PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.  No. 11-6781

CORTEZ FISHER,

Defendant-Appellant. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.

J. Frederick Motz, Senior District Judge.

(1:07-cr-00518-JFM-1; 1:10-cv-00706-JFM)

Argued: October 26, 2012

Decided: April 1, 2013

Before AGEE, WYNN, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.

Reversed by published opinion. Judge Wynn wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge Floyd joined. Judge Agree wrote

a dissenting opinion.

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Marta Kahn, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant.

Philip S. Jackson, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES

ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Rod J. Rosenstein, United States Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.

OPINION

WYNN, Circuit Judge:

It is axiomatic that, "to be constitutionally valid, a plea of

guilty must be knowingly and voluntarily made." United

States v. Brown, 117 F.3d 471, 473 (11th Cir. 1997). And "a

guilty plea is not knowingly and voluntarily made when the

defendant has been misinformed" as to a crucial aspect of his

case. Id.

In this extraordinary case, the law enforcement officer

responsible for the investigation that led to the defendant’s

arrest and guilty plea himself later pled guilty to having

defrauded the justice system in connection with his duties as

an officer. Regarding this case specifically, the officer admitted to having lied in his sworn affidavit that underpinned the

search warrant for the defendant’s residence and vehicle,

where evidence forming the basis of the charge to which the

defendant pled guilty was found. We hold that the officer’s

affirmative misrepresentation, which informed the defendant’s decision to plead guilty and tinged the entire proceeding, rendered the defendant’s plea involuntary and violated

his due process rights. Accordingly, we reverse the district

court’s decision holding otherwise and remand for further

proceedings.

I.

A.

On October 29, 2007, Mark Lunsford, a Baltimore City

Drug Enforcement Agency ("DEA") Task Force Officer,

2 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
applied for a search warrant for Defendant Cortez Fisher’s

residence and vehicle. In his sworn affidavit—the sole affidavit supporting the application for the search warrant—Lunsford averred that he targeted Defendant after a confidential

informant told him that Defendant distributed narcotics from

his residence and vehicle and had a handgun in his residence.

Lunsford described the confidential informant as a "reliable"

informant who had previously provided him with information

that led to numerous arrests for narcotics violations. J.A. 46,

149. Lunsford further averred that the confidential informant

provided him with a physical description of Defendant,

Defendant’s residential address, the make and model of

Defendant’s vehicle, and his license plate number. Based on

the information provided by the confidential informant, Lunsford obtained a photograph of Defendant. Lunsford showed

the photograph to the confidential informant, who then confirmed Defendant’s identity. Lunsford declared that he subsequently conducted surveillance and saw Defendant make

narcotics transactions from his car, after which Defendant

returned to his residence. 

On the morning of October 29, 2007, Lunsford and other

officers saw Defendant leave his residence and stopped him

for questioning. According to Lunsford, Defendant declined

questioning and backed into a police vehicle. Officers then

arrested and searched Defendant and found fifty empty glass

vials in his pants pocket. 

Solely on the basis of his sworn affidavit, Lunsford

obtained a search warrant for Defendant’s residence and vehicle on October 29, 2007 and executed the warrant that same

day. During the search, officers found crack cocaine and a

loaded handgun. 

Defendant was charged with one count of possession with

intent to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841 and one count of possession of a firearm by a convicted

felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Defendant entered

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 3
into a plea agreement which, among other things, required

him to plead guilty to possession of a firearm by a felon.

Defendant was sentenced to ten years in prison. 

B.

Over a year after Defendant pled guilty, in September

2009, Lunsford was charged with various fraud and theft

offenses related to his duties as a DEA officer, including

falsely attributing information to a confidential informant

with whom he was splitting reward money. On March 15,

2010, Lunsford pled guilty to several such offenses. As part

of his plea agreement, Lunsford admitted to falsely identifying a confidential informant on an affidavit supporting a wiretap application, an affidavit supporting a criminal complaint,

and numerous investigation reports. Regarding Defendant’s

case, Lunsford admitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation that the confidential informant he identified in his affidavit "had no connection to the case" and that another individual

was "the real informant[.]" J.A. 65.

Shortly after Lunsford’s guilty plea, Defendant filed a pro

se motion seeking to have his guilty plea vacated based upon

Lunsford’s criminal misconduct. On motion of the Federal

Public Defender’s Office, the district court appointed counsel

to represent Defendant. The district court denied Defendant’s

motion to vacate on July 28, 2010. Defense counsel subsequently filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment,

requesting that the district court reconsider its order and

reopen the proceeding with the assistance of counsel. Defense

counsel also filed a supplement to Defendant’s pro se motion

to vacate. On May 31, 2011, the district court filed a Memorandum and an Order denying Defendant’s motion to vacate,

stating:

Unquestionably, if [Defendant] had known of Lunsford’s criminal misconduct, he would have filed a

motion to suppress, and the motion may well have

4 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
been successful. Nevertheless, [Defendant] does not

deny that he was unlawfully in possession of a firearm (as he admitted under oath during his Rule 11

colloquy). Under these circumstances[,] I cannot find

that a failure to allow [Defendant] to withdraw his

guilty plea would result in a "miscarriage of justice."

Certainly, [Defendant] was denied of an opportunity

to pursue a motion to suppress that might have been

meritorious, but neither the Government nor his own

counsel was aware of Lunsford’s criminal misconduct at the time that [Defendant] entered his guilty

plea and was sentenced. Therefore, it cannot be said

that [Defendant’s] counsel was ineffective or that the

Government breached any obligation that it owed to

him. . . .

J.A. 136 (internal citation omitted).

Nevertheless, the district court granted Defendant’s motion

for a certificate of appealability as to his Sixth Amendment

ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Thereafter, this Court

granted Defendant’s motion to expand the certificate of

appealability to include the issue of whether the belated disclosure of Lunsford’s misconduct rendered Defendant’s plea

invalid under the Due Process Clause. 

II.

A.

After the imposition of a sentence, a guilty plea may be set

aside pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. United States v. Davis,

954 F.2d 182, 184 (4th Cir. 1992). In reviewing a ruling on

a motion to vacate a plea under Section 2255, we review a

district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its findings of

fact for clear error. United States v. Roane, 378 F.3d 382, 395

(4th Cir. 2004). 

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 5
B.

1.

Defendant first contends that the district court erred by concluding that his guilty plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary because he did not know at the time he entered his plea

that Lunsford lied in his search warrant affidavit. Defendant

essentially argues that his plea is constitutionally infirm for

two distinct reasons: (1) Lunsford’s underlying pre-plea misconduct rendered his plea involuntary under Brady v. United

States, 397 U.S. 742 (1970); and (2) the government failed to

meet its evidentiary disclosure obligations under Brady v.

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).1 We turn first to Defendant’s

Brady v. United States argument. 

"[A] guilty plea is a grave and solemn act to be accepted

only with care and discernment[.]" Brady v. United States,

397 U.S. at 748. When a defendant pleads guilty, he forgoes

not only a fair trial, but also other accompanying constitutional guarantees. United States v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622, 628

(2002). Thus, a guilty plea "not only must be voluntary but

must be [a] knowing, intelligent act[ ] done with sufficient

awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences." Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 748. 

"The longstanding test for determining the validity of a

guilty plea is whether the plea represents a voluntary and

intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action

open to the defendant." Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56

(1985) (citations and quotation marks omitted). The Supreme

Court has outlined the following standard as to the voluntariness of guilty pleas:

1To lessen the likelihood of confusion, we refer to each Brady opinion

by its full name. 

6 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
A plea of guilty entered by one fully aware of the

direct consequences, including the actual value of

any commitments made to him by the court, prosecutor, or his own counsel, must stand unless induced

by threats (or promises to discontinue improper

harassment), misrepresentation (including unfulfilled

or unfulfillable promises), or perhaps by promises

that are by their nature improper as having no proper

relationship to the prosecutor’s business (e.g.

bribes). 

Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 755 (quotation and quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, to set aside a plea as involuntary, a defendant who was fully aware of the direct

consequences of the plea must show that (1) "some egregiously impermissible conduct (say, threats, blatant misrepresentations, or untoward blandishments by government agents)

antedated the entry of his plea" and (2) "the misconduct influenced his decision to plead guilty or, put another way, that it

was material to that choice." Ferrara v. United States, 456

F.3d 278, 290 (1st Cir. 2006) (emphasis added) (citations

omitted); see also Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 755. 

Citing Brady v. United States and Ferrara, Defendant contends that the officer’s deliberate misrepresentation underpins

the entire case against him and induced his guilty plea,

thereby rendering his plea involuntary. We agree.

2.

To set aside his plea as involuntary, Defendant first must

show that impermissible government conduct occurred. Brady

v. United States, 397 U.S. at 757; Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 290.

The Supreme Court has held that government misrepresentations constitute impermissible conduct. Brady v. United

States, 397 U.S. at 755. As the dissent points out, Brady v.

United States did not specifically define government misrepresentations. Nonetheless, the Brady v. United States opinion

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 7
provides selected examples, including that prosecutors may

not make "unfulfilled or unfulfillable promises" to induce

guilty pleas. Id.; see also Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S.

257, 262 (1971); United States v. Ayala, 601 F.3d 256, 270

(4th Cir. 2010); Correale v. United States, 479 F.2d 944, 947

(1st Cir. 1973). Accordingly, this Court allowed a defendant

to withdraw his guilty plea as involuntary because the prosecutor misrepresented the sentence he would receive, telling

the defendant that he would not be sentenced to prison.

United States v. Hammerman, 528 F.2d 326, 331-32 (4th Cir.

1975). 

But Brady v. United States does not limit government misrepresentations to prosecutorial promises designed to elicit a

guilty plea. Consequently, the First Circuit has held that the

government may not make "plain[ ]" and "inexcusabl[e]" misrepresentations not anchored to any permissible litigation

strategy. Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 293. In Ferrara, for example,

the government explicitly represented that the prosecution

would satisfy its continuing duty to disclose all exculpatory

evidence in a timely manner. Id. Not only did the government

fail to disclose as promised, it explicitly misrepresented that

it had either disclosed to the defendants all exculpatory information or notified them of the exculpatory evidence it refused

to disclose. Id. The First Circuit held that the affirmative misstatements "plainly and inexcusably misrepresented the true

state of affairs" and constituted "blatant misconduct" that was

"sufficient to ground the petitioner’s claim that his guilty plea

was involuntary."2Id. (citation omitted).

2

In Ruiz, the Supreme Court held that the government’s failure to disclose material impeachment evidence prior to a criminal defendant’s

guilty plea did not render the plea involuntary. 536 U.S. at 628. Ruiz did

not, however, address evidence beyond that for impeachment purposes,

and as the First Circuit noted, "the prosecution’s failure to disclose evidence may be sufficiently outrageous to constitute the sort of impermissible conduct that is needed to ground a challenge to the validity of a guilty

plea." Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 291 (citations omitted). Notably, however, this

case centers not on a Brady v. Maryland failure to disclose but rather on

something categorically different: affirmative misrepresentations. 

8 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
Even defense counsel misrepresentations can undermine

the validity of a plea. Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258,

266-67 (1973). For example, in Strader v. Garrison, 611 F.2d

61 (4th Cir. 1979), this Court concluded that although a

defendant need not be informed about his parole eligibility

date prior to entering a guilty plea, "when he is grossly misinformed about it by his lawyer, and relies upon that misinformation, he is deprived of his constitutional right to counsel.

When the erroneous advice induces the plea, permitting him

to start over again is the imperative remedy for the constitutional deprivation." Id. at 65.

This case presents highly uncommon circumstances in

which gross police misconduct goes to the heart of the prosecution’s case. Lunsford falsely testified in his sworn search

warrant affidavit that he targeted Defendant after a reliable

confidential informant told him that Defendant distributed

narcotics from his residence and vehicle and had a handgun

in his residence. Lunsford identified the confidential informant in his affidavit, and he averred that the informant identified Defendant in a photograph and provided Lunsford with

Defendant’s physical description, address, and vehicle information. On the basis of that affidavit, Lunsford secured a

search warrant. That warrant enabled the search of Defendant’s home, where evidence forming the basis of the charge

to which he pled guilty was found. After Defendant was

charged, the prosecution provided Lunsford’s affidavit to

Defendant, who relied on it in deciding whether to plead

guilty. Over a year after Defendant pled guilty, Lunsford himself pled guilty to fraud and theft offenses and admitted that

the confidential informant he identified in his affidavit "had

no connection to the case." J.A. 65.

"Often the decision to plead guilty is heavily influenced by

the defendant’s appraisal of the prosecution’s case against

him and by the apparent likelihood of securing leniency

should a guilty plea be offered and accepted." Brady v. United

States, 397 U.S. at 756. Nevertheless, the Constitution "perUNITED STATES v. FISHER 9
mits a court to accept a guilty plea, with its accompanying

waiver of various constitutional rights, despite various forms

of misapprehension under which a defendant might labor."

Ruiz, 536 U.S. at 630 (citations omitted). 

This, however, is not a case where Defendant sought to

withdraw his plea "merely because he discover[ed] long after

the plea ha[d] been accepted that his calculus misapprehended

the quality of the State’s case or the likely penalties attached

to alternative courses of action." Brady v. United States, 397

U.S. at 757. Rather, Defendant’s misapprehension stems from

an affirmative government misrepresentation that "strikes at

the integrity of the prosecution as a whole." Reply Br. at 4;

see Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 291 (stating that it is only when a

defendant’s misapprehension of the strength of the government’s case "results from some particularly pernicious form

of impermissible conduct that due process concerns are implicated" (citations omitted)). Indeed, the lawyer who represented Defendant in the underlying criminal proceedings

declared under oath that "an examination of the warrant —

including the legality of its issuance and its service — was a

critical part of my evaluation of the government’s case." J.A.

121. Because the lawyer thought that there were no grounds

on which to challenge the warrant, she believed the government’s case to be "a strong one" and advised Defendant to

enter a plea. J.A. 121. 

Even the government and the district court acknowledged

the importance of Lunsford’s misrepresentation. On appeal,

the government notes that had it "learned of Lunsford’s misconduct prior to [Defendant’s] guilty plea, it would have disclosed that information to the defense." Appellant Br. at 14

n.2. And in refusing to set aside Defendant’s guilty plea, the

district court recognized the importance of the information by

stating that, "[u]unquestionably, if [Defendant] had known of

Lunsford’s criminal misconduct, he would have filed a

motion to suppress, and the motion may well have been suc10 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
cessful." J.A. 136. Without the suppressed evidence, there

likely would have been no prosecution at all. 

The government and the dissent point out that neither the

prosecution nor defense counsel knew about Lunsford’s lies

at the time Defendant entered his plea. Neither the timing, nor

the prosecution’s good faith, however, negates the undisputed

fact that the evidence the prosecution presented to Defendant

and his counsel during deliberations as to whether Defendant

should plead guilty was obtained under a search warrant

issued solely on the basis of an untruthful law enforcement

affidavit. Cf. Hammerman, 528 F.2d at 331 (noting that it

does not matter that the prosecutor’s "prediction or promise

was made in good faith; what matters is it was probably relied

upon" by the defendant in deciding to plead guilty (citations

omitted)); Correale, 479 F.2d at 947 (stating that prosecutorial misrepresentations, though made in good faith, are not

acceptable). 

The government and the dissent further observe that Defendant has never claimed actual innocence. Yet neither cites,

nor did we find, a case holding that a defendant’s factual

innocence is a prerequisite to finding a plea invalid. Instead,

in assessing the validity of a defendant’s plea, courts look to

"all of the relevant circumstances surrounding" the plea.

Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 749. Thus, while a claim

of innocence is perhaps an important factor in this assessment,

it is by no means a dispositive one. See e.g., Matthew v. Johnson, 201 F.3d 353, 365 (5th Cir. 2000) (courts assessing the

validity of a defendant’s plea "may consider such factors as

whether there is evidence of factual guilt"); United States v.

Garcia, 401 F.3d 1008, 1013 (9th Cir. 2005) (noting that

while courts can consider a defendant’s claim of innocence in

support of a motion to withdraw a plea, a defendant may have

valid reasons for withdrawing a plea "that have nothing to do

with innocence"). 

In sum, Defendant has successfully shown that impermissible government conduct—an officer’s deliberate lie that led to

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 11
the warrant that led to the discovery of the evidence against

him—occurred.

3.

To have his plea vacated, in addition to showing impermissible government conduct, Defendant must show that the misconduct induced him to plead guilty. Brady v. United States,

397 U.S. at 755. In other words, Defendant must show "a reasonable probability that, but for the misconduct, he would not

have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to

trial." Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 294 (citation omitted). Courts take

an objective approach to determining reasonable probability.

Id. Thus, Defendant must show that a reasonable defendant

standing in his shoes likely would have altered his decision to

plead guilty, had he known about Lunsford’s misconduct. See

id.

Here, Defendant argues that his "entire approach to the case

would have been different," had he known about Lunsford’s

affirmative misrepresentation and felonious behavior. Appellant Br. at 17. In support of Defendant’s argument, the lawyer

who represented him in the underlying criminal proceedings

declared under oath that

[h]aving fully reviewed [Defendant’s] file and the

information that I now know about Mark Lunsford,

I can state with full confidence that my approach to

[Defendant’s] case in 2007 and 2008 would have

been entirely different had I known then what I

know now. I would have advocated strongly for a

different outcome for the case. The options I would

have sought in good faith range from an outright dismissal, to a dismissal in lieu of state prosecution, to

a plea in federal court to a significantly lower sentence. Were negotiations with [the prosecution] not

successful, I would have sought to suppress the evidence against [Defendant], including filing a motion

12 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
to suppress and seeking a Franks hearing. Were we

to lose at such a hearing, I would have advised

[Defendant] that a key consideration in deciding

whether to enter a guilty plea or proceed to trial was

the role that Officer Lunsford’s credibility would

play at trial. I believe . . . that I very likely would

have obtained a better result than the 10 year sentence I advised [Defendant] to accept in 2008.

J.A. 122. Even the district court agreed with Defendant, stating that, "[u]nquestionably, if [Defendant] had known of

Lunsford’s criminal misconduct, he would have filed a motion

to suppress, and the motion may well have been successful."

J.A. 136 (emphasis added). 

The dissent points out that Defendant may not have prevailed in challenging the validity of the search warrant. Yet

the relevant inquiry is not whether Defendant undoubtedly

would have prevailed in challenging the search warrant and

its fruits, but whether there is a "reasonable probability" that

he would not have plead guilty, had he known of the impermissible government conduct. Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 294. This,

Defendant has shown. 

Moreover, we cannot agree with the dissent’s analysis of

the search warrant under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154

(1978). In Franks, the Supreme Court held that a defendant

challenging the validity of a search warrant is entitled to a

hearing if he preliminarily shows that: (1) the warrant affidavit contained a "deliberate falsehood" or statement made with

"reckless disregard for the truth" and (2) without the allegedly

false statement, the warrant affidavit is not sufficient to support a finding of probable cause. Id. at 155-56, 171. And if,

at hearing, the defendant establishes those elements, the

search warrant must be voided and the fruits of the search

excluded from evidence. Id. at 156.

Here, Lunsford admitted that his search warrant affidavit

contained a deliberate falsehood: The confidential informant

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 13
he identified in the affidavit in fact "had no connection to the

case." J.A. 65. Thus, the confidential informant listed on the

search warrant affidavit clearly did not: report Defendant as

a narcotics distributor; provide Lunsford with Defendant’s

physical description, address, or vehicle information; or identify Defendant in a photograph. Lunsford later identified

another individual as "the real informant[.]" J.A. 65. Yet

Lunsford did not indicate that that individual actually provided all of the information on the search warrant affidavit.

And regardless, the record in this case shows that the confidential informant listed on the search warrant affidavit did not

provide all of the above-mentioned information. Without that

information, a district court could reasonably conclude that

Lunsford’s search warrant affidavit failed to establish probable cause. Indeed, the district court here concretely stated that

Defendant’s efforts to suppress may well have been successful. 

Further, even if Defendant’s suppression efforts were not

successful, there is a reasonable probability that knowledge of

Lunsford’s criminal misconduct would have changed Defendant’s decision to plead guilty. As Defendant’s attorney

explained, even if Defendant lost at a Franks hearing, "I

would have advised [Defendant] that a key consideration in

deciding whether to enter a guilty plea or proceed to trial was

the role that Officer Lunsford’s credibility would play at

trial." J.A. 122.

In sum, we conclude that Defendant has shown a reasonable probability that he would not have pled guilty, had he

known about Lunsford’s criminal misconduct. And because

we conclude that Lunsford’s misconduct renders Defendant’s

plea involuntary under Brady v. United States, we need not,

and therefore do not, address whether the government violated its Brady v. Maryland disclosure obligations. 

14 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
III.

Given the totality of the circumstances of this case—a law

enforcement officer intentionally lying in a affidavit that

formed the sole basis for searching the defendant’s home,

where evidence forming the basis of the charge to which he

pled guilty was found—Defendant’s plea was involuntary and

violated his due process rights. Under these egregious circumstances, Defendant was "deceived into making the plea, and

the deception prevents his act from being a true act of volition." Lassiter v. Turner, 423 F.2d 897, 900 (4th Cir. 1970)

(citation omitted). The district court therefore erred by denying Defendant’s motion to vacate his plea under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255, and we accordingly reverse.3

Our decision to vacate Defendant’s plea is supported by the

important interest of deterring police misconduct. See e.g.

Franks, 438 U.S. at 165-66 (applying the exclusionary rule to

deter deliberate or reckless untruthfulness in warrant affidavits); Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 492 (1976) (stating that

"[e]vidence obtained by police officers in violation of the

Fourth Amendment is excluded at trial in the hope that the

frequency of future violations will decrease"). If a defendant

cannot challenge the validity of a plea based on subsequently

discovered police misconduct, officers may be more likely to

engage in such conduct, as well as more likely to conceal it

to help elicit guilty pleas. See Sanchez v. United States, 50

F.3d 1448, 1453 (9th Cir. 1995) (stating that "if a defendant

may not raise a Brady [v. Maryland] claim after a guilty plea,

prosecutors may be tempted to deliberately withhold exculpatory information as part of an attempt to elicit guilty pleas").

Further, Defendant should not be penalized because he did

not discover Lunsford’s misconduct earlier. In another case

3This opinion does not preclude the government from retrying Defendant on both the charge to which he pled guilty and the charge that was

dismissed in return for his plea. 

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 15
involving similar misconduct by Lunsford, Lunsford falsely

identified a confidential informant in an affidavit supporting

a criminal complaint charging a suspect with possession of a

firearm by a felon. Lunsford averred that the confidential

informant—who in reality had "no involvement whatsoever in

the investigation"—identified the suspect as a narcotics supplier, reported seeing the suspect with a handgun and selling

narcotics, and confirmed the suspect’s identity with a photograph. J.A. 61-62. The suspect was subsequently indicted and

pled guilty to the firearms charge. But the suspect had not yet

been sentenced at the time of Lunsford’s arrest. Based on

Lunsford’s misconduct, the government allowed the suspect

to plead to a less serious offense, and he received a sentence

of forty-eight months in prison. The only difference between

that case and Defendant’s is that Defendant did not learn of

Lunsford’s misconduct until after sentencing. 

Finally, allowing a defendant’s guilty plea to stand when a

police officer intentionally lies in a search warrant affidavit

undermines public confidence in our judicial system.

"Whether to prosecute, issue a warrant, indict and convict are

serious matters that are decided in large measure based on

what a police officer relates. So when an officer does not tell

the whole truth, public confidence in the fair administration

of criminal justice inevitably is eroded." United States v.

Gribben, 984 F.2d 47, 48 (2d Cir. 1993).

REVERSED

AGEE, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

"When a defendant pleads guilty, he waives all nonjurisdictional defects in the proceedings conducted prior to entry of

the plea" and "has no non-jurisdictional ground upon which

to attack that judgment except the inadequacy of the plea."

United States v. Moussaoui, 591 F.3d 263, 279 (4th Cir.

2010). As the Supreme Court has explained, 

16 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
when a criminal defendant enters a guilty plea, he

may not thereafter raise independent claims relating

to the deprivation of constitutional rights that

occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea. Rather,

a person complaining of such antecedent constitutional violations is limited . . . to attacks on the voluntary and intelligent nature of the guilty plea.

Blackledge v. Perry, 417 U.S. 21, 29-30 (1974) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). 

Recognizing the bar on a stand-alone collateral attack to the

search warrant issued in this case, Fisher instead advances a

claim that his plea was involuntary, i.e., "inadequate." See

Moussaoui, 591 F.3d at 279. His argument, distilled to its

essence, is that he would not have pled guilty had he been

aware that Officer Lunsford fabricated certain facts on the

application for a search warrant in this case. Although the

Supreme Court has held that "[a] defendant is not entitled to

withdraw his plea merely because he discovers long after the

plea has been accepted that his calculus misapprehended the

quality of the State’s case," Brady v. United States, 397 U.S.

742, 757 (1970),1 Fisher seeks to avail himself of a narrow

exception to that principle that applies to pleas induced by

"misrepresentation or other impermissible conduct by state

agents," id.

As best I can glean from Fisher’s briefs, he raises two distinct claims that he posits fit under this undefined and rarely

applied exception: (1) that the government failed to meet its

evidentiary disclosure obligations based on Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963); and (2) the pre-plea misconduct of

Officer Lunsford independently rendered his guilty plea

involuntary irrespective of any Brady v. Maryland violation.

1Because this opinion involves extensive discussion of Brady v. United

States, as well as Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), I refer to each

by its long title to lessen the likelihood of confusion. 

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 17
The majority opinion concludes that Fisher’s plea of guilty

was involuntary because of "affirmative misrepresentations"

made by Officer Lunsford in applying for the search warrant

that uncovered evidence against Fisher. In so doing, the

majority relies on an independent theory of prosecutorial misconduct purportedly grounded in Brady v. United States.

Indeed, while the majority avers that its holding is based on

Brady v. United States, its application of the "material misrepresentation" standard in this case lacks support in any published case from any court. While the majority attempts to

distinguish the several cases militating against Fisher’s claim

to relief, it identifies no authority actually in support of its

position. In short, I am at a loss to identify the basis in due

process jurisprudence upon which the majority opinion bases

its decision. 

With that handicap, I address below the theories presented

by Fisher in his brief on appeal and conclude he is not entitled

to withdraw his guilty plea. As the learned district court judge

correctly determined, Fisher is bound to his guilty plea, and

the majority opinion articulates no reasoned basis founded in

the established precedent of the Supreme Court, or any other

court, to decide otherwise. 

I. Brady v. Maryland Claim

Fisher’s initial assignment of error is that the prosecution

in this case violated the government’s disclosure obligations

under Brady v. Maryland, so as to render his guilty plea involuntary.2

 In Brady v. Maryland, the Supreme Court held that "the

suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an

accused upon request violates due process where the evidence

is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the

good faith or bad faith of the prosecution." 373 U.S. at 87.

2The majority, basing its holding on Brady v. United States, does not

address Fisher’s Brady v. Maryland argument. As explained herein, I

would reject this aspect of Fisher’s claim. 

18 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
The Supreme Court subsequently extended the Brady v.

Maryland disclosure rule to material impeachment evidence,

Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154-55 (1972), and jettisoned any requirement that a defendant must request exculpatory evidence in order to be entitled to its disclosure, United

States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 107 (1976).

However, Fisher cannot avail himself of a Brady v. Maryland claim as the basis upon which to withdraw his guilty

plea. In United States v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622 (2002), the

Supreme Court explicitly rejected the claim that a guilty plea

is involuntary merely because the prosecution failed to disclose impeachment evidence to the accused prior to the plea.

See id. at 629 ("[I]mpeachment information is special in relation to the fairness of a trial, not in respect to whether a plea

is voluntary (‘knowing,’ ‘intelligent,’ and ‘sufficiently

aware.’") (emphasis in original) (brackets omitted)). The

Court explained that the Constitution "does not require complete knowledge of the relevant circumstances, but permits a

court to accept a guilty plea, with its accompanying waiver of

various constitutional rights, despite various forms of misapprehension under which a defendant might labor." Id. at 630.

Thus, a court may accept a guilty plea as valid notwithstanding a prosecutorial failure to disclose evidence casting doubt

on the credibility of government witnesses. This Court has

explicitly recognized that distinction: "The Brady [v. Maryland] right, however, is a trial right. . . . [It] exists to . . . minimize the chance that an innocent person would be found

guilty. . . . When a defendant pleads guilty, those concerns are

almost completely eliminated because his guilt is admitted."

Moussaoui, 591 F.3d at 285. 

Any Brady v. Maryland claim Fisher might have is controlled by and subsumed under Ruiz. The evidence Fisher

cites here, and relied upon by the majority, is precisely that

addressed in Ruiz: impeachment evidence. Fisher does not

complain that the prosecution withheld evidence that would

be exculpatory of him; that is, would show his innocence.

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 19
Rather, Fisher complains that had he known of Officer Lunsford’s misconduct (lying about the true identity of the informant), he would have sought to attack Lunsford’s reputation

for veracity so as to discredit by inference Lunsford’s other

statements in the warrant affidavit. In other words, he would

have sought to impeach Officer Lunsford’s credibility by virtue of the false statement, not use the evidence as affirmative

proof of his own innocence.

Indeed, neither Fisher or the majority cite any evidence

Fisher’s attack on Lunsford’s credibility would yield as exculpatory to him. Damaging Lunsford’s credibility by impeaching his testimony is no more exculpatory than any other

evidence viewed as tainted by virtue of the witness’ lack of

credibility: that is the essence of impeachment. 

As discussed more fully below, we also know that the evidence Fisher seeks to discredit does not show affirmative

proof of Fisher’s innocence because Fisher himself does not

assert that he is innocent of the crime to which he pled guilty.

The discrediting of Lunsford on the basis of his false identification of the name of the confidential informant is unquestionably impeachment evidence, as it does not "establish[ ]

the factual innocence of the defendant." Ruiz, 536 U.S. at 631.

Consequently, Ruiz flatly forecloses Fisher’s claim of error to

the extent he basis it on Brady v. Maryland. 

Even if one were to assume, however, that the evidence at

issue here is affirmatively exculpatory (quite an extraordinary

stretch), rather than merely for impeachment purposes, there

is no existing precedent from the Supreme Court or this Court

that entitles Fisher to relief on the basis of his pre-plea claim.

The Brady[v. Maryland] right . . . is a trial right. It

requires a prosecutor to disclose evidence favorable

to the defense if the evidence is material either to

guilt or punishment, and exists to preserve the fair20 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
ness of a trial verdict and to minimize the chance

that an innocent person would be found guilty.

Moussaoui, 591 F.3d at 285 (emphasis in original). As we

also observed in Moussaoui, the Supreme Court’s decision in

Ruiz was predicated on the notion that, when a defendant

pleads guilty, Brady v. Maryland’s concerns in preventing the

conviction of an innocent defendant "are almost completely

eliminated because his guilt is admitted." Id. Accord United

States v. Mathur, 624 F.3d 498, 507 (1st Cir. 2010) ("It is . . .

universally acknowledged that the right memorialized in

Brady [v. Maryland] is a trial right."). More to the point, to

the extent that this Court has ventured into the arena of

whether Ruiz portends a foreclosure of any Brady v. Maryland

right in the pre-plea context (which is the case here), we concluded such a claim was not recognized: the exact opposite of

the majority opinion’s end result here. See Jones v. Cooper,

311 F.3d 306, 315 n.5 (4th Cir. 2002) ("To the extent that

appellant contends that he would not have pled guilty had be

been provided the information held by the jailor, this claim is

foreclosed by . . . Ruiz."). In other words, Cooper held that

Ruiz foreclosed a defendant’s contention that he would not

have pled guilty had he been provided certain death penalty

mitigation evidence prior to the entry of his guilty plea. The

Supreme Court has not extended a Brady v. Maryland right in

the context of Fisher’s case: pre-plea conduct unrelated to a

trial. And this Court has explicitly declined to decide whether

"the prosecution’s failure to disclose material exculpatory evidence at the plea stage could result in an unknowing plea in

certain narrow circumstances." Moussaoui, 591 F.3d at 286

(emphasis added). If the majority wishes to venture where

neither the Supreme Court or this Court has seen fit to go, it

is incumbent to set out the reasoned analysis based on settled

precedent that permits that step. The majority opinion does

not do so.3

3The Supreme Court’s due process concerns as articulated in Brady v.

Maryland are de minimis in a case where the defendant makes no contenUNITED STATES v. FISHER 21
Finally, even if this Court were to hold, absent any supporting precedent, that Brady v. Maryland extends pre-plea to evidence pertaining to a motion to suppress, and even if one

assumed that the evidence suppressed in this case was construed as directly exculpatory (which it is not), it is by no

means certain that Fisher would have prevailed in seeking to

suppress the fruits of the search warrant in this case. Pursuant

to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 171 (1978), a defendant

challenging the validity of the warrant has the burden to come

forth with proof of a "deliberate falsehood or of reckless disregard for the truth." Even if the defendant carries that burden, Franks requires only that the demonstrably false

information be set aside. Id. at 171-72. If the remaining content of the warrant still supports probable cause, the defendant

is not entitled to a hearing on his Franks claim. Id. at 172. 

The majority assumes, without analysis or citation to

authority, that the mere fact of Lunsford’s misrepresentation

made the Fisher search warrant invalid: a form of res ipsa

loquitor. But neither logic, the record, or precedent support

the majority’s assumption. Lunsford was accused of "falsely

attribut[ing] information to informants who then shared

reward money with him." (J.A. 136.) After his arrest by federal authorities, Lunsford admitted only that another individual was the actual source of the information that formed the

basis for the application to search Fisher’s home. (See J.A. 65

("[Redacted] was the real informant on the Cortez Fisher

case.").) In other words, Lunsford admitted he substituted the

tion that he is innocent of the offense charged. Rather, the evidence of

Officer Lunsford’s misconduct would be relevant only to the issue of suppression of evidence, not Fisher’s guilt or innocence. A suppression hearing, of course, has nothing to do with "minimiz[ing] the chance that an

innocent person would be found guilty." Moussaoui, 591 F.3d at 285.

Rather than shedding light on Fisher’s guilt or innocence, a suppression

hearing in this case would function only in determining whether Fisher’s

constitutional rights had been violated. In short, vacating Fisher’s guilty

plea would do nothing to advance the due process interests articulated in

Brady v. Maryland. 

22 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
name of another person for that of the real informant so as to

receive his kickback once the informant received his "reward." However, neither Fisher’s admission or any other

record evidence shows that any item of information on the

search warrant was untrue but for the substitution of the name

of the informant. While that obviously is viable impeachment

evidence, the record also reflects that Lunsford admitted in

other cases—but not Fisher’s—that the actual allegations of

wrongdoing were false. (See J.A. 57-60.) The record in this

case only shows the switch of the name of the informant and

nothing more. Consequently, the majority opinion’s statement

that the search warrant "issued solely on the basis of an

untruthful law enforcement affidavit" is a bit of hyperbole in

the context of the record as a whole. Ante at 11.

A district court could, reviewing the record evidence upon

impeachment of Lunsford, conclude that the Fisher warrant

application was false. However, the court could also reasonably conclude that Lunsford fabricated only the identity of the

source of the information and that the stated events were not

falsified and met the probable cause standard for issuance of

the search warrant. In that circumstance, a motion to suppress

would fail, as the information necessary for probable cause

was unrelated to the actual misstatement contained in the affidavit. See United States v. Doyle, 650 F.3d 460, 468 (4th Cir.

2011) ("[F]alse information will only void a warrant if the

information was necessary to the finding of probable cause.").

Indeed, Franks itself contemplates that the mere fact that a

warrant affiant lied with respect to one piece of information

does not mean that the entirety of the affidavit should be

invalidated. See Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56 ("[W]here the

defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a

false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless

disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is necessary

to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment

requires that a hearing be held at the defendant’s request.")

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 23
(emphasis added). The defendant must prove that the facts

necessary for probable cause were lies as well. 

In discussing the underlying merits of Fisher’s potential

Franks claims, the majority establishes only that Lunsford

misattributed the source of the information contained in the

warrant application. Nevertheless, the majority opinion concludes that the rest of the information was necessarily untrue.

See, ante at 14 ("[T]he confidential informant listed on the

search warrant affidavit did not provide all of the abovementioned information. Without that information, a district

court could reasonably conclude that Lunsford’s search warrant affidavit failed to establish probable cause."). But that

conclusion does not follow logically from the record in this

case. Lunsford admitted only to falsifying the source, not the

information itself. Thus, only the source informant would necessarily be excised under Franks. The information itself could

reasonably survive the scalpel of the Franks inquiry. 

Moreover, there is no merit to the majority opinion’s

repeated suggestion that the district court somehow implied

that Fisher would succeed on a motion to suppress. The district court, in its order denying Fisher’s § 2255 motion, did

state that Fisher would have moved to suppress. But the court

expressly declined to speculate on the likelihood of success of

such a motion, simply stating "the motion may well have been

successful." (J.A. 136 (emphasis added).) Conversely, the

motion "may well" have failed. In any event, there is nothing

"concrete[ ]," ante at 13, about the court’s description of the

likelihood of success of a motion to suppress, and any effort

to say otherwise misreads the district court’s actual words. 

Accordingly, I would hold that under the facts of this case,

where the evidence at issue is not exculpatory, but impeachment only, and where the defendant does not contest his guilt,

the type of disclosures required by Brady v. Maryland and its

progeny are not required as a predicate for a knowing, volun24 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
tary plea of guilty. Consequently, Fisher has no basis under

Brady v. Maryland upon which to withdraw his guilty plea. 

II. Independent Prosecutorial Misconduct Claim

I turn next to Fisher’s argument that certain prosecutorial

misconduct, not cognizable under Brady v. Maryland, justifies

setting aside his plea. Significantly, neither Fisher’s brief on

appeal nor the majority opinion cites any authority directly on

point or defines the due process right of which Fisher seeks

to avail himself. I assume that is so because the weight of

authority militates against Fisher’s claim and compels affirming the district court’s judgment. 

As the Supreme Court explained in Brady v. United States

A plea of guilty entered by one fully aware of the

direct consequences, including the actual value of

any commitments made to him by the court, prosecutor, or his own counsel, must stand unless induced

by threats (or promises to discontinue improper

harassment), misrepresentation (including unfulfilled

or unfulfillable promises), or perhaps by promises

that are by their nature improper as having no proper

relationship to the prosecutor’s business (e.g.

bribes).

397 U.S. at 755 (quoting Shelton v. United States, 246 F.2d

571, 572 n.2 (5th Cir. 1957) (en banc)). From this language,

Fisher argues, and the majority agrees, that the "misrepresentations" by Lunsford "underpin[ ] the entire case made against

[Fisher] and induced his guilty plea." Ante at 7. A closer analysis of the relevant authorities, however, reveals little, if any,

support for the majority’s formulation of an otherwise undefined and unsupported due process claim.

To be sure, the Brady v. United States opinion states, without illumination or explanation, that "misrepresentations" that

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 25
induce a guilty plea may be grounds upon which to void a

prior guilty plea. 397 U.S. at 755. Contrary to the majority’s

statement, at 8, that "Brady v. United States does not limit

government misrepresentations to prosecutorial promises

designed to elicit a guilty plea," a close reading of that case

reflects the scope of the court’s meaning was in fact strictly

limited and referred only to false representations directly

designed to induce a defendant to plead guilty. The Court’s

frame of reference in Brady v. United States did not encompass actions tangentially related to the plea process, like a

warrant application months in advance of the defendant’s

guilty plea. Even the examples of misrepresentations and

impermissible conduct provided by the Court ("unfulfilled or

unfulfillable promises" and "bribes") relate directly to prosecutorial actions specifically designed to elicit a plea of guilty.4

Although the majority asserts that Brady v. United States was

not so limited, it identifies no case involving a misrepresentation so remotely divorced from the plea process as the warrant

application at issue in this case.

For purposes of Brady v. Maryland, the Supreme Court has

held that knowledge of agents acting on the government’s

behalf, including the police, can be imputed to the prosecutor.

See Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 437 (1995) ("[P]rosecutor

has a duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to the

others acting on the government’s behalf in the case, including the police."). But see United States v. Robinson, 627 F.3d

941, 952 (4th Cir. 2010) ("[I]t is one thing to require prosecu4The cases cited by the majority in support of its "affirmative misrepresentation" theory all involve prosecutorial actions directly related to the

plea process. Ferrara v. United States, 456 F.3d 278, 293 (1st Cir. 2006)

involved an active attempt by the prosecution to suppress evidence exculpatory to the defendant, and Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 259

(1971), United States v. Ayala, 601 F.3d 256, 270 (4th Cir. 2010), Correale v. United States, 479 F.2d 944, 946 (1st Cir. 1973), and United

States v. Hammerman, 528 F.2d 326, 331-32 (4th Cir. 1975) all involved

false (or allegedly false) promises made by the prosecution during plea

negotiations. 

26 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
tors to inquire about whether police have turned up exculpatory or impeachment evidence during their investigation. It is

quite another to require them, on pain of a possible retrial, to

conduct disciplinary inquiries into the general conduct of

every officer working the case."). But the majority opinion

cites no authority for the proposition that police misconduct,

happening months before the entry of the guilty plea and

devoid of any direct inducement of that plea, must be attributed to the prosecution for purposes of Fisher’s stand alone

prosecutorial misconduct claim relying on Brady v. United

States. Even assuming that Lunsford’s falsification of the

informant’s true identity in the warrant application—known

only to him—is attributable to the prosecution in a later proceeding, neither the majority nor Fisher cite to any precedent

applying an amorphous Brady v. United States "right" in that

circumstance. 

Indeed, the case both Fisher and the majority utilize to bear

most of the weight in support of his claim, the First Circuit’s

decision in Ferrara v. United States, 456 F.3d 278 (1st Cir.

2006), is materially distinguishable from the case at bar and

essentially discredits both Fisher’s arguments and the majority opinion.5

 In Ferrara, the court opined that "[u]nder limited

circumstances . . . the prosecution’s failure to disclose evidence may be sufficiently outrageous to constitute the sort of

impermissible conduct that is needed to ground a challenge to

the the validity of a guilty plea." 456 F.3d at 291. In that case,

however, the "outrageous" conduct consisted of "manipulate-

[ing]" a witness, and then "represent[ing] to the court and the

defense that the witness was going to confirm [a] story" inculpating the defendant in a murder plot, when in fact the witness

had provided the government with affirmative evidence of the

defendant’s innocence. Id. The government conduct at issue

in Ferrara went directly to exculpatory evidence of the actual

5

In Ferrara, the First Circuit explicitly declined to address whether the

defendant had a constitutional right to Brady v. Maryland disclosures prior

to entry of his plea. Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 290. 

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 27
innocence of the defendant as the prosecution secreted witness testimony that the defendant did not commit the crime

with which he was charged. 

Ferrara is fundamentally distinguishable on three significant levels from the case at bar. First, the defendant in Ferrara asserted that he was innocent of the offence to which he

pled guilty. See Ferrara v. United States, 384 F. Supp. 2d

384, 388 (D. Mass. 2005) ("Ferrara informed the Probation

Department that he had not been involved in the . . . murder,

but pled guilty to those charges because he was in an ‘untenable’ position."). Fisher makes no such claim, essentially arguing that he deserves to withdraw his guilty plea because Lunsford did a bad thing. But even the majority opinion acknowledges that, after Ruiz, "courts have considered a defendant’s

factual innocence in determining whether the government’s

failure to disclose material evidence render[s] a guilty plea

involuntary." Ante at 11.

Second, in Ferrara, the prosecutor was actively involved in

witness manipulation and suppression of affirmative evidence

tending to show the defendant’s innocence (i.e., he didn’t do

it). Here, no one but Lunsford was aware of his false statements. When the prosecution discovered Officer Lunsford’s

misdeeds, it promptly disclosed that information to Fisher. 

Finally, unlike the present case, the evidence at issue in

Ferrara went directly to the defendant’s innocence; it was

clearly exculpatory evidence. See Ferrara, 456 F.3d at 292

("The evidence in question . . . was plainly exculpatory."). As

noted at length above, Fisher’s evidence is not. 

These distinguishing factors discussed in Ferrara as substantiating application of the narrow exception in Brady v.

United States are simply not present in the case at bar. And

without the lone support of the out of circuit authority in Ferrara, Fisher’s argument and the majority opinion collapse.

Indeed, Brady v. United States counsels that Fisher should be

28 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
held to his plea. See Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 755

("A plea of guilty entered by one fully aware of the direct

consequences . . . must stand unless induced by threats . . .

misrepresentation . . . or . . . by promises that are by their

nature improper as having no proper relationship to the prosecutor’s business." (emphasis added)) . 

The apparent lynchpin for the majority’s ultimate conclusion appears to be that, notwithstanding all the foregoing,

Fisher’s case is somehow distinguishable because it "centers

not on the government’s failure to disclose evidence, but

rather on its affirmative misrepresentations." Ante at 11. This

is a distinction without meaning which seems self evident

from the lack of any authority in the majority opinion to support its conclusion.

The distinction between misrepresentations and omissions

is a false dichotomy. In Ferrara, the prosecution was under

a continuing pre-trial obligation, pursuant both to the local

rules of that district and a continuing court order, to disclose

"all evidence within the government’s ken that tended to

negate a defendant’s guilt." 456 F.3d at 292 (emphasis in

original). The prosecution’s failure to disclose the exculpatory

evidence was, in that case, not materially different from a

false representation to the defendant that it had no exculpatory

evidence. See id. at 293 ("[I]t is fair to say that the government . . . impliedly promised that it would provide the petitioner with all exculpatory evidence."). Yet the Ferrara court

focused on the exculpatory nature of the evidence in question,

rather than on the fact that the government falsely represented

that it had complied with its disclosure obligations.

The majority’s reliance on the distinction, such as it is,

between omissions of evidence and misrepresentations of that

same evidence is simply misplaced. Courts have instead

focused the inquiry, quite appropriately, on whether the evidence goes to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. See,

e.g., Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 758 ("we have no

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 29
reason to doubt that [the defendant’s] solemn admission of

guilt was truthful"); Ruiz, 536 U.S. at 628 (describing a constitutional question concerning "a federal criminal defendant’s

waiver of the right to receive from prosecutors exculpatory

impeachment material" (emphasis added)); Matthew v. Johnson, 201 F.3d 353, 365 (5th Cir. 2000) (courts assessing

whether a defendant’s plea is valid may "consider such factors

as whether there is evidence of factual guilt"); Ferrara, 456

F.3d at 292 ("The evidence in question . . . was plainly exculpatory.").

Once again, Fisher does not contend that he is innocent of

the offense to which he pled guilty. Nor is there record evidence representing affirmative proof of his innocence. In

these circumstances, I am in agreement with the district court

that "a failure to allow Fisher to withdraw his guilty plea

would [not] result in a miscarriage of justice." (J.A. 136 (quotation marks omitted).)6

In sum, because neither Fisher nor the majority opinion

identifies the basis for, or the contours of, the undefined due

process right of which Fisher seeks to avail himself, Fisher

must be bound by his guilty plea, a "solemn admission[ ] in

open court that he committed the act with which he [was]

charged." Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. at 757. 

6The majority identifies one final basis for granting relief: that suspects

in other cases who discovered Lunsford’s misconduct prior to pleading

guilty were able to negotiate plea agreements with more favorable terms.

It would therefore be unfair to Fisher to hold him to his plea, which was

entered before he learned of Lunsford’s misdeeds. Ante at 15-16. 

This appeal to an undefined notion of fairness, however, is not tethered

to any authority whatsoever. It has nothing to do with whether Fisher’s

plea was knowing and voluntary, and is in no way indicative of whether

the plea was invalid. 

30 UNITED STATES v. FISHER
III. Conclusion

To be clear, I certainly agree with the majority that Lunsford’s conduct in falsifying the identity of the informant on

the search warrant was reprehensible. But our natural reaction

of extreme distaste to Lunsford’s criminal act does not instantaneously transform Fisher’s guilty plea into some form of

due process violation that permits him to now withdraw that

plea. Only a well-grounded application of settled precedent

would permit such an extraordinary result. With respect for

my distinguished colleagues, that indispensable factor is missing in the majority opinion. 

For all of the reasons discussed above, I believe the majority opinion errs in reversing the judgment of the district court.

Under either the traditional Brady v. Maryland framework, or

some form of claim under Brady v. United States claim,

Fisher is not entitled to the relief he seeks. The district court

did not err in denying Fisher’s motion to vacate his conviction

and sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. I respectfully dissent.

UNITED STATES v. FISHER 31