[Cite as In re J.T.S., 2015-Ohio-364.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO 

PREBLE COUNTY 

IN RE: : 

 CASE NO. CA2014-09-009 

 J.T.S. : 

 O P I N I O N 

 : 2/2/2015 

 

 : 

 : 

APPEAL FROM PREBLE COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS 

JUVENILE DIVISION 

Case No. 20134075 

Jon Paul Rion and Nicole L. Rutter-Hirth, 130 West Second Street, Suite 2150, P.O. Box 

10126, Dayton, Ohio 45402, for plaintiffs-appellants 

Maria L. Spencer, 120 North Commerce Street, P.O. Box 221, Lewisburg, Ohio 45338, for 

defendant-appellee 

 M. POWELL, P.J.

{¶ 1} Plaintiffs-appellants, J.K. and E.K., appeal from the decision of the Preble 

County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, granting defendant-appellee, A.S., legal 

custody of J.T.S., her minor son. For the reasons outlined below, we affirm. 

{¶ 2} Appellants met and became friends with A.S. in December 2011 or January 

2012. Several months later, in April 2012, appellants learned through mutual friends that 

A.S. was pregnant, but that A.S. was unsure if she wanted to keep the child, place the child 
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for adoption, or terminate the pregnancy. Wanting to adopt a child for several years, 

appellants asked A.S. if she would be willing to enter into an open adoption with them. A.S. 

agreed. Thereafter, with all parties initially in agreement, appellants obtained the services of 

a local attorney to begin the adoption process. During this time, J.K. frequented A.S.'s 

doctor's appointments, while E.K. began setting up a nursery in their home. A.S. and 

appellants also agreed upon a name for the child. A.S. never retained her own attorney and, 

according to appellants, appeared ready and willing to move forward with the adoption at all 

times. 

{¶ 3} On November 12, 2012, A.S. delivered J.T.S. J.K. was present for the delivery 

and, with A.S.'s approval, cut the umbilical cord. J.K. was also the first to hold the child. 

Upon receiving A.S.'s consent, appellants then took the child home. 

{¶ 4} On November 14, 2012, two days after J.T.S. was born, A.S. executed a power 

of attorney appointing appellants as attorney-in-fact to exercise care, physical custody, and 

control of the child. The power of attorney, however, was to be valid for only one year and 

specifically stated that it did not "affect [A.S.'s] rights in any future proceedings concerning 

the custody of said child or the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities for the care of 

the child." A.S. also executed a document entitled "Pre-Adoptive Placement of Custody," 

which explicitly stated A.S. had only agreed to place the child in the "temporary legal custody" 

of appellants. The parties did not enter into any other agreements and no adoption 

paperwork was ever executed or filed. 

{¶ 5} Several months later, on March 22, 2013, A.S. called appellants and informed 

them that she had changed her mind and did not want to go forward with the adoption. 

Unable to come to an agreement as to the custody of the child, appellants and A.S. both filed 

motions in the juvenile court requesting legal custody of J.T.S. The matter ultimately 

proceeded to a two-day hearing, during which the juvenile court heard extensive testimony 
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from numerous witnesses and admitted into evidence both the power of attorney and the 

parties' "Pre-Adoptive Placement of Custody" agreement. The juvenile court also received a 

lengthy report from a guardian ad litem recommending A.S. be granted legal custody of 

J.T.S. As part of this report, the guardian ad litem noted the "clear and obvious bond" 

between A.S. and her son. The juvenile court subsequently entered its decision awarding 

legal custody of the child to A.S., leaving the decision whether to permit any visitation time 

with appellants to A.S.'s parental discretion. 

{¶ 6} Appellants now appeal from the juvenile court's decision awarding legal custody 

of the child to A.S., as well as the juvenile court's decision regarding appellants' visitation 

time, raising three assignments of error for review. 

{¶ 7} Assignment of Error No. 1: 

{¶ 8} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO CONSIDER ANY EVIDENCE OF 

THE UNSUITABILITY OF THE MOTHER OR THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD. 

{¶ 9} In their first assignment of error, appellants initially argue the juvenile court 

erred by failing to consider and admit any evidence regarding A.S.'s alleged parental 

unsuitability. Where a court is determining child custody in a custody proceeding between a 

parent and a nonparent, such as the case here, "the court may not award custody to the 

nonparent without first making a finding of parental unsuitability." In re Bonfield, 97 Ohio 

St.3d 387, 2002-Ohio-6660, ¶ 46. After a simple review of the record, we find the juvenile 

court admitted extensive evidence regarding A.S.'s alleged parental unsuitability, that is, 

evidence "that the parent abandoned the child, that the parent contractually relinquished 

custody of the child, that the parent has become totally incapable of supporting or caring for 

the child, or that an award of custody to the parent would be detrimental to the child." 

Morrison v. Robinson, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2012-06-019, 2013-Ohio-453, ¶ 10, citing In 

re Perales, 52 Ohio St.2d 89 (1977), syllabus. Appellants' argument to the contrary is not 
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supported by the record. 

{¶ 10} Next, appellants argue the juvenile court erred by failing to consider and admit 

any evidence regarding the "best interest of the child," a phrase which the juvenile court and 

the parties used interchangeably with "detriment to the child." The juvenile court, however, 

did accept evidence regarding the best interest of the child through the guardian ad litem 

report and recommendation, which, as noted above, referenced A.S.'s "clear and obvious 

bond" with her son. Moreover, even if we were to assume appellants' allegations were true, 

the record clearly establishes that the parties explicitly agreed not to introduce any evidence 

as to the best interest of the child until after the juvenile court had the opportunity to rule on 

A.S.'s alleged parental unsuitability. 

{¶ 11} For example, during their opening statement, appellants' then trial counsel 

agreed that if the juvenile court found A.S. to be an unsuitable parent, only then would the 

juvenile court need to determine the best interests of the child, an issue "which we've sort of 

agreed to put off until a * * * later date depending to what the Court rules on [regarding A.S.'s 

alleged parental unsuitability]." In addition, when ruling on an objection during the crossexamination of a witness for appellants, the juvenile court specifically stated: "I'm going to 

stop you there because we agreed not to get into the best interest." Furthermore, once 

appellants rested, the juvenile court noted that it was going to adhere to the parties' 

agreement not to offer any evidence regarding the best interest of the child until "more 

information is secured with regard to the current issue * * * and/or Court rulings [in relation to 

A.S.'s alleged parental unsuitability]." 

{¶ 12} We do not find any error in the juvenile court's decision not to admit any 

evidence regarding the best interest of the child until after it had the opportunity to rule on 

A.S.'s alleged parental unsuitability. The Ohio Supreme Court's opinion in In re Perales

removes any doubt that the best interest standard in a child custody proceeding between a 
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parent and a nonparent applies only after a threshold determination that the child's parents 

are deemed unsuitable. As the Ohio Supreme Court stated in specifically addressing this 

issue: 

Shirley Perales' second contention is that the "best interest" test 

of custody provided for in R.C. 3109.04 should not have been 

applied in the instant cause. To the extent that R.C. 3109.04 

proceedings may grant custody in the "best interest" of the child 

without a finding of parental unsuitability (Boyer v. Boyer (1976), 

46 Ohio St.2d 83, 346 N.E.2d 286), Shirley Perales is correct. 

In re Perales, 52 Ohio St.2d at 96. 

{¶ 13} Moreover, as this court has stated previously, a trial court has the inherent 

power to manage the course of its proceedings and docket. See Paramount Parks, Inc. v. 

Admiral Ins. Co., 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2007-05-066, 2008-Ohio-1351, ¶ 37 (reiterating 

that "[i] It is well-settled that a trial court has the inherent power to control its own docket and 

the progress of the proceedings in its court"). In turn, a trial court's decision regarding how to 

manage the course of its own proceedings is reversible error only if it amounts to an abuse of 

its discretion. See Basha v. Ghalib, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 07AP-963 and 07AP-964, 2008-

Ohio-3999, ¶ 29. An abuse of discretion constitutes more than an error of law or judgment; it 

requires a finding that the trial court acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably. Miller 

v. Miller, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2001-06-138, 2002-Ohio-3870, ¶ 8. We find no abuse of 

that discretion here. 

{¶ 14} Furthermore, assuming we were to find some error in how the juvenile court 

chose to manage the course of its own proceedings, any such error would fall under the 

invited error doctrine. "Under the 'invited error' doctrine, a party will not be permitted to take 

advantage of an error which he himself invited or induced the trial court to make." In re 

Baker, 12th Dist. Brown Nos. CA2000-04-010 and CA2000-04-011, 2001 WL 35972, *2 (Jan. 

16, 2001), quoting State ex rel. The V Cos. v. Marshall, 81 Ohio St.3d 467, 471 (1998), citing 
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State ex rel. Fuqua v. Alexander, 79 Ohio St.3d 206, 208 (1997). Therefore, because any 

error the juvenile court may have made would, at worst, be invited error on behalf of 

appellants, appellants' argument that the trial court erred by failing to consider and admit any 

evidence regarding the best interest of the child is without merit. Accordingly, having found 

no merit to any of the arguments advanced by appellants herein, appellants' first assignment 

of error is overruled. 

{¶ 15} Assignment of Error No. 2: 

{¶ 16} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING MOTHER DID NOT RELINQUISH 

CUSTODY OF [J.T.S.], IGNORING THE EVIDENCE THAT SHE PHYSICALLY 

ABANDONED THE CHILD AND CONTRACTUALLY AWARDED CUSTODY TO 

[APPELLANTS]. 

{¶ 17} In their second assignment of error, appellants argue the juvenile court erred by 

failing to find A.S. had relinquished custody of the child by physically abandoning him or by 

contractually awarding permanent custody of the child to appellants. We disagree. 

{¶ 18} "The overriding principle in custody cases between a parent and nonparent is 

that natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and 

management of their children." In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d 238, 2002-Ohio-7208, ¶ 16, 

citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388 (1982). In turn, "[w]here 

parents have surrendered only temporary custody of their children to third parties, the 

parents retain a paramount right to the custody of the child." In re Guardianship of Smith, 

12th Dist. Preble No. CA2002-12-012, 2003-Ohio-4247, ¶ 10. However, when parents have 

given permanent custody of their children to nonparents, the Ohio Supreme Court has held 

that the best interest test applies in determining the child's custody. Id., citing Masitto v. 

Masitto, 22 Ohio St.3d 63, 66 (1986). Whether a parent relinquishes rights to custody is a 

factual determination to be made by the trier of fact and should not be disturbed if supported 
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by some reliable, credible evidence. In re Beireis, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2003-01-001, 

2004-Ohio-1506, ¶ 10, citing Masitto v. Masitto, 22 Ohio St.3d 63, 66 (1986). 

{¶ 19} The juvenile court heard extensive testimony from a multitude of witnesses 

regarding the events leading up to and after the child's birth. This included, among other 

things, testimony that: (1) A.S. initially agreed it would be best if appellants took custody of 

the child; (2) that A.S. infrequently visited with the child in the months immediately following 

his birth; (3) and that A.S. provided no financial support to appellants after the child was 

placed in their custody. The juvenile court, however, also heard testimony that A.S. babysat 

the child on several occasions, as well as purchased a sleeper and medication for the child. 

There was also testimony that A.S. informed her counselor that she was uncertain of what to 

do with the child and that she was "not 100%" about moving forward with the adoption or 

allowing appellants to retain custody of her son. A.S.'s counselor also testified that she 

informed J.K. of A.S.'s reservations. When asked if this was true, J.K. testified that A.S.'s 

counselor had "said something in those words." A.S.'s teenage son, J.D., further testified 

that his mother was "very much against" the adoption after giving birth to the child. 

{¶ 20} The juvenile court was also presented with a power of attorney entered into by 

the parties. As noted above, these documents appointed appellants to act as attorneys-infact over the child and to exercise care, physical custody, and control of him. The power of 

attorney, however, explicitly stated that it was only valid for one year. This document also 

stated that by agreeing to appoint appellants as power of attorney, it did not "affect [A.S.'s] 

rights in any future proceedings concerning the custody of said child or the allocation of 

parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the child." Similarly, the parties' "PreAdoptive Placement of Custody" agreement specifically stated A.S. had only agreed to place 

her minor son in the "temporary legal custody" of appellants. 

{¶ 21} After considering this evidence, the juvenile court found A.S. did not physically 
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abandon the child or contractually award permanent custody to appellants. Upon carefully 

reviewing the facts of this case, we find reliable, credible evidence to support the trial court's 

decision. Simply stated, although faced with some contradictory testimony between the 

parties, the evidence presented at trial supports the juvenile court's factual determination that 

A.S. did not abandon J.T.S. or permanently relinquish her custody rights over her minor son. 

"This factual determination of the court is presumed correct because the trial judge is in the 

best position to view the witnesses and observe the demeanor, gestures and voice inflections 

so as to weigh the credibility of the presented testimony." In re Guardianship of Smith, 2003-

Ohio-4247 at ¶ 11. This is because "[t]he knowledge a trial court gains through observing the 

witnesses and the parties in a custody proceeding cannot be conveyed to a reviewing court 

by a printed record." Reynolds v. Goll, 75 Ohio St.3d 121, 124 (1996), quoting Miller v. Miller, 

37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74 (1988). Therefore, because there is reliable, credible evidence to 

support the juvenile decision, which includes, among other things, a document that explicitly 

states A.S. had only agreed to place her son in the "temporary legal custody" of appellants, 

we find the juvenile court did not err by awarding A.S. legal custody of the child. Accordingly, 

appellants' second assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶ 22} Assignment of Error No. 3: 

{¶ 23} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO GRANT [APPELLANTS] 

VISITATION RIGHTS, PERMITTING ALL CONTACT TO BE PURSUANT TO [A.S.'S] 

DISCRETION. 

{¶ 24} In their third assignment of error, appellants argue the juvenile court erred by 

not granting them visitation time following a brief transitional period, leaving that decision 

solely to A.S.'s parental discretion. We again disagree. 

{¶ 25} "Until codification of a nonparent's ability to seek visitation through the Ohio 

Revised Code, nonparents were not permitted to seek visitation rights." In re N.C.W., 12th 
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Dist. Butler No. CA2013-12-229, 2014-Ohio-3381, ¶ 24. These statutes, however, "limit the 

parties who can petition the court for visitation and limit the application of the statutes to 

cases where there is a specified predicate event or condition." Bauman v. Faught, 12th Dist. 

Clermont Nos. CA2006-11-101 and CA2006-11-102, 2008-Ohio-166, ¶ 16, quoting Harrold v. 

Collier, 107 Ohio St.3d 44, 2005-Ohio-5334, ¶ 41. In turn, while various statutes have since 

been promulgated by the legislature to allow certain nonparents to seek visitation, we find 

none of these statutes permitting a nonparent to seek visitation apply to appellants.1

 See 

R.C. 3109.12 (permitting grandparents and other relatives of a child born to an unwed mother 

to seek visitation with the child); R.C. 3109.11 (permitting grandparents and other relatives of 

a minor child to seek visitation with a child when the child's parent has died); R.C. 

3109.051(B)(1) (permitting grandparents, relatives, or "any other person other than a parent" 

to seek visitation with a child involved in a divorce, dissolution of marriage, legal separation, 

annulment, or a child support proceeding); R.C. 3107.15(C) (permitting grandparents and 

other relatives of a minor to seek visitation of an adopted child). Therefore, by having no 

relation to the child through consanguinity or affinity, and in the absence of one of the above 

mentioned events, appellants do not have standing to request visitation of the child in these 

custody proceedings. See generally In re K.P.R., 197 Ohio App.3d 193, 2011-Ohio-6114, ¶ 

22-26 (12th Dist.) (finding stepfather had standing to request visitation of stepson as he was 

a "relative" of the child by affinity due to his status as the spouse of the child's mother upon 

her death). 

{¶ 26} Furthermore, even if we were to find appellants had standing to request 

visitation, the ability to have visitation awarded to a nonparent is conditioned upon finding 

 

1. We note the Ohio Supreme Court has also determined that, in exercising its jurisdiction under R.C. 

2151.23(A)(2), a juvenile court may issue a temporary visitation order in a pending case for custody between a 

parent and nonparent where it is in the child's best interest. Rowell v. Smith, 133 Ohio St.3d 288, 2012-Ohio4313, syllabus. However, this limited holding applies only to temporary visitation while a custody action is 

pending, and therefore, would also not permit appellants to seek visitation of the child. 
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visitation with the nonparent is in the best interest of the child. There is a presumption that 

"fit parents act in the best interests of their children." King v. King, 12th Dist. Warren No. 

CA2006-01-009, 2006-Ohio-5985, ¶ 10, quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 68, 120 

S.Ct. 2054 (2000). In turn, "a fit parent's decision regarding visitation should be afforded 

great deference." Baker v. Baker, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2002-04-008, 2003-Ohio-731, ¶ 

10. We agree with the finding of the juvenile court that there is nothing in the record that 

would indicate A.S. was "unfit or unable to provide for the child, care for the child, or support 

the child." Therefore, although this presents a somewhat unique and unfortunate situation, 

because the record is devoid of any evidence to suggest A.S. is an unfit mother unsuitable 

and incapable of properly caring for her son, we find no error in the juvenile court's decision 

regarding visitation. "[T]here is nothing preventing a parent from terminating a relationship 

between a child and a non-parent who has no visitation rights." In re Jones, 2d Dist. Miami 

No. 2000 CA 56, 2002 WL 940195, *5 (May 10, 2002). Accordingly, appellants' third 

assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶ 27} Judgment affirmed. 

 RINGLAND and HENDRICKSON, JJ., concur.