UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS
No. 22-5377
J AMES W. R ORIE , S R ., A PPELLANT ,
V

. D ENIS M C D ONOUGH , S ECRETARY OF V ETERANS A FFAIRS , A PPELLEE

. On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Argued June 13, 2024 Decided August 16, 2024) Tracy K. Alsup, of Beaverton, Oregon, for the appellant. James R. Drysdale , with whom Richard J. Hipolit , Deputy General Counsel for Veterans Programs; Mary Ann Flynn , Chief Counsel; Christopher W. Wallace , Deputy Chief Counsel; and Anna M Castillo , Appellate Attorney, all of Washington, D. C., were on the brie f for the appellee. Before ALLEN, TOTH, and FALVEY, Judges

. ALLEN, Judge , filed the opinion of the Court. TOTH, Judge , filed a concurring opinion. ALLEN, Judge : This appeal calls on us to explore the evolving area of judicial deference to the positions of adminis trative agencies. And if that is not enough alone to entice one to read on, we will also consider how recent changes in th e administrative law landscape affect principles of horizontal statutory stare decisis. But we're getting ahead of ourselves. Appellant James W. Rorie, Sr., served the Na tion honorably in the U.S. Marine Corps from August 1967 to May 1970, incl uding service in Vietnam. 1 In this appeal, whic h is timely and over which the Court has jurisdiction, 2 appellant contests an August 19, 2022, Board of Veterans' Appeals decision that denied en titlement to an effective date before November 18, 1988, for service-connected tinea pedis. Our decision to day revolves around appellant's challenge to the Board's effective-date determination. Specifica lly, appellant advances two arguments for an effective date before November 18, 1988. His primary argument would lead to an effective date

1 Record (R.) at 20,548.

2 See 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a), 7266(a).

Case: 22-5377 Page: 1 of 21 Filed: 08/16/20242 of August 5, 1985. The second argume nt would afford appellant an effective date of November 6, 1987. We first preview appellant's claim that he is en titled to an effective date in 1985 for service connection for tinea pedis. In this regard, be fore March 2015, VA accepted informal claims and, as particularly relevant here, allowed a report of an examination by a VA medical professional to serve as an informal claim if certain criteria set forth in 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) were met. 3 In Pacheco v. Gibson , 4 the en banc Court interp reted § 3.157(b), and held, in pertinent part, that the regulation applied only in situations in which a claim was previously "disallowed for the reason that the disability was not compensable in degree." 5 We will return to § 3.157(b) and Pacheco below. For now, the key point is that appellant maintains that he is entitled to an effective date of August 5, 1985, the date of a VA examination report that VA should have construe d as an informal claim to reope n his previously denied tinea pedis claim under § 3.157(b) (1985). But appellant recognizes that he faces a major problem with this argument. Namely, Pacheco forecloses his argument. And this is where we make our entry into administrative law. Appellant cont ends that the Court is no longer bound by Pacheco in light of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Kisor v. Wilkie

. 6 In Kisor , the Supreme Court revisited the circumstances under which Federal c ourts were to defer to the vi ews of administrative agencies when dealing with ambiguous regulations under the Supreme Court's precedent in Auer v. Robbins
. 7 In other words, appellant asse rts that because the Court in Pacheco employed a preKisor deference analysis under Auer to interpret § 3.157(b), we must reevaluate our interpretation of § 3.157(b) using a Kisor- compliant deference analysis. And he continues by insisting that he would be able to succeed on the merits if the Court were not bound by Pacheco and its purportedly overly deferential assess ment of § 3.157(b). This matter was referred to a panel of the Court to address appella nt's primary argument under § 3.157(b) and to decide, given Kisor , whether the Court's interpretation of § 3.157(b) in Pacheco remains binding precedent. As we explain in detail below, we hold that Kisor does not

3 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) (2012) (repealed by 79 Fed. Reg. 57,659, 57,696 (Sept. 25, 2014), effective Mar. 24, 2015).

4 27 Vet.App. 21 (2014) (en banc).

5 Id. at 20.
6 Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 7-8 (citing Kisor v. Wilkie , 588 U.S. 558 (2019)).

7 519 U.S. 452 (1997); see Kisor , 588 U.S. at 563; see also LaBruzza v. McDonough , 37 Vet.App. 111, 118 (2024).

Case: 22-5377 Page: 2 of 21 Filed: 08/16/20243 require that we revisit Pacheco. Shortly after we held argument in this appeal, 8 the Supreme Court overruled the Chevron doctrine that had outlined a framework for judicial deference to administrative agency's views of ambiguous statutes. 9 Significantly, the Supreme Court made clear that its decision did not upset earl ier decisions that had relied on the Chevron doctrine. 10 In other words, principles of stare decisis generally required courts to adhere to such earlier decisions that had been rendered under the then-required Chevron framework. 11 We see no principled reason that the same rule of stare decisis does not hold sway in the context of the Supreme Court's change from Auer to Kisor deference in terms of ambiguous regulat ions. And, as we will explain in detail, to the extent this Court's recent decision in LaBruzza v. McDonough proceeded along a different path, we conclude that it is i rreconcilable with the logic of Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo

. So, we conclude that we remain bound by Pacheco . And because appellant agrees he can't prevail under that precedent, we will affirm the Board's de nial of an effective date of August 5, 1985, for service-connected tinea pedis. This leaves appellant's alternate argument that he is entitled to an effective date of November 6, 1987, based on a statement he submitte d that he maintains s hould have been deemed an informal claim for tinea pedis under the law. This argument would not have required a panel because it is governed by existing law. As we expl ain, the Board applied the correct legal principles and its conclusion that the Novemb er 6, 1987, statement is not an info rmal claim for tinea pedis is not clearly erroneous. Accordingly, we will af firm the Board's August 2022 decision in full.

I. BACKGROUND In June 1970, appellant filed a claim seeking entitlement to service connection for "flat feet." 12 In October 1970, VA granted appellant servic e connection for bilateral pes planus and assigned a noncompensab le disability rating. 13 In March 1974, VA awar ded appellant a 10% disability rating for se rvice-connected bilateral pes planus , effective May 29, 1970, the day after

8 Oral Argument (OA), Rorie v. McDonough , U.S. Vet. App. No. 22-5377 (oral argument held June 13, 2024), https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=cfs_44-TPYQ&t=549s.
9 Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo , 144 S. Ct. 2244, 603 U.S. __ (2024).
10 Loper Bright , 144 S. Ct. at 2273, 603 U.S. at __.
11 Loper Bright , 144 S. Ct. at 2270-74, 603 U.S. at __.
12 R. at 20,551.
13 R. at 20,536-37. Case: 22-5377 Page: 3 of 21 Filed: 08/16/20244 appellant separated from service. 14 Roughly 10 years later, in August 1980, appellant underwent a VA medical examination and wa s diagnosed with tinea pedis. 15 In April 1983, appellant sought "re-evaluation" of his foot condition because of "increased pain/discomfort and a worsening skin irritation on [his] feet." 16 VA characterized appellant's request as one for an increased rating for servi ce-connected bilateral pes planus as well as a new claim for service connection for tinea pedi s. In July 1983, VA denied both claims. 17 In December 1983, appellant appealed to the Board and it denied service connection for tinea pedis in a March 1985 decision. 18 In August 1985, appellant was treated fo r a fungal infection of both feet. 19 In September 1986, appellant was treated for "tinea infection." 20 On November 6, 1987, VA received correspondence from appellant that stated: I am requesting a re-examination of my service-connected di sabilities for the purpose of obtaining an increased rating. The basis of this reques t for a higher . . . service[-]connected disability rating is due to a conti nual worsening of compensa[]ble related conditions previously identified. Past visits and treatments at [VA] medical facilities have been la rgely unsuccessful in curbing the pain and increased debilitati[on] [from] my servic e-connected disabilities which have been further exacerbated by growing older. 21 Roughly a year later, on Nove mber 14, 1988, appellant sent a le tter to VA concerning his tinea pedis claim. 22 Specifically, appellant inquired whether hi s tinea pedis claim could be "processed

14 R. at 20,404 (Mar. 1974 rating decision), 20,367 (Nov. 1974 Board decision). Judicial review was not available to veterans, and other claimants, who we re denied benefits at the agency level until Congress passed the Veterans' Judicial Review Act (VJRA) in 1988. See Pub. L. No. 100-687, § 402, 102 Stat. 4105, 4122 (1988).
15 R. at 20,088 (Mar. 1985 Board decision). A copy of the August 1980 VA medical examination report is not in the record but is referenced in the March 1985 Board decision. Neither party argues that the omission of this record is material and we don't see that it is.
16 R. at 20,179. There is nothing in the record to indicate that any development occurred between November 1974 and April 1983 with respect to appellant's bilateral foot condition.
17 R. at 20,162.
18 R. at 20,128 (Dec. 1983 Board Appeal ), 20,087-92 (Mar. 1985 Board decision). Judicial review was still not yet available. See supra note 15.
19 R. at 20,058.
20 Id.

21 R. at 20,075.
22 R. at 19,966. Case: 22-5377 Page: 4 of 21 Filed: 08/16/20245 simultaneously" along with a claim fo r service connecti on for hearing loss. 23 VA characterized the November 1988 letter as a request to reopen his claim for service connec tion for tinea pedis. In January 2010, the RO granted service conn ection for tinea pedis, effective March 1, 2007, based on VA medical ex amination findings. 24 Appellant contested the assigned effective date, and after three Board appeals and two joint motions for partial remand (JMPRs) at the Court, the Board issued a decision in May 2020. 25 The Board found that an effective date before November 18, 1988, was not warranted because "t he earliest date after the March 1985 Board decision that the [v]eteran expres sed an intent to reope n his claim for service connection for tinea pedis is November 18, 1988." 26 The Board also concluded that "there is no record of any evidence, to include any medical records or statements from the Veteran or his repres entative, being received by VA between the Board's [March 1985] deci sion . . . and prio r to November 6, 1987." 27 Appellant appealed that decision to the Court. In December 2021, we set aside the Board' s May 2020 decision and remanded the matter because the Board failed to consider releva nt evidence, specifically the November 6, 1987, statement, when determining the effectiv e date for appellant's tinea pedis claim. 28 We also declined to address appellant's argument ab out the application of § 3.157(b) because the argument was too underdeveloped. 29 The matter was returned to the Board. In August 2022, the Board issu ed the decision on appeal, e xplaining that the question before it was "whether a formal or informal claim is of reco rd at any time between March 14, 1985[,] and November 18, 1988." 30 The Board declined to appl y § 3.157(b) and largely focused on addressing the November 1987 statement. 31 The Board concluded that "[t]he most reasonable

23 Id.

24 R. at 16,869-71. Neither party explains the 22-year gap in the procedural history.
25 R. at 13,986-14,035 (Jan. 2015 Board decision), 12 ,845-52 (May 2016 JMPR), 12,551-77 (Nov. 2016 Board decision), 10,278-83 (Oct. 2018 JMPR), 7982-87 (Apr. 2019 Board decision), 3122-28 (May 2020 Board decision).
26 R. at 3128.
27 R. at 3126.
28 R. at 696-99.
29 Id

. 30 R. at 8.
31 The Board also stated that in May 20 22, Mr. Rorie filed a motion to revise a previous decision based on clear and unmistakable error (CUE), and one of his CUE arguments was that § 3.157(b) is applicable to his tinea pedis claim

Case: 22-5377 Page: 5 of 21 Filed: 08/16/20246 interpretation is that the N ovember 1987 letter does not express an intent to claim service connection for a new disability or reopen a previo usly denied service conn ection claim, but instead to claim an increased rating for his service-connected bi lateral pes planus disability." 32 The Board also stated that it was not clear whether appell ant's mention of "compensable related conditions" in his 1987 statement included a reference to tinea pedis. 33 The Board also discussed whether medical records dated between 1985 and 1987 satisfied the requirements of an informal claim for service connection for tinea pedis. The Board concl uded that the mere menti on of a diagnosis in a VA medical report does not establish the requisite intent to fi le a claim for service connection for that condition. 34 This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS Our analysis tracks appellant's arguments. We will first discuss appellant's principal argument that he is entitled to an effective date of August 5, 1985, relying on §3.157(b) (1985). 35 This argument requires us to evaluate a comple x threshold issue, namely whether the Supreme

based on 1985 and 1986 VA treatment records. R. at 7. The Board concluded that it would not address the veteran's CUE contentions because it lacked jurisd iction over the mer its of the matter. Id . Appellant does not challenge this finding. So, we deem any appeal as to it abandoned. See Pederson v. McDonald , 27 Vet.App. 276, 281-86 (2015) (en banc).
32 R. at 10.
33 Id

. 34 R. at 11 (citing Brannon v. West , 12 Vet.App. 32, 35 (1998)).
35 To the extent that the Board's earlier CUE finding, see supra note 30, could raise a question about the Court's jurisdiction over the § 3.157(b) matter, we conclude th at the Court has jurisdiction to consider the matter. See Kernz v. McDonough , 36 Vet.App. 372, 379-80 (2023) (en banc) (discussing that federal courts have an obligation to ensure they have jurisdiction to act). Although Mr. Rorie's May 2022 correspondence was unclear, his argument concerning § 3.157(b) does not appear to be included in the portion where he alleged CUE. Compare R. at 86-87 (stating that before the Court, he had asserted that because of 1985 and 1986 VA treatment records, 1985 or 1986 could be the appropriate effective date based on § 3.157(b)), with R. at 88 (later alleging that because of CUE, the veteran was not given (1) appropriate consideration for service connection for skin disabilities he claimed in 1973 and 1983; (2) the correct effective date for skin disabilities based on "the date his informal and/or formal claim was filed or for which he was eligible under VA rules as shown in the existing VA record at the time"; or (3) proper consideration under 38 C.F.R. § 4.118 (schedule of ratings for the skin)). It is true that in this correspondence to the Board, Mr. Rorie did not elaborate on his § 3.157(b) argument as the Court had directed, see Rorie v. McDonough , No. 20-6533, 2021 WL 6061896, at *2 (Vet. App. Dec. 22, 2021) (mem. dec.), nor did he identify which decision(s) he was requesting that VA revise. Still, Mr. Rorie's § 3.157(b) argument seems to be separate from his CUE allegations. And so, the Board appears to have mischaracterized that argument as being part of his CUE motion. And this is particularly true beca use Mr. Rorie had already raised this (albeit underdeveloped) argument to the Court, see Rorie , 2021 WL 6061896, at *2, and then reiterated it (although still underdeveloped) to the Board, see R. at 86-87. The bottom line is that we have assured ourselves that we have jurisdiction here.

Case: 22-5377 Page: 6 of 21 Filed: 08/16/20247 Court's decision in Kisor 36 requires us to revisit our en banc decision in Pacheco 37 concerning § 3.157(b)

. We conclude that Pacheco remains binding and, therefore, we will reject appellant's first argument. We will then turn to appellant's alternative argument that he is entitled to an effective date of November 6, 1987. Here, appellant relies on Shea v. Wilkie to assert that his November 1987 submission was an informal claim for tinea pedis. 38 We can't say that the Board erred when it determined that the November 1987 submission was not an informal claim for tinea pedis. So, we will reject this second argument and, accordingly, affirm the Board's decision. A. Earlier Effective Date—August 1985 1. Parties' Arguments Appellant presents two theories under which he believes that he is entitled to an earlier effective date of August 5, 1985, under §3.157(b). First, in his opening brief, appellant argues that he is entitled to an August 5, 1985, effective date because VA s hould have recognized that the August 1985 VA examination report was an informal claim to reope n his previously "disallowed or denied" tinea pedis claim. 39 Appellant continued to assert this theory in his reply brief. 40 Moreover, appellant asserts that the Court is not bound by our en banc decision in Pacheco that would foreclose his theory fo r an August 1985 effective date. 41 He maintains that Pacheco was based on a theory of judicial deference to an administrative agency's position that has been undermined by the Supreme Court in Kisor

. 42 He argues that the Cour t should interpret § 3.157(b) anew and, when it does so, he could prevail. 43 Appellant's second theory did not emerge unt il he filed his supplemental brief. There, appellant argued for the firs t time that he is entitled to an August 5, 1985, effective date for serviceconnected tinea pedis because VA should have re cognized that the August 1985 VA examination report was an informal claim for increase for his already "allowed" bilateral foot claim that he

36 588 U.S. at 558.
37 27 Vet.App. at 20.
38 926 F.3d 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
39 Appellant's Br. at 6.
40 Reply Br. at 5.
41 Appellant's Br. at 7-8; Reply Br. at 5.

42 Appellant's Br. at 8.
43 Id. at 10. Case: 22-5377 Page: 7 of 21 Filed: 08/16/20248 maintains encompassed his tinea pedis condition. 44 Appellant asserts that VA erroneously bifurcated his initial bilateral foot claim into tw o separate claims: one for bilateral pes planus and one for tinea pedis. 45 Appellant purports that he has always pursued his bilateral foot claim as encompassing both foot disabilities and he has "nev er brought a separate claim for tinea pedis." 46 During oral argument, appellant's counsel c onfirmed that appellant changed his position between the opening (and reply) br ief and his supplemental brief. 47 Appellant's counsel also explained that appellant was raising the "disallo wed" route only because of the way that VA had characterized his claims—i .e., purportedly erroneously bifurcatin g his foot claim into two claims. 48 Ultimately, however, appellant maintains that his claim for tinea pedis has always been "allowed" for purposes of § 3.157(b) because he submitted a single claim for a foot condition that VA bifurcated. The Secretary defends the Board's decision in full and urges us to affirm the Board's rejection of an August 1985 effectiv e date for service conn ection for tinea pedis. In particular, the Secretary relies on Pacheco , which he contends forecloses appellant's argument for a 1985 effective date under § 3.157(b). An d he maintains that nothing in Kisor undermines Pacheco , meaning that this panel remains bound by the en banc Court's decision about the meaning of § 3.157(b). There is one point about appellant's position th at we need to address further before we proceed with our analysis. Specifically, we must firs t consider whether it is appropriate for us to entertain appellant's late-raised second theory about why he is en titled to an A ugust 1985 effective date, a contention that he presented for the first time in his supplemental brief and then expanded on at oral argument. 49 We conclude that it is not. During oral argument, appellant's counsel agreed that the sec ond incarnation of appellant's argument was not fully developed in the opening brief. 50 We agree with appellant as far as he goes,

44 Appellant's Supplemental (Supp.) Br. at 10.
45 Id. at 14.
46 Id. at 10, 24.
47 OA at 8:32-9:16, 16:36-22:26.
48 OA at 10:43-12:00.
49 Maggitt v. West , 202 F.3d 1370, 1377-78 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
50 OA at 10:30-12:00. Case: 22-5377 Page: 8 of 21 Filed: 08/16/20249 but we also think saying that the argument was not fully developed is an understatement. In his opening brief, it is true that appellant states that "VA itself, treated pes planus and tinea pedis as one claim," citing a September 198 3 Statement of the Case (SOC). 51 However, this statement cannot be read to assert the argu ment appellant eventually advan ced in his supplemental brief and during oral argument. First, the argument appellan t raised in his supplemental brief and during oral argument was predicated on the tinea pedis claim as being "allowed" under § 3.157(b), 52 whereas the argument appellant raised in his opening and reply briefs was based on the tinea pedis claim as being "disallowed" under § 3.157(b). 53 Second, appellant's reference to his two disabilities being treated as one was only mentioned during his discussion of his argument seeking an effective date of November 1987 —not during his primary argu ment about an earlier August 1985 effective date. And if that is not enough, appellan t fails to explain why he believ es the SOC's description supports his view, when VA noted in the SOC that it was considering "[s]ervice connection for tinea pedis; increased evaluation for serv ice-connected pes planus." 54 The semi-colon between the two claims suggests that the two conditions were treated as se parate issues. What's more, VA appears to have properly characterized the condi tions as two separate issu es: service connection for a skin condition (tinea pedis) and an increased rating for an already service-connected musculoskeletal condition (pes planus). In sum, one simply can't say that the singl e reference in appellant's opening brief to the pes planus and tinea pedis claims as a single claim, would alert anyone that despite focusing on the "disallo wed" language under § 3.157(b), he was really developing an argument about the "allowed" language under that regulation. Th erefore, in simplest terms, appellant did not make the argument in his opening brief. It is well established that arguments not raised in an opening brief are forfeited. 55 Although the Court sought supplementa l briefing in this matter, it was for specific questions with the purpose of refining arguments that the parties had already made in thei r opening briefs. It was not an invitation for either party to rais e new arguments or theories of en titlement. Moreover, by changing course so dramatically, appellan t made it more diffic ult for the Secretary to respond. Appellant

51 Appellant's Br. at 14.
52 Appellant's Supp. Br. at 10-11; OA at 10:30-12:00.
53 Appellant's Br. at 6, 10-14.
54 R. at 20,149 (Sept. 2013 SOC).

55 Andrews v. McDonough, 34 Vet.App. 151, 159 (2021).

Case: 22-5377 Page: 9 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202410 essentially gave the Secretary a m oving target at which to aim. And appellant left th e Court trying to guess which theory he wanted us to consider when adjudicating his case—that is, should we consider his tinea pedis claim allowed or disallo wed, where the claim could presumably be only one or the other, but not both. Therefore, ex ercising our discretion, we decline to address appellant's second, late-raised th eory of entitlement to an earlier effective date under § 3.157(b), namely that we should address his claim as on e that has been "allowed" under the terms of § 3.157(b). Accordingly, in the ba lance of this section, we will focus on appellant's original theory—that the August 1985 report of examination should have been construed as a claim to reopen his previously "disallowed" tin ea pedis claim under § 3.157(b) (1985). 2. 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) (1985) As we have explained, appell ant asserts that he could be entitled to an August 1985 effective date under § 3.157(b). But that argument is a nons tarter under the en ba nc Court's analysis in Pacheco . So, the first step in terms of evalua ting appellant's argument is to is to decide whether we remain bound by Pacheco . If we are, that's the end of the matter. Appellant says Pacheco no longer binds us because of the Supreme Court's decision in Kisor . We reject that position, although it will take some explanation about why we reach that conclusion. While we ultimately will not need to inde pendently explore the meaning of § 3.157(b), it will be helpful to set the stage by briefly discussing that regulation as well as the Court's decision in Pacheco

. So that is where we will begin in this sub-section. In 1985, § 3.157(b) provided that [o]nce a formal claim for pension or co mpensation had been allowed or a formal claim for compensation disallowed for th e reason that the service-connected disability is not compensabl e in degree, receipt of [a report of examination or hospitalization by VA or uniform ed services] will be accep ted as an informal claim for increased benefits or an informal claim to reopen. [56] In 1987, § 3.157(b) was amended to sp ecify that the date of claim ba sed on a report of examination or hospitalization by VA is the date of such ex amination or admission to a hospital "when such reports relate to examination or treatment of a disability for which service[ ]connection has previously been establis hed or when a claim specifying the be nefit sought is rece ived within one year from the date of such examin ation, treatment or hospital admission." 57

56 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b) (1985).

57 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b)(1) (1987).

Case: 22-5377 Page: 10 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202411 In July 2014, the en banc Court addressed § 3.157(b) in Pacheco . The Court held that the use of a report of examinatio n as an informal claim to re open under § 3.157(b)—the mechanism appellant is attempting to use in the appeal before us today—is limited to situations in which a claim was previously "disallowed for the reason that the disability wa s not compensable in degree." 58 The Court concluded that § 3.157(b) was ambiguous. 59 Having done so, the Court proceeded to consider whether it should defer to the Secretary's interpretation of the regulation under the then-prevailing Auer doctrine. 60 Under Auer , a Federal court will defer to an agency's reasonable interpretation of its ambiguous regulation. Employing Auer deference, the Court held th at the Secretary's argument that the language regarding cl aims for increase in § 3.157(b) was paired with the language regarding claims that had been allowed, and the "language regarding claims to reopen is paired with the language regarding disability compensati on claims that previously had been disallowed for service-connected disabi lities being noncompensable in degree" was reasonable. 61 In a separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part, Judge Davi s agreed that § 3.157(b) was ambiguous but disagreed with the majority's opinion about the language pairings in § 3.157(b). Judge Davis too employed Auer deference principles. However, he explained that deferring to the Secretary's interpretation would render the 1987 amendm ent to § 3.157(b) supe rfluous. In short, Judge Davis concluded that the ambiguous language in § 3.157(b) should be interpreted in the veteran's favor. 62 As we explained above, appell ant recognizes that if the meaning of § 3.157(b) established in our en banc decision in Pacheco controls, he would not succeed. 63 Not surprisingly, the Secretary agrees. 64 This brings us to appellant's argument that we are not bound by Pacheco

58 27 Vet.App. at 30.
59 Id. at 26.
60 Id.
61 Id. at 27.
62 Id . at 36-42 (Davis. J., concurring in in part, dissenting in part). Appellant basically argues that he would prevail under a view of § 3.157(b), along the lines Judge Davis articulated in his separate opinion in Pacheco

. 63 See generally Appellant's Br. at 10.
64 See Secretary's Br. at 7-10.

Case: 22-5377 Page: 11 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202412 because that decision was premised on principles of Auer deference, principles that have been eroded by the Supreme Court in Kisor

. 65 Appellant's argument raises impor tant questions about how cha nges in the law dealing with the circumstances under which Federal courts defer (or not) to administrative agencies' views about the law should be employed to undermine existing precedent. As we explain below, we reject appellant's argument that Kisor requires us to revisit Pacheco merely because the Court employed Auer deference

. 3. Kisor does not require us to revisit Pacheco

. As we mentioned earlier, before Kisor the Supreme Court had dire cted Federal courts use the framework established in Auer to assess whether to defer to an agency's interpretation of its own ambiguous regulations. Under Auer , a Federal court must defer to the agency's interpretation of an ambiguous regulation so long as such an interpretati on is reasonable, unless that interpretation is inconsistent with the language of the regulation, is otherwise plainly erroneous, or does not represent the agency's considered view on the matter. 66 Relevant to this appeal and as we explained earlier, in Pacheco the Court used the Auer deference doctrine to interpret § 3.157(b). The Pacheco Court first explained why it concluded th at § 3.157(b) was ambiguous, and then it considered whether the Secretary' s interpretation should be afford ed deference because it was a reasonable interpretation of the ambiguous regu lation. The majority of the en banc Court concluded that deference to the Secret ary's interpretation of § 3.157(b) under Auer was warranted. 67 The Pacheco majority's reliance on Auer is the hook appellant uses to try to avoid the fatal implication of Pacheco for his argument. Specifically, he ar gues that the Supr eme Court's June 2019 decision in Kisor requires that we revisit Pacheco . In Kisor , the Supreme Court revisited Auer . While the Supreme Court did not overrule Auer , it significantly reshaped the law concerning how Federal courts determine whet her they should defer to an agency's view of an ambiguous regulation. 68 It may seem counterintuitiv e, but the details of the S upreme Court's changes to the

65 Appellant's Br. at 9-10.
66 519 U.S.at 461-62.
67 27 Vet.App. at 26-27.
68 Kisor , 588 U.S. at 574-575. The Court has previously described how Kisor clarified the Auer framework. See LaBruzza , 37 Vet.App. at 117.

Case: 22-5377 Page: 12 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202413 Auer doctrine in Kisor are not particularly relevant here. 69 The reason is that appellant argues that Kisor requires that we revisit Pacheco because that decision employed the Auer framework. If, as we hold is the case, Kisor does not require us to revisit Pacheco , we need not consider the details of so-called Kisor deference. To be clear, the essential question before us is whether the Supreme Court meant for Kisor to be applied only to future si tuations in which Federal courts confront an ambiguous regulation and an agency advances an inte rpretation of that regulation. Or, in contrast, whether the Supreme Court meant that in addition to such future use of Kisor deference, Federal courts would have to reconsider earlier decisions in which they had de ferred to an agency inte rpretation of an ambiguous regulation under Auer, at least to the extent of consider ing whether such earlier decisions comported with the spirit of the new Kisor deference. Appellant relies on this second possible interpretation to support his ar gument in this appeal. Unfortuna tely, the Supreme Court said nothing about this issue (i.e., future onl y vs. future and reconsideration) in Kisor

. The Supreme Court's silence in Kisor about how its deci sion would apply to cases decided under Auer was on display when our Court decided LaBruzza

. 70 There, the Court considered the very question we return to today, namely whether Kisor requires us to revis it cases that were decided under the Auer framework. LaBruzza concerned whether the Court remained bound by our decision in Cantrell v. McDonough , 71 which used an Auer deference analysis to conclude that the phrase "employment in a protected enviro nment" in 38 C.F.R. § 4.16 was ambiguous. 72 In LaBruzza , the Court stated that, given that Kisor , which clarified the framework for regulatory interpretation, was decided after Cantrell , "the Court concludes that to conform with controlling Supreme Court precedent we must revisit the ambiguity question." 73 And so it would seem that appellant is on solid footing that under LaBruzza we would be required to reconsider our decision in Pacheco interpreting § 3.157(b) because it was based on an Auer judicial deference analysis. After all, just as this panel is bound by Pacheco unless we are required to revisit the decision under

69 The Court describes how the Auer framework should be applied under Kisor

. See LaBruzza , 37 Vet.App. at 117.
70 37 Vet.App. 111.
71 28 Vet.App. 382 (2017).
72 LaBruzza , 37 Vet.App. at 117; Cantrell , 37 Vet.App. at 116.
73 LaBruzza , 37 Vet.App. at 119.

Case: 22-5377 Page: 13 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202414 Kisor, we are equally bound by Labruzza unless that decision had b een undercut in some way. 74 That is what horizontal stare decisis is all abou t. However, as we expl ain next, the world of administrative law changed dramatically since LaBruzza was decided. Indeed, it changed dramatically in the weeks after we heard oral argument in this appeal. And those changes suggest that LaBruzza 's approach to revisiting cases decided under the Auer framework is no longer controlling. On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court decided Loper Bright , 75 in which the Court overruled its landmark decision in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 76 For 40 years, Chevron provided the framework explaining when Federal courts were to defer to an agency's permissible interpretation of an ambig uous statute that the agency was empowered to execute. This is not the case to explore how the post- Chevron legal landscape looks. No doubt, the Court will have ample opportunity to do so in th e future. But the fact is, those details are not relevant to the case before us. However, Loper Bright provides important guida nce for us because in it the Supreme Court specific ally discussed how the change in administrative law that case creates should apply to existing decisions. Specifically, the Suprem e Court held that in overruling Chevron, we do not call into question pr ior cases that relied on the Chevron framework. The holdings of those cases that specific agen cy actions are lawful —including the Clean Air Act holding of Chevron itself—are still subject to statutory stare decisis despite our change in interpretive methodology. See CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries , 553 U.S. 442, 457 (2008). Mere reliance on Chevron cannot constitute a "'special justification'" for overruling such a holding, because to say a precedent relied on Chevron is, at best, "just an argument that the precedent was wrongly decided." Haliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc. , 573 U.S. 258, 266 (2014) (quoting Dickerson v. United States , 530 U.S. 428, 443 (2000)). That is not enough to justify overruling a statutory precedent. [77] So, what do we do given that Loper Bright answered the same generic question of administrative law and statutory stare decisis in a way that is at odds with how our Court approached the question in Labruzza ? As we will explain, we conclude that Loper Bright

74 See Bethea v. Derwinski , 2 Vet.App. 252, 254 (1992) (Court is bound by prior panel and en banc opinions, and "a panel or single judge may not render a decision which conflicts materially with such earlier panel or en banc opinion").

75 144 S. Ct. 2244, 603 U.S. __ (2024).
76 467 U.S. 837 (1984). See Loper Bright , 144 S. Ct. at 2273, 603 U.S. __,__.
77 Loper Bright , 144 S. Ct. at 2273, 603 U.S. at __,__. Note that we have elected to include in our quotation the cases on which the Supreme Court relied to reach its conclusion.

Case: 22-5377 Page: 14 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202415 sufficiently undercuts LaBruzza 's approach to revisiting existing decisions based on Auer . But before we explain why we reach that conc lusion, we pause to note two things about LaBruzza

. First, we do not hold that the LaBruzza Court was wrong at the time it decided to revisit a case decided under the Auer framework. As we stated, Kisor was silent on that issue and the Court did not have the benefit of the Supreme Court's guidance in Loper Bright . Second, nothing in our decision today calls into questi on the substantiv e holding in LaBruzza regarding the meaning of the phrase "employment in a protected environment." 78 LaBruzza 's rule on that question remains the law. Again, that is what horizontal stare decisis is all about. Let's return to why we conclude that Loper Bright informs us that we should not follow LaBruzza with respect to whether to revisi t cases decided und er the now-altered Auer framework. We have little guidance in our Court's caselaw about what authority a panel of this Court has to follow existing caselaw when it comes to precedent that has been undermined by a later decision from a superior court such as the Su preme Court or the Federal Circuit. 79 But we are not writing on a blank slate because other Federal appellate c ourts have addressed this question through rules often described under the rubric of a "p rior precedent rule." For example, in Troy v. Samson Manufacturing Corp ., 80 the Federal Circuit adopted the Ninth Circuit's prior precedent rule from Miller v. Gammie to determine how the Federal Circuit woul d decide if a prior precedent had been undermined by later developments. 81 In Miller , the Ninth Circuit held that a three-judge panel cannot overrule a prior panel's decision in light of subsequent Supreme Cour t precedent unless that prior decision was irreconcilable with that Supreme Court precedent. 82 In articulating this "clearly irreconcilable" rule, Miller held that "the issues decided by th e higher court need not be identical in order to be controlling. Rather , the relevant court of last resort must have undercut the theory or reasoning underlying the prior circuit precedent in such a way that the cases are clearly irreconcilable." 83

78 LaBruzza , 37 Vet.App. at 123-24.
79 Id. at 118-19.
80 758 F.3d 1322, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
81 335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th. Cir. 2003).
82 Id. at 893-94.
83 Id. at 900. Case: 22-5377 Page: 15 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202416 Just as the Federal Circuit did for assessing its caselaw under the prior precedent rule, we conclude that the Nint h Circuit's test in Miller strikes the right balance between the importance of stare decisis and adherence to now-existing law ar ticulated by a relevant hi gher tribunal. The test is strict enough that the benefits of stare decisis, such as provi ding clear rules fo r litigants and judges to follow, will not be discarded lightly. 84 At the same time, the test allows a court to avoid rendering new decisions that no longer are support ed by the then-extant legal landscape. So, we adopt Miller as the prior precedent rule for our Court. Applying Miller , we conclude that, to the extent that LaBruzza 's approach to revisiting a case after the Supreme Court's Kisor decision requires us to revisit existing precedent based on Auer , LaBruzza is no longer controlling b ecause the Supreme Court's Loper Bright decision is irreconcilable with that approach. We recognize that Loper Bright concerned the Chevron doctrine and LaBruzza addressed Kisor and the Auer doctrine. But Chevron and Auer were closely aligned. Both cases dealt with when and how a Federal cour t should defer to an agen cy's interpretation of an ambiguous controlling legal authority, a statute on the one hand, and a regulation on the other. Moreover, in both Loper Bright and Kisor , the Supreme Court significan tly altered the preexisting legal framework governing the de ference question. And finally, th e changes the Supreme Court wrought by overruling Chevron and significantly altering Auer present the same central challenge about whether the alteration s hould be forward looking only or be applied to upset existing precedent. The Supreme Court's reasoning for why its change to Chevron in Loper Bright should be applied only to future decision applies with equal force to why its changes to Auer in Kisor should be applied in the same way. Indeed, we are hard pressed to find a principled reason to apply a different rule for Kisor than what we are told to apply in Loper Bright

. We recognize that the "clearly irreconcilable" standard in Miller is a high one, but it is met here. There is simply no way in which we can apply that portion of LaBruzza concerning the treatment of existing pr ecedent, in light of Kisor, in a manner that is consistent with the Supreme Court's recent decision in Loper Bright . We reiterate that LaBruzza 's holding concerning the meaning of the phrase "employm ent in a protected environmen t" remains sound, and that the

84 In Payne v. Tennessee , the U.S. Supreme Court recognized the importance of stare decisis, specifically holding that "[ s ] tare decisis is the preferred course because it promotes the ev enhanded, predictable, and consistent development of legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial decisions, and contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process." 501 U.S. 808, 827 (1991). However, the Supreme Court also recognized that there are circumstances in which following governing decisions is "unworkable" or "practically impossible." Id. at 827-28. (internal citation omitted). Case: 22-5377 Page: 16 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202417 Court's approach to revisiting prior precedent in th at case was an adept effort to conform to the Supreme Court's decision in Kisor , which was silent as to whethe r its framework was to only apply to future situations, without the benefit of the Supreme Court's recent guidance in Loper Bright

. Considering the foregoing, we reject appella nt's argument that we are not bound by Pacheco and conclude that he has failed to demo nstrate that § 3.157(b) as interpreted in Pacheco entitled him to an August 1985 effective date. 85 Because Pacheco remains binding law—negating the threshold step in appellant's argument—we n eed not consider the remainder of appellant's assertions concer ning the merits. 86 Indeed, we are not allowed to do so because, to repeat, we are bound by Pacheco

. 87 Therefore, we will affirm the Board's denial of an August 1985 effective date for appellant's entitlement to service connection for tinea pedis. B. Earlier Effective Date–November 1987 Having rejected appellant's argument for a 1985 effective date, we now consider his alternative argument that the Boar d clearly erred when it determin ed that his N ovember 6, 1987, submission to VA was not an informal claim for service connection for tinea pedis. Specifically, appellant maintains that the Bo ard did not comply with the Federal Circuit's decision in Shea v. Wilkie

. 88 Appellant asserts that in hi s November 6, 1987, letter he "attempted to re -raise the claims denied by the March 1984 [B]oard de cision" and his intent was "clearly identified in the documents surrounding" that letter. 89 Appellant also contends that he was referring to his pr eviously denied tinea pedis claim when he used the phrase "compensable related conditions previously identified," because he has always treated his pes planus and tinea pedis claims as one claim. Our review of the Board's decision belies appellant's assertions.

85 See Hilkert v. West , 12 Vet.App. 145, 151 (2004) (en banc), aff'd per curiam , 232 F.3d 908 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (table).
86 See Quirin v. Shinseki , 22 Vet.App. 390, 395 (2009) (" [T]he Court will not ordinarily consider additional allegations of error that have been rendered moot by the Court's opinion or that would require the Court to issue an advisory opinion.").
87 Although the Court will not consider the merits of Mr. Rorie's arguments concerning his "disallowed or denied" theory, we note that in his briefs Mr. Rorie appeared to c onflate VA's denial of service connection for tinea pedis with a claim that had been "disallowed for the reason that the disability was not compensable in degree," which is required under 38 C.F.R. § 3.157(b). However, during oral argument Mr. Rorie's counsel confirmed the understanding that appellant's tinea pedis claim had not been "disallowed fo r the reason that the disability was not compensable in degree." OA at 22:01-:26.
88 926 F.3d at 1368-69.
89 Appellant's Br. at 13-14.

Case: 22-5377 Page: 17 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202418 "[T]he essential requirements of any claim" include "(1) an intent to apply for benefits [and] (2) an identificatio n of the benefits sought." 90 In Shea , the Federal Circuit held that "while a pro se claimant's 'claim must identify the benefit sought,' the identification need not be explicit in the claim-stating documents, but can also be found indi rectly through examina tion of evidence to which those documents themselves point when sympathetically read." 91 Further, "in deciding what disabilities, conditions, symptoms, or the like the claim-stating documents are sympathetically understood to be identifying, VA must look beyond th e four corners of those documents when the documents themselves point elsewh ere—here, to medical records." 92 The Board's determination about whether a claimant filed an in formal claim is a finding of fact that the Court reviews for clear error. 93 As factfinder, the Board ha s the responsibil ity to assess and weigh the evidence. 94 We will reverse a fa ctual finding of the Board only when, after reviewing the evidence of record, we are left with "'a definite a nd firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.'" 95 For all its findings on a material is sue of fact and law, the Board must support its factual determinations and legal conclusions with a wr itten statement of reasons or bases that is "adequate to enable a claimant to understand the precise basis for the Board's decision, as well as to facilitate review in this Court." 96 If the Board fails to do so, remand is appropriate. 97 In November 1987, appellant submitted a stat ement in support of his claim that stated: I am requesting a re-examination of my service-connected di sabilities for the purpose of obtaining an increased disability rating. The basis of this request for a higher . . . service-connected disability ra ting is due to a continual worsening of compensable related conditions previously identified. Past visits and treatments at VA medical facilities have been largely unsuccessful in curbing the pain and increased debilitativeness of my service- connected disabilities which have been further exacerbated by growing older." [98]

90 Brokowski v. Shinseki , 23 Vet.App. 79, 84 (2009).
91 926 F.3d at 1368 (quoting 38 C.F.R. § 3.155(a) (2007)).
92 Shea , 926 F.3d at 1369.
93 Sellers v. Wilkie , 30 Vet.App. 157, 163 (2018), rev'd on other grounds , 965 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
94 See D'Aries v. Peake , 22 Vet.App. 97, 107 (2008).
95 Gilbert v. Derwinski , 1 Vet.App. 49, 52 (1990) (quoting United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co. , 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948)).
96 Allday v. Brown , 7 Vet.App. 517, 527 (1995).
97 Tucker v. West , 11 Vet.App. 369, 374 (1998).
98 R. at 20,075. Case: 22-5377 Page: 18 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202419 The Board considered whether the November 1987 statement was an informal claim for service connection for tinea pedis. The Board explained that even reviewing [appellant's] November 1987 statements as liberally and sympathetically as possible, the Board is unable to concl ude that [appellant] submitted an informal claim seeking servi ce connection for tinea pedis, and intent to apply for service connection for tinea pedis, a request to reopen a previously denied claim, or point to other evidence which could show intent." [99] The Board further explained that appellant specifi cally stated that he was requesting reexamination of his service-connected disabilities and made no mention of his tinea pedis or skin condition. Critically, the Board observe d that appellant was not service conn ected for tinea pedis at the time he made the November 1987 statement. 100 Additionally, the Board specifically considered Shea , concluding that "[u] nlike the facts in Shea , [appellant's] statement di d not point to any specific evidence to suggest servi ce connection was warranted." 101 Finally, the Board explained that the "most reasonable interpretation" of the November 1987 letter is that it expresses an intent to seek an increased disability rating for his se rvice-connected pes planus disability. 102 The Board also considered evidence surrounding the November 1987 statement and concluded that it only reaffirmed its conclusion that the November 1987 letter was most reasonably read as a claim for increase for his service-connected pes planus. And there is a plausible basis in the record for the Board's determination; specifica lly, the veteran himself in the November 1987 letter asked VA for an "increased disability rating" fo r his "service-connected" disability. 103 Further, contrary to appellant's asser tions, the Board's decision complied with Shea . The Board assessed appellant's intent and provided adequate reasons or bases for its conclusion that appellant's November 1987 was not an informal tinea pedis claim. Appellant cites evidence that he purports are surrounding doc uments that should have informed his intent in 1987. 104 However, the documents to which he points pre-date th e March 1984 denial of his claim for service

99 R. at 10.
100 Id.
101 Id.
102 Id.
103 R. at 20,075; see Gilbert , 1 Vet.App. at 53.
104 See Appellant's Br. at 14 (citing R. at 20,148-52 (Aug . 1983 SOC), 20,162 (Apr. 1983 rating decision).

Case: 22-5377 Page: 19 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202420 connection for tinea pedis. 105 Appellant never explains how statements in 1983 could possibly inform his intent in November 1987. We won't attempt to fill in the blanks. 106 The bottom line is that the Board's finding that the November 1987 statement was not an informal claim is not clearly wrong. S o, we will affirm the Board' s denial of a November 1987 effective date for appellant's entitlement to service connection for tinea pedis.

III. CONCLUSION After consideration of th e parties' briefs, oral argument, the governing law, and the record, the Court AFFIRMS the August 19, 2022, Board decision.

TOTH, Judge , concurring: A concurrence, it can be said, is where a judge agrees with ninety-eight percent of a decisi on but writes only about the two percent he disagrees with. That's certainly the case here, as I join Judge Allen's fi ne opinion in all but one respect. The two percent here, as it were, is the pr emise that our decision in LaBruzza v. McDonough , 37 Vet. App. 111 (2024) can be read as broadly supp orting the relitigation of coun tless decisions from this Court that relied on Auer deference. I read LaBruzza as more modest in scope and am bition. Tasked with interpreting the previously undefined regulatory phrase "in a protected environment," the Court in LaBruzza declined to heed analysis from Cantrell v. Shulkin , 28 Vet. App. 392 (2017) that regarded the phrase as ambiguous, on gr ounds that the methodology an d rationale undergirding Cantrell had been disavowed by intervening Supreme Court preceden t. This is perfectly sensible: it's hard to view Cantrell 's ambiguity ruling as binding on all future panels when such determinations are normally inchoate predicates of ultimate rulings recognizing an o fficial interpretation. Faced with a still-undefined regulatory phrase, LaBruzza recognized that the meth odology of the inquiry it was tasked to perform had been recast in fund amental ways by the Supreme Court's decision in Kisor v. Wilkie , 588 U.S. 558 (2019). In resuming the unfin ished task of assi gning an official interpretation to the phrase, the Court merely revisited predicate findings that were no longer

105 See R. at 20,148-152 (Aug. 1983 SOC), 20,162 (Apr. 1983 rating decision).
106 See Coker v. Nicholson , 19 Vet.App. 439, 442 (2006) (per curiam) ("The Court requires that an appellant plead with some particularity the allegation of error so that th e Court is able to review and assess the validity of the appellant's arguments."), vacated on other grounds sub nom. Coker v. Peake , 310 F. App'x 371 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (per curiam order); see also Locklear , 20 Vet.App. at 416.

Case: 22-5377 Page: 20 of 21 Filed: 08/16/202421 tenable in light of inte rvening precedent from the Supreme Court about how deference functions. Nothing in LaBruzza , however, proposes that longstanding regulatory definitions set out in decisions such as Pacheco v. Gibson , 27 Vet. App.21 (2014) are up for grabs.

Case: 22-5377 Page: 21 of 21 Filed: 08/16/2024