[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-12094

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 4:12-cr-00006-CDL-MSH-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

WILLIAM D. JONES, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Georgia

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(February 18, 2015)

Before MARCUS, MARTIN and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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William Jones appeals his convictions for conspiracy to possess 

methamphetamine with intent to distribute, possession of a firearm by a convicted 

felon, and possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute. On appeal, he 

argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the indictment, 

because the delay before trial violated his right to due process and his right to a 

speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment. After careful review, we affirm.

Whether the government deprived a defendant of his constitutional right to a 

speedy trial is a mixed question of law and fact. United States v. Villarreal, 613 

F.3d 1344, 1349 (11th Cir. 2010). We thus review the district court’s legal 

conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. Id. We review a 

district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment for abuse of discretion. 

United States v. Wetherald, 636 F.3d 1315, 1320 (11th Cir. 2011). However, the 

doctrine of invited error is implicated when a party induces or invites the district 

court into making an error. United States v. Brannan, 562 F.3d 1300, 1306 (11th 

Cir. 2009); United States v. Silvestri, 409 F.3d 1311, 1327 (11th Cir. 2005) 

(holding that invited error precludes reversing even under the plain error rule). A

defendant can invite error by, for example, introducing otherwise inadmissible 

evidence at trial or by submitting an incorrect jury instruction to the district judge 

which is then given to the jury. United States v. Stone, 139 F.3d 822, 838 (11th 

Cir. 1998). “Generally, an appellate court will not review an error invited by a 

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defendant, on the rationale that the defendant should not benefit from introducing 

error at trial with the intention of creating grounds for reversal on appeal.” Id.

First, we reject Jones’s argument that the district court erred by denying his 

claim that pre-trial delay violated his right to a speedy trial under the Sixth 

Amendment. The record reveals that Jones agreed with the district court at the 

pretrial hearing that he was not prejudiced by any post-indictment delay, since his 

speedy-trial claim was based on the death of a witness who died before he was 

indicted. In so doing, Jones confirmed that his speedy-trial claim only involved

pre-indictment delay. However, “[t]he speedy trial guarantee of the [S]ixth 

[A]mendment does not apply to pre[-]indictment delay.” United States v. 

Lindstrom, 698 F.2d 1154, 1157 (11th Cir. 1983). As this record shows, Jones 

invited the district court to not review his claim based on post-indictment delay --

the only delay protected by the Sixth Amendment. Because Jones invited this 

error, we will not review his Sixth Amendment claim on appeal. 

We are also unpersuaded by Jones’s argument that the district court erred by 

dismissing his claim that the delay before trial violated his right to due process. 

The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment requires dismissal of an 

indictment if the defendant can show that pre-indictment delay (1) caused actual 

prejudice to the conduct of his defense, and (2) was the product of deliberate action 

by the government designed to gain a tactical advantage. United States v. LeQuire, 

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943 F.2d 1554, 1560 (11th Cir. 1991). Prejudice based on a loss of evidence 

requires that the loss impair the defendant’s ability to provide a meaningful 

defense. United States v. Solomon, 686 F.2d 863, 872 (11th Cir. 1982). The death 

of a witness may be enough to show actual prejudice if the defendant also shows 

that the lost evidence could not be obtained any other way. United States v. 

Corbin, 734 F.2d 643, 648 (11th Cir. 1984). 

In this case, Jones has not alleged that the government deliberately sought a 

tactical advantage by delaying the indictment. LeQuire, 943 F.2d at 1560. At 

most, Jones claims that the delay -- combined with the prejudice to him caused by 

two witnesses not testifying due to the delay -- gave the government a tactical 

advantage. However, simply gaining a tactical advantage is not enough. See id. 

As we’ve said, the tactical advantage must be the result of deliberate action by the 

government toward that end. Id. Because Jones has not demonstrated that the preindictment delay was the product of deliberate action by the government to achieve 

a tactical advantage, he is not entitled to relief. Id. Therefore, we affirm the 

district court’s denial of Jones’s motion to dismiss the indictment. 

AFFIRMED.

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