NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 23a0085n.06

Case No. 22-1228

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ANGELO THOMPSON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

RYOBI LIMITED, et al.,

Defendants,

TECHTRONIC INDUSTRIES NORTH 

AMERICAN (TTI); ONE WORLD 

TECHNOLOGIES, INCORPORATED,

Defendants-Appellees.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

O P I N I O N

Before: COLE, NALBANDIAN, and READLER, Circuit Judges.

COLE, Circuit Judge. Angelo Thompson suffered severe burns due to a generator fire on 

the roof of his residence. To recover damages from the incident, Thompson sued various parties, 

including the generator manufacturer and seller, under a theory of products liability. The 

defendants relevant on appeal, Techtronic Industries North American (“Techtronic”) and One 

World Technologies, Inc. (“One World”), moved for summary judgment, disclaiming liability due 

to Thompson’s alleged impairment and unforeseeable misuse. The district court granted summary 

judgment on both grounds. We affirm.
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 2 -

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts

Angelo Thompson resides in an apartment complex that often uses a generator as a source 

of power when the building owner is unable to pay for electricity. This case concerns one such 

generator—a Ryobi gasoline-powered generator designed by One World. Thompson’s landlord 

purchased the generator for use at Thompson’s building on or about September 16, 2016, and it 

was installed on the roof that same day. The power went out in Thompson’s building on September 

25, 2016. Another tenant, Brook Banham, tried to restart the generator. Around 9:30 p.m., 

Banham told Thompson that he was unable to start the Ryobi generator, so Thompson went to

help. 

Thompson testified that he had read the operator’s manual for a prior generator and at least 

some of the Ryobi generator operator’s manual, and that he knew the risks of gasoline. Thompson 

was unable to start the generator and decided to check the generator’s gas level. The generator did 

not have an external gas gauge, so he removed the gas cap, tilted the generator using the upright 

handle, and shined his flashlight inside. After seeing there was gas in the generator, there was an 

“explosion,” and Thompson’s pant legs caught on fire—the gas “was all over [him], and [he] was 

all on fire.” (Pl.’s Dep., R. 60, Ex. 2, PageID 961–62, 966–67.) 

Banham and his wife came to the roof to help after hearing Thompson’s screams, where 

they then saw Thompson “on the ground, kind of rolling around, trying to pat the flames on his 

legs and shoes.” (Brook Banham Dep., R. 73, Ex. 4, PageID 2416.) Banham used a fire 

extinguisher to put out the remaining flames. Thompson refused Banham’s offer to call an 

ambulance, but Banham later drove him to the hospital. 
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 3 -

The explosion resulted in second and third degree burns to Thompson’s lower legs, 

covering 18 or 19% of his body. Thompson underwent multiple skin-graft surgeries and has 

ongoing physical and emotional pain and difficulties resulting from the incident. At the hospital, 

tests from 1:56 a.m.—approximately four hours after the fire—revealed Thompson had a blood 

alcohol concentration (“BAC”) of 0.046 and his urine drug screen was positive for cannabinoids, 

cocaine metabolite, and opiates. 

The defendants’ medical toxicologist expert, Dr. Kirk Charles Mills, interpreted

Thompson’s blood and urine samples from the hospital. Specifically, Dr. Mills applied a scientific 

technique called “retrograde extrapolation” to estimate Thompson’s earlier BAC based on his later 

BAC, factoring in the average male population’s alcohol metabolization rate. (Mills Rep., R. 60, 

Ex. 7, PageID 1020–21.) He calculated that “Thompson’s extrapolated BAC at the time of the 

accident was most likely between 0.086 and 0.126, with an average BAC of 0.106 at [the time of 

the accident.]” Dr. Mills concluded that a BAC in his estimated range is “more than sufficient to 

cause alcohol impairment” and that “more likely than not, Mr. Thompson’s alcohol impairment 

was a major contributor to the accident,” which occurred as a result of Thompson “remov[ing] the 

generator gas cap, tilt[ing] the generator forward, spilling gasoline on himself and the generator, 

[and] causing ignition of the gasoline[.]” He stated that Thompson’s injuries from this ignition 

were “entirely preventable” had he not operated the generator while under the influence of alcohol. 

Dr. Mills noted that Thompson understood the operator’s manual’s warning to “not operate 

generator when you are . . . under the influence of drugs, alcohol, or medication” to mean “that if 

you are [sic] impaired in any way [sic] you could make a deadly mistake.” 

Dr. Mills also discussed Thompson’s drug screen, which was positive for cannabinoids, 

cocaine metabolite, and opiates. While Thompson did not appear to be impaired by drugs at the 
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 4 -

hospital, Dr. Mills noted that the time delay between the accident and his evaluation was long 

enough for him to not show signs of drug impairment even if he had consumed such substances. 

But positive urine tests for such substances may indicate use prior to the day of the incident, and 

the positive opioids result could have been from an IV at the hospital. So, Dr. Mills ultimately 

based his conclusion on Thompson’s impairment due to alcohol, not drugs. 

As to the generator itself, the defendants submitted an evaluation by a mechanical engineer 

and certified fire and explosion investigator, Dennis Scardino. Scardino concluded that Thompson 

introduced the ignition source, that Thompson’s conduct caused the gas spill and the fire, and that, 

ultimately, the generator’s design “was not defective and was not a cause of this fire.” (Scardino 

Rep., R. 60, Ex. 9, PageID 1076.) As to his conclusion about the generator not being defective, 

Scardino reported that the “fuel [level indicator] cap feature is not necessary for the safe operation 

of a generator” and that “deliberate removal of the generator’s fuel fill cap with the subsequent 

deliberate movement (e.g., tilting . . . ) of the generator would not be a reasonable action[.]” 

Scardino also noted Thompson’s knowledge of the hazards of gasoline and his review of the 

generator’s operator’s manual and the “on-product decals and instructions” prior to the incident, 

which Scardino said were “adequate and sufficient for the safe operation of the generator.” 

In addition, the defendants submitted an affidavit from David Anderson, a product safety 

engineer at Techtronic who is familiar with or has personal knowledge of the design, use, 

operation, and associated standards of the generator at issue. (Anderson Aff., R. 60, Ex. 4, PageID 

972.) Anderson testified that Thompson’s conduct constituted a misuse of the generator, and that 

such misuse is unforeseeable. As to the tipping, Thompson alleged the generator was defective by 

having an upright “hand truck” style handle and by not having an external gas gauge or forward 

stabilizing legs. (Compl., R. 1, PageID 22–25.) Anderson claimed the manufacturer has “no 
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 5 -

record of any claim or suit of injury that the Ryobi generator . . . was somehow defective” in the 

ways Thompson alleged. He further stated that operating the generator the way Thompson did—

knowing the hazards of gasoline, as described in the generator’s manual—is “inconsistent with 

actions of a reasonably prudent consumer.” As to intoxication, he pointed to the manual’s “explicit 

warning . . . about not attempting to operate the generator when under the influence of alcohol” as 

evidence that doing so, especially knowing the risks, would be an unforeseeable misuse. 

B. Procedural History

Thompson filed a product liability suit alleging (1) negligent design and (2) breach of 

implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose and merchantability. The suit was originally 

filed in state court against Ryobi Limited, Ryobi Tools, Techtronic, One World, and Home Depot. 

Some of the original defendants removed the lawsuit to federal court based on diversity 

jurisdiction. Ryobi Limited, Ryobi Tools, and Home Depot were dismissed at various points 

during the litigation, so the relevant defendants here are Techtronic and One World 

(“defendants”)—Techtronic only as the parent company of One World, who designed the 

generator at issue. 

Discovery commenced, and the defendants sought to preclude Thompson from calling four 

proposed experts as witnesses, as well as from calling any treating physician for their testimony. 

A magistrate judge granted the motion to exclude as to two experts and denied as to two experts,

and limited what Thompson’s treating physicians could testify about. The defendants timely 

objected. The defendants simultaneously sought summary judgment on five grounds, including 

two relevant on appeal: impairment and unforeseeable misuse. 

The district court granted summary judgment on both grounds, finding that Thompson 

failed to present arguments or evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact. district 
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 6 -

court also denied the defendants’ motion to strike Thompson’s multiple briefs in response to the 

defendants’ motion for summary judgment—two of which were untimely—and denied the 

defendants’ objections to the magistrate judge’s order as moot.

On appeal, Thompson challenges both grounds of the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment in favor of the defendants. 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Legal Standard

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing all the 

evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Campbell v. Grand 

Trunk W. R.R. Co., 238 F.3d 772, 775 (6th Cir. 2001). 

Rule 56 requires summary judgment against a party who fails to establish the existence of 

an element essential to their case on which they would bear the burden of proof at trial. Celotex 

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986). Summary judgment employs a burden shifting 

framework: if the moving party meets their burden of “demonstrating the absence of a genuine 

issue of material fact,” “the nonmoving party must come forward with ‘specific facts showing that 

there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 

574, 585 n.10, 587 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) (amended 2010)). To satisfy this burden, 

the nonmoving party must present a sufficient amount of evidence such that a reasonable juror 

could find for them, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986), and must direct 

the court to specific facts in the materials in the record to support their argument, Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324.
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 7 -

B. Analysis

1. Misuse

“A manufacturer or seller is not liable in a product liability action for harm caused by 

misuse of a product unless the misuse was reasonably foreseeable.” Mich. Comp. Laws 

§ 600.2947(2) (emphasis added). So, to avoid liability on misuse grounds, we must resolve two 

legal questions in favor of the defendants: (1) that there was a misuse of the product, and (2) that 

such use was not reasonably foreseeable. See id.

“Misuse” has been statutorily defined by the Michigan legislature as “use of a product in a 

materially different manner than the product's intended use,” including “uses contrary to a warning 

or instruction . . . and uses other than those for which the product would be considered suitable by 

a reasonably prudent person in the same or similar circumstances.” Mich. Comp. Laws 

§ 600.2945(e). Though “reasonably foreseeable” has not been as clearly defined, according to the 

Michigan Supreme Court, “the crucial inquiry is whether, at the time the product was 

manufactured, the manufacturer was aware, or should have been aware, of that misuse,” which 

includes “whether that misuse was a common practice, or if foreseeability was inherent in the 

product.” Iliades v. Dieffenbacher N. Am. Inc., 915 N.W.2d 338, 344 (Mich. 2018).

As a threshold matter, we define the “misuse” at issue. The district court agreed with the 

defendants that Thompson misused the generator by tipping the generator while the cap was off 

and by operating it while impaired. On appeal, Thompson “does not challenge a finding of 

‘misuse’ under [the statute’s] broad definition,” (Appellant Br. 18 n.6), so we accept the district 

court’s characterization and proceed assuming Thompson misused the generator in both of these 

ways.
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 8 -

Regardless of whether the defendants assert unforeseeable misuse as a statutory defense or 

whether Thompson must prove his misuse was reasonable as part of his prima facie case, the 

impact is the same: the underlying product liability action can only move forward to the extent 

that the defendants can be held liable, which turns here on whether Thompson unforeseeably 

misused the generator. 

Thompson is correct that “if ‘misuse’ is ‘foreseeable’ the case may move forward.” 

(Appellant Br. 18 n.6.) But at the summary judgment stage, if the moving party presents evidence 

in their favor—here, that the misuses were unforeseeable—the nonmoving party must then present 

evidence to rebut the moving party’s assertions—here, that the misuses were foreseeable. As 

discussed above, the defendants submitted a report from a fire and explosion investigator and an 

affidavit from a Techtronic product safety engineer. Both the report and affidavit support a finding 

that Thompson’s misuses of the generator were not reasonably foreseeable. Both Scardino and 

Anderson concluded that Thompson misused the generator and discussed Thompson’s knowledge 

of the relevant safety guidelines, such as the hazards of gasoline and warnings not to operate the 

generator under the influence. Scardino focused on the safety of the generator as designed, and 

opined that the misuse by tilting was not “inherent” in the product because it was “not . . . a 

reasonable action as it would be expected to result in gasoline spillage[.]” Anderson attested that

Thompson’s tilting and use of the generator while under the influence are unintended uses, and 

that the defendants were unaware of any uses of the generator in this way. In their motion for 

summary judgment, the defendants engaged with the report and affidavit, and directed the court to 

this evidence in the record to support that both misuses were unforeseeable. 

In response below, Thompson put forth no argument to counter the defendants’ arguments 

that neither misuse is foreseeable. Thompson’s response focused only on establishing the elements 
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 9 -

of his underlying products liability claim for negligent design, and specifically on proving an 

alternative design. But as discussed, in order to succeed on his products liability claim, Thompson 

must be able to hold the defendants liable. Even if Thompson properly alleged the other elements 

of his products liability claim, if the defendants can prove they are not liable due to Thompson’s 

actions, the case does not move forward. At the summary judgment stage, Thompson must proffer 

enough evidence that a jury could reasonably find that either misuse was foreseeable. Thompson 

failed to do so in his response, and we limit our review to that document on appeal. See Rutland

v. R & R Trailers Inc., No. 21-1181, 2021 WL 4847704, at *2 (6th Cir. 2021) (addressing a 

forfeited misuse argument).

Ultimately, because Thompson, as the nonmoving party, did not “come forward with some 

probative evidence” that his misuse was foreseeable such that it would be “necessary to resolve 

the differences at trial,” summary judgment is appropriate. Boyd v. Ford Motor Co., 948 F.2d 283, 

285 (6th Cir. 1991).

2. Impairment

To win on Michigan’s impairment affirmative defense at the summary judgment stage, the 

defendants must show that Thompson was “impaired,” as defined in the statute, and that because 

of this impairment, Thompson was 50% or more the cause of the accident or event that resulted in 

his injury. Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2955a(1); Harbour v. Corr. Med. Servs., Inc., 702 N.W.2d 

671, 674 (Mich. Ct. App. 2005). If an individual is considered “impaired” as it relates to vehicle 

operation, that individual is presumed to be “impaired” in the personal injury context. Mich. 

Comp. Laws § 600.2955a(2)(b). Per Michigan law, an individual is too impaired to operate a 
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 10 -

vehicle if their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is 0.08 or above.1 Mich. Comp. Laws 

§ 257.625(1)(b). So, an individual with a BAC of 0.08 or above is presumed to be impaired in the 

personal injury context. If the defendant demonstrates that such a presumption applies, and that 

the individual’s impairment was 50% or more the cause of the accident, the burden then shifts to 

the plaintiff to prove a genuine dispute of fact on either element. See Campbell, 238 F.3d at 775.

As to impairment, the defendants proffered its expert toxicologist’s opinion that, based on 

Thompson’s hospital toxicology records approximately four hours after the incident, Thompson’s 

BAC would have been between 0.086 and 0.126, with an average of 0.106, at the time of the 

incident. Mills’ report puts Thompson’s BAC over the legal driving limit, which entitles the 

defendants to a presumption that Thompson was impaired at the time of the incident. See Mich. 

Comp. Laws § 600.2955a(2)(b). In response, Thompson asserted that his decisions to roll himself 

or jump to the ground from the roof and call out for help upon landing were conscious, life-saving 

choices. This “alertness and presence of mind,” he claimed, “exemplifies contrary indications that 

any consumption of alcohol adversely affected [his] alertness and analytical ability[.]” (Pl.’s Resp. 

to Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J., R. 72, PageID 2317.) But he does not present any evidence—only 

argument—that this was his state of mind at the time of the incident. See Duha v. Agrium, Inc., 

448 F.3d 867, 879 (6th Cir. 2006) (“Arguments in parties’ briefs are not evidence.”). So, the 

defendants carried their burden on the first prong of the impairment defense.

As to causation, finding that this BAC is “more than sufficient to cause alcohol 

impairment,” Mills opined that such impairment was “more likely than not . . . a major contributor 

to the accident” when considering Thompson’s knowledge of both the risk of operating the 

1 Michigan increased the impairment presumption BAC to 0.10 in 2021 but, as the conduct occurred in 2016, we agree 

with the district court that the 0.08 BAC level should control. See Op. and Order, R. 87, PageID 3032 n.4 (interpreting

Mich. Comp. Laws § 257.625(1)(b)).
Case No. 22-1228, Thompson v. Ryobi Ltd., et al.

- 11 -

generator while impaired and the flammable nature of the gas. Mills concluded the injury was 

“entirely preventable” had Thompson not used the generator while impaired, and that doing so is 

“consistent with risk-taking behavior due to poor judgment caused by alcohol impairment.” On 

this evidence alone, the district court determined there was no dispute of fact on causation—a 

conclusion required to grant summary judgment on this ground. 

While we agree with the district court that Thompson ultimately failed to present evidence 

to rebut the presumption that he was impaired, we withhold judgment on the second element of 

the impairment defense. As we grant summary judgment to the defendants regardless, we need

not definitively determine whether the defendants’ evidence constitutes unrebutted evidence that, 

because of his impairment, Thompson was 50% or more the cause of the accident.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s opinion and order.