The Honorable Sean F. Cox, United States District Court Judge for the Eastern District of *

Michigan, sitting by designation.

CCCs are also known as “halfway houses.” Dismas Charities, Inc. v. United States 1

Department of Justice, 401 F.3d 666, 669 n.1 (6th Cir. 2005).

1

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 07a0817n.06

Filed: November 21, 2007

No. 07-5022

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JOHN FRANKLIN BROCK,

Petitioner-Appellant,

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

v. STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

JUSTICE, ET AL.,

Respondents-Appellees.

________________________________/

BEFORE: MERRITT and CLAY, Circuit Judges; COX, District Judge. *

COX, District Judge. In this case, Petitioner John Franklin Brock (“Petitioner” or “Brock”)

appeals the district court’s order summarily dismissing his habeas corpus petition filed under 28

U.S.C. § 2241. In his habeas petition, Brock challenges a policy of the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”)

refusing to individually assess the suitability of federal inmates for placement in a community

corrections center (“CCC”) and requests that the Court issue a writ directing the BOP to

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immediately make an individualized determination as to his eligibility for placement in a CCC.
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During the pendency of this appeal, however, Brock was placed in a CCC and was then released

from custody on September 21, 2007. The Panel therefore concludes that this appeal must be

DISMISSED AS MOOT because no actual injury remains which the Court could redress with a

favorable decision. 

BACKGROUND

Brock was convicted of money laundering and fraud in the United States District Court for

the Southern District of Ohio and began serving his 24-month sentence on December 28, 2005. 

(Apx. at 025 & 043). 

In an effort to be prepared to seek employment upon his release from prison, Brock petitioned

the BOP to consider him for transfer to a CCC in which he could enroll in continuing education

classes in his chosen field. Brock requested to be placed in a CCC on or before September 23, 2006.

(Apx. at 020). The BOP rejected Brock’s request, stating that the earliest date he could be placed

in a CCC would be July 23, 2007. (Apx. at 025 & 032). That determination was based upon the

BOP’s regulations, 28 C.F.R. §§ 570.20 & 570.21. (See e.g., Apx. 032)(“In accordance with 28

C.F.R. §570.21, the Bureau of Prisons will designate inmates to community confinement only as part

of pre-release custody and programming, during the last ten percent of the prison sentence being

served, not to exceed six months. Records indicate you were approved for CCC placement to

commence on July 23, 2007. Accordingly, your appeal is denied.”).

After apparently exhausting his administrative remedies, Brock filed a pro se habeas corpus

petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Kentucky on December 1, 2006. Brock was confined at the USP-Big Sandy at the time the petition

was filed. Brock’s habeas petition challenges the BOP’s refusal, under 28 C.F.R. §570.21, to
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individually assess the suitability of federal inmates for placement in a CCC and requests that the

Court issue a writ directing the BOP to make an individualized determination as to Brock’s

eligibility for placement in a CCC. (Apx. at 008 ). Brock also filed a “Motion for Temporary

Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction” with the district court along with his petition, in

which he requested that the district court order that an immediate determination be made with respect

to Brock’s petition.

In a December 14, 2006 Memorandum Opinion and Order, issued prior to service of the

petition on the Department of Justice, the district court summarily denied Brock’s § 2241 petition.

(Apx. at 042).

On December 20, 2006, Brock filed a timely Notice of Appeal, appealing the district court’s

December 14, 2006 Opinion and Order. 

The Federal Bureau of Prisons maintains an Inmate Locator Service, which may be accessed

through the BOP’s official website (www.bop.gov). Notably, the Inmate Locator Service indicates

that Brock was placed in a CCC on or about July 23, 2007. The Inmate Locator Service also

indicates that Brock was actually released from custody on September 21, 2007. Both parties

acknowledged these facts at oral argument.

ANALYSIS

Although neither party raised the issue of mootness, questions of jurisdiction are fundamental

matters which the Court of Appeals may review sua sponte. Berger v. Cuyahoga County Bar Assoc.,

983 F.2d 718, 721 (6th Cir. 1993). Thus, the Court may address the issue of mootness on its own

motion. Id.

Under Article III of the United States Constitution, federal courts mayadjudicate only actual,
The petitioner in Levine also filed a § 2241 petition challenging the BOP regulations 2

restricting placement in CCCs while he was in prison but, like Brock, was released from prison

before the appeal was adjudicated. The Second Circuit ruled that the appeal was not moot because

it concluded that if the petitioner prevailed on appeal and the matter was remanded to the district

court, the district could possibly modify the length of hissupervised release. This Panel declines to

follow the reasoning in Levine with respect to the issue of mootness.

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ongoing cases or controversies. Lewis v. Continental Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 477 (1990). “This

case-or-controversy requirement subsists through all stages of federal judicial proceedings, trial and

appellate.” Id. To sustain jurisdiction in the present case, it is not enough that a dispute was alive

when Brock’s habeas corpus petition was filed in the district court. Brock must continue to have an

actual injury that is capable of being redressed by a favorable judicial decision. Id. 

Mootness results when events occur during the pendency of the litigation which render the

court unable to grant the requested relief. Berger, 983, F.2d 718.

Here, the only relief that Brock sought in his habeas corpus petition was immediate

consideration by the BOP of placement in a CCC. After filing his petition, however, Brock was

subsequently placed in a CCC. Moreover, Brock was actually released on September 21, 2007. 

Because Brock has already been placed in a CCC, and was then released from custody, no

actual injury remains which the Court could redress with a favorable decision in this appeal. See

e.g., Elwood v. Sanders, 152 Fed.Appx. 558 (8th Cir. 2005); Chhibba v. Federal Bureau of Prisons,

154 Fed.Appx. 279 (3rd Cir. 2005); but cf., Levine v. Apker, 455 F.3d 71 (2d Cir. 2006).2
The Panel also considered whether this case falls within the exception to the mootness 3

doctrine for cases that are “capable of repetition, yet evading review.” That exception applies only

where: 1) the challenged action is in its duration too short to be fully litigated prior to cessation or

expiration; and 2) there is a reasonable expectation that the same complaining party will be subject

to the same action again. Rosales-Garcia v. Holland, 322 F.3d 386, 396 (6th Cir. 2003)(emphasis

added). As both parties acknowledged at oral argument, the doctrine does not apply here because,

although other prisoners will undoubtedly face this same issue in the future, there is no indication

that Brock will be subject to the same action again. 

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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that this appeal must be DISMISSED AS MOOT.3