NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule 

23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28, 

as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties 

and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's 

decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire 

court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case. 

A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25, 

2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted 

above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260 

n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

22-P-657

COMMONWEALTH

vs.

PAUL FAGUNDES.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

A Superior Court jury convicted the defendant of rape of a 

child with force in violation of G. L. c. 265, § 22A; rape of a 

child aggravated by age, G. L. c. 265, § 23A (a); rape of a 

child, G. L. c. 265, § 23; two counts of indecent assault and 

battery on a child under fourteen, G. L. c. 265, § 13B; assault 

and battery, G. L. c. 265, § 13A; and threats to kill, G. L. 

c. 275, § 4.1 On appeal, the defendant claims that (1) the judge 

erred in denying a new trial where the jury were exposed to 

extraneous material; (2) an indecent assault and battery 

conviction was duplicative of two of the rape convictions, which 

were also duplicative of each other; (3) the judge allowed 

improper evidence to be admitted; and (4) the Commonwealth made

1 The jury acquitted him of one count of rape of a child with 

force in violation of G. L. c. 265, § 22B.
2

improper remarks in its closing argument. Concluding that one 

count of indecent assault and battery is duplicative of the rape 

counts, we vacate that conviction. We otherwise affirm.

Background. The Commonwealth presented the following 

evidence. On weekends when the victim was in elementary school, 

she frequently stayed overnight at her paternal grandmother's 

house. The defendant, who is the victim's uncle, lived with the 

grandmother. One morning, the defendant entered the room the 

victim shared with the grandmother and asked the victim if she 

wanted to watch cartoons. They went into the living room, where 

the defendant gave the victim juice and snacks while she watched 

television. Eventually, she fell back asleep. The victim woke 

up to the defendant touching and inserting his finger into her 

vagina. She testified that "it was just that time that he only 

did that, but every other time he would do that and more." On 

those subsequent occasions, instead of asking the victim to 

watch cartoons in the living room, the defendant took her to his 

bedroom, sometimes by dragging her out of bed. There, the 

defendant anally raped her, inserted his hands into her vagina, 

and made her touch his penis. He also pulled her hair, hit her 

head on furniture, swore at her, and one time put a knife to her 

throat. Although it was unclear how frequently these assaults 

occurred, they stopped before the victim went to middle school, 

when the defendant moved out of the house.
3

Discussion. 1. Extraneous material. "When there is a 

claim of extraneous influence on a jury, a two-step procedure is 

to be followed. First, the defendant bears the burden of 

demonstrating that the jury were in fact exposed to the 

extraneous matter. To meet this burden [the defendant] may rely 

on juror testimony. If the defendant meets this burden and the 

judge finds that extraneous matter came to the attention of the 

jury, the burden then shifts to the Commonwealth to show beyond 

a reasonable doubt that [the defendant] was not prejudiced by 

the extraneous matter" (quotations and citation omitted). 

Commonwealth v. Kincaid, 444 Mass. 381, 386 (2005). We review 

for clear error. Id. at 387.

Here, it is evident that the judge followed the proper 

procedure. The day after the verdict, a juror reported hearing 

comments during deliberations about the defendant's "gang 

tattoo"2 and global positioning system (GPS) ankle monitor. The 

judge conducted an individual voir dire of each of the jurors. 

During her inquiry, the judge assessed the extent of each 

juror's exposure to the material and any discussion about it 

among the jurors.

Based on the voir dires, the judge determined that several 

jurors were exposed to the extraneous materials, however, any 

2 The tattoo, on the defendant's left hand, consisted of stars

arranged in the shape of a moon.
4

juror comments about the defendant's tattoo and ankle bracelet 

were "speculative in nature, unsupported by any claim of 

personal knowledge or experience and would be received as such 

by the average hypothetical jury." See Kincaid, 444 Mass. at 

389 (judge required to "focus on the probable effect of the

extraneous fact on a 'hypothetical average jury'" [citation 

omitted]). She observed that the tattoo was "pretty innocuous" 

and did not instill fear of gang retribution, and that jurors 

"shrugged . . . off" comments about gang relation. The judge 

also concluded that the Commonwealth had presented "overwhelming 

evidence" at trial of the defendant's guilt, including the 

victim's "compelling, detailed testimony" and the testimony of a 

credible first complaint witness who corroborated details 

concerning key evidence.3 See id. (judge may consider 

overwhelming evidence of guilt). The judge aptly pointed out 

that the tattoo and GPS bracelet were "insignificant in deciding 

the defendant's guilt" because it was a case of "interfamilial 

sexual abuse [that] did not implicate concerns and dynamics 

surrounding gang issues." See id. (judge may consider whether 

extraneous materials produced such high probability of prejudice 

that error must be inferred). We thus discern no error in the 

3 The judge further indicated that in "distinct contrast to the 

victim's compelling testimony and the corroborating testimony of 

her brother, the defendant's testimony was not credible" because 

of inconsistencies on critical issues.
5

judge's conclusion that a new trial was not required because the 

Commonwealth demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

extraneous material did not prejudice the defendant. Id. at 

386. See Commonwealth v. Colon, 482 Mass. 162, 167-168 (2019).

2. Duplicative convictions. a. Indecent assault and 

battery. We agree with the defendant's argument that the 

indecent assault and battery count of the indictment, for 

"touching of the vagina without penetration" (count five), was 

duplicative of the counts charging rape of a child by digital 

penetration (counts two and four).4 "Indecent assault and 

battery is a lesser included offense of rape of a child by 

force. . . . The difference between the two offenses is the 

element of penetration." Commonwealth v. Donlan, 436 Mass. 329, 

335-336 (2002). The element of penetration required for a rape 

conviction is satisfied by evidence that a defendant "touched or 

came into contact with the victim's vagina, vulva, or labia." 

Id. at 336. Here, the Commonwealth's theory of indecent assault 

and battery underlying count five was that the defendant 

"touched [the victim's] vagina not inside, but outside." 

Indeed, for this charge of indecent assault and battery, the 

judge instructed the jury that they must be satisfied that the 

4 The indecent assault and battery counts did not identify the 

particular type of touching alleged, however, it was specified 

on the verdict slips.
6

Commonwealth proved "touching of the vagina without 

penetration." As noted above, however, that is not the law. 

Touching of the vagina is, by definition, penetration. See 

Donlan, supra. Because the victim described no distinct 

touching of her genital area that did not involve touching her 

vagina, the conviction of count five is duplicative of the 

convictions of counts two and four and must be vacated. See 

Commonwealth v. Vick, 454 Mass. 418, 431 (2009).

b. Digital rapes. We disagree with the defendant's 

contention that the two separate counts for digital rape were 

duplicative of each other. The indictment and verdict slips for 

counts two and four indicated two different time frames that did 

not overlap, and the judge instructed the jury that the 

Commonwealth must prove that the offense charged by each count 

of the indictment occurred in the respective time frame. 

Because the victim testified to multiple incidents in both time 

periods that could support the offenses, counts two and four of 

the indictment were not duplicative. See Commonwealth v. 

Rodriguez, 83 Mass. App. Ct. 267, 273 (2013) (offenses not 

duplicative where verdict slip indicated charge premised on 

victim's testimony regarding separate act). 

3. Evidentiary issues. a. Nurse's testimony and medical 

records. We are not persuaded by the defendant's argument that 

the sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) nurse's testimony,
7

combined with the admission of medical records, impermissibly 

implied that the victim was sexually assaulted. The SANE nurse 

testified generally about the procedures involved in SANE 

examinations. She was clear that she never examined the victim. 

The nurse also opined that medical tests, particularly when 

performed outside an acute timeframe, rarely show evidence of 

penetration or trauma. Although she did refer to the victim's 

medical records once during direct examination, the nurse's 

testimony "did no more than give the jury information concerning 

the medical interpretation of an absence of any physical 

evidence of penetration; namely, such a finding does not exclude 

that sexual abuse occurred." Commonwealth v. Quincy Q., 434 

Mass. 859, 872 (2001), quoting Commonwealth v. Colon, 49 Mass. 

App. Ct. 289, 293 (2000).

Despite assenting to the admission of the victim's redacted 

medical records, the defendant now contends that portions of the 

records that mentioned "date of incident," "assault city," 

"timing of last contact," and "most recent contact occurred 

greater than 6 months ago," in conjunction with the SANE nurse's 

testimony, created a substantial risk of miscarriage of justice. 

However, the records ultimately reflect a finding that the 

victim's examination was "within normal limits" and the 

"[a]bsence of specific findings neither confirms nor denies that 

abuse has occurred." On this record, we discern no risk of 
8

miscarriage of justice. See Commonwealth v. Dargon, 457 Mass. 

387, 397 (2010) ("references to 'assault' and 'assailant' that 

permeated" SANE records did not give rise to substantial risk of 

miscarriage of justice).

b. Defendant's "anger issues". The jury heard two 

references to the defendant's "anger issues." In a recorded 

interview with police the Commonwealth played for the jury, the 

defendant stated, "I got anger problems. I'm not gonna lie, I 

got anger problems." Then, during the prosecutor's crossexamination, the defendant confirmed that he had an "anger 

issue." The defendant now contends that this was inadmissible 

character evidence. We review for a substantial risk of a 

miscarriage of justice.5

"It is well settled that the prosecution may not introduce 

evidence that a defendant previously has misbehaved, indictably 

or not, for the purposes of showing his bad character or 

propensity to commit the crime charged." Commonwealth v. 

Mullane, 445 Mass. 702, 708 (2006), quoting Commonwealth v. 

5 The defendant filed a motion in limine to exclude various 

statements he made during the police interview, including that 

"he has anger problems," on the ground that they were "extremely 

prejudicial" to his case. He also contested admission of the 

video as evidence because it showed him in handcuffs. The first 

time the defendant raises the argument that the statements were 

impermissible character evidence is on appeal. See Commonwealth

v. Seino, 479 Mass. 463, 470 n.10 (2018) (motion in limine does 

not preserve objection on different ground).
9

Helfant, 398 Mass. 214, 224 (1986). We are not persuaded by the 

Commonwealth's argument that the defendant's statements 

regarding general anger issues were relevant to his state of 

mind when he sexually assaulted the victim and corroborated her 

account of violence during the assaults. See Commonwealth v. 

Bonds, 445 Mass. 821, 829 (2006) ("evidence of a person's 

character is not admissible to prove that he acted in conformity 

with that character on a particular occasion" [citation 

omitted]). To the contrary, it was error for the Commonwealth 

to present evidence showing the defendant had a propensity for 

anger to show he possessed the capacity to commit violence 

against the victim.

"An error creates a substantial risk of a miscarriage of 

justice unless we are persuaded that it did not 'materially 

influence[]' the guilty verdict." Commonwealth v. Alphas, 430 

Mass. 8, 13 (1999), quoting Commonwealth v. Freeman, 352 Mass. 

556, 564 (1967). We conclude that this error did not meet that 

standard. The Commonwealth's case was strong by virtue of the 

victim's testimony that the defendant repeatedly assaulted her 

and the corroborative testimony of the first complaint witness. 

Furthermore, notwithstanding the inclusion of references to the 

defendant's "anger issues," the jury found him not guilty of the 

offense of rape of a child with force by use of a dangerous 

weapon (a knife). See Commonwealth v. Sherman, 481 Mass. 464, 
10

478 (2019) ("where the jury acquitted the defendant of one of 

the . . . rape charges, we conclude that it is unlikely that the 

[improperly admitted] evidence was given significant weight in 

the jury's evaluation of the defendant's testimony or 

culpability"). 

4. Closing argument. The defendant asserts that the 

prosecutor implied the victim made prior consistent statements, 

misstated the meaning of an inconsistent statement, and 

improperly vouched for the victim's credibility. The defendant 

did not object to the prosecutor's closing argument. Therefore,

our review is "to determine whether the statements were error, 

and, if so, whether they created a substantial risk of a 

miscarriage of justice." Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 96 Mass. App. 

Ct. 1, 9 (2019). 

a. Consistent and inconsistent statements. During crossexamination, defense counsel sought to impeach the victim by 

referencing statements the victim did not disclose during an 

earlier interview at the Children's Advocacy Center (CAC).6 In 

closing argument, the prosecutor made the following remarks:

"[S]he didn't tell them every detail. And I would submit 

to you that's not an inconsistent statement because 

somebody didn't ask her a certain question, or she may not 

have so told a certain detail, doesn't make it 

6 The victim's testimony that defense counsel argued was omitted 

from the CAC interview was that the defendant hit the victim's 

head against furniture, "clicked" his teeth with a tongue ring, 

and tried to contact the victim at a later date.
11

inconsistent. It's just more information. Now if she had 

been inconsistent for an hour, don't you think he would 

have brought that up over and over and over again to you? 

But he focused on things that she didn't say." 

"A prior inconsistent statement is one that either by what 

it says or by what it omits to say, affords some indication that 

the fact was different from the testimony of the witness whom it 

is sought to contradict. . . . An omission from the earlier 

statement is inconsistent with a later statement of fact when it 

would have been natural to include the fact in the initial 

statement" (quotation and citation omitted). Commonwealth v. 

Ortiz, 39 Mass. App. Ct. 70, 72 (1995). While the prosecutor's 

definition of an inconsistent statement was not technically 

correct, we discern no substantial risk of a miscarriage of 

justice where the judge instructed the jury that closing 

arguments were not evidence and provided a correct definition 

for an inconsistent statement.7 See Commonwealth v. Olmande, 84 

Mass. App. Ct. 213, 237 (2013).

b. Vouching. Next, the defendant contends that the 

prosecutor improperly vouched for the victim's credibility by 

7 The judge instructed the jury: 

"To qualify as inconsistent, it is not necessary that the 

prior statement contradict in plain terms the testimony of 

the witness. It's enough to say the statement taken as a 

whole, either by what it says or by what it omits to say, 

affords some indication that the fact was different from 

the testimony of a witness."
12

arguing that the victim should be believed because she discussed 

an alleged sexual assault with strangers. The prosecutor argued 

in closing:

"Conversations are going to differ depending on who you're 

talking to. 2017 she is talking to a total stranger. What 

is the total stranger asking her about? Sexual acts. I 

submit [to] you that that's pretty hard to talk about, 

especially if it is a sexual assault. He is suggesting to 

[you] that she's fabricating. She is going to make all 

this up, all these humiliating, I would submit to you, 

details. And they're complex. If you're going to make it 

up keep it simple, right, because you're going to have to 

get up there and talk about it."

At the outset, we disagree with the defendant's 

characterization of the prosecutor's argument as bolstering the 

victim's credibility because she testified. Instead, the 

prosecutor argued why the victim was not fully forthcoming in 

the initial CAC interview. This is a material and meaningful 

difference because the prosecutor did not impermissibly suggest 

that the victim was entitled to greater credibility merely 

because she was willing to testify. See Commonwealth v. 

Helberg, 73 Mass. App. Ct. 175, 179 (2008).

Furthermore, "[w]here credibility is at issue, it is 

certainly proper for counsel to argue from the evidence why a 

witness should be believed." Commonwealth v. Raposa, 440 Mass. 

684, 694-695 (2004), quoting Commonwealth v. Thomas, 401 Mass. 

109, 116 (1987). Where the defense's theory of the case was 

that the victim fabricated the events, it was not improper for 
13

the prosecutor to rebut the defendant's attack on the victim's 

credibility by saying that it would make no sense, if 

fabricating, for the victim to create a complicated story. See 

id. Viewing the challenged remarks "in the context of the 

entire argument, and in light of the judge's instructions to the 

jury and the evidence at trial," we conclude that they were 

within the bounds of permissible argument. Commonwealth v. 

Kolenovic, 478 Mass. 189, 199 (2017), quoting Commonwealth v. 

Gaynor, 443 Mass. 245, 273 (2005).

Conclusion. The conviction of count five of the 

indictment, charging indecent assault and battery on a child by 

"touching of the vagina without penetration," is vacated; the 

verdict on that charge is set aside; and that count of the 

indictment is dismissed. The remaining judgments, and the order 

denying the motion for a new trial, are affirmed.

So ordered.

By the Court (Rubin, 

Englander & Brennan, JJ.8),

Clerk

Entered: August 7, 2023.

8 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.