UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ·AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

AUG l8 2015 

MEMORANDUM 

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY 

ANO POLLUTION PREVENTION 

SUBJECT: BEAD Chemical Profile (BCP) for Registration Review: Ziram (034805) 

FROM: Carl 

Biological 

Chen, 

Analysis 

Biologist 

Branch 

~ ~ 

THRU: 

Science 

Rafael A. 

Information 

Prieto, Environmental 

and Analysis 

Protection 

Branch 

Sp~J.i fl~ stl, (A/\/ I J 

l 

0., 

' 

f ~ 

Economic 

Stephen Smearman

Analysis 

, 

Branch 

Economist ~~ 

Biological and Economic Analysis Division (7503P) 

Arnet Jones, Chief 

Biological Analysis BrancH 

Science 

Diann Sims

Information 

, Chief ~ and Analysis Branch 

Timothy Kiely, Chief. (;\_ vv..._~ Economic Analysis Branch'-' J 

Biological and Economic Analysis Division ( 3P) 

TO: Khue Nguyen, Chemical Review Manager 

Risk Management and Implementation Branch 1 

Pesticide Re-evaluation Division (7508P) 

Peer Review Panel date: July 15, 2015 

SUMMARY 

Ziram is a fungicide that was first registered in 1948. According to the ziram SLUA generated in 

2014 (with a reporting time frame of2004-2012), the crops with the highest pounds of active 

ingredient (a.i.) applied are almonds with 900,000 pounds a.i. and apples with 400,000 pounds 
a.i. applied annually. In terms of the average percent crop treated (PCT), the top crops are 

apricots, blueberries and peaches with 35%, 30% and 30% average percent crop treated (PCT) 

respectively. Additional crops included in the SLUA are: cherries, grapes, nectarines, pears, 

pecans, pumpkins, strawberries, and tomatoes. 

INTRODUCTION 

The Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD) Chemical Profile (BCP) provides an 

overview of the pest management roles and quantitative usage information for ziram. The BCP 

includes summaries of previous BEAD products and available public and/or private use and 

usage data for ziram to describe the role of this chemical in pest management. Additional 

information on use is available in the Label Data Reports for ziram. Information provided in this 

BEAD Chemical Profile (BCP) may be used by stakeholders (e.g., users and registrants), OPP 

risk assessors, and OPP risk managers, and the general public during the Registration Review 

process of this pesticide. 

USE SITES 

Registered agricultural use sites for ziram include: almond, apple, apricot, blackberry, blueberry, 

cherry, grapes, nectarine, peach, pear, pecan, and tomato. 

Registered non-agricultural use sites for ziram include: Christmas tree plantations, conifers, and 

ornamentals. 

FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION METHODS 

Ziram is formulated as a dry flowable and applied as a ground foliar spray, or by aircraft. 

HISTORY OF ZIRAM BEAD PRODUCTS 

A search of the BEAD database for previous products for ziram indicates that there are no 

records of prior benefits assessments or Section 18 Emergency Exemption Requests. Recent 

Section 18 Emergency Exemption Requests might suggest that a chemical is important for the 

uses granted in the request; however, a lack of Section 18 Emergency Exemption Requests is not 

an indication of the relative importance of the chemical. 

2 
USAGE 

Agricultural 

For the 2009-20 13 timeframe, ziram annual usage averaged 1.5 million pounds of a.i. treating an 

annual average of 380,000 acres, with an overall average application rate of 4 pounds a .i. per acre. 

As shown in Figures I and 2, use, both in terms of a. i. and in terms of total area treated, has remained 

relatively constant. (Proprietary Data, 2009-20 13) 

Usage Trends 

___ FIGURE __:__:c. 1. Ziram Pounds A. I. A lied 2005-2013 

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FIGURE 2. Ziram Total Area Treated in Acres QOOS-2013) _ _, 

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3 
As seen in Figure 3 below, the highest usage ofziram in terms of pounds applied is almonds. 

FIGURE 3. Pounds Ziram for Top Crops, 2009-2013 

1,400,000 

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0 

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Source: Proprietary Data, 2009-2013 

2011 

Year 

2012 2013 

....,._Almonds 

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....,._ Peaches 

- • -Other 

As shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below, from 2009-2013, almonds, apples, and peaches had the 

highest usage, with almonds accounting for 45% of the usage in terms of total pounds applied. 

TABLE 1. Crops with H. 12 h est U se o f z· 1ram - p ercent o fT ota I Lb s. Applied (2009-2013) 

Crop %Lbs 

Almonds 45 

Apples 21 

Peaches 16 

Other 18 

Source: Proprietary Data, 2009-2013 

TABLE 2. States with u· 121 h est U se o f z· 1ram- p ercent o f T t oa I Lb s. Applied (2009-2013) 

State %Lbs 

California 69 

Michigan 9 

Washington 4 

Other . 18 

Source: Proprietary Data, 2009-2013 

4 
Application Rates 

TABLE3 . z· 1ram u se on T C op rops: A verage A I R .. a t e, 2009 -2013 

Crop Average Annual Average Annual Total Avg. Al Rate 

Total Pounds Area Treated* (lbs a.i./acres) 

Almonds 690,000 130,000 5.1 

Apples 310,000 100,000 3.1 

Peaches 240,000 53,000 4.6 

*Total Area Treated sums all acres treated for a crop, including those acres that receive multiple 

treatments. Source: Proprietary Data, 2009-2013 

Non-agricultural Usage 

BEAD has no available non-agricultural ziram usage data on a national level. 

Geographic Distribution of Ziram Use 

According to the following map (Figure 4), New Jersey is the state with the highest usage (more 

than 120 lbs) in terms of pounds per 1,000 crop acres grown. This is followed by California with 

22 to 120 lbs in terms of pounds per 1,000 crop acres grown. 

5 
Figure 4. Annual average agricultural use intensity of ziram (2008-2012). 

Pounds Active Ingredient 

per 1,000 Crop Acres Grown 

CJ•4 

0 4 - 13 

- 14 - 21 

- 22 - 120 

- > 120 

LJ NOData 

Source: Proprietary Data, 2008-2012 

CHEMICAL AND USE CHARACTERISTICS 

Ziram belongs to the chemical group of dithiocarbamates and relatives classified by the 

Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) as a FRAC Group M3 fungicide. In general, 

M3 fungicides are considered as a low risk group without any signs of resistance developing to 

them (FRAC, 2014). Ziram has a multi-site contact activity against plant pathogens. It can also 

be used with systemic fungicides for broad-spectrum disease control and for resistance 

management. A Section 2(ee) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 

(FIFRA) recommendation has been issued for Ziram® 760F, a single active ingredient product of 

ziram, for use in tank mixes for resistance management to control almond diseases in California 

(CDMS, 2015). 

Ziram was also used with additional use directions that are not registered under FIFRA Section 

3. A FIFRA Section 24(c) registration has been issued for Ziram® 76DF for a Special Local 

Need (SLN) use to control blueberry diseases in Michigan and New Jersey. Compared to the 

federally registered label, a higher application rate is allowed in the SLN use, and aerial 

applications are allowed in Michigan (CDMS, 2015). 

6 
ROLE OF ZIRAM IN PEST MANAGEMENT 

Ziram is registered for control of some important diseases including scab on nut crops, pome 

fruits, and stone fruits; shot hole on nut crops and stone fruits; brown rot on stone fruits; ripe rot 

on small fruits; and early blight on tomatoes. It is also registered for ornamental uses to control 

diseases such as rust, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. 

The major agricultural use of ziram is on fruit and nut crops. On apricots, ziram ranks first in 

order of usefulness in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for control of shot hole 

during the main growing season, considering efficacy, general fungicide properties, and 

information relating to environmental impact (Adaskaveg et al., 2009). On peaches, ziram was 

reported to have excellent or effective control for leaf curl, shot hole, and scab diseases in 

California (CDPR, 2011-2012). Approximately 90% of the peach acreage was treated with 

ziram in New Jersey (Proprietary Data, 2009-2013), which partially explains the relatively high 

use intensity in the state depicted in Figure 4. Ziram also played an important role on several 

other commodities that are high in value to the grower, treating approximately 20 to 30 percent 

of the almond, blueberry, nectarine, and/or pear acreage on average during the period of 2004 to 

2012 (EPA, 2014). 

DATA NEEDS 

The Agency currently does not have complete information on ziram. Information on registered 

crops/sites such as ornamentals that have no usage data available, including total pounds active 

ingredient applied per year on a national or regional basis, percent crop/site treated, application 

rates (typical and maximum), frequency and intervals of application, and target or niche pest 

species, may improve future assessments related to the use and importance of ziram. 

BEAD also needs non-agricultural usage information for uses including ornamentals, foliar 

repellent use, and as an additive in industrial adhesives, sealants, caulking and latex paints. 

Information needed for these sites and products includes the quantities sold in these products, 

estimated areas of use or application and frequency or interval of application as well as the target 

pests. 

REFERENCES 

Adaskaveg JE, Gubler WD, Coates WW, Stapleton JJ, Caprile JL, Holtz BA. 2009. UC IPM Pest 

Management Guidelines: Apricot. UC ANR Publication 3433. University of California. Available at 

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r5100311.html. 

CDMS. 2015. Crop Data Management Systems. Available at http://premier.cdms.net/webapls. 

CDPR. 2012. Summary of pesticide use data - indexed by Chemicals. California Department of Pesticide 

. Registration (CDPR). Available at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur I 2rep/ l 2sum.htm . 

.. 7 
EPA. 2014. Screening Level Estimates of Agricultural Use of Ziram (034805). Reporting Time: 2004-

2012. June 20, 2014. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Biological and Economic Analysis Division. 

FRAC. 2014. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) - 2014 FRAC Code List0 . Available at 

http://www. frac. i nfo/frac/publ ication/anhang/20 14%20 FRAC%20Code%20 List. pd f. 

Proprietary Data. 2005-2013. 

APPENDIX A 

The map included herein is primarily for the use of the risk assessors in the Environmental Fate 

and Effects Division. The map provides a very broad geographical view of the average annual 

amount (in pounds) of the active ingredient applied per 1,000 acres of crop acres grown. These 

data are included in the maps because risk assessors are interested in the amount of a pesticide 

used across agricultural land. The calculated values presented in the map are not equivalent to 

an application rate (lbs. a.i/A). 

The data used to make these maps have several limitations. Any interpretation of the maps 

should consider the underlying data and the associated limitations carefully. 

The numerator (annual average pounds applied) is based on private market surveys of pesticide 

use in agriculture averaged over the last five years (Proprietary Data, 2008-2012). These surveys 

cover about 60 crops and are targeted in states that produce the majority of the crop. Although 

the surveys capture most of the use of a particular active ingredient in agriculture, there are 

several limitations to these surveys. 

• States with minor production of a surveyed crop are not sampled 

• Not all types of pesticides are surveyed in every crop in every year 

• Many specialty crops with very small acreages are not included in the survey 

The result of these limitations is that states that show no usage may actually have a small amount 

of the active ingredient being used. In some cases the displayed use intensity may. be distorted 

because the surveyed crops and the reported pesticide usage may not accurately represent the 

actual pesticide usage on the crops produced in the state. 

The denominator (1 ,000 crop acres grown) was also obtained from the same private market 

survey database. The "Crop Acres Grown" variable represents the total acres grown in a given 

state of all of the surveyed crops. This value is independent of pesticide usage and pesticide 

registration. It is important to note that the surveyed crops (about 60) are sampled from states 

that are major producers of each crop. Therefore, there are cases where the actual crop acreage in 

8 
a state is higher than that reported by crop acres grown in the survey because either that state 

and/or crop was not included in the survey. 

The reader should pay particular attention to the figure legends and realize that a map prepared 

for a particular chemical is not directly comparable to a map prepared for a different chemical as 

the legend bins will likely be different. 

9