[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-10348

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 8:13-cv-00827-JSM-EAJ

BETTY HEARN, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES,

MARGARET (PEGGY) BUIS, et al.,

 Defendants-Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

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(October 23, 2014)

Before MARTIN, JORDAN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Betty Hearn, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal of her 

suit against her former employer, International Business Machines Corporation,

and three former co-workers, Peggy Buis, David Allcock, and Russell Mandel

(defendants), alleging, among other things, claims of fraudulent misrepresentation 

and breach of contract. She also appeals the district court’s denial of her postjudgment motions for default judgment and reconsideration. 

On appeal, Hearn raises four arguments. First, she argues that the district 

court erred in finding that she did not properly state a claim for fraudulent 

misrepresentation and breach of contract. Second, she argues that the district court 

erred in denying her motion to add a claim for breach of contract against Allcock. 

Third, she argues that the district court erred in dismissing her motions for default 

judgment because the defendants failed to file an answer to her complaint. Fourth, 

she argues that the district court erred in failing to grant her motions for 

reconsideration. After careful analysis, we affirm the district court on each point.

I. 

We review de novo a grant of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. 

Glover v. Liggett Grp., Inc., 459 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2006). In reviewing a 

grant of a motion to dismiss, we accept the allegations in the complaint as true and 

construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id.

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A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing 

that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Although detailed 

factual allegations are not required, the complaint must provide the grounds for 

relief, which “requires more than labels and conclusions [or] a formulaic recitation 

of the elements of a cause of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 

544, 555, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1964–65 (2007). A complaint does not “suffice if it 

tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. 

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (alteration in original) 

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 1275 S. Ct. at 1955). Finally, although “we 

construe pro se plaintiffs’ pleadings liberally, “courts may not act as de facto

counsel or rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order to sustain an action.” 

Porter v. Duval Cnty. Sch. Bd., 406 F. App’x 460, 462 (11th Cir. 2010) (per 

curiam) (quotation marks omitted).

Here, Hearn did not properly state a claim for fraudulent misrepresentation

in her Second Amended Complaint—the last of three complaints she filed. Under 

Florida law, fraudulent misrepresentation requires: “(1) a false statement 

concerning a material fact; (2) the representor’s knowledge that the representation 

is false; (3) an intention that the representation induce another to act on it; and (4) 

consequent injury by the party acting in reliance on the representation.” Butler v. 

Yusem, 44 So.3d 102, 105 (Fla. 2010) (quotation marks omitted). At the pleading 

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stage, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) the precise statements, documents, or 

misrepresentations made; (2) the time, place, and person responsible for the 

statement; (3) the content and manner in which these statements misled the 

[p]laintiffs; and (4) what the defendants gained by the alleged fraud.” Am. Dental 

Ass’n v. Cigna Corp., 605 F.3d 1283, 1291 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Brooks v. 

Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Fla., Inc., 116 F.3d 1364, 1380–81 (11th Cir. 1997)).

Hearn failed to sufficiently allege that she relied on a false representation 

made by the defendants. At best, under the heading of “Count Five—Fraud 

(Florida law),” Hearn stated that IBM and its employees induced her to sign 

various termination forms that later prevented her from receiving unemployment 

benefits from the government. But though Hearn repeatedly stated that employees 

of IBM “made materially false representations” that they knew would be

“injurious” to her, she never stated with particularity precisely which 

representations were false and how she acted in reliance on them. She failed even 

to state a “time” and “place” that the allegedly false statements were made, let 

alone their “content.” Am. Dental, 605 F.3d at 1291. A complaint requires more 

than mere “labels and conclusions.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S. Ct. at 

1964–65.

Nor did Hearn properly state a claim for breach of contract. Under Florida 

law, a breach of contract claim “requires the plaintiff to plead and establish: (1) the 

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existence of a contract; (2) a material breach of that contract; and (3) damages

resulting from the breach.” Vega v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 564 F.3d 1256, 1272 

(11th Cir. 2009). Hearn alleged that the defendants breached her 1996 

employment contract, as well as an oral and written contract having to do with her 

termination in 2010. However, Hearn nowhere stated any particular contract term

and precisely how defendants materially breached it. Such “naked assertion[s] 

devoid of further factual enhancement” do not meet the requirements of Rule 

12(b)(6). Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (alteration in original) 

(quotation marks omitted). As such, the district court properly granted the 

defendant’s motion to dismiss.1

II.

A district court’s denial of a motion to amend a complaint is reviewed for 

abuse of discretion, although the underlying legal conclusion of whether a 

particular amendment to the complaint would be futile is reviewed de novo. 

Corsello v. Lincare, Inc., 428 F.3d 1008, 1012 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). 

 1 Although Hearn challenges on appeal the district court’s dismissal of her state law 

claims for fraudulent misrepresentation and breach of contract, she does not refer to her federal 

law claims under the Equal Pay Act and for race discrimination. For that reason, the latter 

claims are abandoned. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). 

Hearn does argue in her appeal that the trial court erred in “dismissing Hearn’s claims for 

violations of Florida and federally protected benefits—Florida Unemployment Benefits, and 

COBRA benefits governed by ERISA.” Appellant’s Br. at 37. Because Hearn did not raise 

these claims in her complaint below, we do not address them here. See Glenn v. U.S. Postal 

Serv., 939 F.2d 1516, 1523 (11th Cir. 1991) (explaining that a plaintiff “cannot assert for the first 

time on appeal a new claim not presented to the district court”).

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Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), a court should give leave to amend a 

complaint freely, “when justice so requires.” Though a party ordinarily must be 

given at least one opportunity to amend her complaint, the district court “need not

‘allow an amendment . . . where amendment would be futile.’” Corsello, 428 F.3d 

at 1014 (quoting Bryant v. Dupree, 252 F.3d 1161, 1163 (11th Cir. 2001) (per 

curiam)). A proposed amendment is futile “when the complaint as amended would 

still be properly dismissed.” Coventry First, LLC v. McCarty, 605 F.3d 865, 870

(11th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (quotation marks omitted).

The district court did not err in denying Hearn’s motion to amend her 

complaint to add a claim for breach of contract against Allcock. As the district 

court rightly found, she “d[id] not adequately allege enough facts to show the 

existence of a valid contract between herself and Allcock.” (Doc. 27 at 2) Her 

complaint would have been dismissed even if her amendment had been allowed.

III.

We review the district court’s denial of a motion for default judgment for 

abuse of discretion. Mitchell v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 294 F.3d 

1309, 1316 (11th Cir. 2002). Default judgment is granted “[w]hen a party against 

whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise 

defend.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). The defendants here failed neither to plead nor 

otherwise defend. They filed timely motions to dismiss following each complaint, 

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which the court granted. Beyond that, the district court did not abuse its discretion 

because Hearn filed both motions for default judgment on December 12, 2013,

nearly a month after the court dismissed the case with prejudice on November 15, 

2013.

IV.

Finally, a district court’s denial of a motion for reconsideration is reviewed 

for abuse of discretion. Corwin v. Walt Disney Co., 475 F.3d 1239, 1254 (11th 

Cir. 2007). Rule 59(e) motions to alter or amend a judgment may only be granted 

based on “newly-discovered evidence or manifest errors of law or fact.” In re 

Kellogg, 197 F.3d 1116, 1119 (11th Cir. 1999). They may not be used “to 

relitigate old matters, raise argument or present evidence that could have been 

raised prior to the entry of judgment.” Michael Linet, Inc. v. Vill. of Willington, 

Fla., 408 F.3d 757, 763 (11th Cir. 2005). Neither Hearn’s first motion—which the 

district court construed as a Rule 59(e) motion for reconsideration—nor her second 

motion—which, the district court noted, “state[d] the same basis for 

reconsideration as Plaintiff’s previous motion” (Doc. 40 at 1)—met the high 

standard for this rare form of relief. Hearn sought only to “rehash[] arguments the 

Court ha[d] already rejected.” Parker v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 874 F. Supp. 

2d 1353, 1359 (M.D. Fla. 2012) (quoting Lamar Adver. of Mobile, Inc. v. City of 

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Lakeland, Fla, 189 F.R.D. 480, 490 (M.D. Fla. 1999)). The district court did not 

abuse its discretion in dismissing these motions.

For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court.

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