# pennsyLvania

**DEPARTMENT OF**  **ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION** 

**SECRETARY**

**January 29,**  **2013**

**Mr. Shawn**  **Garvin U.S.**  **Environmental Protection**  **Agency, Region**  **III 1650**  **Arch Street**  **(Mail Code:**  **3RAOO) Philadelphia,**  **PA 19103-2029** 

**Dear Mr.**  **Garvin:**

**The Pennsylvania**  **Department of**  **Environmental Protection (DEP)**  **is amending**  **the Motor**  **Vehicle Emissions**  **Budget (MVEB)**  **for oxides**  **of nitrogen**  **(NOx) and**  **fine particulate**  **matter (PM2S)**  **previously approved**  **for the**  **Pennsylvania Portion**  **of the**  **Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA** 
**NJ-DE 1997**  **PM2.5 Nonattainment**  **Area (77**  **FR51930, August**  **28, 2012).**  **The MVEBs**  **have been**  **revised to**  **reflect the**  **use of**  **the U.S.**  **Environmental Protection**  **Agency's (EPA)**  **MOVES2010 model.** 

**On November**  **6, 2012,**  **DEP requested**  **that EPA**  **"parallel process"**  **this State**  **Implementation Plan**  **(SIP) revision**  **pursuant to 40**  **CFR Part**  **51 Appendix**  **V, Section**  **2.3 Exceptions.**  **The EPA**  **has approved**  **the use**  **of parallel**  **processing for**  **this SIP**  **revision.**

**The public**  **participation process**  **has closed**  **with DEP**  **receiving and**  **responding to**  **one set**  **of**

**comments. No**  **changes were made to**  **the SIP**  **revision as**  **a result of**  **comments received.**  **Enclosed, you**  **will find**  **both paper**  **and searchable**  **PDF copies**  **of the**  **revised attainment**  **demonstration, the**  **comment response**  **document, MOVES2010**  **inputs and**  **outputs, and**  **copies of**  **the newspaper**  **and Pennsylvania**  **Bulletin notices.**  **I certify**  **that the**  **electronic files**  **are exact**  **duplicates of**  **the hard**  **copies.**

**DEP recognizes**  **that EPA**  **cannot take**  **final action**  **until the**  **revised MVEB**  **has been**  **submitted as** 

**a formal**  **SIP revision**  **in accordance**  **with the**  **applicable requirements**  **of 40**  **CFR part**  **51 Appendix**  **V, Section**  **2.1 and 2.2. Since the public**  **participation process**  **has been**  **completed,**
**DEP is**  **submitting the**  **formal final**  **SIP revision**  **to satisfy**  **all applicable**  **criteria of**  **sections of**  **40 CFR**  **Part 51**  **Appendix V.** 

**Thank you**  **in advance for**  **expediting the**  **processing of**  **the revised MVEB**  **for the**  **Philadelphia**
**Area to**  **ensure that**  **funding is**  **not delayed**  **for transportation projects**  **in the**  **area. Should**  **you have**  **any questions**  **or need**  **additional information,**  **please contact Dean Van**  **Orden, Assistant**  **Director of**  **the Bureau**  **of Air**  **Quality, by**  **e-mail at**  **dvanorden@pa.gov or**  **by telephone at**  **717.783.9264.**

**chael 1.**  **Krancer Secretary** 

**Enclosures**

**Rachel Carson**  **State Office**  **Building I**  **P.O. Box**  **2063 I**  **Harrisburg, PA**  **17105-2063**

**717.787.2814 �**  **Printed on**  **Recycled Paper**  

## Z6Ci **www.depweb.state.pa.us**

## Proposed Revision to the State Implementation Plan for the Motor Vehicle Emissions

Budge ts for the 5

- County Philadelphia Fine Particulate Matter Nonattainment Area

Public Hearing

The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (Department) is revis ing the Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets (MVEBs) included in the State Implementation Plan (SIP) Revision: Attainment Demonstration and Base Year Inventory for 1997 fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 

## ) National Ambient Air Quality Standard for the 5

- county Phila delphia area (77 FR 51930, August 28, 2012) . The revised budgets, once approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), will expedite future transportation planning for the 5

- county Philadelphia Area (Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Ph iladelphia counties)

.

The EPA developed a new computer model , the Motor Veh icle Emissions Simulator (MOVES 2010 ) that estimates emissions from highway vehicles more accurately

. EPA also provided a two

- year grace period prior to requiring that MOVES be us ed for regional emissions analyses for transportation conformity determinations (75 FR 9411, March 2, 2010)

. Subsequently, EPA announced that the most update d version of MOVES must be used for regional transportation conformity analyses that begin after Ma rch 2, 2013 (77 FR 11394, February 27, 2012).

The approved PM 2.5 

## attainment plan for the 5

- county Philadelphia Area used the former EPA

approved model, Mobile6, for estimating highway vehicles emissions in 2009 . Emissions of

NO

x 

## and PM 2.5 

## are estima ted to be at higher levels by the new model than what was approved in

the a ttainment plan . The Transportation Conformity regulation specifies that emissions from updated local transportation improvement plans must not exceed th e MVEBs in the area’s

approv ed, applicable SIP. By using similar modeling in transportation planning and the SIP, a more realistic comparison between the two plans will reduce the chance of transportation projects being delayed.

It is important to note that higher emission estima tes calculated by MOVES do not mean that

emissions from vehicles actually increased. The MOVES model more accurately estimates emissions that are already being produced by vehicles. Consequently, the ability of the area to attain the fine particulate mat ter standard will not be affected by migration to the new model

.

This propos ed SIP revision is available on the Department's website at www.depweb.state.pa.us (choose “Air Plans”) or through the contact persons listed below

.

The Department is seeking pub lic comment on this SIP revision and changes made to th e MVEBs in the PM 2.5 

## attainment plan for the 5

- county Philadelphia area . The Department will hold a public hearing to receive comments on t he proposal on Monday, December 17 , 2012 , at

1 1 a

. m. in the R idley Creek Room at the Pennsylvania Department of Environ mental

Protection’s Southeast Regi onal Office, 2 East Main Street, Norristown, PA 19401

.

Persons wishing to present testimony at the hearing should contact Alex Haas, P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, P A 17105, (717) 787

- 9495 or alehaas@pa.gov to reserve a time. If, by

## December 13 , 2012, no pers on has expressed intent to testify at the hearing, the hearing will be

cancelled. Witnesses should keep testimony to ten minutes and should provide two written copies of their statement at the hearing.

Persons with a disability who wish to attend the hearing and require an auxiliary aid, service or other accommodation to participate in the proceeding should contact Alex Haas at (717) 787

- 9495 or alehaas@pa.g ov. TDD users may contact the AT&T Relay Service at (800) 654

- 5984 to discuss how the Department can best accommodate their needs.

The Department must receive comments no later than December 1 7 , 2012. Written comments

should be sent to the attention of Arleen Shulman, Chief, Division of Air Resource Management, Bureau of Air Quality, P.O. Box 8468, Harrisburg, PA 17105

- 8468 , or via email at ashulman@pa.gov

. Use “Philadelphia MVEB Revisions” in the subject line.

MICHAEL L. KRANCER,

Secretary**ut:l-I01 1.11**  **I""" '" -,**

**• En**  **vir on**  **m ent**  **al Pr**  **ot ec**  **tlo n** 



### NOV **1 9 20**  **1 2** 

**COWJ.\ONWEAl TH**  **OF PENNSYLVANIA**  **S To.S21**  **REV. 06-2010**  **Air Resource**  **Management**

**I N**  **V O**  **I C**  **E N O.**  **PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZA**  

## ,.j{¥JO **INVOICE**

**PUBLICATIONS AUTHORIZATION** 

**TO: (NAMe. "NO AOORESSOF**  **wew$PA.I'U) Bucks**  **County Courier**  **TImes**

**8400 N Bristol**  **Pike**
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**HEREWITH IS**  **ENCLOSED COPY**  **FOR PUBLICATION**  **OF ADVERTISEMENT**  **FOR PROPOSALS**  **TO FAOM:**  **(NAMS ANOADORESS**  **OF AGENCV)**  **AGENCY Alex**  **Haas**

**PA DEP**  **• Bureau of**  **Air Quality** 

**400 Market**  **Street**

**I-tMri,hllm PA**  **17101\ D** 

**TYPE OF**  **AD TELEPHONE**  **NO. 717·787�9495** 

**r EMPLOY**  

### r **PURCHASE** 

### r **CONTRACT** 

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### IX: **LEGAL NOTice** 

**PUBLISH ADVERTISEMENT**  **(NO. OF**  **TIMeS) MAXIMUM**  **NO. OF**  **l**
**lx Only** 

**DATES OF**  **INSERTION R**  **E FOR**  

### �E�- **November 16,**  **2012** 

### Z. **ORDER NO,**

**You, as**  **vendor, are**  **authorized to**  **publish this**  **advertisement in**  **your newspaper,**  **subject to**  **the terms**  **of this order,**  **as follows:** 
**Advertisement to**  **be published**  **in 'regular**  **advertising columns,**  **no position**  **specified; caption**  **of two**  **lines and**  **signature to**  **be in**  **capitals and**  **subject matter**  **and title**  **of officer**  **to be**  **set solid**  **in t**  **ype regularly**  **used by**  **your newspaper**  **for public**  **(legal) notice**  **advertising; charge**  **to be**  **made at**  **the rate**  **charged to**  **and paiq**  **by commercial advertisers**  **for matter**  **similarly set and**  **occupying**

**simila r**  **space ;**  **advertisement to**  **be run**  **in the**  **editions specified**  **above. Vendor**  **agrees that,**  **in the**  **performance of**  **any contract** 
**awarded to**  **it hereun'der,**  **said vendor**  **will not**  **discriminate against**  **any employee**  **or other**  **persons on**  **account of**  **race, color,**  **sex, religious**  **creed, ancestry.**  **age or national**  **origin and**  **that the**  **Commonwealth, upon**  **receipt of**  **satisfactory evidence**  **of such**  **dis crimination, shall**  **have the**  **right to**  **cancel said**  **contract. Return**  **this copy**  **at once if**  **you will**  **not accept**  **this advertisement**  **under**

**the terms**  **set forth.** 

**Return original**  **and two**  **copies (signed by**  **the editor**  **or publisher)**  **to the**  **agency listed**  **above. Proof**  **of advertiSing** 

**in the**  **form of**  **a tear**  **sheet must**  **be stapled**  **to original**  **and copies.**  **Original must**  **be notarized.** 

**Commonwealth to**  **be billed**  **only for**  **actual number**  **of printed**  **lines published.** 

**SAP FUND COSTCE'NTER**  **GENERAL LEOGER**  **ACCOUNT C**  **OD e**  **%**

**SAP 7027312000**  **1/0 V1**  **641 1**  **000000**

**CC 3522710000**  **GL6343200 "** 

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**OA TE**  **OF INSERTION**  **ACTUAL NO.**  **OF PRINTEO**  **UNES COSTPERUNE**  **TOTAL AMOUNT** 

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**Commonwealth of**  **Pennsylvania**

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**Before me,**  **the subscriber,**  **a Notary**  **Public in**  **and for**  **said Cou**  **ty, perso** 
**who ���u�.**  **om. do**  **� dep**  **e a nd**  **y ��**  **he i** 

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## �·�l�t�i�n��������������������- **the I Q..('"** **11 N\ e.**  **a general**  **newspaper published**  **at**

**that the**  **advertisement, of**  **which tearsheet**  **is attached**  **heretol was**  **published in**  **the regular**  **advertising columns**  **of said**  **newspaper, in**  **the editions**  **of said**  **newspaperl in**  **all respects**  **as ordered**  **and invoiced**  **above; and**  **that the**  **Commonwealth is**  **not charged** 

**therefor at**  **a ra.te**  **higher than**  **is charged**  **any ordinary**  **advertiser for**  **a similar**  **amount of**  **matter occupying**  **similar space**  **and set**  **in a**  **similar matter,**  **in said**  **newspaper.**

**Sworn and**  **subs ribed**  **before me**  **this**

**____ _**  **___**

**_ day**  **of** 

## ������������**NOTICE of**  **PUBLIC HEARIN.G** 

**Proposed Revision**  **to the** 
**State Implementation** 

**Plan for**  **the Motor** 

**, ,**  **Vehicle Emissions** 
**Budgets for**  **the 5-Count**  **v Philadelphia**  **Fine**
**Particulate Motter**
**Nonattainment 'Area** 

**The Pennsylvania**  **De**
**partment of**  **Environmen**
**tal Protectidn**  **(Depart ment)**  **is revising**  **the Mo** 
**tor Vehicle**  **Emissions**
**Budgets (MVEBs)**  **includ**

**ed in**  **the State,**  **Implemen tation**  **Plan (SIP)**  **Revi sian:'**  **Attainment Demon** 
**stration and**  **Base Year** 
**,Inventory for**  **1997 fine** 
**particulate matter** 
**(PM2,5) Nationat**  **Ambi**

**ent Air**  **Quality Standaro** 
**for the**  **5-county Philadel** 

**phia are,a**  **(n FR**  **51930,**
**August 28,**  **2012). The**  **re vised**  **\ budgets,**  **once ap-**  **'**
**proved by**  **the U.S.**  **Envi�**

**ron mental**  **Protection**
**Asency (EPA),**  **will expe**  **dite future**  **trcmsportation plar:ming**  **for the**  **5-countv Philadelphiq**  **Area**
**(Bucks, Chester,**  **Dela- I**  **ware, MontgomerY**  **dnd**
**Philadelphia counties).**

**The EPA**  **developed a** 

**new computer**  **modeL the** 
**I M**  **otor Vehicle**  **Emissions 'Simulator**  **(MOVES2010)**

**that estimates**  **emissions**

**from highway**  **vehicles**

**more accuf:otely.**  **EPA al** 

**so provided"** 

**a--. two-year** 

**grace period**  **pr i**  **or to**  **re quiring**  **that ,MOVES**  **be**
**used for**  **regional emis**  **sions pnalvses**  **for trans**  **portation conformity**  **de**
**terminations (75**  **FR 9411,** 

**March 2,**  **2010). Subse quently,**  **Ef>A announced** 
**that the'**  **most updated**  **Version ,of**  **MOVES must** 

**be '**  **used· for**  **' regional**  **transportation contor**  **m ay** 
**analyses tl'jat-begin**  **after MarCh;:,2�,**  **2013 (77**  **FR**

**. H394,**  **Febrtfarv 27,**  **2012),**
**The a**  **proved PM2.5**  **at**
**tainment plan**  **for" the**  **S county**  **Philqdelphia Area** 
**used the'**  **former EPA** 

**approved model; "Mobile6,** 

**highW(:i**

**. Y** 

**of estim**  **, levels:by** 

**than what**  **was approved in**  **the at**  **tainment'**

**, plan.**  **The Transportation**  **Conformi**
**ty regulation**  **specifies**

**that emiis.lons**  **from up**  **dated locanransportation**  **imprOVemEmt plans**  **must**
**not exceed**  **the MVEBs**  **in**
**the area's,**  **approved, ap.­**  **plicable SIP.**  **By using**  **sim;lar**

**' ,ll')odel.ingdn"irans,**  **portatlon planning**  **and**
**the SIP,**  **a more**  **realistic comparison**  **between the** 
**two plans**  **will reduce**  **the**
**chance . 'Of**  **transportation proiects**  **being delayed.** 
**It is**  **important to**  **note**
**that higher**  **emission esti�** 
**motes' calculated**  **by MOVES**  **do not**  **mean that**  **emissions from**  **vehicles actually**  **increased. The** 

**MOVES model more**  **oc c;urately**  **estimates emis-** 

**, sians**  **that ore**  **already be**  **inS produced**  **' by**  **vehicles. " .**  **Consequently f**  **the ability** 
**of the**  **area to**  **attain the**  **fine particulate**  **matter standard will**  **no t**  **be af** 
**fected by**  **migration to**  **the**

**new model.** 
**This proposed**  **SIP revi**  **sion is**  **available on**  **the Department's**  **"website at**  **www.depweb.state.pa.us**
**(choose "Air**  **Plans") or**  **through the**  **contact per·** 

**sons listed**  **below. "** 

**The Department**  **is seek·**  **ing public**  **comment on**  **this SIP**  **revision and**  **changes made**  **to the**  **MVESs in**  **the PM2.5**  **af**
**tainment plan**  **for the**  **5**

**- county**  **Philadelphia area.**  **The Department**  **will hold** 

**a Pllblic**  **hearing to**  **re ceive.**  **comments on**  **the**
**proposal on** 

**, M** 

**on d**  **� v**  **, De** 
**cember 17,**  **2012, at**  **11**

**a.m', in**  **the Ridley**  **Creek**
**Room at**  **the Pennsylvo-** 

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**. ,**  **ishing t** 

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# ,

**ent testimony**  **at the**  **hear**

**ing shOUld**  **contact Alex** 
**'Haas;'p,O! Box,846S;**  **Har� I** 

**. risbur:€I�** 

**. fiA:**  **1 1**  **1 Q5,.**  **(717) 7#7-9.49.5,**  **' 01'0**  

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## �, **it:l,tel1J to**  **.. "t�stifY,. at.**  **th e**  **hearing, the**  **hearing will**  **'**

**be cancelled.**  **Witnesses**
**should keep**  **testimony to** 
**ten minutes**  **and should**  **provide two**  **written cop**  **ies of**  **their statement**  **at**
**the hearing,_** 

**' " Persorts**  **with a**  **disability**

**Who wish**  **to attend**  **the hearing'**  **and require**  **an auxiliarY**  **aid, service**  **or other**  **accommodation to**  **participate in**  **the pro­** 
**" ceedlng**  **" -sl'ioij1(:C-tCrnlacf**  **AI�x Haas**  **at (717)** 

**.. 787�** 

**9495 o**  **r aleh**  **aas@pa.gov.**
**TDD users**  **may contact** 

**the AT&T**  **Rela y**  **Service**

**at (SOO)**  **654·5984 to**  **dis**

**cuss hoW**  **the Department** 

**can .**  **best accommodate** 
**their needs.**  **The**

**. Department**  **must**

**receive comments**  **no .lat** 

**er than**  **December" 17,** 
**2012. Written**  **comments**
**should be**  **sent to** 

**.. th�**  **at tention**  **of Arleen**  **\ Shulman,.**  **Chief, Division** 

**o f**  **Air Resou'rt:e**  **Manage ment;**  **�ureat.l of**  **Air Qual.**  **ity,**

### \,0. **Box, 1!468"**  **Harris burg"**  **PA 1710S-8!16S,**  **or via email**  **at ashulman** 

**, �pi:t.**  **gov. Use**  **" 'f::I**  **hiiade/:**

**phia, MYEB,Revisions,i**  **iil**

**the subject,**  **line.**
**MICHAEL L.**  **KRANCER,**

**Secretary**
**1t N**  **16 CLASSIFIED**  **ADVERTISING INVOICE** 

**ACCOUNT INFORMATION** 

**DELAWARE COUNTY**  **TIMES P.O.**  **BOX 347**  **PRIMOS, PA**  **19018** 

### oepartmen\
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**ACCOUNT NO:** 

**DATE: 717-787-9495** 

**893·0657493**

**11/16/2012 Address**  **Service Requested**  

### NOV **2 6 2012**  **TERMS: PAYABLE**  **ON RECEIPT** 

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### Managemen�'

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**0040B027 MTW**  **086 PUBLIC**  **NOTICEPROPOSED �EV**  **2822128, MTW.**  **ALEXANDER HAAS**  **EMAIL**

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**DELAWARE COUNTY**  **TIMES**
**P.O. BOX**  **347 PRIMOS,**  **PA 19018**  **Detach and**  **return this portion**  **with your**  **payment. FIRST**  **NOTICE**

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# � **)5-8468, or**  **vl� emaH**  **at asl**  **')lll �**  **an@pa. �**  **o**

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**MIC H**  **AEL L.**  **KR ANC**  **ER, '** 

**S ecr**  **e� r**  **y** 

### Proof **of Publication**  **of Notice**  **i n**  

### Delaware **County Daily**  **Tinles**

**Under Newspaper**  **Advertising Act.**  **No. 587.**  **Approved May**  **16, 1929** 

**State ofPennsylvania�** 
**County of**  **Delaware,** 

# }

**SS.**

**LYNN D.**  **BETTCHER designated**  **agent of**  **CENTRAL STATES**  **PUBLISHING. INC..** 

**being duly**  **sworn, dC**  **I 10SCS**  **and says**  **that the**  **DELA WARE**  **COUNTY DAILY**  **TIMES, a**  **daily newspnper**  **of gener,,1**  **drcuhllioll**

**as defined**  **in the**  **above-mentioned Act,**  **published at**  **Primos, Delaware**  **County, Pennsylvania,**  **was estahlished**  **Scpfemher 7,** 
**1876, and**  **issued and**  **publis h**  **ed continuously**  **thereafter for**  **a period**  **of 100**  **)'cal's and**  **for 11**  **pel'iod of**  **more thlm**  **six months**  **immediately prior**  **hereto, (under**  **the name**  **Chester Times**  **prior to**  **November 2.**  **1959) in**  **tbe City**  **of Chester,**  **Coullty of** 

**Delaware and**  **further says**  **that the**  **printed notice**  **or publication**  **attached hereto**  **Is an**  **exact copy**  **of a**  **notice or**  **pllhlic;\lion printed**  **and published**  **in the**  **regular edition**  **and issues**  **of the**  **' DELA**  **WARE COUNTY**  **DAI LY**  **TIMES on**  **the following**  **dates,**

**viz**

**................................................................................................................. .** 

**November 16,**  **A.D. 20**  **12**

**and that**  **said advertising**  **was inserted**  **in all**  **respects as**  **ordered.**

**Affiant further**  **deposes that**  **h �**  **is the**  **proper person**  **duly nuthodzed**  **by CENTRAL**  **STATES**

**PUBLISlIING, INC.**  **publisher of**  **said DELAWARE**  **COUNTY DAILY**  **TIMES, a**  **newspaper of**  **general circuilltioll,**  **to \,cl'iry** 

**the foregoing**  **statement under**  **oath and**  **that affiant**  **is not**  **interested In**  **the subject**  **mailer of**  **the afol'csaid**  **notiee or** 

**advertisement, and**  **that all**  **allegations in**  **the foregoing**  **statements as**  **to time,**  **place a**  **nd character**  **of publk:ltion**  **lire true.** 

**Sworn to**  **and subscribed**  **before me**  **th is** 

**16 day**  **of November**  **20 12** **Cop y**  **of Not**  **ice or'**  **pub lica**  **tio n** 

**PUBLIC NOTICE**  **Prop'osed Revision**  **to the**  **State Implementation**  **Plan for**  **the Motor**  **Vehicle Emissions**  **Budgets for**  **the 5�County**  **Phila�elphia Fine Particulate**  **Matter Nonattainment Area** 

**' .** 

**Public Hearing** 

**The Pennsylvania**  **Department of**  **Environmental Protection**  **(D�partfTlent) is**  **revising th�**  **Motor**

**Vehicle Emissions**  **Budgets (MVEBs)**  **included in**  **the State**  **Implementation Plan**  **(SIP) Revision:**  **Attainment Demonstration**  **and Base**  **Year Inventory**  **for 1997**  **fine particulate**  **matter (PM2.5)**  **National Ambient**  **Air Quality**  **Standard for**  **the 5�county**  **Philadefp hia**  **area'(77 FR**  **51939, August**  **28, 2012).**  **The revised**  **budgets, once**  **approved by**  **the U.S.**  **Environmental Protection**  **Agency {EPA},**  **wm expedite**  **future transportation**  **planning for**  **the 5�county**  **Philadelphia Area**  **(Bucks, Chester;;**  **Delaware, Montgomery**  **and Philadelphia counties).**  **.**

**.**

**. .** 

**. .**  **'**

**The EPA**  **developed a**  **new computer**  **model, the**  **Motor Vehicle**  **Emissions Simulator**  **(MOVES201 0)**  **.**
**that estimates**  **emissions from**  **highway vehicles**  **more accurately.**  **EPA 'also**  **provided a**  **two�year**
**grace period**  **prior to,**  **requiring that**  **MOVES be**  **used .for**  **regional emissions**  **analyses for'**  **transportation conformity**  **determinations (75**  **FR 9411,**  **March 2,**  **2010). Subsequently,**  **EPA announced**  **that the**  **most updated**  **version' of**  **MOVES must**  **be used**  **for regionaf**  **transportation conformity**  **analyses that**  **beglO after**  **March 2,**  **2013 (77**  **FR 11394,**  **February 27,**  **2012). .** 

**The approved**  **PM2.5 attainment**  **plan for**  **the** 

### S **.county Philadelphia**  **Area used**  **the former**  **EPA-') approved**  **model, Mobile6,**  **for estimating**  **highway vehicles**  **emis,si61ls in**  **2009. Emissions**  **of NOx**  **and**

**. .**  **PM2**

**. .**  **5. are**  **estirn�ted to**  **be at**  **higher levels**  **by the**  **new model**  **than wl:1at**  **was approved**  **in tne,·**  **attainment plan,**  **Tne Tr**  **ansportation Conformity**  **regulation spec�fies**  **that emissions**  **from updated,**  **local. transportation**  **i mprovemeht**  **plans must**  **not exceed**  **the MVEBs**  **in the**  **area's approved,**  **applicable SIp.**  **By using**  **similar modeling**  **in transportation**  **planning and**  **the SIp,**  **a more**  **realistic comparison**  **between the**  **two pl�ns**  **will reduce·the**  **chance of**  **transportation pr�jeqts**  **being delayed."** 

**It is**  **importanHo"note that**  **high�r emission**  **estimateir calculated**  **by MOVES**  **do not**  **mean that"** 
**emissions from**  **vehicles actually**  **increased: The**  **MOVES**

**... model**  **more accurately**  **estimate'�·** 

# I **em**

**. issioQS**  **that are·al**  **r e�dy**  **being produced** 

**.**

**. .** 

**. by**  **\(**

**. e** 

**. .**  **.**

**. hiCI�S** 

**. •**  **conseq**

**. uen** 

**, "**  **tly**

**. ,**  **the ability**  **o**

**. f**  **th**

**. e** 

**. are** 

**. .**  **a**

**. .**  **. to**  **attain the**  **fine particulate**  **matter standard**  **will not**  **be affected**  **by.mlgrati9n to**  **the new**  **model.**

**. . �** 

**This proposed**  **SIP re** 

**. ViSion** 

**. ,**  **is available** 

**. o** 

**. ".n**  **th**

**. .** 

**. e·**  **De**

**.**

**. partment's**  **w .**  **ebsite at**  **www.depweb.state.pa.us :** 

**. '**  **(choose "Air**  **Plans") or**  **throui;Jh the.**  **contact persons**  **li�ted below.**  **' The.Departmentjs**  **seeking public**  **comment on**  **,this SIP**  **revisio.n and**  **changes made'to**  **the MVEBs**  **in the**  **PM2.5 attainment plan**  **for the**  **5-couflty Philadelphia**  **area. The**  **Depart !ll**  **ent will**  **hold a**  **public hearing**  **to receive**  **comments on**  **the proposal**  **on Monday,**  **Decemoer 17.**  **2012. at**  **11 a.m.**  **in .the**  **Ridley Creek**  **Room at**  **the, Pennsylvania**  **Department of**  **Environmental Protection's**  **Southeast Regional**  **Of**

**fice,' 2**  **East Main**  **Street, Norristown,**  **PA 19401.**  **'**

**Persons wishing**  **to present**  **testimo n**  **Y at**  **tlie hearing**  **should cOfltact**  **Alex Haas,**  **P.O: Box**  **8468�' Har�isburg,**  **PA 17105,**  **(717) 787·9495**  **or alehaas@pa.gov**  **to reserve**  **a time.**  **If, by**  **December 13,**  **2012, no**  **person has**  **expressed intent to**  **testify at**  **the hearing,**  **the hearing**  **will b,e**  **cancelled. Witnesses**  **should keep**  **testimany·to ten**  **minutes and,should**  **provide**

**. two**  **written copies**  **of their**  **statement at**  **the hearing.**  **'**

**.**

**. .** 

**:**

**.**

**, Persons**  **with a**  **disability who**  **wish to**  **attend the**  **hearing and**  **require an**  **auxiliary aid,**  **service or**  **other accommodation**  **to partiCipate**  **in the**  **proc�e�illg should**  **contact Alex**  **Haas at**  **' (717)**  **787-9495 or**  **ajehaas@pa.gov. TDD**  **users inay**  **contact the.AT&T**  **R**

**. �I.?y.§�ryice'at**  **(800) 654-:5984**  **to diSCUSS**  **how the**  **Department can**  **best accommodate**  **theIr needs."**  **.. ,�,::,** 

**. "**  **The Department**  **must r**  **eceive comments**  **no later**  **than December**  **17, 2012.**  **Written ,comments**  **should be**  **sent to**  **the attention**  **of Arleen**  **Shulman, Chief,**  **Division of**  **Air. Resource**  **Management, Bureau**  **of Air**  **Quality, P.O.**  **Box 8468,**  **.Harrisburg, PA**  **17105-8468, or**  **via email**  **at ashulman@pa.gov** 

**.. I**  **Use "Philadelph.ia**  **MVEB Revisions" in**  **the subject line.**  

# I **MICHAEL L.**  **KR ANCER,** 

**_. Secretary**  

### i 

# I **Sta'**

**COl**

**LYl**

**being**

**as de£.**  **1876, :**  **inUll cd**  **Dela w**  **: printe�** 

**viz**

**.......**

**·and that** 

**PUDUSi**

**the forc:** 

**aclvcrtisi:**

**S w**  **ol'n to** 

## Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

Comment Response Document for the Revisions to the Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia

Wilmington, Pennsylvania

- New Jersey

- Delaware 1997 PM2.5 Nonattainment Area January 2013

COMMENTATORS

1. Russell Zerbo

Federal Advoca cy Coordinator

Clean Air Council (Address not provided)

COMMENTS AND RESPONSES

1. Comment: The commentator applauds the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental

Protection’s (Department) efforts to replace Mobile6

- generated emissions estimates in t he State Implementation Plan.

Response: The Department appreciates the comment

. When there is a change to the highway emissions model, i t becomes important to revise the motor vehicle emissions budget (MVEB) i n the State I mplemen tation P lan (SIP) for som e areas

. T ransportation planning could be hindered

if th e MVEB in the SIP is exceeded as a result of emission estimates developed by two different computer models being used

.

2. Comment : The Council urges the Department to urge the Environmental Protectio n Agency (EPA) to urge the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to expand the MVEB to continue efforts to lower sulfur dioxide (SO 2 

## ) , ammonia, and volatile organ ic compounds (VOC)

.

Response: This SIP revision is not a new attainment plan. The EPA approv ed t he atta inment plan on August 28, 2012 (77 FR51930). As a result of the control measures discussed in the

attainment plan, the area has attained the 1997 standard as well as the 2006 standard for PM 2.5



## . The sole purpose of this SIP revision is to reca lculate highway emissions and set an updated

MVEB as discussed in response to comme nt 1. The Department requested comment on the MVEB. The EPA has recently promulgated a new PM 2.5 

## annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard ( NAAQS ) ; the Department will continue efforts to reduce PM 2.5 

## and its precursors , as necessary and appropriate to attain that standard throughout the Commonwealth.

3. Comment : The commentator stated that it is inappropriate to cut efforts to curb certain types of pollutants.

Response : The sole purpose of this SIP revision is to recalculate the MVEB. T he Department is not cutting efforts to curb certain types of pollutants. In the attainment plan described above, t he Department describes measures to lower ambient concentrations of P M 2.5 

## by requiring reductions

of direct PM 2.5 

## and PM 2.5 

## precursors while focusing on sources of pollution that offer large, cost

effective reductions

.

## 4. Comment: The commentator stated that t he Department should continue to strive to

reduce emissions of s ulfur pollution from mobile sources. Although the amount of sulfur pollution being produced by mobile sources is low, it could go even lower.

Response: T he sole purpose of this SIP revision is to recalculate the MVEB. T he Department is

striv ing to reduce emissions of pollutants from all sources that offer a large reduction potential and prove to be cost

- effective in order to meet the NAAQS

. Many s ources
, other than mobile

sources
, produce more emissions of sulfur pollutants and provide an opportunity to reduce more emissions of sulfur pollution cost

- effectively.

5. Comment : The commentator discussed that a new EPA study concluded that VOC emissions can contribute from 20 percent to 80 percent of PM 2.5 

## ambient air concentrations.

Response: The sole purpo se of this SIP revision is to recalculate the MVEB. No MVEB was established for VOC in the attainment plan (see further discussion in the response to comment 6). To the point raised about the study, t he Department is uncertain to which study on the EPA’s

website the commentator is referring. The Department locate d a study that concluded that VOC emissions contribute 20 percent to 80 percent of PM 2.5 

## concentrations. It was a n undated study prepared by MACTEC for the Federal H ighway Administration (FHWA) e n titled Evaluating the Contribution of PM 2.5 

## Precursor Gases and Re

- entrained Road Emissions to Mobile Source

PM 2.5 

## Particulate Matter Emissions . The reference to the range of 20 percent to 80 percent was

made in the conclusion section to demonstrate the high variability and uncertainty of the VOC

contribution toward PM 2.5 

## formation. It also stated in the conclusion section that VOC from

mobile sources coul d contribute 1 6 perc ent to 33 percent of PM 2.5 

## concentrations

. And in the body of the text, it stat ed that VOC emissions in general contribute between 11 percent and 41 percent of PM 2.5 

## formation. B oth the FHWA study and EPA’s Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS ( 72 FR 20586 ) point out that g reat uncertainty

exists to h ow much mobile source VOC emissions contribute overall. The study also states, “Of

the amounts of NO X 

## and VOC from on

- road sources, the formation of PM 2.5 

## from these chemicals varies greatly, and was not able to be conclusively determined from the literat ure. In general, all mobile sources (including on

- and off

- road) are thought to contribute approxi mately 20 percent of total PM 2.5 

## annual emissions in the United States. ”

6. Comment : The commentator stated that the Department should monitor and control

e missions of VOC and ammonia from mobile sources

.

Response: T he Department regulates highway vehicle emissions of VOC through such programs

as the Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles Program in 25 Pa. Code Chapter 126 through which the Department adopted California light

- duty vehicle emissions standards

, and Stage II vapor

controls for refueling

. Vehicle emission inspection and maintenance are required for most

vehicles in the area and federal Reformulated Gasoline is required year

- round. Furthermore , t he Departme nt follows transportation conformity regulations in 40 CFR P art 93 when est ablishing

an MVEB for P M 2.5 

## and its precursors

. Section 93.102 requires conformity determinations to be applica ble to direct emissions of PM 2.5 

## and oxides of n itrogen ( NO X 

## ) (unless a determination is made that transportation

- related emissions of NOx are not significant contributors to PM 2.5 

## ), but

to emissions of SO 2 

## , VOC, and ammonia only if a finding is made that transportation

- related emissions of these pollutants are significant contributors to PM 2.5



## . Neither t he EPA nor the Department has made a finding that VOC or ammonia are significant contributors to the

## formation of PM 2.5



## . As discussed above, m uch uncertainty exists as to how much PM 2.5



## formation i s influenced by VOC and a mmonia emissions . Nevertheless, mobile source programs that the Department has in place continue to reduce the emissions of VOC from the mobile

sector.

7. Comment: The commentator stated that the Department should continue to pursue

emission reductions , especially VOC and ammonia

, from a larger variety of emissions sources.

Response: T he sole purpose of this SIP revision is to recalculate the MVEB. In the attainment plan

, the Department describes a variety of pollution control measures that will reduce emissions

of direct PM 2.5 

## , as well as PM 2.5 

## precursors
, and lower ambient PM 2.5 

## concentrations for years to

come. For example , n ew standards for mobile sources will lower emissions of VOC, NO X 

## , and

PM 2.5 

## from highway and nonroad vehicles and engines as n ewer vehicles replace older, more polluting vehicles. The Department has recently implemented regulations to lower emissions of

VOC from adhesiv es and architectural coatings and mandated l ower levels of sulfur in home

hea ting oil will lower SO 2 

## emissions during the winter.

The Department has not regulated ammonia due to the uncertainty expressed by the scientific community of what effect that would have on PM 2.5 

## ambient air quality concentrations as well as the overall ecology. For instance, lowering emis sions of ammonia could increase acidification of particles which could increase acid deposition in our waterways. Increased acidification in our waterways could support the growth of algae blooms and destroy fragile ecosystems. Particle

formation related to ammonia emission s is complex. EPA stated in their Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule (72 FR 20586) that lowering emissions of ammonia involves a high level of uncertainty as to the effect such an action would have. EPA also had difficulties in demonstrating the efficacy of ammonia control measures consist ently from case to case. This is

an area which requires additional research before ammonia control measures are inserted into

future SIP revisions.

# Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



# F INAL


# S TATE 

# I MPLEMENTATION 

# P LAN 

# R EVISION 

# : R EVISED 

# M OTOR 

# V EHICLE 

# E MISSIONS 

# B UDGETS


# P ENNSYLVANIA 

# P ORTION OF THE 

# P HILADELPHIA



# W ILMINGTON 

# , PA

- NJ

- DE

1997 F INE 

# P ARTICULATE 

# M ATTER


# N ONATTAINMENT 

# A REA



# J ANUARY 

# 2013

Bureau of Air Quality
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

P.O. Box 8468 Harrisburg, PA 17105

- 8468

717

- 787

- 9495 www.depweb.state.pa.us

Tom Corbett

Governor Michael L. Krancer

Secretary

### (This page is left intentionally blank)

### - 1

-



# Introduction and Overview

This State Implementa tion Plan (SIP) revision will update the approved Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets (MVEB s ) in the State Implementation Plan Revi sion : Attainment Demonstration and Base Year Inventory Pennsylvania Portion of the Philadelphia

- Wilmington,

PA

- NJ

- DE 1997 Fine Pa rticulate Matter (PM 2.5 

## ) Nonattainment Area ( A ttainment P lan).

On April 12, 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a revision to the SIP which contained MVEB s for

the Pen nsylvania portion of the PM 2.5 

## nonattainment area (Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties)

. The SIP revision also contained an attainment demonstration, reasonably available control measures and technology (RACM /RACT ), a

reasonable further progress (RFP) plan and contingency measures

. The Department amended the

SIP revision on August 3, 2012

, by withdrawing the RACM/RACT portion . The SIP rev ision

demonstrated attainment for the 1997 annual PM 2.5 

## national ambient air quality standa rd (NAAQS) for the Philadelphia

- Wilmington, Pennsylvania

- New Jersey

- Delaware (PA

- NJ

- DE)

nonattainment area. The EPA promulgated a final rulemaking that approved the attainment

demonstration on August 28, 2012 (77 FR 51930)

. The attainment demonstration i s the applicable SIP for the Pennsylvania portion (5

- county Philadelphia area) of the PM 2.5 

## nonattainment area.

The EPA’s transportation conformity regulation codified at 40 CFR Part 93, Subpart A (relating to conformity to state or federal Implementati on plans of transportation plans, programs, and projects developed, funded or approved under Title 23 U.S.C. or the federal transit laws) requires that the transportation plan, transportation improvement program (TIP), and projects not from a conforming tr ansportation plan and TIP

, be consistent with t he MVEB s in the applicable air quality SIP. This criterion is satisfied if the state can demonstrate that emissions of the pollutants or pollutant precursors for which the area is in nonattainment or maintena nce, and for which the applicable SIP contains MVEB s approved or deemed adequate by the EPA, are l ess than or equal to the MVEB s established in the applicable SIP or SIP submission. The metropolitan planning organization for the 5

- county Philadelphia area , the Delaware Valley

R egional Planning Commission (DVRPC) , e nsures that emissions resulting from i ts TIP are less

than the MVEB s in the SIP by completing periodic conformity determinations, which are subject to public review and comment.

The MVEB s incl uded in the approved PM 2.5 

## attainment demonstration were estimated using the

EPA

- approved highway emissions model in effect at the time

, the Highway Mobile Source Emission Factor Model version 6.2 (Mobile6.2). The MVEB s in the attainment demonstration

inc luded emission budgets for both NO

x 

## and PM 2.5 

## . On March 2, 2010, the EPA released a new

mobile source emissions model called the Motor Vehicles Emissions Simulator 2010 (MOVES2010) , which was updated in December 2010 to MOVES2010a . The EPA provided a

two

- year grace period to transportation planning organizations, ending March 2, 2012, during which the older Mobile6.2 emissions model could be used to model emissions for transportation projects in order to meet the requirements of transportation conformity ( 75 FR 9

, 41 1 ). On October 13, 2011, the EP A proposed a one

- year extension to the two

- year grace period because

### - 2

-



## states and localities needed more time to transition to using MOVES2010a

, and to develop the technical capacity to use MOVES2010a ( 76 FR 63575 ). The EPA finalized the extension on February 27, 2012 (77 FR 11394). The 1

- year extension provide s additional time that may be critical for nonattainment and maintenance areas to learn and apply MOVES2010a for regional conformity analyses. Any new transpo rtation conformity analysis started after March 2, 2013, must use the most up

- to

- date version of MOVES.

The EPA issued the MOVES2010b version of the model and its associated guidance in April

2012. The EPA considers both MOVES2010a and MOVES2010b to be minor revisions to MOVES2010 that do not significantly affect the results of modeling criteria pollutant estimates for highway vehicles. Any references to “MOVES” in this document relate to all of the approved versions of the model. By the time that vers ion 2010b was issued, a significant portion of the highway vehicle emis sions modeling for this final SIP revision had already been developed using MOVES 2010a. Revision of the modeling which utilized this update would have been impractical.

The DVRPC wil l soon be required to use the MOVES model to estimate emissions for highway

vehicle emissions for DVRPC’s long

- range plan and TIP when they are amended or updated

. Compared to Mobile6.2, the MOVES model nearly always estimates higher NO

x 

## and PM 2.5 

## emission s produced by highway vehicles. Therefore, b oth NO

x 

## and PM 2.5 

## emission estimates for new transportation projects produced by the MOVES model would exceed the MVEB s for NO

x 

## and PM 2.5 

## included in the atta inment plan

. As a result, comparing emissions from th e MOVES

model to the MVEB s included in the approved attainment plan would not allow DVRPC to meet the requirements of transportation conformity; the emissions budget in the attainment plan would

be exceed ed and transportation planning w ould be adversely af fected. The DVRPC would effectively be prohibited from amending their long

- range plan or TI P and unable to complete

some transportation projects in the Pennsylvania portion of the attainment area.

Therefore, the Department is updating the MVEB s in the PM 2.5 

## attainment plan for the 5

- county Philadelphia area using the newer EPA

- approved emissions model, MOVES2010a. The updated SIP revision will ensure that results for comparison use the same highway estimation model and allow more efficient transportation planning in the 5

- county Philadelphia area. Wh en the EPA approves the MVEB s in this SIP revision, DVRPC will be able to compare future transportation project emissions with attainment plan emissions estimates produced by the same model. Th e revised SIP revision will lead to a n equitable and more relevant result when evaluating transportation impacts on an area’s air quality.



# Motor Vehicle Emission Budget s for Transportation Conformity

The Department proposes to establish budgets for highway emissions i n order to ensure that transportation emissions do not impede clean air goals for the next decade. The information in the table below, once approved by EPA for the purposes of transportation conformity, will

establish the MVEB s for the 5

- county Philadelph ia area.

Amendments to the 40 CFR P art 93 , Subpart A transportation conformity regulations to address

the 1997 PM 2.5 

## standard were published in the Federal Register on May 6, 2005

, to account for

### - 3

-



## PM 2.5 

## and its precursors (70 FR 24280)

. Section 93.102 requ ires conformity determinations to be applicable to direct emissions of PM 2.5 

## and NO

x 

## (unless , with regard to NO

x 

## , a determination is made that transportation

- related emissions are not significant contributors to PM 2.5 

## ) . Section 93.102 only requires confor mity determinations to be applicable to emissions of sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 

## )

, volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) , and ammonia ( NH 3 

## ) if a finding is made that

t ransportation

- related emissions of these pollutants are significant contributors to PM 2.5 

## , or if the

a pplicable implementation plan (or implementation plan submission) establishes an approved (or adequate) budget for the emissions as part of the reasonable further progress, attainment or maintenance strategy. Neither of those conditions exists for SO 2 

## , VO C or NH 3 

## emissions.

Motor vehicle emissions of SO 2 

## were analyzed using the MOVES model to determine if MVEBs

should be established for these pollutants. Table 1 illustrates below the on

- road mobile source fraction of the total 2009 inventory for SO 2 

## . Mo tor vehicle emissions of SO 2 

## account for 1% of the total projected 2009 inventory for SO 2



## .

Table 1: Comparison of 2009 MOVES Model Precursor Emissions to the Total Projected 2009 Inventory

2009 SO 2



## On

- Road Mobile Source Projected Inventory (Tons) 316

T otal Projected 2009 Inventory (Tons) 28,189

Percent of Total Projected 2009 Inventory (%) 1.12

M VEBs for SO 2 

## , VOC, and NH 3 

## are needed only if the state air agency director or the EPA Regional Administrator submit a finding that MVEBs must be established in order to attain the NAAQS for PM 2.5



## . The reactions that form particulate matter from emissions of VOC and NH 3 

## are complex and highly variable, and there is considerable uncertainty regarding the contribution

of VOC and NH 3 

## to particulate formation. B ecause of this uncertainty , the Commonwealth is not considering VOC or NH 3 

## as PM 2.5 

## precursors for the purpose of the attainment plan. A s shown in Table 1 , motor vehicle emissions of SO 2 

## are a small percentage of the total inventory.

Based on the uncerta inty surrounding VOC and NH 3 

## and the fact that no applicable finding has

been made for the m or for SO 2 

## , the Department is only establishing MVEBs for direct PM 2.5 

## and

NO

x 

## , as shown in Table 2

.
Pennsylvania proposes to revise the MVEB s for highway emissions for direct PM 2.5 

## and NO

x 

## , a s shown in Table 2

. O nce the EPA approves these MVEB s as a SIP revision for purposes of conformity, the MVEB s will be used in transportation conformity for the 5

- county Philadelphia

area.

It is important to mention that higher emission estimates calculated by MOVES2010a do not

mean that emissions from vehicles actually increased. The MOVES model better estimates emissions that are already being produced by vehicles. Consequently, the ability of the area to attain the fine par ticulate matter standard will not be affected by using estimates produced by the

new model.

### - 4

-



## The MVEB s in the currently

- approved SIP will be superseded by this SIP revision

. A detailed methodology of how highway emissions were estimated can be found in App endix A of the SIP

revision.

Table 2: Motor Vehicle Emission Budgets



# Conclusion

This final SIP revision will updat e the approved MVEB s for NO

x 

## and PM 2.5 

## emissions in the Commonwealth’s approved PM 2.5 

## SIP for the 5

- county Philadelphia area

. This update , which is due to a change in methodology

, will not negatively affect the 5

- county Philadelphia area’s ability to atta in the 1997 PM 2.5 

## NAAQS. Calendar Year Pollutant

NO

x 

## PM 2.5



### 2009 Budget 5 1 ,9 08

, 101 kilograms/year (57,218 .3 tons/ year ) 1,730, 472 kilograms/year (1907 .5 tons/year)

# APPENDIX A

Philadelphia, PA portion of the Philadelphia-Wilmin gton,

PA-NJ-DE Nonattainment Area: Emissions Inventory for the PM 2.5 

# NAAQS

Technical Support Document Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory

Executive Summary

February 2012 Prepared for:

Mobile Sources Section, Bureau of Air Quality Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

PO Box 8468 Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468

Prepared by:

Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.

1304 Concourse Drive Linthicum, MD 21090

410-689-3400

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary



## Philadelphia, PA portion of the Philadelphia-Wilmi ngton, PA-NJ-DE Nonattainment Area:

Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Revisions

Executive Summary February 2012



# Exhibit of Contents

SUMMARY ...........................................

................................................... ................................................... ................. 1

R EVISED 

### E MISSIONS 

### I NVENTORY



### .................................................. ................................................... ......................... 1

A NALYSIS 

### M ETHODOLOGY



### .................................................. ................................................... ................................... 3

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS TOOLS....................

................................................... .................................... 4

A NALYSIS 

### T OOLS



### .................................................. ................................................... ................................................. 4

T RAFFIC 

### D ATA 

### S OURCE 

### /F LEET 

### D ATA 

### I NPUTS



### .................................................. ................................................... ...... 5

I/M AND 

### F UEL 

### P ARAMETERS



### .................................................. ................................................... ................................ 7

M ETEOROLOGY 

### D ATA



### .................................................. ................................................... .......................................... 8

V EHICLE 

### T ECHNOLOGY 

### P ROGRAMS



### .................................................. ................................................... ..................... 8

RESOURCES .........................................

................................................... ................................................... .............. 10



# List of Exhibits

E XHIBIT 

### 1: S UMMARY OF 

### A PPENDICES



### .................................................. ................................................... ...................... 1

E XHIBIT 

### 2: R EVISED 

### M OTOR 

### V EHICLE 

### E MISSIONS 

### U SING 

### MOVES2010 A



### .................................................. ................... 2

E XHIBIT 

### 3: S UMMARY OF 

### A NALYSIS 

### T OOLS



### .................................................. ................................................... .............. 4

E XHIBIT 

### 4: PPSUITE P ROCESS



### .................................................. ................................................... ................................. 5

E XHIBIT 

### 5: VMT G ROWTH



### .................................................. ................................................... ........................................ 6



# Summary of Appendices

Appendix A-1: Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory – An Ex planation of Methodology

Appendix A-2: Emission Results for PM2.5 (PM2.5, PM10, VOC, CO, NOx, SO2, NH3)

(By Year, Road Type and Source Type)

Appendix A-3: MOVES Sample Input Files

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 1



# SUMMARY

This technical appendix supports the revised PM 2.5 

### State Implementation Plan (SIP) for the Philadelph ia, Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE Area

. This includes the following counties: Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties. To meet emission inventory requirements of section 172(c)(3) of the Clean Air Act, a regional mobile source highway inventory has been prepared for direct and precursor PM 2.5 

### emissions. Emissions are estimated for the 2002 a nd 2009 analysis years. The pollutants included in the inv entory are primary emissions (including condensible s)

of PM 2.5 

### and PM 10 

### and the precursor emissions of VOC, CO, NOx, SO 2 

### , and NH 3



### .

This appendix and the associated analyses update pa st submissions using MOBILE6.2, the latest EPAapproved emission model at that time. On March 2, 2 010, EPA officially released MOVES2010a to be used for all SIP submittals and future transportati on conformity analyses after a grace period through March 2, 2012. On February 15, 2012, EPA extended t he grace period to March 2, 2013. This state implementation plan update provides a 2002 and 2009 emission inventory using MOVES2010a.

Appendix A has been provided to summarize the metho dology and analysis results for the motor vehicle emissions inventory. To complement this executive summary, attachments have been provided with additional detail regarding the analysis methodolog y, the MOVES input parameters, and the output vehicle miles of travel (VMT) and emission results for the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania portion of the

nonattainment area

. These include:



## Exhibit 1: Summary of Appendices

Appendix Title Description

A-1 Explanation of Methodology Provides detailed summary of the methodology used t o calculate the VMT and emissions.



### A-2 ( 

### PM 2.5 

### , PM 10 

### ,V OC, CO, NOx,

SO 2 

### , and NH 3 

### )

Emission Results Provides annual emission exhibits by county, road t ype, and source type categories in 2002 and 2009.



### A-3 MOVES Sample

Input File Provides examples of the MOVES input files.



# Revised Emissions Inventory

A summary of the revised motor vehicle emissions fo r the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania portion of the are a is provided in Exhibit 2 in the following page. The emission estimates for all pollutants have been developed using the MOVES2010a emission model and l atest planning assumptions. Emissions have

been estimated for 2002 and 2009. The MOBILE6.2 em ission estimates from the previously submitted

SIP have been included in the exhibit to illustrate relative changes in emissions.

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 2 

## Exhibit 2: Revised Motor Vehicle Emissions Using MO VES2010a (Short Tons/Year)

Pollutant Sub Area Original MOBILE6.2 Emissions Revised MOVES2010a Emissions



### 2002 2009 2002 2009

PM 2.5 

### Bucks 210.40 138.43 547.18 359.14

Chester 185.28 121.47 477.68 307.11

Delaware 139.10 94.99 391.53 254.25 Montgomery 264.12 183.54 727.77 475.83 Philadelphia 233.87 160.67 760.45 511.20

Total 1,032.76 699.10 2,904.60 1,907.52

PM 10 

### Bucks

- - 642.15 454.28

Chester

- - 558.47 389.21

Delaware

- - 470.08 328.70
Montgomery

- - 871.25 608.90 Philadelphia

- - 955.06 685.80

Total

- - 3,497.01 2,466.88

VOC Bucks 6,100.17 3,311.04 5,851.94 4,927.53

Chester 5,110.85 2,824.65 4,516.41 3,858.01

Delaware 4,570.65 2,661.77 4,665.02 3,791.33 Montgomery 7,665.68 4,515.61 8,414.67 6,403.73 Philadelphia 10,526.68 6,985.29 8,661.64 6,845.37

Total 33,974.03 20,298.36 32,109.70 25,825.97

CO Bucks 99,762.60 59,042.67 74,163.10 56,435.14

Chester 85,289.63 50,853.15 58,922.24 45,136.47

Delaware 71,789.83 43,156.39 58,154.64 43,210.72
Montgomery 129,934.33 78,632.31 106,283.26 75,149.56 Philadelphia 128,301.60 84,145.54 102,077.19 74,992.41

Total 515,077.99 315,830.05 399,600.43 294,924.29

NOx Bucks 12,969.14 7,160.34 17,757.01 11,119.50

Chester 11,217.77 6,279.91 15,243.13 9,294.47

Delaware 8,554.16 4,696.77 12,411.65 7,822.52
Montgomery 16,104.06 9,081.06 23,470.42 14,571.29 Philadelphia 14,630.78 9,099.64 21,996.77 14,410.52

Total 63,475.91 36,317.72 90,878.99 57,218.29

SO 2 

### Bucks 379.87 63.76 354.40 60.35

Chester 330.29 55.41 307.77 51.37

Delaware 266.62 46.00 250.36 42.99 Montgomery 510.50 87.29 475.92 81.17 Philadelphia 432.93 74.85 459.67 79.67

Total 1,920.20 327.31 1,848.12 315.56

NH 3 

### Bucks 506.79 598.53 279.47 218.91

Chester 437.65 515.91 241.71 186.38

Delaware 369.17 448.92 201.50 159.70
Montgomery 710.14 839.81 391.56 300.98 Philadelphia 590.27 714.72 336.76 275.37

Total 2,614.02 3,117.89 1,450.99 1,141.34

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 3



# Analysis Methodology

Guidance documents from EPA were used to develop th e base and future year emissions inventory for the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania counties. They include:

• Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Dev elopment, Transportation Conformity, and Other Purposes , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA-420-B-09- 046, December 2009.

• Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emis sion Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Confo rmity , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Qua lity, EPA-420-B-10-023, April

2010.

• Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide for MO VES2010a, EPA-420-B-10-036, August 2010.

The highway mobile source emission inventory was de veloped using available travel data and EPA’s MOVES2010a emission model. The methodologies used t o produce the emission data conform to the recommendations provided in EPA’s Technical Guidance . A mix of local data and national default (internal to MOVES2010a) data has been used for thi s submission. Local data has been used for the primary data items that have a significant impact o n emissions. These include:

• Vehicle miles of travel (VMT) by vehicle type.

• Average speed distribution.

• Vehicle type mixes.

• Source type population (for light-duty vehicles).

• Vehicle age distribution.

• Hourly distributions.

• Meteorology data.

• Inspection/Maintenance program.

• Fuel supply.

For this submission, the 2002 base year traffic and environmental assumptions are consistent with past analyses and submissions. The 2009 assumptions hav e been revised based on reported data obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (Penn DOT), the Bureau of Motor Vehicles, and other local/national sources. For the 2009 analysis year , most local data inputs reflect the latest plannin g assumptions based on 2008 data obtained from the Pe nnsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), the Bureau of Motor Vehicles, and other local/national sources. Newer data was available and was used for control strategies (e.g. Inspectio n-Maintenance programs), vehicle age distributions and

fuel characteristics.

The analysis methodology is consistent with past st atewide inventory efforts including the 2008 Nation al Emissions Inventory (NEI) submission. This include s the use of custom post processing software to calculate hourly speeds and prepare key traffic inp ut files to the MOVES2010a emission model. A detailed methodology is provided in Appendix A-1 . The following sections address the key input dat a sources and analysis tools used for the emissions i nventory for the Philadelphia Area.

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 4



# DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS TOOLS

This section provides a summary of the key input da ta and analysis tools used for producing the emissi ons inventory. The key elements to the modeling protoc ol are described in the sections below. A more detailed description of the analysis process and to ols is provided in the methodology reports in Appendix

A-1 through A-3

.



# Analysis Tools

The mobile vehicle emissions inventory analysis uti lizes several key software/programs for producing t he county emissions totals. These tools are outlined in Exhibit 3

.



## Exhibit 3: Summary of Analysis Tools

Tool Purpose

MOVES2010a Pro duces emission rates for primary

emissions (including condensibles) of PM 2.5 

### and PM 10 

### and the precursor emissions of VOC, CO, NOx, SO 2 

### , and NH 3



### .

PPSUITE Processes the highway data ; Calculates

hourly congested speeds for each state roadway segment; Prepares MOVES2010a input files; Processes MOVES2010a output files into a summary report.

CENTRAL Provides a batch menu driven process to

execute PPSUITE, MOVES2010a and other

MYSQL steps.

The inventory reflects the highway mobile source em ission estimations using EPA’s MOVES2010a emission model. EPA’s MOVES model was officially r eleased on March 2, 2010 and was followed with a revised version (MOVES2010a) in August 2010. Sub sequent to the start of this analysis, EPA released a newer version, MOVES2010b, in April 2012; however , the emission rates for criteria pollutants remain consistent to previous versions. The MOVES2010a m odel provides a more robust estimate of emissions as compared to its predecessor MOBILE6.2. MOVES201 0a has been integrated with local traffic, vehicle fleet, environmental, fuel, and control strategy da ta to estimate emissions.

PPSUITE represents an enhanced version of the Post Processor for Air Quality (PPAQ) software system that has been used for previous inventory and confo rmity submissions in Pennsylvania. The software ha s undergone significant revisions to ensure consisten cy with the MOVES2010a. PPSUITE was used to calculate hourly congested speeds for each roadway link, apply vehicle type fractions, aggregate VMT, prepare MOVES2010a traffic-related input files and process MOVES2010a outputs.

The PPSUITE software and process methodologies are consistent with that used for state inventories and transportation conformity analyses throughout Penns ylvania. Exhibit 4 summarizes the key functions of

PPSUITE.

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 5 

## Exhibit 4: PPSUITE Process

CENTRAL is a menu-driven software platform that exe cutes the PPSUITE and MOVES2010a processes

in batch mode. The software allows users to execut e runs for a variety of input options and integrate s custom MYSQL steps into the process. CENTRAL provi des important quality control and assurance steps including file naming and storage automation.



# Traffic Data Source/Fleet Data Inputs

Traffic Volume Data : The PennDOT Roadway Management System (RMS) data serves as the primary highway data source for the county and functional c lass VMT estimates. The data source is used to provide a “snapshot” of the regional roadway system and traffic volumes in 2002 and 2008 (consistent with past triennial updates of traffic data). The 2 008 data is also integrated with traffic signal loc ations. The data includes the average annual daily traffic (AADT) volumes for all state roadways in Pennsylvania. To account for additional local road way VMT and to ensure consistency with reported Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) VMT to tals, the VMT totals estimated from PennDOT’s RMS are adjusted to match the annual 2002 and 2009 HPMS VMT totals respectively, as reported to FHWA.

Exhibit 5 summarizes the HPMS VMT growth between 2002 and 20 09 for each county in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania region. These growth ra tes are significantly different from past submissio ns. The economic downturn and fuel prices had a dramati c impact on regional VMT, creating reductions in total VMT for all counties within the region.

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 6 

## Exhibit 5: VMT Growth

Analysis

Year Total Growth

From 2002 Annual Growth

Rate From 2002

Bucks County

2002 ----- -----

2009 -2.0% -0.3%

Chester County

2002 ----- -----

2009 -3.3% -0.5%

Delaware County

2002 ----- -----

2009 -1.3% -0.2%

Montgomery County

2002 ----- -----

2009 -2.8% -0.4%

Philadelphia County

2002 ----- -----

2009 -0.7% -0.1%



### Seasonal Adjustments : Within MOVES, annual VMT is split to monthly sub- totals and then to weekdays and weekends using seasonal factors. The monthly seasonal factors are developed from data contained in the documents, 2002 Pennsylvania Traffic Data and 2008 Pennsylvania Traffic Data

, prepared by PennDOT’s Bureau of Planning and Resear ch (BPR). The seasonal and daily factors provided in this document are based on statistical analyses of 2002 and 2008 traffic counts taken at permanent and in-pavement ATR (automatic traffic re corder) locations throughout the state.

Congested Speeds : Based on the average annual daily traffic, a sing le set of hourly speed distributions are estimated by the PPSUITE post processing system and input to MOVES. To disaggregate the daily RMS volumes to hourly volumes, auto and truck hourl y pattern data from PennDOT’s 2002 Pennsylvania Traffic Data and 2008 Pennsylvania Traffic Data reports are used to determine the temporal variati ons in

traffic volumes.

Vehicle Population : Vehicle population is a key input that has an imp ortant impact on start and evaporative emissions. MOVES2010a requires the num ber of vehicles by 13 source types to determine evaporative emissions. State 2002 and 2008 vehicle registration data (consistent with past triennial updates of traffic data) was used to estimate vehic le population for light-duty vehicles and school bu ses. The data was split to source types using MOVES2010a default population data. For transit buses, data from PennDOT and the National Transit Database (NTD ) was used to estimate transit bus populations by county. For all other heavy-duty vehicles, PPSUITE calculates vehicle population based on the analysi s year VMT for each source type and default MOVES2010 a ratios of VMT and source type population (e.g. the number of miles per vehicle by source type). T o estimate 2009 vehicle population, 2008 vehicle population was factored based on historic household and population growth from Woods and Poole Inc. for each Pennsylvania county. The growth rate meth odology includes:

• Choosing the highest growth rate between population and households

• Limiting growth as to not exceed the VMT growth ass umptions

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 7



### VMT by Source Type : The total VMT is disaggregated to the 13 MOVES201 0a source types. For this inventory, the vehicle mix was calculated for each county and functional class grouping utilizing a

combination of:

• 2002 and 2008 RMS truck percentages

• 2008 PennDOT and NTD transit data

• 2008 school bus registration data

EPA’s MOVES2010a default distribution of VMT by sou rce type was used to determine the remaining source type VMT percentages. The development of ve hicle type pattern data input to the MOVES2010a

software is described in more detail in Appendix A-1

.

Vehicle Age Distribution: Vehicle age distributions are required to be inpu t by 13 source types. The distributions reflect the percentage of vehicles in the fleet up to 31 years old. The 2002 vehicle ag e distributions have been used for the 2002 emissions inventory. A recent 2010 registration download fr om PennDOT’s Bureau of Motor Vehicles Registration Dat abase has indicated a substantially older fleet tha n recorded in the 2002-2008 period. As a result, the 2010 vehicle age distributions have been used for t he 2009 inventory. Due to insufficient data, only dat a for light-duty vehicles are used as local inputs; and heavy-duty vehicle ages are calculated using the in ternal MOVES2010a defaults for each Pennsylvania County. The registration data download is based on MOBILE6.2 vehicle categories. The data was converted to source types using the EPA convertor s preadsheets provided with the MOVES2010a

emission model.



# I/M and Fuel Parameters

I/M Program: The inspection maintenance (I/M) program inputs to the MOVES2010a model are based on past and current programs within each county (al l Pennsylvania I/M programs are based on county boundaries). All analysis years include Pennsylvan ia’s statewide program. The MOVES2010a model has simplified the I/M program input parameters com pared to MOBILE6.2. The default I/M program parameters included in MOVES2010a were examined for each county and necessary changes made to the defaults to match the actual local program.

In order to assure that emission controls are worki ng properly, vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/ M) programs have been adopted in some nonattainment ar eas. These programs have the added benefit of improving the fuel efficiency of vehicles. The Pen nsylvania inspection and maintenance (I/M) program was upgraded and expanded throughout the state with a phase-in period starting in September 2003 and fully implemented by June 2004.

The program requirements vary by region (five regio ns) and include on-board diagnostics (OBD) technology that uses the vehicle’s computer for mod el years 1996 and newer to identify potential engin e and exhaust system problems that could affect emiss ions. The program, named PAOBDII, is implemented by region, as follows:

• Philadelphia Region - Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philade lphia Counties

• Pittsburgh Region - Allegheny, Beaver, Washington and Westmoreland C ounties

• South Central and Lehigh Valley Region - Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Northampton and York Counties

• North Region - Blair, Cambria, Centre, Erie, Lackawanna, Luzern e, Lycoming, and Mercer

Counties

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 8



### The OBDII program is implemented in Philadelphia an d Pittsburgh along with tailpipe (idle in Pittsburg h and idle and ASM in Philadelphia) and gas cap tests . Tests in other regions include:

• Subject vehicles registered in the South Central an d Lehigh Valley counties receive the visual, OBD and gas cap tests.

• Subject vehicles registered in the North region rec eive a gas cap test and visual inspection.

• Subject vehicles registered in the other 42 countie s (67 total counties) receive a visual inspection as part of the annual safety inspection.

Fuel Assumptions : The MOVES2010a default fuel formulation and fuel supply data were reviewed and updated based on available local volumetric fuel pr operty information. The gasohol market penetration and RVP values were updated but MOVES2010a default data was used for the remaining parameters. Updated assumptions included:

• Using 8.7 RVP for summer months.

• Conventional gasoline used throughout the year for analysis years 2002.

• 32% market share of conventional gasoline and 68% m arket share of 10% ethanol used throughout the year for analysis year 2009.



# Meteorology Data

Updated weather information has been obtained from WeatherBank, Inc. ( www.weatherbank.com ). The 10-year (1998-2008) average minimum and maximum mon thly temperature and relative humidity values were obtained for each of the 9 airport locations i n Pennsylvania.

The MOVES2010a model requires temperature and relat ive humidity data for each hour of the day and for all the 12 months for annual analysis. EPA’s d ata converters were used to convert minimum and maximum daily temperatures to an hourly temperature profile that could be input to MOVES2010a. These assumptions are consistent with the 2008 NEI inventory submission and were used for both the 2002 and 2009 analysis years.



# Vehicle Technology Programs

Federal Programs

Current federal vehicle emissions control and fuel programs are incorporated into the MOVES2010a software. These include the National Program standa rds covering model year vehicles through 2016. Modifications of default emission rates are require d to reflect the early implementation of the Nation al Low Emission Vehicle Program (NLEV) program in Penn sylvania. To reflect these impacts, EPA has released instructions and input files that can be u sed to model these impacts. This inventory utilize d the August 2010 version of the files ( http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/moves/tools.htm ).

State Programs

The Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles (PCV) Program, adop ted in 1998, incorporated the California Low Emission Vehicle Program (CA LEVII) by reference, a lthough it allowed automakers to comply with the NLEV program as an alternative to this Pennsylvania program until MY 2006. Beginning with MY 2008,

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 9



### “new” passenger cars and light-duty trucks with a g ross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 8,500 pounds

or less that are sold or leased and titled in Penns ylvania must be certified by the California Air Res ources Board (CARB) or be certified for sale in all 50 sta tes. For this program, a “new” vehicle is a qualifi ed vehicle with an odometer reading less than 7,500 mi les. PaDEP and PennDOT worked with the
automobile manufacturers, dealers and other interes ted business partners and finalized procedures for complying with these new requirements. DEP focuses its outreach effort with the manufacturers and dealers regarding what vehicles can be offered for sale and how to certify that the vehicles are compl iant. PennDOT’s role is to ensure licensing and registrat ion records include these certifications of complia nce or that the vehicle owner qualifies for an exemptio n to the requirements. In all cases, DEP will use information obtained during PennDOT’s title and reg istration process to oversee and audit, as needed,

certain vehicle title transactions to determine com pliance to the program.

The impacts of this program are modeled for all ana lysis years beyond 2008 using the same instructions and tools as downloaded for the early NLEV analysis . EPA provided input files to reflect the CAL LEVI I program. Modifications to those files were made to reflect a 2008 start date for Pennsylvania.

### Philadelphia, PA : Mobile Source EI Revisions: Executive Summary 10



# RESOURCES

Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide for MO VES2010a, EPA-420-B-10-036, August 2010.

Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emis sion Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA-420-B-10-023 , April 2010.

2008 Pennsylvania Traffic Data, PENNDOT Bureau of Planning and Research, 2008.

Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Dev elopment, Transportation Conformity

, and Other Purposes , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA-420-B-09- 046, December 2009.

Instructions for Using LEV and NLEV Inputs for MOVE S, US EPA, EPA-420-B-10-003a, August 2010.

Statistical Evaluation of Projected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: Final Report, Michael Baker Jr., Inc., March 14, 2005.

Metrological Data from Weather Bank, Inc., www.weat herbank.com

# APPENDIX A-1

Philadelphia Area - An Explanation of Methodology

### Reading Maintenance Area MVEB Budget Revisions: An Explanation of Methodology 

## Explanation of Methodology February 2012



# TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ......................................

................................................... ................................................... ........... 1

O VERVIEW OF 

### E MISSIONS 

### I NVENTORIES



### .................................................. ................................................... ............... 1

H IGHWAY 

### V EHICLE 

### E MISSION 

### I NVENTORIES



### .................................................. ................................................... ........ 1

WHERE DOES PENNSYLVANIA OBTAIN ITS DATA? ..........

................................................... ........................ 4

S UMMARY OF 

### MOVES I NPUTS



### .................................................. ................................................... ............................. 4

V EHICLE 

### M ILES OF 

### T RAVEL 

### (VMT) .............................................

................................................... .......................... 5

A DJUSTMENTS TO 

### R OADWAY 

### D ATA



### .................................................. ................................................... ..................... 8

V EHICLE 

### T YPE 

### P ROCESSING



### .................................................. ................................................... ................................. 9

V EHICLE 

### F LEET AND 

### P OPULATION 

### D ATA



### .................................................. ................................................... ........... 10

E NVIRONMENTAL



### , F UEL AND 

### T ECHNOLOGY 

### A SSUMPTIONS



### .................................................. .................................. 10

SPEED/EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE ...............

................................................... ............................ 12

V OLUME 

### /VMT D EVELOPMENT



### .................................................. ................................................... .......................... 12

S PEED 

### /D ELAY 

### D ETERMINATION



### .................................................. ................................................... ......................... 15

HPMS AND 

### VMT A DJUSTMENTS



### .................................................. ................................................... ....................... 16

MOVES E MISSIONS 

### R UN



### .................................................. ................................................... ................................... 17

RESOURCES .........................................

................................................... ................................................... .............. 18

HIGHWAY VEHICLE INVENTORY GLOSSARY ................

................................................... .......................... 19



# List of Exhibits

E XHIBIT 

### 1: S UMMARY OF 

### PPSUITE P ROCESS



### .................................................. ................................................... ........... 3

E XHIBIT 

### 2: MOVES L OCAL 

### D ATA 

### I NPUT 

### S UMMARY



### .................................................. ................................................... 4

E XHIBIT 

### 3: P ENN 

### DOT U RBAN 

### /R URAL AND 

### F UNCTIONAL 

### C LASS 

### C ODES



### .................................................. ..................... 6

E XHIBIT 

### 4: E MISSION 

### F ACTOR VS



### . S PEED 

### V ARIANCES 

### (PM2.5) ........................................... .......................................... 7

E XHIBIT 

### 5: MOVES S OURCE 

### T YPES AND 

### HPMS V EHICLE 

### G ROUPS



### .................................................. ............................ 9

E XHIBIT 

### 6: PPSUITE S PEED 

### / E MISSION 

### E STIMATION 

### P ROCEDURE



### .................................................. ............................ 13

### Appendix A-1 1



# INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to explain how the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (Department) estimates emissions from hi ghway vehicles for inclusion in its emission inventories and State Implementation Plans.



# Overview of Emissions Inventories

The Department’s inventories generally categorize e missions into four categories:

• Highway vehicles.

• Stationary sources (major industrial, commercial an d utility sources).

• Area sources (smaller industrial/commercial sources , consumer products).

• Nonroad mobile sources (including construction and agricultural equipment, lawn and garden equipment).

An evaluation of emissions from point, area, and mo bile sources is needed to develop a complete inventory needed for a maintenance demonstration pl an. This documentation addresses the mobile source activity and emissions for base and future years us ed to support such a demonstration.

Of all of the sources of air pollution, only the em issions of some stationary sources are measured dir ectly and continuously through instrumentation. Emission s from all other sources must be modeled based on available local data, including those from highway vehicles. In their very simplest form, estimates o f emissions follow the following pattern:

Emission rate x activity level = emissions per time period (usually day or year)

Most emission rates have been developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in cooperation with industry and states, and are compi led and documented into key references or emission models. These include Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors (AP-42), the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model, and the NONROAD m odel. Adding up the products of the emission rates and activity levels for all sources of a given pollutant constitutes the emission inven tory for that pollutant.



# Highway Vehicle Emission Inventories

Highway vehicles contribute significantly to air po llution, particularly to ground-level ozone, which is the most persistent air pollutant in Pennsylvania. Gro und-level 

## ozone is not emitted directly to the atmosphere, but is formed by photochemical reaction s between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NO

x 

## ) in the presence of sunlight. The long, hot, humi d days of summer are particularly conducive to ozone formatio n, so ozone levels are of concern primarily during the months of May through September. Both VOCs and NOx are emitted from highway vehicles. In addition, fine particulates are also emitted directly by motor vehicles as a result of t he combustion process (tailpipe emissions), re-entrain ed and transportation construction dust; and formed through reactions in the atmosphere among the precu rsors VOC, CO, NOx, NH3 and SOx. Pennsylvania’s PM-related emission inventory effort s focus on these pollutants.

### Appendix A-1 2



### Obviously, direct measurement of emission levels fr om all vehicles in use is impossible. In compariso n to highway vehicles, estimating residential heating emissions is a fairly simple calculation because t here is a constant emission rate and a fairly simple mea sure of activity. However, for highway vehicles estimating the emission rate and activity levels of all vehicles on the road during a typical day is a complicated endeavor.

If every vehicle emitted the same amount of polluti on all the time, one could simply multiply those emission standards (emission rate in grams of pollu tion per mile) times the vehicle miles traveled (VM T)

to estimate total emissions. But emission rates fr om all vehicles vary over the entire range of condi tions under which they operate. These variables include air temperature, speed, traffic conditions, operati ng mode and fuel characteristics. The inventory must also account for non-exhaust or evaporative emissio ns. In addition, the fleet is composed of several gener ations and types of vehicles with different emissio n control technologies. This requires the estimation algorithm include the composition of the fleet (ve hicle ages and types).

In order to estimate both the rate at which emissio ns are being generated and to calculate vehicle mil es traveled (activity level), Pennsylvania examines it s road network and fleet to estimate vehicle activi ty. For ozone-related inventories, this is done for a t ypical summer weekday. For carbon monoxide (CO) an d particulate matter (PM) emission inventories, this may be done for annual conditions. Not only must t his be done for a baseline year, but it must also be pr ojected into the future. This process involves a la rge quantity of data and is extremely complex.

Computer models have been developed to perform thes e calculations by simulating the travel of vehicles on the Commonwealth’s roadway system. The models a lso generate emissions rates (also called emission factors) for different vehicle types for area-speci fic conditions, and then combine them in summary fo rm. The area-specific conditions include vehicle and hi ghway data, plus control measure characteristics an d future year projections of all variables. The key models used to generate this mobile source emission s inventory are:

MOVES: EPA’s MOVES model was officially released on Marc h 2, 2010 and was followed with a revised version (MOVES2010a) in August 2010. The M OVES model provides a more robust estimate of emissions as compared to its predecessor MOBILE6.2. MOVES calculates average in-use fleet emissions for each of thirteen categories of vehicles under v arious conditions affecting in-use emission levels (e.g., ambient temperatures, average traffic speeds, gasol ine volatility) as specified by the model user.

For this mobile source inventory, Pennsylvania used MOVES2010a as approved by EPA. MOVES can be used to estimate national, state, and county lev el inventories of criteria air pollutants, precurso rs, greenhouse gas emissions, and some mobile source ai r toxics from highway vehicles. Additionally, MOVES can make projections for energy consumption ( total, petroleum-based, and fossil-based).

PPSUITE: For the Department’s highway emissions inventory, a post processor named PPSUITE (formerly named PPAQ - Post Processor for Air Quali ty) is used, which consists of a set of programs th at perform the following functions:

• Analyzes highway operating conditions.

• Calculates highway speeds.

• Compiles vehicle miles of travel (VMT) and vehicle type mix data.

• Prepares MOVES runs and processes MOVES outputs.

PPSUITE is a widely used and accepted tool for esti mating speeds and processing emissions rates. The software is based upon accepted transportation engi neering methodologies. For example, PPSUITE uses speed and delay estimation procedures based on plan ning methods provided in the Highway Capacity

### Appendix A-1 3



### Manual , a report prepared by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) summarizing current knowledge and analysis techniques for capacity and level-of-s ervice analyses of the transportation system.

The PPSUITE process is integral to producing key in put files to the MOVES emission model. Exhibit 1 summarizes the key functions of PPSUITE and the tra ffic-related input files prepared for the MOVES County Data Manager (CDM).



## Exhibit 1: Summary of PPSUITE Process

The following sections summarize the key data and m ethodologies used to produce the mobile source emissions inventory. This includes a summary of lo cal data sources and a step-by-step review of the speed calculation process. The emission data and p rocess has been developed according to recommendations provided by EPA in key policy and t echnical guidance as provided below:

• Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Dev elopment, Transportation Conformity, and Other Purposes , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA-420-B-09- 046, December 2009.

• Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emis sion Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Confo rmity , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Qua lity, EPA-420-B-10-023, April

2010.

The process has focused on developing an emissions inventory using the available tools and data to its

fullest extent. This includes the use of available local data for items that have a significant impac t on emissions and applying a robust calculation process to estimate hourly traffic speeds.

### Appendix A-1 4



# WHERE DOES PENNSYLVANIA OBTAIN ITS DATA?

Summary of MOVES Inputs

A large number of inputs to MOVES are needed to ful ly account for the numerous vehicle and environmental parameters that affect emissions. Th ese include traffic flow characteristics (as determ ined from the PPSUITE software), vehicle descriptions, f uel parameters, inspection/maintenance program parameters, and environmental variables. MOVES incl udes a default national database of meteorology, vehicle fleet, vehicle activity, fuel, and emission control program data for every county; but EPA can not certify that the default data is the most current o r best available information for any specific area. As a result, local data is recommended for use for analy ses supporting state implementation plans (SIPs).

A mix of local and default data is used for this in ventory. Local data sources are used for all input s that have a significant impact on calculated emission ra tes. Exhibit 2 summarizes Pennsylvania-specific inputs assembled and used for this inventory. Thes e data items are discussed in the following section s.



## Exhibit 2: MOVES Local Data Input Summary

Traffic Vehicl e Fuel Inspection Environmental Data Descripti ons Parameters M aintenance Variables

Vehicle Type Vehicle Type RVP Start Year Hourly

VMT Mix Model Years Temperatures

Vehicle Vehicle Age Sulfur Test Standards, Population Distribution Level Source Types, Humidity Frequency

VMT Average Speeds Ethanol Stringency, Fractions (PPSUITE) Volume Waiver Rate, (PPSUITE) Compliance

Road Type Hourly Refueling

Distribution Distributions Controls (PPSUITE)

Ramp

Fraction (PPSUITE)

Emission Rates

### Appendix A-1 5



# Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT)

The VMT input to emissions calculations for Pennsyl vania is based on information from the Roadway Management System (RMS) maintained by the Pennsylva nia Department of Transportation’s (PennDOT’s) Bureau of Planning and Research (BPR). PennDOT obtains this information from periodic

visual and electronic traffic counts. RMS data is dynamic, since it is continually reviewed and updat ed

from new traffic counts and field visits conducted by PennDOT. Information on roadways included in th e National Highway System is reviewed at least annual ly, while information on other roadways is reviewed at least biennially.

On a triennial basis, a current “snapshot” of the R MS database is taken and downloaded to provide an u pto-date record of the Commonwealth’s highway system for estimating emissions. This emissions inventory is based on the most current snapshot of the RMS data.

The RMS database contains all state highways, inclu ding the Pennsylvania Turnpike, divided into segments approximately 0.5 miles in length. These segments are usually divided at important intersections or locations where there is a change in the physical characteristics of the roadway (e.g . the number of lanes changes). There are approximately 99,000 state highway segments for the 67 Pennsylvania counties contained in the RMS. Each o f these segments contains an abundance of descriptive data, but only the following informatio n is extracted for emission calculations:

• Lanes.

• Distances.

• Volumes representing Average Annual Daily Traffic ( AADT).

• Truck percentages.

• PennDOT urban/rural classifications.

• PennDOT functional class codes.

• Number of signals (based on linkage to PennDOT GIS signal location data).

RMS volumes and distances are used in calculating h ighway VMT totals for each county. As discussed in the next section, adjustments are needed to conv ert the volumes to reflect annual conditions. In addition, the traffic volumes must be forecast to s upport future year emission inventories. Lane valu es and traffic signals are an important input for dete rmining the congestion and speeds for individual highway segments. Truck percentages are used in th e speed determination process and are used to split volumes to individual vehicle types used by the MOV ES software.

Road segments are classified by function, as well a s whether it is located in an urban, small urban or rural area, as indicated below in Exhibit 3. The PennDOT urban/rural (UR) and functional classes (FC) are important indicators of the type and function of ea ch roadway segment. The variables provide insights

into other characteristics not contained in the RMS data that are used for speed and emission calculat ions.

### Appendix A-1 6 

## Exhibit 3: PennDOT Urban/Rural and Functional Class Codes

Urban/Rural Code 1=Rural

2=Small Urban

3=Urban

Functional Class Rural Functional Classes Used Urb an Functional Classes Used

For Rural Areas For Small Urban and Urban Area s

------------------------------------- ---------- -------------------------------- 1=Rural Freeway 11=Urban Freeway 2=Rural Other Principal Arterial 12=Urban Expres sway 6=Rural Minor Arterial 14=Urban Principal Arter ial 7=Rural Major Collector 16=Urban Minor Arterial

8=Rural Minor Collector 17=Urban Collector

9=Rural Local 19=Urban Local



### Additional Network Information: The PPSUITE software system allows for many additio nal variables

other than those available in the RMS database. Us ing these variables improves the ability of the Department to incorporate real roadway conditions i nto its estimates. The variables include informati on regarding free-flow speeds and capacities, signal c haracteristics and other physical roadway features that can affect a roadway’s calculated congested speed. This data can be determined from lookup tables bas ed on a roadway segment’s urban/rural code and functio nal class. Much of the lookup table data was developed from information contained in the Highway Capacity Manual , PennDOT information on speeds and signal densities, and other engineering judgment.

MOVES Traffic Inputs: The PPSUITE software uses RMS traffic data to prep are key inputs to the MOVES emission model including:

• VMT.

• Travel speeds.

• Road type distributions.

• Ramp fractions.

VMT is the primary traffic input that affects emiss ion results. The roadway segment distances and tra ffic volumes are used to prepare estimates of VMT. PPSU ITE performs these calculations and outputs the MOVES annual VMT input file to the County Data Mana ger (CDM).

Emissions for many pollutants (including PM and pre cursors) vary significantly with travel speed. For PM, higher emission rates are associated with lower speeds and lower rates are associated with higher speeds, as illustrated in Exhibit 4. To obtain the best estimate of vehicle speeds, the Department us es the PPSUITE set of programs, whose primary function is to calculate speeds and to organize and simplify th e handling of large amounts of data needed for calcul ating speeds and for preparing MOVES input files. The PPSUITE software prepares the MOVES vehicle hou rs of travel (VHT) by speed bin file which summarizes the distribution of speeds across all li nks into each of 16 MOVES speed bins for each hour of the day. This robust process ensures that MOVES em ission rates are used to the fullest extent and is consistent with the methods and recommendations pro vided in EPA’s Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emissions Inventory Preparation in St ate Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity

.

### Appendix A-1 7 

## Exhibit 4: Emission Factor vs. Speed Variances (PM2 .5)

In MOVES, typical drive cycles and associated opera ting conditions vary by the type of roadway. MOVES defines five different road types as follows:

1 Off-Network.

2 Rural Restricted Access.

3 Rural Unrestricted Access.

4 Urban Restricted Access.

5 Urban Unrestricted Access.

The off-network road type includes emissions from v ehicle starts, extended idle activity, and evaporat ive emissions. Off-network activity in MOVES is primar ily determined by the Source Type Population input, as discussed in a following section. The re maining distribution among road types is determined by equating the PennDOT functional class with each MOV ES road type as follows:

• MOVES Road Type (2) = PennDOT Functional Class (1).

• MOVES Road Type (3) = PennDOT Functional Class (2,6 ,7,8,9).

• MOVES Road Type (4) = PennDOT Functional Class (11, 12).

• MOVES Road Type (5) = PennDOT Functional Class (14, 16,17,19).

For this inventory, the MOVES road type distributio n file is automatically generated by PPSUITE using the defined equivalencies.

Since ramps are not directly represented within the RMS database information, it is assumed that 8% of the Freeway VHT is Ramp VHT. This is consistent wi th the recommendations provided in EPA’s technical guidance. Source: Figure 3 from Implications of the MOVES2010 Model on Mobile Source Emission Estimates, Air & Waste Management A ssociation, July 2010.

### Appendix A-1 8



# Adjustments to Roadway Data

Before the RMS data can be used by PPSUITE for spee d and emission calculations, several adjustments and additions must be made to the roadway data. Th ese adjustments are summarized below.

HPMS Adjustments: According to EPA guidance, baseline inventory VMT computed from the RMS highway segment volumes must be adjusted to be cons istent with Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) VMT totals. The HPMS VMT reported for Pennsylvania is a subsystem of the RMS established to meet the data reporting requirements of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and to serve as PennDOT’s official source of highway in formation. Although it has some limitations, the HPMS system is currently in use in all 50 states an d is being improved under FHWA direction.

Although the HPMS VMT and the roadway data used for an inventory emissions analysis are both based on data from the RMS system, differences do exist b etween them and include the following. First, the HPMS and inventory roadway data are “snapshots” of the RMS data taken at different times. Since the RMS is dynamic, changing constantly due to new data , differences will result between the data used for calculating HPMS VMT totals and the inventory data used for an emissions analysis. Second, since the RMS does not contain many of the local roadways, lo cal road estimates of HPMS VMT are obtained through alternative procedures developed by PennDOT . To account for such differences, adjustment factors are calculated and used to adjust the inven tory roadway data to the reported HPMS VMT totals

submitted to FHWA. The VMT contained in the HPMS re ports are considered to represent average annual daily traffic (AADT).

Adjustment factors are calculated which adjust the base year RMS download VMT to the reported HPMS totals for that year. These factors are developed for each county and functional class combination an d are also applied to all future year runs. Adjustments for the “higher” functional classes (e.g. Freeway, Arterials - major routes) are close to 1.000 since HPMS VMT is derived from RMS information, and the only difference in the data is that the “snapshot” for the emission calculations is taken at a differe nt time than for the HPMS. “Lower” classes (e.g. local roa ds) require greater adjustment since a large part o f the local system is not under state jurisdiction and is not in the RMS database. There is, of course, a significant amount of local road mileage in the sta te. It is assumed that those local streets that are in RMS are representative of all local streets in their ar ea with respect to volume and speed, so that roadwa y mileage adjustment is appropriate.

Seasonal Adjustments to Volumes: The RMS contains AADT volumes that are an average of all days in the year, including weekends and holidays. PM and CO analyses require volumes representing monthly average conditions (needed for producing annual tot als). Therefore, the RMS volumes must be seasonall y adjusted. Seasonal factors were developed for each functional class and urban/rural code based on yea rly count information prepared by PennDOT’s BPR. These factors are applied to the existing RMS AADT volumes to produce the monthly volumes. The same f actors are also used to develop the MOVES daily and monthly VMT fraction files.

Hourly Adjustments: Speeds and emissions vary considerably depending on the time of day. Therefore, it is important to estimate the pattern by which roadway volume varies by hour of the day. The 24-hour pattern data provides PPSUITE with info rmation used to split the daily roadway segment volumes to each of the 24 hours in a day. Pattern data is in the form of a percentage of the daily vo lumes for each hour. Distributions are provided for each county and functional class grouping. This data i s developed from 24-hour count data compiled by PennD OT’s BPR, according to the process in the agencies annual traffic data reports. The same fac tors are also used to develop the MOVES hourly

fraction file.

### Appendix A-1 9



# Vehicle Type Processing

Emission rates within MOVES vary significantly by t he type of vehicle. The MOVES model produces emissions and rates by thirteen MOVES vehicle sourc e types. However, VMT is input to MOVES by six HPMS vehicle groups. Exhibit 5 summarizes the dist inction between each classification scheme.



## Exhibit 5: MOVES Source Types and HPMS Vehicle Grou ps

SOURCE TYPES HPMS Class Groups 11 Motorcycle 10 Motorcycle 21 Passenger Car 20 Passenger Car 31 Passenger Truck 30 Passenger/Light Truck 32 Light Commercial Truck 40 Buses 41 Intercity Bus 50 Single Unit Trucks

42 Transit Bus 60 Combination Trucks

43 School bus

51 Refuse Truck 52 Single Unit Short-haul Truck 53 Single Unit Long-haul Truck

54 Motor Home

61 Combination Short-haul Truck 62 Combination Long-haul Truck



### The process used for this inventory includes a meth od to disaggregate the RMS traffic volumes to the thirteen source types and then to recombine the est imates to the six HPMS vehicle classes. Vehicle ty pe pattern data is used by PPSUITE to divide the hourl y roadway segment volumes to the thirteen MOVES source types. Similar to the 24-hour pattern data, this data contains percentage splits to each sourc e type for every hour of the day. The vehicle type patter n data for this inventory is developed from several

sources of information:

• PennDOT truck percentages from the RMS database.

• Hourly distributions for trucks and total traffic c ompiled by PennDOT’s BPR.

• Transit data from PennDOT and the National Transit Database.

• School bus registration data from PennDOT’s Bureau of Motor Vehicles Registration Database.

The vehicle type pattern data is developed for each county and functional class combination. First, R MS truck percentages are averaged for all roadways wit hin a county and functional class grouping. Using this percentage data, the total roadway volume for any s egment is divided to auto and truck vehicle type categories. The transit data and school bus data i s used to further disaggregate trucks, resulting in four vehicle groups (light-duty, school, transit, and ot her heavy-duty).

From these groups, MOVES default Pennsylvania count y VMT distributions by source type are used to divide the four groups into each of the MOVES sourc e types. PennDOT hourly distributions for trucks and total traffic are used to create source type pe rcentage breakdowns for each hour of the day.

Vehicle Type Capacity Analysis Factors : Vehicle type percentages are provided to the cap acity analysis section of PPSUITE to adjust the speeds in response to trucks. That is, a given number of la rger trucks take up more roadway space than a given numb er of cars, and this is accounted for in the speed estimation process by adjusting capacity using info rmation from the Highway Capacity Manual

.

### Appendix A-1 10



# Vehicle Fleet and Population Data

The information on the vehicle fleet including the number and age of vehicles has a significant impact on forecasted start and evaporative emissions within M OVES. The MOVES Model requires the population of vehicles by the thirteen source type categories. Pennsylvania county vehicle registration data is used to estimate vehicle population for light-duty vehicles and school buses. The data is split to source typ es using MOVES2010a default Pennsylvania county popula tion data. For transit buses, data from PennDOT and the National Transit Database (NTD) is used to estimate county transit bus totals. Other heavy-du ty vehicle population values are based on VMT for each source type using the vehicle mix and pattern data discussed previously. The PPSUITE software automat ically applies default MOVES2010a ratios of VMT and source type population (e.g. the number of mile s per vehicle by source type) to the local VMT estimates to produce vehicle population.

Vehicle population is forecast based on projected h ousehold and population growth from Woods and Poole Inc. for each Pennsylvania county. The growt h rate methodology includes:

• Choosing the highest growth rate between population and households.

• Limiting growth as to not exceed the VMT growth ass umptions.

Vehicle Age: Vehicle age distributions are input to MOVES for e ach county by the thirteen source types. The distributions reflect the percentage of vehicle s in the fleet up to 31 years old. The most recent available registration download from PennDOT’s Bure au of Motor Vehicles Registration Database has been used for the inventory. Due to insufficient d ata, only information for light-duty vehicles are u sed as local inputs; and, heavy-duty vehicles use the inte rnal MOVES2010a national defaults. The registratio n data download is based on MOBILE6.2 vehicle categor ies. As a result, the data was converted to source types using the EPA convertor spreadsheets provided with the MOVES2010a emission model.



# Environmental, Fuel and Technology Assumptions

Information on environmental, fuel, vehicle technol ogy and other control strategy assumptions were

determined based on a review of MOVES2010a default information by the PaDEP.

Fuel Parameters: The same vehicle will produce different emissions using a different type of gasoline. Fuel control strategies can be powerful emission re duction mechanisms. The MOVES2010a default fuel formulation and fuel supply data were reviewed and updated based on available local volumetric fuel property information. The gasohol market penetrati on and RVP values were updated for all the counties

. MOVES2010a default data was used for the rest of th e parameters.

Refueling Emissions : MOVES also allows users to calculate refueling em issions, the emissions created

when vehicles are refueled at service stations. Pe nnsylvania includes refueling emissions in its area source inventory and not in its highway vehicle inv entory. Refueling emissions are not included in th e highway emissions inventory.

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Param eters: MOVES allows users to vary inputs depending on the I/M program in place for the area. The inputs include:

• Program start year.

• Stringency level.

• First and last model years subject to the program.

• Waiver rates.

### Appendix A-1 11



### • Compliance rates.

• Program type (test-only, test-and-repair, etc.) and effectiveness.

• Frequency of inspection (annual, biennial).

• Vehicle type coverage.

• Test type (idle, loaded, etc.)

The MOVES2010a default Pennsylvania assumptions wer e reviewed and modifications were made per actual program parameters.

Environmental Variables: Evaporative emissions are influenced significantly by the temperatures of the surrounding air. Hourly temperatures have been com piled for each county based on information from WeatherBank, Inc. to specify temperatures from nine airports within the state. Ozone analysis temperature and humidity values were determined usi ng the procedures documented in EPA’s technical guidance. Minimum and maximum temperatures for eac h month were converted to hourly temperatures using EPA convertors supplied with the MOVES2010a m odel.

A summary of the MOVES related inputs used for the inventory and future year estimates are attached

with the submission.

### Appendix A-1 12



# SPEED/EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE

The previous sections have summarized the input dat a used for computing speeds and emissions for Pennsylvania. This section explains how PPSUITE an d MOVES uses that input data to produce emission estimates. Exhibit 6 summarizes PPSUITE’s analysis procedure used for each of the RMS highway segments in the state.

Producing an emissions inventory with PPSUITE requi res a process of disaggregation and aggregation. Data is available and used on a very small scale -- individual 1⁄2 mile roadway segments 24 hours of the day. This data needs to be processed individually to determine the distribution of vehicle hours of t ravel (VHT) by speed and then aggregated by vehicle class to determine input VMT to the MOVES emission

model.



# Volume/VMT Development

Before speeds can be calculated and MOVES run, volu mes acquired from RMS must be adjusted and disaggregated. Such adjustments include factoring to future years, seasonal adjustments, and disaggregating daily volumes to each hour of the da y and to each of the thirteen MOVES source types.

Determine Future Year Volumes : The RMS database contains up-to-date current year volumes. However, to conduct a future year analysis, these v olumes must be factored to the year being analyzed. Growth factors have been prepared for each county a nd functional class grouping. These growth factors are applied to the base year RMS volumes to obtain future year estimates that can be utilized by

PPSUITE.

Example:

A typical freeway link in the RMS database is I-80 segment 2500 in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. This link has an urban/rural code=1 which indicates the link is in a rural area, and a functional class=1 indicating a rural freeway.

The average annual daily traffic (AADT) from the RM S database for this link in 2008 is 12,077 vehicles/day.

Growth factors have been developed to factor the 20 08 volume to future years. For example, to factor the 2008 volume to the year 2014, a growth f actor of 1.282 would yield:

2014 volume = 12,077 vehicles/day x 1.282 = 15,48 3 vehicles/day

### Appendix A-1 13 

## Exhibit 6: PPSUITE Speed / Emission Estimation Proc edure

Data From PPSUITE Input Files PPSUITE Analy sis Process Data from Roadway Sourc e (RMS)

The Following is Performed For Each RMS Roadway Segment

Percent Pattern Distributions Expand to 24 ho urly volumes RMS AWDT Adjusted Vol umes

Apply VMT Adjustments Adjust Volumes for Peak Spre ading (V/C thresholds for spreading)

Vehicle Type Patterns Disaggregate to Vehicle Type RMS Truck Percentages

Transit Data

School Bus Data

Calculate Link & Signal Capacities Roadway Att ributes (Lanes, FC code, UR code) Speed/Capacity Lookup Table

Calculate Link Calculate Midblock Speed Approach Delay

Apply Post Speed VMT Adjustments

Prepare MOVES CDM Files

VHT by Annual RoadType SourceType Hourly Ramp Speed Bin VMT Fractio ns Population Fractions Fract ions

Per VMT
<Optional>



### Off-line File Preparation

Vehicle Age Distribution Run MOVES Importe r to convert county input data Hourly into MYSQL data for mat Temps/Humidity

I/M

Parameters

Fuel Run MOVES

Parameters

### Appendix A-1 14



### Seasonal Adjustments : PPSUITE takes the input daily volumes from RMS (w hich represents annual average daily traffic (AADT)) and seasonally adjust s the volumes to an average weekday in July. This adjustment utilizes factors developed for each func tional class and urban/rural code. VMT can then be calculated for each link using the adjusted weekday volumes.

Example:

Again, assume the rural freeway link: I-80 segment 2500 in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. The AADT for this link in 2008 is 12,077 vehicles/day.

Seasonal factors have been developed for urban/rura l code and functional class combinations. For
an urban/rural code=1 and a functional class=1, the factor to convert from AADT to an average weekday in July is = 1.15.

Average Weekday July Volume = 12,077 x 1.15 = 13,88 9 vehicles/day.

Total VMT (daily) for this link is calculated as vo lume x distance. The distance of this link as

obtained from RMS is 0.296 miles.

2008 VMT = 13,889 vehicles/day x 0.296 miles = 4,11 1 vehicle-miles / day.



### Disaggregation to 24 Hours : After seasonally adjusting the link volume, the v olume is split to each hour of the day. This allows for more accurate speed ca lculations (effects of congested hours) and allows PPSUITE to prepare the hourly VMT and speeds for in put to the MOVES model.

Example:

To support speed calculations and emission estimate s by time of day, the July weekday volume is disaggregated to 24 hourly volumes. Temporal patte rns were previously developed from PennDOT count data and input to PPSUITE. For the I -80 rural freeway link with morning peak volumes similar to evening peak hours (neutral), th e following temporal pattern is applied:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101357911131517192123

Hour of DayPercent of Daily



### Using the I-80 segment, typical hourly volumes whic h result include: 8-9 a.m. 6.0% x (4,111 vehicle miles/ 0.296mi.) = 833 vehicles/hour (vph) 12-1 p.m. 5.0% x (4,111 vehicle .miles/ 0.296mi. ) = 694 vph 5-6 p.m. 6.3% x (4,111 vehicle miles/ 0.296mi.) = 875 vph

### Appendix A-1 15



### After dividing the daily volumes to each hour of th e day, PPSUITE identifies hours that are unreasonab ly congested. For those hours, PPSUITE then spreads a portion of the volume to other hours within the same peak period, thereby approximating the “peak s preading” that normally occurs in such over-capacit y conditions.

Disaggregation to Vehicle Type : EPA requires VMT estimates to be prepared by sou rce type, reflecting specific local characteristics. As a result, for P ennsylvania’s emission inventory runs, the hourly v olumes are disaggregated to the thirteen MOVES source type s based on count data assembled by PennDOT in

combination with MOVES defaults.

Example:

Disaggregation of the total I-80 VMT to the various source types would include the following:

Total Volume 8-9 am = 833 vph

Source Type Volume 8-9 am: Motorcycle 11 0.5% 4 vph Passenger Car 21 54.7% 456 vph Passenger Truck 31 27.9% 232 vph Light Commercial Truck 32 9.3% 78 vph Intercity Bus 41 0.1% 1 vph Transit Bus 42 0.1% 1 vph School bus 43 0.1% 1 vph Refuse Truck 51 0.0% 0 vph Single Unit Short-haul Truck 52 2.2% 19 vph Single Unit Long-haul Truck 53 0.3% 2 vph Motor Home 54 0.1% 1 vph Combination Short-haul Truck 61 1.9% 16 vph Combination Long-haul Truck 62 2.6% 22 vph



# Speed/Delay Determination

EPA recognizes that the estimation of vehicle speed s is a difficult and complex process. Because emissions are so sensitive to speeds, it recommends special attention be given to developing reasonabl e and consistent speed estimates; it also recommends that VMT be disaggregated into subsets that have roughly equal speed, with separate emission factors for each subset. At a minimum, speeds should be estimated separately by road type.

The computational framework used for this analysis meets and exceeds that recommendation. Speeds are individually calculated for each roadway segment an d hour and include the delays encountered at signal s. Rather than accumulating the roadway segments into a particular road type and calculating an average speed, each individual link hourly speed is represe nted in the MOVES vehicle hours of travel (VHT) by speed bin file. This MOVES input file allows the s pecification of a distribution of hourly speeds.

For example, if 5% of a county’s arterial VHT opera tes at 5 mph during the AM peak hour and the remaining 95% operates at 65 mph, this can be repre sented in the MOVES speed input file. For the model runs, distributions of speeds are input to MO VES by road type and source type by each hour of th e day; VMT and VHT is accumulated by the same groupin gs for the application of the emission factors to produce resulting emission totals.

### Appendix A-1 16



### To calculate speeds, PPSUITE first obtains initial capacities (how much volume the roadway can serve before heavy congestion) and free-flow speeds (spee ds assuming no congestion) from the speed/capacity lookup data. As described in previous sections, th is data contains default roadway information indexe d by the urban/rural code and functional class. For areas with known characteristics, values can be dir ectly coded to the RMS database and the speed/capacity da ta can be overridden. However, for most areas where known information is not available, the speed /capacity lookups provide valuable default information regarding speeds, capacities, signal ch aracteristics, and other capacity adjustment inform ation used for calculating congested delays and speeds. An effort has been made to enhance the RMS data wit h traffic signal locations using other GIS signal dat a available from PennDOT’s Bureau of Highway Safety and Traffic Engineering.

Example:

The speed/capacity lookup table is used to obtain i mportant data used for link speed calculations. For the I-80 link with an urban/rural code = 1 (rur al) and a functional class = 1 (freeway), the lookup table provides information including the fol lowing:

freeflow speed = 65 mph capacity = 1800 vph per lane number of signals = 0 (per RMS linkage to GIS traf fic signal locations)

This information is used along with the physical ch aracteristics of the roadway to calculate the delay (including congestion) to travel this link du ring each hour of the day:

For example: The I-80 link is calculated to have a travel time, including delay of 17.76 seconds

for the 8-9am hour.

Total travel time, in vehicle hours, for the 8-9am hour is calculated as:

VHT (8-9am) = 17.76 seconds x 833vph / 3600 sec/h r = 4.12 vehicle hours.



### The result of this process is an estimated average travel time for each hour of the day for each highw ay segment. The average time can be multiplied by the volume to produce vehicle hours of travel (VHT).



# HPMS and VMT Adjustments

Volumes must also be adjusted to account for differ ences with the HPMS VMT totals, as described previously. VMT adjustment factors are provided as input to PPSUITE, and are applied to each of the roadway segment volumes. These factors were develo ped from the latest HPMS download (conducted triennially); however, they are also applied to any future year runs. The VMT added or subtracted to the RMS database assumes the speeds calculated using th e original volumes for each roadway segment for each hour of the day.

### Appendix A-1 17 Example:

Using the Luzerne County I-80 rural freeway link ex ample, the daily assigned volume is adjusted

to account for reconciliation with the HPMS VMT. R MS VMT (in AADT) for Luzerne County rural freeways totals 962,559 vehicle miles in 2008 . HPMS VMT (in AADT) as supplied by PennDOT and reported to FHWA totals to 990,088 vehi cle miles for the rural freeways. A factor is developed by dividing the HPMS VMT by the RMS VM T:

HPMS adjustment factor for Luzerne County rural fre eways = 990,088 / 962,559 = 1.029.

This factor is held constant in all future years. As an example, this adjustment is made to the I-80 freeway link VMT for the 8-9am hour after spee d calculations are made, and produces the final July weekday VMT for this hour used for Ozone runs.

I-80 Link VMT (8-9am) = 833vph x 0.296 miles x 1 .029 = 254 vehicle miles.



# MOVES Emissions Run

After computing speeds and aggregating VMT and VHT, PPSUITE prepares traffic-related inputs needed to run EPA’s MOVES software, which is used to estim ate emission factors in grams of pollutant per vehicle mile and to produce total emissions based o n input VMT to the model. The process uses MOVES2010a, the officially released emissions model that was obtained directly from EPA.

The MOVES inputs prepared by PPSUITE include the fo llowing:

• Vehicle Type VMT.

• Vehicle Population.

• VMT fractions.

• Average speed distributions.

• Road Type Distribution.

• Ramp Fractions.

These files are text formatted files with a *.csv e xtension. The files are provided as inputs within the MOVES county data importer. In addition the remai ning MOVES input data including temperatures, I/M programs, fuel and vehicle ages are prepared ma nually outside of the PPSUITE process.

The MOVES county importer is run in batch mode. Th is program converts all data files into the MYSQL formats used by the MOVES model. At that point a M OVES run specification file (*.mrs) is created which specifies options and key data locations for the run. MOVES is then executed in batch mode.

MOVES can be executed using either the inventory or rate-based approaches. For this highway emissions inventory, MOVES is applied using the inventory-based approach. Under this method, actual VMT and population are provided as inputs to the mo del; MOVES is responsible for producing the total emissions for the region. Under the rate-based app roach, MOVES would produce emission factors, after which PPSUITE would apply the emission factors to t he link data and calculate total regional emissions

.

### Appendix A-1 18



# RESOURCES

MOVES model

Modeling Page within EPA’s Office of Mobile Sources Website (http://www.epa.gov/omswww/models.htm) contains a d ownloadable model, MOVES users guide and

other information.

Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide for MO VES2010a, EPA-420-B-10-036, August 2010.

Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emis sion Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA-420-B-10-023 , April 2010.

Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Dev elopment, Transportation Conformity

, and Other Purposes , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA-420-B-09- 046, December 2009.

Traffic Engineering

Highway Capacity Manual, Transportation Research Board, presents current knowledge and techniques for analyzing the transportation system.

Traffic Data Collection and Factor Development Repo rt, 2008 Data, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research.

### Appendix A-1 19



# Highway Vehicle Inventory Glossary

AADT: Average Annual Daily Traffic, average of ALL days

.

AWDT: Average Weekday Daily Traffic.

Basic emission rates: MOBILE emission rates based on the applicable Fed eral emission standards and the emission control technologies characterizing th e fleet in various model years.

Emission rate or factor: Expresses the amount of pollution emitted per uni t of activity. For highway vehicles, usually in grams of pollutant emitted per mile driven.

FC: Functional code, applied in data management to roa d segments to identify their type (freeway, local, etc.).

Fuel volatility: The ability of fuel components to evaporate, thus ente ring the atmosphere as pollution. Fuel volatility is usually measured as Reid Vapor P ressure (RVP) in pounds per square inch. The lower the RVP, the less volatile the fuel.

Growth factor: Factor used to convert volumes to future years.

HPMS: Highway Performance Monitoring System, PENNDOT’s official source of highway information

and a subset of RMS.

I/M: Vehicle emissions inspection/maintenance programs ensure that vehicle emission controls are in good working order throughout the life of the vehic le. The programs require vehicles to be tested for emissions. Most vehicles that do not pass must be repaired.

MOBILE: The model EPA has developed and which Pennsylvania uses to estimate emissions from highway vehicles.

MOVES: The latest model EPA has developed with which Penns ylvania uses to estimate emissions from highway vehicles.

Pattern data: Extrapolations of traffic patterns (such as how tra ffic volume on road segment types varies by time of day, or what kinds of vehicles tend to u se a road segment type) from segments with observed data to similar segments.

PPSUITE: Post-Processor for Air Quality, a set of programs that estimate speeds and processes MOBILE

emission rates.

RMS: Roadway Management System, a database maintained by PENNDOT from traffic counts and field

visits.

Segment (also referred to as link): Division of roadway in the PENNDOT Roadway Manageme nt System. Usually represents 0.5 mile segments of ro adway.

UR: Urban/rural code, applied in data management to id entify whether a road segment is urban, small

urban or rural.

### Appendix A-1 20



### VHT: Vehicle hours traveled

.

VMT: Vehicle miles traveled. In modeling terms, it i s the simulated traffic volumes times link length.

Vehicle Type : One of eight types, distinguished primarily by f uel type and/or weight, used in MOBILE modeling.

Source Type : One of thirteen types, distinguished primarily b y weight, used in MOVES modeling.

Road Type: Functional code, applied in data management to roa d segments to identify their type (rural/urban highways, rural/urban arterials, etc.)

County Data Manager: User interface developed to simplify importing spec ific local data for a single county or a user-defined custom domain without requ iring direct interaction with the underlying MySQL

database.

# APPENDIX A-2

Philadelphia Area Emission Summary Tables

Appendix A-2-1

2002 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary Emission Summary by Road Type Emission Summary by Source Type Emission Summary by Process



## Appendix A-2-2

2009 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary Emission Summary by Road Type Emission Summary by Source Type Emission Summary by ProcessAppendix A-2-12002 Philadelphia Area Emission SummaryAnnual (Tons/Year)County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Bucks 4,882,363,481 45.6 547.18 642.15 5,851.94 74,163.1017,757.01 354.40 279.47Chester 4,217,540,411 46.4 477.68 558.47 4,516.41 58,922.24 15,243.13 307.77 241.71Delaware 3,520,410,133 41.0 391.53 470.08 4,665.02 58,154.64 12,411.65 250.36 201.50Montgomery 6,770,286,318 41.7 727.77 871.25 8,414.67 106,283.26 23,470.42 475.92 391.56Philadelphia 5,701,943,934 28.1 760.45 955.06 8,661.64 102,077.19 21,996.77 459.67 336.76Philadelphia MPO 25,092,544,276 38.7 2,904.60 3,497.01 32,109.70 399,600.43 90,878.99 1,848.12 1,450.99Appendix A-22Appendix A-2-12002 Philadelphia Area Emission Summary by Road TypeAnnual (Tons/Year)County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOXSO2NH3Bucks Off-Network - - 57.01 61.24 3,290.79 33,663.91 2,573.97 16.10 0.00Rural Restricted Access 109,746,455 64.9 15.97 17.46 49.19 1,019.75 504.14 10.11 6.54Rural Unrestricted Access 953,674,721 47.2 94.04 110.69 483.57 7,398.13 2,978.01 65.56 54.75Urban Restricted Access 1,096,238,084 57.4 146.33 163.29523.41 10,210.17 4,412.40 91.36 63.43Urban Unrestricted Access 2,722,704,221 41.2 233.83 289.46 1,504.98 21,871.14 7,288.48 171.28 154.75Total4,882,363,481 45.6 547.18 642.15 5,851.94 74,163.10 17,757.01 354.40 279.47County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3Chester Off-Network - - 41.74 44.76 2,323.03 23,749.74 1,891.01 12.12 0.00Rural Restricted Access 168,683,813 64.9 27.82 30.28 77.25 1,572.64 862.71 17.07 9.88Rural Unrestricted Access 1,327,506,152 45.6 145.40 170.82 696.77 10,471.36 4,421.86 96.73 75.59Urban Restricted Access 1,006,896,730 55.1 111.97 127.12481.47 9,441.54 3,408.68 72.93 59.24Urban Unrestricted Access 1,714,453,717 41.9 150.74 185.49 937.91 13,686.95 4,658.87 108.91 97.01Total4,217,540,411 46.4 477.68 558.47 4,516.41 58,922.24 15,243.13 307.77 241.71County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3Delaware Off-Network - - 45.22 48.62 2,671.50 27,325.81 2,038.65 12.53 0.00Rural Restricted Access 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Rural Unrestricted Access 50,571,394 49.2 5.14 5.99 25.12395.47 167.72 3.61 2.91Urban Restricted Access 1,154,738,910 51.6 129.10 147.93573.33 10,864.53 3,896.14 83.94 67.95Urban Unrestricted Access 2,315,099,828 37.1 212.07 267.53 1,395.07 19,568.84 6,309.15 150.28 130.64Total3,520,410,133 41.0 391.53 470.08 4,665.02 58,154.64 12,411.65 250.36 201.50County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3Montgomery Off-Network - - 79.42 85.36 4,645.91 47,545.36 3,582.35 22.18 0.00Rural Restricted Access 115,484,490 64.9 16.64 18.20 51.68 1,073.25 525.78 10.54 6.89Rural Unrestricted Access 543,633,248 47.4 47.36 56.41 272.52 4,209.96 1,554.89 34.78 31.38Urban Restricted Access 2,182,378,167 47.8 245.26 282.701,132.41 20,751.19 7,481.25 161.27 131.11Urban Unrestricted Access 3,928,790,413 38.0 339.09 428.58 2,312.15 32,703.50 10,326.14 247.15 222.18Total6,770,286,318 41.7 727.77 871.25 8,414.67 106,283.26 23,470.42 475.92 391.56County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3Philadelphia Off-Network - - 76.08 81.67 4,330.47 44,075.133,453.06 21.76 0.00Rural Restricted Access 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Rural Unrestricted Access 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Urban Restricted Access 1,758,301,926 35.3 248.24 291.261,129.53 17,963.00 6,902.96 148.81 109.60Urban Unrestricted Access 3,943,642,008 25.8 436.13 582.13 3,201.65 40,039.06 11,640.76 289.10 227.15Total5,701,943,934 28.1 760.45 955.06 8,661.64 102,077.19 21,996.77 459.67 336.76Appendix A-23Appendix A-2-12002 Philadelphia Area Emission Summary by Source TypeAnnual (Tons/Year)VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Bucks Motorcycle 24,959,521 0.5% 1.29 0.2% 1.46 0.2% 103.281.8% 957.89 1.3% 43.11 0.2% 0.96 0.3% 0.57 0.2%Passenger Car 2,652,429,176 54.3% 68.94 12.6% 101.70 15.8% 2,325.41 39.7% 26,267.06 35.4% 3,593.61 20.2% 96.96 27.4%159.78 57.2%Passenger Truck 1,352,164,360 27.7% 80.50 14.7% 105.73 16.5% 2,159.61 36.9% 31,236.91 42.1% 3,947.27 22.2% 71.95 20.3% 82.10 29.4%Light Commercial Truck 451,508,985 9.2% 45.04 8.2% 54.198.4% 733.10 12.5% 10,347.16 14.0% 1,462.55 8.2% 27.97 7.9% 25.21 9.0%Intercity Bus 5,324,131 0.1% 7.91 1.4% 8.42 1.3% 4.14 0.1% 28.97 0.0% 147.35 0.8% 2.22 0.6% 0.14 0.0%Transit Bus 348,067 0.0% 0.35 0.1% 0.37 0.1% 0.29 0.0% 4.03 0.0% 7.54 0.0% 0.11 0.0% 0.01 0.0%School Bus 2,492,912 0.1% 1.61 0.3% 1.78 0.3% 4.69 0.1% 73.49 0.1% 30.62 0.2% 0.52 0.1% 0.06 0.0%Refuse Truck 3,037,508 0.1% 3.10 0.6% 3.32 0.5% 2.63 0.0% 26.86 0.0% 69.50 0.4% 1.18 0.3% 0.08 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 119,851,272 2.5% 50.54 9.2% 56.48 8.8% 185.76 3.2% 3,169.97 4.3% 1,091.68 6.1% 21.86 6.2% 3.79 1.4%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 16,459,620 0.3% 5.38 1.0% 6.13 1.0% 15.92 0.3% 239.65 0.3% 124.38 0.7% 2.90 0.8% 0.51 0.2%Motor Home 6,927,457 0.1% 1.63 0.3% 1.91 0.3% 17.15 0.3% 354.87 0.5% 57.05 0.3% 0.90 0.3% 0.27 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 102,224,981 2.1% 117.51 21.5% 125.57 19.6% 81.79 1.4% 575.91 0.8% 2,807.03 15.8% 49.5014.0% 2.85 1.0%Combination Long-haul Truck 144,635,492 3.0% 163.38 29.9% 175.08 27.3% 218.17 3.7% 880.32 1.2% 4,375.32 24.6% 77.3621.8% 4.10 1.5%Total 4,882,363,481 100.0% 547.18 100.0% 642.15 100.0% 5,851.94 100.0% 74,163.10 100.0% 17,757.01 100.0% 354.40 100.0% 279.47 100.0%VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Chester Motorcycle 21,495,078 0.5% 1.14 0.2% 1.29 0.2% 81.39 1.8% 816.79 1.4% 37.34 0.2% 0.83 0.3% 0.50 0.2%Passenger Car 2,284,267,484 54.2% 57.18 12.0% 84.45 15.1%1,746.99 38.7% 20,583.29 34.9% 2,958.74 19.4% 82.29 26.7% 137.83 57.0%Passenger Truck 1,164,480,660 27.6% 66.64 14.0% 87.53 15.7% 1,651.22 36.6% 24,621.64 41.8% 3,271.49 21.5% 61.23 19.9% 71.08 29.4%Light Commercial Truck 388,838,010 9.2% 37.53 7.9% 45.108.1% 560.15 12.4% 8,075.88 13.7% 1,211.22 7.9% 23.81 7.7% 21.80 9.0%Intercity Bus 4,749,945 0.1% 7.06 1.5% 7.52 1.3% 3.69 0.1% 25.88 0.0% 131.24 0.9% 1.98 0.6% 0.12 0.1%Transit Bus 235,133 0.0% 0.24 0.0% 0.25 0.0% 0.19 0.0% 2.71 0.0% 5.07 0.0% 0.07 0.0% 0.00 0.0%School Bus 5,869,876 0.1% 3.75 0.8% 4.15 0.7% 10.97 0.2% 171.28 0.3% 71.96 0.5% 1.21 0.4% 0.13 0.1%Refuse Truck 2,696,499 0.1% 2.76 0.6% 2.96 0.5% 2.33 0.1% 23.87 0.0% 61.61 0.4% 1.05 0.3% 0.07 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 105,954,795 2.5% 44.57 9.3% 49.83 8.9% 164.29 3.6% 2,786.91 4.7% 964.20 6.3% 19.28 6.3%3.34 1.4%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 14,557,913 0.3% 4.75 1.0% 5.41 1.0% 14.08 0.3% 209.93 0.4% 109.58 0.7% 2.56 0.8% 0.45 0.2%Motor Home 6,125,126 0.1% 1.43 0.3% 1.68 0.3% 15.17 0.3% 312.08 0.5% 50.35 0.3% 0.80 0.3% 0.23 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 90,407,855 2.1% 104.80 21.9% 112.01 20.1% 72.49 1.6% 511.26 0.9% 2,490.92 16.3% 43.97 14.3% 2.52 1.0%Combination Long-haul Truck 127,862,036 3.0% 145.83 30.5% 156.30 28.0% 193.44 4.3% 780.73 1.3% 3,879.42 25.5% 68.6922.3% 3.62 1.5%Total 4,217,540,411 100.0% 477.68 100.0% 558.47 100.0% 4,516.41 100.0% 58,922.24 100.0% 15,243.13 100.0% 307.77 100.0% 241.71 100.0%VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Delaware Motorcycle 18,229,736 0.5% 0.99 0.3% 1.13 0.2% 81.58 1.7% 690.47 1.2% 29.90 0.2% 0.70 0.3% 0.40 0.2%Passenger Car 1,937,261,880 55.0% 55.16 14.1% 83.38 17.7%1,890.30 40.5% 20,922.49 36.0% 2,732.38 22.0% 73.73 29.5% 116.47 57.8%Passenger Truck 987,584,320 28.1% 63.07 16.1% 84.97 18.1%1,750.75 37.5% 24,843.30 42.7% 2,967.32 23.9% 54.24 21.7% 59.22 29.4%Light Commercial Truck 329,767,528 9.4% 35.03 8.9% 42.929.1% 594.58 12.7% 8,246.48 14.2% 1,108.78 8.9% 21.06 8.4% 18.20 9.0%Intercity Bus 3,970,591 0.1% 6.29 1.6% 6.75 1.4% 3.17 0.1% 22.51 0.0% 112.46 0.9% 1.71 0.7% 0.10 0.1%Transit Bus 2,193,177 0.1% 2.29 0.6% 2.44 0.5% 1.87 0.0% 25.52 0.0% 48.22 0.4% 0.68 0.3% 0.04 0.0%School Bus 541,419 0.0% 0.36 0.1% 0.40 0.1% 1.00 0.0% 14.61 0.0% 6.83 0.1% 0.12 0.0% 0.01 0.0%Refuse Truck 1,859,237 0.1% 2.06 0.5% 2.22 0.5% 1.69 0.0% 17.32 0.0% 43.88 0.4% 0.75 0.3% 0.05 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 73,432,582 2.1% 33.16 8.5%37.45 8.0% 122.05 2.6% 2,037.92 3.5% 715.90 5.8% 14.27 5.7% 2.31 1.1%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 10,082,606 0.3% 3.56 0.9% 4.10 0.9% 10.50 0.2% 154.41 0.3% 81.88 0.7% 1.90 0.8% 0.31 0.2%Motor Home 4,243,381 0.1% 1.03 0.3% 1.23 0.3% 11.42 0.2% 228.03 0.4% 36.13 0.3% 0.58 0.2% 0.16 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 62,626,014 1.8% 78.34 20.0% 84.24 17.9% 52.43 1.1% 374.47 0.6% 1,759.75 14.2% 31.37 12.5% 1.73 0.9%Combination Long-haul Truck 88,617,661 2.5% 110.19 28.1% 118.84 25.3% 143.68 3.1% 577.12 1.0% 2,768.23 22.3% 49.26 19.7% 2.49 1.2%Total 3,520,410,133 100.0% 391.53 100.0% 470.08 100.0% 4,665.02 100.0% 58,154.64 100.0% 12,411.65 100.0% 250.36 100.0% 201.50 100.0%County SourcetypeCounty SourcetypeCounty SourcetypeAppendix A-24VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Montgomery Motorcycle 35,067,263 0.5% 1.89 0.3% 2.15 0.2% 149.59 1.8% 1,334.06 1.3% 58.58 0.2% 1.35 0.3% 0.78 0.2%Passenger Car 3,726,574,318 55.0% 102.15 14.0% 153.72 17.6% 3,381.55 40.2% 38,055.13 35.8% 5,134.05 21.9% 140.18 29.5% 226.01 57.7%Passenger Truck 1,899,741,726 28.1% 117.52 16.1% 157.46 18.1% 3,153.35 37.5% 45,314.90 42.6% 5,605.07 23.9% 103.45 21.7% 115.37 29.5%Light Commercial Truck 634,357,271 9.4% 65.71 9.0% 80.119.2% 1,070.60 12.7% 14,979.36 14.1% 2,092.04 8.9% 40.17 8.4% 35.44 9.1%Intercity Bus 6,581,956 0.1% 10.22 1.4% 10.94 1.3% 5.25 0.1% 37.06 0.0% 186.28 0.8% 2.82 0.6% 0.17 0.0%Transit Bus 1,693,112 0.0% 1.79 0.2% 1.90 0.2% 1.47 0.0% 20.15 0.0% 37.92 0.2% 0.53 0.1% 0.03 0.0%School Bus 3,571,202 0.1% 2.42 0.3% 2.70 0.3% 6.93 0.1% 104.53 0.1% 45.88 0.2% 0.78 0.2% 0.08 0.0%Refuse Truck 3,586,717 0.1% 3.87 0.5% 4.17 0.5% 3.23 0.0% 32.95 0.0% 84.48 0.4% 1.44 0.3% 0.10 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 141,031,648 2.1% 62.71 8.6% 70.59 8.1% 229.91 2.7% 3,878.52 3.6% 1,354.61 5.8% 27.04 5.7% 4.47 1.1%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 19,386,593 0.3% 6.73 0.9% 7.73 0.9% 19.80 0.2% 294.79 0.3% 155.18 0.7% 3.61 0.8% 0.60 0.2%Motor Home 8,152,766 0.1% 1.98 0.3% 2.35 0.3% 21.47 0.3% 436.83 0.4% 69.27 0.3% 1.11 0.2% 0.31 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 120,355,162 1.8% 146.17 20.1% 157.00 18.0% 99.84 1.2% 706.72 0.7% 3,367.18 14.3% 59.7712.6% 3.36 0.9%Combination Long-haul Truck 170,186,583 2.5% 204.61 28.1% 220.43 25.3% 271.68 3.2% 1,088.26 1.0% 5,279.88 22.5% 93.68 19.7% 4.83 1.2%Total 6,770,286,318 100.0% 727.77 100.0% 871.25 100.0% 8,414.67 100.0% 106,283.26 100.0% 23,470.42 100.0% 475.92 100.0% 391.56 100.0%VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Philadelphia Motorcycle 29,474,356 0.5% 1.64 0.2% 1.90 0.2% 148.82 1.7% 1,089.92 1.1% 41.54 0.2% 1.14 0.2% 0.57 0.2%Passenger Car 3,132,219,928 54.9% 100.04 13.2% 169.17 17.7% 3,436.82 39.7% 36,557.97 35.8% 4,708.41 21.4% 136.54 29.7% 196.24 58.3%Passenger Truck 1,596,750,504 28.0% 111.23 14.6% 165.64 17.3% 3,264.11 37.7% 43,429.12 42.5% 5,007.71 22.8% 98.42 21.4% 97.65 29.0%Light Commercial Truck 533,182,500 9.4% 64.89 8.5% 84.268.8% 1,110.82 12.8% 14,475.69 14.2% 1,948.95 8.9% 38.25 8.3% 30.15 9.0%Intercity Bus 7,021,313 0.1% 13.15 1.7% 14.36 1.5% 6.46 0.1% 46.68 0.0% 216.55 1.0% 3.37 0.7% 0.19 0.1%Transit Bus 25,317,033 0.4% 28.59 3.8% 30.94 3.2% 26.51 0.3% 316.58 0.3% 622.84 2.8% 8.38 1.8% 0.56 0.2%School Bus 6,319,511 0.1% 4.83 0.6% 5.53 0.6% 13.39 0.2% 166.62 0.2% 90.49 0.4% 1.53 0.3% 0.16 0.0%Refuse Truck 2,880,013 0.1% 3.87 0.5% 4.26 0.4% 3.14 0.0% 30.71 0.0% 74.82 0.3% 1.30 0.3% 0.08 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 113,283,030 2.0% 62.40 8.2% 72.35 7.6% 229.11 2.6% 3,521.22 3.4% 1,330.48 6.0% 26.33 5.7% 3.72 1.1%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 15,572,818 0.3% 6.84 0.9% 8.13 0.9% 20.03 0.2% 268.03 0.3% 153.41 0.7% 3.51 0.8% 0.50 0.1%Motor Home 6,547,588 0.1% 1.81 0.2% 2.26 0.2% 21.93 0.3% 395.05 0.4% 62.17 0.3% 1.04 0.2% 0.26 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 96,664,130 1.7% 148.17 19.5% 162.28 17.0% 96.20 1.1% 684.82 0.7% 2,955.30 13.4% 53.98 11.7% 2.76 0.8%Combination Long-haul Truck 136,711,210 2.4% 212.98 28.0% 233.98 24.5% 284.29 3.3% 1,094.78 1.1% 4,784.11 21.7% 85.89 18.7% 3.93 1.2%Total 5,701,943,934 100.0% 760.45 100.0% 955.06 100.0% 8,661.64 100.0% 102,077.19 100.0% 21,996.77 100.0% 459.67 100.0% 336.76 100.0%County SourcetypeCounty SourcetypeAppendix A-25Appendix A-2-12002 Philadelphia Area Emission Summary by ProcessAnnual (Tons/Year)PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Bucks Running Exhaust 404.79 74.0% 422.94 65.9% 1,854.70 31.7% 40,489.73 54.6% 15,178.82 85.5% 310.74 87.7% 279.47 100.0%Start Exhaust 47.20 8.6% 51.11 8.0% 2,401.62 41.0% 33,487.62 45.2% 2,108.07 11.9% 11.63 3.3% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 16.03 2.9% 61.25 9.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 8.04 1.5% 33.54 5.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 216.51 3.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 1,047.40 17.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 159.20 2.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 61.30 11.2% 63.18 9.8% 25.88 0.4% 9.46 0.0% 4.22 0.0% 27.57 7.8% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.92 0.2% 0.96 0.1% 31.74 0.5% 4.34 0.0% 0.07 0.0% 0.22 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.48 0.3% 1.53 0.2% 2.250.0% 0.51 0.0% 0.23 0.0% 0.71 0.2% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 7.41 1.4% 7.64 1.2% 112.66 1.9% 171.43 0.2% 465.61 2.6% 3.54 1.0% 0.00 0.0%Total 547.18 100.0% 642.15 100.0% 5,851.94 100.0% 74,163.10 100.0% 17,757.01 100.0% 354.40 100.0% 279.47 100.0%PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Chester Running Exhaust 360.77 75.5% 376.91 67.5% 1,595.66 35.3% 35,164.19 59.7% 13,348.36 87.6% 271.17 88.1% 241.71100.0%Start Exhaust 33.19 6.9% 35.94 6.4% 1,680.95 37.2% 23,593.93 40.0% 1,477.49 9.7% 8.18 2.7% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 13.47 2.8% 51.46 9.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 6.93 1.5% 28.89 5.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 151.52 3.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 824.01 18.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 117.70 2.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 54.76 11.5% 56.44 10.1% 22.32 0.5% 8.31 0.0% 3.76 0.0% 24.48 8.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.65 0.1% 0.69 0.1% 22.23 0.5% 3.13 0.0% 0.05 0.0% 0.16 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.32 0.3% 1.36 0.2% 2.000.0% 0.46 0.0% 0.21 0.0% 0.63 0.2% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 6.58 1.4% 6.78 1.2% 100.04 2.2% 152.22 0.3% 413.26 2.7% 3.14 1.0% 0.00 0.0%Total 477.68 100.0% 558.47 100.0% 4,516.41 100.0% 58,922.24 100.0% 15,243.13 100.0% 307.77 100.0% 241.71 100.0%PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Delaware Running Exhaust 283.54 72.4% 296.54 63.1% 1,423.04 30.5% 30,822.03 53.0% 10,370.28 83.6% 219.80 87.8% 201.50 100.0%Start Exhaust 38.42 9.8% 41.60 8.8% 1,961.90 42.1% 27,205.11 46.8% 1,720.29 13.9% 9.47 3.8% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 14.84 3.8% 56.67 12.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 6.00 1.5% 25.01 5.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 177.03 3.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 849.82 18.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 129.31 2.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 41.94 10.7% 43.23 9.2% 19.66 0.4% 6.80 0.0% 2.73 0.0% 18.03 7.2% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.74 0.2% 0.78 0.2% 25.92 0.6% 3.47 0.0% 0.05 0.0% 0.16 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.01 0.3% 1.04 0.2% 1.540.0% 0.35 0.0% 0.16 0.0% 0.48 0.2% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 5.05 1.3% 5.21 1.1% 76.81 1.6% 116.88 0.2% 318.14 2.6% 2.41 1.0% 0.00 0.0%Total 391.53 100.0% 470.08 100.0% 4,665.02 100.0% 58,154.64 100.0% 12,411.65 100.0% 250.36 100.0% 201.50 100.0%County ProcessCounty ProcessCounty ProcessAppendix A-26PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Montgomery Running Exhaust 532.53 73.2% 557.15 63.9% 2,689.62 32.0% 58,725.03 55.3% 19,882.87 84.7% 419.51 88.1% 391.56 100.0%Start Exhaust 66.78 9.2% 72.31 8.3% 3,405.54 40.5% 47,319.89 44.5% 2,987.33 12.7% 16.46 3.5% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 26.52 3.6% 101.30 11.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 11.27 1.5% 47.01 5.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 307.37 3.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 1,553.62 18.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 229.77 2.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 78.03 10.7% 80.43 9.2% 37.15 0.4% 12.87 0.0% 5.19 0.0% 34.24 7.2% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 1.29 0.2% 1.35 0.2% 45.00 0.5% 6.08 0.0% 0.09 0.0% 0.29 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.89 0.3% 1.95 0.2% 2.870.0% 0.66 0.0% 0.30 0.0% 0.90 0.2% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 9.46 1.3% 9.75 1.1% 143.75 1.7% 218.73 0.2% 594.63 2.5% 4.52 0.9% 0.00 0.0%Total 727.77 100.0% 871.25 100.0% 8,414.67 100.0% 106,283.26 100.0% 23,470.42 100.0% 475.92 100.0% 391.56 100.0%PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Philadelphia Running Exhaust 543.65 71.5% 567.41 59.4% 2,987.77 34.5% 57,988.78 56.8% 18,538.68 84.3% 404.85 88.1% 336.75 100.0%Start Exhaust 61.91 8.1% 67.04 7.0% 3,160.00 36.5% 43,818.69 42.9% 2,771.64 12.6% 15.29 3.3% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 45.00 5.9% 171.90 18.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 11.28 1.5% 47.05 4.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 285.99 3.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 1,744.60 20.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 232.67 2.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 84.43 11.1% 87.03 9.1% 41.23 0.5% 13.28 0.0% 5.04 0.0% 33.06 7.2% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 1.20 0.2% 1.26 0.1% 41.75 0.5% 5.63 0.0% 0.09 0.0% 0.27 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 2.16 0.3% 2.23 0.2% 3.290.0% 0.75 0.0% 0.34 0.0% 1.03 0.2% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 10.81 1.4% 11.14 1.2% 164.33 1.9% 250.06 0.2% 680.99 3.1% 5.16 1.1% 0.00 0.0%Total 760.45 100.0% 955.06 100.0% 8,661.64 100.0% 102,077.19 100.0% 21,996.77 100.0% 459.67 100.0% 336.76 100.0%County ProcessCounty ProcessAppendix A-27Appendix A-2-22009 Philadelphia Area Emission SummaryAnnual (Tons/Year)County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOXSO2NH3Bucks 4,787,056,062 40.5 359.14 454.28 4,927.53 56,435.1411,119.50 60.35 218.91Chester 4,079,142,718 40.3 307.11 389.21 3,858.01 45,136.47 9,294.47 51.37 186.38Delaware 3,475,960,655 37.9 254.25 328.70 3,791.33 43,210.72 7,822.52 42.99 159.70Montgomery 6,577,580,722 39.7 475.83 608.90 6,403.73 75,149.56 14,571.29 81.17 300.98Philadelphia 5,660,248,214 27.3 511.20 685.80 6,845.37 74,992.41 14,410.52 79.67 275.37Philadelphia MPO 24,579,988,371 35.9 1,907.52 2,466.88 25,825.97 294,924.29 57,218.29 315.56 1,141.34Appendix A-28Appendix A-2-22009 Philadelphia Area Emission Summary by Road TypeAnnual (Tons/Year)County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOXSO2NH3Bucks Off-Network - - 48.93 52.67 3,532.64 32,481.69 2,637.72 3.19 0.00Rural Restricted Access 122,302,773 64.8 11.29 12.71 30.79 691.44 321.46 1.83 5.71Rural Unrestricted Access 349,294,896 47.7 21.40 26.83 91.00 1,569.17 613.89 4.03 15.65Urban Restricted Access 1,091,493,746 52.9 84.18 99.26 289.08 6,246.69 2,309.35 14.11 51.09Urban Unrestricted Access 3,223,964,648 36.4 193.33 262.81 984.02 15,446.15 5,237.08 37.19 146.47Total 4,787,056,062 40.5 359.14 454.28 4,927.53 56,435.1411,119.50 60.35 218.91County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Chester Off-Network - - 37.41 40.24 2,661.50 24,509.53 2,030.82 2.46 0.00Rural Restricted Access 197,167,089 64.9 20.61 23.06 51.26 1,112.15 577.27 3.19 9.08Rural Unrestricted Access 530,723,197 45.5 38.84 48.43 146.13 2,406.62 1,029.52 6.59 23.34Urban Restricted Access 944,528,998 52.1 61.52 74.04 243.75 5,448.29 1,700.69 11.00 44.49Urban Unrestricted Access 2,406,723,434 35.1 148.73 203.44 755.37 11,659.87 3,956.17 28.14 109.47Total 4,079,142,718 40.3 307.11 389.21 3,858.01 45,136.479,294.47 51.37 186.38County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Delaware Off-Network - - 37.33 40.22 2,740.31 25,159.64 1,994.88 2.41 0.00Rural Restricted Access 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00Rural Unrestricted Access 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Urban Restricted Access 1,115,243,226 52.1 75.57 91.07 289.62 6,381.58 2,065.44 13.24 51.88Urban Unrestricted Access 2,360,717,429 33.5 141.35 197.42 761.40 11,669.49 3,762.20 27.33 107.82Total 3,475,960,655 37.9 254.25 328.70 3,791.33 43,210.727,822.52 42.99 159.70County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Montgomery Off-Network - - 61.79 66.51 4,465.36 41,089.54 3,327.98 4.03 0.00Rural Restricted Access 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00Rural Unrestricted Access 96,609,778 49.5 5.43 6.81 24.39 432.30 162.91 1.08 4.36Urban Restricted Access 2,344,222,917 53.7 173.31 205.52 610.73 13,398.98 4,719.67 29.32 108.70Urban Unrestricted Access 4,136,748,027 34.4 235.29 330.06 1,303.26 20,228.74 6,360.73 46.75 187.92Total 6,577,580,722 39.7 475.83 608.90 6,403.73 75,149.5614,571.29 81.17 300.98County Road Type VMT Speed (mph)PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Philadelphia Off-Network - - 65.44 70.39 4,657.81 42,584.95 3,556.59 4.30 0.00Rural Restricted Access 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00Rural Unrestricted Access 0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Urban Restricted Access 1,664,527,051 25.2 170.26 219.89 709.53 11,109.59 4,105.69 26.03 91.37Urban Unrestricted Access 3,995,721,163 28.3 275.49 395.52 1,478.03 21,297.87 6,748.24 49.35 183.99Total 5,660,248,214 27.3 511.20 685.80 6,845.37 74,992.4114,410.52 79.67 275.37Appendix A-29Appendix A-2-22009 Philadelphia Area Emission Summary by Source TypeAnnual (Tons/Year)VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Bucks Motorcycle 24,614,442 0.5% 1.17 0.3% 1.34 0.3% 124.842.5% 598.30 1.1% 23.88 0.2% 0.20 0.3% 0.94 0.4%Passenger Car 2,615,762,448 54.6% 50.98 14.2% 84.92 18.7%1,550.08 31.5% 17,200.44 30.5% 1,932.92 17.4% 20.12 33.3% 112.78 51.5%Passenger Truck 1,330,766,572 27.8% 66.90 18.6% 93.29 20.5% 2,153.87 43.7% 26,334.32 46.7% 3,227.62 29.0% 14.79 24.5% 72.23 33.0%Light Commercial Truck 447,969,802 9.4% 36.79 10.2% 46.21 10.2% 725.72 14.7% 8,900.82 15.8% 1,258.13 11.3% 5.46 9.0%22.06 10.1%Intercity Bus 5,104,320 0.1% 5.09 1.4% 5.56 1.2% 3.65 0.1% 24.01 0.0% 94.96 0.9% 0.29 0.5% 0.13 0.1%Transit Bus 275,892 0.0% 0.20 0.1% 0.22 0.0% 0.22 0.0% 2.77 0.0% 4.07 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0%School Bus 2,108,346 0.0% 1.07 0.3% 1.22 0.3% 2.89 0.1% 38.50 0.1% 19.61 0.2% 0.06 0.1% 0.05 0.0%Refuse Truck 2,948,584 0.1% 1.75 0.5% 1.96 0.4% 1.84 0.0% 15.79 0.0% 36.26 0.3% 0.15 0.3% 0.08 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 109,952,048 2.3% 28.94 8.1% 34.47 7.6% 118.67 2.4% 1,923.43 3.4% 662.78 6.0% 3.11 5.1% 3.44 1.6%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 14,682,525 0.3% 3.45 1.0% 4.17 0.9% 12.11 0.2% 179.72 0.3% 78.33 0.7% 0.39 0.7% 0.46 0.2%Motor Home 6,532,546 0.1% 1.21 0.3% 1.48 0.3% 13.30 0.3% 244.45 0.4% 42.10 0.4% 0.16 0.3% 0.24 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 95,902,159 2.0% 64.05 17.8% 71.23 15.7% 56.31 1.1% 338.11 0.6% 1,375.54 12.4% 6.23 10.3% 2.72 1.2%Combination Long-haul Truck 130,436,377 2.7% 97.53 27.2% 108.20 23.8% 164.03 3.3% 634.48 1.1% 2,363.31 21.3% 9.38 15.5% 3.76 1.7%Total 4,787,056,062 100.0% 359.14 100.0% 454.28 100.0% 4,927.53 100.0% 56,435.14 100.0% 11,119.50 100.0% 60.35 100.0% 218.91 100.0%VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Chester Motorcycle 20,964,059 0.5% 1.01 0.3% 1.16 0.3% 98.02 2.5% 499.63 1.1% 20.16 0.2% 0.17 0.3% 0.80 0.4%Passenger Car 2,227,835,998 54.6% 42.74 13.9% 71.90 18.5%1,198.09 31.1% 13,704.28 30.4% 1,582.44 17.0% 17.06 33.2% 96.03 51.5%Passenger Truck 1,133,408,060 27.8% 55.57 18.1% 78.17 20.1% 1,673.66 43.4% 20,932.52 46.4% 2,640.34 28.4% 12.52 24.4% 61.53 33.0%Light Commercial Truck 381,535,800 9.4% 30.77 10.0% 38.83 10.0% 565.94 14.7% 7,047.07 15.6% 1,033.32 11.1% 4.62 9.0%18.78 10.1%Intercity Bus 4,375,593 0.1% 4.41 1.4% 4.82 1.2% 3.13 0.1% 20.64 0.0% 81.36 0.9% 0.25 0.5% 0.11 0.1%Transit Bus 186,575 0.0% 0.14 0.0% 0.15 0.0% 0.14 0.0% 1.85 0.0% 2.72 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%School Bus 4,971,447 0.1% 2.51 0.8% 2.87 0.7% 6.74 0.2% 89.86 0.2% 46.23 0.5% 0.15 0.3% 0.10 0.1%Refuse Truck 2,501,425 0.1% 1.50 0.5% 1.68 0.4% 1.56 0.0% 13.47 0.0% 30.82 0.3% 0.13 0.3% 0.07 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 93,301,255 2.3% 24.63 8.0%29.38 7.5% 101.21 2.6% 1,635.61 3.6% 565.53 6.1% 2.65 5.2% 2.89 1.6%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 12,457,291 0.3% 2.93 1.0% 3.55 0.9% 10.33 0.3% 152.53 0.3% 66.67 0.7% 0.34 0.7% 0.38 0.2%Motor Home 5,544,410 0.1% 1.02 0.3% 1.26 0.3% 11.36 0.3% 208.81 0.5% 35.85 0.4% 0.14 0.3% 0.20 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 81,381,813 2.0% 55.40 18.0% 61.65 15.8% 47.94 1.2% 288.62 0.6% 1,173.39 12.6% 5.32 10.4% 2.30 1.2%Combination Long-haul Truck 110,678,991 2.7% 84.48 27.5% 93.78 24.1% 139.88 3.6% 541.56 1.2% 2,015.64 21.7% 8.01 15.6% 3.17 1.7%Total 4,079,142,718 100.0% 307.11 100.0% 389.21 100.0% 3,858.01 100.0% 45,136.47 100.0% 9,294.47 100.0% 51.37 100.0%186.38 100.0%VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Delaware Motorcycle 18,101,883 0.5% 0.90 0.4% 1.03 0.3% 96.85 2.6% 439.62 1.0% 17.09 0.2% 0.15 0.3% 0.67 0.4%Passenger Car 1,923,675,696 55.3% 40.19 15.8% 67.80 20.6%1,210.08 31.9% 13,367.79 30.9% 1,465.23 18.7% 15.17 35.3% 83.20 52.1%Passenger Truck 978,668,100 28.2% 52.35 20.6% 73.98 22.5%1,679.91 44.3% 20,378.67 47.2% 2,432.21 31.1% 11.12 25.9% 52.99 33.2%Light Commercial Truck 329,445,430 9.5% 28.42 11.2% 36.11 11.0% 566.01 14.9% 6,887.72 15.9% 952.75 12.2% 4.10 9.5% 16.18 10.1%Intercity Bus 3,866,606 0.1% 4.04 1.6% 4.44 1.4% 2.83 0.1% 18.49 0.0% 72.95 0.9% 0.22 0.5% 0.10 0.1%Transit Bus 1,793,663 0.1% 1.36 0.5% 1.47 0.4% 1.46 0.0% 18.03 0.0% 26.91 0.3% 0.07 0.2% 0.04 0.0%School Bus 464,111 0.0% 0.24 0.1% 0.28 0.1% 0.61 0.0% 7.53 0.0% 4.39 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0%Refuse Truck 1,809,487 0.1% 1.13 0.4% 1.27 0.4% 1.17 0.0% 9.98 0.0% 22.69 0.3% 0.10 0.2% 0.05 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 67,081,820 1.9% 18.47 7.3%22.24 6.8% 75.32 2.0% 1,200.16 2.8% 419.62 5.4% 1.97 4.6% 2.10 1.3%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 8,958,098 0.3% 2.20 0.9% 2.69 0.8% 7.73 0.2% 112.35 0.3% 49.67 0.6% 0.25 0.6% 0.28 0.2%Motor Home 3,985,991 0.1% 0.76 0.3% 0.95 0.3% 8.47 0.2% 153.09 0.4% 26.23 0.3% 0.10 0.2% 0.15 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 58,522,860 1.7% 41.20 16.2% 46.12 14.0% 35.64 0.9% 213.40 0.5% 852.85 10.9% 3.87 9.0% 1.65 1.0%Combination Long-haul Truck 79,586,910 2.3% 62.99 24.8%70.32 21.4% 105.24 2.8% 403.88 0.9% 1,479.95 18.9% 5.84 13.6% 2.28 1.4%Total 3,475,960,655 100.0% 254.25 100.0% 328.70 100.0% 3,791.33 100.0% 43,210.72 100.0% 7,822.52 100.0% 42.99 100.0%159.70 100.0%County SourcetypeCounty SourcetypeCounty SourcetypeAppendix A-210VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Montgomery Motorcycle 34,062,593 0.5% 1.70 0.4% 1.95 0.3% 163.79 2.6% 810.22 1.1% 32.29 0.2% 0.28 0.3% 1.28 0.4%Passenger Car 3,619,806,658 55.0% 72.42 15.2% 121.61 20.0% 2,013.33 31.4% 23,089.75 30.7% 2,613.56 17.9% 27.97 34.5%156.06 51.9%Passenger Truck 1,841,578,496 28.0% 93.89 19.7% 132.20 21.7% 2,809.49 43.9% 35,119.95 46.7% 4,344.87 29.8% 20.50 25.3% 99.64 33.1%Light Commercial Truck 619,917,776 9.4% 51.22 10.8% 64.85 10.7% 949.20 14.8% 11,805.54 15.7% 1,700.92 11.7% 7.56 9.3% 30.39 10.1%Intercity Bus 6,926,939 0.1% 6.98 1.5% 7.63 1.3% 4.92 0.1% 32.42 0.0% 129.28 0.9% 0.40 0.5% 0.18 0.1%Transit Bus 1,413,372 0.0% 1.06 0.2% 1.14 0.2% 1.14 0.0% 14.39 0.0% 21.25 0.1% 0.06 0.1% 0.03 0.0%School Bus 3,116,755 0.0% 1.64 0.3% 1.86 0.3% 4.20 0.1% 54.88 0.1% 29.53 0.2% 0.10 0.1% 0.07 0.0%Refuse Truck 3,700,915 0.1% 2.22 0.5% 2.49 0.4% 2.30 0.0% 19.93 0.0% 45.78 0.3% 0.20 0.2% 0.10 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 137,490,361 2.1% 36.70 7.7% 43.68 7.2% 149.34 2.3% 2,445.42 3.3% 841.24 5.8% 3.96 4.9% 4.29 1.4%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 18,356,240 0.3% 4.38 0.9% 5.29 0.9% 15.25 0.2% 229.18 0.3% 99.72 0.7% 0.50 0.6% 0.57 0.2%Motor Home 8,167,152 0.1% 1.53 0.3% 1.88 0.3% 16.85 0.3% 314.59 0.4% 53.44 0.4% 0.21 0.3% 0.30 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 119,952,325 1.8% 80.14 16.8% 89.09 14.6% 70.04 1.1% 422.23 0.6% 1,714.77 11.8% 7.76 9.6% 3.38 1.1%Combination Long-haul Truck 163,091,138 2.5% 121.93 25.6% 135.22 22.2% 203.88 3.2% 791.07 1.1% 2,944.64 20.2% 11.6814.4% 4.67 1.6%Total 6,577,580,722 100.0% 475.83 100.0% 608.90 100.0% 6,403.73 100.0% 75,149.56 100.0% 14,571.29 100.0% 81.17 100.0% 300.98 100.0%VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.Philadelphia Motorcycle 29,323,081 0.5% 1.48 0.3% 1.72 0.3% 173.70 2.5% 731.09 1.0% 25.98 0.2% 0.25 0.3% 1.06 0.4%Passenger Car 3,116,141,384 55.1% 73.72 14.4% 134.90 19.7% 2,144.45 31.3% 23,057.50 30.7% 2,522.62 17.5% 27.63 34.7%143.84 52.2%Passenger Truck 1,585,332,608 28.0% 94.03 18.4% 142.53 20.8% 2,986.84 43.6% 35,044.70 46.7% 4,141.35 28.7% 20.00 25.1% 90.32 32.8%Light Commercial Truck 533,665,900 9.4% 52.91 10.4% 70.05 10.2% 1,014.02 14.8% 11,912.04 15.9% 1,679.92 11.7% 7.39 9.3% 27.68 10.1%Intercity Bus 8,072,555 0.1% 9.98 2.0% 11.26 1.6% 7.22 0.1%45.10 0.1% 168.09 1.2% 0.52 0.7% 0.24 0.1%Transit Bus 23,323,576 0.4% 20.48 4.0% 22.60 3.3% 24.04 0.4% 259.99 0.3% 406.11 2.8% 1.09 1.4% 0.54 0.2%School Bus 6,084,174 0.1% 3.90 0.8% 4.62 0.7% 9.04 0.1% 92.11 0.1% 68.29 0.5% 0.22 0.3% 0.16 0.1%Refuse Truck 2,928,220 0.1% 2.24 0.4% 2.62 0.4% 2.39 0.0% 18.53 0.0% 41.42 0.3% 0.18 0.2% 0.09 0.0%Single Unit Short-haul Truck 109,292,520 1.9% 37.34 7.3% 46.57 6.8% 147.60 2.2% 2,118.03 2.8% 815.93 5.7% 3.85 4.8% 3.76 1.4%Single Unit Long-haul Truck 14,600,425 0.3% 4.47 0.9% 5.67 0.8% 15.61 0.2% 200.23 0.3% 96.94 0.7% 0.49 0.6% 0.50 0.2%Motor Home 6,493,711 0.1% 1.51 0.3% 1.94 0.3% 16.53 0.2% 273.50 0.4% 48.52 0.3% 0.20 0.2% 0.27 0.1%Combination Short-haul Truck 95,334,960 1.7% 82.03 16.0% 94.93 13.8% 73.43 1.1% 413.28 0.6% 1,555.45 10.8% 7.06 8.9%2.92 1.1%Combination Long-haul Truck 129,655,100 2.3% 127.11 24.9% 146.38 21.3% 230.50 3.4% 826.30 1.1% 2,839.90 19.7% 10.8113.6% 4.01 1.5%Total 5,660,248,214 100.0% 511.20 100.0% 685.80 100.0% 6,845.37 100.0% 74,992.41 100.0% 14,410.52 100.0% 79.67 100.0% 275.37 100.0%County SourcetypeCounty SourcetypeAppendix A-211Appendix A-2-22009 Philadelphia Area Emission Summary by ProcessAnnual (Tons/Year)PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Bucks Running Exhaust 247.33 68.9% 258.76 57.0% 1,007.83 20.5% 23,947.23 42.4% 8,479.72 76.3% 54.16 89.8% 218.91 100.0%Start Exhaust 42.38 11.8% 45.90 10.1% 2,515.60 51.1% 32,303.96 57.2% 2,180.68 19.6% 2.60 4.3% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 18.97 5.3% 72.45 15.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 8.00 2.2% 33.36 7.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 311.97 6.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 697.50 14.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 257.52 5.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 35.91 10.0% 37.04 8.2% 14.43 0.3% 6.22 0.0% 2.06 0.0% 2.99 5.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.79 0.2% 0.83 0.2% 33.26 0.7% 4.24 0.0% 0.08 0.0% 0.04 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.93 0.3% 0.96 0.2% 1.560.0% 0.40 0.0% 0.18 0.0% 0.07 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 4.83 1.3% 4.98 1.1% 87.86 1.8% 173.09 0.3% 456.78 4.1% 0.47 0.8% 0.00 0.0%Total 359.14 100.0% 454.28 100.0% 4,927.53 100.0% 56,435.14 100.0% 11,119.50 100.0% 60.35 100.0% 218.91 100.0%PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Chester Running Exhaust 215.10 70.0% 225.05 57.8% 865.18 22.4% 20,621.59 45.7% 7,261.88 78.1% 46.34 90.2% 186.38 100.0%Start Exhaust 31.89 10.4% 34.53 8.9% 1,889.99 49.0% 24,358.00 54.0% 1,640.27 17.6% 1.96 3.8% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 16.52 5.4% 63.12 16.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 6.86 2.2% 28.61 7.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 234.39 6.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 554.87 14.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 199.76 5.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 31.21 10.2% 32.20 8.3% 12.40 0.3% 5.35 0.0% 1.77 0.0% 2.57 5.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.60 0.2% 0.63 0.2% 24.99 0.6% 3.24 0.0% 0.06 0.0% 0.03 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.80 0.3% 0.82 0.2% 1.330.0% 0.34 0.0% 0.15 0.0% 0.06 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 4.13 1.3% 4.26 1.1% 75.10 1.9% 147.94 0.3% 390.34 4.2% 0.40 0.8% 0.00 0.0%Total 307.11 100.0% 389.21 100.0% 3,858.01 100.0% 45,136.47 100.0% 9,294.47 100.0% 51.37 100.0% 186.38 100.0%PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Delaware Running Exhaust 171.58 67.5% 179.81 54.7% 748.4319.7% 18,046.68 41.8% 5,826.31 74.5% 38.63 89.9% 159.70 100.0%Start Exhaust 32.97 13.0% 35.71 10.9% 1,959.99 51.7% 25,043.46 58.0% 1,696.86 21.7% 2.02 4.7% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 15.58 6.1% 59.51 18.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 5.88 2.3% 24.53 7.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 243.23 6.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 544.25 14.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 200.70 5.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 23.88 9.4% 24.64 7.5% 10.60 0.3% 4.40 0.0% 1.33 0.0% 1.95 4.5% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.60 0.2% 0.64 0.2% 25.91 0.7% 3.24 0.0% 0.06 0.0% 0.03 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.61 0.2% 0.63 0.2% 1.010.0% 0.26 0.0% 0.12 0.0% 0.05 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 3.15 1.2% 3.24 1.0% 57.20 1.5% 112.68 0.3% 297.84 3.8% 0.31 0.7% 0.00 0.0%Total 254.25 100.0% 328.70 100.0% 3,791.33 100.0% 43,210.72 100.0% 7,822.52 100.0% 42.99 100.0% 159.70 100.0%County ProcessCounty ProcessCounty ProcessAppendix A-212PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Montgomery Running Exhaust 329.95 69.3% 345.73 56.8% 1,392.85 21.8% 34,051.63 45.3% 11,240.68 77.1% 73.31 90.3% 300.98 100.0%Start Exhaust 53.63 11.3% 58.08 9.5% 3,183.25 49.7% 40,868.50 54.4% 2,759.37 18.9% 3.30 4.1% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 27.04 5.7% 103.28 17.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 11.00 2.3% 45.86 7.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 394.99 6.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 925.19 14.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 334.41 5.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 46.05 9.7% 47.51 7.8% 19.79 0.3% 8.39 0.0% 2.62 0.0% 3.84 4.7% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.99 0.2% 1.05 0.2% 42.09 0.7% 5.36 0.0% 0.10 0.0% 0.05 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.16 0.2% 1.20 0.2% 1.940.0% 0.50 0.0% 0.22 0.0% 0.09 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 6.01 1.3% 6.19 1.0% 109.23 1.7% 215.18 0.3% 568.29 3.9% 0.59 0.7% 0.00 0.0%Total 475.83 100.0% 608.90 100.0% 6,403.73 100.0% 75,149.56 100.0% 14,571.29 100.0% 81.17 100.0% 300.98 100.0%PM2.5PM10VOCCONOXSO2NH3EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.EmissionsPct.Philadelphia Running Exhaust 342.36 67.0% 357.91 52.2% 1,510.65 22.1% 32,398.74 43.2% 10,851.26 75.3% 71.61 89.9% 275.37 100.0%Start Exhaust 55.75 10.9% 60.38 8.8% 3,312.33 48.4% 42,318.82 56.4% 2,868.69 19.9% 3.43 4.3% 0.00 0.0%Brakewear 42.12 8.2% 160.89 23.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Tirewear 10.64 2.1% 44.37 6.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 411.65 6.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 1,046.27 15.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 364.73 5.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Running Exhaust 50.64 9.9% 52.24 7.6% 21.64 0.3% 8.72 0.0% 2.68 0.0% 3.76 4.7% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Start Exhaust 1.03 0.2% 1.08 0.2% 43.78 0.6% 5.50 0.0% 0.10 0.0% 0.05 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.40 0.3% 1.45 0.2% 2.340.0% 0.60 0.0% 0.27 0.0% 0.11 0.1% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.000.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%Extended Idle Exhaust 7.26 1.4% 7.48 1.1% 131.99 1.9% 260.02 0.3% 687.53 4.8% 0.71 0.9% 0.00 0.0%Total 511.20 100.0% 685.80 100.0% 6,845.37 100.0% 74,992.41 100.0% 14,410.52 100.0% 79.67 100.0% 275.37 100.0%County ProcessCounty ProcessAppendix A-213APPENDIX A-3Philadelphia Area MOVES Sample Input FilesAppendix A-31MOVES Run Specification File SettingsSample xml file format<moves><importer mode="county" ><filters><geographicselections>(Specify County to be run)<geographicselection type="COUNTY" key="42017" description="PENNSYLVANIA - Bucks County"/></geographicselections><timespan><year key="2002"/><month id="00"/><day id="2"/><day id="5"/><beginhour id="1"/><endhour id="24"/><aggregateBy key="Hour"/></timespan><onroadvehicleselections><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="LightCommercial Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="MotorHome"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/></onroadvehicleselections><offroadvehicleselections></offroadvehicleselections><offroadvehiclesccs></offroadvehiclesccs><roadtypes><roadtype roadtypeid="1" roadtypename="Off-Network"/><roadtype roadtypeid="2" roadtypename="Rural Restricted Access"/><roadtype roadtypeid="3" roadtypename="Rural Unrestricted Access"/><roadtype roadtypeid="4" roadtypename="Urban Restricted Access"/><roadtype roadtypeid="5" roadtypename="Urban Unrestricted Access"/></roadtypes></filters><databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="42017_2002_00_25_Avgann_mi"/><agedistribution>Appendix A-32<description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts><sourceTypeAgeDistribution>(Specify Age Distribution data file name for countybeing run)<filename>42091_2002_SourceTypeAgeDistribution.csv</filename></sourceTypeAgeDistribution></parts></agedistribution><avgspeeddistribution><description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts><avgSpeedDistribution>(Specify Average Speed Distribution data file namefor county being run – Asprepared by PPSUITE post processor)<filename>avgSpeedDistribution.csv</filename></avgSpeedDistribution></parts></avgspeeddistribution><imcoverage><description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts><imcoverage>(Specify I/M Parameters file name for county beingrun)<filename>42000_2002_IMCoverage.csv</filename></imcoverage></parts></imcoverage><fuel><description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts><FuelSupply>(Specify Fuel Supply data file name for county being run)<filename>42000_2002_FuelSupply.csv</filename></FuelSupply><FuelFormulation>(Specify Fuel Formulation data file name for countybeing run)<filename>42000_FuelFormulation_MOVES2010a.csv</filename></FuelFormulation></parts></fuel><zonemonthhour><description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts><zoneMonthHour>(Specify Meteorology data file name for county being run)<filename>42017_2008_met.csv</filename></zoneMonthHour></parts></zonemonthhour><roadtypedistribution><description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts><roadTypeDistribution>(Specify Road Type Distribution data file name forcounty being run – As prepared by PPSUITE post processor)<filename>roadTypeDistribution.csv</filename></roadTypeDistribution></parts></roadtypedistribution><sourcetypepopulation><description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts><sourceTypeYear><filename>SourceTypePopulation.csv</filename>(Specify Vehicle Population data file name for county being run)</sourceTypeYear></parts></sourcetypepopulation>Appendix A-33<rampfraction><description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts><roadType>(Specify Ramp Fractions data file name for county being run – As prepared by PPSUITE post processor)<filename>rampfraction_defaults.csv</filename></roadType></parts></rampfraction><vehicletypevmt><description><![CDATA[]]></description><parts>(Specify Annual VMT and VMT Fractions file names for county being run – As prepared by PPSUITE post processor)<hpmsVTypeYear><filename>hpmsVTypeYear.csv</filename></hpmsVTypeYear><monthvmtfraction><filename>42017_2002_MonthVMTFraction.csv</filename></monthvmtfraction><dayvmtfraction><filename>dayvmtfraction_avgday.csv</filename></dayvmtfraction><hourvmtfraction><filename>hourvmtfraction.csv</filename></hourvmtfraction></parts></vehicletypevmt></importer></moves>Sample mrs file format<runspec><description><![CDATA[MOVES2010 RunSpec Created byCENTRAL4 Scenario: BUCK 2002 ANNAVG Avgann EmissionInventory with user's data]]></description><modelscale value="INV"/><modeldomain value="SINGLE"/><geographicselections>(Specify County to be run)<geographicselection type="COUNTY" key="42017" description="PENNSYLVANIA - Bucks County"/></geographicselections><timespan><year key="2002"/><month id="1"/><month id="2"/><month id="3"/><month id="4"/><month id="5"/><month id="6"/><month id="7"/><month id="8"/><month id="9"/><month id="10"/><month id="11"/><month id="12"/><day id="2"/><day id="5"/><beginhour id="1"/><endhour id="24"/><aggregateBy key="Hour"/></timespan><onroadvehicleselections><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/>Appendix A-34<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="LightCommercial Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="MotorHome"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/><onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/></onroadvehicleselections><offroadvehicleselections></offroadvehicleselections><offroadvehiclesccs></offroadvehiclesccs><roadtypes><roadtype roadtypeid="1" roadtypename="Off-Network"/><roadtype roadtypeid="2" roadtypename="Rural Restricted Access"/><roadtype roadtypeid="3" roadtypename="Rural Unrestricted Access"/><roadtype roadtypeid="4" roadtypename="Urban Restricted Access"/><roadtype roadtypeid="5" roadtypename="Urban Unrestricted Access"/></roadtypes><pollutantprocessassociations><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="1"processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="2"processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="12" processname="Evap Fuel Vapor Venting"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/>Appendix A-35<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="12" processname="Evap Fuel Vapor Venting"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="12" processname="Evap Fuel Vapor Venting"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="116" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Brakewear Particulate"processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended IdleExhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="117" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tirewear"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1"processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2"processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="106" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Brakewear Particulate" processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/>Appendix A-36<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="107" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tirewear"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="116" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Brakewear Particulate"processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="117" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tirewear"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1"processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2"processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1"processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2"processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/><pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/></pollutantprocessassociations><databaseselections><databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="early_NLEV" description=""/><databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="calevii08" description=""/></databaseselections><inputdatabase servername="" databasename="" description=""/><uncertaintyparameters uncertaintymodeenabled="false" numberofrunspersimulation="0" numberofsimulations="0"/><geographicoutputdetail description="COUNTY"/><outputemissionsbreakdownselection><modelyear selected="false"/><fueltype selected="false"/><emissionprocess selected="true"/><onroadoffroad selected="true"/><roadtype selected="true"/><sourceusetype selected="true"/><movesvehicletype selected="false"/><onroadscc selected="false"/><offroadscc selected="false"/><estimateuncertainty selected="false" numberOfIterations="2" keepSampledData="false" keepIterations="false"/><sector selected="false"/><engtechid selected="false"/><hpclass selected="false"/></outputemissionsbreakdownselection>(Specify output database file name for county beingrun)<outputdatabase servername="localhost" databasename="42017_2002_00_25_Avgann_mo" description=""/>><outputtimestep value="Month"/><outputvmtdata value="true"/><outputsho value="true"/><outputsh value="true"/><outputshp value="true"/><outputshidling value="true"/><outputstarts value="true"/><outputpopulation value="true"/>(Specify input database file name for county beingrun)<scaleinputdatabase servername="localhost" databasename="42017_2002_00_25_Avgann_mi" description=""/><pmsize value="0"/><outputfactors><timefactors selected="true" units="Hours"/><distancefactors selected="false" units="Miles"/><massfactors selected="false" units="Grams" energyunits="Million BTU"/></outputfactors>Appendix A-37<savedata></savedata><donotexecute></donotexecute><generatordatabase shouldsave="false" servername=""databasename="" description=""/><donotperformfinalaggregation selected="false"/><lookuptableflags scenarioid="" truncateoutput="false" truncateactivity="false"/><internalcontrolstrategies><internalcontrolstrategy classname="gov.epa.otaq.moves.master.implementation.ghg.internalcontrolstrategies.rateofprogress.RateOfProgressStrategy"><![CDATA[useParameters No]]></internalcontrolstrategy></internalcontrolstrategies></runspec>