Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

DISSENTING OPINION

No. 04-18-00635-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF E.F., J.P.V., V.J.V., and R.J.V., Children

From the 225th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2017-PA-01049

Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Judge Presiding1

Opinion by: Beth Watkins, Justice

Dissenting Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Beth Watkins, Justice

Delivered and Filed: May 22, 2019

I respectfully dissent. I would reverse and render an order denying the Department’s 

request for termination because there is legally insufficient evidence that termination is in the 

children’s best interest. I begin, however, with expressing my concerns about the proceedings in 

this case. 

CONCERNING PROCEEDINGS IN THIS CASE

I am encouraged by the shift in making mental health awareness a priority by our two 

higher courts2 and state legislature. But I express my concerns to emphasize our work as members 

 1 The Honorable Peter Sakai is the presiding judge of the 225th District Court, Bexar County, Texas. The order of 

termination was signed by the Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Associate Judge. 

2 See TEX.JUD. COMM. ON MENTAL HEALTH – About Us Commissioners, http://texasjcmh.gov/about-us/comissioners

(last visited May 9, 2019) (noting the commission is co-chaired by Justice Jeff Brown and Judge Barbara Hervey). 
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of the judiciary and society is far from over when it comes to eliminating the innate bias against 

those who are mentally ill. 

A. Although perhaps unintentional, the record discloses an underlying, innate bias against 

those with mental illness. 

As shown by the record, appellant has been medically diagnosed with bipolar disorder that 

at times causes her to pull out her hair. She explained this condition leaves her with bald spots, so 

she shaves her head. It is undisputed appellant proactively and effectively manages her condition 

with medication, counseling, and a therapy dog. But in explaining its decision to terminate 

appellant’s parental rights, the trial court brought attention to appellant’s bipolar disorder: 

I think the one thing to keep in mind here is there’s a lot of things in the law 

that are significant here. There’s a case: In RE ALM, 300 S.W.3d 9143 that has a 

quote I think is pretty important. 

“The needier the . . . child, the more able the parent must be.”

The trial court then noted appellant’s bipolar disorder and further stated:

There’s nothing wrong with that, and the disability she receives and she’s 

managing it. But then it’s hard to say that three children should be part of this

when they’ve been through so much. 

The shaving of the head. I understand the hair thing, but these 

things . . . affect . . . children. I’m looking at [V.J.V.]. And again, I’m reading from 

the CASA report.

“When his mother shaved her head, it deeply affected him. He could not 

participate for the first 20 minutes of the visit, because he could not stop crying.”

That’s the CASA report. These things have [e]ffects on children and best 

interest. So one would say that you don’t have permanency for these children, so 

why discontinue the relationship with mother.

Well, because I don’t know that there will be progression or see any hope for 

progression. And I have, you know, a 14, 12, and nine year old, and I’m not going

to give up on them. (emphasis added). 

However, the Department’s caseworker Dietra Marquez testified one child takes 

psychotropic medication but the children have no “specialized medical needs,” and there is no 

 3 In re A.L.M. involved termination of a parent’s rights based on “a parent’s mental illness or deficiency and the 

resulting inability to meet the child’s mental, physical, and emotional needs.” 300 S.W.3d 914, 915 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2009, no pet.) (citing TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.003). 
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evidence showing appellant is not “able” as a parent. It is undisputed appellant made significant 

strides to manage her bipolar disorder, and her visits with her children “go well” and are

“appropriate.” The trial court’s remarks suggest that merely having bipolar disorder and a shaved 

head makes a parent less able, makes children “needier,” or both, and so much so that depriving a 

parent and her children of a relationship is warranted.

Marquez also testified at trial: 

So my concern would be if something were to happen to the dog, especially 

because the dog is often left off of the leash when she’s on her property, then what

happens next? If the dog were to be hit by a car, would she still be able to perform 

these daily functions and would she be able to care for her children in the absence 

of a dog?

The Department reiterates this speculative concern in its argument on appeal. The trial court’s 

comments and the Department’s lack of understanding raise serious concerns and are inconsistent 

with the should-be-intended goal of reunification. More importantly, however, innate biases might 

have played a role in the termination of the appellant’s parental rights. See Nicole E. Negowetti, 

Navigating the Pitfalls of Implicit Bias: A Cognitive Science Primer for Civil Litigators, 4 ST.

MARY’S J. LEGAL MAL. & ETHICS 278, 284 (2014) (stating judges are human beings susceptible to 

having implicit biases).

When a parent with a diagnosed mental health condition undisputedly manages her 

condition proactively and effectively, the mere existence of the mental health diagnosis should 

play no role in a trial court’s decision to terminate a parent’s rights. In re G.C., No. 02-17-00259-

CV, 2018 WL 547784, at *20 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 25, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) 

(“[M]ental illness alone is not a basis for terminating the parent-child relationship”). Of course, if 

a parent does not accept her diagnosis or does not seek treatment, such a refusal may be considered 

in determining whether the parent–child relationship should be terminated. See, e.g., TEX. FAM.

CODE 161.003. Here, however, the trial court ignored undisputed evidence establishing appellant 
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manages her condition proactively and effectively and it expressly relied on appellant’s mental 

health diagnosis as a reason for terminating her parental rights. 

B. The trial court should not have relied on facts not in evidence.

It is gravely concerning that—on the record—the trial court expressly relied on facts not 

in evidence to terminate appellant’s parental rights. The trial court directly read from a CASA 

report, revealing the trial court considered the statements in the filings for their truth. However, 

this court has repeatedly stated, and the majority correctly states again, a trial court “may not take 

judicial notice of the truth of the allegations in its records.” In re J.E.H., 384 S.W.3d 864, 869 

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, no pet.). By violating this rule, the trial court denied appellant her 

clearly established due process rights and impaired the integrity of the court’s truth-seeking 

function. See TEX. R. EVID. 102; In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007). 

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, appellate courts indulge a legal fiction 

that the factfinder actually considered only the evidence admitted at trial—even when, as here, the 

record affirmatively shows the factfinder improperly considered facts not in evidence. Cf. In re 

W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d 716 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam) (precluding courts of appeals from “look[ing]

to any comments that the judge may have made at the conclusion of a bench trial” as forming a 

basis for the judgment). As I view the record, the only way the trial court could have reasonably 

reached its decision to terminate appellant’s parental rights is by improperly considering the 

contents of court filings for their truth. It is particularly concerning in this case because other

factual allegations in court filings were contradicted by undisputed evidence at trial. 

The trial court’s express reliance on facts not in evidence underscores the need for better

efforts to protect parents’ due process rights. In some termination proceedings, such as the 

underlying case, the trial court must consider evidence and make factfindings on various pretrial 

matters that significantly overlap with disputed fact issues to be decided at trial. Understandably 
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so, it is challenging for a trial court that has made pretrial factual determinations to disregard all 

prior proceedings at a trial on the merits. But when a trial court acts as a factfinder at trial and at 

pretrial hearings involving related factual disputes, the trial court should make extraordinary 

efforts to consider only the evidence admitted at trial. This challenge was not met in this case. 

C. The Department’s strongest evidence at trial was inadmissible hearsay.

The strongest evidence presented at trial was that appellant (1) on one occasion a year and 

a half before trial, left the children unattended at the Haven for Hope shelter; and (2) tested positive 

for drugs in March 2018. Without the evidence of these two facts, there would be no question that 

the evidence is legally insufficient to permanently sever the parent–child relationship between 

appellant and her children.

The only evidence about the children being dirty and urinating in cups at Haven for Hope 

was the testimony of caseworker Marquez. Marquez’s testimony was not based on personal 

knowledge, but on statements contained in an affidavit sworn to by a different caseworker, 

Boryana Trautmann. Trautmann’s affidavit states “shelter staff informed” her of many of the facts 

included in the affidavit. The record appears to show Marquez’s testimony was hearsay, if not 

double hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID. 801–03. Trial counsel did not object to Marquez’s testimony. 

During direct examination, Marquez testified appellant’s only drug test, a “UA,” came back 

negative, but appellant had missed a random drug test, and hair follicle testing was unavailable 

because appellant had shaved her head. On cross-examination, appellant’s trial counsel elicited 

Marquez’s testimony about the positive hair follicle drug test. Although Marquez’s testimony was 

responsive to the question trial counsel had asked, she did not explain the results and trial counsel 

did not object to the testimony being hearsay. See id.; In re K.C.P., 142 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.). 
Dissenting Opinion 04-18-00635-CV

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D. Conclusion

An extraordinary number of parental termination cases are filed in counties in this court’s 

jurisdiction. These cases are not easy for parents, children, the Department, attorneys, or the courts

because these cases involve fundamental rights of parents and important public concerns for child 

welfare. Although our primary concern is the children’s welfare, parental termination cases are not 

made easier when innate bias negatively influences how some parents are treated in court.

Looming deadlines and overcrowded dockets cannot justify shortcuts that undermine the truthseeking function of our courts. Protecting this truth-seeking function is just as crucial in cases 

involving a parent who has a mental illness.

INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE SHOWS TERMINATION IS IN THE CHILDREN’S BEST INTEREST

I generally agree with the majority’s recitation of the applicable law. However, I provide 

additional fundamental principles. First, the standard of review precludes us from disregarding 

undisputed evidence contrary to the trial court’s findings; doing so “could skew the analysis of 

whether there is clear and convincing evidence.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). A 

factfinder “may not disregard uncontroverted evidence.” W. Wendell Hall, Standards of Review 

in Texas, 29 ST. MARY’S L.J. 351, 482 (1998). Similarly, in reviewing the legal sufficiency of the 

evidence, we “must consider undisputed or uncontradicted evidence” and cannot “disregard the 

undisputed evidence.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

Second, in parts of its analysis, the majority focuses on “conservatorship.” But the 

Department’s burden was not to simply prove appellant should not have custody of her children; 

its heightened burden was to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, appellant should not have 

any relationship with her children whatsoever. See J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 614–17 (distinguishing 

conservatorship from termination). The evidence must therefore permit a factfinder to reasonably 
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form a firm conviction or belief that appellant should no longer be in the children’s lives as their 

mother, not merely that appellant should not have custody. See id. at 616. 

Third, “[t]ermination is a drastic remedy and is of such weight and gravity,” that 

“termination proceedings must be strictly scrutinized.” In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 112 (Tex. 

2014); In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980). We must strictly scrutinize whether the 

evidence is clear and convincing in support of termination. K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d at 112. Evidence 

can be “too vague to constitute clear and convincing evidence” to terminate parental rights. See In 

re C.C., III, 253 S.W.3d 888, 894 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.); see, e.g., In re K.M.J., No. 

04-18-00727-CV, 2019 WL 1459565, at *7–8 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 3, 2019, no pet. h.) 

(mem. op.) (holding testimony offered without any factual support was conclusory). Additionally, 

we cannot rely on evidence that requires speculation or piling inferences upon inferences. See 

K.M.J., 2019 WL 1459565, at *7–8; San Antonio Credit Union v. O’Connor, 115 S.W.3d 82, 92 

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, pet. denied). 

The majority primarily relies on the Haven for Hope incident, appellant’s drug use, and the 

housing issue. But, as explained below, the actual testimony is too vague and impermissibly

requires speculation and piling inferences upon inferences. I address each of these concerns in 

turn, and then consider the evidence of the Holley v. Adams factors. 544 S.W.2d 367 (Tex. 1976).

A. The Haven for Hope Incident

The evidence. Marquez testified the reason the children came into the Department’s care 

was because the children were left at Haven for Hope, and they were “very dirty.” According to 

Marquez, the children “basically were hiding in their room, because they would get locked out and 

[appellant] wasn’t around. They were urinating in cups so they would not have to leave the room. 

They attempted to call [appellant], and no one was able to reach her.” Appellant testified she had 

left the children at Haven for Hope to go to work, but did not make it back in time because her car 
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broke down. Marquez admitted on cross-examination that the Haven for Hope incident occurred 

“during the investigation stage,” so she “did not know whether or not” appellant’s explanation was 

true. She did not dispute appellant’s explanation or provide a basis for discrediting appellant’s 

explanation. Thus, appellant’s explanation is undisputed. 

Analysis. Marquez’s testimony is vague and does not support the majority’s suggestion that 

appellant neglected the children. Marquez testified “the children” came into care because “the 

children” were left alone. She testified only that appellant “wasn’t around,” but provided no basis 

to believe she intended to exclude E.F., who was seventeen years old at the time. Thus, assuming 

the trial court credited this testimony, appellant left the younger children who were thirteen, eleven, 

and eight with E.F., who was seventeen at the time. No evidence suggests appellant knew E.F. was 

unable to adequately supervise the three younger children while appellant was at work. Thus, a

factfinder could not reasonably conclude appellant neglected the children by leaving them entirely 

unsupervised or anticipated the children would get “very dirty” and start urinating in cups. 

The Department presented no evidence showing the length of time the children were left 

alone. Appellant’s undisputed explanation was that she went to work, her car broke down, and she 

did not “make it back on time.” The majority states the circumstantial evidence of the children 

being “very dirty” and urinating in cups “suggests” the children were alone for “a significant 

amount of time.” But a factfinder would be forced to speculate as to what length of time “a 

significant amount of time” was. No evidence provides a basis to suggest the children were left 

alone for such a long period of time that appellant’s explanation could not be credible. Instead, 

Holley requires us to consider the parent’s explanations for their acts and omissions, and our 
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standard of review precludes us from disregarding undisputed evidence. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266; 

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

4

In its analysis of the evidence supporting the trial court’s finding of a ground to terminate 

appellant’s parental rights, the majority characterizes this evidence as showing “the children were 

removed for neglect.” But while the evidence shows the basis for removal was alleged neglect 

under subsection (O), the evidence does not show—for purposes of the best interest finding—

appellant actually neglected the children or left them alone for an unreasonably long period of time 

under the circumstances. Cf. Garcia v. State, 367 S.W.3d 683, 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) 

(holding evidence insufficient to support endangerment of a child when “[n]o evidence show[ed] 

how long appellant had been outside with the child” in inclement weather). Because Marquez did 

not dispute appellant’s explanation, and no evidence indicates appellant actually neglected the 

children, the substantive law and our standard of review preclude us from weighing the Haven for 

Hope incident in favor of termination.

B. Drug Use

The evidence. Marquez testified appellant had a positive hair follicle drug test in March

2018. Marquez did not testify about the particulars of the results. But, as noted above, during crossexamination, appellant answered a question that assumed the results were positive “for meth” 

without correcting the assumption. Marquez also testified she saw a plate and a “makeshift pipe”

in “a closet” in appellant’s apartment, the plate had “distinctive lines,” and the pipe looked like it 

could be used for smoking. She further testified appellant had missed one random drug test, and 

 4 See, e.g., In re A.G.K., No. 04-16-00315-CV, 2016 WL 6775590, at *11 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 16, 2016, 

no pet.) (mem. op.) (excusing parents’ conduct when undisputed evidence provided a reasonable explanation); In re 

C.T.E., 95 S.W.3d 462, 464 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) (noting appellant gave “undisputed 

explanation for the assault . . . that it resulted from an argument he had with the children’s mother who he was trying 

to prevent from going into a drug place”). 
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had “shaved her head so no further hair follicles could be done.” Appellant denied using drugs and 

otherwise provided explanations. 

Marquez and appellant both testified appellant was in an outpatient drug program. 

Appellant testified without contradiction that her last appointment for the program was the same 

day as trial. Marquez testified she was aware appellant was being drug tested as part of her 

outpatient program, she was aware appellant’s drug test two weeks before was negative, and 

Marquez sent appellant to have UA tests, but Marquez did not know the results of those tests.

Analysis. Based on the positive drug test in March 2018, a factfinder reasonably could have 

discredited appellant’s testimony and explanations about the results and other suggestive evidence 

of any drug use. However, while the trial court found appellant used a controlled substance in a 

manner that endangered the children, it is undisputed the children were removed from appellant in 

2017. There is no evidence showing appellant appeared to be on drugs during any of her visits 

with the children, or did anything to endanger the children during those visits. The undisputed 

evidence establishes appellant’s visits “go well” and are “appropriate,” and the Department 

allowed appellant to continue visiting the children after March 2018. 

There is also no evidence showing appellant used drugs before the children were removed 

or in the children’s presence. Marquez’s testimony about the plate and the pipe is suggestive, but 

there was no evidence that “testing was conducted to confirm that [the lines] ...[were] in fact an 

illegal drug.” See K.M.J., 2019 WL 1459565, at *1. Additionally, Marquez did not give the date 

she found the pipe and plate in appellant’s apartment. Without this date, a factfinder would have 

to speculate as to whether the evidence of the pipe and plate was duplicative of the evidence

showing appellant used drugs in March 2018 or the missed drug test sometime after July. 

Testimony that requires a factfinder to engage in such speculation is not competent evidence of 

probative force. See id.
Dissenting Opinion 04-18-00635-CV

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Our standard of review also precludes us from disregarding the undisputed evidence that 

appellant was being drug tested in her outpatient program, had a negative drug test, and the 

Department made no efforts to determine whether appellant’s other drug tests were positive or 

negative. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. The majority notes appellant shaved her head, the 

Department was then unable to conduct hair follicle tests, and appellant “tested negative, but the 

test was a urinalysis test as opposed to a hair follicle test.” The majority suggests hair follicle tests 

are more effective than urinalysis tests, but no evidence was admitted at trial to support this

suggestion. Furthermore, this suggestion gives undue weight to appellant shaving her head because 

Marquez admitted she sent appellant to have UA tests, but never determined the results of those 

tests. The majority’s suggestion that urinalysis tests were inadequate is not based on the evidence. 

And, while the majority characterizes the evidence as showing appellant “failed to complete” her 

outpatient program, the undisputed fact we cannot disregard is that appellant’s last appointment to 

complete her outpatient program was the same day as trial. See id. 

Certainly, the evidence of appellant’s drug use weighs against appellant. But this is not a 

case where the evidence shows the parent is drug-addicted or had used drugs around the children 

or in a manner that endangered them. Thus, given Marquez’s admission that she did not determine 

the result of any of appellant’s UA test results, appellant’s negative drug test two weeks before 

trial, and the undisputed evidence that appellant had only one remaining appointment for her 

outpatient drug program, the evidence of appellant’s drug use weighs against appellant moderately, 

but not heavily. See K.M.J., 2019 WL 1459565, at *7. 

C. Stable Housing

The evidence. Marissa Mueller, a case manager for SAMMinistries’ housing program,

testified appellant had “been given some lease violations and a 30-day notice to vacate” by the end 

of the month, and appellant “received violations in regards to her dog, and also having 
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unauthorized tenants.” Mueller testified, “We are rehousing her in another complex.” She also 

testified appellant had “permanent supportive housing” assistance that provides “full rent and 

utilities while [appellant’s] in the program.” Mueller did not testify about any of the program’s 

requirements. She testified she did not “ever find out who the unauthorized tenants were.” Marquez 

testified about her observations of appellant’s apartment, but the trial court sustained an objection 

to that testimony. Appellant explained she collects discarded clothing when other tenants move 

out, she keeps the clothes for the children, and a woman named Cindy helps her clean the apartment 

and dishes. 

Analysis. The majority states, “Despite Mother’s contention, . . . Ms. Marquez found men’s 

clothing, including underwear, in the apartment . . . . Ms. Marquez also testified it appeared as if 

people had been sleeping in the twin beds designated for the children . . . The beds were pushed 

together.” But the trial court excluded all of this evidence: 

Q And to your knowledge, does mom have a roommate? 

A She states that she does not. However, there was men’s clothing found in one of 

the rooms. It looked like people had been sleeping in the beds that were designated 

for the children. The twin beds were pushed together –

MS. HANSON: Objection, nonresponsive. 

THE COURT: Just be careful. It’s getting a little narrative. Sustained.

(emphasis added). This court has held that in a bench trial, “testimony . . . not admitted as evidence 

before the trial court . . . cannot be considered in our sufficiency review.” EZ Auto, L.L.C. v. H.M. 

Jr. Auto Sales, No. 04-01-00820-CV, 2002 WL 1758315, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio July 31, 

2002, no pet.) (mem. op.) (op. on reh’g). 

Without this evidence, the only evidence raising a concern about appellant’s housing is that 

appellant received a “notice to vacate” due to lease violations of having unauthorized tenants and 

her therapy dog. The majority states, “A representative for SAMMinistries testified Mother was 
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being evicted from the apartment for, among other things, having unauthorized tenants in the 

apartment . . . . the eviction was imminent at the time of trial.” The majority also states there is a

“pending eviction,” suggesting there is a pending forcible detainer proceeding or a writ of 

possession has been issued. See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 594 (8th ed. 2006) (“eviction” n.). 

There is no evidence of a “pending eviction.” And, although the majority states an “eviction was 

imminent,” the undisputed evidence establishes SAMMinistries was rehousing appellant before 

the deadline for her to vacate. 

Mueller testified appellant received a “notice to vacate” for having a dog and “unauthorized 

tenants.” This is evidence of alleged lease violations, not evidence of actual lease violations. 

Appellant’s lease was not admitted into evidence. No evidence provided any factual details 

underlying the allegations of lease violations for “unauthorized tenants.” These vague allegations 

would be insufficient to support terminating appellant’s lease under a “preponderance of the 

evidence” standard. See Moon v. Spring Creek Apts., 11 S.W.3d 427, 433–34 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2000, no pet.). Thus, these vague allegations are necessarily insufficient to support 

terminating appellant’s parental rights under a “clear and convincing evidence” standard. See In 

re A.C., 560 S.W.3d 624, 630 (Tex. 2018) (“[A] finding that must be based on clear and convincing 

evidence cannot be viewed on appeal the same as one that may be sustained on a mere 

preponderance.”). 

There is no evidence showing the actual basis for the notice to vacate. Although the 

evidence supports a reasonable inference that the notice to vacate was based on the stated lease 

violations because Mueller testified there were no other violations, it is unclear whether appellant 

received the notice solely for having a therapy dog, solely for having unauthorized tenants, or a 

combination of both. The majority states “the evidence suggest she has issues staying within the 

mandates of her housing program.” But because Mueller’s testimony is so vague, I would not go 
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so far as to suggest appellant cannot maintain stable housing because her disability required her to 

have a therapy dog, or to suggest appellant displayed a propensity for committing lease violations. 

Furthermore, our standard of review precludes us from disregarding the undisputed 

evidence that appellant has permanent housing assistance through a SAMMinistries program that 

pays her entire rent and all utilities. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. The majority suggests appellant 

is at risk of losing her housing assistance through SAMMinistries, stating appellant “has issues 

with following program rules,” “will need to follow program requirements to maintain her 

housing,” and “has issues staying within the mandates of her housing program, which prohibited 

unauthorized tenants” (emphasis added). But Mueller never testified about the requirements of the 

SAMMinistries housing program. She testified appellant had “lease violations,” providing 

circumstantial evidence about the lease requirements. Without any evidence explaining the 

program or giving further details, the evidence permits an equally probable inference that 

SAMMinistries simply chose to rehouse appellant rather than dispute the notice to vacate. 

Mueller’s testimony therefore requires speculation that appellant “has issues” with following lease 

or program requirements. See K.M.J., 2019 WL 1459565, at *7. 

Because appellant is moving to a new apartment complex, the factor of “stable housing” 

technically weighs against appellant. But no evidence shows appellant’s new apartment would be 

inappropriate for the children, and undisputed evidence establishes SAMMinistries was continuing 

to provide appellant with housing assistance, and fully pay her rent and utilities. Thus, as a pure 

technicality, the “stable housing” factor weighs in favor of termination because appellant was 

about to move from one apartment to another. But given the lack of factual detail in Mueller’s 

testimony, and the undisputed evidence that appellant was to continue receiving full housing 

assistance through SAMMinistries after she moved, the weight of this factor is very slight. 
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D. Children’s Desires

The evidence. Marquez testified J.P.V. “requested to stay in care” and E.F. “stated that she 

is willing to stay in the SIL program.” Marquez did not testify what the “SIL program” is.

Analysis. The only evidence relevant to the children’s desires is Marquez’s above-quoted

statements. There is no evidence showing when E.F. and J.P.V. expressed these desires. This 

evidence is also mitigated by the undisputed evidence that, although the children were living at the 

Haven for Hope shelter when they were removed, at the time of trial, appellant had permanent 

housing assistance and was living in an apartment. See In re J.I.T., No. 01-17-00988-CV, 2018 

WL 3131158, at *17 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 27, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) 

(considering undisputed facts that mitigate evidence in support of a finding). And, there is no 

evidence of the other two children’s desires, rendering Marquez’s testimony insufficient to support 

this factor. In re K.F., 402 S.W.3d 497, 506 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) 

(holding this factor does not weigh in favor of termination when evidence shows only one child’s 

desires, but not others). 

We also cannot disregard the undisputed evidence that the children have a good 

relationship with appellant and appellant’s visits with the children “do go well” and are 

“appropriate.” And while the evidence of E.F.’s and J.P.V.’s desires to remain at their current 

placements relates to their primary residence, an issue of managing conservatorship, there is no 

evidence showing they had no desire to have any relationship with appellant, which is the relevant 

inquiry. See J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 614–17. This factor does not weigh in favor of termination. See 

id.; M.C., 482 S.W.3d at 688–89; K.F., 402 S.W.3d at 506. 

E. Current and Future Emotional and Physical Needs

There is no evidence showing the children have any unique emotional or physical needs. 

See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Instead, the Department’s caseworker testified the children 
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have no specialized medical needs, but J.P.V. is taking a single prescription. This factor does not 

weigh in favor of termination.

F. Current and Future Emotional and Physical Danger

Notably, there is a total absence of evidence that appellant ever physically or emotionally 

abused the children or subjected them to any physical or emotional danger. There is also no 

evidence that allowing appellant access to the children would place the children in emotional and 

physical danger. Although there is evidence suggesting appellant had used drugs several months 

before trial, there is no evidence appellant ever used drugs before the children were removed, 

attended a visit under the influence of drugs, or was using drugs at the time of trial. This factor 

does not weigh in favor of termination. See id.

G. Parental Abilities of the Individuals Seeking Custody

There is no evidence that anyone other than appellant and the Department was seeking 

custody of the children. See id. Marquez expressed no concern about appellant’s parental abilities. 

Appellant testified she had a good relationship with the children, and she described the children’s 

relationship with one another and what they each wanted to be when they grew up. And while 

there is evidence showing the children’s needs were being met in foster care, there is no evidence 

showing the children’s needs would not be met in appellant’s care. Our standard of review 

precludes us from disregarding undisputed evidence that in the year and half before trial, the 

Department had not yet found possible adoptive parents for the children, and appellant’s visits 

with the children “go well” and are “appropriate.” See id. Although Marquez testified appellant 

arrived late, she provided no details of how often appellant arrived late, or whether appellant was 

two minutes late or an hour late. Given the vagueness of Marquez’s testimony and undisputed 

evidence favoring appellant, this factor weighs slightly against termination. 
Dissenting Opinion 04-18-00635-CV

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H. Programs Available to Assist Appellant

Marquez testified appellant did not complete her parenting, domestic violence, and anger 

management courses, and the majority weighs this against appellant. While this evidence might 

support a finding of a ground for termination under subsection (O) for failing to comply with courtordered provisions of a service plan, there is no evidence showing appellant lacked parenting skills, 

engaged in domestic violence in any of her relationships, or had anger management issues. I 

respectfully disagree with the majority’s suggestion that it is against the children’s best interest if 

a parent has yet to complete courses, which the parent has shown no signs of needing. 

What is more significant is that undisputed evidence establishes appellant successfully took 

advantage of programs she did need. The evidence shows appellant had used drugs several months 

before trial, was living at the Haven for Hope shelter when the children were removed, and has 

bipolar disorder. But undisputed evidence establishes appellant proactively and effectively 

manages her bipolar disorder with medication, attends counseling, and has a therapy dog; appellant 

sought and was approved for disability income; appellant had successfully engaged in outpatient 

drug treatment up until the time of trial and had her last outpatient drug appointment the same day 

as trial; and appellant obtained permanent housing assistance through SAMMinistries. See J.F.C., 

96 S.W.3d at 266. Because undisputed evidence shows progression and appellant successfully took 

advantage of programs available to assist her where she actually needed improvement, this factor 

weighs moderately against termination. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. 

I. Plans for the Children

Appellant testified she wanted the children to have her as their mother because she was 

“the only one they have.” The Department’s plans for the children are to keep J.P.V. in a group 

foster home, and to continue seeking foster–adopt homes for the two younger children. There was 

no evidence that the Department found foster parents willing to adopt any of the children, or that 
Dissenting Opinion 04-18-00635-CV

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finding foster parents was even likely. Undisputed evidence establishes the Department did not 

find potential adoptive families for any of the children. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. Because the 

evidence establishes the Department sought to deprive the children of a relationship WITH the 

only parent they would likely ever have, and keep the children in foster care without parents until 

they aged out, this factor weighs slightly against termination. 

J. Another Factor—Financial Support

It is undisputed appellant has an associate’s degree in accounting, has been a licensed tax 

preparer for several years, renews her license every year, has several clients, earns between $350 

to $400 a week in income, has no rent or utilities to pay, and gave money to the children during 

visits. This undisputed evidence shows appellant has the ability and willingness to provide 

financial support to the children, whether they are in her care or in foster care. See J.I.T., 2018 WL 

3131158, at *18 (considering undisputed evidence of parent’s employment and education 

weighing against termination). This factor weighs slightly against termination. See id. 

K. Conclusion

There is no evidence of several of the most significant Holley factors. No evidence shows 

the children’s desires as to the specific issue of termination. There is no evidence of actual neglect. 

There is no evidence of abuse. There is no evidence of endangerment. There is no evidence that 

appellant could not meet the children’s needs. Appellant’s parental rights appear to have been

terminated because: 

 Appellant went to work on Mother’s Day in 2017, her car broke down, and as 

a result, her children were left alone for some unspecified amount of time, 

became “very dirty,” and urinated in cups; 

 the Department removed the children the following day based on a concern of 

neglect and appellant was required to comply with her family service plan 

requirements; 
Dissenting Opinion 04-18-00635-CV

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 after the children were removed, appellant used methamphetamine in March 

2018, and likely used drugs sometime after July 2018, and violated her family 

service plan by not fully completing all of her courses;

 Appellant got a therapy dog that, together with a dispute with her landlord over 

whether she had an unauthorized tenant, caused her housing assistance program 

to relocate her to a different apartment; and

 Appellant has bipolar disorder and shaved her head.

Considering the heightened standard of proof required to protect appellant’s constitutional rights, 

and the severe lack of evidence that is not conclusory, vague, or speculative, I would hold that the 

evidence does not permit a reasonable factfinder to form a firm belief or conviction that 

termination of the parent–child relationship between appellant and her children is in the children’s 

best interest. Even without the evidence against the finding, given the heightened standard of proof 

designed to protect parent’s fundamental rights, this evidence is legally insufficient to support

permanently severing a parent’s relationship with her children. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266; 

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

And, the undisputed evidence establishes the children are being deprived of their mother, 

who they have known their entire lives and with whom they have a good relationship. The children 

are facing the prospect of spending up to a decade in foster care without ever being adopted, and 

losing the financial support their mother is willing and able to provide. 

The fact the children’s mother has bipolar disorder is of no consequence here.

Because there is legally insufficient evidence showing termination of appellant’s parental 

rights is in the children’s best interest, I would reverse and render an order denying the 

Department’s request for termination. I would not disturb the order appointing the Department as 

the children’s managing conservator. Because the majority affirms the order of termination, I 

respectfully dissent. 

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice