NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SANDRA CAROLINA OVIEDO-DE 

SANDOVAL, 

Petitioner, 

 v. 

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General, 

Respondent.

No. 21-70611 

Agency No. A088-522-970 

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted May 16, 2022**

Pasadena, California

Before: LEE and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and FITZWATER,*** District Judge.

Sandra Oviedo-De Sandoval, a native and citizen of El Salvador, seeks review 

of an Immigration Judge’s (IJ) negative reasonable fear determination, which made 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable Sidney A. Fitzwater, United States District Judge for 

the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.

FILED

MAY 23 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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her reinstated removal order administratively final. Ortiz-Alfaro v. Holder, 694 F.3d 

955, 958–59 (9th Cir. 2012). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), and

we deny the petition.

We review an IJ’s reasonable fear determinations for substantial evidence and 

“must uphold the IJ’s conclusion . . . unless, based on the evidence, any reasonable 

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Andrade-Garcia v. 

Lynch, 828 F.3d 829, 831, 833 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

We review due process challenges to reasonable fear proceedings de novo. OrozcoLopez v. Garland, 11 F.4th 764, 774 (9th Cir. 2021). 

1. Substantial evidence supports the IJ’s conclusion that Oviedo-De Sandoval 

does not have a reasonable fear of persecution on account of, or because of, her 

religion or membership in a particular social group (PSG). Gang members 

threatened Oviedo-De Sandoval and her family, but death threats constitute 

“persecution in only a small category of cases, and only when the threats are so 

menacing as to cause significant actual suffering or harm.” Duran-Rodriguez v. 

Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted).

Even if the threats did rise to the level of persecution, Oviedo-De Sandoval 

did not establish that the gang targeted her because of a protected ground. See Ayala 

v. Holder, 640 F.3d 1095, 1097 (9th Cir. 2011) (explaining that, even if membership 
3 

in a PSG is established, an applicant must still show that “persecution was or will be 

on account of his membership in such group”). She received threats from gang 

members because they believed that Oviedo-De Sandoval was giving information to 

the police, given that her brother-in-law was a police officer. The gang did not, 

however, target her because of her familial membership. See Zetino v. Holder, 622 

F.3d 1007, 1015–16 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that the petitioner failed to prove a 

nexus where there was no evidence that family was targeted on account of protected 

ground and petitioner testified that the bandits’ motivation for violence was the value 

of his grandfather’s land). There is also no evidence that the gang targeted OviedoDe Sandoval because of her religious beliefs. To the contrary, Oviedo-De Sandoval 

told the asylum officer that she had not been harmed nor feared being harmed 

because of her religion. The record thus does not compel the conclusion that OviedoDe Sandoval was targeted on account of a protected ground.

Oviedo-De Sandoval also did not show a reasonable possibility that she would 

be persecuted in the future or targeted because of any belief or membership in a PSG. 

Gang members asked about Oviedo-De Sandoval’s whereabouts in 2020, but they 

have not made any formal threats against her since 2016, and there is no evidence 

that their inquiry was motived by a protected ground. 

2. Substantial evidence also supports the IJ’s conclusion that Oviedo-De 

Sandoval has not shown eligibility for protection under the Convention Against 
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Torture (CAT). To demonstrate a reasonable possibility of torture, a petitioner must 

show that there is a ten percent chance that upon her return she will be tortured “with 

the consent or acquiescence of a public official.” Alvarado-Herrera v. Garland, 993 

F.3d 1187, 1195–96 (9th Cir. 2021). Oviedo-De Sandoval does not argue that state 

actors inflicted, instigated, or consented to the harm that she experienced, and she 

fails to provide any specific examples of the police being alerted to and refusing to 

investigate gang-related crimes. To the contrary, she testified that the police arrest

gang members but are ineffective. But “absent evidence of corruption or other 

inability or unwillingness to oppose criminal organizations,” Oviedo-De Sandoval’s 

“evidence that a government has been generally ineffective in preventing or 

investigating criminal activities” does not “raise an inference that public officials are 

likely to acquiesce in torture.” Garcia–Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1034 (9th 

Cir. 2014).

3. The IJ did not violate Oviedo-De Sandoval’s due process rights by not 

addressing all the evidence and claims in her decision. In expedited proceedings, IJs 

“review the evidence provided by the asylum officer, along with any new evidence 

or testimony provided, and issue a special order for reasonable fear review 

proceedings.” Bartolome v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 803, 814 (9th Cir. 2018) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). Here, the IJ considered the evidence in the record, heard

additional testimony from Oviedo-De Sandoval, and concurred with the asylum 
5 

officer’s determination. And “an IJ’s failure specifically to address all of the 

evidence and claims before him or her (during the reasonable fear proceedings) does 

not violate the alien’s due process rights.” Id. at 807.

4. The IJ did not violate Oviedo-De Sandoval’s statutory right to counsel by 

denying her request for a continuance. An alien with a reinstated removal order has 

a statutory right to representation at her reasonable fear hearing before an IJ. 

Orozco-Lopez, 11 F.4th at 776. But “in the absence of exceptional circumstances, 

denying a continuance despite the non-citizen’s inability to retain counsel within ten 

days is not a denial of this entitlement,” if the asylum officer informed the alien of 

the opportunity to have counsel—such as by providing a list of pro bono attorneys—

“at the time the asylum officer notified the non-citizen of the negative fear 

determination and the non-citizen requested IJ review.” Id. at 778. At the reasonable 

fear interview, the asylum officer informed Oviedo-De Sandoval of her statutory 

right to counsel and provided her with a list of pro bono organizations and attorneys. 

The IJ later denied the continuance because it was “unclear” how Oviedo-De 

Sandoval’s circumstances would change with additional time, and there was no 

“good cause” to grant the request. Since Oviedo-De Sandoval had notice of her right

to counsel, and there are no exceptional circumstances to warrant a continuance, she 

was not denied the right to counsel. Id.

5. Finally, Oviedo-De Sandoval contends that she was deprived of a fair 
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hearing because the IJ displayed bias and “relied on speculation and conjecture in 

her decision.” But she provides no evidence that the IJ gave “her own biased” and 

“bizarre” reasoning for denying Oviedo-De Sandoval’s request for a continuance, 

nor does the record contain any evidence of bias. Rather, the IJ questioned OviedoDe Sandoval about her ability to obtain an attorney before ruling on her request for 

a continuance and was unsatisfied with Oviedo-De Sandoval’s answers. Oviedo-De 

Sandoval’s claim thus lacks merit.

DENIED.