2012 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

8-30-2012

Assem Abulkhair v. President USA

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 12-2476

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Recommended Citation

"Assem Abulkhair v. President USA" (2012). 2012 Decisions. Paper 513.

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CLD-246 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 12-2476

___________

ASSEM A. ABULKHAIR,

 Appellant

v.

*PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in his official capacity; 

GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States, individually; *ATTORNEY 

GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in his official capacity; MICHAEL 

MUKASEY, individually; *SECRETARY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

HOMELAND SECURITY, in his official capacity; MICHAEL CHERTOFF, 

Individually; US CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES; JOHN 

THOMPSON, individually and in his capacity as District Director, Newark Office, U.S. 

Citizenship & Immigration Services; EMILIO T. GONZALEZ, individually and in his 

capacity as Director U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services; ROBERT S. MUELLER, 

III, individually and in his capacity as Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation; 

MICHAEL HAYDEN, Individually and in his capacity as Director, Central Intelligence 

Agency; THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 

*(Substituted pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(1))

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of New Jersey

(D.C. Civil No. 2-11-cv-06616)

District Judge: Honorable Jose L. Linares

____________________________________

Submitted for Possible Dismissal Due to a Jurisdictional Defect

or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6

August 2, 2012

Before: RENDELL, HARDIMAN and COWEN, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: August 30, 2012)
2

_________

OPINION

_________

PER CURIAM

Assem A. Abulkhair, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, appeals from the 

District Court’s dismissal of his complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). For 

the reasons that follow, we will summarily affirm.

I.

Abulkhair alleged that numerous United States government officials “maliciously 

delayed and denied his citizenship” because of his Muslim faith. (Dkt. No. 1, Count II ¶ 

1.) He claimed that the ten-year delay in processing his application for naturalization 

stemmed from Defendants’ alleged policy of discrimination against Muslims. 

Abulkhair’s application was eventually granted. (Id. ¶ 32.)

Abulkhair asserted claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), the 

Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), and the First and Fifth Amendments. After 

granting Abulkhair permission to proceed in forma pauperis, the District Court dismissed

his complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Abulkhair was given leave to amend his complaint within 

thirty days of the District Court’s May 14, 2012 order.

1

II.

 Rather than amending his 

complaint, Abulkhair filed a notice of appeal on May 18, 2012.
3

Normally, an order that “dismisses a complaint without prejudice is neither final 

nor appealable” under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Borelli v. City of Reading, 532 F.2d 950, 951 

(3d Cir. 1976) (per curiam). Such an order becomes final and appealable, though, if the 

plaintiff “declares his intention to stand on his complaint” instead of amending it. Id. at 

952.

There is no “clear rule for determining when a party has elected to stand on his or 

her complaint.” Hagan v. Rogers, 570 F.3d 146, 151 (3d Cir. 2009). However, when the 

District Court has provided a set amount of time within which to amend, and the plaintiff 

fails to do so, we may conclude that the plaintiff elected to stand on his complaint. Batoff 

v. State Farm Ins. Co., 977 F.2d 848, 851 n.5 (3d Cir. 1992); see also Hagan, 570 F.3d at 

151 (concluding that plaintiffs stood on their complaints because they filed notices of 

appeal rather than amending within specified time period); Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 

F.3d 188, 193 (3d Cir. 2007) (same).

Instead of amending his complaint, Abulkhair filed a notice of appeal within the 

thirty-day window provided by the District Court. Therefore, Abulkhair elected to stand 

on his complaint, and the order of the District Court is final and appealable. We have

jurisdiction over Abulkhair’s appeal.

Having determined that jurisdiction is proper, we may summarily affirm the 

decision of the District Court if no substantial question is presented on appeal. 3d Cir. 

LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6.

 1 Abulkhair’s APA claim was dismissed with prejudice.
4

A well-pleaded complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, 

to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 

678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A complaint 

offering “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 

action” does not suffice. Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). The plausibility 

standard requires “more than a sheer possibility” that a defendant is liable for the alleged 

misconduct. Id. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will

... be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 

experience and common sense.” Id. at 679.

The District Court liberally construed Abulkhair’s complaint as asserting several 

causes of action and it dismissed all of them for failure to state a claim. Mindful of the

standards set forth in Iqbal, we will address each of them in turn.

1. Federal Tort Claims Act

Abulkhair claimed that Defendants maintained a policy of discrimination against 

Muslims and that, pursuant to the FTCA, they were liable for monetary damages for any 

alleged acts of discrimination perpetrated under that policy. (Dkt. No. 1, Count III ¶ 2.)

The FTCA “operates as a limited waiver” of the sovereign immunity of the United 

States and should be “strictly construed.” White-Squire v. U.S. Postal Serv., 592 F.3d 

453, 456 (3d Cir. 2010) (citations omitted). A plaintiff must exhaust all administrative 

remedies before bringing a claim under the FTCA. Id. at 457 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 

2675(a)). This requirement “is jurisdictional and cannot be waived.” Roma v. United 

States, 344 F.3d 352, 362 (3d Cir. 2003) (citation omitted).
5

Abulkhair filed claims directly with United States Citizenship and Immigration 

Services (“USCIS”) and the Office of Chief Counsel (“OCG”). (Dkt. No. 1, Count I ¶ 6.) 

Those agencies did not render a decision on his claims. (Id.) Because Abulkhair did not 

receive final denials from USCIS and the OCG, he failed to exhaust his administrative 

remedies prior to bringing his claims under the FTCA. See Pinho v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 

193, 200 (3d Cir. 2005) (“Finality requires exhaustion of administrative remedies.”); see 

also Roma, 344 F.3d at 362 (claim must be finally denied prior to filing suit). That alone 

supports the District Court’s dismissal of those claims.2

2. First Amendment Religious Discrimination Claim

Abulkhair alleged that Defendants adopted and implemented a policy of

discriminating against Muslims, thereby violating his First Amendment rights. The 

District Court construed this as a cause of action under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named 

Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 397 (1971). Vicarious liability does 

not apply to Bivens suits, so a plaintiff must plead that “each Government-official 

defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” 

Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676.

Abulkhair did not plead sufficient facts to support his claim that Defendants 

violated his constitutional rights under the First Amendment. Though he detailed many 

administrative delays and snafus, there were no facts supporting a claim that any 

 2 The District Court also considered whether the FTCA claim would be time-barred. 

(Dkt. No. 2, p. 7-8.) Because we will summarily affirm the dismissal of the FTCA claim 

for failure to exhaust administrative remedies, we need not address that alternative basis 

for dismissal.
6

individual Defendant intentionally delayed the processing of his application as part of a

policy of religious discrimination against Muslims. For example, Abulkhair stated that 

“[t]he heinous ... acts ... committed by ... Defendants represent clear demonstration ... 

of the worst Discrimination Act against all Moslem Applicants,” yet provided no factual 

support for his statements. (Dkt. No. 1, Count II ¶ 30.) We need not accept this type of 

conclusory statement as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79. Abulkhair must have pleaded

that each Defendant had personal involvement in the alleged religious discrimination. 

See id. at 676 (“Where the claim is invidious discrimination in contravention of the First 

... Amendment[], ... the plaintiff must plead ... that the defendant acted with 

discriminatory purpose.”). He failed to do so. The District Court properly dismissed 

Abulkhair’s First Amendment claim.

3. Administrative Procedure Act Claim

Abulkhair also alleged that Defendants violated the APA by intentionally delaying 

his application for naturalization. The APA provides relief where a government agency 

unlawfully withholds or unreasonably delays an action. 5 U.S.C. § 706(1). However, the 

only relief available is declaratory or injunctive. For example, the APA authorizes a 

court to compel the agency to take action on an individual’s application. 5 U.S.C. § 

551(11)(C). A court has jurisdiction to review an agency’s action under the APA only if 

the agency action is final, adversely affects the party seeking review, and is nondiscretionary. Pinho, 432 F.3d at 200.

In this case, the only available remedy under the APA would have been ordering 

USCIS to take action on Abulkhair’s application. Since the application was already
7

granted, the APA claim was moot.

3

4. Fifth Amendment Equal Protection Claim

 See Palamarachouk v. Chertoff, 568 F. Supp. 2d 

460, 466 (D. Del. 2008) (APA claim moot when agency action completed after complaint 

was filed).

Abulkhair claimed that Defendants intentionally delayed his application because 

he is a Muslim, thereby violating his right to equal protection under the Fifth 

Amendment. Though the Fifth Amendment lacks an Equal Protection Clause, it contains 

“an equal protection guarantee” through its Due Process Clause and prohibits the United 

States from wrongfully discriminating between individuals or groups. Abdul-Akbar v. 

McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307, 316 (3d Cir. 2001). Equal protection claims brought under the 

Fifth Amendment are analyzed in the same manner as those brought under the Fourteenth 

Amendment. Id. at 317. If a statute substantially burdens a “fundamental right” or 

targets a “suspect class,” it must be reviewed under strict scrutiny. Id. (citation omitted). 

On the other hand, if a statute does not substantially burden a fundamental right or target 

a suspect class, it is subject to rational basis review. Id.

Abulkhair did not allege sufficient facts to state a Fifth Amendment equal 

protection claim that was plausible on its face. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. His complaint 

contained no factual basis for his assertions that he experienced different treatment than

non-Muslim applicants. However, the complaint included testimony given before 

 3 The District Court properly dismissed this claim with prejudice because amendment 

was futile, while dismissing Abulkhair’s remaining claims without prejudice and granting 

him leave to amend.
8

Congress by the Director of USCIS indicating that all applicants were experiencing 

delays. (Dkt. No. 1, Count II ¶ 2.) Abulkhair’s conclusory statements that only Muslims 

experienced delays was not enough to state a claim under the Fifth Amendment. See

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (complaint does not suffice “if it tenders 

‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement’”) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. 

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007)).

There being no substantial question presented on appeal, we will summarily affirm 

the District Court’s order dismissing Abulkhair’s complaint.