SECOND DI VI SI ON

A NDREWS, P. J.

, M C F A D DEN and RA

Y, JJ.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be

ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n

da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

http://w w w .ga a ppe a ls .us /r ule s /

M ar ch 24, 2015



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A1 4 A2 18 8 . CHAVEZ-ORTEGA v . THE STATE.

R A Y , J u d g e.

J o n at h an Ch av ez-Ort eg a h as b een ch arg ed b y accu s at i o n wi t h d ri v i n g u n d er

t h e i n fl u en ce o f al co h o l

, reck l es s d ri v i n g, an d raci n g. W e g ran t ed Ch av ez-Ort eg a’ s

ap p li cat io n fo r i n t erl o c u t o ry rev i ew o f an o rd er d en y i n g a m o t i o n t o s u p p res s h i s

cu s t o d i al s tat em en t s

. Becau s e we fi n d t h at Ch av ez-Ort eg a was i n cu s t o d y wh en h e

i n v o k ed h i s ri g h t t o rem ai n si l en t

, b u t t h at t h e po l i ce no n et hel es s c o nt i n u ed to

q u es ti o n h i m wh i ch l ed t o t h e i n cri m i nat i n g ev i d en ce wh i ch h e seek s t o s up p res s

, we

rev ers e t he t ri al co u rt ’ s d en i al o f Ch av ez-Ort eg a’ s m o t i o n t o s u p p res s

.

Th ree fu n d am en t al p ri n ci p l es m u s t b e fo l l o wed wh en co n d u ct i ng an

ap p el l at e rev i ew o f a m o t i o n t o s u p p res s

. Fi rs t

, wh en a m ot io n t o

s u p p res s i s h eard b y

t he t ri al ju d g e, t h at ju d g e s i t s a s t h e t ri er o f fact s

.

Th e t ri al ju d g e h ears t h e ev i d en ce, an d [h er] fi n d in g s b as ed u p o nco n fl i ct i n g ev i d en ce are an al o g o u s t o t h e v erd i ct o f a ju ry an d s h o u l d

n o t b e di s tu rb ed b y a rev i ewi n g co u rt i f th ere i s an y ev i d en ce t o s up p o rt

t h em

. Seco n d

, t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s d eci s i o n wi t h reg ard t o q u es ti o n s o f fact

an d cred i bi l i t y m

u s t b e accep t e d u n l es s cl earl y erro n eo us

. Th i rd

, th e

rev i ewi ng co u rt m

u s t co n s t ru e t h e ev id en ce m os t fav orab l y t o t h e

u p h o l d i n g o f t h e t ri al co urt ’ s fi n d i n gs an d ju d g m en t

. . . . W here t h e i s s ue

t u rn s o n t h e q u es t i o n o f wh et h er a t ri al co u rt co m m i t t ed an erro r o f l aw

i n g ran t i n g a m o t i o n t o s up p res s

, we ap p l y a d e n ov o s t an d ard o f rev i ew.

(Ci t at i o n s an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed .) W il l i a ms v. St a t e , 3 2 9 Ga. Ap p . 6 50 , 6 5 0 (7 6 6

SE2 d 8 2 ) (2 0 1 4 ).

Th e ev i d en ce ad d u ced at t h e su p p res si o n heari n g s h o ws t h at Offi cer Arch ev al d

an d Offi cer Den s o n

, wi t h t h e Co b b Co u nt y Po li ce D ep art m en t

, ob s erv ed t wo v eh i cl es

m ak e a t u rn at a h i g h rat e o f sp eed o n wet ro ad co n d i ti o n s

. Bo t h o ffi cers h eard t i res

s q u eal i n g

, an d t he cars ap p ea r e d to b e raci n g as t h ey co nt i n ued t o accel erat e al o n g

Barn es M i l l Ro ad

. Th e o ffi cers act i v at ed t hei r s i ren s an d em erg en cy l i g h t s t o i n i t i at e

a t raffi c s t o p as b o t h cars t u rn ed o n t o Ven Vi l l a D ri v e, b u t o nl y t h e car d ri v e n b y

Geral d San d ers s t o p p ed

. T h e s eco n d car c o n ti n u ed d own t h e ro ad

. Ch av ez-Ort eg a

was l at er s een wal k in g b ack t o t h e t raffi c s t op l o cat i o n. W h en an o ffi cer ap p ro ach ed

2Ch av ez-Ort eg a, h e n o ti ced t h at Ch av ez-Ort eg a s m el l ed of al co h o l an d h ad wat ery

,

b l o o d s h o t ey es

.

Offi cer Tay l o r res p o n d ed t o t h e s cen e as b ack u p

. He b ri efl y s p o k e t o Ch av ezOrt eg a an d as k ed h i m wh ere h e was co m i n g fro m

. W h en Ch av ez-Ort eg a s tat ed t h at

h e was wal k i n g fro m

a fri en d ’ s h o us e, b u t co u l d no t p ro v i d e det ai l s as t o wh ere t h e

fri en d l iv ed

, Offi cer T ay l o r d et ai n ed h i m i n h an d cu ffs an d pl aced h i m i n t h e b ack o f

t h e p at ro l car wh il e t h e ot h er t wo o ffi cers were fi n i s h in g t h e i n v es t i g at i o n of San d ers

.

Th e St at e p l ay ed a v i d eo reco rd i n g o f th e i n teri o r o f t h e pat ro l car d u ri n g t h e

s u p p res s i o n h eari n g

. Th e v i s u al fi el d o f t h e cam era was t rai n ed to w a r d t h e fro n t o f

t h e p at ro l car, b u t t h e au d i o p o rt i on i s au d i b l e. Offi cer Tay l o r i n fo rm ed Ch av ezOrt eg a t h at h e w as “ n ot arres t ed y et ” an d t h at h e wo u l d b e “ free t o go ” i f t h ey d i d n ot

fi nd h i s car n earb y

. Offi cer D en s o n t h en q u es ti o n ed Ch av ez-Ort eg a ab o u t wh et h er h e

h ad b een d ri n k i n g

, wh ere h e h ad been t h at ev en in g

, an d i f h e had b een d ri v i n g t h e

o t h er car. Ch av ez-Ort eg a ad m it t ed t o dri n k i n g at a b ud d y ’ s h o u s e n earb y

, b u t s t at ed

t h at h e had n o t b een d ri v i n g. Offi cer Tay l o r ack n o wl ed ged at t h e s u p p res s io n h eari n g

t h at Ch av ez-Ort eg a was “ det ai n ed ” an d n ot free t o l eav e o n ce h e was han d cu ffed an d

p l aced i n t he p at ro l car. Offi cer Den so n t h en arri v ed an d q u es t i o n ed Ch av ez-Ort eg a

3ab o ut wh ere h e l i v ed an d h ow o l d h e was

. Ch av ez-Ort eg a q u i ck l y s t at ed t h at h e d id

n o t wan t t o t al k, an d Offi cer Den s o n ad v i s ed h i m o f h i s Mi r a n d a ri g h t s

.

T h e v i d eo reco rd in g sh o ws t h at at t h e co n cl u si o n of th e Mi r a n d a warn i n g

,

Ch av ez-Ort eg a can be h eard t o t el l t h e o ffi cer “ I d o n’ t wan t to t al k t o y ou .” It ap p ears

fro m t h e t ran s cri p t t h at t he t ri al co u rt co u ld no t u nd ers t an d t h is s t at em en t d u ri n g t h e

s u p p res s i o n h eari ng d ue t o t h e p o o r q u al i ty o f t h e au d i o reco rd i n g

.

Offi cers co n t i n u ed to q u es t i o n Ch av ez-Ort eg a ab o u t wh ere h i s car was l o cat ed

.

Ch av ez-Ort eg a ag ai n s t at ed t h at h e h ad n o t b een d ri vi n g an d t h at h e was co m i n g fro m

a fri en d ’ s h o u se, b u t ad m i t t ed t h at h e was d ru n k

. On ce t ak en o u t s i d e t h e p at ro l car,

Ch av ez-Ort eg a ag ai n s t at ed t h at h e d i d n o t wan t t o t al k

.

Du ri n g th e co u rs e o f t h e i n v es t i g at i o n

, Serg ean t Pau l Ru s h i n g

, wh o al s o

res p o n d ed as b ack u p

, l o cat ed Ch av ez-Ort eg a’ s v eh i cl e u p t h e s t reet

. He t es ti fi ed t h at

t h e d ri v er’ s fl o o r m at was w et

, b u t t hat t he p as sen g er’ s s i d e was on l y d irt y

, in d i cat i n g

t h at o n l y o ne p ers o n h ad b een i n t h at car.

Aft er i n d i ct m en t

, Ch av ez-Ort eg a fi l ed a m ot i o n t o s u p p res s t h e st at em en t s h e

h ad m ad e b efo re an d aft er h e was i s s u ed a Mi r a n d a warn i n g

. Th e t ri al co u rt d en i ed

t h e m o ti o n

, fi n d i ng

, i nt er al i a, t h at Ch av ez-Ort eg a w as n o t i n cu s t o d y d u ri n g hi s

q u es ti o n i n g

, th at Offi cer D en s o n reci t ed t h e Mi r a n da warn in g t o Ch av ez-Ort eg a “ as

4a s afet y p recau t io n [,] ” an d t h at h i s st at em en t s were m ad e v o l u nt ari l y an d w i t h o ut

co erci o n

.

1

. Ch av ez-Ort eg a arg u es t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erro n eo u s ly d et erm i n ed t h at h e was

n o t “ i n cu s t o d y ” wh en h e m ad e s t at em en t s t o offi cers p ri o r t o recei v i n g t he Mi r a n d a

warn i n gs an d t h at t he t ri al co u r t e r r e d i n d en y i ng h i s m o ti o n t o s u p p res s t h o s e

s t at em en t s . W e ag ree.

“Mi r a n da warn i n g s a r e req u i red w h en a p ers o n is i n t erv i ewed b y an

i n v es t i g at i n g o ffi cer w h i le i n cu s t o d y .” (Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .) Len g s f el d v. S t a t e

, 3 2 4 Ga.

Ap p

. 7 7 5, 7 8 1 (1 ) (b ) (7 5 1 SE2 d 5 6 6 ) (2 0 1 3). W h en “ d et erm i n i n g wh et h er a s u s p ect

was i n cu s t o d y fo r Mi r a n d a p u rp o s es

, a co u rt m

u s t ex am i n e al l o f th e ci rcu m s t an ces

s u rro u n d i n g t h e i nt erro g at i o n

, b u t t h e u l t i m at e i n q u i r y is s i m pl y wh et h er t h ere was

a fo rm al arres t o r res t rai n t o n freed o m o f m ov em en t o f t he d eg ree as s oci at ed wi t h a

fo rm al arres t .” (Ci t at i o n an d pu n ct u at i o n o m it t ed .) Teel e v. S t a t e

, 3 19 Ga. A p p

. 4 4 8,

4 5 3 (2 ) (a) (7 38 SE2 d 2 7 7 ) (2 0 12 ). W h et her a s u s pect i s i n cu s t o d y “ d o es n o t d ep en d

u p o n t h e s u b

ject i v e v i ews h arb ored b y ei t h er t h e i n t erro g at i n g o ffi cers o r t h e p ers o n

b ei n g q u es t i on ed

. In s t ead

, t h e o n l y rel ev an t i n q u iry is h o w a reas o n ab l e p ers o n i n t h e

s u s p ect ’ s p o s i t i o n wo u l d h av e u n d ers t o o d t h e s it u at i o n

. ” (Ci t at i o n s an d pu n ct u at i o n

o m it t ed .) Id

. “ A reas o n ab le p ers o n i s o n e n ei t h er g u i l t y o f cri m i nal co n d uct an d t hu s

5o v erl y ap p reh en s i v e no r i n s en s i t i v e to t he s eri o u s n es s o f t h e ci rcu m st an ces .”

(Pu n ct u at i on an d fo o t n o t e om i t t ed .) S t a t e v. M o s l ey

, 3 2 1 Ga. Ap p

. 2 3 6

, 2 3 8 (7 3 9

SE2 d 1 0 6) (2 0 1 3).

Here, Offi cer Tay l o r ap p ro ach ed C ha ve z

- O r te ga a s so o n as h e s aw h i m wal k i n g

d o wn t he ro ad an d

, aft er q u es t i o n in g Ch av ez-Or t eg a ab o u t w h ere he w as co m i n g

fro m

, p laced h im i n han d cu ffs an d pu t h i m i n t he b ack o f th e p o l i ce cru i s er

. A t t h e

s u p p res s i o n h eari n g, o ffi cers ev en ad m i t t ed t hat Ch av ez-Ort eg a was “ d et ai n ed ” an d

“ b as i cal l y t ak en i n t o cu st o d y ,” an d was n o t free to l eav e wh en h e w as in th e p o l i ce

cru i s er. Al t h o u g h Offi cer Tay l o r i n fo rm ed Ch av ez-Ort eg a t h at h e was “ n o t arres t ed

y et [,] ” we fai l to s ee h o w a reas o n ab l e p ers o n i n Ch av ez-Ort eg a’ s po s i ti o n wo u l d n ot

h av e co n si d ered h i m sel f t o b e u n d er arres t, g iv en t h at he was h an d cu ffed

, p l aced in

t h e b ack o f a p at ro l car an d i n fo rm ed t hat o ffi cers were s earch i ng fo r h i s v eh i cl e. See,

e. g

., Teel e

, s u p ra at 4 53 (2 ) (a) (d e f e n d a n t was in cu s to dy fo r Mi r a n d a p u rp o s es

wh en sh e was ap pro ach ed b y o ffi cers at g u n p o i nt

, ord ered to l i e on t h e g ro u n d,

h an dcu ffed an d p laced i n t h e b ack s eat o f a m ark ed p at ro l car); St a te v. Ken d ri ck

, 3 0 9

Ga. Ap p

. 8 70

, 87 1 -8 7 2 (7 11 SE2 d 4 2 0 ) (2 0 11 ) (St at e d i d n o t co n t es t t h at d efen d an t

was “ in cu s t o d y ” fo r M

i r a n d a p u rp o s es o nce he w as h an d cu ffed an d co n fi ned i n t h e

b ack seat o f a p o l i ce cru i s er); M a y b e r r y v. S t a t e

, 2 6 7 Ga. Ap p

. 6 20

, 62 2 (6 0 0 SE2 d

67 0 3 ) (2 0 0 4 ) (d efen d an t’ s s t at em en t w a s m ad e i n cu s t o d i al ci rcu m st an ces wh en

d efen d an t ’ s car was s urro u n d ed b y p o l i ce cru i s ers

, he was h an d cu ffed t o an

am bu l an ce g u rn ey wh i l e offi cers acco m p an i ed h i m t o t h e h o s p i tal , an d h e was l at er

h a n d c u f f e d t o a s t ret ch er i n t h e h o s p i t al ). Co m p are Ha r per v. S t a t e

, 2 4 3 Ga. Ap p.

7 0 5

, 70 6 (1 ) (5 3 4 SE2 d 1 5 7 ) (2 0 0 0 ) (al t h ou g h s u s p ect h ad b een d et ai n ed p urs u an t to

a traffi c s t o p an d w as s us p ect ed fo r DUI, h e was n ot in cu s t o dy fo r Mi r a n d a p u rp o s es

wh en h e was al l owed to wal k aro u n d

, was n o t p l aced i n t he b ack o f a p o li ce car an d

was n o t h an d cu ffed ); Ca mp b el l v. S t a t e

, 2 55 Ga. Ap p

. 5 0 2

, 5 0 4-5 0 5 (1 ) (a) (5 6 5 SE2 d

8 3 4 ) (2 0 0 2 ) (d efen d an t was n o t i n cu s t o d y fo r Mi r a n d a p u rp o s es wh en h e was b ri efl y

d et ai ned i n t he b ack o f a p at ro l car an d o ffi cers as k ed if t h ere were d ru g s i n h i s car

wh en an au d io reco rd i n g o f t h e d et en t i o n rev eal ed t h at t h e d efen d an t b el iev ed t h at t h e

i n v es t i g at i o n wo u l d res u l t i n h i s r e l eas e an d t h at he wo ul d s o o n reg ai n freed o m o f

m o vem en t ).

Offi cers co n d uct i n g an o rd i n ary t raffi c st o p o r arri v i n g at t h e s cen e o f

s u s p ec t e d cri m i n al act i v i t y m ay co n d u ct a “ ‘ g en eral o n -t he-s cen e i n v es t i g at i o n ,’

i n cl u d i n g m ak i n g i n q u iri es so l el y t o d et erm i n e wh et h er t here cu rren tl y is an y d an g er

t o t h em o r ot h er p ers on s .” (Ci t at i o n s o m it t ed .) S t a t e v. W i n t ker

, 2 2 3 Ga. Ap p

. 6 5

, 6 7

(4 7 6 SE2 d 8 3 5 ) (1 9 9 6). Th es e i n q u i ri es m ay ev en req u i re t h em to t em p orari l y d et ai n

7s o m eo n e at t em p t i n g t o l eav e b efo re t h e p rel i m i n ary i n v es t i g at i o n i s co m p l et ed

, an d

s u ch i n qu i ri es an d d et en ti o n “ d o n o t t ri g ger t h e req u i rem en t s o f Mi r a n d a

, u n l es s t h e

q u es ti o n i n g i s ai m ed at o b t ai n i n g i n fo rm at i o n t o es t a b l i s h a s us p ect ’ s g u i l t .”

(Ci t at i o n s an d p u nct u at i o n o m i t t ed .) Id

. Acco rd Ca mp bel l , s u p ra at 5 0 5 -5 0 6 (1 ) (b )

(b ri efl y p l aci n g a d et ai n ee i n t h e b ack o f a p at ro l car i n o rd er t o fu rt h er a l eg i t i m at e

i n v es t i g at i o n d o es n o t co n st i t u t e “ cu s t o d y ” fo r M iran d a pu rp o ses )

. H e r e, h o wev er,

t h e o ffi cers ’ i n q ui r i e s wen t b ey o n d a g en eral o n -t h e-s cen e i n v es t i g at i o n

. Th e

q u es ti o n s p o s ed b y o ffi cers as k i n g Ch av ez-Ort eg a wh ere h e had b een

, i f h e h ad b een

d ri n k i n g

, an d i f h e h ad been d ri v i n g t h e o th er sp eed i ng car, were “ c l e a r l y ai m ed at

o b t ai n i n g i n fo rm at i o n t o es t ab l i s h [h i s ] g u i l t

. ” (Pu n ct u at i o n an d ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .)

W i n tker

, s u p ra at 6 8-6 9. Offi cer Tay l o r’ s q u es t i o n t o Ch a v e z -Ort eg a i f h e was t h e

d ri v er o f t h e o t h er car i s cl earl y d i rect ed at el i ci t i n g i n fo rm at i o n t o es t ab l i s h g u i l t

. See

I d

. ( a l t h o u g h t o l d sh e was n o t u n d er arres t

, s u s p ect was in cu s t od y fo r Mi r a n d a

p u rp os es wh en s h e was sep arat ed fro m o t her p as s en g er s, co n fi n ed t o th e b ack o f a

l o ck ed p at ro l car, o b s erv ed a p o l i ce d o g an d h i s h an d l er co m e t o t h e s cen e an d was

q u es ti o n ed ab o u t m at t ers ai m ed at es tab l i s h i ng h er g ui lt ).

8Acco rd i ng l y

, we fi n d t h at th e t ri al co urt erred i n fi n d i n g t h a t s t at em en t s

Ch av ez-Ort eg a m ad e to o ffi cers were m ad e i n n o n cu st o d ial ci r c u m s t a n ces

. Su ch

s t at em en t s are i n ad m i s s i b l e an d m u s t b e ex cl u d ed at t ri al

. See McDo u g a l v. S t a t e

, 2 7 7

Ga. 4 9 3 , 4 9 8 (1 ) (A) (5 91 SE2 d 7 8 8 ) (2 00 4 ).

2 . Ch av ez-Ort eg a n ex t as s ert s t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n d en y i ng h i s m o t i o n

t o s u p p res s t h e s t at em en t s h e m ad e t o Offi cer D en s o n aft e r h e h ad b een read h i s

Mi r an d a ri g h t s. W e ag ree.

“ An arres ted p ers o n h as t h e co n s t i t u t io n al ri g h t t o rem ai n s i l en t

, b u t h e m u s t

cl earl y as s ert h i s d es i re t o rem ai n s i l en t t o ex erci se t h at ri g h t. Po li ce m u st h o n o r an

arres t ed p ers o n ’ s ri g h t t o rem ai n s i l en t i f t h e p ers o n cl earl y an d u nam bi g uo u s l y s t at es

t h at h e wan t s t o en d qu es t i o n i n g .” (Ci t at i o n s o m i t ted .) Ri d l ey v. St a te

, 2 9 0 Ga. 7 9 8,

8 0 2 (4 ) (7 2 5 SE2 d 2 23 ) (2 0 1 2 ).

Here, o u r rev iew o f t h e au d i o p o rt i o n o f Ch av ez-Ort eg a’ s i n t erro g at i o n rev eal s

t h at h e cl earl y i n fo rm ed Offi cer Den s o n t h at h e d i d n o t wi s h t o sp eak t o h i m p r i o r to

9b ei n g read h i s Mi r a n d a ri g ht s

, an d t h at h e s tat ed t h at h e d i d no t wan t t o t al k t o t h e

o ffi cers i m

m ed i at el y a

ft er b ei n g i n fo rm ed o f h i s Mi r a n d a ri g ht s

. 1

It is cl ear t h a t t h e s t at em en t s m ad e b y Ch av ez-Ort eg a aft er b ei n g read h i s

Mi r an d a ri g h t s res u l t ed fro m di rect i n t erro g at io n b y t h e o ffi cer, an d were n o t t h e

s p o n tan eo u s an d u ns o li ci t ed s tat em en t s o f a p ers o n wh o was an x i o u s to ex p l ai n.

Di rect l y aft er read i n g t h e Mi ra n d a warn i n g

, an d aft er Ch av ez-Ort eg a h ad t wi ce

i n fo rm ed t he o ffi ce t h at h e d i d n o t wi s h t o s p eak t o h i m

, Offi cer Den s o n b eg an t o as k

Ch av ez-Ort eg a q u es t i o n s

. H o w ev er

, aft er Ch av ez-Ort eg a m ad e t h es e u n eq u i v o cal

as s ert i o n s o f h is ri g h t t o rem ai n s i l en t

, al l q u es t i on i n g o f h i m s h o u l d hav e ceas ed

.

G r e en

, s u p ra at 5 71 -5 7 2 (2 ). In d eed

, “ [a] p ers o n b ei n g s u b ject ed t o cu s t o d i a l

i n t erro g at i o n m ay at an y t i m e ex p res s h i s o r her d es i re t o rem ai n s i l en t an d

, t h ereb y

,

en d t h e i n terro g at i o n

. An y ex erc i s e o f t h i s ri g h t t o s i l en ce m u s t b e ‘ s cru p u l o u s l y

honor e d. ’ ” ( P unct u at io n an d fo o t n o t e o m i tt ed .) Id

. at 5 7 1 -5 72 (2 ). In st ead of h o n or ing

1 W e ag ai n n o t e th at i t ap pears t h at

, d u e t o t h e po o r q u al i t y o f t h e reco rd i n g

, t h e

t ri al co u rt was u n ab le t o h ear Ch av ez-Ort eg a’ s p o s t

- Mi r a n d a s t at em en t t h at he did no t

wi s h t o sp eak wi t h t h e offi cer. In rev i ewi n g t h e v i d eo t ap ed i nt erv i ew, h owev er, t h i s

Co u rt owes n o d eferen ce t o t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s fi n d i n g s o f fact “ becau s e i t w as n o t t h e

s u b ject o f t es t i m o n y req u i ri n g t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s wei g h i n g o f cred i b i l it y o r res o l v i n g o f

co n fl i ct s i n t h e ev id en ce.” (Ci t at i o n s o m i t t ed .) Gr een v. S ta t e

, 2 7 5 Ga. 5 6 9, 5 7 3 (2 )

n

. 11 (5 7 0 SE2 d 2 0 7 ) (2 0 02 ). Acco rd Lyo n s v. S t a t e

, 2 4 4 G a. A p p

. 6 5 8, 6 6 1 -6 6 2 (1 )

(5 3 5 SE2 d 8 4 1 ) (2 0 0 0 ).

10Ch av ez-Ort eg a’ s ri g h t t o rem ai n s i l en t

, Offi cer D en s o n co nt i n ued to q u e s t i o n h i m

.

Acco rd in g ly

, an y res p o n s es by Ch av ez-Ort eg a a f t er h e s t at ed h i s wi s h ed t o rem ai n

s i len t s h o u l d h av e been s u p p res s ed at t ri al

. See W eb b v. S t a t e

, 2 8 4 Ga. 1 2 2, 1 2 5 (3 )

(6 6 3 SE2 d 6 9 0 ) (2 0 0 8 ).

Ju d g men t r ever sed . An d r ews , P. J., a n d McFa d

d en , J., co n cu r

.

11