SECOND DI VI SI ON

M I LLER, P. J.

, BROWN and GOSS, JJ.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be

ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n

da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

http://w w w .ga a ppe a l s .us /r ule s

M ar ch 7, 2019



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A1 8 A1 81 8 . LOVE v . THE STATE.

M I LLE R , Pres i d i n g J u d g e.

A W h i t e Co u n t y ju ry co nv i ct ed Al l en J erry Lo v e o f on e co u n t o f rap e (OCGA

§ 1 6 -6 -1 ), two co u n t s o f i n ces t (OCGA § 1 6 -6 -2 2 ), o n e co u nt o f ag g rav at ed ch i ld

m o les t at i o n (OCGA § 16 -6 -4 (c)), t wo co u n t s o f ch i ld m o l es t at io n (OCGA § 1 6 -6 -4

(a)), o n e co u n t o f s t at u t o ry rap e (OCGA § 1 6 -6 -3 ), t h ree co u nt s o f s od o m y (OCGA

§ 1 6 -6 -2 (a) (1 )), an d o n e co u n t o f s ex u al b at t ery ag ai n s t a ch i l d un d er 1 6 (OCGA §

1 6 -6 -2 2

. 1 (d )). 1 T h e Su p eri o r Co u rt o f W h i t e Co u n t y d en i ed Lo v e’ s m o t i o n fo r n ew

t ri al as am en ded

, an d he ap p eal s

. Lo v e rai s es a h o s t o f arg u m en t s

, i n cl u d i n g

1 T h e c h a r g es ag ai n s t Lo v e were bas ed u p on al l eg at io ns i n v o l vi n g t h ree

s ep arat e v i ct i m s

, each o f wh o m was a s t ep d au g h ter of Lo v e’ s at so m e po i n t : Co u n t s

1 an d 2 rel at ed t o B. W ., Co u n t s 3 t h ro u gh 9 i n v o l v ed K. B., an d Co u n t s 1 0 an d 1 1

co n cern ed M . M . (B. W .’ s s i s t er).s u ffi ci en cy o f t h e ev i d en ce as t o Co un t s 1 0 an d 1 1 o f t h e i n di ct m en t

, i n e f f e ct i v e

as s i s tan ce o f t ri al co u n s el

, t h e d en i al o f h is m o t i o n t o s ev er, an d t h e fai l u re t o s t ri k e

cert ai n t es t i m o n y

b y an ex p ert wi t n es s. W e fi n d n o erro r an d affi rm

.

1

. L o v e a rg u es t h at t h e St at e fai l ed t o p ro v e h i m g u i l t y o f Co u n t s 1 0 (ch i l d

m o l e s t a t i o n ) an d 1 1 (s ex u al b at t ery ag ai n s t a ch i l d u n der 1 6 ) ag ai n s t v i ct i m M

. M

.

b ey o n d a reas o n ab l e d ou b t

. 2

(a) Fi rs t

, Lo v e s u m

m ari l y co nt en d s t h at t h e ev i den ce w a s i nsuf f ic i e nt to co n v i ct

h i m o f Co u n t 1 0 (ch i l d m ol es t at i o n ). Th e g rav am en o f Lo v e’ s arg u m en t i s t h at “ M

.

M

. refu s ed t o accu s e M r. L o v e at t ri al ” an d t h at i t was th erefo re u n cl ear “ as t o wh at

ex act l y Mr. Lo v e was al l eg ed t o h av e d o n e t o h er . . . .” W e are n ot p ers u ad ed

.

Un d er Geo rg ia l aw,

[o ] n ap p eal fro m a cri m i n al co n v i ct i o n

, t he ev i d en ce m u s t b e v iewed i n

t h e l i g h t m o s t fav o rab le t o t h e v erd i ct

, an d th e ap p el l an t n o l o ng er

en jo y s t he p res u m

p ti o n o f i n n o cen ce; m o reo v er, an ap p el l at e co u rt d o es

n o t wei g h t he ev i d e n c e o r d et erm i n e w i t nes s cred ib i l i t y b ut o n l y

d et erm i n e s w h e t h er th e ev i d en ce is s u ffi ci en t un d er t h e s tan d ard o f

Ja cks o n v. Vi r

g i n ia

, [4 4 3 U

. S. 3 0 7 (9 9 SCt 2 7 8 1

, 6 1 LE2 d 5 6 0 )

(1 9 7 9 )]

. As l o n g as t h ere i s s o m e co m p et en t ev i d en ce, ev en t ho u g h

2 Lo v e h as n ot en u m erat ed as erro r t h e su ffi ci en cy o f t h e e v i d e n c e fo r h i s

rem ai n i n g co nv i ct i on s

.

2co n t rad i ct ed

, t o s u p p ort each fact neces s ary to m ak e o u t t h e St at e’ s cas e,

t h e ju ry ’ s v erd i ct wi l l b e u p h el d

.

(Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .) W

a tki n s v. S ta t e

, 3 3 6 Ga. Ap p

. 1 45

, 1 46 (1 ) (7 8 4 SE2 d 11 ) (2 0 1 6 ).

Rel ev an t t o t h is cas e, ch i l d m o l es t at i o n o ccu rs wh en a p ers o n “ [d ] o es an y i m m o ral

o r i n d e c e n t act t o o r i n t h e p res en ce o f o r wi t h an y ch i ld u n d er t h e ag e o f 1 6 y ears

wi t h th e i n t en t t o aro u s e or s at i s fy t h e s ex u al d es i res o f ei t h er t h e ch i l d o r t h e p ers o n.”

OCGA § 1 6 -6 -4 (a) (1 ).

So v i ewed

, ev id en ce ad du ced at t ri al rev eal ed t h at M

. M

. fo rm erl y li v ed wi th

Lo v e, h er m ot h er, an d h er s i st er (B. W .). Al t h o u g h M

. M

. t e s t i fi ed t h at s h e d i d n ot

rem em b er t el l in g h er m o t h er t h at L o v e “ u s ed t o s q u i s h [h er] l i k e a b u g an d s h ak e

[h er] l i k e a m i l k s h ak e,” s h e ad m i t ted t h at Lo v e t o u ch ed h er i n a way t h at s h e d i d n ot

l i ke an d t h at s h e an d Lo v e h ad “ a s ecret .” Sh e d ecl i n ed t o el ab orat e or t es t i fy fu rt h er,

s ay i ng t h at s h e “

ju s t [d i d n o t ] feel co m fo rt ab l e t al ki n g t o o t h er p eo p l e ab o u t i t .”

M

. M .’ s m o t h er t es t i fi ed t h at M

. M

. to l d h er s h e h ad a s ecret w i t h Lo v e an d t h at

t h ey p l ay ed a “ gam e.” Th e g am e i n v o l v ed Lo v e rem o v in g h i s cl o t h i n g, g et ti n g b eh i n d

M

. M

., an d “ s q u as h [i n g ] her l i k e a b u g a n d sh [ak i n g ] her l i k e a m i l ks h ak e.” M

. M

.

s ai d th at

, o n t h es e o ccas i o n s, s h e wo u l d b e o n h er h an d s an d k n ees

. M

. M .’ s m o t h er

t h en g o t o n h er h an d s an d k n ees an d as k ed M

. M. t o d em o n s trat e w h at L ov e d i d ; M

.

3M

. “ g ot b eh i n d [h er] as i n l i ke t h e d o gg i e s t y l e p o s i ti o n an d s tart ed t o d ry h u m p [h er]

.

. . .” M

. M

. al s o s ai d t hat Lo v e d i d n ot w ear cl o t h es d u ri ng t h es e e p i s o d es an d

“ d es cri b e[d ] in d et ai l wh at [Lo v e] l o o ked l i k e n ak ed ,” st at in g wh ere he h ad h ai r an d

t h at “ s o m et i m es h i s t h i n g s ti ck s u p an d s o m et i m es i t d o n ’ t.”

An i nv es t ig at o r wi t h t h e W h i t e Co u n t y Sh eri ff’ s Offi ce v i deo t ap ed a fo ren s i c

i n t erv i ew o f M. M

. in 20 1 0

, 3 a n d th e St at e i n t ro d uced a co p y of t h e i n t erv i ew i n to

ev i d en ce an d p lay ed t h e v i deo t ap e fo r t h e ju ry

. D u ri n g t h e i n t erv iew, M

. M

. d es cri b ed

g et t i n g t o u ch es sh e d i d n o t l i k e, i n cl u d i n g g et t i n g t o u ch ed o n h er “ pri v at e” an d wh en

s o m eo n e l ai d o n t o p o f h er, al t h o u g h s h e di d no t el ab o rat e. Lat er i n th e i n terv i ew, M

.

M

. des cri b ed Lo v e “ s q u i sh i ng [h er] l i k e a b u g ” an d “ s h ak in g [h er] l ik e a m i l k s h ak e.”

Sh e fu rt h er d es cri b ed t h e act i v it y as Lo v e l y i n g o n h er a n d b ou n ci ng u p an d d o wn

.

Us i n g d o l l s

, M

. M

. d em o n s t rat ed h ers el f l y in g face d o wn w i t h Lo v e l y i n g o n t o p o f

h er an d b o un ci n g u p an d d o wn

.

Th e in ves ti g at o r al so i n t erv i ewed M

. M .’ s s i s t er, B. W

. Du ri n g t h e i n t erv i ew,

B. W

. s t at ed t h at o n e ev en i n g, wh en M

. M

. co m p l ai n ed t o B. W

. ab o u t a ras h s h e h ad

,

M

. M

. t o ld B. W

. t h at s h e an d “ Al l en h av e a secret ” an d t h at h e “ s m u s h es h er l i ke a

3 At th e ti m e of th e i n t erv i ew, M

. M. was si x y ears o l d

. At t h e t i m e o f t ri al

, M

. M . was 1 1

.

4b u g an d s h ak es h er l i k e a m i l k s hak e .” 4 B. W

. to l d h er m o t h er ab o u t M

. M .’ s

s t at em en t

, 5 a n d wh e n B. W

. an d h er m ot her as k ed M

. M. wh at s h e m ean t

, M

. M

.

rep l i ed t h at “ Al l en get s o n t o p o f m e an d ju s t s hak es m e.” Th e St at e al s o i n t ro d u ced

o t h er act s ev i d en ce ag ai ns t Lo v e i n v o l v i n g an act o f ch i l d m o les t at i o n ag ai n s t a

s ev en -y ear-o l d v i ct im

i n 2 0 0 6 o r 2 0 0 7

.

Tak en t o g et h er, we co n cl u d e t h at t h i s ev i d en ce was su ffi ci en t t o co n v i ct Lo v e

o f ch i ld m o l es tat i o n ag ai n st M

. M

. b ey o n d a reas o nab l e do u b t

. See Ki r kl a n d v. S t a t e

,

3 3 4 Ga. Ap p

. 2 6

, 3 3 (3 ) (7 7 8 SE2 d 4 2 ) (2 0 1 5 ) (s u ffi ci en t ev i d en ce t o co n v i ct

d efen d an t o f ag g rav at ed ch i l d m o l es t at i o n wh ere v ict i m was n o n -res po n s i v e at t ri al

,

b u t ju ry co ul d co n s i d er vi ct i m ’ s p ri o r s t at em en t s t o m o t h er, g reat -g ran d m o t h er, an d

fo ren s i c i n terv i ewer, as wel l as s i m i l ar t ran s act io n ev i d en ce); Ma u r e r v. S t a t e

, 3 2 0

Ga. Ap p

. 58 5

, 5 8 8 (1 ) (7 4 0 SE2 d 3 18 ) (2 0 1 3) (s u ff i c i e n t ev i den ce t o co n v i ct

d efen d an t o f ch i l d m o l es t at io n wh ere v i ct i m refu s ed t o tes t ify an d rel at iv es

, t o wh o m

v i ct i m rep o rt ed th e m o l es t at i on

, were rel u ct an t

, b u t fo ren s i c i nt erv i ew t h at i n cl u d ed

v i ct i m ’ s o u t cry ad m i t t ed i n t o ev i d en ce); W es t b ro o ks v. St at e

, 3 0 9 Ga. Ap p

. 3 9 8

, 4 0 0

-

4 B. W . o ffered s i m il ar t es t i m o n y at t ri al

.

5 Th e reco rd al s o in cl u d es a reco rd i n g o f t h e i n t erv i ew o f B. W

. an d M . M .’ s

m o th er. Ho wev er, i t d oes no t ap p ear t h at t h e m o t her’ s in t erv i ew was i n t ro d u ced i n to

ev i d en ce. As a res u l t

, we h av e n o t co n si dered i t i n d eci d i n g t hi s ap p eal

.

54 0 1 (1 ) (7 1 0 SE2 d 5 9 4) (2 0 1 1 ) (s u ffi ci en t ev i den ce t o co n vi ct d efen d an t o f ch i ld

m o les t at i o n w h e r e v i ct i m d id n o t p ro v i d e d et ai l s of m o l es tat i on

, b u t u n cl e an d

fo ren s i c i n t erv iewer t es t i fi ed t o v i ct im ’ s o u t cry ).

(b ) Seco n d, Lo v e as s ert s t h at t h ere was i n s uffi ci en t ev i d en ce t o co n v i ct h i m o f

Co u n t 1 1 (s ex ual b at t ery ag ai n s t a ch i l d u n d er 1 6 ). Ho wev er, t h e t ri al co u rt m erg ed

Co u n t 1 1 w i t h Co u n t 1 0 f o r s en t en ci n g p u rp o s es

. 6 A cco rd i n g l y

, “ [w] e n eed n ot

co n si d er an en u m erat i o n o f erro r wh i ch ad d res ses t h e s u ffi ci en cy of t h e ev i d en ce to

co n vi ct o n a co u n t o n wh i ch t h e tri al co u rt fai led t o en t er ju d g m en t .” (Ci t at i o n

o m it t ed .) Ko l l i e v. S t a t e , 3 0 1 Ga. Ap p . 5 3 4

, 5 40 (3 ) (6 8 7 SE2 d 8 69 ) (2 0 0 9 ).

2

. Lo v e n ex t arg ues t hat t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n d en y i n g h i s m o t i o n t o s ev er h i s

t ri al b y i n d i v i d u al v i ct i m

. Acco rd i n g t o Lo v e, “ n o t h in g u n ifi ed t h e al l eg at i o n s ag ai n s t

t h e t h ree . .

. v i ct im s o t h er t h an t h ey i n vo l v ed si m i lar co n du ct .” Lo v e co n t en d s t h at

h e t h erefo re h ad an ab s o l u te ri gh t t o h av e t h e o ffen s es s ev ered

. W e d i s ag ree.

Pri o r t o tri al

, Lo v e m ov ed t o s ev er t h e ch arg es b as ed u p o n t h e t h ree i n d i v i d u al

v i ct i m s

, arg u i n g t h at t h e v i ct i m s were u n rel at ed s av e fo r t h e n at u re o f t he al l eg at i on s

ag ai n s t Lo v e an d b ecau s e o f t he “ g reat t i m e di ffer e n t i a l ” b et ween t h e vi ct i m s

. Of

n o t e, t h e St at e res p o n d ed t h at i t h ad fi l ed n o t i ce o f i t s i n t en t t o i n t ro du ce ev i d en ce o f

6 Lo v e’ s co u n s el ag reed t h at Co u n t 1 1 m erg ed i n t o Co u n t 1 0

.

6o t h er act s ; as a res u l t

, ev en i f Lo v e’ s t ri al was sev ered b as ed u po n t h e s ep arat e

v i ct i m s

, t h e St at e wo ul d s t i l l b e p erm i t t ed t o i n t ro d u ce ev i d en ce o f al l eg ed co n d u ct

ag ai n s t t h e rem ai n i n g v i ct i m s

. T h e t ri al co urt ag reed

, n o t i n g t h at t h e al l eg at i on s

ag ai n s t Lo v e rev eal “ k i n d o f a co m m o n co u rs e o f co n d u ct ” o r “ a co m m o n p l an .” 7 As

a res u l t , t h e t ri al co u rt d en i ed Lo v e’ s m o t io n t o s ev er.

Un d er Geo rg ia l aw,

[i ] f [m u l t i p l e] o ffen s es are n o t jo i n ed s ol el y b ecau s e t h ey are of t he s am e

o r s i m i l ar ch aract er, an d ev i d en ce o f o n e c h arg ed offen s e w o u l d be

ad m i s s i b l e as a s i m i l ar t r a n s act io n du ri n g t ri al on an o t h er ch arg ed

o ffen s e, t h e t ri al co u rt i s v es t ed wi t h d is cret i o n in deci d i n g wh et h er t o

g ran t a m o t i o n t o sev er. In m ak in g t h i s d eci s i o n, t h e co u rt m u s t co n s i d er

t h e n u m b er o f offen s es ch arg ed

, t h e co m p lex i t y o f t h e ch arg es

, an d th e

co m p lex i t y o f t h e ev i d en ce an d d et erm in e wh et h er th e ju ry wi l l b e ab l e

t o fai rl y an d i nt el l i g en t l y p ars e t h e e v i d en ce an d ap p l y t he l aw w i t h

reg ard t o each ch arg e.

7 See OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 14 (a) (“ In a cri m i n a l p r o c eed i ng i n wh ich t h e accu s ed

i s accu s ed o f an o ffen s e o f ch il d m ol es t at i o n

, ev id en ce o f t h e accu s ed ’ s co m m i s s i o n

o f an ot h er o ffen se o f ch i l d m o l es t at i o n s h al l be ad m i ss i b le an d m ay b e co n s i d ered fo r

i t s b eari n g on an y m at t er t o wh i ch i t i s rel ev an t .”); S t a te v. McPh er s o n

, 3 4 1 Ga. Ap p.

8 7 1

, 8 7 3 (8 0 0 SE2 d 3 8 9 ) (2 0 1 7 ) (l an g uag e o f OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 1 4 (a ) i n t e n d e d to

creat e “ a ‘ ru l e o f i n cl u s i o n,’ wi t h a s t ro n g p res u m p t i o n i n fav o r o f ad m i s s i b i l it y ”)

(ci t at i o n o m i tt ed ).

7(Ci t at i o n s an d pu n ct uat i o n o m i t t ed .) Ma ch i avel l o v. S t a t e

, 3 0 8 Ga. Ap p. 7 7 2

, 7 7 3 (2 )

(7 0 9 SE2 d 2 8 ) (2 0 11 ). “ W h ere i n t h e s ou n d d i s cret i on o f t h e t ri al co u rt

, t he n u m b er

o f o ffen s es ch arg ed an d t h e co m p l ex i t y of t h e ev i d en ce d o n ot reas o n ab l y i m p i n g e

u p o n a fai r d et erm i n at i on o f t he d efen dan t ’ s g u il t o r i n n o c e n c e as t o each o ffen s e

ch arg ed

, a s ev eran ce n eed no t be g ran t ed .” Id

. at 77 4 (2 ) (ci t i n g Ch ap a rr o v. S t a t e

,

2 7 9 Ga. Ap p

. 1 4 5

, 1 4 7 (3 ) (6 30 SE2 d 64 5 ) (2 00 6 )). “ W e rev i ew a t ri al co u rt ’ s d en i al

o f a m o t io n t o s ev er t h e t ri al o f s ep arat e ch arg es fo r an ab u s e o f d i scret i o n .” (Ci t at i o n

o m i t t e d .) S

mi th v. S t a t e

, 2 4 9 Ga. Ap p

. 3 9, 40 (1 ) (5 4 7 SE2 d 59 8 ) (2 00 1 ). Of

p art i cu l ar rel ev an ce, “ t he tri al co u rt d o es no t ab u s e i t s d is cret i o n b y d en y i n g a m o t i o n

t o sev er i f t he ev id en ce o f o n e o ffen s e wo ul d be ad m i s s i b l e as a s i m i l ar act i n t h e t ri al

o f t h e o t h er o ffen se.” (Ci tat i o n o m i t t ed .) Id

.

In t h i s cas e, t h e t ri al co u rt n o t ed t h at t h e al l eg at io n s ag ai n s t Lo v e rev eal ed a

“ co m m on co u rs e o f co n d u ct ” o r a “ co m m o n p l an

, ” t h at “ t he l aw t h at I ap p l y wo u ld

ap p ly t o each o ffen s e s o t h ere is n o co n fu s io n t h ere,” an d t h at each el em en t o f each

o ffen s e ch arg ed wo u ld h av e to b e s at i s fi ed

. In ad d i t i o n , t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s ju ry ch arg e

i n s t ru ct ed t h e j u ry t o co ns i der each co un t o f th e i n di ct m en t s ep arat el y , an d t h e ju ry

d el i v ered a v erd i ct as t o each ch arg e s ep arat el y

. Fi n al l y

, t he tri al co u rt o b serv ed t h at

8ev en i f i t g ran ted L o v e’ s m o t i on

, t h e rem ai n i n g al l e g a t i o n s w ou l d b e ad m i s s i b l e as

o t h er act s ev i d en ce. 8 As a res u l t

,

t h e cri m es were s i m

pl e, i n v o l ved o n l y o n e d efe n d an t an d o ne v i ct i m

each t i m e, t h e c o u rt cl earl y ch arg ed t h e j u ry to co n si d er each ch arg e

s ep arat el y an d t he ju ry an n o u n ced i t s v erd i ct o n each co un t s ep arat el y

.

Th ere was no t h i n g co m

p l ex ab o u t t h es e [t h ree] o ffen s es s u ch as co u l d

m ak e i t d i ffi cu l t fo r t h e t ri er o f fact t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e ev id en ce an d

ap p l y t h e l aw i n t el li g en t l y as to each o ffen s e. Las tl y

, t h e ri sk o f

p reju d i ce (“ s m ear effect ”) fro m t h is jo i n t d i sp o si t io n was m i n i m al

. T he

ev i d en ce o f ei t h er act co u l d hav e b een i n tro d u c e d at t he t ri al of th e

o t h er, wh i ch n eg at es an y cl ai m t h at [Lo v e] was i m p erm i s s ib l y

p reju d i ced b y

t h e t ri al o f t h e ch arg es t o g et h er.

(Ci t at i o n s an d p un ct u at i on om i tt ed .) S a nd er s v. S t at e

, 2 3 6 Ga. Ap p

. 5 7 8, 5 8 0 -5 8 1 (1 )

(b ) (5 12 SE2 d 6 78 ) (1 9 9 9 ). In s h ort

,

t h e fact s in t h e [t h ree] cas e s

. . . are s o s i m i l ar t h at ev en i f t h e [t h ree]

cas es had b een s ev ered

, each w o u l d hav e b e e n a d m i s s ib l e i n t he o t h er

cas e as ev i d en ce of a s i m i l ar t ran s act i o n. Acco rd i n g l y

, w h ere th e

ev i d e n c e o f on e cri m e wo u l d b e ad m i s s i b le i n t h e t ri al o f t he o t h er

cri m e, i t can n ot b e s ai d t h at t h e t ri al co u rt ab u sed i t s d i s cret i o n i n

d en y i n g t h e m ot i o n fo r s ev eran ce.

8 See fn . 7 , s u pra.

9(Ci t at i o n a n d p u n c t u at i o n o m i t t ed .) R o ch a v. S t a t e

, 2 3 4 Ga. A p p

. 4 8, 5 3 (5 ) (5 0 6

SE2 d 1 92 ) (1 9 9 8 ), s u p ers ed ed b y s t at u t e on ot h er g ro u n d s

, I n t h e In ter es t o

f J. H.

,

3 4 0 Ga. Ap p

. 7 3 3

, 7 3 6 (7 9 7 SE2 d 1 8 5 ) (2 0 1 7 ). Co m p are S mi t h

, s u p ra, 2 4 9 G a. Ap p.

at 4 1 (1 ) (t ri al co u rt erred i n d en y i n g s ev eran ce of d efen d an t ’ s co u n t s o f rap e o f an

ad u lt w o m a n a n d ch i l d m o l es t at i o n o f h i s fo u r-y ear-o l d g ran d s o n ). Un d er t h e

ci rcu m s t an ces of t hi s cas e, we co n cl u d e th at t h e tri al co u rt d i d n o t ab us e i t s d i s cret i o n

i n d en y i n g Lo v e’ s m ot i o n t o s ev er.

3

. L o v e al s o co n t en d s t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred b y den y i n g h is m o t i o n fo r n ew

t ri al b as ed u p o n t h e St at e’ s al l eg ed t h reat t o a v i ct im

, K. B., t h at s h e wo u l d b e

p ro s ecu ted fo r p erju ry i f s h e t es t i fi ed t h at L o v e d id n o t ab u s e h er. See Gi g l io v.

Un i ted S t a t es

, 4 0 5 U. S. 15 0, 1 5 3

- 1 5 4 (9 2 SCt 7 6 3

, 3 1 LE2 d 1 0 4 ) (1 9 72 ). Th ere i s

n o m eri t t o t h i s arg u m en t

.

In g en eral

,

[a] G i g l i o cl ai m al l eg es t h at a pro s ecu t o r kn o w i n g ly p res en t ed fal s e

t es t i m o n y ag ai n st t h e d efen d an t

. To es t ab l is h a Gi g li o v i o l at io n

, i t m

u s t

b e s h o wn t hat : (1 ) t h e tes t i m o n y g i v en was fal se ; (2 ) t h e p ro s ecu t o r

k n ew t h e t es t i m o n y was fal se; an d (3 ) th e st at em en t was m at eri al

. Un d er

Gi g l io

, wh ere t he p ro s ecu t o r k n o w i n g l y u s es perju red t es t i m o ny

, o r fai l s

t o co rrect w h at t h e p ro s ecu t o r l at er l earn s i s fal s e tes t im on y

, t h e fal s e

10ev i d en ce i s m at eri al i f t here i s an y reas o n ab l e l ik el i h o o d t h at th e fal s e

t es t i m o n y co ul d h av e affect ed t h e ju dg m en t o f t h e ju ry

.

(Ci t at i o n s o m i t t ed .) Hu n t er v. S t a t e

, 2 9 So 3 d 2 5 6

, 2 7 0 (Fl a. 2 0 08 ). See al s o Per ki n s

v. S t at e

, 1 4 4 So 3 d 4 5 7, 4 69 (II) (Al a. Cri m

. Ap p

. 2 0 1 2 ) (ci t i n g W i l li a ms v. Gr i s wa l d

,

7 4 3 F2 d 1 5 3 3 (1 1 th Ci r. 1 9 8 4 )). See al s o W a s h i ng t o n v. Ho

p so n

, 2 9 9 Ga. 3 5 8 , 3 6 3

(2 ) (a) (7 8 8 SE2 d 3 6 2) (2 0 1 6 ). To t h at en d

, “ th e d efen d an t m u st s h o w t h at t h e

s t a t em en t i n qu es ti o n was i nd i s p u t ab l y fal s e, rat h er t h an m erel y m i s l ead in g [,] ” an d

“ [t ] h e b u rd en i s o n t h e d efen d an t [] t o s ho w t h at t he t es t im o n y was act u al l y perju red

,

an d m ere i n co n s i s t en ci es i n t es t i m o n y b y g o v e rn m en t w i t nes s es d o n ot es t ab l i s h

k n o wi n g u s e o f f

a l s e tes t im o n y .” (Ci t at i on s o m it t ed .) P er ki n s

, s u p ra, 1 4 4 So 3 d at

4 6 9 -4 7 0 (II). M o reo v er, “ t he fact t h at a w i t nes s co n t rad i ct s h i m s el f o r h ers el f o r

ch an ges h i s o r h er s t o r y d o es no t es t ab li sh p erju ry .” (Ci t at i o ns o m i t ted .) Id

. at 4 7 0

(II). In t h i s r e g a r d

, “ [ t ] h e t ri al co u rt ’ s fi n d i n g s o f fact o n m o t i o n fo r n ew t ri al are

u p h el d u n l es s cl earl y erro n eo u s .” (Ci t at i o ns o m i t t ed .) Per a lt a v. S t a t e

, 27 6 Ga. 2 1 8,

2 1 9 (2 ) (5 7 6 SE2 d 8 53 ) (2 0 0 3 ).

Pri o r t o t ri al

, K. B. d en i ed t h at an y ab u s e o ccu rred an d i n i t i al l y t ol d a fo ren s i c

i n t erv i ewer t h at “ n o t h in g was g o i ng o n ” b et ween h er an d Lo v e; ho wev er, s h e l at er

ad m i t t ed t o t h e in terv i ewer t h at Lo v e h ad ab u s ed h er. Su b seq u en t l y

, K

. B. m et wi th

11Lo v e’ s co un s el

, s t at i n g t h at s h e h a d “ l i ed an d t hat [Lo ve] di dn ’ t d o an y t h i n g.”

Si m i l arl y

, sh e s p o ke wi t h a t h erap i s t ab o u t t h e ab u s e, t el l i n g t h e t h erap i s t o n s ep arat e

o ccas i o n s t h at L o v e h ad ab us ed h er, h ad n o t ab u s ed her, an d ag ai n t h at h e h ad ab u s ed

h er. T h ereaft er, ap p ro x i m at el y o n e w eek b efo re t ri al

, K. B. ag ai n m e t w i th

rep res en t at i v es o f t h e St at e an d t o l d t h em t h at Lo v e “ n ev er d i d an y t h i n g

. ” 9

At t ri al

, K. B. o ffered un eq u i v o cal an d d et ai l ed t es t i m o n y r e g a rd i n g Lo v e’ s

ab u se, i n cl u d i n g acco u n ts o f an al

, o ral

, an d v ag i n al s ex act s

. Sh e rev eal ed th at s h e d id

n o t i n i t i a l l y d i s cl o s e Lo v e’ s act i o n s b ecau s e h er m ot her l o ved h i m an d s h e “ ju s t

wan ted her [m o th er] t o b e hap p y

. . . .” Sh e al s o tes t i fi ed t h at n o o n e h ad t h reat en ed

h er o r s u g g es t ed t h a t s h e ch an g e h er acco u n t o f wh at o ccu rred an d th at s h e was

t el l i n g t h e j u ry t he tru t h t o s p are h er s i s t er fro m ab u s e. At s en t en ci n g, h o wev er, K. B.

p ro v id ed a b ri ef, u n s wo rn v i ct i m im p act st at em en t i n wh ich s h e s i m pl y s t at ed Lo v e

“ d i dn ’ t d o an y t h i n g ” a n d t h at s h e “ li ed o n t h e s t an d .” Sh e cl ai m ed t h at s h e l i ed

“ b ecau s e t h e D.A. s ai d t h at i f I d o n ’ t t el l t h e t ru th

, t h at I wo ul d g et arres t ed an d h e

wo u l d n ’ t b el i ev e m e t h at [Lo v e] d id n o t d o an y t h i n g t o m e.”

9 As a res ul t o f hi s cro s s -ex am i n at io n o f K. B

., L o v e ’s co un s el was aware o f

t h i s s eco n d i n t erv i ew o f K. B. b y t h e St at e.

12Du ri n g a heari n g o n Lo v e’ s m o t i o n fo r n ew tri al

, Lo v e’ s t ri al co u ns el t es t i fi ed

t h at h e h ad a p o s t -t ri al co n vers at i o n wi t h t h e p r o s ecu t i n g at t o rn ey an d t h at t h e

p ro s ecu ti n g at t o rn ey ap p aren t l y t o l d h i m h e h ad “ t h reat en ed K. B. wi th p ro s ecu t i o n

fo r p erju ry

. . . .” A St at e’ s i nv es t i g at o r t es t i fi ed t h at i n a m eet i n g b et ween K. B. an d

t h e p ro s ecu t i n g at t o rn ey

, t h e p ro s ecu ti n g at t o rn ey n ev e r t hreat en ed K. B. wi th

p ro s ecu ti o n an d d i d n o t recal l t h e wo rd “ p erju ry ” ev er b ei n g u s ed

. Nei t h er K. B. n o r

t h e p ro s ecu t i n g at t o rn ey

t es t i fi ed d u ri n g t h e h eari n g.

Faced w i t h K. B.’ s v ary i n g acco u nt s o f Lo v e’ s ab us e, co u p l ed wi t h t h e l ack o f

t es t i m o ny b y K. B. an d t h e p ro s ecu t i n g at t o r n e y a n d t h e co n fl i ct i n g t es t i m o n y by

Lo v e’ s t ri al co un s el an d t he St at e’ s i n v es t i g at o r as t o an al l eg ed t h reat of p ro s ecu t i o n

ag ai n s t K. B., t h e t ri al co urt fo u n d t h at “ th e co nt en t io n t h at K. B. h ad b een t h reat en ed

wi t h c r i m i n a l p ro secu t io n i s n o t s u p p ort ed b y t h e cred ib le ev i d en ce.” In d eed

,

“ [i ] n co n s i s t en t s t at em en t s b y a wi t n es s d o n ot

, b y t h em s el ves

, es t ab l i s h t h at o n e

s t at em en t i s fal s e an d t h e o t h er is t ru e.” Per ki ns

, s u p r a

, 1 4 4 S o 3 d at 4 7 0 (II).

Acco rd in g ly

, w e co n cl ud e t h at t h e tri al co u rt ’ s fact u al fi nd i n g i s n o t cl earl y

erro neo u s

. See Per a l ta

, s u p ra, 2 7 6 Ga. at 2 1 9 (2 ). As a res u l t

, we fi n d n o erro r. Cf.

Gl o ver v. S t a t e , 2 96 Ga. 1 3

, 1 5 (2 ) (7 6 4 SE2 d 8 2 6 ) (2 0 14 ) (recan t at i o ns rel at e o n l y

t o t h e wi t n es s ’ cred ib il i t y a n d are m erel y i m p each in g ; d efen d an t “ o ffered n o n ew

13ev i d en ce b e yo n d t h at

, s u ch as ev i d en ce t h at th e wi t n es s es h ad b een ‘ co n v i ct ed o f

p erju ry ’ o r t hat t hei r ‘ p rev i ou s t es t i m o n y was t h e p u res t fab ri cat i o n ’ ”) (ci t at i o n

o m it t ed ); Ch a un cey v. S t a t e

, 2 83 Ga. Ap p

. 21 7

, 2 2 2-2 2 3 (6 ) (6 4 1 SE2 d 2 2 9 ) (2 0 0 7 )

(“ a n ew t ri al wi l l n o t be g ran t ed i f th e o n l y effect o f t h e ev id en ce w i ll b e t o i m p each

t h e cred i t o f a wi t nes s ”) (ci t at i on an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed ).

4

. Lo v e arg ues th at t h e t ri al co urt erred i n n o t ex cl u d in g t h e t es t i m o n y o f

Bri d g et t Bark er, t h e d irect o r o f a n o n -p ro fi t ch i l d ab u se p rev e n t i o n o rg an i zat i o n in

Lu m p k i n Co u n t y

. Sp eci fi cal l y

, Lo v e co nt en d s t h at th e t ri al co u rt s h o u l d h av e s t ru ck

Bark er’ s t es t i m o ny co n cern in g h e r q u al i fi cat i o n s as an ex p ert wi t n es s wh en i t

d et erm i n ed t hat t h e St at e v io lat ed OCGA § 1 7 -1 6 -4 b y fai l i n g to p ro vi d e a s u m m ary

o f Bark er’ s o p i n i on t o Lo v e’ s co u n s el . Th i s en um erat i o n o f erro r i s wi t h o ut m eri t

.

Du ri n g t ri al

, t h e St at e cal l ed Bark er as an ex p ert wi t n es s

. Aft er Bark er t es t i fi ed

co n cern in g h er b ac k g ro u n d an d q u al i fi cat i on s

, t h e t ri al co u rt ad m i t t ed h er as an

ex p ert wi t n es s

. Im

m ed iat el y th ereaft er, Bark er t es t i fi ed t h at sh e rev i ewed th e St at e’ s

cas e fi l e i n p rep arat i o n fo r h er t es t i m o n y

, at wh ich t i m e Lo v e’ s co u n sel o b ject ed

.

Lo v e’ s co u n s el arg u ed t h at Lo v e h a d n o t been p ro v id ed an y d i s co v ery rel at i n g to

Bark er’ s p ro p o s ed t es t i m o n y

, an d t h e t ri al co u rt n o t ed t h at t h e St at e fai l ed t o s u bm i t

a s u m m ary o f Bark er’ s t es ti m o n y as req u ired b y OCGA § 1 7-1 6 -4

. Th e St at e o ffered

14t o m ak e a p ro ffer o f Bark er’ s t es t im o n y

, wh i ch th e t r i al co u rt al l o wed wi t h o ut

o b ject i on b y

Lo v e.

Aft er ad d i t i o n al di s cu s si o n bet ween th e tri al co u rt an d t h e p art i es

, Lo v e’ s

co u ns el as k ed t h at Bark er’ s t es t i m o n y b e “ el i m i n at ed ,” t h at s he n o t b e perm i t t ed to

t es t i fy

, an d t h at t h e t ri al co u rt i n s t ru ct t h e j u ry “ t o d i sreg ard al l t he t es t i m o n y o f t h i s

wi t n es s .” Th e t ri al co u rt i n d icat ed i t was “ n o t i n cl i n ed t o d o t h at ” b ecau s e Bark er’ s

g en eral tes t i m o n y co n cern i n g ch i l d ab u s e an d ch i l d ab u s e acco m m o d at io n s y n d ro m e

h ad b een a d m i t t ed wi t h o ut o b ject i o n. Fu rt h er di s cu ss i on en s u ed

, d u ri n g wh i ch t h e

t ri al co u rt o ffered Lo v e’ s co un s el t h e op p ort u n it y t o cro s s -ex am i n e Bark er o n t h e

l i m i ted t es t i m o n y

s h e h ad al read y g i v en . Lo v e’ s co u ns el wav ered

, s o th e tri al co u rt

al l o wed Lo v e’ s co u n s el an ex t en d ed reces s t o co n s i d er h o w t o pro ceed

, aft er wh i ch

Lo v e’ s co u n s el st at ed t h at “ [w] e a re read y t o g o fo rward in wh at ev er d irect i o n t h e

Co u rt wan t s u s t o g o fo rward o n .”

Th e St at e i n d i cat ed t h at i t wo u l d n o t fu rt h er q u es ti o n Bark er o n ch aract eri s ti cs

o f t h e i n d i v i d u al v i ct i m s i n t h e c a s e ; r a t h e r

, s h e wo ul d be q u es t i o ned o n l y o n t h e

g en eri c to p i cs o f gro om i n g an d s el f-m u t il at i o n

. Th e t ri al co u rt s u g g es t ed t h at i t was

“ fai rl y co m fo rt ab l e” w i t h t h e p ro p o s ed ap p ro ach an d ag ai n o ffered L o v e’ s c o u n s el

t h e o p p o rt u n i t y t o cro s s -ex am i n e Bark er. L o v e’ s co u n s el co n ti n u ed t o wav er,

15ex p res s i n g co n cern t h at cro s s -ex am i n at i o n m i g h t o p en t h e d o or t o ad d i t i o n al

t es t i m o ny b y Bark er. W h en th e St at e ag ai n i n d i cat ed i t wo u l d n o t q ues t i o n Bark er o n

w h e t h e r s h e ap p l i ed h er g en eral o b s erv at i on s t o t h e t h ree in d i vi d u al vi ct i m s i n t h e

c a s e

, t h e t ri al co u rt recal l ed t he ju ry

, t h e St at e co n t i n u ed w i t h i t s ex am i n at i o n o f

Bark er wi t h o u t o b

ject i o n , an d Lo v e’ s co u ns el cro s s -ex am i n ed Bark er.

(a) Lo ve arg u es t h at t h e t ri al co u rt s h ou l d h av e s tru ck Bark er’ s i ni t i al t es t i m o ny

co n cern in g h er q u al i fi cat i o n s as an ex p ert an d i n s t ru ct ed th e j u ry t o d i s reg ard

Bark er’ s t es t i m o n y

as a rem ed y fo r t h e St at e’ s v i o l at io n o f OCGA § 1 7 -1 6-4 . Aft er

Lo v e’ s i n i t i al req u es t to st ri k e Bark er’ s t es t i m on y

, t h e t ri al co u r t a l l o w e d Lo v e’ s

co u ns el a reces s t o co n s i d er wh et h er t o cro s s -e x am i n e Bark er. Aft er t h e reces s

,

Lo v e’ s co u n s el o ffered n o fu rt h er rem ed y an d i n st ead s t at ed t h at L o v e wo u l d p ro ceed

“ i n wh at ev er d i rect i o n th e Co u rt w a n t s us t o g o fo rward on .” Th ereaft er, t h e t ri al

co u rt d eci d ed t o l i m i t Bark er’ s t es t i m o n y t o g en eral p ri n ci p l e s an d no t p erm i t

t es t i m o ny fro m Bark er s p eci fi c t o t h e t h ree i n d i v id u al v ict i m s

.

Lo v e d i d no t o b

j ect t o t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s ru l i n g o r o ffer an y o th er rem ed y

, m u ch

l es s ren ew h i s req ues t t o s t ri k e Bark er’ s t es t i m o ny

. 1 0 “ Becau s e [Lo ve] di d n o t ren ew

1 0 In a s i m i l ar s it u at i o n

, o u r Su p rem e Co u rt affi rm ed a t ri al co u rt ’ s d eci s i o n to

p o s t p o n e an ex p ert wi t n es s ’ t es ti m o n y u n t il a lat er p oi n t i n t h e t ri al

. See OCGA § 1 7

- 1 6 -6 ; Va l en ti n e v. S t a t e

, 2 9 3 Ga. 5 3 3

, 5 3 5 -5 3 6 (2 ) (7 4 8 SE2 d 4 3 7 ) (2 0 1 3 ). In t h e

16t h e req ues t aft er t he tri al co u rt an n o u n ced i t s rem e d y

, we m u st as s u m e t h at h e was

s at i s fi ed w i t h t hat rem ed y .” (Ci t at i o n o m i t t ed .) Veg a v. S t at e

, 2 8 5 Ga. 3 2, 3 4 (2 ) (6 7 3

SE2 d 2 2 3 ) (2 0 0 9 ). See al s o Va l en t i n e v. S t a t e

, 2 9 3 Ga. 5 33

, 5 3 5 -5 36 (2 ) (7 4 8 SE2 d

4 3 7 ) (2 0 1 3 ); Go r ma n v. S t a t e

, 3 1 8 Ga. Ap p

. 53 5

, 5 4 0 (4 ) 7 3 4 SE2 d 2 6 3 ) (2 0 1 2 ). As

a res u l t

, Lo v e’ s arg u m en t h as no t b een p res erv ed fo r rev i ew. See W a s hi n gt o n v. S t a t e

,

3 1 0 Ga. Ap p

. 7 7 5

, 7 7 9 (2 ) (7 1 4 SE2 d 3 6 4) (2 0 1 1 ) (“ A defen d an t can n o t s u b m i t t o a

ru l i n g o r acq ui es ce i n t h e h o l d i n g

, an d t hen co m p l ai n o f t h e sam e o n ap p eal

. Th e

d efen d an t m

us t s t an d h i s o r h er g ro u n d. Acq u i es cen ce d ep ri v es t he d efen dan t o f t h e

ri gh t t o co m

p l ai n fu rt h er.”) (Ci t at i o n, fo o t n o te, an d p u nct u at i o n o m i t t ed ).

(b ) On ap p eal

, h o wev er, L o v e h as al s o rai s ed t ri al co u n s el ’ s fai l u re t o p res erv e

t h e t r i al co u rt ’ s deci s io n ag ai ns t ex cl u d i n g Bark er’ s i n t ro d u ct o ry t es t i m o n y

, as a

s an ct i o n fo r t h e St at e’ s v i o l at i o n o f OCGA § 1 7 -1 6 -4

, as a cl ai m of i n effect i v e

as s i s tan ce o f co u n s el . As a res u l t

,

[w] e t h u s co n s i der t he al l eg ed [erro r] as s ert ed by [Lo v e] wi t h i n th e

an al y t i cal fram ewo rk o f an i n effect iv en es s cl ai m

, u nd er wh i ch

, i n o rd er

t o p rev ai l

, [Lo v e] m

u s t s h o w b o t h t h at h i s t ri al co u ns el ’ s p erfo rm an ce

was d e f i ci en t an d t h at

, b u t fo r t h e d efi ci en t p erfo rm an ce, t h ere i s a

p res en t cas e, t h e t ri al co u rt i n i t i al l y ap p eared t o co n s id er su ch a r e m ed y b efo re

d eci d i n g t o l i m i t Bark er’ s t es t i m o n y t o “ i n fo rm at i o n

. . . as t o wh at b eh av io rs m ay b e

p res en t wi t h ou t an y

s o rt o f an al y s i s wi t h res p ect t o an y o f t h es e v i ct i m s .”

17reas o n ab l e pro b ab i l i t y t h e ou t co m e o f th e t ri al wo u l d h av e b een

d i fferen t

.

(Ci t at i o n s o m i t t ed .) Ha r

g et t

, 2 85 Ga. at 8 4 (3 ). W e co n cl u de t h at

, ev en i f L o ve’ s t ri al

co u ns el had co n t i n u e d t o o b j ect t o Bark er’ s t es ti m o n y an d m o v ed to ex cl u d e i t in

v i ew o f t h e St at e’ s v i o l at i o n o f OCGA § 1 7 -6 -4

, rat h er t h an acq u ies ci n g t o t h e t ri al

co u rt ’ s rem ed y

, he h as n o t d em o n s t rat ed t h at h e su ffered h arm res u l t i n g fro m h i s t ri al

co u ns el ’ s fai l u re t o o b

ject

.

OCGA § 1 7-1 6-4 (a) (4 ) p ro v i d es

, i n rel ev an t p art

, t hat i f an ex p ert rep o rt “ i s

o ral o r p art i al ly

o ral , t h e p ro s ecu t i n g at t o rn ey s h al l red u ce al l rel ev an t an d m at eri al

o ral po rt io n s o f s u ch rep o rt t o wri t i n g an d s h al l s erv e op p o s i n g co u ns el wi t h s u ch

p o rt i on s n o l at er t h an t en d ay s p ri o r t o t ri al .” See al so Heywo o d v. S t a t e

, 2 9 2 Ga. 7 7 1,

7 7 6 -7 7 7 (4 ) (b ) (7 4 3 SE2 d 1 2 ) (2 0 1 3 ).

If at an y t i m e d u ri n g t he co u rs e o f t h e p ro ceed i n g s i t i s b r o u g h t t o th e

at t e n t i o n o f t h e co u rt t h at t h e s t at e has fai l ed t o co m pl y wi t h th e

r e q u i rem en t s o f [OCGA § 1 7 -1 6 -4 ]

, th e co u rt m ay o rd er t h e s t at e t o

p erm i t t h e di s co v ery o r i n s p ect io n

, in t erv i ew o f t h e wi t n es s

, gran t a

co n t in u an ce, o r, u po n a s h o wi n g o f p reju d i ce an d b ad fai t h

, p ro hi b i t th e

s t at e fro m i n t ro d u ci n g t h e ev i d en ce n o t d i s c l o s e d o r p res en t i n g th e

wi t n es s n o t d i s cl o s ed

, o r ma y en t er s u ch o t h e r o r der a s i t d eems j u s t

u n d er t h e ci r cu ms t an ces

.

18(Em

p h as i s s u p p l i ed .) OCGA § 1 7 -1 6 -6

. As a res u l t

, t h e t ri al co u rt h as b ro ad

d i s cret i o n t o rem ed y v i o l at io n s o f OCGA § 17 -1 6 -4

, Go mez v. S t a t e

, 3 0 5 G a. Ap p.

2 0 4

, 2 0 8 (5 ) (6 9 9 SE2 d 3 9 5) (2 0 1 0 ), an d we rev i ew su ch ru l i n g s o n l y fo r an ab u s e

o f d i s cret i o n . See Ad

ams v. S ta t e , 3 4 0 Ga. Ap p. 1 , 7 (2 ) (7 95 SE2 d 3 3 0 ) (2 0 1 6 ).

In t h i s cas e, t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s rem ed y of d is al lo wi n g Bark er’ s t es t i m o ny

co n cern in g s p eci f

i c o b s erv at i o n s o f t he t h ree vi ct i m s wen t fu rt h er t h an s i m p l y

req u i ri n g ad d i ti on al d i s c o v e ry o r g ran t in g a co n t i nu an ce. See OCGA § 1 7 -1 6 -6

.

Un d er t h e ci rcu m s t an ces

, t he rem ed y b al an ced L o ve’ s fai l u re to o b ject t o Bark er’ s

b ack gro un d t es t i m o n y wi th h i s d es i re t o ex cl u d e t h at tes t i m o n y

, b eari ng i n m i n d t h e

St at e fai l ed t o p ro v i d e Lo v e wi t h a s u m m ary o f Bark er’ s o p i n i on s

, wh ich res u l t ed in

n o s p eci fi c t es t i m o n y b y an ex p ert wi t nes s co n cern i n g o b s erv at i o n s o f t h e t h ree

v i ct i m s

. Fu rt h erm o re, t o o b t ai n t h e “ h ars h s an ct i o n ” o f ex cl u di n g a wi t n es s ’

t es t i m o ny , t h e d efen d an t m u st d em o n s t rat e t h at h e was p reju d i ced b y t h e t es t i m o ny

an d t h at t h e St at e act ed i n b ad fai t h

. See O CGA § 1 7 -1 6 -6 ; Ad a ms

, s u p ra, 3 4 0 Ga.

Ap p

. at 7 (2 ). In t h i s cas e, Lo v e h a s m a d e n o s u ch s h owi n g. As a res u l t

, we can n ot

s ay t hat t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s rem ed y was u n j u s t.

In s u m

, Lo v e can n ot sh o w t h at h e was p reju d i c e d b y Bark er’ s b ack g ro u n d

t es t i m o ny

. Ev en h ad t ri al co u n s el co n t in u ed t o o bject t o t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s p ro p o s ed

19rem ed y

, rat h er t h an acq u i es ci n g t o t he rem ed y

, t h e r e i s n o i n di cat i on t h at t h e

t es t i m o ny wo u l d hav e b een s t ru ck

. In d eed

, i n v i e w o f t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s rem ed y to

p rev en t an y

s p eci fi c t es t i m o n y

co n cern i n g t h e t h ree v i ct im s , we can n o t s ay t h at t h e

t ri al co u rt ab u s ed i t s b ro ad d is cret i o n

. Fi n a l l y, L ov e “ h as [ag ai n] fai l ed to

d em o n s t rat e th at h e was p reju d i ce d

. . . [g ] i v en t h e o v erwh el m i n g ev i d en ce o f h i s

g u i l t

. . . .” Rei d v. S t a t e

, 3 4 1 G a. Ap p

. 6 0 4

, 61 8 (7 ) (d ) (i ) (8 0 2 SE2 d 4 2) (2 0 1 7 ). As

a res u lt

, Lo ve h as n o t sat i sfi ed th e preju d ice el em en t o f h i s c l ai m o f i n effect i v e

as s i s tan ce o f t ri al co u n s el bas ed up o n co un s el ’ s fai l u re to p res erv e t h i s i s s u e fo r

ap p eal

. Se e G o m e

z v. S t a t e

, 30 1 Ga. 4 4 5, 45 8 -4 5 9 (6 ) (a) (8 0 1 SE2 d 8 4 7 ) (2 0 1 7 );

Veg a

, su p ra, 2 8 5 G a. at 3 4 (2 ). See g en eral l y Ha r g et t

, s u p r a, 2 8 5 Ga. at 8 3 -8 4 (3 )

(m u l t i p l e g ro u n d s o f in effect i v e as s i s t an ce o f t ri al co un s el b as ed u p o n fai l u re to

p res erv e s u b s t an t iv e arg u m en t s fo r ap p eal ).

5

. Lo v e as s ert s t h a t h e recei v ed i n effect i ve as si s t an ce o f t ri al co un s el “ t o t h e

ex t en t

, i f an y

, th at t ri al co u n sel fai l ed t o p res erv e th e o t h er en u m e r a t i o n s of erro r.

.

. .” As i d e fro m

t h e fai l ure t o p res erv e arg u m en t s d i s cu s s ed i n Di vi s i o n 4 (b ), s u p ra,

we h av e n o t fo u n d t hat t ri al co u n s el fai l ed t o p re s e r v e a n y arg u m en t s fo r ap p eal

.

Acco rd in g ly , t h i s en u m erat i o n o f erro r p res en t s n ot h i n g fo r o u r rev i ew.

206

. In t wo rel at ed en u m erat i o ns o f erro r, Lo ve co n t en d s t h at Geo rg i a’ s s o d o m y

(OCGA § 1 6 -6 -2 (a) (1 )) an d s t at u t o ry r a p e ( O C G A § 1 6 -6 -3 ) s t at u t es are

u n co ns t it u t i o n al . As a res ul t , Lo v e i n i t i al l y fi led t h i s ap p eal i n t h e

Su p rem e Co u rt o f Geo rg i a. See Ga

. C o n s t

. o f 1 9 83

, Art

. VI, Sec. VI, Par. II (1 ).

Ho wev er, o u r Su p rem e Co u rt tran s ferred Lo v e’ s ap p eal t o t h is Co u rt

, fi n d in g t h at i t s

ju ri s d i ct i o n h ad n o t been i nv o k ed b ecau se Lo v e “ fai l ed t o rai s e an y ch al l en g e t o § 1 6

-

6 -3 b el o w, an d h e d i d n ot rai s e h i s ch al l en g e t o § 1 6 -6

- 2 u n t i l h i s s eco nd am en d ed

m o ti o n fo r n ew t ri al

. ” As a res u lt

, t h es e en u m erat i o ns are wi th o u t m eri t b ecau s e “ [t ] h e

Su p r e m e Co u rt ’ s d et erm i n at i o n i n [i t s ] t ran s fer o rd er i s fi n al an d b i n d i n g.”

Emp l o yees ’ Ret ir emen t Sys

. o

f Ga

. v. Ha rr i s , 3 0 3 Ga. Ap p . 1 9 1 , 1 9 5 (2 ) (6 9 2 SE2 d

7 9 8 ) (2 0 1 0 ). See al s o Amo s v. S t a t e

, 2 9 8 Ga. 8 0 4, 8 07 -8 0 8 (2 ) (7 8 3 SE2 d 9 0 0 ) (2 0 1 6 )

(“ a co n s t i t u t io nal at t ack o n a cri m i n al s t at u t e m ay n o t b e rai s ed fo r t h e fi rs t t i m e o n

m o ti o n fo r n ew t ri al

. Ev en wh ere an u n t im el y co n s t i t u t i o n al ch al len g e i s ad d res s ed

o n i t s m eri t s b y t h e t ri al co u rt

, [we] w i l l d e c l i n e t o en t ert ai n th e i s s ue o n ap p eal .”)

(ci t at i o n s o m i t t ed ); In r e D.H.

, 2 8 3 Ga. 5 56

, 5 5 7 (3 ) (6 6 3 SE2 d 1 3 9 ) (2 0 0 8 )

(Geo rg ia’ s ap p el l at e co u rt s “ wi l l n o t p as s u po n t h e co ns t i t u ti o n al i t y of a s t at u t e wh en

t h e ch al l en g e was n ot d i rect l y an d p ro perl y m ad e i n t h e tri al co u rt an d d i st i nct l y ru l ed

o n b y th e t ri al co u rt .”).

21In l i g h t o f t h e fo reg o i n g

, we co n cl u d e t h at t h e t ri al co u rt d i d no t err i n d en y i n g

Lo v e’ s m o ti o n fo r n ew t ri al as am en d ed

.

Ju d g men t a f f i r m ed . Br o wn a n d

Go s s, JJ., co n cu r.

22