# Bor **ehole g eoph**  **ysics fo**  **r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **actur e, and**  **fluid pr operties** 

**USEP A**  **- USGS**  **Fr actur**  **ed Ro**  **ck W orkshop**  **EP A R**  **egion 2**  **14 January**  **2014** 

# John Williams, USGS

##  

# Caliper  

# Gamma  

# Single **- poin**  **t re**  **sis ta**  **nce**  

# Fluid r **esis tivity**   

# Te **mper at**  **ur e**  

# BA **SIC GE OPHY**  **SICAL L OGGING** 

**2**

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties** 

### O p e n

Pe hme and others (2010) Open hole Lined hole Te mperatur e,

i n degr ees C 12 12.5 13 12 12.5 13

175 200 275

225 250 M asl

# VIDE **O CAMERA**

**3 Borehole geoph**  **ysics fo**  **r char act**  **erizing ro**  **ck, fr acture,**  **and fluid pr operties**  

# Video camer **a**  

# Fish **- eye**  **and side -**  **wa ll views**  **of bor ehole wall and conditions** 

248ftZone.mp4

##  

# Ultr **asound pulse**  **- echo**  **syste m**   

# Acous **tic amplitude and tr**  **ansit time**   

# Orien **te d**  **360 degr ee acous**  **tic imag**  **e of bor**  **ehole w all**   

# Acous **tic r eflectivity**  **re la**  **te d**  **to lithology**  **, bedding , f**  **olia tion,**  **and fr**  **actur es**   

# Wa **te r**  **- or ligh**  **t mud**  **- filled**  **holes** 

# ACO **US TIC TELEVIEWER** 

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 4**  N W E N S

##  

# CCD camer **a with conical or**  **hy perbolic**  **ref lect**  **or**  

# Orien **te d**  **360 degr ee optical**  **imag e of bor**  **ehole w all**   

# Dir **ect viewing of lithology**  **, bedding**  **, fo**  **lia tion,**  **and fr actur**  **es**  

# Wa **te r**  **- or air**  **- filled**  **holes**  

# Less aff **ect ed by w**  **ater clarity than fishe**  **ye** 

# OPTICAL TELEVIEWER

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 5**  N W E N S

# Unwrapped **image 3**  **- D wrapped**  **image**

**N W**  **E**

**Planar structure (south**  **dipping)** 

### Am **plitude**



# N **N**

**S W**  **E**

**Dip o**  

## = tan **- 1**  

### amplitude

**diameter** 

## Strike **= (175 -**  **90) o**  

## = 85 **o** 

## N **E S**  **W N** 

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 6**  

# Bor **ehole -**  **Wa ll**  **Imag e**  **Analysis Borehole geoph**  **ysics fo**  **r char act**  **erizing ro**  **ck, fr acture,**  **and fluid pr operties** 



# Gamma, **Imag e,**  **and Cor e Log**  **ging**

**7** 

### AT **V OTV** 

**BERTIE FLOW**

**ZONE Ca**  **yuga County Superfund Site**

• **7 -**  **mile long**  **VO C plume in g**  **ently dipping carbonate bedr**  **ock**

• **Defined the bedr ock**  **stratigraphic framew**  **ork**

• **Critical to understanding flo**  **w and transpor**  **t**

## Ca **yuga County Superfund Site** **E L** **E V** **A T** **I O** **N ,** **I N** **F E** **E T** 
**700**

**500 2000 FT**  **0 Oxbow**  **N S** 

Source

• **Deep VO**  **C transport to the south along solution zo**  **ne at top of Bertie** 

• **Faults re**  **co gnized**  **by re**  **peated sections**  **on gamma logs** 

• **VO C plume**  **spr eads**  **ve rt**  **ically and laterally**  **when it hit the faults**  Faults

**8 Borehole geoph**  **ysics fo**  **r char act**  **erizing ro**  **ck, fr acture,**  **and fluid pr operties** **Detected VOCs**

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 9**  

## Shenandoah Road Superfund Site

• **VO C sour**  **ce on fractur ed**  **Pr ecambrian gneiss** 

**Southeast dipping**  **fractures in**  **bedrock outcrop near source**  **VOC Source** **Detected VOCs**

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 10**  

## Shenandoah Road Superfund Site

• **VO C sour**  **ce on fractur ed**  **Pr ecambrian gneiss** 

**Borehole -**  **wa ll**  **image of southeast**  **dipping fractured**  **zone Near**  **- Source**  **Corehole**

**VOC Source** Foliation

Fractures
Transmssive fractures **Detected VOCs**

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 11**  

## Shenandoah Road Superfund Site

• **Bedr ock**  **structur e consistent**  **with VO**  **C detections**  **in domestic we**  **lls and**  **monitoring we**  **lls**

**Stereo plots of bedrock**  **structure orientation**  **in near -**  **source holes**  **VOC Source**  

## Man **y wells ar e open**  **to multiple**  **flow z ones tha**  **t ha ve diff**  **ering h yd**  **ra ulic head**   

## Ve **rtical flow occur s**  **fr om z**  **ones of higher h yd**  **ra ulic head to z**  **ones of lower hyd**  **ra ulic head under ambient conditions**   

## Flow **and fluid -**  **pr operty logs under ambient and pumped conditions**  **to char**  **ate riz**  **e flow**  **- zo**  **ne tr**  **ansmissivity and h**  **yd ra**  **ulic head** 

# Flow Log **ging**

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 12**  

## Ambient Pumped

###  

# Spinner **flowmet er** 

 

## St **ationary and tr**  **olling measur emen**  **ts**  

## Measurement **ra nge**  **5 t o**  **5000 g al/min**   

# Heat **- pulse**  **flowmet er**   

## St **ationary measurements**   

## To **ol with divert er**  **0.005 t o**  **1.5 g al/min**   

## To **ol without divert**  **er 0.5 t**  **o 5 g**  **al/min**  

# Electr **omagnetic flowmet**  **er**  

## St **ationary and trolling measuremen**  **ts**  

## To **ol with divert er**  **0.05 t o**  **15 g al/min**   

## Higher flows with **underfit or no divert**  **er**  

## Fluid resistivity and t **emper ature**  **sensors** 

# Flowmet **er s** 

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 13** **Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 14**  

# Upw **ar d**  **Flow Down**  **wa rd**  **Flow Borehole geoph**  **ysics fo**  **r char act**  **erizing ro**  **ck, fr acture,**  **and fluid pr operties**  **15** 

# Te **st hole f**  **or Discr ete**  **- Zo**  **ne Monit**  **oring We**  **ll**

**Ca yug**  **a County Superfund Site Borehole geoph**  **ysics fo**  **r char act**  **erizing ro**  **ck, fr acture,**  **and fluid properties**  **16** 

# Downw **ar d**  **and Upw ar**  **d (Con**  **ver ge**  **nt) Flow** **Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties** 

# Te **st Hole f**  **or Discr ete**  **- Zo**  **ne Monit**  **oring We**  **ll**

**Shenandoah R oad**  **Superfund Sit e** 

**730 mg/L** 
**8.5 mg/L** 

**17**Nearby w ell pumping

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 18**  

# Te **st Hole f**  **or Discr ete**  **- Zo**  **ne Monit**  **oring We**  **ll NA**  **WC Research Site Borehole geoph**  **ysics fo**  **r char act**  **erizing ro**  **ck, fr acture,**  **and fluid pr operties**  **19**



# Wa **te rv**  **lie t**  **Ar senal**  **VO Cs in met**  **amorphosed shale** 

**81 82 65 34 83 84 71 85 59 86** 

# S **N**

**0 100 FT**  **0.5 500 FT**  **2 /D**  **Flow -**  **zone Tr**  **ansmissivity D** **e p** **t h** **, i** **n F** **e e** **t**Flow,inGallonsPerMinute



### Elapsed Time, in Minutes 65 34 71 59

Injection (4 gal/min) Flowmeter measurements 

## CROSS **- HOLE**  **TRANSIENT TESTS Injection**  **into 59 Flow**  **meter in 65**  

# S **N**

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 20** 

### 81 82 65 34 83 84 71 85 59 86



# S **N**

**0 100 FT**  

### Subparallel **north -**  **dipping fracture flow**  **z ones** **D e** **p t** **h ,** **i n** **F e** **e t** 

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 21**  

# Fr **actur e Flow Z**  **one Connection**

### 81 82 65 34 83 84 71 85 59 86



# S **N D** **e p** **t h** **, i** **n F** **e e** **t**

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 22**  

# PCE fr **om Cor e and Discr**  **ete I**  **nte rv**  **al Sampling**

**0 100 FT** 

### 81 82 65 34 83 84 71 85 59 86



# S **N**

**PCE mass betw een**  **fracture flow z**  **ones Borehole geoph**  **ysics fo**  **r char act**  **erizing ro**  **ck, fr acture,**  **and fluid pr operties**  **23** 

# PCE fr **om Cor e and Discr**  **ete I**  **nte rv**  **al Sampling**

**0 100 FT** 

## 71 74

**Borehole geoph ysics**  **fo r char**  **act erizing**  **ro ck, fr**  **acture, and fluid pr**  **operties 24**  

# Po **ta ssium**  **Pe rmang**  **ana te**  **I njection**  59 75 65 34