Filed 1/23/14; pub. order 2/21/14 (see end of opn.)

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

GILBANE BUILDING COMPANY,

Petitioner,

v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

SAN DIEGO COUNTY,

Respondent;

 D063685

 (San Diego County Super. Ct. No. 37-

2012-00091137-CU-MC-CTL)

SAN DIEGANS FOR OPEN 

GOVERNMENT,

Real Party in Interest.

PROCEEDINGS IN MANDATE after the superior court overruled petitioner's 

demurrer to real party in interest's first amended complaint. William S. Dato, Judge. 

Petition denied.

McKenna Long & Aldridge, Charles A. Bird, Christian D. Humphreys and Gary 

K. Brucker, Jr., for Petitioner.

Briggs Law, Cory J. Briggs, Mekaela M. Gladden, and Anthony N. Kim for Real 

Party in Interest.
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Gilbane Building Company (Gilbane) petitions for writ of mandate challenging the 

trial court's overruling of its demurrer to San Diegans for Open Government's (SanDOG) 

first amended complaint. In that complaint, SanDOG asserted claims against Gilbane and

other construction companies seeking to disgorge all monies those companies allegedly 

illegally received from contracts with the Sweetwater Union High School District (the 

District). Gilbane contends the trial court erred in overruling its demurrer because (1) 

SanDOG does not have standing on its own and cannot rely on the standing of its 

members; and (2) SanDOG cannot pursue its action because it failed to allege it made a 

demand on the District to sue and the District refused. We reject Gilbane's arguments 

and deny the petition.

BACKGROUND

The San Diego District Attorney's Office investigated allegations that some of the 

District's board members and its superintendant failed to report gifts and travel funds and 

misused the District's credit card. The investigation revealed a "pay to play" culture in 

which Gilbane and other companies provided gifts to the District's officials and their 

family members in exchange for construction contracts worth several million dollars.

After SanDOG discovered the improper gifts, it informed the District of its intent

to sue Gilbane and others and inquired whether the District wanted to prosecute the 

action with SanDOG. The District did not respond.

SanDOG filed this action against Gilbane, seeking declaratory relief, imposition of 

a constructive trust on all consideration received by Gilbane, judgment that all 

consideration be returned to the District, an injunction preventing Gilbane from 
3

disbursing monies received from the contracts, and other unspecified relief. SanDOG 

alleged that at least one of its members resided in and paid taxes within the District and 

had an interest in ensuring the District's compliance with all conflict of interest laws and 

maintaining open, transparent government decisionmaking. SanDOG further alleged that 

it was suing on its own behalf, for its own benefit, for the benefit of its members, for all 

persons similarly situated, for all taxpayers within the geographical jurisdiction of the 

District, and for the District.

Gilbane demurred to SanDOG's first amended complaint, arguing, among other 

things, that SanDOG lacked standing to sue because SanDOG did not pay taxes within 

the District. Gilbane also alleged SanDOG's action was improper because the District 

had discretion whether to sue Gilbane. SanDOG opposed the demurrer, contending that 

an organization who has members paying taxes within the District has standing to bring 

the action.

The trial court overruled Gilbane's demurrer, finding SanDOG alleged sufficient 

facts to invoke associational standing to pursue taxpayer suits under Code of Civil 

Procedure section 526a (section 526a). The trial court also found "[t]he rule that a 

taxpayer lacks standing to sue on behalf of a public agency unless the agency has a duty 

to sue and refused to do so does not apply to a case such as this" because "SanDOG [was] 

not seeking to usurp the District's discretion in managing its affairs."
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DISCUSSION

I. Associational Standing

Section 526a provides: "An action to obtain a judgment, restraining and 

preventing any illegal expenditure of, waste of, or injury to, the estate, funds, or other 

property of a county, town, city or city and county of the state, may be maintained against 

any officer thereof, or any agent, or other person, acting in its behalf, either by a citizen 

resident therein, or by a corporation, who is assessed for and is liable to pay, or within 

one year before the commencement of the action, has paid, a tax therein . . . ."

Here, SanDOG alleged that at least one of its members resided in and paid taxes 

within the District and had an interest in ensuring the District's compliance with all 

conflict of interest laws and maintaining open, transparent government decisionmaking. 

Gilbane does not contend that SanDOG's members do not have standing individually; 

rather, Gilbane argues SanDOG does not have standing on its own and cannot rely on the 

standing of its members. We disagree.

The issue presented in this case was recently decided by this Court in Taxpayers 

for Accountable School Bond Spending v. San Diego Unified School District (2013) 215 

Cal.App.4th 1013, 1031-1033 (Taxpayers). In that case, an organization brought an 

action arising out of a school district's approval of new stadium field lighting and other 

improvements. (Id. at p. 1021.) As in this case, the school district challenged the action 

on the basis of the organization's standing because the organization "[did] not pay taxes 

as an organization." (Id. at p. 1031.) The court rejected the school district's argument, 

reasoning: "we are not aware of, any case that holds a representative organization cannot 
5

bring a taxpayer action under . . . section 526a or a citizen action if that organization 

represents members who, as individuals, would have standing to personally bring that 

cause of action. On the contrary, it has been held a representative organization or 

association may have standing to bring an action if its members would have had standing 

to bring that action as individuals." (Ibid.) Accordingly, the court concluded even 

though the organization itself did not pay taxes, it had standing because its members were 

taxpayers and residents within the school district. (Id. at p. 1032.)

We see no reason to depart from the holding in Taxpayers. Accordingly, we reject 

Gilbane's associational standing argument.

II. Demand and Refusal

Gilbane argues SanDOG cannot pursue its action because it failed to allege it 

made a demand on the District to sue and the District refused that demand. We reject this 

argument.

The Government Code prohibits members of a district from being "financially 

interested in any contract made by them in their official capacity, or by any body or board 

of which they are members." (Gov. Code, § 1090 (§ 1090).) "Every contract made in 

violation of any of the provisions of Section 1090 may be avoided at the instance of any 

party except the officer interested therein." (Gov. Code, § 1092.) Courts have 

interpreted this language to mean that a contract made in violation of section 1090 is 

void, not merely voidable. (Thomson v. Call (1985) 38 Cal.3d 633, 646, fn. 15.) "It is 

settled law that where a contract is made in violation of section 1090, the public entity 

involved is entitled to recover any compensation that it has paid under the contract 
6

without restoring any of the benefits it has received." (Finnegan v. Shrader (2001) 91 

Cal.App.4th 572, 583.)

Taxpayers may sue under section 1090 in order to have improper contracts 

declared void. (See Finnegan v. Schrader, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th 572 [taxpayer brought 

action under section 1090 against a sanitation district and its manager to have the 

manager's employment contract declared void]; Thomson v. Call, supra, 38 Cal.3d 633, 

637-638 [taxpayer sued the city, several city council members, and various corporations 

under section 1090 to challenge the validity of a land transaction in which a city council 

member conveyed land to a corporation who in turn conveyed it to the city].) These 

lawsuits may be against the public agency as well as the private parties who entered into 

the improper contract with the public agency. (See Terry v. Bender (1956) 143 

Cal.App.2d 198; Thomson, supra, at pp. 637-638.)

However, "[a] taxpayer may not bring an action on behalf of a public agency 

unless the governing body has a duty to act, and has refused to do so. If the governing 

body has discretion in the matter, the taxpayer may not interfere." (Silver v. Watson 

(1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 905, 909.) "The rule is explained in . . . Dunn [v. Long Beach 

Land & Water Co. (1896) 114 Cal. 605, 609] . . . : 'The rule is that the municipality, 

through its governing body, has control of the property and general supervision over the 

ordinary business of the corporation; and there would be utter confusion in such matters 

if every citizen and taxpayer had the general right to control the judgment of such body, 

or usurp the office. Where the thing in question is within the discretion of such body to 

do or not to do, the general rule is that then neither by mandamus, quo warranto, or other 
7

judicial proceeding, can either the state or a private citizen question the action or 

nonaction of such body; nor in such cases can a private citizen rightfully undertake to do 

that which he thinks such body ought to do. It is only where performance of the thing 

requested is enjoined as a duty upon said governing body that such performance can be 

compelled, or that a private citizen can step into the place of such body and himself 

perform it.' " (Silver, supra, at p. 909.) Where the public agency has expended funds 

illegally or for an unlawful purpose and its management is in the hands of the persons 

accused of the wrongdoing, a taxpayer is not required to make a demand on the public 

agency as it would be unavailing. (Osburn v. Stone (1915) 170 Cal. 480, 482; Citizens'

Committee for Old Age Pensions v. Board of Sup'rs of Los Angeles County (1949) 91 

Cal.App.2d 658, 660.)

Here, the parties dispute whether a demand to the District and refusal was required 

before SanDOG could initiate its action against Gilbane. The demand and refusal 

requirement does not apply in this case because SanDOG is not seeking to usurp the 

District's discretion in managing its affairs. Rather, if the allegations in SanDOG's 

complaint are true, the District expended funds illegally and the subject contracts are 

void, not merely voidable. Whether the contracts are void is not a matter within the 

District's discretion.

We also conclude that a demand was not required under the circumstances of this 

case because it would have been unavailing. SanDOG alleged the District's officials, 

including its board members, were involved in the wrongdoing subject to its lawsuit. It is 

unlikely that the District's officials would have initiated a lawsuit to correct its own 
8

wrongs. Where, as here, "the facts alleged in the complaint sufficiently show that . . . a 

demand would have been useless, and when it appears from the complaint that a demand 

would have been unavailing, it is not required." (Briare v. Mathews (1927) 202 Cal. 1, 

9.)

Even if a demand and refusal was required, SanDOG alleged that "[b]efore 

commencing this lawsuit, [it] notified DISTRICT of [its] intent to file this lawsuit and 

inquiring whether DISTRICT would like to prosecute the action with [SanDOG], but 

[SanDOG] has never received a response." Gilbane argues this allegation was 

insufficient because it "invited the District to join SanDOG" in commencing the action 

instead of demanding the District initiate the action and does not show the District 

refused. We reject Gilbane's argument.

In our view, the purpose of the demand requirement is to put a public agency on 

notice of wrongdoing and give it the opportunity to commence an action on behalf of its 

constituents. SanDOG's allegation satisfies the purpose of the demand requirement. 

Further, SanDOG alleged the District did not respond. If we were to construe the refusal 

requirement as Gilbane suggests and require an actual refusal, a public agency could 

prevent taxpayer initiated litigation simply by failing to respond to any demand. This 

result would not comport with the policy supporting taxpayer actions.
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DISPOSITION

The petition is denied. SanDOG is entitled to costs in this proceeding.

McINTYRE, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

HUFFMAN, J.
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Filed 2/21/14

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

GILBANE BUILDING COMPANY,

Petitioner,

v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

SAN DIEGO COUNTY,

Respondent;

 D063685

 (San Diego County Super. Ct. No. 37-

2012-00091137-CU-MC-CTL)

ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION FOR 

PUBLICATION

SAN DIEGANS FOR OPEN 

GOVERNMENT,

Real Party in Interest.

THE COURT:

The opinion filed on January 23, 2014 is ordered certified for publication.

McINTYRE, Acting P. J.

Copies to: All parties