Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Executive Summary 1

Executive Summary

Project Title: Technology and Practices to Reduce Mobile Air Conditioning 

Refrigerant Emissions by 50 Percent at Vehicle Service and Vehicle End of Life; 

Associated Education and Outreach

Project Overview: Purpose and Background

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 20 percent 

of the HFC-134a in equipment is emitted to the atmosphere each year. According to the 

U.S. EPA, total mobile A/C emissions in 2004 were 24,539 metric tons (52% of total 

U.S. HFC-134a emissions). This increase of HFC-134a being found in the atmosphere 

is one reason the European Community is banning its future use in Europe, and the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and individual states like California are focusing 

their attention on the issue. 

Since June 2005, more than 100 industry experts have been intensely involved in 

research to implement “Improved Mobile Air Conditioning” (I-MAC), a cooperative 

research project organized under the auspices of the Society of Automotive Engineers 

(SAE) and supported by $3 million in industry and government contributions. I-MAC 

members are pledged to increase A/C energy efficiency by at least 30% and to 

decrease refrigerant emissions by 50%.

Four teams were organized to address different aspects of I-MAC. One focused on the 

efficiency of mobile air conditioning systems. Another worked to reduce the overall 

system charge and leakage from hoses, seals and other sources of emission during 

normal operation of the system. A third team explored ways to reduce solar load and 

heat input into the passenger compartment. The fourth team addressed reduction of 

refrigerant emissions during service and repair, and at vehicle end-of-life. 

This report details the work of the fourth I-MAC team (Service Team) to identify

improved service tools and equipment, procedures and strategies to reduce refrigerant 

emissions at service and make recommendations for vehicle end-of-life refrigerant 

recovery. 

Timing of Project

Work on this project began during the third quarter of 2004. The federally funded portion 

of this project began on Jan. 1, 2005 and is planned for completion by June 30, 2007. 

Summary of Approaches

Six working groups comprised of 35 industry experts were established and addressed

priorities which were initially identified by surveying the service industry and consulting 

automotive engineers and other experts on service and repair.

1. Working Group 1: Leak Detection Tools and Procedures

2. Working Group 2: Refrigerant Recovery/Charging Equipment and Procedures

3. Working Group 3: Field Coupled Hose Assemblies
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Executive Summary 2

4. Working Group 4: Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Service 

Market

5. Working Group 5: End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles

6. Working Group 6: Communication, Education, Outreach

Conclusions/Recommendations

Research and investigation, testing and analysis suggest that HFC-134a emissions 

from mobile air conditioning in the U.S. could potentially be reduced by millions of 

pounds annually with the introduction and implementation of tools, equipment, 

techniques, procedures and policies as follows: 

1. More efficient refrigerant recovery and more accurate charging equipment and 

procedures.

2. Improved leak detection (tools and procedures).

3. Mandatory repair of A/C system leaks before system recharge.

4. Quality components; correct installation and connections.

5. Reduction of emissions from refrigerant container heels.

6. Elimination of DIY recharge of leaking systems.

7. Better compliance with recovery requirements and more efficient recovery at 

vehicle end of life.

8. Restricting sale of refrigerant only to certified technicians. 

Team Members

Pam Abercrombe, Gates

Jerry Arivett, Burgaflex

Ward Atkinson, Sun Test

Jim Baker, Delphi

Dave Bateman, DuPont

John Brunner, Consultant/Trainer

Mike Cable, Hickok

Tim Carey, Manuli

Peter Coll, Neutronics

Tom Crandall, RTI

Paul DeGuiseppi, MACS Worldwide

Paul DeWitt, Eaton

Gene Dianetti, Parker

Gary Douglas, Goodyear

John Duerr, Tracer Products

Craig Govekar, Snap-on

Bob Hall, Clore Automotive

Elvis Hoffpauir, MACS Worldwide

Bill Jamo, Service Engineer

Rich Koldewey, CPS Products

Gary Murray, Robinair

Tom Potter, Denso

Rick Reddington, GTM

Jim Resutek, OTB Consultants
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Executive Summary 3

Bob Rinkel, Gates

Frank Rogers, General Motors

Rusty Scott, ATCO

Doris Showalter, Eaton

Mark Smith, Goodyear

Charles Thrift, TI Auto Systems

Phil Trigiani, Uview

James Young, Skye International

Jerry Wander, Inficon

Paul Weissler, Automotive Writer

Bill Williams, Twin Rivers Engineering

Acknowledgements

Sponsor dollars were not used to support the work of Team Four on refrigerant 

emissions at service and for vehicle salvage. However, major "in-kind" contributions in 

expertise, work by personnel and use of facilities and equipment were made by both IMAC sponsoring companies and others. Funding of this Team Four activity is from US 

EPA.

Achievements of Working Groups

1. Working Group 1: Leak Detection Tools and Procedures

This working group has tested and evaluated the current generation of leak detection 

tools and has identified required improvements. The group’s research indicates that 

current technology allows detection of refrigerant leaks as small as four grams per year 

per joint, compared to the current standard of 14 grams per year per joint. Further, this 

degree of sensitivity can be achieved with the probe moving 3/8 of an inch from the 

leak, an increase from the current standard of 1/4 of an inch. A new standard for leak 

detection tools incorporating these and other improvements, including closer to “real 

world” testing of tools, has been published (SAE J2791). The new draft standard was 

presented to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Interior Climate Control 

Committee (ICCC) in early December 2006 for additional review and comment by 

members of the industry. It was approved by SAE and published in January 2007. 

The group is continuing to work on new procedures for the use of leak detection tools, 

including detection of evaporator and compressor shaft seal leaks.

Information regarding improved tools and improved procedures for leak detection is

being distributed through the automotive trade press and incorporated in training 

material being conveyed to the service industry. 

2. Working Group 2: Refrigerant Recovery/Charging Equipment and Procedures

This working group has conducted testing using carefully recorded conditions and 

precise weighing and measuring equipment to determine how much refrigerant is 

removed from various types of air conditioning systems, with ambient temperature and 

the application of engine heat as variables. Results of these tests indicate that as much 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Executive Summary 4

as 50 percent of the refrigerant in a system may not be recovered using existing 

equipment and techniques, and may therefore be vented during repair or at vehicle 

salvage. Further studies have shown that recovery can be improved with equipment that 

can achieve deeper vacuum levels. A new standard for refrigerant recovery and 

charging equipment incorporating these and other improvements has been published 

(SAE J2788). The new draft standard was presented to the Society of Automotive 

Engineers (SAE) Interior Climate Control Committee (ICCC) in early December for 

additional review and comment by members of the industry. It was approved by SAE 

and published in December 2006.

During other industry studies it was determined that refrigerant recovery and charging 

equipment did not provide accurate measurement of refrigerant being transferred. 

Previous SAE equipment standards did not address the accurate refrigerant 

measurement issue. New requirements were added in SAE J2788 addressing accurate 

refrigerant transfer measurement. This will help reduce the amount of new refrigerant 

required since more accurate A/C system charging can be accomplished. 

Information regarding improved tools and improved procedures for refrigerant recovery 

and recharge are being distributed through the automotive trade press and incorporated 

in training material being conveyed to the service industry. 

3. Working Group 3: Field Coupled Hose Assemblies

Based on the responses to an I-MAC Service Team survey conducted in 2005, 

approximately 40 percent of service shops make their own coupled hose assemblies, 

and there is evidence that given the potential variance in parts, crimping designs and 

techniques, such assemblies might be prone to leaking. This working group has tested 

manually-coupled hose assemblies and notes that "in order to effectively reduce 

emissions from leaking hoses, the field coupler will have to go through a large transition 

in education, capabilities and mind set."

The working group has produced a draft standard for field assembled hoses and work 

on that standard is near completion. Information regarding how to improve field 

assemblies and how to field test the assemblies will be developed and distributed 

through the automotive trade press and incorporated in training material to be conveyed 

to the service industry. 

4. Working Group 4: Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Market

This group worked to identify and quantify the various emissions sources of HFC-134a 

related to mobile air conditioning, then prioritize target emissions and determine how 

best to track progress as improvements are developed and implemented. Work focused 

on collecting the best available information and statistics to estimate potential emission 

reductions. 

The group developed and recommended strategies for lowering emissions from

identified sources. Development of information and education for the industry has been

part of this effort. 
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Executive Summary 5

5. Working Group 5: End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles

This group has researched and tentatively quantified potential emissions from EOL 

vehicles. There are indications from several studies and reports that, while refrigerant 

recovery from EOL vehicles is required by regulations, compliance with regulations 

could be improved. Research by another group within the I-MAC Service Team also 

suggests that recovery of refrigerant from EOL vehicles is particularly difficult, since 

engine heat cannot be used to enhance recovery, and recovery is likely to occur in 

ambient temperatures not conducive to full system recovery. The Service Team

contacted management of the Automotive Recyclers Association (ARA) to open a 

dialogue about how refrigerant recovery at EOL can be improved, and how the team

could assist. The team drafted an article about the importance of EOL refrigerant 

recovery which was published in 2006 in ARA’s trade publication. ARA has cooperated 

in this effort by assisting with communications and research. Work is ongoing to achieve 

the goal of reduced emissions in this sector. 

6. Working Group 6: Communication, Education, Outreach

MACS has worked to inform and educate the industry about the importance of 

refrigerant emission reductions through its technical publications and magazines, 

through its website, through other automotive associations, through the consumer and 

trade press, through a series of 60 clinics presented to industry technicians throughout 

the U.S. each year (2005 – 2007), through national and international automotive trainer 

organizations and through presentations to industry technicians in large national and 

international forums. 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

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Leak Detection Tools and Procedures 1

Working Group 1: Leak Detection Tools and Procedures

This working group tested and evaluated the current generation of leak detection tools 

and identified required improvements. The group’s research indicated that improved

technology allows detection of refrigerant leaks as small as four grams per year per 

joint, compared to the current standard of 14 grams per year per joint. Further, this 

degree of sensitivity can be achieved with the probe moving 3/8 of an inch from the 

leak, an increase from the current standard of 1/4 of an inch. A new standard for leak 

detection tools incorporating these and other improvements, including closer to “real 

world” testing of tools, has been published (SAE J2791). The new draft standard was 

presented to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Interior Climate Control 

Committee (ICCC) in early December 2006 for additional review and comment by 

members of the industry. It was approved by SAE and published in January 2007. 

Following are key elements of SAE J2791:

 The detector shall have at least three scales that can be manually selected: (1) 

4 g/yr (0.15 oz/yr); (2) 7 g/yr (0.25 oz/yr; (3) 14 g/yr (0.5 oz/yr).

 The probe tip passes the specified calibrated leak at a rate of 75 mm (3 in) per 

second, from a distance of 9.5 mm (3/8 in).

 The probe must indicate the leak within two seconds of passing the calibrated 

leak standard orifice from the 9.5 mm (3/8 in) distance and clear within two 

seconds, at least nine of 10 times, or it fails.

 Although false triggering is allowed by this standard for many chemicals, it is not 

allowed for mineral engine oil or transmission oil.

The new generation of leak detectors, designed to meet SAE J2791, are still in 

development, but will likely be brought to market in 2007.

There are other aspects of leak detection that are being studied, for evaporators and 

compressor shaft seals, but these are still in the laboratory testing phase. 

Background

There are some who insist that electronic leak detectors currently in use in the field are 

poor. But others claim they find the leaks almost every time. The latter group believes a 

lot of the problem is due to use of cheap leak detectors, lack of maintenance, and poor 

technique.

Admittedly, a significant issue was the limitations of the previous SAE leak detector 

standard, SAE J1627. The manufacturer produces a tool that meets a well-defined 

standard. That also would be a type of device that can be produced by more than one 

manufacturer. SAE’s Interior Climate Control Committee (ICCC) normally wouldn’t 

approve a standard that can be met only by a manufacturer with specific, patented 

technology, unless perhaps the technology was widely licensed. 
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Leak Detection Tools and Procedures 2

A test table with a swing-arm was used for the SAE J1627 tests. Times are 

specified for the detector to inhale the leak sample, analyze it, sound the alarm 

and then shut off. The detectors that passed this HFC-134a test were a major 

upgrade from what had been available for CFC-12.

.

During the development of the previous standard, SAE J1627, there were objections 

from manufacturers of corona discharge leak detectors, who said it was so restrictive as 

originally proposed that they couldn’t meet it with the best adaptations of corona 

discharge technology. They said that unless the ICCC modified the proposed standard, 

the only detectors that would meet it were many times the price of their equipment, 

those with “heated diode” technology.

They probably were quite right, so the standard was not as restrictive as it could have 

been. “Functional” room was left for the makers of corona discharge detectors. 

Remember, HFC-134a is many times more difficult to detect than CFC-12 and the job 

was not going to be easy. Really small leaks were not a major concern at the time of the 

refrigerant changeover, because it was thought that HFC-134a was an environmentally 

friendly refrigerant. 

In fact, an early concern was that larger leaks would be the real problem because of the 

higher pressures and smaller molecules of the HFC-134a system. It turned out in most 

cases that HFC-134a systems have been reasonably tight. And when SAE J1627 was 

developed, the systems had a fair amount of reserve refrigerant, often a half-pound or 

more. The 1995 General Motors ‘N’ cars (Pontiac Grand Am, Olds Achieva and Buick 

Skylark) had a total refrigerant charge of 36 ounces. Similar 2005 models (Chevrolet 

Malibu and Pontiac G6) have a refrigerant charge of less than 18 ounces, a reduction of 

50 percent. As the vehicle manufacturers reduced the system refrigerant charge, 

reserve refrigerant amounts were also reduced. In the mid-1990’s there were concerns 

about the detectors “false triggering,” and that’s a problem that is unlikely to be solved 

completely. The detector sensors that sniff HFC-134a also respond to alcohols and a lot 

of other chemicals that may collect in underhood and powertrain crevices, including 
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Leak Detection Tools and Procedures 3

lubricants. The sensors also may be triggered by adhesives and foam seals used in 

HVAC cases. 

It's likely that some detectors’ sensing technologies can be engineered to resist falsetriggering from lubricants. However, some amount of cleanup along the refrigerant 

circuit may have to be a preparatory step to checking with an electronic leak detector, 

and even if it can’t be done everywhere, it's important to clean and then recheck the 

area where a leak appears to be present. 

Compressor Shaft Seal Leaks

A compressor shaft seal leak is one of the most difficult challenges. There are only a 

few ways to find a shaft seal leak, and all but one (a laboratory test) will not indicate the 

size of the leak. In the new era of refrigerant conservation, one is likely to be looking for 

relatively small shaft seal leaks, perhaps no more than one third-ounce or about 10 

grams per year.

The A/C operates about four percent of the vehicle lifetime. So system-running leakage 

could be as much as 20 times the system-off (static) leakage rate and still not be a 

service issue, assuming that total leakage rate was small enough over the life of the 

compressor. Example: a compressor has a static leak rate of 5 g/yr or about 1/6th 

ounce. If the leak rate with the compressor operating were 20 times that (100 g/yr), the 

overall effect would be about the same because the compressor operates only 1/20th 

as long as it’s off. However, there’s another issue. The leakage rate also increases with 

ambient temperature, so there are two situations where leakage could be very high: 

leakage in system operation and leakage in hot soak. Even with the system off, ambient 

temperature must be factored into the annual leakage rate.

Compressor leakage can't be checked while it’s running. But with today’s small-charge 

systems, seemingly-low leakage rates soon could lead to a performance issue.

Right now, the usual shop test procedure is one of the following:

• Wait for trace dye to seep out of the shaft seal area and drip to the bottom of the 

compressor. Trace dye must circulate in the system so it may take a period of time. This 

works, unless there’s a hub well in which the oil collects or a wick by which the oil is 

absorbed. It’s often necessary to remove the clutch to see if there’s trace dye showing 

up at the shaft seal. 

• Check for a leak with an electronic detector as soon as the system is shut off. Leakage

can’t safely be checked with the compressor running, and even if that were possible, it’s 

likely the spinning clutch would cause refrigerant dispersion and make detection 

practically impossible. 

Shops that claim they get the best results are perhaps just finding the very large leaks. 

Or, perhaps after disconnecting the electric cooling fan or blocking the condenser to 

build up system pressures, they work quickly during the brief after-shutdown period 

when pressures are equalizing and low-side pressures may reach 150 p.s.i.

If a shop is in a really hot area, a technician may be able to check for leakage under 
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Leak Detection Tools and Procedures 4

hot-soak conditions when low-side pressures can exceed 250 p.s.i. These procedures 

raise questions. Are the technicians really detecting an operating leak, or one that just 

shows up during pressure equalization, or both? Where do they check? Some check the 

compressor nose, while others run the detector over the bottom of the clutch gap. Both 

areas should be checked. Neither procedure tells how large is the leak, or under what 

conditions (static, dynamic, different temperatures) the leak is significant. 

The Leak Detection Problem Will Get Worse

Today’s smaller charge systems are much tighter – they have to be because they may

have a charge tolerance of under an ounce. Older A/C systems had 6-8 ounces or more 

of extra refrigerant in the receiver-dryer or accumulator to compensate for leakage, but 

the newer systems have only perhaps 1.5 to 3 ounces (42-85 grams) of extra 

refrigerant. If a system is seeping refrigerant at a rate of 3-5 grams/yr from each of ten 

fittings, plus a normal 5-7 g/yr from each service valve, plus 15 g/yr (0.5 oz) from the 

compressor shaft seal, that’s a total loss of around 70 g/yr (approx .25 oz) or more. That 

would mean a modern small-charge system could lose enough refrigerant in a year to 

create a loss of cooling performance in high-load conditions.

That’s not acceptable, and the apparent fact is that most new systems will go perhaps 

five to seven years without adding refrigerant. That indicates new compressors and 

joints perform better than these numbers. However, there hasn't been a lot of long-term 

experience with these small-charge systems. They might get even smaller and 

obviously will also have to get a lot tighter. The systems have to be “long-term tight,” to 

compensate for the smaller charges.

The industry wants to insure its total system leak is less than 20 grams per year over 

their lifetime or at least 10 years. 

Detecting “Active” Leaks

There is a concern about an ultra-sensitive detector indicating leaks so small they can’t 

be repaired. As the probe is moved, it continuously draws in refrigerant samples for

analysis by the detector. It is possible the probe would pick up a concentrated sample at 

the richest detection point of a leak, and sound the alarm for a leak smaller than 4 g/yr, 

if the probe were stopped or paused at a rich point. That’s why continuous movement is 

needed. The detector maker develops his sample analysis based on the test defined in 

the SAE standard, and that test includes the probe moving past a calibrated leak 

device, not stopping on the richest detection point of the leak. 

Greater detector sensitivity might enable detection of what is an active leak, one that 

apparently occurs only when the system is operating. It may well be that an active leak 

is also a much smaller static leak. There has been no test evidence on this, but it stands 

to reason that a leak is a leak all the time, just at different rates. It would be beneficial if 

the next generation of detectors picked up some of those tough leaks.
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Leak Detection Tools and Procedures 5

In The Meantime

Just because SAE J2791 detectors aren't available right now doesn’t mean that service 

shops can’t use the currently available ones, or ignore detector maintenance. Even the 

best detector won’t do much if it hasn’t been maintained, or if used only for quick pointand-shoot at the few fittings easily reached. Some technicians turn on a detector, crank 

up the sensitivity and give up when the detector starts false-triggering into a continuous 

buzz. One service specialists notes, “A technician just has to accept removing some of 

the vehicles plastic panels to reach all the refrigerant lines and fittings.” 

Another fact is that a $49.99 detector or even a $99.99 detector is likely to be a lot less 

discriminating than a $400 heated-solid-state or infrared detector. Cheap detectors may

pass an SAE J1627 test and even detect many leaks in the hands of a very patient 

technician working in a clean, dry, oil-free engine compartment. That’s about all. Even

with a premium detector, SAE J1628, which is the “How to Use” document that was 

written to accompany J1627, should be used.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

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Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 1

Working Group 2: Refrigerant Recovery/Charging Equipment and Procedures

This working group has conducted testing using carefully recorded conditions and 

precise weighing and measuring equipment to determine how much refrigerant is 

removed from various types of air conditioning systems, with ambient temperature and 

the application of engine heat as variables. Results of these tests indicate that as much 

as 50 percent of the refrigerant in a system may not be recovered using existing 

equipment and techniques, and may therefore be vented during repair or at vehicle endof-life. Further studies have shown that recovery can be improved with equipment that 

can achieve deeper vacuum levels. A new standard for refrigerant recovery and 

charging equipment incorporating these and other improvements has been published 

(SAE J2788). The new draft standard was presented to the Society of Automotive 

Engineers (SAE) Interior Climate Control Committee (ICCC) in early December 2006 for 

additional review and comment by members of the industry. It was approved by SAE 

and published in December 2006.

Factors in Refrigerant Recovery

The amount of refrigerant you can recover from a system depends on how much is in 

the system, of course, but also ambient temperature, the technique you use, and the 

performance of the recovery machine itself. When you try to draw out the refrigerant,

the vacuum lowers the temperatures in the system; the oil chills and forms a virtually 

impenetrable blanket over some of the refrigerant. Further, as the refrigerant is 

removed, other system components also cool resulting in lower refrigerant pressure.

Obviously it helps if you warm up the system with engine operation, heat up the 

evaporator by putting the system in maximum reheat, controls on recirc, doors and 

windows closed, and apply heat to the accumulator. Tests performed for the SAE I-MAC 

research program indicate that you can remove a higher percentage of the refrigerant 

by applying heat and performing recovery after the early morning ambient chill has 

gone. 

It’s also apparent that there are big differences in the percentage of refrigerant that’s 

recovered using best techniques versus flat-rate-oriented shortcuts.

A “single pull” on a cool morning might remove 60 percent of the charge, whereas a 

careful procedure, using heat to promote refrigerant outgassing, might remove the more 

than 90 percent that is necessary for accurate service.

Recovery Tests

Perhaps nothing can demonstrate the facts brought out in the previous four paragraphs 

better than the bar charts shown on the following pages. They clearly illustrate the vast 

difference in the amount of refrigerant that can be recovered from a system at different 

vacuum levels, at different ambient temperatures, and whether or not the system was 

exposed to an external heat source during the recovery process. The charts contain the 

actual results of the SAE I-MAC research mentioned above. For extremely accurate 

measurement, the entire recovery/recycling machine used during the tests was placed 

on a scale that read/indicated the weight out to three decimal places.
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Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 2

When the SAE I-MAC tests were conducted to measure how much refrigerant gets 

removed from a system during a "normal" recovery, for purposes of extreme 

accuracy, the entire recovery/recycling machine was placed on a scale that 

read/indicated the weight out to three decimal places. 
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Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 3

The chart above shows the results of a careful recovery performed on a latemodel GM “G” van (Chevy Express/GMC Savana). This vehicle was equipped with 

a single-evaporator orifice tube/accumulator system. Notice that across the chart, 

the maximum vacuum used was nine inches (representative of what many of 

today’s recovery machines produce). At 70° F, after a 21-minute “pull,” only 81% 

of the refrigerant was recovered. When external heat was applied to the system, 

even in a shorter time frame (15 minutes), 88% of the refrigerant was recovered.

However, take a look at what happened when the same operations were 

conducted at an ambient temperature of 50° F. With no heat applied, the recovery 

machine left 30% of the refrigerant in the system, even with a 10-minute longer 

pull. The recovery rate improved when heat was applied, but after a 19 minute 

pull, the machine still only removed 84% of the refrigerant.
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Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 4

This chart shows the results when the same type of test was performed on a 

Cadillac SRX, and there are three main differences this time. First, the SRX has 

two evaporators, and it is an expansion valve/receiver/drier system. The third 

difference is the amount of vacuum used. Notice that a 13-minute pull at 70° F, 

using 20 inches of vacuum (more than what many current-design recovery 

machines produce) removed 91% of the refrigerant with no external heat applied. 

The same operation performed for 20 minutes, but at 24 inches of vacuum, 

withdrew 94% of the refrigerant. But even at a reduced ambient temperature of 

50° F, a slightly higher 25 inches of vacuum pulled out 93% of the refrigerant in 23 

minutes. And once again, as evidenced by the last bar on the chart, increased 

ambient temperature coupled with external heat makes a major difference. At 70° 

F, a lower 20 inches of vacuum pulled out 98% of the refrigerant after again being 

applied for 13 minutes.
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Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 5

This chart shows what happened when the test was run on a GMC Yukon 

equipped with an accumulator and two evaporators. The first and last pulls were 

performed at an ambient temperature of 70° F with a vacuum level of 20 inches, 

and both were under 30 minutes. Notice that the last pull, with additional heat, but 

seven minutes shorter than the first, removed 96% of the refrigerant as opposed 

to 92% for the first pull. The second pull, once again at 70° F with no external 

heat, but this time for 45 minutes at 24 inches of vacuum, removed 95% of the 

refrigerant. The third pull, for only one more minute than the second, but at 25 

inches of vacuum, removed 96% of the refrigerant. This is particularly 

noteworthy, taking into consideration that it was performed at an ambient 

temperature of only 50° F, with no additional heat applied. The difference one inch 

of vacuum makes, even at a 20° F lower ambient temperature, is apparent. Also 

clear is the impact the amount of recovery time can have on more complete 

refrigerant removal.

Results of Incomplete Recovery

So what is the outcome of these tests telling us? An obvious consideration is that any 

refrigerant not removed from a system during recovery is refrigerant that remains in it. 

The results also illustrate that even if you don’t physically apply heat to the system 

components (especially accumulators) before you start a recovery process, you should 

first run the engine up to operating temperature, so at least some heat will transfer to 
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Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 6

the A/C components. But beyond those two issues, these charts, and the overall results 

of the tests, raise two major questions.

The first one is what happens to the refrigerant left in the system after recovery? The 

answer to that question is going to serve as a preamble to the second question and its 

answer.

What happens to that refrigerant, if the system refrigerant connections are left open for 

a period of time, is that it (or much of it) gets vented to the atmosphere when the prerecharge evacuation is performed. Not only is that bad for the environment, it is also 

discarding perfectly good, reusable refrigerant. At the price of refrigerant today, this 

makes absolutely no sense.

Now, for question two: What if the vacuum pump isn’t performing quite up to snuff; not 

performing a good deep vacuum, or, if in the interest of saving time, or for some other 

reason, the technician shortcuts performing a deep vacuum?

In both of these circumstances, refrigerant remains in the system, and as the charts 

show, depending on the type of system, ambient conditions, the recovery machine and 

how it’s used, it could be a substantial amount. If the system is then recharged to 

“spec,” it will be overcharged. This costs money, because more refrigerant is used than 

necessary, and the more jobs done this way, the more money wasted. However, and 

possibly even worse, overcharging a system during service can set the stage for future 

operational problems.

If the technician just does a typical recovery with an old machine and then goes to 

recharge, an overcharge is likely. Example: 16-oz. capacity, 12 ounces remaining in the 

system, and the technician recovers half. That leaves six ounces, so if the technician

“luckily” gets close on recharge, putting in 15 oz., the system will have 21 oz. and be 

overcharged by a staggering 38%.

If the technician is doing a repair on another (non-A/C) system and has to recover a full 

charge of refrigerant to move A/C components for access to other parts, the numbers 

would be worse: 16 oz. charge, eight ounces remaining and 16 oz. added, resulting in a 

50% overcharge.

Remember, in current reduced charge systems just two ounces error on that system 

can result in performance problems, and if it’s undercharge, also affect compressor 

lubrication.

Naturally, there are differences in recovery depending on the system. An orifice 

tube/accumulator system is more difficult, because during recovery the accumulator 

becomes very cold, reducing refrigerant pressure and the oil it contains will tend to trap 

refrigerant, reducing the recovery percentage. A dual system (with a rear evaporator) 

also adds difficulty, whether it’s orifice tube or expansion valve. 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 7

Guidelines for Improved Recovery

The following guidelines will help improve recovery percentages:

• As already noted, don’t pull refrigerant from a system with ambient temperatures 

below 70° F. This is particularly important if the system is full. Instead, wait until the 

shop work area air temperature warms up and also run the engine at fast idle for at 

least 15 minutes to warm things up. Also, set the dashboard temperature control to 

hot, blower on high, put the system in recirc and close all doors and windows. That 

will help provide warm air to the refrigerant in the evaporator.

• After allowing time for the system to outgas following the first recovery, run the 

machine for a second recovery.

• On orifice tube systems, heat the accumulator using a hair dryer or heat gun. If you 

don’t, the accumulator will become very cold as the recovery compressor pulls into a 

vacuum, trapping refrigerant under a layer of cold oil.

The New R/R/R Machines

Standard J2788 has been published by the Society of Automotive Engineers, and it 

officially went into effect December 2006. Among many other things, this means that 

after the end of 2007, manufacturers may not certify machines that qualify only under 

the old standard (J2210), as it has been superseded by J2788. However, shops may 

continue to use their existing (J2210) equipment as long as they wish unless regulatory 

requirements change.

The new generation of recovery/recycle/recharge machines is ready, not an engineering 

proposal on the horizon but actually available in the marketplace. They’ll carry a small 

but important label, “Certified by (name of laboratory) to Meet SAE J2788, Replacing 

J2210.” The I-MAC Service Team worked two years to develop the J2788 standard. 

Until J2788 went into effect, the applicable SAE standard was J2210, which covered 

only refrigerant recovery and recycling equipment. J2210 was written at a time when 

HFC-134a was considered a virtually benign substance and the primary goal was to 

ensure that what was recovered was properly recycled – a vehicle system performance 

issue. The J2210 standard (including 1998 revision) simply required the equipment to 

pull down to four inches of mercury vacuum during the recovery process. It did not 

actually require recovery of any specific percentage of refrigerant in any specific amount 

of time.

Further, the air that was in the refrigerant could be manually or automatically purged, 

and if manually, all the machine manufacturer had to do was provide a pressure gauge 

and instructions to determine if there was air in the system and how to purge.

J2788 is a sea change. It covers three types of equipment (1) designed to recover and 

recycle refrigerant; (2) charge refrigerant, and (3) recover, recycle and recharge 

refrigerant – the most likely choice. In all cases, the standard requires that the 

equipment accurately measure the amount of refrigerant recovered from or charged into 

the mobile A/C system. Because all three devices are certified under the same standard 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 8

at this time, the buyer must understand that the certification coverage obviously is 

limited to the functions a machine is designed to perform.

The recovery is a straightforward performance requirement – 95%. There is no 

minimum vacuum to which the recovery compressor must pull. However, testing 

indicates that the next-generation machines are likely to meet the standard with more 

powerful compressors that draw down to far deeper vacuums than the four inches of 

J2210, or even more than double the nine inches of the ACR2000 used by GM dealers. 

A machine also might use some form of assist system to speed recovery. It doesn’t 

matter. The bottom line is the 95% recovery performance.

Because the old standard did not cover charging, it would be possible to “mix and 

match,” i.e. use a J2788 recovery/recycle machine with a charging station that meets no 

standard. Inasmuch as accurate charging is so important, that would be an unwise 

choice. Further, a recovery/recycle/recharge machine will be the most logical purchase 

for a shop.

A machine that does recovery only (perhaps for wrecking yards) may be certified under 

a separate SAE J2810 standard, which has been completed and is expected to be 

published in July, 2007.

All machines that do recycling must purify the refrigerant to applicable SAE standards, 

the same as before. However, the recovery – and now the recharge function – are 

exacting processes in J2788.

The equipment has to pass a series of tests, including recovery of the refrigerant, 

recycling it and (if so designed) recharging the system. The test is performed on a 2005 

– 07 Chevrolet Suburban with rear A/C and a 3.0-lb. refrigerant charge (or a full-size lab 

mockup of the exact system, powered by an electric motor).

The Suburban’s is not the biggest system and other systems may have configurations 

that are more restrictive. But with an orifice tube/accumulator front system, the 

Suburban presents a challenge for the test objective of 95% recovery in no more than 

30 minutes, accurate to within plus/minus 30 grams – one ounce.

Accumulators chill during recovery and may trap considerable refrigerant with older 

technology machines, unless heat is applied and time is allowed for outgassing – J2788 

does not allow the laboratory to heat components during recovery. The technician is

sure to find that the new machines also recover refrigerant and draw a vacuum much

faster on expansion valve systems with refrigerant charges of under 1 to 1-1/2 lbs., as 

found in most newer cars.

If designed to charge, the machine must recharge the same system (3.0 lbs.) to within 

plus/minus 15 grams. The recovery accuracy has a larger tolerance (30 grams) 

because some refrigerant is likely to be trapped in the filter.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 9

To tweak recovery and recharge accuracy, the service hoses must have shutoff valves 

at the coupling ends (where they connect to the vehicle system). So if the machine 

recovers the refrigerant in the hoses, it can recover it all, for maximum accuracy. J2210 

allowed them to be 12 inches from the ends.

Although manual air purge was allowed in J2210, automatic air purge is required in 

J2788. Further, the machine must have an electronic strategy that allows time for air to 

separate from the refrigerant, so that air purge vents a minimum amount of refrigerant. 

The machine must separate out and measure refrigerant oil that is recovered, accurate 

to within plus/minus 20 grams (0.7 ounces).

The machines must have these important “maintenance features":

 A repeated warning leading to an electronic lockout when a filter reaches the end 

of its service life.

 A way for the shop to check the accuracy of the scale (or other measuring 

system if used).

 Any needed charge accuracy checking device must be included with the 

machine. For a scale check, manufacturers are likely to include a calibration 

weight.

The machine must demonstrate basic ability to work accurately in a shop environment 

by being rolled 20 feet across a floor and then proceed to be tested – no scale 

calibration allowed after the machine has been moved.

The most widely cited number for the new machines will likely be 95% recovery of 

refrigerant (although that’s a minimum) and equipment manufacturers may be able to 

offer (and advertise) better results.

That number wasn’t pulled out of the air. With a 10% charge tolerance, 95% recovery 

was the minimum necessary to ensure that if an accurate recharge was performed, the 

system would not be over or undercharged. That percentage also means that a 

minimum amount of time (just to get out air) could be spent on post-recovery evacuation 

(with a vacuum pump or the recovery compressor itself). The 95% is based on a fullcharge test. If the system contains a partial charge, the recovery percentage may 

actually be much higher.

Certainly, the No. 1 improvement is the percentage of refrigerant recovered, No. 2 is 

speed, No. 3 is accuracy and No. 4 is a way to check the most critical part – whatever 

measures the amount of refrigerant removed from and charged into a system – almost 

surely a scale. And because automatic air purge is required, shops no longer face the 

real-world fact that they rarely if ever did it...which of course, often resulted in justserviced systems that performed poorly because they contained air.

The test that accompanies the J2788 standard could only pit the machine against a 

single vehicle, the 2005-07 Chevrolet Suburban with rear air. If a late-model machine 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Refrigerant Recovery/Recharging Equipment and Procedures 10

goes through its cycle on a medium-size car with a one-pound system in under 15 

minutes, recovery with the new machines will be markedly faster. If the technician is

working on some older vehicles with large refrigerant charges, the technician will 

appreciate the powerful new recovery compressors and how fast they work. And if the 

technician chooses to apply some warmth to an accumulator (with a heat gun, for 

example), that will be a plus. But the J2788 test doesn’t require it – or even allow it. In 

fact, only a brief period of engine and system operation is allowed for the test, to 

simulate a vehicle left outside and driven into a service bay and allowed to fast idle. So 

the J2788 equipment will not only reflect real world, but also allow the technician to 

recover a lot more refrigerant.

When recharging, the technician will have the confidence that the system isn’t under or 

overcharged. As a result, and combined with its speed, the technician will be able to use 

the new machine as a diagnostic tool. Here’s what we mean:

Is the system pressure questionable? Those manifold gauges aren’t exactly precision 

instruments, and pressures are of no value in assessing refrigerant charge level. So if 

the problem is marginal or poor cooling, the speed of recovery, recycle and recharge 

will enable the technician to eliminate under or overcharge as an issue in a lot less time 

than going through some other diagnostics.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 1

3. Working Group 3: Field Coupled Hose Assemblies

Based on the responses to an I-MAC Service Team survey conducted in 2005, 

approximately 40 percent of service shops make their own coupled hose assemblies, 

and there is evidence that given the potential variance in parts, crimping designs and 

techniques, such assemblies might be prone to leaking. This working group has tested 

manually-coupled hose assemblies and notes that "in order to effectively reduce 

emissions from leaking hoses, the field coupler will have to go through a large transition 

in education, capabilities and mind set."

The following study by a leading manufacturer indicates that field assembly of A/C 

refrigerant hoses is often done in ways that do not produce the kind of well sealed 

crimps that even approach, much less match original equipment. Yet, there are fieldassembly systems out there that properly used, may meet SAE standards for factory 

assembled hoses. 

The working group has produced a draft standard for field assembled hoses and work 

on that standard is near completion.

Project Purpose

Determine if field coupled aftermarket replacement flexible hose assemblies used in 

HFC-134a automotive refrigerant systems can meet the latest automotive industry 

standard leak rate requirements. Identify current field techniques and processes to 

determine if assemblies being placed in service are properly constructed. Establish a 

procedure whereby in-field hose coupling can be properly leak tested and certified.

Project Scope

To evaluate the current available designs, components and processes for field 

replacement fitting termination on HFC-134a flexible hose assemblies to determine if 

component leakage rate is compliant with current industry standards. Identify and 

recommend configurations which meet the proper testing criteria. Create a certification 

protocol that is recognized and monitored by the industry which is suitable to field 

operations.

Objectives

• Define the multiple categories of design and manufacturing configurations for

components. Determine compliance through testing.

• Establish the latest SAE-J series testing procedures which defines the leakage 

rate for this class of components.

• Implement field survey in order to initiate a data base from field related issues 

whereby establishing a representative base line.

• Analyze data and determine design configurations which meet the leakage rate 

criteria and show to be the more reliable field applications.

• Create a joint collaborative agreement with local shops to assist in data 

collection, testing and providing samples.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 2

• Establish procedures which provide strict controls on how field coupled 

replacement hose coupling will be maintained.

• Design and configure a field testing procedure which is conducive to any type of 

shop environment.

Data Collection Procedure

Sample Preparation:

1) Two discharge hoses (# 8); 18"~24" long; terminated with std. male o-ring pilot 

fittings; crimped collars (type of hose and fitting optional – prefer different fitting 

manufacturer on either end).

2) Two suction hoses (# 10); 18"~24" long; terminated with std. male o-ring pilot fittings; 

crimped collars (type of hose and fitting optional – prefer different fitting manufacturer 

on either end).

3) 12" long piece of each hose size and manufacturer used.

4) One piece sample of each fitting used by size and manufacturer.

5) One piece sample of each ferrule used by size and manufacturer.

6) Make sure all individual samples are properly identified/ tagged (sample provider and 

date).

Instructions to Sample Supplier:

1) Prepare each sample according to the sample preparation instructions.

2) Style of fitting, style of hose and material manufacturer is optional to sample supplier.

3) Be sure to provide (1) individual sample of each of the materials used.

4) Record the appropriate information into the provided spreadsheet under the heading 

"sample general information."

5) Ship all samples and information to:

Note: All photos in this section are provided courtesy of ATCO Products.

Correct 6 jaw method
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 3

Incorrect 6 jaw method (crimped, rotated, re-crimped)

Tube and hoses blade finger style; crimp not overlapping

Incorrect tube and hose combination causing tube to seriously deform
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 4

Old style 3 barb fitting

Low profile fish tail barb (inner sleeve reinforced)
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 5

Deep 4-groove rolled

Necking down of crimp area due to incorrect crimp and incorrect fitting/hose 

selection

Data Analysis Summary

• Large variation in crimping dimensions.

• Several different crimping styles and techniques.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 6

• Using of “old style” fittings which are no longer recommended for use in HFC134a applications.

• Wrong combination of parts – hose and fitting sizing.

• Two types of leak failures (1) Hose split due to incorrect sizing (2) Leaking 

through weep holes in outer layer of hose.

• Incorrect crimping method – double crimping.

• Possible use of old or salvaged components (fittings, hoses, etc).

• Both short and long term effects of incorrect hose coupling.

Conclusions

• Extreme inconsistency in all aspects of sizing and materials selection of field 

coupling hose assemblies.

• Potential failure issues being created during the utilization of reworking 

assemblies along with the use of salvaged materials.

• Wide variation in crimping styles, techniques and dimensional integrity.

• Both short and long term defect potentials by not complying with SAE J2064 

certification process.

• Limited field expertise in the area of hose coupling. “Crimp it until it doesn’t leak” 

thinking.

• In order to effectively reduce the amount emissions from leaking hoses, the field 

coupler will have to go through a large transition in education, capabilities and 

mind set.

Recommendations: Shops to be Able to Comply with SAE J2064

• Must use factory certified assemblies.

• Become a certified field hose coupler using proper approved equipment (central 

locations or independents).

• Industry standardization of components and proper training on component 

matching.

• Shop testing standards which are audited by the industry.

SAE J2064

SAE J2064 is an engineering standard for joint integrity of hose couplings. The Society 

of Automotive Engineers standards have a major effect on how the technician performs

A/C service. For example, all manufacturers’ retrofit procedures from CFC-12 to HFC134a were based on SAE J1661. Electronic leak detectors meet SAE J1627, and the list 

goes on. Further, SAE standards are commonly referred to in state and federal 

regulations, and J2064 could be used by California and other states that are trying to 

reduce the greenhouse gas emissions related to global warming.

Standard J2064 is important because it covers the HFC-134a refrigerant hoses the 

technician replaces, and it’s been revised. The reason for the revision is refrigerant 

conservation, and it is an issue service technicians are obligated to work with. With 

smaller refrigerant charges, all the seals, joints and fittings have to be designed to leak 

far less.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 7

When CFC-12 systems had capacities of four pounds or more, leakage of a pound in a 

year was considered tolerable. What was once “normal seepage,” isn’t normal anymore, 

and motorists now object to both the need for frequent service and the environmental 

risks.

In the early-to-mid 1990s, leakage of as much as eight ounces in a year was not 

surprising, but not anymore. Late-model systems typically have total capacities of one to 

two pounds and just a few ounces lost is enough to affect performance. The industry 

has adjusted to that, and now the systems are getting much tighter, maybe at a faster 

pace than expected. 

With the revised J2064 standard, hoses that are not tight enough soon could make the 

entire system non-compliant in the European Community, and if proposed legislation 

passes judicial muster, in California and other states as well. 

The revised J2064 now requires that each and every coupled hose assembly meet the 

standard for joint integrity. Some factory assembly lines are using helium mass 

spectrometry for leak detection to check every hose labeled for J2064 and intended for 

Original Equipment use. That’s laboratory-grade equipment compared to the far-lessdemanding leak test done with soap bubbles. 

Surveys show that half of A/C refrigerant hose leaks are repaired in shops, instead of 

installing a new OEM replacement hose. And because a fifth of those shops make up 

hose assemblies for other shops, they have a multiplier effect. 

Barb fittings with worm-drive clamps were tolerable in the days of plain rubber 

hoses and dollar-a-pound CFC-12. When the industry switched to sophisticated 

multi-layer hoses, it needed much better.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 8

Fair Questions

The technician will surely be thinking, “I can’t do helium mass spectrometry or anything 

like that in my shop. Is there something more practical? And anyway, if I use the 

equipment that I have, and hose labeled J2064, isn’t that enough? And if it isn’t enough 

for a J2064 label, why isn’t it okay for the real world, to stop a leak in a customer’s car, if 

it’s what I always used?” 

Those are fair questions, and the basic answers are: The Service Team has been trying 

to figure out a way for shops to test a field repair. It is hoped that a new level of practical 

precision will be developed as a shop technique, and that a test with next-generation 

leak detectors will meet the SAE standard. 

An occasional comeback is part of the business, and if the service technician made a 

few bad crimps in a year, it used to be the technician would just fix them. Now, the 

technician might be facing a legal question with a field repair, if he or she is in a state 

that decides to use SAE J2064 as a reference. 

If the technician chooses to continue with field crimping, following are some suggestions 

for doing the job a lot better. The plain fact is that even if the equipment turns out to be 

capable of a J2064-compliant crimp, that doesn’t mean much if the technician is not 

following the specified procedure.

Practical Matters

We’re not blaming shops for all the issues of non-compliance. Sure, failure to maintain 

the crimper or using the wrong dies are correctible items. However, we have to admit 

that the “by the book” procedure is not one that is easy to follow. It includes making sure 

that the fittings and hoses are a within-tolerance fit, and that the crimp meets the 

dimensions specified. 

If the technician is just cutting off the needed length of bulk hose, inserting the needed 

fittings and turning the crimper’s forcing screw until the joint seems “tight enough,” it’s 

unlikely to produce a J2064-compliant crimp. 

A major issue is the hose, which has greater tolerances than the metal fittings. There 

are cases where the wrong-size fitting was inserted — so loose that if you inverted the 

hose, the fitting might drop off. Any crimp made would be pure guesswork. Some shops 

also believe “one crimper fits all” and use a hydraulic crimper on an A/C hose. That may

produce a tight crimp, but it’s been known to crack the hose’s barrier lining. Further, 

although the beadlock has a triple-rib design, a triple-barb fitting with a crimping ferrule 

is not a suitable substitute, even if it seems to be a good fit in the hose. 

The conscientious shop can do a much better job of field-assembly and repair. The bythe-book procedure adds just a few minutes to the job, but it does require a micrometer 

in the 0-1 inch range, with pointed tips to measure across the flats of triple-bubble 

crimp. In tests the Service Team used a conventional 0-1 inch micrometer to measure 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 9

the hose itself. Although the pointed-tip tool might be enough, the team found the 

conventional style more accurate for use on hoses. 

Measure Twice, Crimp Once

Start with a quality brand of hose and a hose cutter that produces a neat end. Start by

measuring the hose itself. 

Measuring the wall thickness may seem like an unnecessary move, but if the technician 

compares the hose and the fitting, he’ll see why it’s important. Unless the hose wall 

thickness is within specs, the beadlock fitting’s ferrule might not crimp the fitting’s neck 

properly — overall diameter of the hose (which some specs quote) is not necessarily an 

adequate alternative. 

The practical approach that the Service Team used is to find and insert a cylindrical 

ballpoint pen that is a moderately-tight fit into the hose, then measure the pen diameter 

and the hose diameter, both at the hose end. Subtract pen diameter from the hose 

outside diameter to get the thickness of two walls. Divide by two to get the individual 

hose wall thickness. Measure at two points around the circumference of the hose and 

pen to make sure both are round. Note: don’t use a sharply tapered pen, for although it 

may go in and reach a tight fit location, the micrometer spindle won’t make the flat-on 

contact on the pen right at the hose end, which is what is needed for an accurate 

reading. If all that’s available to produce a moderately-tight fit in the hose is a gentlytapered pen or rod, insert it but use the pointed-tips micrometer, to make contact as 

close to the hose end as possible for maximum accuracy. 

Cylindrical pen is a tight push-fit into the hose, so to determine hose inner 

diameter, measure the pen diameter at the hose end. The hose in this case is 

13/32-inch nominal inner diameter size, (.406-inch), but the pen actually measured 

0.416-inch.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Field Coupled Hose Assemblies 10

Measuring the hose diameter produces a reading of 0.699 inch. Subtracting 0.416 

inch leaves 0.283-inch, which, divided by two indicates a 0.1415 inch wall 

thickness. 

If it meets the specs, the hose can be used. Be sure to measure the outside diameter at 

both ends of the needed length of bulk hose before cutting. Good hose should be within 

tolerance, not close to the limits. Don’t try to make do with out-of-tolerance hose or by

over-crimping the wrong-size fitting. 

Note that the use of hose wall thickness vs. outside diameter is part of one 

manufacturer’s system. Another manufacturer might choose outside and inside 

diameters for the specifications that help produce field-assembled hoses that meet 

J2064. And of course, there are alternatives to crimping.

Appearance Counts

Inspect the crimp for a good visual appearance. It should be uniform and the fitting itself 

should not be deformed. Oblong, out-of-round or irregular crimps usually indicate worn 

die carriers or a mismatch of the two dies. Finally, measure the diameter of the center 

crimp with the pointed-tip micrometer, at three roughly-equal points around the 

circumference. Total them and divide by three to get an average, which should be within 

the tolerance of plus/minus 0.012-inch. 

Forget about the soap-bubble testing. That’s good for about 50 oz/yr leakage rates at 

one bubble per second, not even so great in the CFC-12 days. After recharging and 

test-running the A/C, use a good electronic leak detector around the crimp joint to make 

sure. 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Market 1

Working Group 4: Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Market

This group worked to identify and quantify the various emissions sources related to 

vehicle service, repair and end-of-life, then estimate potential emission reductions as 

improvements are developed and implemented. 

Work initially focused on collecting the best available information and statistics to 

identify and quantify all refrigerant emissions related to mobile air conditioning. 

Refrigerant Manufacturing

Manufacturing Process

Decanting (Who decants? How many steps involved?)

Mobile A/C System Manufacturing

Initial OE Refrigerant Fill

Mobile A/C System Normal Operation

"Normal" System Emissions

Accidental Release 

Collisions Resulting in Refrigerant Loss

Professional Service and Repair

Recovery Efficiency

Filling Systems without Leak Repair

DIY Service and Repair

Charge Accurancy

Filling Systems without Leak Repair

End of Life Vehicles

Compliance Regarding Refrigerant Recovery

Recovery Efficiency

Handling of Recovered Refrigerant

Refrigerant Reclaimers

Refrigerant Released in Reclaiming Process

Refrigerant Released in Destruction Process

How Much Refrigerant Reclaimed/Destroyed?

The chart above lists incidents or procedures which could result in refrigerant 

emissions attributed to mobile air conditioning. The Service Team focused its 

efforts in the areas highlighted above. 

A Close Look at the Service Experience

In the summer of 2005 the I-MAC Service Team conducted a survey of repair shops to 

better understand the types of air conditioning service and repair jobs being handled by 

independent shops.

The shops participating in this survey were located in Arizona, California, Florida, Ohio 

and Pennsylvania, and they processed 1,500 vehicles with A/C complaints from June 1 

through August 31, 2005. The age of the vehicles spanned more than 60 years, ranging 

from a 1940 Ford Coupe to a 2005 cargo truck, but the repair jobs most commonly seen 

by independent repair shops continued to be 5 to 10-year-old vehicles. Half of the jobs 

involved vehicles manufactured from 1996 to 2000, but more than 30 percent of the 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Market 2

cars coming in for service were from the 1991 through 1995 model years. A respectable 

10% of vehicles brought in for A/C service were older than 15 years.

No. % No. %

1990 43 3.03% 2000 120 8.47%

1991 54 3.81% 2001 59 4.16%

1992 72 5.08% 2002 26 1.83%

1993 78 5.50% 2003 15 1.06%

1994 97 6.85% 2004 1 0.07%

1995 132 9.32% 2005 1 0.07%

1996 164 11.57% 9.69%

1997 147 10.37% 33.59%

1998 146 10.30% 49.53%

1999 125 8.82% 7.19%

Number/Percentage of 

Jobs By Model Year

1989 or Older

1990 - 1995

1996 - 2000

2001 - 2005

Most of the vehicles in this survey bore the badge of Detroit's Big Three. GM's 

representation was 38.5%, Chrysler's 21% and Ford's 20%. Honda, Toyota, Nissan and 

Volvo made a showing, in descending order, and even the elusive DeLorean and Rolls 

Royce occasionally popped up on repair orders. 

In this survey, 73% of the vehicles brought in for service were originally manufactured 

with HFC-134a systems. Another 7% of the vehicles had already been retrofitted to 

HFC-134a when they came in for service, and the shops we surveyed retrofitted an 

additional 1% of the vehicles. The remaining 19% still had CFC-12 systems when they 

left the surveyed shops.

Eight Collection Sites in AZ, CA, FL, OH and PA No. %

Collection Period: June 1 to August 31, 2005

Number Jobs Requiring R&R 1,181 79.96%

HFC-134a Vehicles 1,081 73.19%

Vehicles Previously Retrofitted to HFC-134a 97 6.57%

Retrofits from CFC-12 to HFC-134a Performed This Period 16 1.08%

CFC-12 Vehicles 274 18.55%

Contaminated Systems 9 0.61%

Total 1,477 100.00%

Looking at percentages of parts replaced, compressors came in at number one with 

19%. Evaporators and accumulators were both about 12%.Condensers were fourth with 

10%, hoses about 9%, orifice tubes 9%, driers 8%, TXV's 5%, etc.

Compressor 252 19.08% Total Jobs 1,477

Evaporator 158 11.96% Part Replaced 1,321 89.44%

Condenser 129 9.77% No Part Replaced 129 9.77%

Major Components Replaced
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Market 3

One shop in the survey tracked number of leaks found in the diagnostic process and 

how many customers chose not to have the leaks repaired. The shop recorded 230 jobs 

total in the survey period. Customers refused further service on almost 25% (56) of the 

A/C systems found to be leaking at this shop. Approximately 9% of the 230 jobs are not 

reflected in the categories below. Identification of the specific problems related to those 

systems are not clear from the raw data.

One objective of the survey was to get a better idea of how much refrigerant is 

recovered and recycled at service. One of our respondents actually kept records of the 

amount of refrigerant recovered from jobs in that shop, and averaged about four ounces 

per vehicle. (This shop recorded that 65% of vehicles arriving for service were virtually 

empty. The remaining 35% had charges ranging from a low of 0.25 pounds to a high of 

2.25 pounds.) Another collaborator estimates that about 20% of the refrigerant his shop 

uses is recovered and recycled. (Caution: Given previous data provided in this report, 

any estimates of refrigerant recovered by the current generation of recovery equipment 

is suspect, since recovery is likely incomplete, and the machine scales used to measure 

the recovery are suspect.)

Sources of Refrigerant Emissions During A/C Service, Vehicle End-of-Life

- Miscellaneous emissions during/after system service

- These are defined as HFC-134a leaks or emissions that occur during 

service, or if an improper service or repair is performed. 

- Sources of emissions:

- No or improper recovery

Parts Replaced

Accumulator 21 9.13%

Belt 6 2.61%

Compressor 29 12.61%

Condenser 22 9.57%

Electrical 4 1.74%

Evaporator 18 7.83%

Hose Assembly 25 10.87%

Receiver Drier 13 5.65%

Switches 8 3.48%

Valves 9 3.91%

Total 155 67.39%

Leaks/Seepage Found, Customer Chose Not To Have Repaired

Leaks Found In Accumulator 1

Leaks Found In Compressor 26

Leaks Found In Condenser 9

Leaks Found In Evaporator 20

Total 56 24.35%

Customers Asked To Return For Check After Interval 10

Customers Who Did Return For Check After Interval 3

Customers Who Did Not Return For Check After Interval 7
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Market 4

Recoveries Recoveries

Per Year Per Year

 20,000,000 25,000,000

% Ounces Emissions Emissions

Average System Charge 1.00 28.00 Lbs./Year Lbs./Year

Refrigerant Not Recovered 0.30 8.40 10,500,000 13,125,000

 0.25 7.00 8,750,000 10,937,500

 0.20 5.60 7,000,000 8,750,000

 0.15 4.20 5,250,000 6,562,500

 0.10 2.80 3,500,000 4,375,000

 0.05 1.40 1,750,000 2,187,500

"...an estimated 20 to 25 million automotive A/C systems are serviced annually..."

Increasing Summer Profits with A/C Work, Larry Carley, Brake & Front End, 3/2005

The chart above reflects the amount of refrigerant potentially lost at 

service, based on the percentage of refrigerant not recovered from 

the system. 

- System is “topped off” rather than repaired

- Improper diagnosis and repair

- Faulty replacement component

- Including “shop fabricated hose assemblies”

- Losses from disposable containers – 30# cylinders and 12 ounce cans

Cylinders

Per Year

 1,100,000

Pounds Emissions

30 Pound Cyl. 30.00 Lbs./Year

Heel Remaining 0.0430 47,300

 0.1200 132,000

 0.2600 286,000

Cans

Per Year

35,000,000

% Pounds Emissions

12 Ounce Cans 1.00 0.75 Lbs./Year

Heel Remaining 0.013 0.0098 341,250

 0.018 0.0135 472,500

 0.019 0.0143 498,750

 0.075 0.0563 1,968,750

 0.100 0.0750 2,625,000

The charts above reflect the amount of refrigerant represented by

various size “heels” remaining in non-returnable refrigerant 

containers. 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Market 5

A/C Jobs A/C Jobs

Per Year Per Year

20,000,000 25,000,000

% Ounces Charge Charge

Average System Charge 1.00 28.00 Lbs./Year Lbs./Year

Recharge All Systems 35,000,000 43,750,000

Lbs./Year

Sold in 12 Ounce Cans 26,250,000

Sold in 30 Pound Cylinders 33,000,000

Total Sold in 2004 59,250,000

Mobile Air Conditioning Systems and the Environment, Ward Atkinson and Jim

For June 1992, Industrial Market Research reported that 11% of the fleet was 

repaired, amounting to 21.1 million vehicles requiring 42.2 million pounds of CFC-12

Baker, May 2002

This chart reflects the amount of refrigerant sold into the mobile air 

conditioning aftermarket in 2004, a total of 59,250,000 pounds. This 

is approximately 15.5 million pounds more than would have been 

required to fully charge an estimated 25,000,000 vehicles which were 

professionally serviced, and this does not take into account the 

amount of refrigerant recovered, recycled and reused. 

- Losses at vehicle end-of-life

30% Have 40% Have

Average Charge Charge

Charge Vehicles Potential Potential

Remaining Scrapped Emissions Emissions

Average Remaining Charge Pounds Annually Lbs./Year Lbs./Year

Vehicles Scrapped Annually 1.00 12,000,000 3,600,000 4,800,000

Studies done in New Jersey and California suggest that 30% to 40% of vehicles 

arriving at end of life have an average refrigerant charge of one pound in system.

This chart reflects an estimate of the amount of refrigerant available 

for recovery at vehicle salvage. 

- Recommendations:

- Recovery and recycle is required by U.S. law and should be practiced 

by all repair shops and enforced by regulatory agencies.

- System leaks should be identified and repaired.

- R/R machines should be maintained in good working condition to avoid 

excessive refrigerant loss during the periodic air venting from the 

recovery tank.

- Leak limits should be identified for replacement components.

- A higher level of training on proper repair and diagnosis and reinforcing 

responsible refrigerant use should be encouraged throughout the 

service industry.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Develop HFC-134a Mass Balance for U.S. Mobile A/C Market 6

- As required by U.S. law, salvage operations should recover all 

refrigerant before the vehicle is scrapped.

- Federal and local regulators should also play an increased role by 

enforcing regulations that are already in place to minimize emissions.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles 1

Working Group 5: End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles

This group has researched and tentatively quantified potential emissions from EOL 

vehicles. There are indications from several studies and reports that, while refrigerant 

recovery from EOL vehicles is required by regulations, compliance with regulations 

could be improved. Research by another group within the I-MAC Service Team also 

suggests that recovery of refrigerant from EOL vehicles is particularly difficult, since 

engine heat cannot be used to enhance recovery, and recovery is likely to occur in 

ambient temperatures not conducive to full system recovery. The Service Team

contacted management of the Automotive Recyclers Association (ARA) to open a 

dialogue about how refrigerant recovery at EOL can be improved, and how the team

could assist. The team drafted an article about the importance of EOL refrigerant 

recovery which was published in 2006 in ARA’s trade publication. ARA has cooperated 

in this effort by assisting with communications and research. Work is ongoing to achieve 

the goal of reduced emissions in this sector. 

In a report on "Management of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVS) in the U.S.,"

1

the authors 

estimate that 94% of ELV vehicles are recycled each year, while the remaining six 

percent are abandoned, falling outside the existing end of life vehicle management 

infrastructure. This represents 12.5 million vehicles (7.7 million cars, 4.6 million light 

trucks and 0.2 million medium/heavy duty trucks recycled each year, while 0.8 million 

(0.5 million cars and 0.3 million trucks) are abandoned.

The study notes that auto dismantlers consist of two distinct types:

 High-value parts dismantlers (high volume, quick turnover operations targeting 

late-model vehicles.

 Salvage/scrap yards (low volume, slow turnover operations accepting most 

vehicles. 

 Included in the EOL process are so-called “gypsy operations” (unregulated, small 

operations) that do not follow industry procedures of reclaiming chemicals from 

scrapped vehicles.

Estimates of refrigerant available for recovery at vehicle end of life vary.

The California Air Resources Board cites several different assumptions and estimates 

including a U.S. EPA Vintaging Model which assumes an average recovery at scrapping 

equal to 57% of the capacity of the A/C system, and a survey by CARB which yielded a 

mean recovery rate of 17% of capacity. 2

1MANAGEMENT OF END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES (ELVS) IN THE US

Jeff Staudinger and Gregory A. Keoleian, Center for Sustainable Systems, Report No. 

CSS01-01, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, March, 2001, pgs. 5, 14.

2

http://arb.ca.gov/cc/factsheets/support_hfc.pdf

HFC-134a as an Automotive Refrigerant -- Background, Emissions and Effects of 

Potential Controls, California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board, 

July 21, 2004
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles 2

On December 24, 2004, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment released survey 

results on the recovery of fluorocarbons from car air conditioners (class-2 specified 

equipment) collected in fiscal 2003 in accordance with the Law Concerning the 

Recovery and Destruction of Fluorocarbons (Fluorocarbon Recovery and Destruction 

Law). .

About 638 tons of fluorocarbons were recovered from car air conditioners in fiscal 2003. 

About 1.7 million car air conditioners were recovered from the estimated 4 million cars 

scrapped during the fiscal year, indicating a collection rate of around 42 percent based 

on the number of air conditioners. Meanwhile, the amount of actual fluorocarbons 

recovered is estimated at 23 percent of the refrigerant originally loaded into the air 

conditioners during manufacture (assuming 700 grams per car).3

In another study by Auto Recycling Nederlands, it was found that end-of-life vehicle 

recovery of refrigerant was between 34% and 38% of the initial charge.4

At the invitation of the American Recyclers Association’s executive vice president 

George K. Eliades, MACS (representing Team Four) attended the group’s 63rd annual 

Convention and Trade Show in downtown Indianapolis in late September, 2006.

ARA is the recycling industry’s trade group. It has members in 12 countries, and 

represents about 1,000 of the estimated 7,500 legitimate U.S. recyclers.

The organization strongly supports pending federal legislation to establish a VIN 

database of total-loss vehicles, and has developed a protocol and guidelines to 

establish a national standard for handling, shipping and storage of OEM non-deployed 

airbags. ARA has also spearheaded the voluntary nationwide program to remove and 

recycle mercury switches, keeping them out of landfills.

Members of any trade organization usually represent the industry’s brightest and best, 

the people who realize the value of what a group can accomplish. ARA promotes both 

its Certified Automotive Recycler (CAR) and Gold Seal programs to members and to the 

public. The CAR program requires a facility to comply with guidelines and requirements 

for Business Practices, Environmental Issues, Safety, and Licensing-Regulatory matters 

before certification is issued. The Gold Seal program encourages excellence in 

customer service, accurate part descriptions, reliable deliveries and written product 

warranties.

For perspective, vehicle recycling is a $25 billion per year business according to 

independent statistics, and it is rated as the 16th largest business segment in the 

3

http://www.japanfs.org/db/1023-e

Japan for Sustainability

4Consultation Paper for European Commission Directorate-General Environment: How 

to Considerably Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions Due to Mobile Air Conditioners, 

February 2003
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles 3

country. ARA studies show that U.S recyclers employ more than 46,000 people and 

make significant economic contributions to their communities.

The ARA Convention and Trade Show, attended by 800 members and vendors, offered 

several classes and seminars as well as product offerings and sales opportunities for 

every facet of the industry. Casual conversations usually begin, “Hi, do you own a 

yard?” and an outsider is quickly educated. 

“The environmental laws of the ‘70s and ‘80s changed this business for the better, and 

in the ‘90s the Internet changed it a lot more. I don’t have to sell locally now; I can ship 

parts all over the country and find what I need in somebody else’s yard, too,” said a 

second-generation recycler from New York. Several e-business providers were 

competing for yard owners’ business, offering real-time parts and salvage auctions, 

sales outlets, shipping consolidation and other services.

The facilities owned by ARA members are no longer the town junkyard with random 

piles of parts and vehicles everywhere. The yards MACS saw, in pictures and in person, 

rivaled any mall parking lot for neatness and order. Most are family owned, often by 

third or fourth generations. A medium sized yard might encompass 60 acres and hold 

1000 cars neatly arranged in aisles and rows.

Many operators rotate their stock every 45-90 days, but others still have cars from the 

1940s. “Some guys have been buying parts off the same car for years,” a rural Montana 

operator told MACS. “Last year a bumper, today a generator. I have a lot of old farm 

equipment too, that’s keeping other old equipment running.” It all depends on knowing 

your market.

On arrival at most yards, a damaged vehicle – often bought from an insurance company 

– immediately has all its fluids drained (sold to re-processors or used in company

vehicles), catalytic converters removed (sold for reclamation), and refrigerant recovered 

(sold to reclaimers). Fuel tanks, airbags and batteries are removed, and usually wheels. 

“I can’t think of a more regulated segment of the auto industry,” another yard owner told 

MACS. “We are regulated by the Feds, the state, and the local government. I have to be 

concerned about groundwater and runoff, haz-mats, tires, batteries, fluid recovery, 

OSHA, EPA and a thousand other things. I can’t afford to be sloppy.”

Another attendee said, “About 90% of ARA members do the right thing environmentally 

– recover, recycle, etc. In the greater industry, it might be about 70-80%.” Another 

delegate added, “When (yards) don’t recover fluids or refrigerant, they’re throwing 

money away. You can sell that stuff!”

The business model of each recycling yard varies. Some will strip the usable parts for

local resale, perhaps to body shops, insurance companies, other yards or walk-in 

customers. It’s not uncommon to see neat racks of wheels, doors, tailgates, and 
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles 4

bumpers awaiting sale, and some facilities have indoor warehousing for mechanical 

parts, engines, and transmissions.

If reuse isn’t an issue, simple refrigerant recovery tanks – like these from WEN 

Industries – are sufficient in many facilities. Additionally, many yards now use 

refrigerant identifiers before hooking up collection equipment. 

One trend in the industry is the rise in pull-your-own-part yards, where a customer 

removes the part from the vehicle, then pays on the way out. An owner of large familyrun yard said, “Our business is about 90% retail and we try to keep it simple. Most of 

our you-pull-it customers are Joe Driveway; they are just trying to keep an old car 

going.” 

Others operators opt for going direct-to-scrap. After recovering the fluids and 

refrigerants (the value of which sometimes covers the initial purchase of the car), the 

vehicles are “logged” or “baled” and sent to a shredder. Simple crushing or flattening 

isn’t common any more; sophisticated hydraulic compacters can now reduce a full-size 

sedan to about the size of a queen bed in 90 seconds. The procedure is impressive to 

watch.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles 5

The mobile compacter reduced a Malibu to the size of a large bed in under two 

minutes. The tightly packed bale, compacted to 40-80 lbs. per cubic foot, stacks 

easily and safely for transport to a shredder.

It’s a demanding business, with high start-up costs and a large annual insurance bill, but 

a lucrative one for those who master it. The secret is found in the yard’s efficiency. In 

most cases, the scrap buyer or re-processor pays for weight or volume, not by the item. 

For example, a recent industry publication showed the average price for crushed auto 

bodies at about $128 per ton, and $145 per ton for unstripped engines. At those rates, 

you have to pull a lot of engines and move a lot of tonnage to cover costs and make 

money, but it can be done.

Saving time on each car is important, and equipment manufacturers provide many

different lift racks, machines and transporters to aid the task. It was mentioned in one 

seminar that an efficient yard could move a car from “door to door-stop” in 30 minutes.

There is a market for almost everything if you choose to remove it. At the trade show, 

several companies wanted to buy various scrap products generated during dismantling, 

including fuels, lubricants, wheels, and mechanical cores such as compressors, 

alternators, water pumps and fuel injectors.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

End-of-Life (EOL) Vehicles 6

Time is money. This specialty rack allows simultaneous collection of several 

fluids under the car. The hydraulic shears are used to cut off catalytic converters. 

After being stripped and drained, cars are moved around the yard by the specialty 

forklift in the background.

One buyer whose company manufactures pipes used in underground water treatment 

systems was there just to develop sources for front and rear plastic bumper covers. 

“Normally, the damaged ones go into the landfill, but I’ll buy them. They have the right 

plastics for our products,” he said.

After reinventing itself a generation ago, the vehicle recycling industry continues to 

change as new markets emerge. Some of their challenges are common to any 

business—hiring and keeping good employees, training, safety, business development, 

customer service. Based on our experience, ARA members are meeting the challenges 

every day, improving their public image, improving the industry, and protecting the 

environment.
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Outreach 1

Working Group 6: Communication, Education, Outreach

MACS has worked to inform and educate the industry about the importance of 

refrigerant emission reductions through its technical publications and magazines, 

through its website, through other automotive associations, through the consumer and 

trade press, through a series of 60 clinics presented to industry technicians throughout 

the U.S. each year (2005 – 2007), through national and international automotive trainer 

organizations and through presentations to industry technicians in large national and 

international forums. 

Articles Published in MACS Service Reports 

May 2007

"Phantom Repair?" -- Not Really, pgs. 7-8

April 2007

New SAE Standards for A/C Are Coming, pgs. 1-3

February 2007

A/C And Its Effect On Fuel Economy, pgs. 3-4

European Cars -- The Prospects, pg. 5

January 2007

The Legal Issues, pg. 1

The New R/R/R Machines Are On The Way, pgs. 1-4

SAE J2788 -- What It Says And Means -- A Summary, pgs. 4-6

The Real World -- What You Can Expect From The Equipment, pgs. 6-7

A New Machine By The Numbers, pgs. 7-8

April 2006

Concerned About Those New Refrigerants?, pgs. 1-2

No. 1 Problem: Accurate Charge, pgs. 1-8

February 2006

Have Patience! You May Need It For Leak Detection, pgs. 5-6

False-Triggering A/C Refrigerant Leak Detectors, pg. 6

July 2005

I'm Not Into The Global Warming Thing, pg. 2

Why You Can't Find The Leak, pgs. 2-8

June 2005

Sight Glasses And More: Charging HFC-134a Systems, pgd. 1-3

Recovery And Charge Accuracy: A New SAE Standard Is Coming, pgs. 3-5

April 2005

Standards And Practices: What's In It For You?, pgs. 1-5
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Outreach 2

February 2005

Why Does Anyone Want To Replace HFC-134a?, pgs. 1-2

How It Could Be Done, pgs. 2-5

Close-Up On What The Technician Faces, pgs. 6-8

January 2005

The Fat-Free Hot Dog: A Refrigerant Allegory, pg. 1

Articles Published in ACTION Magazine

May 2007

Hard Choices Ahead Next Four Years (New Refrigerants), pgs. 20-24

Field Assembly Clinic (Coupled Hose), pgs. 38-42

Many Questions, Few Answers (Alternate Refrigerants), pg. 62

March/April 2007

State Of The Industry, pgs. 59-60

January/February 2007

New Life At The End Of The Line (ELVs), pgs. 46-48

A Sea Change...Again...And Again (I-MAC), pg. 70

November/December 2006

Two Sides To Every Ocean (I-MAC), pg. 70

September/October 2006

How Much? How Long? (I-MAC Update), pg. 14

SAE IN Phoenix: The 2006 ARS Symposium, pgs. 20-28

July/August 2006

By The Numbers, pg. 62

May 2006

Refrigerant Reclamation, pgs. 14-15

Another Future? (Europe), pgs. 17-20

March/April 2006

SAE Committee Meets, Reviews New Standards, pg. 52

Practicing What You Preach (I-MAC Update), pgs. 57-58

January/February 2006

Improving Mobile Air Conditioning Systems Globally, pgs. 52-56

November/December 2005

Finding And Fixing The Leaks, pgs. 54-55

September/October 2005

Recovery And Recharge Accuracy, pgs. 38-39
Reducing Refrigerant Emissions at Jan. 1, 2005 – June 30, 2007

Service and Vehicle End of Life

Outreach 3

July/August 2005

Lessons To Be Learned, pgs. 8-9

I-MAC 30/50: Year One, pgs. 60-62

May 2005

At The Summit, pgs. 42-45

The Real World, pg. 62

January/February 2005

Europe Decides, pgs. 22-23

Information and education promoting the necessity for reduction of refrigerant emissions 

during A/C service operations, and "how to" technical methods and procedures were 

incorporated in A/C Update Training done by MACS in annual clinics conducted in the 

spring of 2005, 2006 and 2007. In each year, 65-70 training clinics were conducted. 

2005 Mobile A/C Update Clinic Book

Introduction Of Alternative Refrigerants, HFC-134a Emission Reduction, pgs. 70-83

2006 Mobile A/C Update Clinic Book

Recovery, Leak Detection, Charging, pgs. 6-19

2007 Mobile A/C Update Clinic Book

Recovery/Charging Equipment, Alternative Refrigerants, Charging, Leak Detection, pgs. 

17-23, 26, 30-32

MACS Website

MACS incorporated an I-MAC button on its website, building pages independently and 

linking to pages relating detailed information about I-MAC. 

Improved Mobile Air Conditioning Web Publication Strategy

MACS developed and proposed a strategy for building public awareness of the I-MAC 

effort.