic h coul dpotentiall y resul t fro msulfu r control

. In summary , EP

A estimate s th e potentia l fo

r reduce dengin e wea r

fro m low-sulfu r fue l unde r tiiree alternativ e truc k manufacturer/owne r

respons e scenarios : (1 ) Extende doil chang e interval s with n o increas e i n engin e life , (2 ) n o chang e i n oi l chang e interval s bu t a n increas e i n engin e life , an d(3 ) n o chang e i n oi l chang e interval s wid i increase s i n bothengin e an dtota l vehicl e Ufe

. EP

A ha s n o dat at o determin e whic hscenari o i s mos t likel y to occur . Th e annua l benefit s o f decrease dengin e wea r

i n yea r 201 0 ar e estimate da t

betwee n $40

0 millio n an d $3. 7 billion ; fue

l costs , however , ar e estimate dt o increas e betwee n $54 0 millio n an d$1. 3 billion

. Base do n thes e estimates , th e annua l net benefi t accruin g directl y t o truc k owner s fromreduce dengin e wea r alon e coul db e over

$ 2 billion

. Unde r

thi s scenario , truc k

owner s woul db e willin g t o pa y ove r

$ 2 billio n mor e pe r

yea r fo r low-sulfu r diese l fue

l tha n i t woul dcos t refiner s t o produc e it

. T o th e exten t tha t thes e estimate s accuratel y reflec t th e effect s o f th e propose dregulation , ther e mus t b e areaso n wh y suc hlarg e potential ne t

gain s hav e no t materialize dbase do n marke t force s alone

. EP A seek s <_ommen

t o n thi s issue

. On e possibl e explanatio n i s tha t ther e ar e significant

cost s t o truc k

owner s o f determinin g th e actua l effect s o f reduce dsulfu

r fuel s o n engin e wear . Sinc e th e effect s tak e plac e insid e engine s ove r

fairly lon g period s o

f time , it may no t b e eas y t o observe , isolate , an dmeasur e th e effect s o f reduce d sulfu r fuels

. I f thes e informatio n cost s ar e sufficiently large , the y coul d outweig h th e potential net benefit s o

f a mov e t o low-sulfur

fue l resultin g fro

m marke t force s alone

. Unde r

thes e circumstances , th e informatio n cost s woul deffectively preven t th e introductio n o

f low-sulfu r fuel

. Whil e thes e cos t

saving s estimate s indicat e tha t

substantia l societa l benefit s may resul t

fro msulfu r control , i t i s fair t o includ e th e cavea t

tha t th e dat abas e behin dthi s analysi s i s limited

. It ha s eve n bee n argue dtha t sulfu r contro l woul dhav e n o impac t on engin e wear . However , a s wil l b e see n in

. Sectio n V

I o f today' s notice , fue

l sulfu r contro l i s desirabl e eve n withou t th e inclusio n o

f reduce dengin e wea r benefits

.P. 8

Registe r / Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s S528 H
C. Emissions and

Air Quality Th e diese l fuel quality change s bein g considere dwoul dresul t

i n substantia l reduction s i n S0 2 emission s an d particulat e matte r

formatio n beyon dth e reduction s resultin g fro

mth e 199

4 0. 1 g/BHP-h r particulat e standard

. In addition , emission s o

f C O an dH C wil l b e indirecti y affecte db y fue l quality modification , du e t o di e change s i n aftertreatmen t

technolog y strategie s use db y engin e manufacturer s t o comply withth e 199

4 particulat e standards

. Th e projecte dnationwid e emissio n reduction s unde r

th e tw o extrem e distillat e fuel segregatio n scenario s (10 0 percen t an dNPR A segregation ) resultin g fro mfue l sulfu r an daromatic s contro l ar e show n i n Table s 1 an d2

. Becaus e th e effect o f diese l fue l contro l o n vehicl e emission s change s withmode l year , th e overal l emission s an dai r quality impact s o

f fue l contro l varie s over time

. Becaus e o

f this , bot hth e nea r an dlon g termeffect s o

f fue l contro l wer e evaluated

. A s show n i n Tabl e 1 , fuel sulfu r contro l woul dresul t

i n additiona l reduction s i n direc t

particulat e matte r (PM ) fro mbaselin e level s [i.e., particulat e matte r

emitte dfro

mth e exhaust ) over

tha t accomplishe db y th e HD D particulat e standard s alone

. Thi s i s becaus e fue

l sulfu r contro l wil l resul t i n particulat e reduction s fro mpre-199 1 HD D an dlight-duty diese l engines , a s wel l as , dependin g o n th e degre e o f segregation , off-highwa

y sources . In addition , alarg e reductio n i n diese l S0 2 emission s woul dresult, representin g a n 8 0 percen t

reductio n fro

mbaselin e level s fo r thos e emissio n source s wher e diese l fue l i s controlled

. Thi s woul d represen t areductio n of

1.0-2. 5 percen t i n tota l nationa l SO

_emissions

. Beyon d that , a s describe di n more detai l i n th e Draf t RIA , i t wa s estimate dtha t approximatel y 1 2 percen t o f urba n S0 2 emission s ar e converte dt o sulfat e particulate s i n th e urba n atmosphere

. Thes e atmospherically-forme d particulat e ar e referre dt o a s indirec t PM

. Thus , th e reductio n i n SQ

_ emission s woul dresul t

i n substantia l indirec t P M reduction s i n bothth e shor t an dlong terma s well

. TABL E 1.—PROJECTE D NATIONWID E EMIS

SIO N REDUCTION S DU E T O DIESE L FUE L SULFU R CONTRO L

[100 0 tons/yr] TABL E 1.—PROJECTE D NATIONWID E EMIS

SIO N REDUCTION S DU E T O DIESE L FUE L SULFU R CONTROL—Continue d

[100 0 tons/yr ] Pollutan t
H C C O 199 5
1 4 14 1 201 5
8 8

91 6 "Lowe ren d o f rang e resul t o f 100 % distillat e segregation , uppe ren a resul t o f curren t segregatio n practices

. Th e emissio n impact s o

f controllin g fue l aromatic s t o 2

0 volume percen t wer e als o evaluate dan dar e show n i n Tabl e 2

. Tota l particulat e emissio n reduction s rang e fro

m10,00 0 tons pe r yea r i n 199 5 t o 60

0 tons pe r yea r i n 2015

. Smal l H C an dC O emissio n reduction s woul dals o resul t

fro maromatic s control

. Thes e particulat e reduction s ar e afacto r o f 1 0 t o 2 0 smalle r i n th e short termtha n thos e resultin g fro msulfu r control

. Du e primaril y t o th e stead y stat e natur e o

f off-highwa

y diese l operation , emission s fromoff-highwa y source s shoul dno t

b e strongl y affecte d b y fue l aromatic s levels

. Thus , estimate d emissio n reduction s ar e constan t over th e rang e o

f distillat e segregatio n scenarios

. TABL E 2.—PROJECTE D NATIONWID E EMIS

SIO N REDUCTION S DU E T O SUBSEQUEN T DIESE L FUE L AROMATIC S CONTRO L

Direc t PM.
. SO a H C C O [100 0 tons/yr ]

Pollutan t 199 5
1 0 0 3 8 6 9 201 5
0. 6 0 1 5 9 8

Pollutan t

SO
. 199 5
"99-19 6 10-2 9 89-16 7 310-58 0 201 5

159-32 1 3-3 5 156-28 6 542-99 3 Shoul dth e degre e o f segregatio n o

f distillat e fuel s increas e significantly , i f i s possibl e tha t

refiner s may chang e blendin g practic e t o direc t lo w sulfu r an daromati c blen dstock s t o th e on highway pool

. Directionally , thi s practic e woul dhav e th e undesirabl e sid e effect o f increasin g th e sulfu

r an d aromati c conten t

o f non-highway distillat e fuels , thu s decreasin g environmenta l benefits

. Althoug h thi s practic e might

tak e plac e t o some extent , EP A expect s th e primary approac h f

o meetin g thi s standar d woul db e t o desulfuriz e on-highway diese l fue l blen dstocks

. Roughly 7 0 percen t o f hom e heatin g oi l i s markete d i n northeaster n states , wher e limit s o n th e sulfu r conten t of hom e heatin g oil s woul deffectively prohibi t th e shiftin g t o highsulfu r blendstock s t o th e off

highway pool

. Thus , mos t o f th e hom e heatin g oi l marke t

i s no t eve n potentially availabl e fo r suc h achange

. Th e cost s fo

r fue l contro l presente di n thi s preambl e wer e generate dunde r th e assumptio n tha t

th e sulfu r an d aromatic s conten t

o f di e off-highwa

y poo l woul dno t

increase

. T o th e exten t th e sulfu r conten t o f off-highwa

y distillat e doe s increas e i n reality , actua l refinin g cost s an demissio n reduction s wil l b e commensuratel y lower

. Th e ai r quality impact s o

f today' s propose drulemakin g wer e als o evaluate dusin g alead-surrogat e mode l develope dfo

r previou s analyse s supportin g diese l particulat e emissio n standard s (explaine di n th e Draf t RIA)

. Concentration s o

f variou s pollutant s i n urba n area s o

f variou s size s wer e projected

. Mode l result s indicat e tha t b y th e yea r 2015 , i n larg e metropolita n area s (greate r

tha n 1,000,00

0 residents) , annua l arithmeti c mea n particulat e concentration s woul ddecreas e b y a n • additiona l 2.3-6. 3 mg/m s a s aresul t o f sulfu r control

. Reduction s i n annua l arithmeti c mean concentration s o f SO a rangin g fro

m7.0-16. 7 mg/m 3 ar e als o projected

. (Thes e compar e t o curren t PMi o an dSQ

_concentration s i n urba n area s rangin g from18-9 0 mg/m 3 an d3

- 67 mg/m 3 , respectively. ) Result s o f simila r modelin g fo

r subsequen t

diese l fuel aromatic s contro l indicat e tha t

fo r larg e metropolita n area s (greate r

tha n 1,000,00

0 residents ) i n th e yea r

2015 , aromatic s contro l woul dresul t

i n particulat e reduction s o f only 0.0 1 mg/m 3

. A more detaile d analysi s o f

di e ai r quality impact s of today' s proposa l i s presente di n th e Draf t RIA

. D. Health Effects A s presente dabove , th e fue l control s propose dtoda y wil l resul t i n reduction s i n emission s o

f diese l particulate , SO

_ an dHC , an da t

th e sam e tim e decreas e th e level s o

f ambien t particle s tha t

ar e atmospheri c product s o

f SO aemissions

. Becaus e of

th e advers e healt h effect s o f PM , an dSO. , EP

A ha s develope d Nationa l Ambien t

Ai r Quality Standard s (NAAQS)

. Insofa

r a s a n are ai s ou t

o f complianc e wit

h thes e standards , a reductio n o

f thes e regulate dpollutant s woul dreduc e healti i risk

. Th e quantitativ e degre e o

f benefi t canno t b e calculate dprecisel y sinc e i t depend s o n curren t level s i n alocality an dth e precis e decreas e i n levels

. Nevertheless , th e healtheffect s tha t

can b e cause db y thes e compound s i s very briefl y discusse dbelo w t o illustrat e th e utility o f reducin g an y existin g unacceptabl e risk

. Short

- an dlong-ter

mexposur e t o SQ

_ i n associatio n with particle s cause s exces s mortality an dmorbidity

. Peopl eP. 9

3528 2 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s ___B__a___B_a______________n_______________________________M_HK H withcardiorespirator y disease s ar e a t highe r ris k fo r .mortality followin g long

termexposure . Th e increas e i n morbidity fromlong-termexposur e i s reflecte da s a n increas e i n th e prevalenc e o

f respirator y symptom s i n childre n an dadult s an ddi e frequency o f respirator y illnes s i n children

. Acut e . exposur e t o lo w level s o

f SO 2 alon e cause s pulmonary functio n change s i n asthmatics

. Upo n atmospheri c transformation , SO aca n for maclas s o

f particle s calle d acidi c sulfates , whic hinclud e ammoniu msulfat e (th e leas t acidic) , ammoniu mbisulfate , an dsulfuri c aci d (th e mos t acidic)

. Acut e exposur e o f asthmatic s t o sulfuri c aci dcan caus e pulmonary functio n changes , an di t appear s tha t

adolescen t

asthmatic s ma y b e more responsive

. Acut e exposur e o f animal s andliuman s change s th e ability o f th e lun g t o clear

particles

. Animal s expose dfo

r lon g term s t o sulfuri c aci d exhibi t alteration s i n lun g function , structure , an dclearance ; afew o f thes e change s may b e permanent
. Give n th e natur e o f thes e changes , some scientist s hav e hypothesized(bu t

no t proved ) tha t chroni c sulfuri c aci dexposur e ma y lea d t o chroni c bronchitis

. Preliminary estimate s froma n epidemiological stud y als o rais e concer n abou t

possibl e chroni c effects

. Anothe r

significan t

issu e relate s t o th e effect s o

f exposur e t o sulfuri c aci dplus pthe r

chemicals

. A 5

- yea r exposur e o

f animal s t o a combinatio n o

f SO aplus sulfuri c aci d cause dpulmonary functio n decrement s an dstructura l damag e t o th e lungs

. I n some anima l studies , acut e exposur e t o sulfuri c aci dmixe dwid i particle s ha s bee n foun dt o b e synergisti c for some type s o f pulmonary effects

. Th e non-xance r

effect s o f exposur e t o lo w level s o

f diese l particle s suc ha s might occu r i n th e ambien t

ai r ar e no t wel l understood

. Hig hlevel s hav e bee n observe dt o caus e effect s i n occupationa l situation s an di n anima l studies , bu t

fo r non-cance r

effects , iti s no t currend y possibl e t o quantitativel y extrapolat e t o lowe r

levels

. Th e non-cance r

healt heffect s o

f exposur e t o light

aromati c an dshort

chai n aliphati c hydrocarbon s ar e no t wel l understood

. Person s chronicall y expose dt o some hydrocarbo n mixture s hav e complaine do

f dizziness , drowsiness , headacheB , confusion , an d genera l lethargi c feeling

. Animal studie s o f some hydrocarbon s sho w neurotoxi c an dodie r effects

. Whe n suc heffect s ar e observed , scientist s often becom e concerne dabou t

whethe r children' s developin g nervou s system s may b e effected

. Althoug hthi s discussio n focuse s o n a few chemical s presen t

i n emission s tha t als o serve.a s precursor s t o othe r

potentially toxi c atmospheri c chemicals , ther e ar e likel y t o li e more comple x alteration s tha t

wil l hav e a n unknow n impac t o n healthrisk. Fo r

example , change s i n th e chemistry of adiese l particl e ha s th e potentia l t o alte r it s healt hrisk , i.e., potenc y o f aparticle , whic hneed s t o b e evaluate dseparatel y fromasimpl e reductio n i n th e mas s o f particle s emitted

. Whil e i t i s clear tha t th e emission s o

f some toxic chemical s wil l b e decreased , th e net healt h impac t o f al l th e change s involve dca n onl y b e assesse dwit h a n appropriat e researc h program . Anothe r are ao f concern relate dt o diese l particulat e contro l is.tha t o f cance r impacts

. It

might b e argue dthat , sinc e today' s proposa l wil l reduc e sulfate emissions , ther e woul db e a correspondin g increas e i n organi c particulat e emission s a s manufacturer s adjuste dthei r

contro l strategie s t o kee p th e sam e tota l emissio n rate
. In fact , thi s assumptio n i s th e basi s o f th e analysi s o f th e cance r

impact s containe di n th e draf t RIA

. However , base dupo n a.mor e curren t assessmen t

o f expecte d manufacture r

contro l strategies , th e Agenc y n o longe r

expect s thi s t o b e th e case . Th e positio n o

f engin e manufacturer s i s tha t

th e 199 4 standar d i s no t feasibl e withou t

sulfu r control , i n par t becaus e th e sulfu

r itsel f contribute s to ih e particulat e leve l requirin g control

. Th e Agency , therefore , expect s tha t th e emissio n reduction s associate dwith lowe r sulfu r fuel s wil l b e use db y manufacturer s no t

t o increas e non sulfate emissions , bu t

t o permi t certificatio n of

thei r engine s a t

level s sufficiently belo w th e standar dt o ensur e in-us e compliance

. Ther e i s aisecon dimpac t

o f lowe r sulfu r fuel s a s i t

relate s t o availabl e technolog y fo

r controllin g engine-wi t emissions

. Th e switc h t o lo w sulfu r fuel wil l allo w th e us e o

f catalyze ddevices , bothcatalyze dtrap s an dflow throug h reductio n catalysts , whic h coul dno t b e use dwithou t

sulfu r control

. Thi s chang e wil l ten dt o reduc e th e organi c fraction o f particulat e emissions , becaus e catalyze ddevice s operat e preferentiall y o n th e organics

. Thus , rathe r tha n increasin g cance r

incidences , sulfu

r contro l may actuall y reduc e the ma smal l amount
. However , a t thi s time ther e i s inadequat e informatio n t o mak e aquantitativ e estimat e o

f th e impac t an dupdat e di e analysi s i n th e draf t RIA

. Th e Agenc y desire s t o mak e i t clear tha t EP A n o longe r

believe s tha t

th e cance r impact s o f sulfu r contro l develope di n th e draf t RI A ar e correc t

an d specificall y request s comment o n thi s matte r an dho w th e questio n o

f cance r impact s shoul db e analyzed

. I n addition , comment s ar e requeste dregardin g whethe r regulatory measure s shoul db e take n t o encourag e catalyze ddevice s fo r maximu mcontro l o

f di e organi c emissions

. Th e propose dca p o n di e aromatic s level s o f diese l fue l i s no t expecte dt o hav e asignificant

impac t o n cance r incidenc e sinc e i t

serve s onl y t o preven t th e level s fromincreasin g i n th e future

. However , t o th e exten t

tha t averag e aromatic s level s dro p a s th e resul t o f thi s cap , ther e coul db e avery smal l reductio n i n cance r

du e t o D O t h a decreas e i n tota l particulat e emissions , an dadecreas e i n th e averag e carcinogeni c potenc y o

f tiie particulates

. Mor e stringen t

contro l o f aromatic s woul dresul t

i n asomewha t

large r reductio n i n cance r

incidence

. Th e cancer-relate dbenefi t

o f suc h stringen t aromatic s contro l i s discusse dfurther i n Chapte r 6 o f th e Regulatory Impac t Analysis , an dintereste dreader s ar e referre dt o tha t

chapte r fo r mor e information

. Unlik

e th e analysi s o

f th e cance r impact s o

f sulfur , EP A believe s th e analysi s fo

r aromatic s contro l i s stil l fundamentall y sound

. _?

. Visibility Becaus e particulat e matte r bod i scatter s an dabsorb s light , achang e i n urba n visibility i s als o projecte dt o resultiro mth e diese l fue

l modification s propose di n today' s notice. Th e projecte dchange s i n urba n ambien t particulat e concentration s describe d abov e wer e use di n conjunctio n with a visibility mode l develope dt o support previou s rulemaking s implementin g diese l particulat e emissio n standard s t o projec t visibility impacts

. Baselin e visibilitie s wer e determine d fo r th e yea r 199 0 fo r Tou r range s o f cit y siz e a s wel l a s fo

r rura l areas . Th e percen t chang e i n averag e visibility b y th e yea r 201 5 fo r eac h populatio n category wa s the n determine dassumin g n o chang e i n non-distillat e relate d particulate

. It

i s projecte dthat , with sulfu r control , visibility i n th e yea r 201 5 wil l improv e b y amount s rangin g from 0. 6 t o 4. 3 percen t

i n urba n areas , an d wil l improv e b y 1. 0 percen t i n rura l areas , relativ e t o baselin e 201 5 levels

. A n additiona l reductio n o f fue l aromatic s t o 2

0 volume percen t

woul d hav e littl e visibility impact

. VI

. Cost-Effectivenes s Th e cos t effectivenes s o

f pollutio n contro l i s define da s th e net societa l

. cos t pe r to n o f pollutan t remove dan di s use dt o ran k

pollutio n contro l programs . Th e projection s of

pollutan t reduction s an dth e cos t

an dcredi t

element s describe dabov e wer e use di n estimatin gP.1 0



### Federa l Registe r

jVol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s th e cost-effectivenes s o

f diese l fue

l contro l accordin g tp acalenda r yea r approac hdiscounte dover a33-yea r period

. Th e propose dreductio n o f diese l fue l sulfu r woul dhav e impact s o n th e emission s o

f anumbe r o f different pollutants , includin g particulate s (PM) , HC , CO , an dSOa

. However , sinc e P M contro l i s th e major

focu s o f thi s proposal , i n th e cost-effectivenes s analysi s th e ne t

cos t pe r to n o f P M controlle dwa s determine dan duse di n evaluatin g th e variou s fue l contro l options

. Th e ne t

societa l cos t

consist s o

f th e refinery cos t

of th e fuel contro l an d an y fue l composition-relate dfue l econom y penalty , les s an y societa l cos t saving s "credits " resultin g fro mfue l control

. Thes e societa l cos t saving s includ e utilizatio n o

f les s expensiv e ne w engin e technology , decrease dfuel consumptio n a s aresul t

o f reduce dtrap usage , an dsaving s associate dwith reduce dengin e wear . Sinc e th e fue

l control s propose di n today' s notic e woul daffec t different mode l years ' vehicle s a t

th e sam e time , an dt o varyin g degrees , acalenda r yea r approac ht o cost-effectivenes s wa s use d [i.e., ne t cost s an demissio n reduction s wer e estimate dfo

r eac hcalenda r

year)

. Sinc e th e effectivenes s o

f th e contro l change s dramaticall y over time (du e to fleet an dtechnolog y turnover ) th e cost

effectivenes s wa s estimate dove r a33

- year perio dusin g adiscoun t

rat e o f 1 0 percent
. Th e cost-effectiveness , includin g an dexcludin g variou s wea r credit s an dgaseou s pollutan t credits , i s show n i n Tabl e 3

. TABL E 3.—33-YEA R URBA N COST

EFFECTIVENES S ANALYSI S

Sulfur Control Maximu m wea r credi t included

. Minimu m wea rcredi t included

. N o wea rcredi t included

. Aromatics

Control Primar yAnalysi s Hig h Emissio n Reductio n Sensitivit y Analysis

. Cost-Effectivenes s ($ / ton )
-68,14 8 t o -19,253

. -3,90 6 t o 4,304

. 2,82 6 t o 6,773

. 310,75 1 t o 560,378

. 135,78 9 t o 244,868

.

A s can b e see n i n Tabl e 3 , eve n i f saving s fromreduce dwea r ar e no t counted , th e cost-effectiveness , o f fue l sulfu r contro l i s a t

mos t $6,77 3 pe r

ton , an di s significantl y les s whe n engin e wea r credit s ar e included

. Tabl e 3 show s tha t

aromatic s contro l i s muc h les s cost-effectiv e tha n sulfu r contro l (o

r th e particulat e standard s themselves)

. Th e 33-yea

r cost-effectivenes s fo

r aromatic s contro l t o 2 0 percen t wa s calculate dt o b e $310,000-560,00 0 pe r ton
. Intermediat e sulfu

r contro l level s woul db e les s costl y t o refiners

. A smal l amoun t o f sulfu r remova l ca n b e obtaine dvery inexpensively , sinc e th e necessar y equipmen t

alread y exist s an d nee donly b e operated

. However , an y substantia l degre e o

f sulfu r contro l wil l entai l th e buildin g o

f ne w desulfurizatio n capacit y withroughl y a constan t cos t pe r to n o f sulfu r removal

. Sinc e th e resultin g diese l emissio n reduction s ar e proportiona l t o th e fuel sulfu r level , th e cos t

pe r to n o f sulfurou s emissio n controlle di s relativel y constan t dow n t o 0.0

5 weight percent
. Th e us e o f catalyti c exhaus t

treatmen t device s require s fuel s withvery lo w sulfu r levels , certainl y belo w 0.1 0 weigh t percen t an dprobabl y quit e nea r

th e 0.05 weight percen t level

. ITius , fo

r an y sulfu r leve l abov e 0.0

5 weigh t percent , muc ho f th e technolog y credi t

i s los t an d th e cost-effectivenes s woul db e wors e tha n tha t fo r 0.0 5 weight percent
. This , couple dwid i die , oi l an dengin e industries ' ow n proposa l o f th e 0.05 weight percen t level , indicate s tha t

n o lesse r amoun t o f contro l appear s appropriate

. Likewise , asulfu

r standar dbelo w 0.0

5 weigh t percen t woul dno t

appea r appropriat e a t

thi s time

. Whil e suc h contro l i s likel y feasibl e fo r some combination s o

f refineries , crud e oi l slates , an dproduc t

slates , EP

A lack s evidenc e tha t

suc h astandar dwoul db e feasibl e fo

r al l or eve n mos t

refineries

. Also , 0.05 weigh t

percen t appear s t o b e sufficient t o permi t complianc e with th e 199 4 diese l particulat e standard

. Wit hrespec t t o aromatic s control , EP A woul dexpec t

some improvemen t

i n th e cost-effectivenes s o

f aromatic s contro l a s th e standar dwer e increase d from2 0 volume percent
. However , like sulfu r control , fo

r an y substantiv e degre e o f control , w e expec t

suc h improvemen t

t o b e muc h les s tha n a facto r o f two , leavin g th e 33-yea

r cost

effectivenes s wel l abov e $150,00 0 pe r urba n to n o

f P M control

. Further , EPA' s assessmen t

i s tha t fue l aromatic s contro l i s no t necessar y fo

r complianc e with emissio n standards , and , i n fact , tha t an y emission s effect , o r

overal l environmen t

benefit , woul db e smal l or negligible

. Therefore , EP

A believe s i t woul db e inappropriat e t o propos e more stringen t control s a t

thi s time

. At th e sam e time, cappin g aromatic s a t current'level s woul dlikel y entai l onl y operationa l adjustment s withi n th e refiner y an dn o nee dfo

r ne w equipment

. Couple dwithcontro l o

f onl y on- . highway diese l fuel , w e expec t suc ha cap t o entai l littl e cost
. EP A believe s i t i s appropriat e t o propos e suc hacap toda y an dha s chose n aminimumcetan e specificatio n (recommende di n th e join t industr y proposal ) a s amean s o f s o doing

. However , i t

i s uncertai n whethe r settin g acetan e inde x specificatio n i s th e mos t effectiv e metho dof

cappin g aromatics

. A s describe dmore thoroughl y i n Sectio n X o f thi s preamble , EP

A i s requestin g comment s o n th e adequac y o

f tiiis propose d specificatio n a s amean s o f cappin g aromatics

. VII

. Leadtim e 

### Th e effectiv e date o f th e diesel fue

l regulation s propose di n today' s rulemakin g i s base do n tw o factors

. One , refiner s nee dtim e t o design , purchase , an dinstal l th e require d processin g equipment

. Two , th e benefit s o f sulfu r contro l i n expandin g th e technological option s fo

r complianc e with th e 199

4 heavy-duty diese l particulat e regulation s mak e i t highl y desirabl e tha t

today' s propose d regulation s tak e effect

prio r t o th e introductio n o

f th e 199 4 mode l year . EP

A contracte dwithSCI t o stud y th e leadtim e necessar y fo

r complyin g with th e propose dregulations , takin g int o accoun t th e potentia l burde n t o di e refinin g industr y of

th e RV P regulation s propose di n 1987 (5 2 F

R31274)

. Considerin g th e amoun t

o f capita l equipmen t

necessary , SCI conclude d that , i f on-highway an doff-highwa y diese l fue l coul db e segregated , complianc e coul db e achievabl e b y lat e 1993 , give n promulgatio n o f afina l rul e b y mid-1930

. I

f segregatio n o

f diese l fuel s prove dinfeasible , SCI conclude d tha t complianc e migh

t requir e alonger leadtime

. In th e join t

industry proposa l submitte dt o EPA , th e oi l refiner s propose dtha t

diese l fue

l containin g n o greate r tha n 0.0 5 percen t sulfu r b y weight coul db e supplie db y Octobe r 1 , 1993

. Th e proposa l indicate dtha t segregatio n o

f on-highway an doff

highway diese l woul dlikel y occu r t o some extent
. Thus , boththos e organization s responsibl e fo r th e join t industry proposa l an dSCI agree tha t complianc e coul dtak e plac e b y lat e 1993

. Therefore , a n effectiv e dat e fo r today' s propose dregulation s o f Octobe r 1,199 3 appear s appropriate

. VIII

. Enforcement

Option s an dSelectio n A. Introduction Th e environmenta l goal o f moto r fue l regulatio n i s t o improv e o r protec t ai r quality b y controllin g th e typ e o f fuel use di n moto r

vehicle s o r

moto r vehicl eP.1 1



### E<eg_§.<3_ f / Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 1989. /

Propose dRule s engines

. Environmenta l benefit s ca n b e los t throug hmisfueling , whe n a noncomplyin g or

inappropriat e fue

l i s uoe di n amoto r

vehicle

. Regulation s coul dforbi dmisfuelin g itsel f C T see k t o preven t misfuelin g b y controllin g fue l distribution

. T o reac h th e environmenta l goa l withth e mos t

efficient us e o f enforcemen t

resources , moto r

fue l regulation s ar e bes t

targete da t

th e fuel distributio n network

. A s i n al l regulation s controllin g th e marketin g o

f moto r fuels , th e fac t

tha t moto r fue l passe s throug hth e contro l o f man y parties , fromrefiner t o retailer , before reachin g th e consumer , raise s question s o

f responsibility an dcontro l whe n violation s ar e identified

. Thi s aspec t o f th e distributio n syste mraise s tw o principa l issue s pertainin g t o enforcement : (1 ) A t

wha t poin t i n th e distributio n network

shoul ddiese l fuel b e require dt o mee t

standards , an d(2

) whic hpartie s shoul db e hel dlegall y responsibl e fo

r violation s o

f thes e standard s a t

th e variou s point s i n th e distributio n network

. Eac ho f thes e issue s wil l b e discusse di n turn
. B. Point of Application An importan t

consideratio n affectin g enforcemen t

i s th e issu e o

f wher e i n th e distributio n network

standard s wil l b e applied

. Th e option s considere db y di e Agenc y i n decidin g wher e th e diese l fue l standard s shoul dappl y include : 1

. At-al l site s i n th e distribution , network ; 2

. Onl y site s Tinde

r th e contro l o

f "downstream " parties , includin g Teta U outlet s an dwholesal e purchaser

consumers ; 3

. Onl y site s imde r

th e contro l o

f "upstream " parties , includin g refiner s an dimporters ; 4

. Site s controlle db y both "downstream " an d"midstream " parties , includin g retai l outlets , wholesal e purchaeer-consumers , blendin g facilities , bul k

terminals , an dbul k plants ; an d 5

. Site s controlle db y both"upstream " an d"midstream " parties , includin g refineries , impor

t an dblendin g facilities, , bul k terminals , an dbul k

plants

. In choosin g amon g thes e options , some o f th e factor s whic hwer e considere db y th e Agenc y were : (1 ) Whic hpla n offer s th e bes t chanc e o f preventin g anoncomplyin g fue l fro m reachin g consumers , (2

) th e amoun t

o f resource s neede dfo

r successfu l enforcemen t

o f th e regulations , takin g int o consideratio n th e numbe r o f facilitie s tha t

wil l hav e t o b e monitore d an dth e difficult

y o f identifyin g th e part y wh o initiall y introduce ddi e noncomplyin g fue

l int o th e distributio n network , an d{3 ) "

Winc hpla n woul dmos t effectively encourag e quality contro l



### measure s anddiscourage fue l switchin g (th e us e o f les s expensiv e noncomplyin g diese l fuel)

. Highway diese l engine s ca n operat e equall y wel l o n eithe r

off-highwa

y or on highway diese l fuel

. Onl y on-highway diese l fuel , however , wil l bea r th e cos t o f additiona l processin g require dfo r complianc e withtoday' s propose d standards

. Thus , i t

i s likel y tha t

ther e wil l b e apossibility of

, an da n economi c incentiv e for, fuel switchin g a t eac h poin t i n th e distributio n network

. Therefore , i n orde r

t o ensur e tha t unregulate ddiese l fuel i s no t use di n highway vehicles , th e Agenc y toda y propose s adiese l fue

l standar dtha t

i s applicabl e throughou t

th e entir e distributio n network

. Thi s approac hi s consiste dwith tha t

use di n .th

e lea di n gasolin e an drecentl y promulgate d volatility regulations

. C. Legal Responsibility for

Violations In general , ther e ar e thre e option s fo r th e assignmen t

o f legal responsibility fo

r diese l fue l standard s violations

. Th e firs t optio n i s t o plac e legal responsibility onl y o n th e part y wh o originall y introduce dth e noncomplyin g diese l fue l int o commerce . Thi s woul d b e th e part y wh o manufactured , blended , or

initiall y mislabele d1h e noncomplyin g diese l fuel

. Unde r thi s option , whe n aviolatio n i s found , th e responsibl e part y mus t

b e identifie db y tracin g th e noncomplyin g diese l fue l bac k throug hth e distributio n chai n t o it s source . A secon doptio n i s f

o hol dliabl e th e regulate dpart y offering fo r sale , supplyin g or

transportin g a noncomplyin g diese l fuel

. Unde r thi s enforcemen t

approach , th e sourc e o

f th e noncomplyin g diese l fue

l nee dno t b e identified

. Ever

y regulate dpart y selling , supplyin g o r

transportin g diese l fue

l o r offering t o sel l or

supply , woul d effectively b e responsibl e for monitorin g th e diese l fue

l t o verif y tha t th e fue l complie s with standards

. Th e thir doptio n include s bothtype s o f liability describe dabov e bu t goe s on e ste p further

t o includ e avicariou s liability provision

. Vicariou s liability , fo r purpose s o

f diese l fue l regulation , means tha t

partie s upstrea mi n th e distributio n chai n ca n b e hel d responsibl e i

f or violation s 'Whic

h ar e foundat downstrea mfacilitie s ove r whic hthe y coul dexercis e som e control , vicariou s liability raise s apresumptio n o f liability , tha t

can b e rebutte db y th e regulate dparty , a s specifie din'th e defense s include di n the

. propose d regulations

. Th e Agenc y propose s 1ha t th e thir d option , withdi e vicariou s liability provisions , b e implemented

. Thi s 

### approachha s bee

n use db y the Agenc

y i n it s fue l contaminatio n liability regulation s (4

0 CF R89.23)

. It

ha s als o bee n adopte di n th e recentl y promulgate dvolatility contro l regulation s (4

0 CF R80.27)

. Whil e thes e tw o set s of

regulation s cover

gasolin e an dinclud e specification s different fro m thos e propose di n thi s regulation , essentiall y th e sam e partie s ar e covered b y al l thre e set s o

f regulations

. Therefore , i t

i s appropriat e tha t

thes e propose dregulation s coverin g diese l fue l contai n th e sam e liability schem e whic h ha s previousl y bee n applie dt o th e regulate dparties

. Th e commonality o f thes e enforcemen t

scheme s simplifie s th e industry' s ability t o comply an d enhance s th e Agency' s enforcemen t o f th e regulations

. D. Compliance Monitoring In th e cas e of

th e lea di n gasolin e contro l regulations , industr y complianc e wit h th e regulation s i s monitore d throug hacombinatio n o

f auditin g an d spo t samplin g i n th e field

. Th e gasolin e volatility regulation s wil l b e enforce d primaril y tiiroughspo t

samplin g a t

al l point s i n th e distributio n chain

. Monitorin g complianc e "wit h th e diese l fue l standards , however , present s some enforcement

problem s whic h diffe

r from thos e o f gasoline

. A s th e diese l fuel industry note s i n th e proposa l i t an d othe r relate dindustrie s an dassociation s submitte dt o th e Agency , th e diese l fue l industry' s pas t

experienc e with th e collectio n o

f fue l excis e taxe s ha s show n tha t

th e greate r

th e numbe r

o f supplier s an dresellers , th e mor e difficult , costl y an dineffectiv e auditin g ca n be

. Anothe r o f th e difficultie s i n verifyin g complianc e withdiese l fue l standard s i s distinguishin g betwee n diese l moto r fuel whic h i s intende dfo

r on-highway us e an dmeet s standard s fo

r on-highway diese l fuel , an ddiese l fue

l whic h i s intende dfo

r off-highwa

y us e an di s no t i n complianc e wit

hon-highway diese l fue l standards

. Th e .sulfu

r conten t an d cetan e inde x o

f diese l fue l can only b e determine dthroug hsophisticate d laborator y test s whic h wil l mak e field complianc e testin g impossible

. T o addres s thi s problem , th e diese l fue l industry suggest s tha t

off-highwa

y diese l fue l b e dye da s awa y o

f markin g o r labelin g th e off-highwa

y diese l fuel

. Th e Agenc y find s th e industry' s suggestio n t o b e apractica l one . Therefore , th e Agenc y propose s t o establis h th e presumptio n tha t an y diese l fue l i n th e contro l o

f aregulate d party i s on-highwa

y diese l fue

l an d subjec t t o th e standard s o

f thi s propose d

### P.1 2

Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 54 . No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 1S3 9 /

Propose dRule s 3528 5 regulation , unles s i t

i avisibl y dyed

. Mor e specifically , EP A propose s (ha t an y diese l fue l whic hdoe s no t sho w visibl e evidenc e of

bein g dye dwit h1,4 dialkylamino-anthraquinon e (whic hha s acharacteristi c blu e colo r an di s currentl y use di n som e grade s of aviatio n gasoline) , wil l b e considere dt o b e subjec t

t o th e propose dstandards

. Comment s ar e requeste do n thi s approach , includin g th e Agency' s cl o f dy e an. t ratio n of dy e shoul db e specifie dalon g wit hth e visibl e colo r

n sta g wil l plac e th e th e industr y b a t th e I th e diese l Fue l wil l b e use di > moto r

vehicl e purposes . I i s adde dt o th e non highwa y riieuei fue;

. • be

• n if :tl y use dfo r

moto r ng o f complyin g an d mplyin g : H als o b e apparent
. Requirin g tha t on-highwa y diese l fue l b e dyed , o n th e othe r hrsnd , woul dpenni t

distributor s t o wai t

t o th e las t poin t i n th e distributio n chai n t o dy e th e fuel , preventin g EP A fro menforcin g th e s . BBA an daromatic s

• chain

. However , wit h th e off-hig h fue l dyed , tb e decisio n t o produc e o r impor t complyin g fue l wil l probabl y b e madt * impor t fac i an dn o dy e woul db e added

. I n additio n t o th e usua l co n afforde db y th e us e of

dyes , t l wil l als o collec t

diese l fue l sample s a t butto n chain

. Tiies e sample s wil l b e collecte d accor t ie di n Appendi x Go f

dies e p n regulations

. Thes e sample s wil l the n b e

i g t o th e A tes t me_hod_ > fo r sulfu r percentag e i'M-2622-82 ) an dcetan e i m (ASTM-976)

. Th e AST M methods

inde x an d percentag e wil l b e referenc e i n th e fina l rule

. IX

. Diese l Engin e Certificatio n Fue l EP A ha s CO P^e dtha i diese l fue l for

*n

d subsequen t

compile , g ) b e representativ e o f

commerciall y availabl e diese l fuel

. A t appropriat e t o propos e tha t th e s u I o f fue l use dt o certif

y 1 : late r engine s b e n o mor e tha n 0.0 5 weig ' i

- (Th e curren t specificatio n for

aromatic s an dcetan e appear s adequate , s o n o chang e fa appear s necessary. ) However , 1991-0 3 engine s woul doperat e o n bod i curren t fue l (roughl y 0.2 5 weigh t percen t s n an dcontrolle dfuel , s o th e questio n arise s a s t o whic hfuel , o r acombinatio n thereof, shoul db e uae di n certification

. Th e join t industr y proposa l requeste d tha t 1991-9 3 certificatio n fue l contai n n o mor e tha n 0.0 5 weigh t

percen t sulfur

. EP A believe s thi s woul db e inappropriat e sinc e thes e engine s woul d b e operate do n hig huulfu r fue l fo r muc h

• • usefu l Uve a• amission s coul dexc i ! standard s durin g Ime , whil e jus t

meetin g tli e standard s o n low-suifu

. fuel

. However , i t als o appear s inappropriat e t o ig ! th e fac t tha t ihes e engine s woul db e operate do n low-sulfu r

fue l fo r e portio n of thei r usefu l lives

. Thus , EP A believe s i t i s appropriat e t o requir e thes e engine s t o certif y o n aasi.flu r leve l representin g a n averag e o f wha t wil l b e use dove r

th e engines ' usefu l life

. W e considere ddoin g thi s fo r eac hmode l yea r individually , bu t

thi s woul db e costl y an dver y comple x logistically , a s eac h1 woul dhav e t o mn ; stock s o f fiv e diese l fuel s fo r

man y year s t o come . Thus , w e piopos e tha t asingl e :g e sulfu r leve l fue l b e use dfo r 1991-9 3 certification

. Base do n mileag e -ulatio n dat atake n fro mheavy

dut y d, thi s averag e s t leve l i s 0.1 0 w e ent 1 Thu s th e 1-199 3 mode l th e averag e in-us e emission s ove r th e ful l u J lif e o f thes e engines

. It

i s importan t

t o note , however , tha t

EP A believe s that , fo r

th e reason s discusse d previously , actua l in-us e emissio ; thes e vehicle s > e affecte db y thi s chang e t o th e * o n fue l X

. Descriptio n o f

th e Proposa l Thi s sectio n summarize s i n detai l th e propose dcontro l measure s containe di n toda< le d req ; win di n t h ; *t y i n th e propose dregulation s publishe dwit h today' s notice

.

r d s e r Septembe r

30.1993

. a re dfo r sal i

• te di n an y ;ese l

• an dshal i ami ; of 40

. EP A i s i t th e effectiv e da ? compl i ill b e prio r t o c.us e th e on -

• • • • • '

. availabl e throughou t

th e distributio n syste mb y

1901-9 3 Mode ! Ys*

. y Dlei«__•.• • Timoth y Spri k ••«_» . 2

. S u .vision s a . O erne. Th e
• e denforcemen t

provision s i n thi s notic e ar e base do n th e requireme

-

• numbe r c f a t leas t 4 0 an dtha t

th e percentag e o f

sulfu r b y weigh t

b » greate r tha n 0.0 5 percen t

a t oi l point s i n th e distributio n network

. Al l pa th s distributio n networ k ar e cove. ' thes e regulations, includin g refin < importers , distributors , reseliera , retail an dwhi purchaser-consumers

. An y di fo r us e mmoto r

vehicle s mus t

co n wit hthes e i s whe n imro d int o commerce , sold , offere dfo r sale , supplied , oi supply , c fue l ha s bee n introduce dint o th e

i network , th e . compl y wit hthes e standard s a t al l point s u p t o an dincludin g '.he tim e i t leave s th e pump . Th e propose dregulation s defin e cetan e se l fuel , s percentage , refinery , retai l outlet , distribution , reselling , wholesal e purchaser-consume r

an dca r Method s o f

determinin g cetan e inde x an dsulfu r

per . incorporate db y referenc e t o 4 0 CFR Par t 8 0 an dar e AST M standar dt i metho dan d7622-82, respectively. notic e als o set s fort h propose d

lin g presumption s o f rties foun dw noncoinpl v field s certai n upstr t sponsibl e fo r violation s a t

downstrea n - ove r

se dsem e

ar e in

- ih e propose dregulations

. b

. S Th e propo s nozzl e sampling ,
ma m th e samplin g n

' e o f th e ted

. * m e th e ho d

V

- Th e secon dtest
. r standar dtes t

method , i s a g th e AST M Co

mde x of th e diese l fue l fro mUi e AP I gravit y an dmid-boilin g p Th e issu e o f

wha t enfo i i b e allowe dwhe n usin gP.1 3

3528 6 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s thes e tes t method s wil l b e addresse din amanne r consisten t

withothe r

mobil e sourc e relate dstandards

. Th e diese l fue l refiner s an dothe r

regulate dpartie s wil l b e expecte dt o mee t

th e applicabl e sulfu r an dcetan e limit s a s establishe d b y th e regulation s whe n finalized

. The y mus t tak e tes t variability int o accoun t

i n producin g an dmarketin g diese l fue l an d canno t rel y o n th e Agenc y t o automaticall y provid e a n enforcement toleranc e i n additio n t o th e absolut e standard s establishe dfo

r sulfu r o r cetan e limits

. I

f th e sulfu r conten t o f moto r vehicl e diese l fue

l wer e foundt o contai n 0.0 8 weigh t

percen t sulfu r an d th e applicabl e standar dwer e 0.05 weigh t percen t sulfur , thi s woul db e considere daviolatio n o

f th e regulatory standar dtha t

coul dsubjec t

liabl e partie s t o enforcemen t

action

. d

. Liability provisions. Th e propose d liability Provision s (40 CF R80.29 throug h80.31 ) ar e patterne dafter th e liability schem e use di n th e Agency' s lea dcontaminatio n regulations , a t 4 0 CF R80.2 3 an dar e almos t

identica l t o th e volatility regulations , a t 40 CF R 80.27

. On e o

f th e mai n feature s o

f thes e provision s i s th e presumptio n o f liability wher e regulate dpartie s ar e found offering fo r sale , supplying , or transportin g diese l fue

l whic hfail s to mee t th e requirement s fo

r sulfu r percentag e o r

cetan e index

. It

i s th e responsibility o

f th e regulate dpart y t o monito r th e diese l fue

l whic hi s bein g offeredfo r sale , supplie do r

transporte d contro l t o verif

y tha t th e fue l complie s wit hstandards

. Anothe r importan t

featur e o f th e diese l fue l enforcemen t

provision s i s th e inclusio n o

f vicariou s liability provisions , muc hlike thos e use d successfull y i n th e lea dcontaminatio n regulation s an drecenUy promulgate di n th e volatility regulations

. Vicariou s liability mean s tha t

partie s upstrea m fro mth e sit e o

f th e violatio n ca n b e hel d responsibl e fo

r violation s founda t downstrea mfacilitie s over whic hthe y can exercis e some control

. Th e propose d regulation s wil l als o exten dvicariou s liability fo

r violation s a t

non-brande d retai l outle t

an dwholesal e purchaser

consumer s t o refiner s an dimporters

. Thi s chang e fro

mpreviou s scheme s place s al l partie s o n th e sam e leve l i n term s o f oversigh t fo r assurin g produc t quality

. Year s o

f enforcemen t experienc e withth e gasolin e regulation s hav e show n tha t

afa r large r percentag e o f violation s occur

a t non-brande d facilities

. Defense s t o vicariou s liability ar e se t fort hi n th e propose dregulations

. Basically , a n upstrea mpart y ca n avoi d vicariou s liability i

f tha t part y ca n sho w tha t

th e violatio n wa s cause db y action s o f someon e othe r

tha n tha t party' s employee s o r

agents
. Fo r

th e purpos e o

f thes e propose dregulations , carrie s wil l b e presume dt o b e th e agents o f distributor s an dar e als o presumptivel y liable

. Th e specifi c evidenc e require dt o support thi s defens e varie s dependin g o n whic hpart y i s raisin g th e defense , bu t i n genera l apart y mus t

sho w proo f o f some kin do

f oversight program , suc h a s record s o

f testin g o n th e diese l fue

l or acontractua l obligatio n betwee n th e upstrea man dth e downstrea mpartie s involved

. B. Fuel Specifications for

Vehicle Certification and

Other Compliance Testing Certificatio n fue

l use dfo r 1991-199 3 mode l yea r

engine s woul dcontai n 0.1 0 sulfu r percentag e b y weight

(%0.0 2 weigh t percent)

. Beginnin g with th e 199 4 mode l year , certificatio n fue l woul d hav e asulfu

r conten t rangin g fro

m0.03 t o 0.0 5 sulfu r percentag e b y weight

. All othe r complianc e testin g (e.g. , recall , selectiv e enforcement

audits ) woul db e conducte dusin g tes t

fuel s containin g th e sam e amoun t

o f sulfu r a s th e tes t

fue l use di n certifyin g th e particular mode l yea r vehicl e bein g tested

. That is , 1991

- 199 3 mode l yea r

engine s woul db e teste dwithfue

l containin g 0.1 0 sulfu

r percentag e b y weight

(±0.0 2 weight percent ) an d199

4 an dlate r

mode l year engine s woul db e teste dwithfuel havin g asulfu

r conten t rangin g from0.03 to 0.0 5 sulfu r percentag e b y weight

. C. Requests for

Comment

on Specific Issues W e reques t

an dencourag e genera l an dspecifi c comment s with supportin g dat aan danalysi s o n th e followin g issues

. 1

. In th e Draf

t RIA , th e cos t

an d feasibility o

f fue l sulfu r an daromatic s contro l wa s evaluate dover th e entir e rang e o f on-highway an doff-highwa y distillat e segregatio n scenarios

. EP A request s comment s o n al l element s o f th e refinin g cos t

analysi s a s presente di n th e Draf t RIA

. EP A specificall y request s comment s o n th e feasibility o f an d exten t t o whic h suc h segregatio n woul d likel y tak e place , a s wel l a s th e likel y cos t o f s o modifying th e fue

l distributio n system
. Comment s o n th e amoun t o f exces s desulfurizatio n capacit y availabl e an dth e time perio dove r whic hi t wil l b e availabl e ar e als o requested

. T o th e exten t

tha t increase d capacit y i s required , comment s ar e als o requeste do n th e potentia l fo r increase d VO C or othe r emission s fromrefineries

. 2

. EP A ha s assesse dth e impac t o f a sulfu r reductio n o n engin e manufacture r ability t o comply withth e 199 4 particulat e standard

. Thi s assessmen t

wa s base do n projection s o f likel y engine-ou t

emission s an dthei r compositio n an destimate s o f specifi c aftertreatmen t

devic e costs , feasibilitie s an defficiencies

. Pleas e provid e specifi c comment s o n eac ho

f th e element s o

f thi s analysis

. 3

. Pleas e comment

o n th e effect

o f fue l sulfu r reduction s o n diese l emissions

. 4

. W e reques t

comment s o n th e effect o f aromatic s contro l o n particulate , HC , CO , an dNO x emissions , particularl y th e relativ e effect

o f different aromati c specie s [e.g., mono- , di- , tri-cyclic ) o n emissions , an dho w thi s effect varie s betwee n older , high-emittin g engine s • an dfuture , low-emittin g engines

. W e als o reques t

comment o n whethe r cetan e inde x or

aromatic s conten t

i s th e caus e o f th e occasiona l NO x emissio n effect an dwhethe r

thi s effect

woul d occur in-us e witharomatic s control

. 5

. W e reques t

specifi c comment s o n th e assumption s an dmethodolog y use d i n th e analysi s o

f th e effect s o

f afue l sulfu r reductio n o n engin e an dvehicl e life

. 6

. W e reques t

specifi c comment s o n EPA' s analysi s o

f th e amoun t

o f urba n sulfate particulat e produce dfro mSO 2 emissions

. 7

. W e reques t

comment s o n th e credit s use dto valu e th e contro l o f emission s o

f gaseou s pollutant s i n th e cos t effectivenes s analysi s presente din ' th e Draf t RIA

. 8

. A n analysi s o

f th e potentia l economi c benefit s o

f tradin g an d bankin g o f sulfu r credit s i n th e contex t o f thi s propose dregulatio n wa s performe dfo

r EP A b y SCI

. Th e SCI analysi s wa s base do n creatin g credit s b y providin g fue

l withlowe r

sulfu r level s tha n curren t

averag e fue

l sulfu r conten t level s fo r eac ho f th e fiv e PADDs

. Result s o

f th e stud y (availabl e i n Publi c Docket

A-86-03 ) showe dtha t

a significant saving s t o th e refinin g industry woul dresul t

i f credit s coul db e create dan dbanke dprio r

t o th e impositio n o

f control s i n Octobe r

1993

. However , refinin g industry members , i n th e join t industry proposa l to EPA , specificall y state dthat

bankin g an d tradin g woul dno t

b e desirable

. EPA' s previou s experienc e wit

h lea dtradin g an dbankin g unde r

th e lea dphasedow n regulation s ha s show n tha t enforcemen t o f aban k an dtradin g schem e applicabl e t o sulfu r conten t woul db e extremel y difficul t to enforce

. EP A request s comment s o n th e merit s an ddemerit s o

f phase dan d"non

phased " (a s define db y th e SCI analysis ) sulfu r regulations , i n whic h refiner s coul dear n credit s fo

r achievin g lowe r tha n certai n specifie dlevel s o f sulfu r i n

### P.1 4

Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s 3528 7
diese l fue l prio r

t o Octobe r

1,1993 , i n exchang e fo r

permissio n t o sel l highe r tha n 0.0 5 percen t

on-highwa y diese l fue l fo r aperio dthereafter

. I t

shoul db e recognize dtha t

if th e engin e exhauB t characteristic s o f

th e pre - an dpos t diese l flee t

ar e likel y t o differ , full credi t ma y no t b e granted , [i.e., th e credit s coul db e require dt o b e exchange da t othe r tha n 1: 1 afte r

1994)

. EP A i s intereste di n comment s a s t o whethe r

i n diese l sulfu r

prio r t o Octobe r 1,1993 , ar e sufficientl y valuabl e t o meri t th e implementatio n o f acredi t bankin g an dtradin g system
. Doe s th e 0.1 0 sulfu r

percentag e ce ; fue l specificatio n fo r

1991-9 3 engine s affec t th e d t o f

credi t trades ? V

. reportin g requirement s woul db e necessar y t o enforc e abankin g an d tradin g program ?

I o f th e enforcemen t

schem e outline di n thi s preamble , EP A ha s pro p .I s intende d exclusivel y fo r

off-highwa y us e coul db e distinguishe db y tli e additio n o f 1,4

-

, lamino-anthraquinon e dye

. Th e Agenc y i s intereste di n comment s from th e industr y a ato th e practicalit y o f thi s Specifi c issue s upo n whic h comment s ar e sough t

includ e wha t fi e dye s shoul db e use dan d te r thes e dye s presen t

an y h

. base dris k

eithe r i n th e fue l o r

whe n isled ? I s an y tes t

beyon dth e propose dv ir drequire dt o ; y dye dfuel ? Wil l th e inclusio n o f suc hady e pre* : oblem s t o th e user s o f off-highwa y diese l fuel ? Wher e i n th e distributio n syste mcar : approac hb e implemented

. I s th e dyein g rul e feasibl e t o appl y t o importe d distillates ? I

f so , ho w woul di t

b e imp l operationally ? D o an y rie s currend y us e adyein g progra mfo r

diese l fue l contro l purpose ? ! f so , wha t experienc e hav e th e refiner s ha dwit hth e succes s of the_> e programs ? Cost ? 10

. EP A ha s propose dsettin g a minimu mcetan e inde x specificatio n o f 4 0 a s amean s o f

cappin g fue l aromatic s a t curren t levels

. However , fue l surve y dat aBhow s tha t

diese l fue l arom. . correlate s rathe r

poorl y wit hcetan e index , an dma y no t

b e asufficien t safeguar dagains t

futur e aromatic s increases

. EP A request s specifi c comment s o n tli e effectivenes s w whic hth e Propose dcetan e i n specificatio n woul dcontro l fue l aromatic s an dals o o n th e merit s an d

;io86ib_ e mean s o f : g fue l aromatics

. includin g direc t nuremen t o f diese l aromatic s b y Fluorescen t

Indicato r

Adsorptio n (FIA)

. EP A request s comment s o n whethe r th e leve l of suc haca p shoul db e se t a t curren t

averag e aromati c le v h e contro l of

fuel s whic h ar e tl y liighe r age) , o r

a t les s stringen t level s (e.g. , 75t

hpe > 90t hpercentile , et
. XI

. Publi c Participatio n Comments and

the I cket A s i n pas t

rulemakin g actions , EP A publi c participati * arrivin g a t

ou r fina l decisions

. I n additio n t o thos e area s wher e specifi c commen t ha s bee n requeste dearlie r i n thi s preamble , EP A solicit s comment s o n al l aspect s o f

today' s proposa l fro mal l intereste dparties

. Whereve r applicable , ful l supportin g dat aan ddetaile d analyse s shoul dals o b e submitte dt o allo w EP A tor n of th e comments
. Commenter s ar e especiall y encourage dt o provid e spoc i suggestion s fo r

change s t o an y as j i o f th e proposa l tha t

the y briev e nee dt o b e modifie do r

improved

. Al l comment s shoul db e directe dt o th e EP A Ai r Docke t Section , Docke t

No

. A-88-0 3 (se e "ADDRESSE8") . Th e Agenc y wil l bas e it s decisio n o n th e discloseabl e publi c record

. However , th e Agenc y realize s tha t Born e manufacturer s ma y wan t EP A t o conside r pertinen t

informatio n tha t

ma y b e proprietary

. Commenter s desirin g t o I proprietar y informatio n fo r consi i iioul dclearl y distinguis h suc hinformatio n fro mothe r comment s t o th e greates t

possibl e exlent , an d clearl y labe l i t

"Confidentia l Busines s Information. " Submission s containin g •roprietar y informatio n shoul db e sen t directl y t o th e contac t

perso n liste d above , an dno t

t o th e publi c docket , t o ensur e tha t

proprietar y informatio n i s no t inadvertentl y place di n th e docket

. I f acommente r

want s EP A t o bas e tli e fina l rul e i n par t

o n asubmissio n labele da s confidentia l busines s information , the n anonconfidentia l versio n o f

th e documen t

wh : summarize s th e ke y dat ao r informatio n shoul db e sen t

t o th e docket

. Informatio n covere db y aclai mof confidentialit y wil l b e disclose db y EP A onl y t o th e exten t

allowe dan db y th e se t forthi n 4 0 CFRPar t

2

. I f n o clai mol'confic ! (..companie s omissio n whe n i t

i s receive db y EPA , i t ma y b e mad e availabl e t o th e li e withou t

furthe r notic e t o th e commenter
. XII

. Statutor y Authorit y Authorit ' otion s propose di n i s grante dt o EP A b y section s 114

. 202

. 206

. 207

. 208

. 211 , an d30 1 Clea n Ai r

Ac t (4 2 U.S.C

. 7414 , 7521 , 7525

. Xm

. Lis t o f Subject s 40CFR Part

SO ?s , Dies e I o r

-tin g an drecordkeeping requirements

. P Ad man d procedures , Ai r

pollutio n control , Diese l Moto r vehicles , Labeling , IA vehicl e pollution , P n d recordkee p XIV

. Regulator y Flexibilit y Analysi s Sectio n 60 5 of

th e Regulator y Flexibilit y Ac t

require s EP A b a n analysi s of

th e impar l se d regulation s o n smal l entitie s whe n a significan t

impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r o f suc h entitie s woul doccur . A n i s o f thi s issu e wa s perform*'

- EP A b y SCI

. Accordin g to'th e SC I repor t 7 4 esei.tin p percen t of th e tota l U.S

. crud e distillatio n capacity , wer e classifie da s smal l refiner s a t

th e beg : 1980

. SC I use daggregat e refiner y mode l estimat e th e cos t

o f modifyin g fue l qualit y aI thes e facilities

. Th e modelin g result s showe dthat , fo r thos e refinerie s whic h coul dfinanc e th e necessar y equipment , sulfu r

contr ' er e nearl y th e sam e fo r

smal l refiner s a s fo r th e res t o f th e U.S

. refinin g i

n Contro l cost s t o reduc e bot h sulfu r an d aromatic s wer e fro m2 6 t o 5 1 percen t highe r fo r smal l refiners

. SC I di dstat e tha t

th e investment s require dfo r

fue l contro l migh t

b e difficult fo r som e smal l refiner s t o finance , an dmigh t

caus e som e smal l refiner s t o discontinu e th e productio n o f highwa y diese l fuel

. Thi s sboui dno t b e a n insurmountabl e problem , however , sinc e thes e refiner s shoul db e abl e t o shif t tiiei r produc t slate s t o mee t

"off

highway " distillat e need s i n i geograph i hil e othe r refiner s wit hhydrodesulfurizatio n capacit y (o r th e financia l abilit y t o buil dit ) woul d increase" ' production

. Th e reques t fo r produc t slat e flexibility i n th e join t industr y proposa l suggest s tha t

thi s approac h woul db e take n b y som e Thus , thi s propose dregulatio n shoul dno t hav e a8ij ; ua l numbe r of sma i gnegatio n i n th e dist ; vste mtake s place

. XV

. Administrativ e Designatio n an d Regulator y An;

- Th e Administrato r

ha: ; a d constitut e amajo r

regulation , an d iingi y aDraf

t I pac t Analysi s 1

. require d3528 8 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 54

. No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s unde r Executiv e Orde r

12291

. Thi s analysi s include s detaile dassessment s o f th e estimate deconomi c an d environmenta l impact s o

f th e regulation s propose dhere , a s wel l a s thoroug hanalyse s o

f th e technological feasibility o

f th e propose demissio n standard s an dothe r

regulatory provision s an dth e alternative s tiiat wer e considere di n th e developmen t o f thi s proposal

. Th e Draf t Regulatory Impac t

Analysi s ha s bee n place di n th e publi c docke t reference da t

th e beginnin g o

f today' s notice. I n addition , intereste dpartie s may obtai n singl e copie s throug ha writte n reques t

t o th e publi c contac t liste dpreviously

. Thi s propose dregulatio n wa s submitte dt o th e Offic e o

f Managemen t an dBudget

(OMB ) fo r revie w a s require db y Executiv e Orde r 12291

. An y writte n comment s fro

mOM B an dan y EP A respons e t o thos e comment s ar e i n th e publi c docke t

fo r this-rulemaking

. XVI. Reporting an

d Recordkeepin g Requirement

s Thi s propose drulemakin g doe s no t impos e an y reportin g or

recor dkeepin g requirements , an dthus i s no t subjec t t o th e Paperwork

Reductio n Act , 4

4 U.S.C

. 350 1 e t seq . Dated : Augus

t 11,1989

. Willia mK

. Reilly , Administrator. For th e reason s se t

ou t i n th e preamble , part s 80 an d8 6 o f Tid e 4 0 o f th e Code o

f Federa l Regulation s ar e propose dt o b e amende da s follows : PAR T80—REGULATIO N O F FUEL S AN D FUE L ADDITIVE S 1

. Th e authority citatio n fo r par t 80 continue s to rea da s follows : Authority : Section s 114

, 21 1 an d301(a ) o f th e Clea n Ai r Ac t a s amended , 4

2 U.S.C

. 7414

, 754 5 an d7601(a)

. 2

. Sectio n 80. 2 i s propose dto b e amende db y addin g ne w paragraph s (w) , (x) , (y) , (z) , (aa) , (bb) , (cc) , (dd ) an d (ee ) t o rea da s follows : 80. 2 Definitions
. * * * * (w ) "Cetan e index " o r

"Calculate d cetan e index " i s ameans fo r directl y estimatin g th e AST

M cetan e numbe r

( a numbe r representin g th e ignitio n propertie s o

f diese l engin e fue

l oils ) o f distillat e fuel s fro

mAP I gravity an d mid-boilin g point

. (x) "Diese l fuel " means an y fuel sol d i n an y Stat e an dsuitabl e fo r us e i n diese l moto r

vehicle s an ddiese l moto r vehicl e engines , an dwhic hi s commonl y o r commerciall y know n o r

sol da s diese l fuel

. (y) "Sulfu r percentage " i s th e percentag e o

f sulfu r b y weight

i n diese l fue l a s determine db y AST

M standar d tes t metho dD-2622-82

. (z) "Refinery " mean s aplan t a t whic h diese l fue l i s produced

. (aa ) "Retai l outlet " mean s an y establishmen t

a t whic h diese l fue

l i s sol dor offere dfo

r sal e fo r us e i n moto r vehicles

. (bb ) "Distributor " mean s an y perso n wh o transport s or

store s or cause s th e transportatio n o r

storag e o f diese l fuel a t an y poin t betwee n an y diese l fue

l refiner y an dan y retai l outle t

or wholesal e purchaser-consumer' s facilities

. (cc ) "Reseller " mean s an y perso n wh o purchase s diese l fue

l identifie db y th e corporate , trade , or

bran dnam e o

f a refiner fro msuc hrefiner

or adistributo r an dresell s or

transfer s i t

t o retailer s o r

, wholesal e purchaser-consumer s displayin g th e refiner' s brand , an d whos e asset s or

facilitie s ar e no t substantiall y owned , leased , or controlle db y suc h refiner

. (dd) "Wholesal e purchaser-consumer " mean s an y organizatio n tha t i s a n ultimat e consumer

o f diese l fue l an d whic hpurchase s o r

obtain s diese l fue

l fro masupplie r

fo r us e i n moto r

vehicle s an dreceive s delivery o

f tha t produc t int o astorag e tan k

o f a t leas t 550-gallon capacit y substantiall y unde r th e contro l o f tha t organization

. (ee ) "Carrier " mean s an y distributo r wh o transport s o r

store s or cause s th e transportatio n or

storag e o f diese l fue

l withou t takin g titl e t o or

otherwis e alterin g eithe r

th e quality or

quanity o f th e diese l fuel

. 3

. Ne w § 80.2

9 i s propose dto b e added , t o rea da s follows : § 80.2 9 Control s an d prohibition s o n diese l fue l quality
. (a) Prohibited

activities. Beginning Octobe r 1,1993 , n o refiner , importer , distributor , reseller , carrier , retaile r or wholesal e purchaser-consume r shal l manufacture , introduc e int o commerce , sell , offe r fo r sale , supply , dispense , offe r fo r supply , or

transpor t an y diese l fue l fo r us e i n moto r

vehicle s unles s th e diese l fue l i s free o f visibl e evidenc e o

f th e dy e 1,4-dialkylamino-anthraquinon e an dha s acetan e inde x o

f at leas t 4 0 an d asulfu r percentag e n o greate r

tha n 0.0 5 percent
. (b ) Determination of

compliance. Any diese l fue l whic hdoe s no t

sho w visibl e evidenc e o

f bein g dye dwit

h1,4

- dialkylamino-anthraquinon e (whic h ha s acharacteristi c blu e color) shal l b e considere dt o b e availabl e fo r us e i n diese l moto r

vehicle s an dmoto r

vehicl e engines , an dshal l b e subjec t t o th e prohibition s o

f paragrap h (a

) o f thi s section

. Complianc e with th e standard s liste di n paragrap h (a) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e determine db y th e us e o f on e o f th e samplin g methodologie s Specifiedi n Appendi x G t

b thi s part
. • • Note : Th e testin g methodologie s specifie

d fo r sulfu r percentage , AST

M DT2622-82 , an dcetan e index , AST

M D-976, wil

l be incorporatedb

y reference i

n th e fina l regulation

. (c) Liability. Liabilit

y fo r violation s o

f paragrap h (a) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e determine daccordin g t o th e provision s o f § 80.30

. (d ) Penalties. Penalties fo

r violation s . o f paragrap h (a) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e determine daccordin g t o th e provision s o f §80.5

. 4

. Ne w § 80.3 0 i s propose dto b e added , t o rea da s follows : § 80.3 0 Liability fo r violation s o f diese l fuel.contro l an d prohibitions
. (a) Violations at

refiners drimporters facilities. Wher e aviolatio n o f adiesel ' fue l standar dse t

fort h i n § 80.2

9 i s detecte da t

arefiner y or importer' s facility , th e refiner

or importe r shal l b e deeme di n violation

. (b ) Violations at

carrier facilities. Wher e aviolatio n o

f adiese l fue

l standar dse t

fort hi n § 80.2

9 i s detecte d at acarrier' s facility , whethe r i n a transpor t vehicle , i n astorag e facility , o r elsewher e a t

th e facility , th e followin g partie s shal l b e deeme di n violation : (1 ) Th e carrier , excep t

a s provide di n paragrap h (g)(1 ) o

f thi s section ; an d (2 ) Th e refiner

or importe r a t whos e refiner y o r impor t facilit y th e diese l fue

l wa s produce dor

imported , excep t

a s provide di n paragrap h (g)(2 ) o f thi s section

. (c) Violations at

branded distributor or reseller facilities. Wher e aviolatio n o f adiese l fue

l standar dse t

fort h i n § 80.2 9 i s detecte da t

adistributo r

or reseller' s facilit

y whic hi s operatin g unde r th e corporate , trad e or

bran d nam e o f arefiner o r an y o f it s marketin g subsidiaries , th e followin g partie s shal l b e deeme di n violation : (1 ) Th e distributo r

or reseller , excep t a s provide di n paragrap h (g)(3 ) o f thi s section ; (2 ) Th e carrie r

(i f any) , i f th e carrie r cause dth e diese l fue

l to violat e th e standar db y fue

l switching , blending , mislabeling , or

an y othe r

means ; an d (3 ) Th e refiner

unde r whos e corporate , trade , o r bran dnam e (or

that o f an y o f it s marketin g subsidiaries ) th e distributo r

or reselle r i s operating , excep t a s provide din paragrap h(g)(4 ) o f thi s sectio n

### P.1 6

Federa l Registe r/

Vol . 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s 3528 9 (d ) Violations at

unbranded distributor

facilities. Wher e aviolatio n o f adiese l fue

l standar dset

fort hi n § 80.29 i s detecte da t

th e facility o

f a distributo r

no t operatin g unde r

a refiner' s corporate , trade , or bran d name , or tha t o f an y o f it s marke ; subsidiaries , the followin g shal l b e deeme di n violation : (1 ) Th e distributor , excep t a s provide d i n paragrap h(g)(3 ) o

f thi s section ; (2 ) Th e carrie r

(i f any) , i f th e carrie r cause dth e diese l fue

l t o violat e th e standar db y fue

l switching , blending , mislabeling , o r

an y othe r

means ; an d (3 ) Th e refiner

or importe r at whos e refiner y o r impor t facilit y th e diese l fue

l wa s produce dor

imported , excep t

a s provide di

n paragrap h(g)(2) o

f t ) section

. (e) Violations at

branded retail outlets or wholesale purchaserconsumer facilities. Wher e aviolatio n o f a! standar dse t fort hi n § 80.2 0 i s detecte dat

aretai l outle t

or at awholesal e purchaser-consume r faciht y displayin g th e corporate , trade , o r bran d nam e o f arefiner o r an y o f it s marketin g subsidiaries , tb e followin g partie s shal l b e deeme dl

n violation : (1 ) Th e retaile r

or wholesal e purchaser-consumer , excep t a s provide d i n paragrap h(g)(5 ) o

f thi s section ; (2 ) Th e distributo r

and/o r reselle r (i f any) , excep t

a s provide di

n paragrap h (g)(3 ) o f thi s section ; (3 ) Th e carrie r

(i f any) , i f the ca r cause dth e diese l fue

l t o violat e th e standar db y fue

l switching , blending , mislabeling , o r

an y othe r

means ; an d (4 ) Th e refiner

whos e corporate , trade , or bran dname , o r

tha t o f an y o f it s marketin g subsidiaries , i s displaye da t th e retai l outle t

or wholesal e purchaser

consume r facility , excep t

a s provide di n paragrap h(g)(4) o

f thi s section

. (f ) Violations at

unbranded

retail outlets or wholesale purchaserties. Wher e aviolatio n o f adiese l fue

l standar dse t

fort hi n § 80.2 9 i s detecte dat

aretai l outle t

or a t awholesal e purchaser-consume r facilit y no t displayin g th e corporate , trade , o r bran dnam e o

f arefiner or an y o f it s marketin g subsidiaries , th e followin g partie s shal l b e deeme di

n violation : (1 ) Tli e retaile r

o r wholesal e purchaser-consumer , excep t a s provide d i n paragrap h(g)(5 ) o

f thi s section ; (2) Th e distributo r

(i f any) , excep t

a s provide di n paragrap h(g)(3 ) o f thi s seel

- (3 ) Th e carrie r

(i f any) , i f th e ca r cause dth e diese l fue

l t o violat e th e standar db y fue

l switching , blending , mislabeling , or

an y othe r mean ; an d (4) Th e refiner

o r importe r at whos e refiner y o r impor t facilit y the diese l fue

l wa s produce dor

imported , excep t

a s provide di

n paragrap h(g)(2

) o f ti m. (g ) Defenses. (1 ) I

n an y cas e i n whic h acarrie r woul db e i

n violatio n unde r > h (b)(1 ) o f thi s section , th e carrie r shal l no t b e deeme di

n violatio n i f h e can demonstrate : (i ) Bill s o f lading , invoices , delivery tickets , loadin g ticket s o r

othe r document s fromth e refine r or importe r at whos e refiner

y or impor t facilit y th e diese l fue l wa s produce do

r imported , or th e carrier , reseller , o

r distributo r

fro m who mth e diese l fue

l wa s received , whic hrepresente dt o tli e carrie r that th e diese l fue l wa s i n complianc e wit

hth e diese l fue l standards ; an d (ii ) Evidenc e o

f a n oversight

progra m conducte db y th e carrier , fo r monitorin g th e diese l fue

l store do r

transporte db y tha t carrier , suc ha s periodi c samplin g an dtestin g o

f th e cetan e inde x an d sulfu r percentag e o

f incomin g die9el fuel , or an y othe r evidenc e tha

t show s th.-i t car e wa s take n t o avoi dblendin g th e diese l fue

l wit h anythin g whic h woul dchang e it s cetan e inde x or sulfu r percentage ; an d (iii) That th e violatio n wa s no t

cause d b y th e carrie r

or hi s employe e or

agent
. (2 ) I n an y cas e i n whic harefine r o r importer woul db e i n violatio n unde r paragrap h (b)(2) , (d)(3)

. or (f)(4) o f thi s section , th e refiner

or importer shal l no t b e deeme di

n violatio n i

f he can demonstrate : (i ) That th e violatio n wa s no t

cause d mor hi s employe e or

agent ; an d Tes t results , performe di

n lanc e wit hth e samplin g an d testin g methodologie s se t

fort hi n Appendi x Gt o thi s part , AST M tes t metho dD-2622-8 2 fo

r sulfu r percentage , or AST M tes t metho dD-97 8 fo

r cetan e index , whic h evidenc e tha t th e diese l fue l determine dt o b e i

n violatio n wa s i

n complianc e withth e diese l fue l standard s whe n i

t wa s delivere dt

o th e nex t party i n th e distributio n scheme

. (3 ) I n an y cas e i n whic hadistributo r o r reselle r woul db e i

n violatio n unde r paragrap h (c)(1)

. (d)(1)

. (e)(2 ) or (0(2 ) o f Ihi s section , th e distributo r o r res shal l no t b e deeme di

n violatio n k can demonstrate : (i ) That th e violatio n wa s no t

cause d b y hi mor hi s employe e or

agent ; an d (ii ) Bill s o f lading , invoices , delivery tickets , loadin g ticket s o

r othe r document s fro

mth e refiner

a t whos e refiner y th e diese l fue

l wa s produced , th e Importer

at whos e facilit

y th e diese l fue l wa s imported , or

th e ca : i reselle r c r distributo r

fro mwho mth e diese l fue l wa s received , whic h represente dt o th e distributo r o r reselle r tha t th e diese l fue

l wa s i n complianc e wit hth e diese l fue

l standard s whe n delivere dt o th e distributo r o r res t an d (iii ) Evidenc e o

f a n oversigh t

program conducte db y th e distributo r o r reseller , suc h a s periodi c samplin g an dtestin g diese l fuel , fo

r monitorin g th e sulfu

r percentag e an dcetan e inde x o f th e diese l fue l tha t th e distributo r

o r reselle r sells , supplies , offer s for

sal e o r supply , or transports
. (4 ) I n an y cas e i

n whic harefiner woul db e i

n violatio n unde r

paragrap h (c)(3 ) or (e)(4 ) o f thi s section , th e refil

l shal l no t b e deeme di n violatio n i

f h e can demonstrat e al l o

f th e following : (i) Tes t results , performe di n accordanc e wit

hUi e samplin g an d testin g methodologie s se t

fort h i n Appendi x Gt o thi s part , AST M tes t metho dD-2622-8 2 fo

r sulfu r percent
. or AST M tes t metho dD-97 6 fo

r cel Index , at th e refiner

y a t whic hthe diese l fue l wa s produced , whic h eviden t the diese l fue

l determine dt o b e i

n violatio n wa s i

n complianc e wit

h th e diese l fue l standard s whe n transporte d fro mth e refinery ; (ii ) Tha t th e violatio n wa s no t

cause d b y himor hi s employe e or

agen t an d (iii ) That th e violation : (A) Wa s cause db y a

n ac t i n viol , o f law (other

than th e Ac t

or thi s p or a n ac t o f sabotag e o r

vandalism , whethe r or no t suc hact s ar e v o f law i n th e jurisdictio n wher e th e violatio n o

f th e requirement s o

f thi s par t occurred , o r (B ) Wa s cause db y th e actio n o f a reselle r or aretaile r supplie:' reseller , i n violatio n o

f acontrac t g impose db y th e refiner

o n suc h reselle r

designe dt o preven t

suc h action , an ddespit e reasonabl e effort s b y th e refiner (sucha s periodi c samn ' an dtesting ) t o Insur e complianc e wit h suc h contractua l obligation , o r (C) Wa s cause db y th e actio n o f a ho i s supplie ddirectl y b ; refiner (an dno t b y areseller) , l

n violatio n o

f acontractua l undertakin g impose db

y th e refiner

o : toiler designe dt

o preven t suc h action , an d despit e reasonabl e effort s b y t h (such a s periodi c samplin g an dtestinp ) t o insur e compliai ' jc h contractua l obligation , or (D ) Wa s cause db y th e actio n o l ributo r subjec t t o acontrac t

wit h refiner fo r transportatio n o

f diese l fue

l fromatermina l t o adistributor , retaile r o r wholesal e purchaser-consumer , i n violatio n o

f acontractua l undertakin g impose db y th e refiner

o n suc h distributo r

designe dt o preven t

suc h action , an ddespit e reasonabl e effo i th e refiner

(suc h a s periodi c samplin g an dtesting ) t o ensur e complianc e wit h suc h contractua l obligation

.P.1 7



### 3E2S© Federa l Ssgist e / Vol.-54 , No

. 18 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s (E ) Wa s cause db y acarrie r o r othe r distributo r

no t subjec t t o acontrac t

wit h th e refine r

bu t engage db y hi mfo r transportatio n o f

diese l fue l fro ma termina l t o adistributor , retaile r o r wholesal e purchaser-coi-sumer

. despit e reasonabl e effort s b y th arefine r (suc h a s specificatio n o r

inspectio n o f equipment ) t o preven t

suc haction , o r (F ) Occurre da t

awholesal e purchaser-consume r

facility : Provided , however , tha t

i f suc hwholesal e purchaser-consume r

wa s supplie db y a reseller , th e refine r

mus t demonstrat e tha t th e violatio n coul dno t hav e bee n prevente db y suc hreseller' s complianc e wit hacontractua l undertakin g impose d b y th e refine r

o n suc hreselle r

a s provide di n paragrap h(g)(4)(iii)(B ) o f thi s section

. (iv ) I n paragraph s (g)(4)(iii ) (A ) throug h(E ) o f

thi s section , th e ter m "wa s caused " mean s tha t th arefine r mus t demonstrat e b y reasonabl y specifi c showings , b y direc t o r circumstantia l evidence ; tha t th e violatio n wa s cause do r mus t hav e bee n caUse db y another

. (5 ) I n an y cas e i n whic haretaile r o r wholesal e purchaser-consume r woul d b e i n violatio n unde r

paragrap h(e)(1 ) o r (f)(1 ) o f thi s section , th e retaile r o r wholesal e purchaser-consume r shal l no t b e deeme di n violatio n i f h e ca n demonstrat e tha t

th e violatio n wa s no t cause db y hi mo r

hi s employe e o r

agen t (6 ) I n paragraph s (g)(l)(iii) , (g)(2)(i) , (g)(3)U)

. [siWC-i) an d(g)(5 ) o f thi s section , th e respectiv e part y mus t demonstrat e b y reasonabl y specifi c showings , b y direc t

o r circumstantia l evidence , tha t

i t o r it s employe e o r

agen t di dno t caus e th e violation

. 5

. Ne w Appendi x Gi s propose dt o b e adde dt o rea da s follows : Appendi x G-^Sazapfc g Froosdare s lot Diese l Fus l 1

. Scope 1. 1 Thi s metho dcover s procedure s fo r obtainin g representativ e sample s o f diese l fue l fo r th e purpos e o

f testin g fo r complianc e wit hth e cetan e inde x an dsulfu r percentag e standard s se t

fort hi n § 80.29

. 2

. Summary

of Method 2. 1 I t i s necesEar

y tha t th e sample s b e trul y representativ e o

f th e diese l fue

l i n question

. Th e precaution s require dt o ensur e th e representativ e characte r o f th e sample s ar e numerou s an ddepen dupo n th e tank , carrier , containe r

o r lin e fro mwhic hth e sampl e i s bein g obtained , th e typ e an d cleanlines s o

f th e sampl e container , an dth e samplin g procedure s tha t

er at o b e used

. A summary o

f th e samplin g procedure s an d thei r applicatio n i s presente di n tabl e 1

. Eac h procedur e i s suitabl e fo

r samplin g amateria l unde r definite storage , transportation , or . containe r conditions

. Th e basi c principl e of

. eac hprocedure.is.to.obtai n asample.i n suc h , manne r an dfr 9<5_

. • puc h location s to th e tan k

. o r othe r containe r that th e sampl e wil l b e trul y representativ e o

f th e diese l fuel

. 3. Description of

Terms 3. 1 "Averag e sample " i s on e that consist s o f proportionat e part s fro

mal l section s o

f th e container

. 3. 2 "All-level s sample " i s on e obtaine db y submergin g astoppere dbeake r o r bottl e to a poin t a s near a s possibl e t c th e draw-of f level , the n openin g th e sample r an draisin g i t a t arat e suc htha t

i t i s abou t % ful l (maximum8 5 percent ) a s i t emerge s fro

mth e liquid

. An all-level s sampl e i s no t necessaril y a n averag e sampl e becaus e th e tan k volume ma y no t b e proportiona l to th e dept han d becaus e th e operato r

ma y no t b e abl e to rais e th e sample r

a t th e variabl e rat e require dfo r proportionat e filling

. Th e rat e o f filling i s proportiona l t o th e squar e roo t o f th e depth o

f immersion

. 3. 3 "Runnin g sample " i s on e obtaine db y lowerin g a n unstoppere dbeake r o r bottl e fromth e to p o

f th e gasolin e to th e leve l o f th e botto mo f th e outle t connectio n o r

swin g line , an dreturnin g it

t o th e to p o

f th e to p o f th e diese l fue l at aunifor mrat e o f spee dsuc h tha t th e beake r

o r bottl e i s abou t

% ful l whe n withdraw n fromth e diese l fuel

. 3. 4 "Spo t

sample " i s on e obtaine da t some specifi c locatio n i n th e tan k b y mean s o

f a thie f bottle , o r beaker

. 3. 5 'To p sample " i s aspo t sampl e obtaine d6 inche s (15 0 mm ) belo w th e to p surfac e o f th e liqui d(Figur

e 1)

. 3. 6 "Upper

sample " i s aspo t

sampl e take n a t th e mid-point

o f th e uppe r thirdo f th e tan k content s (Figur

e 1)

. 3 7 "Middl e sample " i s aspo t sampl e obtaine dfro

mth e middl e o

f th e tan k content s (Figur e 1)

. 3. 8 "Lower

sample " i s aspo t

sampl e obtaine dat

th e leve l d

f th e fixedtan k

outle t o r th e swin g lin e outle t

(Figur e 1)

. 3. 9 "Clearanc e sample " i s aspo t sampl e take n 4 inche s (10

0 mm ) belo w th e leve l o

f th e tan k outle t (Figur e 1)

. 3.1 0 "Botto msample " i s on e obtaine d fro mth e materia l o hth e botto msurfac e o f th e tank , container , o r

lin e a t it s lowes t

point

. 3.1 1 "Drai n sample " i s on e obtaine dfroni th e draw-of

f or discharg e valve

. Occasionally , adrai n sampl e ma y b e th e sam e a s abotto msample , a s i n th e cas e o f a tan k car . 3.1 2 "Continuou s sample " i s on e obtaine d fromapipelin e i n suc h manne r a s t o giv e a representativ e averag e o

f amoving stream
. 3.1 3 "Mixe dsample " i s on e obtaine dafter mixin g o r vigorousl y stirrin g th e content s o f th e original container , an dthe n pourin g out o r drawin g of

f th e quantity desired

. 3.1 4 "Nozzl e sample " i s on e obtaine d fro madiese l pum

p nozzl e whic hdispense s diese l fue l fro mastorag e tan k

a t aretai l outle t o r awholesal e purchaser-consume r facility

. 4

. Sample Containers 4. 1 Sampl e container s ma y b e clear o r brow n glas s bottles , o r

cans . Th e clear

glas s bottl e i s advantageou s becaus e i t ma y b e examine dvisuall y fo

r cleanliness , an dals o allow s visua l inspectio n p f th e sampl e fo

r free wate r or soli dimpurities

. Th e brow n glas s bottl e afford s some protectio n fro m light

. Th e onl y can s permissibl e ar e thos e

. withth e seam s soldere do n th e exterio r surfac e wit h aflu x o f rosi n in asuitabl e solvent

. Suchaflu

x i s easil y remove dwit

h* gasoline , wherea s many other s ar e ver y difficul t t o remove . 4. 2 Containe r

closure

. Cork , rubbe r

or glas s stoppers , o r

scre w caps , o

f plasti c o r metal , ma y b e use dfo

r glas s bottles ; scre w * cap s only shal l b e use dfo r can s t o provid e a vapor-tight

closur e seal

. Any closure metho d wil l b e satsifactory a s long a s n o leakag e wil l occur no r wil l th e stoppe r

o r ca p affect sampl e results

. 4. 3 Cleanin g procedure

. All sampl e container s mus t

b e absolutel y clean an dfree o f water , dirt , lint , washin g compounds , naphthas , o r

othe r solvents , solderin g fluxe s or acids , corrosion , rust , an doil

. 5

. Regula

r Sampling Apparatus 5. 1 Samplin g apparatu s i s describe din detai l unde r

eac h o f th e specifi c samplin g procedures

. Clean , dry , an dfre e al l samplin g apparatu s fromany substanc e tha t migh t contaminat e th e material , usin g th e procedur e describe di n 4.3

. 6

. Time and

Place of Sampling 6. 1 Whe n loadin g o r

dischargin g diese l fuel , tak e sample s fro

mbot h shippin g an d receivin g tanks , an dfro

mth e pipelin e i

f required

. 6. 2 Ship o r

barg e tanks

. Sampl e eac h produc t after th e vesse l i s loade dor

jus t befor e unloading

. 6. 3 Tank cars . Sampl e th e produc t

after th e car i s loade dor

jus t befor e unloading

. Note : Whe n takin g sample s fromtank s suspecte do

f containin g flammabl e atmospheres , precaution s shoul db e take n to guardagains t

ignition s du e to stati c electricity

. Metal o r

conductiv e objects , suc h a s gag e tapes , sampl e containers , an d thermometers , shoul dno t

b e lowere dint o o r suspende di n acompartmen t or tan k whic h i s bein g filledor

immediatel y after

cessatio n o

f pumping

. A waitin g perio do f approximatel y on e minute wil l generall y permi t a substantia l relaxatio n o

f th e electrostatic charge ; unde r

certai n condition s alonger perio dma y b e deeme dadvisable

. 7. Obtaining Samples 7. 1 Direction s fo

r samplin g canno t

b e mad e explici t

enoughto cover

al l cases . Extreme car e an dgoo djudgement ar e necessary t o ensur e sample s tha t represen t th e general characte r

an daverag e conditio n o f th e material

. Clean hand s ar e important

. Clean glove s may b e worn bu t only whe n absolutel y necessary , suc h a s i n col d weather , or

whe n handlin g material s a t high temperature , o r

fo r reason s o

f safety

. Selec t wipin g cloth s s o tha t

lint i s no t introduced , contaminatin g samples

. 7. 2 A s man y petroleu mvapor s ar e toxi c an dflammable , avoi dbreathin g themo r ignitin g themfro

ma n ope n flam

e o r aspark produce db y static

. Follo w al l safety precaution s specifi c to th e materia l bein g sampled

. 8

. Handling Samples 8.1

. Containe r

outage
. Never

completel y fil l asampl e container , bu t

allo w adequat e roo mfo r expansion , takin g int o consideratio n th e temperatur e o

f th e liqui da t

th e time o

f filling an dth e probabl e maximum temperatur e to.whic h th e filledcontaine r may b e subjected.,.

.

### P.1 8

Federa l Register

/ Vol , 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 1989 /

Propose dRule s 3529 1
9

. Shipping

Sc: 9. 1 T o preven t

los s I u rin g shipment , an dt o protec t agains t moistur e an d dust,

. ''l e vapo r tigh t a Th e cap s o f

al l container s mus t

b e screwe d dow n tightl y an dchecke dfo r leakage

. Posta l an dexpres s offic e regulation s applyin g t o th e shipmen t of flammabl e liquid s mus t b e •pie Containers Labe l th e containe r

home

. asampl e I s obtained

. Us e waterproo f an d oilproo f in k o r apenci l har denoug ht o ig , sinc e sof

t penci l an dordinar y in k marking s ar e subjec t

t o obliteratio n fro m moisture , oi l smearin g an dhandling

. Includ e th e followin g information : i Dat e an dtim e (th e pe ; io delapse d -.tinuou s sampli i o f th e sample ; 101. 3 Nam e o r

numbe r a * >

f th e I

. car . o r container , 10.1. 4 Bran dan dgrad e o f material ; an d 5 Referenc e symbo l o r identificatio n number

. 11

. Sampling procedures ll. l Th e standar dsamplin g procedure s e di s thi s metho dar e summarize di n Tabl e 1

. Alternativ e samplin g procedure s e use dif amutuall y satisfactor y agreemen t

ha s bee n reache db y th e party(ies ) e dan dEP A an dsuc hagreemen t ha s bee n pu t i n writin g an dsigne db y auth

-

• i IS . TABL E 1.—SUMMAR

Y O F DIESE L FUE L SAMPLIN G PROCEDURE S AN D APPLICA

BILIT Y
Typ e o t Containe r Storag e tanks , shi p an d barg e tanks

. tan k cars
. lan k trucks

. Storag e tank s wit h taps

. Pip e an d line- , Retai l outle t an d whole-sal e purchaser
consume rf a storag e tanks

. Procedur e

Bottl e sam p i

Ta p samplin g Continuou s lin e sampling

. Nozzl e sam p Para
grap h

. H. 2

11 3 11 4 11. 5

11. 2 Bottl e or : .pling

. Th e bottl e o r beake r samplin g procedur e i s app h fo r samplin g liquid s of

1 0 pound s (1.1 2 kgf

/ cm 2 ) RV P o

i tanks , shi p tanks , an dbarg e tanks

. 11.2. 1 Apparatus

. A suitabl e samplin g

a s show n i n Figur e 2 requ i 11.2. 2 P : 11.2.2. 1 All-level s sample

. Lowe r th e weighted , stoppere dbottl e o r beake r a s nea r a s possibl e t o th e draw-of f level , pul l ou t

th e

- wit hashar p jer k

o f th e cor dQ

l ! e a t aunifor mrat e s o tha t it i s abou t %ful l a s I

t emerge s fro mIhp liquid

. 11.2.2. 2 Runnin g sampl e - unstoppere dbottle s o r

beake r a s ne; . possibl e t o th e leve l o f

th e botto mof

• tio n o r swin g lin e an dthe i l e o r beake r t o th e to p o f

th e gasolin e a t aunifor mrat e o f

spee dsuc htha t

i t i s -«full whe n wit 1 : Upper , middle , an dh samples

. Lowe r

th e weighted , stoppere d bottl e t o th e prope r

depth s (Figur e 1 ) a s follows : Uppe r sample—middl e o f

uppe r thir do f th e ot a Middl e sample—middl e of th e >mple—leve l of

th e fixe dtan k outle t o r th e swing-lin e ou t A t th e selecte dleve l pul l ou t th e stoppe r wit hashar p jer k

of th e cor do r

chai n an d allo w th e bold e o r

beake r t o fill completely , a s evidence db y th e cessatio n of ai r bubble s ' J 11 , rais e th e bottl e o r

beaker , pou r

of f asmal l amount , an dstoppe r immediately

. 11.2. 2 4 To p sample

. Obtai n thi s sampl e 1 ) i n th e sam e manne r

a s specifie di n inche s (15 0 mm ) belo w th e to p surfac e o f

th e tan k contents
. 11.2.2. 5 I .andling

. Stoppe r an dlabe l umple s immediatel y afte r takin g them , un ddelive r

t o th e laborator y I n th e origina l samplin g bottles

. 11. 3 Ta p sampling

. Th e ta p samplin g ir e i s applicabl e for

samplin g liquid s K pound s (1.8 3 kgf/cm 2 ) RV P o r les s i n tank s whic har e equippe dwit h suitabl e samplin g tap s o r lines

. Th e assembl y for ta p samplin g i s show n i n Fig ; I l Apparatus

. 11.3.1. 1 Tan k

taps
. Th e tan k

shoul db e equippe dwit ha t

leas t thre e samplin g tap s iistan t throughou t

th e lan k heigh t an dextendin g a t

leas t thre e fee t

(0. 9 meter ) insid e th e tan k

shell

. A standar dV

i inc hpip e wit hsuitabl e valv e i s satisfactory

. 11.3.1. 2 Tube

. A deliver y tub e tha t wil l ;.laminat e th e produc t

bein g sample d an dlon g enoug ht o reac ht o th e botto mof th e sampl e containe r

i s require dt o allo w submerge dfilling

. 11.3.1. 3 Sampl e containers

. Us e clean , dr y glas s bottle s o f

convenien t

siz e an dstrengt h o r meta l container s t o receiv e \he samples

. .2 Procedure

. 11.3.2. 1 Befor e asampl e i s drawn , flush th e ta p (o r

gag e glas s draincock ) an dlin e unti l the y ar e purge dcompletel y Connec t th e clea n deliver y tub e t o th e tap
. Dra w upper , middle , o r

lowe r sample s directl y fro mth e :;v e tap s afte r

tli e flushin g operation

. •pe r an dlabe l th e sampl e containe r afte r filling , an dt o th e <ory
. 11. 4 Continuou s sampling

. nuou s .'•n g procedur e i s applicabl e fo r samplin g liquid s o f

1 6 pound s (1.1 2 kgf/cm 2 ) i s an dsemiliquid s i n pipeli * fillin g lines , an dtransfe r lines

. Th e continuou s samplin g ma y b*< idll y usin g automati c devices

. 11.4. 1 Apparatus

. 11.4.1. 1 Samplin g probe

. Th e functio n o f th e samplin g prob e i s t o withdra w fro mth e flo w strea maportio n tha t wil l b e tiv e o f th e entir e stream
. Th e apparatu s assembl y fo r continuou s samplin g i s show n i n Figur e 4

. Prob e design s tha t ar e commonl y use dar e a s follows : n.4.1.1. 1 A tub e extendin g t o th e cente r of th e lin e an dbevele da t a4 5 degre e angl e g upstrea m(Figur e 4(a))

. 11.4.1.1. 2 A long-radiu s forge delbo w o r pip e ben dextendin g t o th e cente r lin e i pip e an dfacin g upstream
. The » prob e shoul db e reame dt o giv e ashar p entranc e edg e (Figur e 4(b))

. 11.4.1.1. 3 A closed-en dtub e v. orific e space dnea r

tb e close den dw i shoul db e positione di n suc hawa y tha i i s i n tli e cente r

o f th e pipelin e a facin g th e strea ma s show n i n Figur e I 11.4.1. 2 Prob e location

. Sinc e th e flui dt o b e sample dma y no t

In al l case s b e homogeneous , th e location , I th e siz e o f

th e samplin g prob e shoul db e suc h a s t o minimiz e stratificatio n o r droppin g ou t of heavie r particle s withi n th e tub e o i displacemen t

o f th e produc t

wit h a s aresul t

o f variatio n i n gravit y of

th e flowin g stream
. Th e samplin g prob e s h b e locate dpreferabl y i n avertica l ru n o f pip e an da s nea r

a s practicabl e t o th e th e produc t

passe s t o th e re a shoul dalway s b e i n ahorizonta l pos * 11.4.1.2. 1 Th e samplin g line s shoul d shor t a s practicabl e an dshoul db befor e an y sample s ar e taken

. 11.4.1.2. 2 Wher e adequat e flowing velocit y i ano t

available , asuitabl e de

mixin g th e fluid flow t o ensur e a homogeneou s mixtur e a t al l rate s of

fl " t o eliminat e stratificatio n shoul db e installe d upstrea mo f

th e samplin g tap , Som e ef! * device s for

obtainin g ahomoge n ar e a s follows : Reductio n i n pip e st/

. serie s o f baffles ; orific e o r

perforate d; an dacombinatio n o f

an y o f thes e me; ! 11.4.1.2. 3 Th e desig n o r sizin g oft ' B i s optiona l wit hth e user , a s lon g a s th e flo w pas t

th e samplin g poln l homogeneou s an dstratificatio n I s ettm i 11.4.1. 3 T o contro l th e rat e a t whir l sampl e i s withdrawn , th e prob e o r probe s shoul db e fittedwit hvalve s o r plu g cocks

. 11-4.1. 4 Automati c samplin g d e mee t th e standard s se t

ou t i n 11.4.1. 5 D use di n obtainin g sample s o f die; * qualit y o f

sampl e collecte dmus t

b e o f sufficien t siz e for analysis , an dit s compositio n shoul db e identica l compositio n o f

th e batc hflowin g i n ti n whil e th e sampl e i s bein g taken

. A n automati c sample r

installatio n neces'

. include ano t

onl y th e automati c samplin g ict e th e sample s fro m line , bu t als o asuitabl e probe , connee l lines , auxiliar y equipment , an dacont.i : whic hth e sampl e i s collected

. A

lassifie da s f

o 11.4.1.4. 1 Continuou s sampler , tim e i (nonproportional ) type
. A sa i an doperate di n suc hamanne r t l transfer s equa l increment s o f liqui dfr m pipelin e t o th e sampl e containe r a t aunifor m rat e o f on e o r mor e increment s pe r

minut e i s acontinuou s sampler

. 11.4.1.4. 2 Continuou s sampler , flow uttiv a(proportional ) type
. A Ba n operate di n Buc

ha manne r tha t i t wil l automaticall y y of sampl e i n proportio n t o th e rat e o f flow i s aflow-responsiv e (proportional ) sampler

. Adjustmen t

o f th e quantit y of sampl e ma y b e mad e eithe r b y varyin g th e ic y o f transferrin g equa l i

n sampl e t o th e sampl e container , o r b y vP.1 9



### egist e / Vo L54 , No , 16

3 / Thursday , August

24 , 198 9 / ProposedRule s
th e volume o

f th e increment s whil e maintainin g aconstan t

frequenc y of transferrin g th e increment s t o th e sampl e container

. Th e apparatu s assembl y fo r continuou s samplin g i s show n i n Figur e 4

. 11.4.1.4. 3 Intermitten t

sampler

. A sample r tha t i s designe dan doperate di n suc ha manne r tha t it transfer s equa l increment s o f liqui dfro mapipelin e t o th e sampl e containe r at aunifor mrat e o f les s tha n on e incremen t pe r minute i s a n intermitten t

sampler

. 11.4.1. 5 Standard s o

f installation

. Automati c sample r

installation s shoul dmee t al l safety requirement s i n th e plan t o r are a wher e used , an dshoul dcomply with American Nationa l Standar dCod e fo r Pressur e Piping , an dothe r applicabl e code s (ANS I B31.1)

. Th e sample r shoul db e s o installe da s t o provid e ampl e acces s spac e fo r inspectio n an dmaintenance

. 11.4.1.5. 1 Smal l line s connectin g variou s element s o

f th e installatio n shoul db e s o arrange dtha t

complete purgin g o

f th e automati c sample r

an do f al l line s ca n b e accomplishe deffectively

. All flui dremainin g i n th e sample r

an dth e line s fro

mth e precedin g samplin g cycl e shoul db e purge d immediatel y before th e star t o f an y give n samplin g operation

. 11.4.1.5. 2 I n thos e case s wher e th e sample r desig n i s suc htha t

complete purgin g o f th e samplin g line s an dth e sample r i s not possible , asmal l pum

p shoul db e installe di n orde r t o circulat e acontinuou s strea mfro m th e samplin g tub e pas t

o r throug hth e sample r an dbac k int o th e line

. Th e automati c sample r shoul dthe n withdra w th e sampl e fro mth e sidestrea mthroug hth e shortes t possibl e connection

. 11.41.5. 3 Unde r

certai n conditions , ther e ma y b e atendenc y fo

r wate r an dheav y particle s t o dro p out

i n th e discharg e lin e fro mth e samplin g devic e an dappea r i n th e sampl e containe r

durin g some subsequen t samplin g period

. T o circumvent thi s possibility , th e discharg e pip e fro mth e samplin g devic e shoul db e fre e o f pocket s o r enlarge dpip e areas , an dpreferabl y shoul db e pitche ddownwar dt o th e sampl e container

. 11.4.1.5. 4 T o ensur e clean , free-flowing lines , pipin g shoul db e designe dfo r periodi c cleaning

. 11.4.1. 6 Fiel dcalibration

. Composite sample s obtaine dfro

mth e automati c sample r installatio n shoul db e verifie dfo r quantity performanc e i n amanne r

tha t meet s wit

h th e approva l o

f al l partie s concerne d(includin g EPA) , a t leas t onc e amont

han dmore often i

f condition s warrant
. In th e cas e o f time-cycl e samplers , deviation s i n quantit y o f th e sampl e take n shoul dno t

excee d±fiv e percen t fo r an y give n setting

. In th e cas e o f flow-responsiv e samplers , th e deviatio n i n quantity o f sampl e take n pe r

1,00 0 barrel s o

f flowing strea mshoul dnot excee d± 5 percent
. Fo r

th e purpos e o

f field-calibratin g a n installation , th e composite sampl e obtaine dfromth e automati c sample r unde r tes t shoul db e verifie dfo

r quality b e comparin g o n th e basi s o

f physical an d chemical properties , witheithe r aproperl y secure dcontinuou s nonautomati c sampl e o r tan k sample

. Th e tan k

sampl e shoul db e take n unde r

th e following conditions : 11.4.1.8. 1 Th e batchpumpe ddurin g th e tes t interva l shoul db e diverte dint o aclea n tan k an dasampl e take n withi n on e hou r after cessatio n o

f pumping

. 11.4.1.8. 2 I

f th e samplin g o

f th e deliver

y tan k i s t o b e delaye dbeyon don e hour , the n th e tan k selecte dmus t

b e equippe dwit

h a n adequat e mixin g means . For vali d comparison , th e samplin g o f th e delivery tan k mus t b e complete dwithi n eight hour s after cessatio n o

f pumping , eve n thoug h th e tan k i s equippe dwit

h amotor-drive n mixer

. 11.4.1.6. 3 Whe n makin g anormal full-tan k deliver y fro matank , aproperl y secure d sampl e may b e use dt o chec k th e result s o

f th e sample r

i f th e partie s (includin g EPA ) mutuall y agre e t o thi s procedure

. 11.4.1. 7 Receiver

. Th e receive r mus t b e a clean , dr y containe r

o f convenien t

siz e t o receiv e th e sample

. All connection s fro mth e sampl e prob e t o th e sampl e containe r mus t b e fre e o f leaks

. Tw o type s o

f containe r may b e used , dependin g upo n servic e requirements

. 11.4.17. 1 Atmospheri c container

. Th e atmospheri c containe r

shal l b e constructe di n suc hawa y tha t

i t retard s evaporatio n los s an dprotect s th e sampl e fron t extraneou s materia l suc ha s rain , snow , dust , an dtrash

. Th e constructio n shoul dallo w cleaning , interio r inspection , an dcomplete mixing o f th e sampl e prio r

to removal

. Th e containe r shoul db e provide dwit

hasuitabl e ven t 11.4.1.7. 2 Close dcontainer

. Th e close d containe r shal l b e constructe di n suc h a manne r that i t prevent s evaporatio n loss

. Th e constructio n mus t

allo w cleaning , interio r inspectio n an dcomplete mixin g o f th e sampl e prio r t o removal

. Th e containe r shoul db e equippe dwit

hapressure-relie f

valve

. 11.4. 2 Procedure

. 11.4.2. 1 Nonautomati c sample

. Adjus t th e valv e or plu g coc k fro mth e samplin g prob e s o tha t astead y strea mi s draw n fro mth e probe

. Wheneve r

possible , th e rat e o

f sampl e withdrawa l shoul db e suc h tha t th e velocit

y o f liqui dflowing throug hth e prob e i s approximatel y equa l t o th e averag e linea r velocity o f th e strea mflowing throug hth e pipeline

. Measur e an drecor dth e rat e o f sampl e withdrawa l a s gallon s pe r hour

. Diver t th e sampl e strea mto th e samplin g containe r continuousl y o r

intermittentl y t o provid e aquantity o

f sampl e tha t

wil l b e o f sufficien t siz e fo r analysis

. 11.4.2. 2 Automati c sampling

. Purg e th e sample r an dth e samplin g line s immediatel y before th e star t

o f asamplin g operation

. I

f th e sampl e desig n i s suc htha t complete purgin g i s no t possible , circulat e acontinuou s strea m fro mth e prob e pas t

or throug hth e sample r an dbac k int o th e line

. Withdra w th e sampl e fro mth e sid e strea mthroug hth e automati c sample r usin g th e shortes t

possibl e connections

. Adjus t

th e sample r

to delive r no t les s tha n on e an dno t

more tha n 40 gallon s (15 1 liters ) o

f sampl e durin g th e desire dsamplin g period

. Fo r time-cycl e samplers , recor dth e rat e a t whic h sampl e increment s wer e take n pe r minute

. Fo r

flow

responsiv e samplers , recor dth e proportio n of sampl e to tota l stream
. Labe l th e sample s an d deliver themt o th e laboratory i n th e container s i n whic hthe y wer e collected

. 11. 5 Nozzl e sampling

. Th e nozzl e samplin g procedur e i s applicabl e fo r samplin g diese l fue

l fro maretai l outle t

o r wholesal e purchaser-consume r facilit y storag e tank

. 11.5. 1 Apparatus

. Sampl e container s conforming wit

h4. 1 Bhoul

db e used

. A spacer , i f appropriate , an danozzl e extensio n a s show n i n Figure s 6 an d7 shal l b e use dwhe n nozzl e sampling

. 11.5. 2 Procedure

. Immediatel y after diese l fue l ha s bee n delivere dfro

mth e pum

p an d th e pum p ha s bee n reset , deliver

asmal l amoun t o f produc t int o th e sampl e container

. Rins e sampl e containe r

an ddum p produc t int o wast e container

. Insert nozzl e extensio n (Figur e 7) int o sampl e containe r an dinser t pum p nozzl e int o extensio n wit h slo t over ai r blee dhole

. Fill slowl y throug h nozzl e extensio n t o 70-8 0 percen t ful l (Figur e 8)

. Remov e nozzl e extension

. Ca p sampl e containe r a t once . Check

fo r leaks

. 12

. Special

Precautions

and Instructions. 12. 1 Precautions

. Officia

l sample s shoul d b e take n by , or

unde r th e immediat e supervisio n of

, aperso n o

f judgement , skill , an dsamplin g experience

. Never prepar e composite sample s fo

r thi s test
. Make certai n tha t container s whic har e t o b e shippe db y commo n carrie r

confor mto applicabl e Interstat e Commerc e Commission , state , an d local regulations

. Whe n flushin g o r purgin g line s or containers , observ e th e pertinen t regulation s an dprecaution s agains t fire , explosion , an dothe r

hazards

. 12. 3 Sampl e containers

. Us e container s o f no t les s tha n on e quart

(0. 9 liter) no r

more tha n tw o gallon s (7. 6 liters ) capacity , o f sufficien t strengt h t o withstan dth e pressur e t o whic h the y ma

y b e subjected

. Open-typ e container s hav e asingl e openin g whic h permit s samplin g b y immersion

. Closed-typ e " container s hav e tw o openings , on e in eac h en d(or th e equivalen t

thereof) , fitte dwit

h valve s suitabl e fo

r samplin g b y wate r displacemen t

or b y purging

. 12. 4 Transfe r

connections

. Th e transfe r connectio n fo

r th e open-typ e containe r consist s o f a n ai r tub e an daliqui ddeliver

y tub e assemble din aca

p o r stopper
. Th e ai r tub e extend s t o th e botto mo f th e container

. On e en do f th e liqui ddelivery tub e i s lon g enoughto reac h th e botto mo f th e diese l fue

l chambe r whil e th e sampl e i s bein g transferre dt o th e chamber

. Th e transfe r connectio n fo

r th e closed-typ e containe r consist s o f asingl e tub e wit

h aconnectio n suitabl e fo

r attachin g it

t o on e o f th e opening s o f th e sampl e container

. Th e tub e i s long enought o reac h th e botto mo f th e diese l chambe r whil e th e sampl e i s bein g transferred

. 12. 5 Samplin g ope n tanks

. Us e clean container s o

f th e ope n typ e whe n samplin g ope n tank s an dtan k

car s An all-leve l sampl e obtaine db y th e bottl e procedur e describe di n 11. 2 i s recommended

. Befor e takin g th e sample , flush th e containe r b y immersin g it

i n th e produc t

to b e sampled

. The n obtai n th e sampl e immediately

. Pour of f enoug hs o tha t th e containe r

wil l b e 70-6 0 percen t

ful l an d clos e i t promptly

. Labe l th e containe r an d delive r it to th e laboratory

. 12. 6 Samplin g close dtanks

. Container s o f eithe r th e ope n o r

close dtyp e ma

y b e use dt o obtai n sample s fro

mclose do r

pressur e tanks

. I f th e close dtyp e i s used , obtai n th e sampl e usin g th e wate r

displacemen t

procedur e describe din 12. 8 o r

th e purgin g procedur e describe din 12.9

. Th e wate r displacemen t

### Federa l Register/

Vol . 54 . No . 16

3 / Thursday , August24, 196 9 / Impose d Rules 3529 3 P.2 0

procedur e i s preferabl e becaus e th e R e produc t involve di

n th e purging procedure ma y b e hazardous

. 12. 8 Wate r

displacemen t

proced u Completely fil

l th e closed-typ e containe r wit h wate r an dd i ves . Whil e pe n asmall amount

o f produc t t o flo w throughth e fittings , connec t

tli e to p o r

inle t valv e o f th e is r t o th e tank

samplin g ta

p o r v The n open al l valves o n th e inlet sid e o f th e ner . Open th e botto mo r

outle t valv e slightly t o allo w th e wate r

t o b e displace d slowly by th e sampl e enterin g th e con)

. Regulate th e flo

w s o tha t thffit e i s n o appreciabl e chang e i

n pressur e withi n th e container

. Clos e th e outle t valv e a s soo n a s diese l fue l discharge s fro

mth e outlet ; then i

n successio n clos e th e inle t

valv e an d samp l i

n th e tank

. Disconnec I withdra w enougho

f tli e content s s o tha

t i t wil l b e 70-8 0 percent

full

. I f th e vapo r pressur e o

f th e produc t

i s no t hig henought

o forc e liqui dfromth e container , ope n bothth e uppe r an dlower valve s slightly t o remov e th e excess . • ti y sea l an dlal>e

t th e con'

. r i t t o th e laboratory

. 12. 9 Purging procedure

. C

. inle

t valv e o f th e closed-typ e containe r t o th e tank samplin g tap o

r valve

. Throttl e th e outle t o l th e containe r

s o tha t th e pressur e i

n •natol y equa l t o tha

t i n th e tne r being sampled

. Allo w avolum e o f produc t e qeas t

twic e tha t o f th e containe r t o flo w throughth e samplin g system
. The n clos e al l valves , th e outk •••: inlet va! ' an dth e tank

samplin g valv e last , an d disconnec t

th e containe r

immediately

. Withdraw enough of

th e content s s o that

tb e containe r will b e 70-8 0 percen t

full

. I f tl. e vapo r pressur e o

f tli e produc t

i s no t high ner , ope n bot h th e upperan dlowe - valve s t >v e th e excess
. P th e co n Fo r th e reuse . h i n th e i b le , par t

8 6 o f titl e 4 0 o f

th e Code of Faderal Regulations i s revise d t o rea d a s se ! fort h below : 6

. Th e authorit y citatio n fo r par t 8 8 continue s t o rea da? : Authority : Sees

. 202

. 203.206

. 207 , 20 8 i s Amen d U.S.C

. 7521 , 7522

. 7524

. 7

5 755 0 an d7 6 7

. A ne w § 88.113-9 1 i s proposei : t o subpar t

Rt o rea da s foil ' §36.113-9 1 Fu d specifications
. (a ) ( '

. (l ) Gasolin e

win g specification s wil l b e use db y th e Adm : an devaporativ e emissio n testin g o f petroleum-fuele dOtto-cycl e veh h Gasolin e havin g th e followin g speci* ; Adr

. i

. shal l b e use db y

re r i n exhaus t evaporativ e testin g excep t tl : specification s d o no t

apply

.
ite m AST M tes t metho d No

. Octane , research, m n Sennithrty

. irt n
_ . Lea d (organic)

. g/U.S

. ga l (g/liter ) DistiKatSo n Range : IBPf23

. °F.

. (*C ) 1 0 pet

. point

. SOpctpctm

. 9 0 pe t poin t tro EP

. (max. ) T CO

. Sullur , weigh t pet , max Phosphorus , max
. g/U.S

. ga t (y/lrto

. | RVP13.4]

. ps i (hPa ! arbo n composition : Cretins , maxpe t Aromatics , ma

xpe t Saturate s DS69 C D323 7
08 6 D6 6 D8 6 06 6 D8 6 D126 6 D323 1 D323 1

0131 0 D131 0 0131 9 Valu e 9 3 7 5 0.05011 ] (00 1 75-9 5 (23,9-35 ) 120-13 5 (48.9-57.2 ) 200-23 0 (93.3-110) 300-32 5 (148.0-162.8 ) 41 5 (212.6 ) 0.1 0 000 5 (0.0013 ) 8.7-9. 2 (6 0 0-6 3 4 ) 1 0 3 5 15 ) [1 1 Maximum

. (2 ) Fo rtesting a t altrtude s abov e 1.21 9 m (4.00 0 ft ) th e specifie d tang e i s 75
- -40. 3 'Q

. [3 1 Fo rtestin g whic h t

s unrelate d t o evapo»ativ » emissio n oontrol

. th e specifie d rang e i s 6.0-9. 2 ps i (55.2-63. 4 kPa ) ..raiude s abov e 1.21 0 m (4.00 0 tt) th e speaite d ranga a 7.0-9. 2 r»si (54.^-63. 4 kPa ) lamatnder

. (2 J Unleade dgasolin e representativ e o f commercia l gasolin e whic h wil l b e ill y availabl e throug hretai l outlet s shal l b e use di n servic e accumulatio n troleum-fuele dOtto-cycl e vehicles

. Leade dgasolin e wil l no t b e use di n servic e accumulation , (i ) Th e octan e ratin g o f

th e gasolin e shal l b e n o highe r

tha n 1. 0 octan e numbe r

abov e th e mu mrecommende db y th e manufacture r

an dhav e aminimu m sensitivit y o f

7. 5 octan e numbers , wher e i s define da s th e Researc h minu s th e Moto r o < number

. Th e Rei dVapo r

Pressur e o f

th e .e dshal l b e characteiis ! ito r fue l use ddurin g th e seaso n i n whic hth e servic e accumulatio n take s place

. [3 ] Methano l fue l use dfo r exbaus t an d evaporativ e emissio n testin g an d 0 accumulatio n o f

methano l Otto-cycl e vehicle s shal l b e sentativ e o f

commerciall y availabl e methano l fue l an dshal l consis t o f a t leas t 5 0 percen t

methano l b y volunte

. (i) ! th e m i e l t o b e u s an dservic e accumulatio n i n accordanc e on . (ii ) Th e Administrato r

shal l dete i th e methano l fue l t o b e u s an dservic e accumulation

. (4) 0 iano l fuel s m a for testin g an dservic e * ied : (i ) The y ar e commerciall y a an d (ii ) Information , acceptabl e t o Administrator , i s pr

< 13529 4 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s P.2 1

onl y th e designate dfue

l woul db e use d i n custome r

service , an d (iii) Us e o f afue l liste dunde r paragrap h(a)(3 ) o

f thi s sectio n woul d hav e adetrimenta l effect

o n emission s o r durability , an d (iv ) Writte n approva l fro

mth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e star t

o f testing

. (5 ) Th e specificatio n rang e o f th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragraph s (a)(2) , (a)(3) , an d(a)(4 ) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e reporte din accordanc e wit h§ 86.090

- 21(b)(3)

. (b ) Diesel test fuel. (1 ) Th e petroleu m fuel s employe dfo

r testin g diese l vehicle s shal l b e clea n an dbright , wit h pou r an dclou dpoint s adequat e fo r operability

. Th e petroleu mfue l ma y contai n nonmetalli c additive s a s follows : cetan e improver , meta l deactivator , antioxidant , dehazer , antirust , pou r

depressant , dye , dispersan t

an dbiocide

. (2 ) Petroleu mfue

l fo r diese l vehicle s meetin qth e followin g specifications , or substantiall y equivalen t

specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use di n exhaus t

emissio n testing

. Th e grad e o f petroleu mfue

l recommende d b y th e engin e manufacturer , commerciall y designate da s "Typ e 2-D " grad e diesel , shal l b e used

.
Ite m
Cetan e Number.

. Distillatio n range : IBP , " F C O 1 0 pet

. poin t "F

. (°C ) 5 0 pet

. poin t "F

. (°C ) 9 0 pet

. point , •F

. 

### c o EP , " F C O Gravity , "AP I Tota l sulfur , pet

. Hydrocarbo n composition

. . Aromatics , min

. pet

. Paraffins , naphth
enes , olefins

. Flashpoin t min

. •F

. C O Viscosity , centistokes

. AST M tes t

metho d No

. D61 3

D8 6 D8 6

D8 6

D8 6

D8 6 D28 7 D262 2 D131 9

D9 3

D44 5 Typ e 2- D
42-5 0

340—40 0 (171.1-204.4 ) 400-46 0 (204.4-237.8 ) 470-54 0 (243.3-282.2 ) 560-63 0 (293.3-332.2 ) 610-69 0 (321.1-365.6 ) 32-3 7 0.08-0.1 2

2 7 [' ]

13 0 (54.4 ) 2.2-3. 4
[' ] Remainder

. (3 ) Petroleu mfue

l fo r diese l vehicle s meetin g th e followin g specifications , or substantiall y equivalen t

specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use di n servic e accumulation

. Th e grad e o f petroleu mdiese l fue

l recommende d b y th e engin e manufacturer , commerciall y designate da s "Typ e 2-D " grad e diese l fuel , shal l b e used

.
Ite m
Cetan e Number.

. Distillatio n range : 9 0 pe t point , •F

. 

### co Gravity , "AP I Tota l sulfur , pet

. Flashpoin t min

. •F

. 

### co Viscosity , centistokes

. AST M tes t

metho d No

. 061 3

D8 6

D28 7 D262 2 09 3
D45 5 Typ e 2- D

38-5 8

540-65 0 (282.2-343.3 ) 30-3 9 0.08-0.1 2 13 0 (54.4 ) 1.5-4. 5
(4 ) Methano l fue

l use dfo r exhaus t an d evaporativ e emissio n testin g an di n servic e accumulatio n o

f methanol-fuele d diese l vehicle s shal l b e representativ e o f commerciall y availabl e methano l fue l an dshal l consis t

o f a t leas t 50 percen t methano l b y volume

. (i) Manufacturer s shal l recommen d th e methano l fue

l to b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n in accordanc e withparagrap h (b)(4 ) o

f thi s section

. (ii) Th e Administrato r

shal l determin e th e methano l fue

l to b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulation

. (5 ) Othe r fuel s may b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n provided : (i) The y ar e commerciall y available , an d (ii) Information , acceptabl e to th e Administrator , i s provide dt o sho w tha t only th e designate dfue

l woul db e use d i n customer

service , an d (iii ) Us e o f afue l liste dunde r paragraph s (b)(2) an d(b)(3 ) or (b)(4) o f thi s sectio n woul dhav e adetrimenta l effect o n emission s o r

durability , an d (iv ) Writte n approva l fro

mth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e star t

o f testing

. (6 ) Th e specificatio n rang e o f th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragraph s (b)(2) , (b)(3) , (b)(4) , an d(b)(5 ) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e reporte di n accordanc e wit h § 86.090-21(b)(3)

. (c ) Fuel s no t

meetin g th e specification s se t

fort h i n thi s sectio n may b e use donl y withth e advanc e approva l o

f th e Administrator

. (d ) Mixtures of

petroleum and methanol fuels for flexible fuel

vehicles. (1 ) Mixture s o

f petroleu man dmethano l fuel s use dfo

r exhaus t an devaporativ e emissio n testin g an dservic e accumulatio n fo

r flexibl e fue

l vehicle s shal l b e withi n th e rang e o f fuel mixture s fo

r whic hth e vehicl e wa s designed

. (2 ) Manufacture r

testin g an dservic e accumulatio n may b e performe dusin g only thos e mixture s (mixture s may b e different fo r exhaus t testing , evaporativ e testing , an dservic e accumulation )

expecte dt o resul t

i n th e highes t emissions , provided : (i) Th e fuel s whic hconstitut e th e mixtur e wil l b e use di n custome r service , an d (ii) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide db y th e manufacture r

to sho w tha t

th e designate dfue

l mixture s woul dresul t

i n th e highes t

emissions , an d (iii ) Writte n approva l fro

mth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e star t

o f testing

. (3 ) Th e specificatio n rang e o f th e fuel s to b e use dunde r

paragrap h(d)(1 ) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e reporte di n accordanc e with § 86.090-21(b)(3)

. 8

. A ne w § 86.113-94 i s propose dt o b e adde dt o Subpart

B , t o rea da s follows : § 86.113-9 4 Fue l specifications
. (a) Otto-cycle test

fuel. (1 ) Gasolin e havin g th e followin g specification s wil l b e use db y th e Administrato r i n exhaus t an devaporativ e emissio n testin g o f petroleum-fuele dOtto-cycl e vehicles

. Gasolin e havin g th e followin g specificatio n or

substantiall y equivalen t specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use db y th e manufacture r

in exhaus t

an d evaporativ e testin g excep t tha t octan e specification s do no t

apply

.
Ite m
Octane , research , min.

. Sensitivity , mi n Lea d (organic) , g / U.S

. gal.

. (g/liter ) Distillatio n Range : IBP.2] , ° F CC ) 1 0 pet

. point , " F C Q : 5 0 pet

. point , " F

... . CC ) 9 0 pe t point , * F CC ) EP , (max.)° F CC ) Sulfur , weigh t pet , max.
. Phosphorus , max
. g/U.S

. gal.

. (g/liter ) RVPC3.4] , ps i (kPa ) Hydrocarbo n composition : Olefins , max
. pet.,

. Aromatics , max
. pet.,

. Saturate s AST M tes t metho d no
. D269 9
D323 7

D8 6 D8 6 D8 6 D8 6 D8 6 D126 6 D323 1
D323 1

D131 9 D131 9 D131 9 Valu e
9 3

7. 5 0.05011 ] (0.013)11 1 75-9 5 (23.9-35 ) 120-13 5 (48.9-57.2 ) 200-23 0 (93.3-110 ) 300-32 5 (148.9-162.8 ) 41 5 (212.8 ) 0.1 0 0.00 5 (0.0013 ) 8.7-9. 2 (60.0-63.4 )

1 0 3 5 [5 1 C1 1 Maximum

. [2 1 Fo rtestin g a t altitude s abov e 1,21 9 m (4,00 0 ft ) th e specifie d rang e i s 75°-10 5 * F (23.9"-40. 6 °C)

. [3 ] Fo rtestin g whic h i s unrelate d t o evaporativ e emissio n control , th e specifie d rang e i s 8.0-9. 2 ps i (55.2-63. 4 kPa)

. [4 ] Fo rtestin g a t altitude s abov e 1,21 9 m (4,00 0 ft ) th e specifie d rang e i s 7.9-9. 2 ps i (54.5-6 3 4 kPa)

. [5 ] Remainder

.Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s 3529 5 (2 1 Unleade dgasolin e representativ e o f commercia l gasolin e whic hwil l b e generall y availabl e throug hretai l outlet s shal l b e use di n servic e accumulatio n fo r petroleum-fuele dOtto-cycl e vehicles

. Leade dgasolin e wil l no t b e use di n servic e accumulation

. (i ) Th e octan e ratin g o f

th e gasolin e use dshal l b e n o highe r tha n 1. 0 Researc hoctan e numbe r abov e th e minimu mrecommende db y th e manufacture r

an dhav e aminimu m sensitivit y o f

7. 5 octan e numbers , wher e sensitivit y i s define da s th e Researc h octan e numbe r

minu s th e Moto r

octan e number

. (ii j Th e Rei dVapo r

Pressur e o f

th e gasolin e use dshal l b e characteris e th e moto r

fue l use ddurin g th e seaso n i n whic hth e servic e accumulatio n take s place

. (3 ) Methano l fue l use dfo r exhaus t an d evaporativ e emissio n testin g an di n

emulatio n o f

methanol-fuele d Otto-cycl e vehicle s shal l b e representativ e o f

commerciall y availabl e methano l fue l an dshal l consis t o f a t leas t 5 0 percen t

methano l b y volume

. (i ) Manufacturer s shal l recommen d th e methano l fue l t o b e use dFo r t e an dservic e accumulatio n i n accordanc e wit hparagrap h(a)(3 ) o f thi s section

. Iii ) Th e Administrato r

shal l determin e th e methano l fue l t o b e use dfo r testin g an dservic e accumulation

. (4 ) Othe r methano l fuel s ma y b e use d fo r testin g an dservic e accumula ' provided : (i ) The y ar e commerciall y available

. an d (ii ) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide dt o sho w tha t onl y th e designate dfue l woul db e use d i n custome r

service , an d (iii ) Us e o f

afue l liste dunde r ;rap h(a)(3 ) o f

thi s sectio n woul d hav e adetrimenta l effec t o n emission s o r durability , an d (iv ) Writte n approva l fro mth e Adrai i : fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e star t

o f testin g (5) 1 • > f th e fuel s t o b e us e .iragraph s (a) ; (a)(3) , an d; n shal l b e reporte di

n na . wit h§ 86.090

- (b ) .'• fuel. (l)Tli c |

dfo r testin g di

•••• clea n an dbright , wit h pou r an dclou dpoint s adequat e fo r operabil r

ue l ma y

s a s follows : Cetan e improver , meta l h antirust , pou r

lye , dispersan t

an dbio i (2) Petroleu mfue l fo r diese l vehicle s meetin g th e followin g specifications , o r substantiall y equivalen t specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use di n exhaus t

emissio n testing

. Th e grad e o f petroleu mfue l recommende d b y th e engin e manufacturer , commerciall y designate da s 'Typ e 2-4) " grad e diesel , shal l b e used

.
tte m
Cetan e Numbe r Cetan e Inde

. won range : IBP , -F._

. C O 1 0 pe t point , "F..

. (•C l 5 0 pe t point , "F..

. (•q 9 0 pe t poin t *F..

. (•c ; EP , I cc ) Gfavrty

. "AP I Tota l sullur , pe t Hydrocarbo

n composition

. Aromatlcs , ntin

. pet.

. Parafins , naphthenes , olefins

. Flashpoint, mm
. "F. „ Visco
centistrof.es

. AST M tes t

mefeodNo

. D61 3 D97 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 D86 028 7 D262 2 0131 9

D9 3 044 5 Type 2- D

40-4 8 4 0 4 8 340-40 0 (171.1-204.4 ) 400-46 0 (204.4-237.8 ) 470-54 0 (243.3-282.2 ) 560-63 0 (283.3-332J> ) 610-69 0 f321.1-365.6 ) 32-3 7 0.03-0.0 5

2 7 t l ]

13 0 (54.4 ) 2.2-3. 4
[1 ) R i (3 ) Petroleu mfue l for

diese l vehicle s i g th e followin g specifications , o r substantiall y equivalen t specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use di n servic e accumulation

. Th e grad e of petroleu mdiese l fuel recommende d b y th e engin e manufacturer , commerciall y designate da s "Typ e 2-D " grad e diese l fuel , shal l b e used

.

tte m
Cetan e Number...

. Distillatio n range : 9 0 pet

. point , *F...

. Gravity

. 'AP I Tota l sultur

. pel...

. Ftashp*. * CC)

. Viscosity

. centistrokes

. ASTMles l

metho d No

. D61 3 D8 6 D28 7 02822 09 3 D45 5 Typ e 2- D

38-5 8 540-63 0 (282.2-343.3

. 30-3 9 0.03-0.0 5 13 0 (54.4 ) 1 5-4. 5
(4 ) Methano l fuel use dfo r exhaus t an d eva p missio n testin g an di n e accumulatio n o f

methanol-fuele d shal l b e r * comr . an dshal l consis t

of a t l e rcen t methano l b y volume

. (i)Man u inmen d tin g .-vic e accumulatio n i n accor i wit hparagrap h (b)(4 ) o f thi s sec ! (ii ) Th e Administrato r i th e methano l fue l t o b e use dfo r testin g cumulation

. (5 ) Othe r fuel s ma y b e use d an dservic e accumulatio n provided : (i ) The y ar e commerc e an d (ii ) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide dt o sho w t h onl y th e designate dfue l woul db e u9e d i n custome r

service , an d k\ Us e of afuel liste du n paragraph s (b)(2 ) an d(b)(3 ) o r (b)(4 ) of thi s sectio n woul dhav e effec t o n emission s o r

durability , an d (iv ) Writte n approva l fro mth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e std ' testing

. i h e specificatio n rang e of th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragraph s (b)(2)

. (b)(3)

. (b)(4)

. an d(b)(5 ) o tio n shal l b e reporte di n accordanc e v §86.090-21(bi ; (c ) Fuel s no t

meetin g th e specification s se t

fort hi n th

> ma y b e use donl y wit hth e adva r approva l o f

th e Administra' , (d ) Mixtures of

petroleum and methanol fuels for

flexible fuel

vehicles. (1 ) Mixture s o f

petroleu man dmethano l fuel s use dfo r

exhaus t an devaporativ e emissio n testin g an dservic e accumula ! xibl e fue l vehicle s shal l b e withi n th e rang e o f fue l mixture s fo r

whic h th e veh * desig

. i dservic e accumulatio n ma y b e performe dusin g onl y thos e mixture s (mixture s ma y b e differen t fo r exhaus t testing , evapora l testing , an dservic e B expecte dt o resul t

i n th e highes t emissions , provided : (i ) Th e fuel s whic h s th e mixtur e wil l b e use di n custome r service , an d (ii ) Inf n . ; t o th e Administrator , i s p r

th e manufacture r

t o sho w t

l designate dfuel mixture s woul dresul t i n th e ^ Administrato r

o f th e fue l s ; in s mus t b e p i i o f test i
t o b e use du n ihi s se d

9

. Ane w§ 0! i

1313-9 1 Fue l specifications

. (a ) ( :

_Tabl e N90- 1 wil l b e use db y ! ' ito r3529 6 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24 , 198 9 /

Propose dRule s P.2 3

i n exhaus t

emissio n testin g petroleum

fuele dOtto-cycl e engines

. Gasolin e havin g thes e specification s o r substantiall y equivalen t

specification s • approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use db y th e manufacture r i n exhaus t emissio n testing , excep t

tha t th e octan e specificatio n doe s no t

apply

. TABL E N91- 1 Ite m
Octane , research , min
. Sensitivity , mi n Lea d (organic) , g/U.S
. (g/liter)....
. Distillatio n range : IBP,'F.. „ CC ) 1 0 pet . point , °F...
. •CC ) 5 0 pet . poin t °F...._..
. CC) 9 0 pe t poin t *F. TM CC ) EP , max . " F C Q Sulphur , max . wt . pet.. . Phosphorus , max. , g / U.S
. gal.
. (g/liter ) :... . RVP , psi
. ... : (kPa). ~ Hydrocarbo n composition : Olefins , max . pet.. . Aromatics , mee

t pet . Saturate s AST M
D269 9 D323 7

D8 6 D8 6 08 6 D8 6 D8 6 D126 6 D323 1

D32 3

D131 9 D131 9 D131 9 Valu

e
9 3 7. 5 (0.050 ) [1 1 (0.013 ) [1 ] 75-9 5 (23.9-35 ) 120-13 5 (48.9-57.2 ) 200-23 0 (93.3-110 ) 300-32 5 (148.9+162.8 )

41 5 (212.8)
. 0.1 0 0.005 * (0.0013 ) 8.0-9. 2 (60.0-63.4 )

1 0 3 5 [2 ] [1 1 Maximum

. [23 Remainder

. (2 ) Unleade dgasolin e representativ e o f commercial gasolin e whic h wil l b e generall y availabl e throug h retai l outlet s shal l b e use di n servic e accumulation

. (i ) Th e octan e ratin g of

th e gasolin e use dshal l b e no t

higher tha n on e Researc hoctan e numbe r

abov e th e minimu mrecommende db y th e manufacture r

an dhav e aminimum sensitivity o

f 7. 5 octan e numbers , wher e sensitivity i s define da s th e Researc h octan e numbe r

minu s th e Moto r

octan e number

. (ii ) Th e Rei dVapo r

Pressur e o

f th e - gasolin e use dshal l b e characteristi c o f th e moto r fuel use ddurin g th e seaso n i n whic hth e servic e accumulatio n take s place

. (3 ) Methano l fuel use dfo

r exhaus t an d evaporativ e emissio n testin g an di n servic e accumulatio n of

methanol-fuele d Otto-cycl e engine s shal l b e representativ e o

f commerciall y availabl e methano l fuel an dshal l consis t o f a t leas t 5 0 percen t

methano l b y volume

. . (i) Manufacturer s shal l recommen d th e methano l fue

l t o b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n i n accordanc e withparagrap h(a)(3 ) o

f thi s section

. (ii ) Th e Administrato r

shal l determin e th e methano l fue

l t o b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulation

. (4 ) Othe r methano l fuel s may b e use d fo r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n provided : * (i) The y ar e commerciall y available , an d (ii ) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide dt o sho w tha t only th e designate dfue

l woul db e use d i n custome r

service , an d (iii ) Us e o f afue l liste dunde r paragrap h(a)(3 ) o

f thi s sectio n woul d hav e adetrimenta l effect

o n emission s or durability , an d (iv ) Writte n approva l fro

mth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

i o th e star t

o f testing

. (5 ) Th e specificatio n rang e o f th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragraph s (a)(2) , (a)(3) , an d(a)(4 ) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e reporte di n accordancewit h§ 86.090

- i 21(b)(3)

. .. . (b ) Diesel test fuel. (1 ) Th e petroleu m fuel s fo r testin g diese l engine s employe d fo r testin g shal l b e clea n an dbrignt , withpou r an dclou dpoint s adequat e fo r operability,

. Th e petroleu mfue l may contai n nonmetalli c additive s a s follows : Cetan e improver , meta l deactivator , antioxidant , dehazer , antirust , pou r

depressant , dye , dispersant , an dbiocide

. (2 ) Petroleu mfue

l fo r diese l engine s meetin g th e specification s i n Tabl e N90-2 , or substantiall y equivalen t specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use di n exhaus t emission s testing

. Th e grad e of petroleu mfue

l recommende db y th e engin e manufacture r

commerciall y designate da s "Typ e 1-D " or "Typ e 2-D " grad e diese l fue

l shal l b e used

.
TABL E N91- 2
Ite m AST M Typ e 1- D Typ e 2- D
Cetane.
. Distillatio n range : IBP,° F

_ 

### co...... : : 1 0 pet . poin t ° F CC)..
. ; 5 0 pe t point , ° F CC ) 90 pe t poin t ° F C Q EP," F C Q Gravity , "AP I Tota l sulfur , pe

t Hydrocarbo n composition : Aromatics , pe

t Parafins , Naphthenes , Olefins.
. Flashpoin t min. , * F CC ) Viscosity , centistokes D61 3 D8 6 D8 6 D8 6 D8 6 D8 6 D28 7 D262 2 D131 9 D131 9 D9 3 D44 5 48-5 4

330-39 0 (165.6-198.9 ) 370-43 0 (187.8-221.1 ) 410-48 0 (210-248.9 ) 460-52 0 (237.8-271.1 ) 500-56 0 (260-293.3 ) 40-4 4 0.08-0.1 2 811 ] [2 1 12 0 (48.9 ) 1.6-2. 0 42-5 0

340-40 0 (171.1-204.4 )
' 400-46 0 (204.4-237.8 ) 470-54 0 (243.3-282.2 ) 560-63 0 (293.3-332.2 ) 610-69 0 (321.1-365.6 ) 32-3 7 0.08-0.1 2 27[1 ] [2 ] 13 0 (54.4 ) 2.2-3. 4 [1 ] Minimum
. [2 ] Remainder
. (3 ) Petroleu mfue

l fo r diese l engine s meetin g th e specification s i n Tabl e N90- : 3 , o r substantiall y equivalen t specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use di n servic e accumulation

. Th e grad e o f petroleu m diese l fue l recommende db y th e engin e manufacturer , commerciall y designate d a s "Typ e 1-D " or 'Typ e 2-D " grad e diese l fue l shal l b e used :P.2 4

Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24,198 9 /

Propose dRule s 3529 7

TABL E N91- 3
Ite m AST M Typ e 1- D Typ

e 2- D Cetan e Numbe r Distillatio n range : 8 0 pe t poin t *F

_ CC)

. Gravity , °AP I — Tots ) sulfur , pe t Flashpoin t min. , °F... ~ (•C ) Viscosity , centistohes.

. D61 3 D8 6 D28 7 D262 2 D9 3 D45 5 42-5 6

440-53 0 (226.7-276.7 ) 39-4 5 0.08-0.1 2 12 0 (48.9 ) 1.2-2. 2 30-5 8

540-63 0 (282.2-332.2 ) 30-4 2 0.08-0.1 2 13 0 (54.4 ) 1.5-4. 5
(4 ) Methano l fue

l use dfo r exhaus t an d evaporativ e emissio n testin g an di n servic e accumulatio n o

f methanol-fuele d diese l engine s shal l b e representativ e o f commerciall y availabl e methano l fuel an dshal l consis t

o f a t leas t 5 0 percen t methano l b y volume

. (i) Manufacturer s shal l recommen d th e methano l fue

l t o b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n i n accordanc e withparagrap h(b)(4 ) o

f thi s section

. (ii ) Th e Administrato r

shal l determin e th e methano l fue

l t o b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulation

. (5 ) Othe r fuel s may b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n provided : (i ) The y ar e commerciall y available , an d (ii ) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide dt o sho w tha t onl y th e designate dfuel woul db e use d i n custome r

service , an d (iii ) Us e o f afue l liste dunde r paragraph s (b)(2) an d(b)(3 ) o r (b)(4 ) o f thi s sectio n woul dhav e adetrimenta l effect o n emission s or

durability , an d (iv ) Writte n approva l fromth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e star t

o f testing

. (6) Th e specificatio n rang e o f th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragraph s (b)(2) , (b)(3) , (b)(4) , an d(b)(5 ) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e reporte di n accordanc e with § 86.0SO-21(b)(3)

. (c ) Fuel s no t

meetin g th e specification s se t

fort hi n thi s sectio n may b e use donl y withth e advanc e approva l o

f th e Administrator

. (d) Mixtures of

petroleum and methanol fuels for flexible fuel

vehicles. (1 ) Mixture s o

f petroleu man dmethano l fuel s use dfo

r exhaus t an devaporativ e emissio n testin g an dservic e accumulatio n fo

r flexibl e fue

l vehicle s shal l b e withi n th e rang e o f fue l mixture s fo

r whic hth e vehicl e wa s designed

. (2 ) Manufacture r

testin g an dservic e accumulatio n may b e performe dusin g onl y thos e mixture s (mixture s may b e different fo r exhaus t testing , evaporativ e testing , an dservic e accumulation ) expecte dt o resul t

i n th e highes t emissions , provided : (i) Th e fuel s whic h constitut e th e mixtur e wil l b e use di n custome r service , an d (ii) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide db y th e manufacture r

t o sho w tha t

th e designate dfue

l mixture s woul dresul t

i n th e highes t

emissions , an d (iii ) Writte n approva l fro

mth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e star t

o f testing

. (3 ) Th e specificatio n rang e o f th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragrap h (d)(2 ) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e reporte di n accordanc e with§ 86.090-21(b)(3)

. 10

. A ne w § 88.1313-94 i s propose dt o b e adde dt o Subpart

N , t o rea da s follows : TABL EN94-1—Continue d

§ ©S.H 3 H3-S 4 (a) Otto-cycle test

fuel. (1 ) Gasolin e havin g th e specification s liste di n Tabl e NS0- 1 wil l b e use db y th e Administrato r i n exhaus t

emissio n testin g petroleum

fuele dOtto-cycl e engines

. Gasolin e havin g thes e specification s o r substantiall y equivalen t

specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use db y th e manufacture r

i n exhaus t emissio n testing , excep t

tha t th e octan e specificatio n doe s no t

apply

. TABL E N94- 1
Ite m Octane , research , mi n Sensitivity , mi n Lea d (organic) , g/U.S

. gal

. (g/litsr ) Distillatio n range : IBP , " F CC ) 1 0 po t poin t 'F......

. CC ) 5 0 pe t poin t " F CC ) S O pe t point , ° F CC ) EP , max
. ° F CC ) - Sulphur , max
. vrt

. pet...

. Phosphorus , max. , g , U.S

. gal

. (g/liter ) RVP , ps i - AST M
D2699 D3237

D8 6 oes D8 6 D8 6 D8 6 D126 6 D323 1

D32 3 Valu

e 9 3 7. 5 (0.050)[1

_ (0.013)[1 1 75-6 5 (23.9-35 ) 120-13 5 (48.9-57.2 ) 200-23 0 (93.3-110 ) 300-32 5 (148.9-162.8 ) 41 5 (212.8 ) 0.1 0 0.00 5 (0.0013 ) 8.0-9. 2 Ite m

(kPa ) Hydrocarbo n composition : Olefins , man
. pet......

. Aeromatics , max
. pet

. Saturate s AST M

D131 9 D13I 9 D131 9 Valu e

(60.0-63.4 )

1 0 3 5 [2 3 [1 ] Maximum

. [2 ] Remainder

. (2 ) Unleade dgasolin e representativ e o f commercial gasolin e whic h wil l b e generall y availabl e throug hretai l outlet s shal l b e use di n servic e accumulation

. (i ) Th e octan e ratin g o

f th e gasolin e use dshal l b e no t

highe r tha n on e Researc hoctan e numbe r

abov e th e minimumrecommende db y th e manufacture r

an dhav e aminimum sensitivity o

f 7. 5 octan e numbers , wher e sensitivity i s define da s th e Researc h octan e numbe r

minu s th e Moto r

octan e number

. (ii ) Th e Rei dVapo r

Pressur e o

f th e gasolin e use dshal l b e characteristi c o f th e moto r fue l use ddurin g th e seaso n i n whic h th e servic e accumulatio n take s place

. (3 ) Methano l fue

l use dfo r exhaus t an d evaporativ e emissio n testin g an di n servic e accumulatio n o

f methanol-fuele d Otto-cycl e engine s shal l b e representativ e o

f commerciall y availabl e methano l fue

l an dshal l consis t o f a t leas t 5 0 percen t

methano l b y volume

. (i) Manufacturer s shal l recommen d th e methano l fue

l t o b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n i n accordanc e with paragrap h (a)(3 ) o

f thi s section

. (ii ) Th e Administrato r

shal l determin e th e methano l fue

l t o b e use dfo ? testin g an dservic e accumulation

. (4 ) Othe r methano l fuel s may b e use d fo r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n provided : (i) The y ar e commerciall y available , an d (ii ) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide dt o sho w tha t3529 8 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24,198 9 /

Propose dRule s

_____ ••_• ! I I _llll__

_I IM I —IIIIIIIII I nil«IIITII**M*MT^rirn~*l*____IT I l<_____TT~n~IT*rM«_l*»***^MI I ll*___*1__i- | ••|l__«l l lll»IITTTWMIIM*****__i*l l llllllll*i_r___l»llll_____l_ill_lll_____llWI_ i I • •• •—lllll wI ••__ ••!__ •!•_____ •••__•_ •!______••__• •••______ • onl y th e designate dfue

l woul db e use d i n custome r

service , an d (iii ) Us e of

. afuel liste dunder , paragrap h (a)(3 ) o

f thi s sectio n woul d hav e adetrimenta l effec t

o n emission s or durability , an d (iv ) Writte n approva l fromth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

t o tiie star t

o f testing

. (5 ) Th e specificatio n rang e o f th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragraph s (a)(2) , (a)(3) , an d(a)(4 ) of thi s cectio n shal l b e reporte di n accordanc e with§ 88.090

- 21(b)(3)

. (b ) Diesel test fuel. (1 ) Th e petroleu m fuel s for testin g diese l engine s employe d fo r testin g shal l b e clea n ari dbright , withpou r an dclou dpoint s adequat e fo r operability

. Th e petroleu mfue l may contai n nonmetalli c additive s a s follows : Cetan e improver , meta l deactivator , antioxidant , dehazer , antirust , pou r depressant , dye , dispersant , an dbiocide

. (2 ) Petroleu mfue

l fo r diese l engine s meetin g th e specification s i n Tabl e N94

- 2 , o r substantiall y equivalen t specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use di n exhaus t emission s testing

. Th e grad e o f petroleu mfuel recommende db y th a engin e manufacture r

commerciall y designate da s 'Typ e 1-D " o r "Typ e 2

- D " grad e diese l fuel shal l b e used

. TABL E N94- 2
Ite m AST M Typ e 1- D Type 2- 0 Cetan e Numbe

r Cetan e Inde

x Distillatio n range : IBP
. " F CC ) 1 0 pe t poin t °F...
. CC ) 5 0 pet . poin t "F...
. CC)
. 90 pet . poin t "F.
. CC ) EP , "F—.
. rc> — Gravity , "API..
. Tota l sulfur , pet . Hydrocarbo n composition : Aromatics , po

t -.. ~ - Parafins , Naphthenes , Olefins.
. Flashpoin t min , * F (•C ) Viscosity , centistokes
. D61 3 D97 6 08 6 D3 6 D8 6 D8 6 D8 6 D28 7 D262 2 D131 9 D131 9 D9 3 044 5 40-5 4

' 40-4 2 330-39 0 (165.6-198.9 ) 370-43 0 (187.8-221.1 ) 410-48 0 (210-248.9 ) 460-52 0 (237.8-271.1 ) 500-56 0 (260.0-293.3 ) 40-4 4 0.03-0.0 5 8t1 ] [2 ] 12 0 (48.9 ) 1.6-2. 0 40-4 8

40-4 8 340-40 0 (171.1-204.4 ) 400-46 0 (204.4-237.8 ) 470-54 0 (243.3-282.2 ) 560-63 0 (293.3-332.2 ) 610-69 0 (321.1-335.6 ) 32-3 7 0.03-0.0 5 27[1 ] [2 1 13 0 (54.4 ) 2.0-3. 2 [1 ] Minimum
. [2 ] Remainder
. (3 ) Petroleu mfue

l fo r diese l engine s meetin g th e specification s i n Tabl e N94

- 3 , or substantiall y equivalen t specification s approve db y th e Administrator , shal l b e use di n servic e accumulation

. Th e grad e o f petroleu m diese l fue l recommende db y th e engin e manufacturer , commerciall y designate d

TABL E N94- 3 a s "Typ e 1-D " o r "Typ e 2-D" grad e diese l fue l shal l b e used :

Ite m AST M Typ e 1- D Typ e 2- 0 Cetan e Numbe r Distillatio n range : 90 pe t poin t "F...
. CC) Gravity , "AP I Tota l sulfur , pe t Flashpoin t min. , "F.
. CC)
. Viscosity , centistokes.
. D61 3 D8 6 D28 7 D262 2 09 3 045 5 40-5 6

440-53 0 (228.7-276.7 ) 39-4 5 0.03-0.0 5 12 0 (48.9 ) 1.2-2. 2 30-5 8

540-63 0 (282.2-332.2 ) 30-4 2 0.03-0.0 5 13 0 (54.4 ) 1.5-4. 5
(4) Methano l fuel use dfo

r exhaus t an d evaporativ e emissio n testin g an di n servic e accumulatio n of

methanol-fuele d diese l engine s shal l b e representativ e o f commerciall y availabl e methano l fue l an dshal l consis t

o f a t leas t 5 0 percen t methano l b y volume

. (i ) Manufacturer s shal l recommen d th e methano l fue

l t o b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n i n accordanc e

withparagrap h (b)(4) o

f thi s section

. (ii ) Th e Administrato r

shal l determin e th e methano l fuel t o b e use dfo r testin g an dservic e accumulation

. (5 ) Othe r fuel s ma y b e use dfo

r testin g an dservic e accumulatio n provided : (i ) The y ar e commerciall y avaUable , an d (ii ) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide dt o sho w tha t onl y th e designate dfuel woul db e use d i n custome r

service , an d (iii ) Us e o f afue l liste dunde r paragraph s (b)(2 ) an d(b)(3 ) o r (b)(4 ) o f thi s sectio n woul dhav e adetrimenta l effect o n emission s o r

durability , an d (iv ) Writte n approva l fromth e Administrato r

of th e fue l specification sP.2 6

Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 54 , No

. 16 3 /

Thursday , Augus t

24,198 9 /

Propose dRule s 3529 9

mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e star t

o f testing

. (6) Th e specificatio n rang e o f th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragraph s (b)(2) , (b)(3) , (b)(4) , an d(b)(5 ) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e reporte di n accordanc e with § 86.090-21(b)(3)

. (c ) Fuel s no t

meetin g th e specification s se t

fort hi n thi s sectio n may b e use donly withth e advanc e approva l o

f th e Administrator

. (d ) Mixtures of

petroleum and methanol fuels for flexible fuel

vehicles. (1 ) Mixture s of

petroleu man dmethano l fuel s use dfo

r exhaus t an devaporativ e emissio n testin g an dservic e

accumulatio n fo

r flexibl e fue

l vehicle s shal l b e withi n th e rang e o f fuel mixture s fo

r whic h th e vehicl e wa s designed

. (2 ) Manufacture r

testin g an dservic e accumulatio n may b e performe dusin g onl y thos e mixture s (mixture s may b e different fo r exhaus t testing , evaporativ e testing , an dservic e accumulation ) expecte dt o resul t

i n th e highes t emissions , provided : (i ) Th e fuel s whic h constitut e th e mixtur e wil l b e use di n custome r service , an d (ii) Information , acceptabl e t o th e Administrator , i s provide db y th e manufacture r

t o sho w tha t

th e designate dfue

l mixture s woul dresul t

in th e highes t

emissions , an d (iii ) Writte n approva l fro

mth e Administrato r

o f th e fue l specification s mus t b e provide dprio r

t o th e star t

o f testing

. (3 ) Th e specificatio n rang e of th e fuel s t o b e use dunde r

paragrap h(d)(2) o

f thi s sectio n shal l b e reporte di n accordanc e wit h § 86.09O-21(b)(3)

. [F RDoc

. 89-1961 6 File d8-23-89 ; 8:4 5 am ] BILLIN G COO E 6560-50- M