| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures,      or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our      supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the      registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us      by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which      this report is beingprepared; |
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| (b) | Designed such internal control over financial      reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be      designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding      the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial      statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted      accounting principles; |
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| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's      disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our      conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and      procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on      such evaluation; and |
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| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the      registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred      during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's      fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially      affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's      internal control over financial reporting;  and |
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| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material      weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial      reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's      ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information;      and |
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| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves      management or other employees who have a significant role in the      registrant's internal control over financial    reporting. |
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