COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Benton, Elder and Clements 

Argued at Salem, Virginia 

MARLYN WAYNE FERGUSON 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0547-06-3 JUDGE JAMES W. BENTON, JR. 

 FEBRUARY 27, 2007 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY 

Charles J. Strauss, Judge 

 Jesse W. Meadows III, for appellant. 

 Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 The trial judge convicted Marlyn Wayne Ferguson of failure to appear in court. Code 

§ 19.2-128. Ferguson contends the evidence was insufficient to prove he “willfully fail[ed] to 

appear,” a statutory element. For the following reasons, we affirm the conviction. 

I. 

 Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, Hunter v. Commonwealth, 15 

Va. App. 717, 721, 427 S.E.2d 197, 200 (1993), the record establishes that Ferguson was convicted 

in 1996 for obtaining drugs by fraud in violation of Code § 18.2-258.1. Eight years later, on March 

8, 2004, Ferguson appeared before a circuit court judge for violating the terms of his supervised 

probation. At the hearing, the judge found that Ferguson violated his probation and revoked the 

previously suspended sentence. The judge re-imposed the sentence of confinement in prison for 

one year and six months, but delayed execution of the sentence for six months, retaining the same 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
 - 2 - 

terms and conditions of Ferguson’s supervised probation. The judge also “Ordered that this matter 

is continued until the August 2004 Term of Court at which time a date for review shall be set at the 

Docket Call to be held on the 17th day of August 2004, at 9:00 a.m.” Ferguson failed to appear at 

the August docket call and the September 1, 2004 review hearing that was set at the docket call. 

 Ferguson appeared for trial on a capias charging him with failure to appear in the circuit 

court on September 1, 2004 in violation of Code § 19.2-128. At the hearing, the trial judge took 

judicial notice of the prior orders and records in the matter. Ferguson’s attorney stipulated Ferguson 

was present at the March 8, 2004 revocation hearing and received sufficient notice. 

 Ferguson testified he initially maintained contact with his attorney following the March 8, 

2004 revocation hearing, but later experienced personal difficulties. Ferguson testified his parents 

died while he was incarcerated and he had no permanent place to live after his release from 

incarceration. Ferguson explained that he stopped taking his psychotropic and heart medications 

and that he “just gave up on life.” During this time, he “absconded” and did not contact his 

probation officer. 

 On cross-examination, Ferguson admitted he understood compliance with the trial judge’s 

orders meant he had to remain “charge-free” and keep in touch with his probation officer. Ferguson 

acknowledged he failed to contact both his probation officer and his attorney. He also said he knew 

he had to return to court but said he “wasn’t quite clear about the date” for the review hearing. 

Ferguson agreed, however, that he did not contact his attorney to learn the date of the review 

hearing or what was expected of him. 

 The trial judge convicted Ferguson of failure to appear and sentenced him to six months 

incarceration. Following the conviction, Ferguson moved to set aside the verdict, arguing the 

Commonwealth failed to prove his failure to appear was willful and to prove he received notice of 

the hearing date. The trial judge denied the motion. 
 - 3 - 

II. 

 On brief, Ferguson presents as the only question for appeal whether “the evidence was 

sufficient to prove . . . [he] willfully failed to appear.”1 The Commonwealth argues the trier of fact 

could infer from the evidence that Ferguson acted willfully. 

 Code § 19.2-128 proscribes crimes for “[a]ny person . . . who willfully fails to appear before 

any court as required.” Code § 19.2-128(B) and (C). The word “willfully,” as used in this statute, is 

to be given its customary meaning in criminal law. Hunter, 15 Va. App. at 721, 427 S.E.2d at 200. 

“In a criminal statute, ‘willfully’ ordinarily means designedly, intentionally or perversely.” Lambert 

v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 360, 363, 367 S.E.2d 745, 746 (1988). “Most obviously it 

differentiates between deliberate and unwitting conduct, but in the criminal law it also typically 

refers to a culpable state of mind.” Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184, 191 (1998). 

 We have held the “willfully” element of the crime may be proved as follows: 

“‘Any failure to appear after notice of the appearance date [is] 

prima facie evidence that such failure to appear [was] willful.’” 

Trice v. United States, 525 A.2d 176, 179 (D.C. 1987) (quoting 

D.C. Code § 23-1327(a)). When the government proves that an 

accused received timely notice of when and where to appear for 

trial and thereafter does not appear on the date or place specified, 

the fact finder may infer that the failure to appear was willful. 

Smith v. United States, 583 A.2d 975, 979 (D.C. 1990); Raymond 

v. United States, 396 A.2d 975, 978 (D.C. 1979). 

Hunter, 15 Va. App. at 722, 427 S.E.2d at 200. 

Ferguson was present with an attorney at the March 8, 2004 revocation proceeding, 

where the trial judge told him both that a review hearing would be held in six months and that 

 1

 At trial, Ferguson’s attorney stipulated Ferguson received notice of the hearing. In his 

motion to set aside the verdict, however, Ferguson asserted he did not receive notice. Though 

Ferguson discusses notice in his appellate brief, his question presented did not address notice. 

Furthermore, at oral argument, Ferguson’s attorney again “stipulated” that Ferguson received 

notice and relied solely on the argument that Ferguson’s failure to appear was not “willful.” In 

view of the stipulations and the question presented on brief, we limit our decision to only the 

willful issue. 
 - 4 - 

the date for the hearing would be determined at the August 17 docket call. Ferguson failed to 

appear at the docket call and at the later hearing. “[E]vidence that sequential orders had been 

duly entered of record providing for a date certain [and] notice of the trial date to that counsel of 

record, without more, establish[ ] a prima facie case” that Ferguson had notice of his review 

hearing date and nonetheless failed to appear. Id. at 723, 427 S.E.2d at 201. Thus, the trial judge 

was entitled to infer from this evidence that Ferguson’s failure to appear was willful. 

 Ferguson nonetheless contends the Commonwealth failed to “prove [beyond a reasonable 

doubt] that his failure to appear was knowing, intentional and deliberate.” He argues there was 

no evidence “of any attempts by the court, clerks or [his] attorney to notify [him]” of the 

September 1 court date. Ferguson further argues his failure to appear was not “willful” because 

the trial judge knew Ferguson had absconded from supervised probation when he set the date for 

the review hearing. The Commonwealth responds that by failing to contact his attorney, ceasing 

administration of his psychotropic medication, and absconding from probation supervision, 

Ferguson engaged in a course of conduct designed to prevent him from receiving notice of the 

review hearing. The Commonwealth maintains this conduct was sufficient to prove Ferguson’s 

failure to appear was willful. 

 In Hunter, we held a fact finder could infer beyond a reasonable doubt that an individual 

acted willfully when he purposely engaged in conduct to avoid being located and violated 

conditions of his release, while failing to appear when required. 15 Va. App. at 723-24, 427 

S.E.2d at 201. The evidence in this case is not limited merely to proof that Ferguson received 

notice. Ferguson testified he was aware of his obligations to maintain contact with his probation 

officer and his attorney. Describing his own conduct, Ferguson said he “absconded.” In other 

words, he acted in a deliberate manner to avoid contact. These circumstances provide a basis 

upon which the trial judge could have concluded Ferguson’s failure to appear was not due to 
 - 5 - 

inadvertence, accident, or mistake but, rather was willful. See United States v. Clemons, 676 

F.2d 124, 126 (5th Cir. 1982) (holding that the defendant’s “failure to keep his attorney advised 

of his whereabouts, his failure to contact his attorney, and his violation of the conditions of his 

release are sufficient to sustain a finding that [his] failure to appear at trial was willful”). 

 Ferguson’s claim that he could not have acted willfully because the hearing was set with 

knowledge he had absconded is meritless. The statutory element of “willfully” pertains to the 

state of mind of the accused. See United States v. Beidler, 110 F.3d 1064, 1069 (4th Cir. 1997) 

(noting that “willfulness concerns the defendant’s state of mind”). The relevant issue is 

Ferguson’s conduct and what inference can be drawn from it. 

 In summary, the evidence established Ferguson failed to appear at the docket call and the 

review hearing. He knew he had an upcoming review hearing, yet he failed to maintain contact 

with his attorney and failed to keep his attorney or the court advised of his whereabouts. Ferguson 

also knew maintaining contact with his probation officer was a condition imposed by the trial judge, 

yet he failed to do so and specifically testified that he “absconded.” The trial judge was entitled to 

disbelieve Ferguson’s unsubstantiated claim that his failure to appear was not willful. Hunter, 15 

Va. App. at 723, 427 S.E.2d at 201. 

 We hold the trial judge did not err in finding the evidence sufficient to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that Ferguson’s failure to appear was willful. We, therefore, affirm the conviction. 

 Affirmed.