## TELEVISION USAGE ANA LYSIS:

ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER

PRODUCTS:

Television Sets

Revised March 2013

U.S. Department of Energy Assistant Secretary Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Program Appliances and Commercial Equipment Standards Washington, DC 20585This Document was prepared for the Department of Energy by staff members of

Lawren ce Berkeley National Laboratory1 TELEVISION USAGE ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CO NTENTS

1.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................2

1.1.1 Modes of Use Considered ....................................................................................................2

1.2 FORMULA FOR CALCULATING TV ANNUAL ENERGY USE ..................................3

1.3 TELEVISION SET USAGE PROFILES ............................................................................3

1.3.1 Nielsen TV Set Level Viewing Data ...................................................................................3

1.3.2 Residential Energy Consumption Survey ............................................................................5

1.3.3 Ranking of TVs Within a Household...................................................................................7

1.3.4 Distribution of TV Viewing Time .......................................................................................9

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.3.1 Nielsen Data Set .......................................................................................................5

LIST OF FIGURE S

Figure 1.3.1 Comparison between RECS and Nielsen viewing hours data for primary TVs (2009) ...............................................................................................................6 Figure 1.3.2 Comparison between RECS and Nielsen viewing hours data for secondary TVs (2009) ...............................................................................................................7 Figure 1.3.3 Comparison between RECS and Nielsen viewing hours data for tertiary TVs (2009) ...............................................................................................................7 Figure 1.3.4 Percentage of TVs in each location, by their rank ...................................................8 Figure 1.3.5 TV ranking by screen size from RECS (2009) ........................................................8 Figure 1.3.6 Average usage by rank of TV ..................................................................................9 Figure 1.3.7 Average usage of primary and non-primary TVs, used in remainder of analysis .....................................................................................................................9 Figure 1.3.8 Distribution of primary TV viewing hours in one day ..........................................10 Figure 1.3.9 Distribution o f non-primary TV viewing hours in one day ...................................10 Figure 1.3.10 Linear regression fit of mean hours per day by model year, for 2011 ...................122 TEL EVISION USAGE ANALYSIS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of th is television usage analysis is to establish the range of annual TV usage in U.S. homes. This document describes the methodology that was used to determine the hours

per day a TV is in on mode.

DOE used data collected by The Nielsen Company (Nielsen) between May 2007 and May 2011 from up to 21,000 households in each month a s a basis for estimating the annual usage of TVs. The data set includes use of the TV for viewing live broadcasts as well as for disp laying information from external devices such as DVD players and games consoles. It also includes demographic information from participating households.

Section 1.1.1 defines the different modes of use of TVs. Section 1.3 describes the method DOE used to derive usage profiles from the Nielsen data set.

1.1.1 Modes of Use Considered

DOE has defined various modes of use for TVs in its Test Procedure Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rule a which are:

On Mode : On mode is the power mode in which the TV is connected to a mains power source, has been activated, and is providing one or more of its principal functions.

Standby passive : Standby- passive mode is the power mode in which the TV is connected to a power source, produces neither sound nor picture but can be switched into another mode with the remote control unit or an internal signal.

Standby-active, high mode : Standby-active, high mode is the power mode in which the

TV is connected to a power source, produces neither sound nor picture but can be switched into another mode with the remote control unit or an internal signal, and with an external signal , and is exchanging/receiving data with/ from an external source.

Standby-active, low mode : Standby-active, low mode is the power mode in which the TV is connected to a power source, produces neither sound nor picture but can be switched into another mode with the remote control unit or an internal signal and can additionally be switched into another mode with an external signal.

a The rulemaking docket can be found at: http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;rpp=10;po=0;D=EERE

- 2010

- BT

- TP

- 00263 Off Mode : Off mode is the power mode where the TV is connected to a power source, produces neither sound nor picture and cannot be switched into any other mode with the rem ote control unit, an external or internal signal.

The analysis presented below focuses on the on mode only.

1.2 FORMULA FOR CALCULATING TV ANNUAL ENERGY USE

Television energy consumption is the su m of energy consumed in on mode, standby modes, and off mode. In its Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, DOE defined the annual energy consumption (AEC, expressed in kWh/yr) equation as follows:

AEC = �P

on × H
on + P standby

− active

, low × H standby

− actve

, low + P standby

− passive

× H standby

− passive + P off × H off ) × 365 / 1000

Where

AEC = Annual Energy Consumption

P

on = Power use in on mode (in W)

P

standby

- active, low = Power use in standby- active, lo w mode (in W)

P standby

- passive = Power use in standby-passive mode (in W)

P off = Power use in off mode (in W)

H

on = number of hours per day spent in on mode

H

st andby

- active, low = number of hours per day spent in standby- active, low mode

H st andby

- passive = number of hours per day spent in standby-passive mode

H

off

= number of hours per day spent in off mode

The following sections describe the analysis used to derive H

on .

1.3 TELEVISION SET USAGE PROFILES

The data analysis described in this section is used to profile the use of an average TV in an average U .S. household for the 12-month period from June 2010 to May 2011, as this is the most recent full year of data available. This section describes the da ta set, and why it was chosen over other data sets. It then explains how the data were analyzed.

1.3.1 Nielsen TV S et L evel V iewing D ata

DOE used monthly TV set-level viewing statistics from May 2007 to May 2011, obtained from Nielsen, to determine usage profil es. The data were collected from a representative cross

-4 section of U.S. households in each month. The number of households participating in the survey has grown from month to month, increasing from 12,750 in May 2007 to 20,950 in May 2011. b

The data fields received from Nielsen are described in Table 1.3.1 . Demographic and geographic information about participating households are included in the data, along with TV usage data.

Although the Nielsen data are organized in ‘months’, the time period of data collection was not necessarily a calendar month. The variation from month to month was due to the specific days when technicians went to the household to install and collect the devices. Variations within a month were also seen, due to TVs that were either not plugged in during installation, being used at a later time during the collection period or vice versa. To obtain the true time for which a TV was used, the total minutes were divided by the number of days installed to conver t the value to minutes per day, and then divided by 60 to obtain the hours per day.

b Nielsen data are collected by placing a metering device on each television within a participating household. The device begins collecting data when the TV is turned on until it is switched into standby mode, or turned off. Any peripheral devices such as DVD players or games consoles are also connected to the meter and each of these will be allocated a code so that the meter can identify which device the TV is receiving input from. If an additional device is connected to the TV during the installation period the data will be received as an error with Nielsen. If er rors are recorded for more than 75% of on

- time for 3 out of 7 consecutive days, and each day has more than 60 minutes of on time, Nielsen will contact the participating household to identify the issue (i.e. whether they have added a new device). Error read ings can also occur if the meter has accidently become disconnected from a device. Where audio devices are located at a TV site, the installer will ask the participant whether they use the TV for audio only as well.5 Table 1.3.1 Nielsen Data Set

TUNER_HOUSEHOLD_ID Unique identifier for each household

TUNER_ID Unique ID for each TV within a household. Every TV in a household was

recorded in the survey, whether connected to a power supply or not. But our dataset has filtered out any data relating to TVs that are not used during the survey, which is why numbers are not consecutive.

STATE_DESC State

COUNTY_DESC County

SET_BRAND_DESC Brand of the TV

TUNER_MODEL_YEAR Estimated year of TV model manufacture, based on sticker on TV set or if not available guess/ask consumer

LOCATION_DESC Room in the house TV is located

DAYS_INSTALLED Includes full 24 hour days (from 6am to 6am) that data was collect ed. Meters often installed a few days before data collection begins

HUT Live Viewing Total number of minutes TV was used to view live broadcast including video

on demand

DVD Playback Total number of minutes TV was used to watch a DVD

DVR Playback Total number of minutes TV was used to watch DVR

VCR Playback Total number of minutes TV was used to watch VCR

Video Games Total number of minutes TV was used to play video games

Income Amount Question is phrased as: Please include income from all current h ousehold

members.

The data collected reflects all incomes within the household. The income ranges included on the sheet we show the household members are in $5,000 increments. The reporting systems expect 1 income value; therefore, the values provided by EDW reflect the mid

- point of that range. For example, an EDW income value of 43 means the household income range of $40,000 to $44, 999.

1.3.2 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

DOE typically uses the Energy Information Administration’s Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) 1 data to determine usage profiles. The 2009 RECS recorded information on television set usage by asking participants “How many hours is the television turned on each day?” with answers available in the following 5 bins: less than 1 hour, 1 to 3 hours, 3 to 6 hours, 6 to 10 hours, more than 10 hours. The question was asked separately for ‘primary’, ‘secondary’ and ‘tertiary’ television sets.

DOE compared the responses in RECS to the recorded Nielsen data as shown in Figure

1.3.1 to Figure 1.3.3

. On average, the RECS viewing hours are lower than those recorded by Nielsen. DOE acknowledges that there are several common limitations to asking survey participants to recall the amount of time they spend in an activity, com pared to taking automated

measurements 2 . Some of these include:

(i) social desirability bias, i.e. the desire to present oneself in a way that is viewed favorably by others. The face to face interview format of some RECS data collection would be a likely contributor to this effect;6 (ii) Asking a participant to identify how many hours watched in a typical week, means they will first need to identify what they consider a typical week, and then identify the

number of hours for that typical week , which is m ore complicated than for example asking how many hours of TV they watched yesterday;

(iii) Lower intensity activities are more difficult to recall than higher intensity activities, although due to the structure of television programming into timeslots, this is usually easier than other lower intensity activities;

(iv) Multitasking can also lead to confounded responses as many people will have the television on while they are performing another activity, and may not recall this as

television on time. The refore the RECS data are not considered as reliable as that recorded by Nielsen. RECS data were still used, however, to estimate the number of TVs currently in use in the U.S. and the number of TVs per household.

Figure 1.3.1 Comparison between RECS and Nielsen vie wing

hours data for primary TVs ( 2009) 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

Less than

1 Hour 1 to 3

Hours 3 to 6

Hours 6 to 10

Hours More than

10 HoursPercentage of responses

Hours per day Primary TV comparison

RECS

Nielsen7 Figure 1.3.2 Comparison between RECS and Nielsen viewing

hours data for secondary TVs (2009)

Figure 1.3.3 Comparison between RECS and Nielsen viewing

hours data for tertiary TVs ( 2009)

1.3.3 Ranking of TVs Within a Household

In the Nielsen data set, DOE assigned a ranking to each TV wit hin a household, based on the hours per day for which the TV was used (i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.). This method was chosen in favor of assigning a ranking based on the location of the TV, since room location and ranking are not perfectly corre lated. For example Figure 1.3.4 shows the percentage of TVs in each location separated by their rank. While the majority of primary TVs are located in a living room, there are still a significant number of households using bedrooms, family room/dens and even basements as their primary viewing location. 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

Less than

1 Hour 1 to 3

Hours 3 to 6

Hours 6 to 10

Hours More than

10 HoursPercentage of responses

Hours per day Secondary TV comparison

RECS

Nielsen

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

Less than 1

Hour 1 to 3

Hours 3 to 6

Hours 6 to 10

Hours More than

10 HoursPercentage of responses

Hours per day Tertiary TV comparison

RECS

Nielsen8 Figure 1.3.4 Percentage of TVs in each location, by their rank

DOE also considered ranking TVs based on the screen size. Information relating viewing

hours to screen size was not availa ble in the Nielsen data set, but available in RECS. RECS asked participants if their TVs were ‘large screen’ in the 2001 survey. However, there is no definition of large in the survey questions. DOE contacted the EIA for clarification, and EIA explained that there was no record of what constituted ‘large screen’ during the 2001 survey or the subsequent 2005 survey which asked the same question. EIA acknowledged that this had been an issue and rephrased the question in the 2009 survey, asking participants for the diagonal

screen size within one of four bins. In Figure 1.3.5 below, based on the 2009 survey, it can be seen that more than 75 % of TVs with screen size greater than 37 inches are primary. However,

these limited data were not considered sufficient to be able to project forward the rank of TVs as

a function of screen size.

Figure 1.3.5 TV ranking by screen size from RECS (2009) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quarternary 5+Percentage of TVs in each location

Rank of TV Patio

Other

Office

Master Bedroom

Living Room

Kitchen

Garage

Family Room/Den

Dining Room

Detached Building

Bedroom

Basement

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

Less than 21 Inches 21 to 36 Inches 37 Inches or More Tertiary

Secondary

Primary9 1.3.4 Distribution of TV Viewing Time

DOE calculated the total average viewing time of a TV for each year of the survey, as well as separately for primary TVs , secondary TVs, etc. As can be seen in Figure 1.3.6 , the time difference between primary and secondary TV viewing hours was significant, while going from secondary to tertiary was less so. The data were therefore split into primary and non

- primary for the rest of the analysis , as seen in Figure 1.3.7

.

The distributions of average viewing hours in one day for primary and non- primary TVs

are shown in Figure 1.3.8 and Figure 1.3.9 . These distributions are for the last full year in the data set (June 2010- May 2011) . The distribution for primary TVs is a stretched normal distribution, whereas the distribution for non-primary TVs is more skewed, peaking at th e 0 -30 minute bin. Secondary TVs, tertiary TVs, and so on have similar distributions peaked at the 0-30

minute bin , providing further justification for considering them as a single group.

Figure 1.3.6 Average usage by rank of TV

Figure 1.3.7 Average usage o f p rimary and non-p rimary TV s, used in remainder of analysis 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Average hours per day

Year of data collection Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quarternary

5+

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Average hours per day

Year of data collection Primary

Non

- primary10 Figure 1.3.8 Distribution of p rimary TV viewing hours in one day

Figure 1.3.9 Distribution of non

- primary TV viewing hours in one day 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Percentage of TVs

Hours per day

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Percentage of TVs

Hours per day11 Estimating total energy consumption using the average usage over all TVs would significantly underestimate usage if a TV was purchased as a primary TV. Estimating total energy consumption based on the average usage of a primary TV would, however, significantly overestimate the use of a TV purchased as a non

- primary TV. DOE therefore estimated the probability that a TV would be used as a primary TV in its year of purchase.

To do this, DOE used the Nielsen data to estimate the percentage of households for which the newest TV was also the primary TV. This approximately represents households whose latest TV purchase was intended to become a primary TV. The analysis was done for May of each year, as this was the only month present for all 5 years. The percentage of households using their newest TV as a primary rose from 55% in May 2007 to 60% in May 2008. However, this rate of increase slowed down after this, with a percentage increase from 2010 to 2011 of less than 1%.

DOE therefore estimates the probability of a future TV purchase being used as a primary TV to remain similar to 2010 and 2011, rather than the earlier years in the Nielsen data. Given that the percentage of households using their newest TV as a primary TV is relatively steady, using data on the stock is representative of new shipments. DOE therefore assigned a probability of 65% for a new TV being used as a primary TV, and 35% for a new TV being used as a non- primary TV.

DOE then determined a we ighted usage profile of TVs, based on the above assumed probabilit ies , in their first year of purchase. The resulting distribution is a stretched normal distribution similar to the one seen for primary TVs, with slightly reduced peak hours per day.

The ave rage is 5.5 hours per day. It should be noted, however, that this calculation is based on the existing stock of TVs, which may or may not be representative of new TV shipments.

Furthermore, this probability is likely to be a strong function of screen size . Larger TVs are more likely to be used as a primary TV than smaller TVs. Unfortunately, the Nielsen dataset

does not include screen size. DOE could not find another suitable dataset that includes both

screen size and the age of TVs found in homes. Nor could DOE find any data on whether new shipments of TVs are used as primary TVs, as a function of size. Therefore, DOE did not assign different probabilities based on screen size.

As a cross

- check on the above analysis, DOE also analyzed the data as a functi on of TV age (since TV model years are recorded in the Nielsen dataset). Data for TVs of age 0 would therefore be indicative of new shipments, and can be averaged over primary and non- primary TVs. This analysis is shown in Figure 1.3.10 for 2011 . On average, these new TVs are watched 5 hours per day initially, with the average slowly declining as the TVs age. The 5.5 hours estimated above is based on the existing stock of TVs, whereas this estimate of 5 hours per day is based on new shipments only. This likely explain s the difference , suggesting a slight increase in secondary TV purchases

. The est imate of 5 hours per day is more robust (does not require any assumptions) and is more representative of new shipments (both primary and secondary) than the estimate of 5.5 hours per day.12 Figure 1.3.10 Linear regression fit of mean hours per day by model year, for

2011 y =

- 0.0685x + 4.8129

R2 = 0.7883

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Mean hours per day

Years since purchase13 REFERENCES

1 US Energy Information Administration. "2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey"

Retrieved 8/18/2011, 2011, from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/index.cfm

.

2 Pettee, K. K., S. A. Ham, et al. (2009). "The reliability of a survey question on television

viewing and associations with health risk factors in US adults." Obesity 17 (3): 487-493.