## Pest List for the **Importation of Fresh Fruit**  **of Common Fig**  **, Ficus carica**  **L., from Mexico into the Continental United States** 
**(Updated from 2001 Pest**  **Risk Assessment)** 

**September 2010** 

**Rev. 0 2** 

**Agency Contact** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 2 

## 1. **In troduction** 

This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in creating this pest list was to examine pest risks associated with the importation of fresh common fig fruit (Ficus carica) from Mexico into the continental United States. This pest list is commodity

-based or “pathway

- initiated” because figs are a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests

. This pest list is based on a pest risk assessment completed in 2001 (CPHST, 2001).



## 2. Pest list
This pest list (Table 1) includes pests reported on figs (in any country) and present in Mexico (on

any host). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generally affected plant part or parts, if the pest is likely

to follow the pathway

and enter the United States on commerciall y exported fig , and pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. We highlighted quarantine pests considered likely to follow the pathway with a gray

background ( Table 1 ), and summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecos ys tems, but were not subjected to further anal ys is for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity ; may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonabl y remain with the commodity

during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments. Insome cases below, we have used “N/A” for ‘Not applicable’ for information in columns for some non

- quarantine pests. Because such pests are not regulated, we do not need to know whether or not they follow the p athway, for example.

**Table 1.** Pests associated with fig ( Ficus carica ) any

where in the world which are present in Mexico on any host. Pest **Geographic distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine Pest Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **References**

**ARTHROPODS AC**  **ARI Tarsonemidae**  Tarsonemus sp. MX No L No PestID, 2009 **Tenuipalpidae** Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) MX, US No F, L, S Yes Jeppson et al., 1975
**Tetranychidae** Eotetranychus lewisi (McGregor) MX, US No L No Tuttle et al., 1976

1 AZ = Arizona, CA = California, FL = Florida, HI = Hawaii, MX = Mexico, TX = Texas, US = United States 2 Plant p art: F = fruit, I = inflorescence, L = leaves, F = fruit, R = root, S = stemPest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 3 Pest **Geographic distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine Pest Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **References**
Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) MX, US No L No Tovar et al., 1995
Tetranychus pacificus McGregor MX, US No L No CABI, 2007 Tetranychus urticae Koch MX, US No L No Tovar et al., 1995 **INSECTA Coleoptera**  **: Cerambycidae**  Ptychodes trilineatus L. MX Yes S No Chemsak and Linsley, 1982 ; Martell, 1981 **Coleoptera :**  **Chrysomelidae** Metachroma sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2009 ; Arnett, 2000 Myochrous sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2009 ; Arnett, 2000 **Coleoptera :**  **Lyctidae** Lyctus planicollis LeConte 3 MX, US No S No Tovar et al., 1995 ; Arnett, 2000 **Coleoptera :**  **Melolonthidae** Phyllophaga sp. Harris MX, US (TX) [Yes] L, R No CABI, 2007
**Coleoptera :**  **Platypodidae** Platypus parallelus F. MX, US (FL, TX) No S No Borror et al., 1989 ; Tovar et al., 1995 ; Atkinson and Peck, 1994 **Coleoptera :**  **Scolytidae** Xyleborus volvulus F. MX, US (FL) No S No Borror et al., 1989 ; Tovar et al., 1995 ; CABI, 2007 **Coleoptera :**  **Tenebrionidae** Blapstinus fuliginosus Casey MX No F Yes Arnett, 1983 Blapstinus sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2010 ; Arnett, 2000 Systena sp. MX, US No F Yes Arnett, 1983 ; Arnett, 2000 ; PestID, 2010 **Diptera :**  **Tephritidae** Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann MX Yes F Yes Norrbom, 2004

Anas trepha ludens (Loew) MX Yes F Y es CABI, 2007; van Sauers

Muller, n.d. ; Weems, 2003, Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) MX Yes F Y es CAB I , 2010; Shaw 1947; Weems, 2001 Ceratitis capita ta Wiedemann MX, US (HI) Yes F Yes Risk Analysi s Systems, 2002 ; CABI, 2007 ; White and Elston

-Harris, 1992 **Hemiptera :**  **Largidae** Stenomacra marginella Martell MX, US (CA, AZ) No I, F, L, S No Henry and Froeschner, 1988 ; Tovar et al., 1995 **Hemiptera :**  **Aleyrodidae** Tetraleurodes sp. MX, US No L No PestID, 2010 ; Arnett, 2000

3 Tovar, et al. ( 1995 ) lists this organism as a pest of Ficus spp.Pest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 4 Pest **Geographic distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine Pest Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **References**
**Hemiptera :**  **Aphididae** Aphis craccivora Koch MX, US No L No Blackman and Eastop, 2000 Aphis gossypii Glover MX, US No L No Blackman and Eastop, 2000 Toxoptera aurantii (B. de Fonscolombe) MX, US No I, L, S No Kranz et al., 1977
**Hemiptera :**  **Asterolecaniidae** Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell MX, US No (F), L, S Yes CABI, 2007 ; Hamon, 1977
**Hemiptera :**  **Coccidae** Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock MX, US No L, S No CABI, 2007
Parasaissetia nigra Nietner MX, US No L No CABI, 2007 Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) MX, US No L, S No CABI, 2007

Pulvinaria sp. MX, US No L, S Yes Tovar et al., 1995 ; Arnett, 2000 Saissetia coffeae (Walker) MX, US No L, S No Kranz et al., 1977 Saissetia oleae (Olivier) MX, US No L, S No Hill, 1983 **Hemipter a**  **: Diaspididae**  Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) MX, US (AZ, CA, FL, TX) No S, L, F Yes CABI, 2007

Aonidiella citrina (Coquillet) MX, US (CA, FL, TX) No F, L, S Yes CABI, 2007

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) MX, US (FL) No L, S, F Yes CABI, 2007 Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) MX, US No L No CABI, 200 7 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) MX, US No S, L, F Yes CABI, 2007 Hemiberlesia sp. MX, US No L, S, F Yes CABI, 2007 Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) MX, US No S, F, L Yes CABI, 2007 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) MX, US (CA, FL) No L, S, F Yes CABI, 2007
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) MX, US (FL) No F , I, L, S Yes PestID, 2010 ; Miller, 1985 ; Miller, 1997; Nakahara, 1982 Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) MX, US No L No Kranz et al., 1977
**Hemiptera :**  **Flatidae** Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) MX, US No L, S No CABI, 2007 **Hemiptera :**  **Pseudococcidae** Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) MX, US (CA, FL) [Yes] L, S, F Yes CABI, 2007
Nipaec occus nipae Maskell MX, US (CA, FL, LA) No L, F, S No CABI, 2007
Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) MX Yes Br, L, F Yes CABI, 2007 Planococcus citri (Risso) MX, US No F, I, L Yes Kranz et al., 1977Pest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 5 Pest **Geographic distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine Pest Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **References**

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) MX, US No F, L, S Yes CABI, 2007
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni

- Tozzetti) MX, US No F, L, S Yes Spiller and Wise, 1982

Puto sp. 4 MX Yes F, L, S Yes PestID, 2010 **Hymenoptera :**  **Formicidae** Crematogaster sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2009 ; Arnett, 2000 **Lepidoptera :**  **Pyralidae** Azochis gripusalis Walker MX Yes S No Zhang, 1994 Cadra figulilella Gregson MX, US No F Yes Zhang, 1994 **Lepidoptera :**  **Sphingidae** Pachylia syces Huber MX Yes S, L No Zhang, 1994 ; Figueiredo and Queiroz, 1993 **Thysanoptera :**  **Phlaeothripidae** Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal MX, US No L No CABI, 2007 **Thysanoptera :**  **Thripidae** Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) MX, US No L, F Yes CABI, 2007

**BACT ERIA**  Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001 [syn: Agrobacterium tumefaciens Conn. ] (Proteobacteria: Rhizobiales) MX, US No R, S No CABI, 1998 ; CABI, 2007

**FUNGI Oomycetes**  Phytopthora cinnamomi Rands [syn. P. citrophthora (Sm.& Sm.) Leonian] MX, US No R No CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 1998 ; Farr, et al., 1989
Phytophthora palmivora Butler MX, US No F, R Yes CABI, 200 7 ; Chessa, 1997; CABI, 1998 ; Farr, et al.,1989 Pythium apahnidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. MX, US No R No CABI, 2007 , Farr and Rossman, 2010 Pythium ultimum Trow MX, US No R No CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 1998 **Ascomycetes** Acremonium zonatum (Sawada) W. Gams [Syn. Cephalosporiu m zonatum Zawada] MX, US No L No Farr and Rossman, 2010

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar 1911 MX, US No L, S No Farr and Rossman, 2010

4 Biological hazard of organisms identified only to the genus level is not directly assessed in this document. The IPPC No. 2 indicates that “The taxonomic level for organisms considered in PRA is usually the species. The use of a higher or lower taxonomic level should be supported by a scientifically sound rationale (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #2).Pest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 6 Pest **Geographic distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine Pest Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **References**
Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel [Syn. Botrytis cinerea Pers.] MX, US No F, S Yes Farr and Rossman, 201 0

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. MX, US No F, S Yes Farr and Rossman , 2010
Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau MX, US No R No Farr, et al., 1989; Ogawa & English, 1991 Cochiobolus sp. MX , US No F Yes PestID, 2010 Didymella sp. MX , US No F Yes PestID, 2010 Fusicoccum sp MX , US No L No PestID, 2010 Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito [ Anamorph Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon] MX, US No F, R, S Yes CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 1998 ; Farr, et al., 1989; Ploetz, et al., 1994 Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk. [syn. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.] MX, US No F, L Yes CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 1998 ; Farr, et al., 1989; PestID, 2010
Leptosphaeria sp. MX , US No F Yes PestID, 2010 Microxiphium fagi (Pers.) Hughes [syn: Capnodium footi ] MX No 5 F, L , S N/A Alvarez, 1970 in Farr and Rossman , 2010

Rosellinia necatrix Prill [anamorph Dermatophora necatrix Hart] MX, US No L, R, S No Alvarez, M.G. 1976 ; CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 1998 , Farr and Rossman, 2010 Sphaeropsis malorum Berk. MX, US No L, R, S No Farr and Rossman , 2010
Stemphylium sp. [anamorph Pleomorpha sp.] MX , US No F Yes PestID, 2010

Venturia sp. [anamorph Fusicladium sp. ] MX , US No L No Alvarez, 1967

**Deuteromycetes** Alternaria sp. MX, US No F, L Yes Alvarez, 1967; Chessa, 1997; Farr, et al., 1989 Ascochyta sp

. MX, US No F, L Yes Farr, et al., 1989; PestID, 2010 Cladosporium herbarum Link ex Fr. MX, US No F, L Yes Chessa, 1997; Farr, et al., 1989 ; Farr and Rossman, 2010 Cladosporium sp. MX , US No F, L Yes Farr, et al., 1989; PestID, 2010 Penicillium sp. MX , US No F Yes Alvarez, 1967; Chessa, 1997; Farr, et al., 1989

5 Sooty mold is caused by several species of fungi, mainly in the order Capnodiales

. Capnodium species are not parasitic fungi, but live o f

f the honey

- dew

deposited on plant parts from droppings of certain insects (scales, aphis, white flies ) (Agrios, 1997). Lockyer (1878) indicate s that C. footii live upon the honey

- dew found on the surface of large trees. APHIS does not take quarantine action on thes e types of organisms (NIS, 2009 ).Pest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 7 Pest **Geographic distribution**  **1 Quaran** 

****

**tine Pest Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Follow**

**p athway**  **References**

Phoma caricae

-

papayae (Tarr) Punith. [Syn. Ascochyta caricae Pat.] MX, US No F, L Yes Farr and Rossman , 2010

Phoma sp. MX , US No F Yes PestID, 2010 Phyllosticta sp

. MX , US No L, F Yes Alvarez, 1967; Farr, et al., 1989; PestID, 2010 Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) H ennebert. [syn. Phymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Dugg.] MX, US No R No Alvarez, 1967; CABI, 1998 ; Farr, et al., 1989 , Farr and Rossman, 2010
Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Lind. MX, US No F Yes Farr and Rossman , 2010

Passalora bolleana (B.B. Higgins) Trotter [Syn. Cercospora bolleana Speg. ] MX, US No L No Alvarez, 1967; Farr and Rossman , 2010; Raabe, et al., 1981 **Basidiomycetes** Cerotelium fici (E.J. Butler) Arth. [syn. Uredo fici] MX, US No L No Alvarez, 1967; Farr, et al., 1989; Lanham, et al., 1927 ; Farr and Rossman, 2010 Corticium koleroga (Cooke) Höhn. MX, US No S No Farr and Rossman , 2010

Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Br. MX, US No S No Alvarez, 1967; Farr, et al., 1989 ; Farr and Rossman, 2010 Schizophyllum commun e Fries. MX, US No S No Farr and Rossman, 2010 Rosellinia necatrix Prill. MX , US No R No CABI, 2007; Farr and Rossman, 2010 Wellman, 1977 Rosellinia necatrix Prill. MX, US No R No Farr and Rossman, 2010 Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk [Syn. Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn] MX, US No R, L, S No Farr and Rossman , 2010

**NEMATODES Hoplolaimidae**  Helioctylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden MX, US No R No CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 1998
**Longidoridae** Longidorus sp. MX , US No R No CABI, 1998 Xiphinema americanum MX, US No R No CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 1998 Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen MX, US No R No CABI, 2007 ; Wyss, et al., 1980 **Rotylenchulidae** Rotylenchus reniformis MX, US No R No CABI, 2007 ; CABI, 1998 **VIRUSES** Fig Mosaic virus MX, US(HI) No L, S No Raabe, et al., 1981; Sutic, et al., 1999Pest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 8 

## 3. Quarantine pests following the pathway
The following quarantine arthropod pests are likely to follow the pathway

when importing figs from Mexico (Table 2)

.

**Table 2.** Summary

of quarantine arthropod p ests likely to follow the pathway

of fresh figs imported from Mexico into the United States **Taxonomy Organism**  Diptera, Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus Anas trepha ludens Anastrepha serpentina Ceratitis capitata 

### Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus Nipaecoccus viridis



## 4 **. References**
Agrios, G. N. 1997. Plant pathology, fourth edition. Academic Press, New York. 635 pp. Alvarez, M.G. 1967. Enfermedades de las plantas en la Republic Mexicana. Editorial Limusa

- Wiley, S.A., MX. Alvarez, M.G. 1976. Primer catalogo de enfermedades de plantas Mexicanas. Fitofilo 71: 1

- 169. Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1983. Tenebrionidae. Checklist of the beetles of North and Central America and the West Indies. Flora and Fauna Publications, Gainesville, Florida. Arnett, R. H. J. 2000. American Insects. A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1003 pp. Atkinson, T. H., and S. B. Peck. 1994. Annotated Checklist of the Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Platy

podidae and Scoltidae) of Tropical Southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 77(3):313

- 329. Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 2000. Aphids on the World's Crops: An Identification and In formation Guide (2nd). John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Su ssex, England. 466 pp. Borror, D. J., C. A. Triplehorn, and N. F. Johnson. 1989. An introduction to the study of insects (6th ed.). Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A. CABI. 1998. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, UK. CABI. 2007. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, UK. Chemsak, J. A., and E. G. Linsley (eds) . 1982. Cerambycidae and Disteniidae: Checklist of the b eetles of North America, Central America, and the West Indies. Plexus Publishing, Medford, New Jersey

. Chessa, I. 1997. Fig. In : Postharvest physiology and storage of tropical and subtropical fruits. CAB Int’l, Wallingford, UK. p. 245

–268. CPHST. 2001. Importation of Fresh Common Fig ( Ficus carica L.) Fruit from Mexico into the Continental United States A Qualitative, Pathway

- Initiated Risk Assessment. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine , Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST). Raleigh, NC. 20 pp.Pest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 9 Farr, D. F., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P. and A. Y. Rossman. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. Amer. Phy topathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN. Farr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman. 2010. Fungal Databases. United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany & Mycology L aboratory . http://nt.ars

grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ Figueiredo, R. A. d., and J. M. d. Queiroz. 1993. Herbivory on an ornamental fig b y a neotropical moth (abstract). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 109(4):197

- 199. Hamon, A. B. 1977. Oleander Pit Scale, Asterolecanium pustulans (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae). Pages 2 in D. o. P. I . Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service, ed. Henry, T.J. and R.C. Froeschner. 1988. Catalog of the Heteroptera or true bugs of Canada and the continental United States. E.J. Brill, NY. 958 pp. Hill, D. S. 1983. Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. 2nd edition. Cambridge University

Press. 746 pp. Jeppson, L . R., H. H. Keifer, and E. W. Baker. 1975. Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. University of California Press. 614 pp. Kranz, J., H. Schutterer, and W. Koch. 1977. Diseases, pests, and weeds in tropical crops. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. Lanham, W.B., Wyche, R.H. and R.H. Stansel. 1927. Spraying for the control of fig rust. TX Agric. Exp. Sta. Circ. No 47. 8 pp. Lockyer, N. 1878

. Nature, A We ekl y Illustrated Journal of Science, Vol 18 p111. Martell, C.G. 1981. Lista de insectos y acaros perjudiciales a los cultivos en Mexico. 2 Ed. Secretaria de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulicos, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal. Mexico City, MX. Miller, D. R. 1985. Pest Risk Assessment of Armored Scales on Certain Fruit. 35 pp. Miller, C. 1997. Hazard identification analys is, evaluation of San Juan predeparture interceptions in baggage 1994

–96. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity /hazardsanjuan

. Nakahara, S. 1982. Checklist of the armored scales of the coterminous United States. USDAAPHI S

PPQ [handbook]. NI S. 2009 . Quarantine status of Capnodium and Marasmius . Personal communication to H. Hartzog from United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, National Identification Services (NIS). (Archived at PERAL, Raleigh, NC). Norrbom, A. L. 2004. Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Host Plant Database. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:591/diptera/Tephritidae/TephIntro.html

. (Archived at PERAL). Ogawa, J.M. and H. English. 1991. Diseases of temperate zone tree, fruit, and nut crops. Univ. Calif. Divis. Agric. Nat. Res., No. 3345, Oakland, CA. PestID. 2009. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. http s://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL). PestID. 2010. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis .usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL). Ploetz, R. C., Zentmyer, G. A., Nishijima, W. T., Rohrback K. G. and H. D. Ohr (Eds). 1994. Compendium of tropical fruit diseases. Amer. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN. Raabe, R.D., I. L Conners, and A.P. Martinez. 1981. Checklist of plant diseases in Hawaii. Hawaiian Inst. Tropical Agric. Human Resources. Info. Text Ser. 022. 313 pp. Risk Analysis Systems. 2002. Electronic Files for Arthropods from Pests Not Known to Occur in thePest List for Figs from Mexico



### Rev. 0 2 September 15 , 2010 10 United States or of Limited Distribution and Insects Not Known to Occur in the United States. 947 pp. Shaw, J. G. 1947. Hosts and Distribution of Anastrepha serpentine in Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Economic entomology . Vol. 41(1) 34

- 40. Spiller, D. M., and K. A. Wise. 1982. Catalogue (1860

– 1960) of New Zealand insects and their host plants. Science Info. Divis, Wellington, NZ. Sutic, D.D., Ford, R.E. and M.T. Tosic. 1999. Plant virus diseases. CRC, Boca Raton, FL. Tovar, D. C., J. T. M. Montiel, R. C. Bolanos, H. O. Y. III, and J. F. Lara. 1995. Forest insects of Mexico. Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Mexico. Tuttle, D. M., E. W. Baker, and M. J. Abbatiello. 1976. Spider mites of Mexico (Acari: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology 2(2):1

- 102. Van Sauers

- Muller, n.d. Anastrepha ludens. http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/fruit/tropical/mexican_fruit_fly Weems Jr, H. V., 2001. Sapote Fruit Fly, Serpentine Fruit Fly, Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) EENY206. Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Weems Jr, H. V., J. B. Heppner, G. J. Steck, T. R. Fasulo and J. L . Nation. 2003. Mexican Fruit Fl y, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). EENY201. Entomology and Nematology

Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Wellman, F.L

. 1977. Dictionary of tropical American crops and their diseases. S carecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, NJ, 495 pages. White, I . M., and M. M. Elston

- Harris. 1992. Fruitflies of Economic Significance: their Identification and Bionomics. CABI International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 601 pp. Wilcox, J.A. 1975. Checklist of the beetl es of North and Central America and the West Indies. Flora and Fauna Publications, Gainesville, FL. Wyss, U., Lehmann, H. and R. Jank

- Ladwig. 1980. Ultrastructure of modified root

- tip cells in Ficus carica , induced b y the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index . J. Cell Sci. 41: 193

–208. Zhang, B. C. 1994. Index of economicall y important lepidoptera. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 599 pp.



## 5 **. Preparers**
Prepared b y: Michael J. Kenney, Plant Pathology Revised September 10, 2001 by : Michael K. Hennessey, Entomology Eileen Sutker, Plant Pathology Revised July, 2010 by : Kenneth R. Lakin, Entomology Walter Gutierrez , Plant Pathology