Style 

Manual

A n o ff i c i a l g u i d e t o t h e f o r m a n d s t y l e 

of Federal Government publishing | 2016

Keeping America Informed | OFFICIAL | DIGITAL | SECURE

gpostyle@gpo.gov
ii

Production and Distribution Notes

This publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces. 

It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post 

consumer waste.

The GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository 

Library Program. To find a depository library near you, please go to the Federal 

depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp. 

The electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at 

https://www.govinfo.gov/gpo-style-manual.

Use of ISBN Prefix 

This is the official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein 

identified to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978–0–16–093601–2 is for U.S. 

Government Publishing Office official editions only. The Superintendent 

of Documents of the U.S. Government Publishing Office requests that any 

reprinted edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned.

P tnemnrevoG .S.U ,stnemucoD fo tnednetnirepuS eht yb elas roF eciff O

0081-215 )202( aera CD ;0081-215 )668( eerf llot :enohP vog.opg.erotskoob :tenretnI

F 1 notgnihsaW ,CCDI potS :liaM 4012-215 )202( :xa 000-20402 CD ,

ublishing

ISBN 978-0-16-093601-2 (Paper)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: United States. Government Publishing Office, author.

Title: Style manual : an official guide to the form and style of federal 

 government publications / U.S. Government Publishing Office.

Other titles: Official guide to the form and style of federal government 

 publications | Also known as: GPO style manual

Description: 2016; official U.S. Government edition. | Washington, DC : U.S. 

 Government Publishing Office, 2016. | Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016055634| ISBN 9780160936029 (cloth) | ISBN 0160936020 

 (cloth) | ISBN 9780160936012 (paper) | ISBN 0160936012 (paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Printing—United States—Style manuals. | Printing, 

 Public—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Publishers and 

 publishing—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Authorship—Style 

 manuals. | Editing—Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Classification: LCC Z253 .U58 2016 | DDC 808/.02—dc23 | SUDOC GP 1.23/4:ST 

 9/2016

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016055634
iii

THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL

IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF

THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

Davita E. Vance-Cooks

Previous printings of the GPO Style Manual: 1894, 1898, 1900, 1903, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1914, 

1917, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1945, 1953, 1959, 1962, 1967, 

1973, 1984, 2000, 2008

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 

STYLE BOARD

Tony N. Gilbert, Chairman

James E. Bender Michelle R. Overstreet

Peter W. Binns David J. Robare

Kristina Bobe Margaret V. Ross-Smith

Mark C. Czajka Kathleen M. Swigert

Yalanda Johnson Charlotte E. Timmons

Carolyn B. Mitchell 

Ex officio

Andrew M. Sherman, Chief of Staff

John W. Crawford, Managing Director, Plant Operations

Gregory Estep, Deputy Managing Director, Plant Operations

Shelley N. Welcher, Production Manager, Plant Operations

Reneé Rosa, Manager of Operations, Pre-Press Division

Myra L. Taylor Darlene Rios-Bay Tracy D. Shields

 Foreperson Foreperson Foreperson

Proof and Copy Markup Section Proof and Copy Markup Section Proof and Copy Markup Section

 Shift 1 Shift 2 Shift 3

JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING

Representative Gregg Harper, Chairman

Senator Roy Blunt, Vice Chairman

Representative Candice S. Miller Senator Pat Roberts

Representative Rodney Davis Senator John Boozman

Representative Robert A. Brady Senator Charles E. Schumer

Representative Juan Vargas Senator Tom Udall
iv

EXTRACT FROM THE 

PUBLIC PRINTING LAW

(TITLE 44, U.S.C.)

§ 1105. Form and style of work for departments 

 The Director of the Government Publishing 

Office shall determine the form and style in which 

the printing or binding ordered by a depart ment 

is executed, and the material and the size of type 

used, having proper regard to economy, workmanship, and the purposes for which the work is 

needed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261; Pub. 

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, § 1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 

128 Stat. 2537.)

Historical and Revision Notes 

 Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., § 216 (Jan. 12, 

1895, ch. 23, § 51, 28 Stat. 608).

Amendments

 2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted “Director 

of the Government Publishing Office” for “Public 

Printer”.
v

About This Manual

The GPO Style Manual, as it is popularly known, is issued under the 

authority of section 1105 of title 44 of the U.S. Code, which requires the 

Director of the GPO to “determine the form and style in which the printing 

. . . ordered by a department is executed, . . . having proper regard to economy, workmanship, and the purposes for which the work is needed.” The 

Manual is prepared by the GPO Style Board, composed of proofreading, 

printing, and Government documents specialists from within GPO, where 

all congressional publications and many other key Government documents 

are prepared.

The first GPO Style Manual appeared in 1894. It was developed originally as a printer’s stylebook to standardize word and type treatment, and 

it remains so today. Through successive editions, however, the Manual has 

come to be widely recognized by writers and editors both within and outside 

the Federal Government as one of the most useful resources in the editorial arsenal. And now in the 21st century, writers and editors are using the 

Manual in the preparation of the informational content of Government 

publications that appear in digital formats.

Writers and editors whose disciplines have taught them aspects of style different from those found in the GPO Style Manual will appreciate the 

difficulty of establishing a single standard. Users of this Manual should 

consider it instead as a general guide. Its rules cannot be regarded as rigid, for 

the printed word assumes many shapes and variations in final presentation, 

and usage changes over time as language evolves. Periodically the Manual 

is updated, as this edition has been, to eliminate obsolete standards, update 

form and usage, and adjust the guidance for document preparation and appearance to current custom.

Comments and suggestions from users of the GPO Style Manual are welcomed. All such correspondence may be emailed to the GPO Style Board at 

gpostyle@gpo.gov.
A digital version of this Manual appears on GPO’s govinfo at https://www.

govinfo.gov/gpo-style-manual. Revisions and updates are made to the online version of this Manual periodically. Accordingly, that document rather 

than the printed edition should be consulted as the most up-to-date version 

available.

For the purposes of the GPO Style Manual, examples provided throughout both the printed and digital versions are to be given the same weight as 

the enumerated rules.

Acknowledgments

The GPO Style Board would like to thank the following people for assistance 

in the production of this edition of the GPO Style Manual:

Special thanks go to Michael M. Shelton, Program Analyst, Office of Policy, 

National Park Service, and Member of the U.S. Board on Geographic 

Names, for his wealth of knowledge, special consultation, and research during the entire revision process of this Manual. He has, indeed, been a true 

friend to the Board.

M. Michael Abramson, past Chair of the GPO Style Board, who acted as an 

adviser to the present Style Board.

Elizabeth Appel, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, 

for advice on the issue of capitalization of “Tribe” and “Tribal.”

Douglas Caldwell, Geospatial Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer 

Research and Development Center and Jacqueline Nolan, Geography and 

Map Division, Library of Congress, for information on acronyms and cartographic names.

The offices of Indiana Senators Dan Coats and Joe Donnelly and Indiana 

Governor Mike Pence for information regarding the demonym “Hoosier.”

Rachel R. Creviston, Chief of Staff, Office of the Secretary of the Senate; 

Matthew P. McGowan, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration; 

and Corey Plank, Lead Cartographer—Remote Sensing, Bureau of Land 

Management, for consulting on the issue regarding compass directional 

abbreviations.

vi About This Manual
Linda Crown, Administrative Specialist, Office of Weights and Measures, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, for information on terms 

of measures.

Robert W. Dahl, Cadastral Surveyor, U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Bureau of Land Management, Minerals & Realty Management Directorate, 

Division of Lands, Realty & Cadastral Survey (WO–350), for his contribution of the Principal Meridians and Base Lines of the United States tables, 

Chapter 18.

Cynthia L. Etkin, Program Planning Specialist, Office of the Superintendent 

of Documents, Government Publishing Office, for her assistance in the production of this Manual.

Dean Gardei, Brand and Web Manager, Government Publishing Office, for 

the design of the cover and title page.

Solange A. Garvey, Foreign Affairs Officer and Leo Dillon, Office of the 

Geographer and Global Issues, U.S. Department of State; and Trent Palmer, 

Executive Secretary for Foreign Names, U.S. Board on Geographic Names, 

for information on foreign countries and terms.

Jeremy Gelb, IT Specialist, Government Publishing Office, for technical assistance in the production of this Manual.

Christine Jones, Editorial Team Lead, Information Design and Publishing 

Staff, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention, for information on medical eponyms.

Library Services & Content Management Staff, including Patricia 

A. Duplantis, Systems Librarian; Laurie B. Hall, Chief and Acting 

Superintendent of Documents; James M. Mauldin, Manager, Office of 

Archival Management; and Kelly M. Seifert, Strategic Communications 

Coordinator, for their feedback and support.

Christine McMahon, Program Planner, Programs, Strategy and Technology, 

Government Publishing Office, for her contribution in updating the GPO’s 

Digital Information Initiatives.

James Moore, Gibbs & Cox, Inc., for information regarding technical 

abbreviations.

About This Manual vii
Kirk Petri and Jon Quandt, Lead Program Planners, Programs, Strategy 

and Technology, and John Foley and Jiang (John) Zheng, IT Specialists, 

Information Technology, Government Publishing Office, for their contributions in updating the information technology acronyms and initialisms 

section in the abbreviations and letter symbols chapter.

Kathleen Swiatek, IT Specialist, IT Product Support, for Bill language 

assistance.

Marcia Thompson, Chief, Congressional Record Index Office, Government 

Publishing Office, for revisions to the pages relating to the Congressional 

Record Index.

Louis Yost, Executive Secretary and Jennifer Runyon, Staff, U.S. Board on 

Geographic Names, for help on a variety of names and geographic issues.

Employees of the Production Planning and Control Division, Government 

Publishing Office, for their contributions during the preproduction/production process.

Employees of the Proof and Copy Markup Section, Government Publishing 

Office, for their constant contributions to the GPO Style Manual.

Current users who have contributed many ideas and suggestions that were 

incorporated into this edition of the GPO Style Manual.

viii About This Manual
ix

GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives

In the digital age, GPO is responsible for providing public access to the digital versions of many of the official documents it prints, as well as—to the 

greatest extent possible—the digital versions of Government publications 

that are not printed but are otherwise made available on other Federal websites. GPO recognizes that a Federal author today often begins the content 

creation process at a computer, and frequently publishes the final document 

to the web without creating a print version that will make its way to a user's 

hands or a library's shelves.

GPO Access

To accommodate this transition in Federal publishing strategies while preserving GPO’s core responsibility for ensuring public access to Government 

publications, Congress enacted Public Law 103–40, the Government 

Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act of 1993, 

which required GPO to establish access to key Government publications in 

digital format and provide a system of storage to ensure permanent public 

access to the information they contain. Opened to the public in 1994, the 

resulting website, GPO Access, was GPO's entrance into the digital age. In 

2003, the National Archives and Records Administration formally recognized GPO as an affiliate archive for the digital content on the GPO Access 

site. GPO Access operated for 15 years before it was retired following the 

introduction of GPO’s Federal Digital System (FDsys).

Federal Digital System (FDsys)

To meet continued public demand for access to digital Government publications, provide for an increased range of search and retrieval options, and 

ensure the preservation of official Government information content in the 

21st century, GPO embarked on the construction of a more comprehensive 

online capability, called the Federal Digital System, or FDsys, available at 

www.fdsys.gov.

FDsys was launched as a beta website in 2009 and permanently replaced 

GPO Access in 2011. FDsys provides free access to hundreds of thousands 
of official Federal Government publications in digital format from all three 

branches of the Federal Government, including congressional bills, the 

Congressional Record, the Federal Register, the Compilation of Presidential 

Documents, the U.S. Code, the Code of Federal Regulations, and opinions 

from more than 100 Federal courts. In 2016, GPO reached a milestone of 

two billion retrievals of digital Government information from FDsys (the 

equivalent of nine retrievals per second over seven years of operation). 

govinfo beta website

In February 2016, GPO launched the next generation of digital public access, 

govinfo (at www.govinfo.gov) as a public beta website to eventually replace 

the FDsys public website. govinfo is a redesign of FDsys featuring a modern, 

easy-to-use look and feel that syncs with the need of today’s Government 

information users for quick and effective digital access across a variety of 

digital platforms. It was developed with a focus on implementing feedback 

from users and improving overall search and access to FDsys content. The 

redesigned, mobile-friendly website incorporates state-of-the-art innovative 

technologies and includes several new features for an overall enhanced user 

experience. govinfo is the new front door to accessing the same official, preserved content that GPO has made available through GPO Access and FDsys 

for more than two decades.

The key new features of govinfo include the capability to link related content, 

new ways to browse content, a new open-source search engine, enhancements to the search filters, and more options for sharing pages and content 

on social media.

Digital preservation

Content in FDsys and govinfo is preserved to ensure permanent availability in electronic form. As a preservation repository, GPO follows archival 

system standards to ensure long-term preservation and access to digital 

content. GPO’s digital stewardship vision is to operate a standards-based 

preservation repository and to implement user-friendly, responsive, and innovative technologies to ensure that all archived content information can 

be obtained, rendered, used, and understood by the designated community 

into the future.

x GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives
In 2015, GPO began pursuing certification of its flagship system as a 

Trustworthy Digital Repository for Government information under ISO 

16363: Audit and Certification of Trustworthy Digital Repositories.

Authentication of digital documents

The increasing use of documents in digital format poses a special challenge 

in verifying authenticity, because digital technology makes such documents 

easy to alter or copy in unauthorized or illegitimate ways. GPO assures users 

that the publications available from GPO websites are as official and authentic as publications that have been printed by GPO for many years. GPO 

digital systems operate with established trust relationships between all parties in digital transactions. A visible digital signature, viewed as the GPO 

Seal of Authenticity signified by an eagle, verifies document integrity and 

authenticity on GPO online Federal documents. The visible digital signature 

on PDF documents on FDsys and govinfo signifies a guarantee that the information in the document is official, authentic, and secure.

XML bulk data repository

Since the launch of FDsys, GPO has worked with partners in the legislative 

and executive branches to expand the availability of Government information content in support of an open and transparent government. One such 

effort involves making content available in machine-readable Extensible 

Markup Language (XML) format for bulk download. The effort began in 

2009 and has grown to nine collections now available through GPO’s bulk 

data repository at www.gpo.gov/fdsys/bulkdata. The repository features 

data collections including text, summary, and status information for bills 

introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate, the annual official and unofficial digital versions of the Code of Federal Regulations, the 

Federal Register, the U.S. Government Manual, and the Public Papers of the 

Presidents of the United States.

Information available on GPO’s XML bulk data repository helps maximize 

the ways this data can be used or repurposed by users. Making information available in XML permits data to be reused and repurposed for mobile 

web applications, data mashups, and other analytical tools by third-party 

providers, contributing to efforts supporting openness and transparency in 

government.

GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives xi
Catalog of U.S. Government Publications (CGP)

GPO is responsible for creating a catalog and index for all public documents 

published by the Federal Government that are not confidential in character. 

This work serves libraries and the public nationwide and enables people to 

locate desired Government publications in all formats. The public interface 

for accessing these cataloging records is the Catalog of U.S. Government 

Publications (CGP), which is available in digital format at http://catalog.gpo.

gov. Using the CGP, anyone can freely access descriptive information for 

historical and current Government publications as well as digital links to 

their full content. Print versions of U.S. Government publications may be 

found by contacting a Federal depository library: https://catalog.gpo.gov/

fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp.

Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government

Ben’s Guide, available at http://bensguide.gpo.gov, provides learning tools 

for K–12 students, parents, and educators. The site provides age-specific explanations about how the Federal Government works, explains the use of 

the primary source materials available on FDsys and govinfo, and explains 

GPO's role in the Federal Government.

Online U.S. Government Bookstore

Government information users may also locate and order publications available for sale in both print and digital—including eBook—formats through 

GPO's Publication and Information Sales Program. Orders may be placed 

online securely at https://bookstore.gpo.gov.

Applicability of the GPO STYLE MANUAL to digital publications

The rules of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and related matters, as stated 

in this Manual, will serve well when preparing documents for digital 

access. Most of the documents on FDsys and govinfo are derived from databases used in the printing of Government publications. As the availability of 

Government publications in digital formats continues to grow, the rules as 

stated in this Manual will continue to be GPO’s standard for all document 

preparation, whether for conventional printing or digital access.

xii GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives
xiii

 Chapter Page

 About This Manual ......................................................................... v

 GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives .......................................... ix

 1. Advice to Authors and Editors ...................................................... 1

 2. General Instructions ....................................................................... 7

 3. Capitalization Rules ........................................................................ 27

 4. Capitalization Examples ................................................................. 45

 5. Spelling .............................................................................................. 81

 6. Compounding Rules ....................................................................... 97

 7. Compounding Examples ............................................................... 111

 8. Punctuation ...................................................................................... 193

 9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols................................................ 221

 Standard word abbreviations .................................................... 238

 Standard letter symbols for units of measure ......................... 248

 Standard Latin abbreviations ................................................ 252

 Information technology acronyms and initialisms ............... 256

 10. Signs and Symbols ........................................................................... 263

 11. Italic ................................................................................................... 269

 12. Numerals........................................................................................... 273

 13. Tabular Work ................................................................................... 285

 14. Leaderwork ...................................................................................... 303

 15. Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines ............................... 307

 16. Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures ........................................... 313

 17. Useful Tables .................................................................................... 325

 U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents ......................................... 325

 State Populations and Their Capitals ....................................... 326

 Principal Foreign Countries ..................................................... 327

 Demonyms: Names of Nationalities ........................................ 337

 Currency ....................................................................................... 339

 Metric and U.S. Measures .......................................................... 345

 Common Measures and Their Metric Equivalents ............... 346

 Measurement Conversion ......................................................... 347

 18. Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions ................................ 349

 19. Congressional Record ..................................................................... 377

 Congressional Record Index ......................................................... 413

 20. Reports and Hearings ..................................................................... 425

 Index .................................................................................................. 441

Contents

1

1. Advice to Authors and Editors

The GPO Style Manual is intended to facilitate the production of 

Government publications. Careful observance of the following suggestions 

will aid in expediting your publication and reduce costs.

1.1. Making changes after submission of copy delays the production of 

the publication and adds to the expense of the work; therefore, copy 

must be carefully edited before being submitted to the Government 

Publishing Office.

1.2. Legible copy, not faint reproductions, must be furnished.

1.3. Copy should be on one side only with each sheet numbered consecutively. If both sides of copy are to be used, a duplicate set of copy 

must be furnished.

1.4. To avoid unnecessary expense, it is advisable to have each page 

begin with a new paragraph.

1.5. Proper names, signatures, figures, foreign words, and technical 

terms should be written plainly.

1.6. Chemical symbols, such as Al, Cl, Tl are sometimes mistaken for 

A1, C1, T1. Editors must indicate whether the second character is a 

letter or a figure.

1.7. Footnote reference marks in text and tables should be arranged 

consecutively from left to right across each page of copy.

1.8. Photographs, drawings, and legends being used for illustrations 

should be placed in the manuscript where they are to appear in 

the publication. They should be on individual sheets, as they are 

handled separately during typesetting.

1.9. If a publication is composed of several parts, a scheme of the desired 

arrangement must accompany the first installment of copy.

1.10. To reduce the possibility of costly blank pages, avoid use of new odd 

pages and halftitles whenever possible. Generally these refinements 

should be limited to quality bookwork.
2 Chapter 1

1.11. Samples should be furnished if possible. They should be plainly 

marked showing the desired type, size of type page, illustrations if 

any, paper, trim, lettering, and binding.

1.12. In looseleaf or perforated-on-fold work, indicate folio sequence, including blank pages, by circling in blue. Begin with first text page 

(title). Do not folio separate covers or dividers.

1.13. Indicate on copy if separate or self-cover. When reverse printing in 

whole or in part is required, indicate if solid or tone.

1.14. Avoid use of oversize fold-ins wherever possible. This can be done 

by splitting a would-be fold-in and arranging the material to appear 

as facing pages in the text. Where fold-ins are numerous and cannot be split, consider folding and inserting these into an envelope 

pasted to the inside back cover.

1.15. Every effort should be made to keep complete jobs of over 4 pages to 

signatures (folded units) of 8, 12, 16, 24, or 32 pages. Where possible, 

avoid having more than two blank pages at the end.

1.16. Indicate alternative choice of paper on the requisition. Where possible, confine choice of paper to general use items carried in inventory 

as shown in the GPO Paper Catalogue (https://www.gpo.gov/pdfs/

customers/GPOPaperCatalogue0614.pdf).

1.17. If nonstandard trim sizes and/or type areas are used, indicate head 

and back margins. Otherwise, GPO will determine the margins.

1.18. Customers should submit copy for running heads and indicate the 

numbering sequence for folios, including the preliminary pages.

1.19. Corrections should be made on first proofs returned, as later proofs 

are intended for verification only. All corrections must be indicated 

on the “R” (revise) set of proofs, and only that set should be returned 

to GPO.

1.20. Corrections should be marked in the margins of a proof opposite 

the indicated errors, not by writing over the print or between the 

lines. All queries on proofs must be answered or no change will be 

made.
Advice to Authors and Editors 3

1.21. The following GPO publications relate to material included in this 

Manual.

Government Paper Specification Standards

The purpose of these standards is to achieve compliance with relevant 

statutes regarding printing papers; address environmental, workplace 

safety, and paper longevity issues; and achieve maximum savings in the 

Government’s paper purchases. 2011 (https://www.gpo.gov/pdfs/customers/

sfas/vol12/vol_12.pdf).

GPO Paper Samples

This publication is a supplement to Government Paper Specification 

Standards. It includes samples of papers used by GPO. Used as a planning 

aid and guide in selecting an adequate grade, weight, and color of paper for 

a job of printing. 2011.
4 Chapter 1

1.22. Corrections made to proofs should be indicated as follows:

1 In lieu of the traditional mark “tr” used to indicate letter or number transpositions, the striking out of the 

incorrect letters or numbers and the placement of the correct matter in the margin of the proof is the preferred 

method of indicating transposition corrections. 2 Corrections involving more than two characters should be marked by striking out the entire word or number 

and placing the correct form in the margin. This mark should be reserved to show transposition of words. 3 The form of any query carried should be such that an answer may be given simply by crossing out the complete 

query if a negative decision is made or the right-hand (question mark) portion to indicate an affirmative answer.
Advice to Authors and Editors 5

 Note.—The system of marking proofs can be made easier by the use of an imaginary vertical line 

through the center of the type area. The placement of corrections in the left-hand margin for those 

errors found in the left-hand portion of the proof and in the right-hand margin for right-side errors 

prevents overcrowding of marks and facilitates corrections.

7

2. General Instructions

Job planning

2.1. New publications are evaluated by application specialists who review their requirements and design the necessary formats. Each 

format is made to conform exactly to the copy’s specifications for 

page dimensions, line length, indentions, typefaces, etc. Upon completion, sample pages are produced and submitted to the customer. 

At this time, customer agencies are requested to indicate precise details of any style changes because this set of pages serves as a guide 

for the copy preparer, the beginning of actual production.

2.2. Changes in the needs of the library community have led to a move 

toward uniform treatment of the component parts of publications. 

In developing standards to guide publishers of Government documents, consideration has been given to the changing needs of those 

who seek to produce, reference, index, abstract, store, search, and 

retrieve data. Certain identifying elements will be printed on all 

publications in accordance with this Manual and with standards 

developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

 Publications such as books and pamphlets should contain:

(a) Title and other title information;

(b) Name of department issuing or creating the publication;

(c) Name of author(s) and editor(s) (department or individual);

(d) Date of issuance;

(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);

(f) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers, 

if applicable; and

(g) International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

(See ANSI Standard Z39.15, Title Leaves of a Book.)
8 Chapter 2

 Reports of a scientific or technical nature should contain:

(a) Title and other title information;

(b) Report number;

(c) Author(s);

(d) Performing organization;

(e) Sponsoring department;

(f) Date of issuance;

(g) Type of report and period covered;

(h) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address); 

and

(i) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers 

if applicable.

 (See ANSI/NISO Standard Z39.18—2005 (R2010), Scientific and 

Technical Reports—Preparation, Presentation, and Preservation.)

 Journals, magazines, periodicals, and similar publications should 

contain:

(a) Title and other title information;

(b) Volume and issue numbers;

(c) Date of issue;

(d) Publishing or sponsoring department;

(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);

(f) International Standard Serial Number; and

(g) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers 

if applicable.

 (See ANSI Standard Z39.1, American Standard Reference Data and 

Arrangement of Periodicals.)
General Instructions 9

Federal Aviation

Administration

DOT/FAA/AM–08/6

Office of Aerospace Medicine

Washington, DC 20591

Use of Weather Information

by General Aviation Pilots,

Part I, Quantitative:

Reported Use and Value of

Providers and Products

William R. Knecht

Civil Aerospace Medical Institute

Oklahoma City, OK 73125

March 2008

Final Report

Report

number

Availability

statement

Title

Sponsoring

organization

Author

Performing

organization

name and

address

Date

Type of

report

Notes:

 (1) This sample report cover is reduced in size.

 (2) In this sample, items are justified left. Other cover designs and 

typefaces are acceptable.

 (3) This sample page was prepared according to the guidelines of the 

American National Standards Institute, www.ansi.org. Users of 

ANSI standards are cautioned that all standards are reviewed periodically and subject to revision.
10 Chapter 2

Makeup

2.3. The design and makeup of a publication is the responsibility of 

the publisher. However, when the following elements occur in 

Government publications, they generally appear in the sequence 

listed below. The designation “new odd page” generally refers to 

bookwork and is not required in most pamphlet- and magazinetype publications.

 (a) False title (frontispiece, if any, on back).

 (b) Frontispiece, faces title page.

 (c) Title page (new odd page).

 (d) Back of title, blank, but frequently carries such useful bibliographic information as list of board members, congressional 

resolution authorizing publication, note of editions and printings, GPO imprint if departmental imprint appears on title 

page, sales notice, etc.

 (e) Letter of transmittal (new odd page).

 (f) Foreword (new odd page), differs from a preface in that it is an 

introductory note written as an endorsement by a person other 

than the author. An introduction differs from a foreword or a 

preface in that it is the initial part of the text; if the book is divided into chapters, it should be the first chapter.

 (g) Preface (new odd page), by author.

 (h) Acknowledgments (new odd page), if not part of preface.

 (i) Contents (new odd page), immediately followed by list of illustrations and list of tables, as parts of contents.

 (j) Halftitle, new odd page preceding first page of text.

 (k) Text, begins with page 1 (if halftitle is used, begins with p. 3).

 (l) Glossary (new odd page).

 (m) Bibliography (new odd page).

 (n) Appendix (new odd page).

 (o) Index (new odd page).
General Instructions 11

2.4. Preliminary pages use small-cap Roman numerals. Pages in the 

back of the book (index, etc.), use lowercase Roman numerals.

2.5. Booklets of 32 pages or less can be printed more economically with 

a self-cover. A table of contents, title page, foreword, preface, etc., is 

not usually necessary with so few pages. If some of this preliminary 

matter is necessary, it is more practical to combine them (e.g., contents on cover; or contents, title, and foreword on cover 2).

2.6. Widow lines (lines less than full width of measure) at top of pages 

are to be avoided, if possible, but are permitted if absolutely necessary to maintain uniform makeup and page depth. Rewording to 

fill the line is a preferred alternative.

2.7. Paragraphs may start on the last line of a page whenever necessary. 

If it is found necessary to make a short page, the facing page should 

be of approximate equal depth.

2.8. A blank space or sink of 6 picas should be placed at the head of 

each new odd or even page of 46-pica or greater depth; pages with 

a depth of from 36 to 45 picas, inclusive, will carry a 5-pica sink; 

pages less than 36 picas, 4 picas.

2.9. When centered top folios are used, the folio on a new page is set 2 

points smaller than the top folios, centered at the bottom, and enclosed in parentheses.

2.10. When running heads with top folios are used, running heads are 

included in overall page depth. However, first pages of chapters and 

other pages with bottom folios do not include the folios as part of 

the overall page depth.

2.11. Jobs that have bottom folios will align them in the margin, including 

those on preliminary pages. If at all possible, avoid use of running 

heads in conjunction with bottom folios.

2.12. Contents, list of illustrations, preface, or any other matter that 

makes a page in itself will retain normal 6-pica sink.

2.13. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in continued lines 

over tables, unless special orders are given not to do so.
12 Chapter 2

2.14. When a table continues, its headnote is repeated without the word 

Continued.

2.15. A landscape or broadside table that continues from an even to an 

odd page must be positioned to read through the center (gutter) of 

the publication when its size is not sufficient to fill both pages.

2.16. A broadside table of less than page width will center on the page.

2.17. Centerheads, whether in boldface, caps, caps and small caps, small 

caps, or italic, should have more space above than below. Uniform 

spacing should be maintained throughout the page.

2.18. In making up a page of two or more columns, text preceding a 

page-width illustration will be divided equally into the appropriate 

number of columns above the illustration.

2.19. All backstrips should read down (from top to bottom).

Copy preparation

2.20. At the beginning of each job the proper formats must be plainly 

marked. New Odd or New Page, Preliminary, Cover, Title, or Back 

Title should also be plainly indicated.

2.21. Copy preparers must mark those things not readily understood 

when reading the manuscript. They must also mark the correct element identifier code for each data element, as well as indicate other 

matters of style necessary to give the publication good typographic 

appearance.

2.22. Preparers must indicate the proper subformat at the beginning of 

each extension, verify folios, and plainly indicate references, footnotes, cut-ins, etc.

2.23. Quoted or extract matter and lists should be set smaller than text 

with space above and below. Quotation marks at the beginning and 

end of paragraphs should be omitted. If the same type size is used, 

quoted matter should be indented 2 ems on both sides with space 

top and bottom, and initial and closing quotes should be omitted.

2.24. In congressional hearings, the name of the interrogator or witness 

who continues speaking is repeated following a head set in boldface, 
General Instructions 13

a paragraph enclosed in parentheses, or a paragraph enclosed in 

brackets.

 In a head set in boldface, the title “Mr.” is not used, and “the 

Honorable” preceding a name is shortened to “Hon.” Street addresses are also deleted. Example: “Statement of Hon. John P. Blank, 

Member, American Bar Association, Washington, DC”.

2.25. Paragraph or section numbers (or letters) followed by figures or letters in parentheses will close up, as “section 7(B)(1)(a),” “paragraph 

23(a),” “paragraph b(7),” “paragraph (a)(2)”; but “section 9(a) (1) and 

(2)”, “section 7 a and b”. In case of an unavoidable break, division 

will be made after elements in parentheses, and no hyphen is used.

Capitalization

2.26. The customer should indicate use of capital and lowercase letters.

Datelines, addresses, and signatures

2.27. Copy preparers must mark caps, small caps, italic, abbreviations, 

indentions, and line breaks where necessary. (For more detailed instructions, see Chapter 16 “Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures.”)

Decimals and common fractions

2.28. In figure columns containing both decimals and common fractions, 

such decimals and/or fractions will not be aligned. The columns 

will be set flush right.

“Et cetera,” “etc.,” and “and so forth”

2.29. In printing a speaker’s language, the words and so forth or et cetera are preferred, but in “FIC & punc.” matter etc. is acceptable. 

If a quoted extract is set in type smaller than that of the preceding 

text and the speaker has summed up the remainder of the quotation with the words and so forth or et cetera, these words should be 

placed at the beginning of the next line, flush and lowercase, and an 

em dash should be used at the end of the extract.
14 Chapter 2

Folioing and stamping copy

2.30. Folios should be placed in the upper right corner, preferably half an 

inch from the top.

Headings

2.31. The element identifier codes to be used for all headings must be 

marked. Caps, caps and small caps, small caps, caps and lowercase, 

sentence case, or italic must be prepared. (See rule 3.53.)

Pickup

2.32. The jacket number of a job from which matter is to be picked up 

must be indicated. New matter and pickup matter should conform 

in style.

Sidenotes and cut-in notes

2.33. Sidenotes and cut-in notes are set each line flush left and ragged 

right, unless otherwise prepared, and are always set solid. Sidenotes 

are usually set in 6 point, 41⁄2 picas wide. Footnotes to sidenotes and 

text should be set 211⁄2 picas.

An alleged violation of the rule relating to admission to the floor Sec. 920. Abuse presents a question of privilege (III, 2624, 2625; VI, 579), but not a of the rule. higher question of privilege than an election case (III, 2626). In one case where an ex-Member was abusing the privilege . . . .

Signs, symbols, etc.

2.34. All signs, symbols, dashes, superiors, etc., must be clearly marked. 

Names of Greek letters must be indicated, as they are frequently 

mistaken for italic letters or symbols.

2.35. Some typesetting systems produce characters that look the same as 

figures. A lowercase l resembles a figure 1 and a capital O looks like 

a figure 0. Questionable characters will be printed as figures unless 

otherwise marked.

Letters illustrating shape and form

2.36. Use the same font for text and capital letters that convey shape and 

form, e.g., U-shape(d), A-frame, T-bone, and I-beam.
General Instructions 15

2.37. Plurals are formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter s to letters 

illustrating shape and form, such as T’s and Y’s. Golf tee(s) should be 

spelled, as shape is not indicated.

2.38. A capital letter is used in U-boat, V–8, and other expressions which 

have no reference to shape or form.

Fol. lit. and FIC & punc.

2.39. After submittal to GPO, manuscript copy is stamped “Fol. lit.” or 

“FIC & punc.” The difference between these two typesetting instructions is explained thus:

 Copy is followed when stamped “Fol. lit.” (follow literally). Copy authorized to be marked “Fol. lit.” must be thoroughly prepared by the 

requisitioning agency as to capitalization, punctuation (including 

compounding), abbreviations, signs, symbols, figures, and italic. 

Such copy, including even obvious errors, will be followed. The lack 

of preparation on copy so designated will, in itself, constitute preparation. “Fol. lit.” does not include size and style of type or spacing.

 Obvious errors are corrected in copy marked “FIC & punc.” (follow, 

including capitalization and punctuation).

2.40. Bill copy will be followed as supplied and treated as “FIC & punc.” 

(See rule 2.39.) This data is transmitted to the GPO with formatting 

codes in place, requiring minimal copy preparation.

2.41. Copy preparer’s instructions, which accompany each job, are written to cover the general style and certain peculiarities or deviations 

from style. These instructions must be followed.

Abbreviations

2.42. In marking abbreviations to be spelled, preparers must show what 

the spelled form should be, unless the abbreviations are common. 

An unfamiliar abbreviation, with spelled-out form unavailable, will 

not be changed.
16 Chapter 2

Type composition

2.43. Operators and revisers must study carefully the rules governing 

composition.

2.44. In correcting pickup matter, the operator must indicate plainly on 

the proof what portion, if any, was actually reset.

2.45. Every precaution must be taken to prevent the soiling of proofs, as it 

is necessary for the reviser to see clearly every mark on the margin 

of a proof after it has been corrected.

2.46. Queries intended for the author are not to be corrected. Such queries, however, are not to be carried on jobs going directly to press.

Leading and spacing

2.47. Spacing of text is governed by the leading, narrow spacing being 

more desirable in solid than in leaded matter.

2.48. Solid matter (text) is defined as those lines set without horizontal 

space between them. Leaded text is defined as lines separated by 1 

or 2 points of space.

2.49. A single justified word space will be used between sentences (key 

one space when typing). This applies to all types of composition.

2.50. Center or flush heads set in caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or 

boldface are keyed with regular justified spaces between words.

2.51. Centerheads are set apart from the text by the use of spacing. More 

space is always inserted above a heading than below. In 10-point 

type, the spacing would be 10 points over and 8 points under a heading; in 8- and 6-point type, the spacing would be 8 points above and 

6 points below.

2.52. Unless otherwise marked, flush heads are separated from text by 4 

points of space above and 2 points of space below in solid matter, 

and by 6 points of space above and 4 points of space below in leaded 

matter.

2.53. Full-measure numbered or lettered paragraphs and quoted extracts 

are not separated by space from adjoining matter.
General Instructions 17

2.54. Extracts that are set off from the text by smaller type or are indented 

on both sides or indented 3 ems on the left side (courtwork only) are 

separated by 6 points of space in leaded matter and by 4 points of 

space in solid matter.

2.55. Extracts set solid in leaded matter are separated from the text by 6 

points.

2.56. Flush lines following extracts are separated by 6 points of space in 

leaded matter and by 4 points in solid matter.

2.57. Footnotes and legends are leaded if the text is leaded, and are solid 

if the text is solid.

2.58. Leaderwork is separated from text by 4 points above and 4 points 

below.

Indents

2.59. In measures less than 30 picas, the paragraph indent is 1 em. 

Paragraph indents in cut-in matter are 3 ems, overs are 2 ems. 

Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of 2 ems. 

Addresses are set flush left.

2.60. In measures 30 picas or wider, the paragraph indent is 2 ems. 

Paragraph indents in cut-in matter are 6 ems, overs are 4 ems. 

Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of 2 ems. 

Addresses are set flush left.

2.61. In measures less than 30 picas, overruns in hanging indents are 1 

em more than the first line. To avoid conflict with an indent that 

follows, such as a subentry or paragraph, the overrun indent is made 

1 em more than the following line.

2.62. In measures 30 picas or wider, overruns in hanging indents are 2 

ems more than the first line. To avoid conflict with an indent that 

follows, such as a subentry or paragraph, the overrun indent is made 

2 ems more than the following line.

2.63. Indents of matter set in smaller type should be the same, in points, 

as that of adjoining main-text indented matter.
18 Chapter 2

2.64. Two-line centerheads are centered, but heads of three or more lines 

are set with a hanging indent.

2.65. Overs in flush heads are indented 2 ems in measures less than 30 

picas, and 3 ems in wider measures.

Legends for illustrations

2.66. It is preferred that legends and explanatory data consisting of one or 

two lines are set centered, while those with more than two lines are 

set with a hanging indent. Legends are set full measure regardless of 

the width of the illustration. Paragraph style is acceptable.

2.67. Legend lines for illustrations that appear broad or turn page 

(landscape) should be printed to read up; an even-page legend 

should be on the inside margin and an odd-page legend on the outside margin.

2.68. Unless otherwise indicated, legends for illustrations are set in 

8-point roman, sentence case.

2.69. Periods are used after legends and explanatory remarks beneath illustrations. However, legends without descriptive language do not 

use a period. (See rule 8.116.)

2.70. At the beginning of a legend or standing alone, Figure preceding the 

identifying number or letter is set in caps and small caps and is not 

abbreviated.

Figure 5, not Fig. 5 Figure A, not Fig. A

2.71. If a chart carries both a legend and footnotes, the legend is placed 

above the chart.

2.72. Letter symbols used in legends for illustrations are set in lowercase 

italic without periods.

Proofreading

2.73. All special instructions, layouts, and style sheets must be included 

with the first installment of each job.

2.74. If the proofreader detects inconsistent or erroneous statements, it is 

their responsibility to query them.
General Instructions 19

2.75. All queries appearing on the copy must be carried to the author’s set 

of proofs.

2.76. Proofs that are illegible or are in any manner defective must be 

called to the attention of the deskperson.

2.77. The manner in which correction marks are made on a proof is of 

considerable importance. Straggling, unsymmetrical characters, 

disconnected marks placed in the margin above or below the lines 

to which they relate, irregular lines leading from an incorrect letter or word to a correction, large marks, marks made with a blunt 

pencil, indistinct marks, and frequent use of the eraser to obliterate marks hastily or incorrectly made are faults to be avoided. The 

transposition mark should not be used in little-known words or in 

figures. It is better to cancel the letters or figures and write them in 

the margin in the order in which they are to appear.

2.78. In reading proof of wide tables, the proofreader should place the 

correction as near as possible to the error.

2.79. To assure proper placement of footnotes, the proofreader and reviser must draw a ring around footnote references on the proofs, 

then check off each corresponding footnote number.

2.80. Proofreaders must not make important changes in indents or tables 

without consulting the referee.

2.81. Follow the marks of the copy preparer, as they are in a position to 

know more about the peculiarities of a job than one who reads but 

a small portion of it.

2.82. Any proposed deviation from the prepared manuscript must be 

queried to the referee.

2.83. All instructions on copy must be carried on proof by readers.

2.84. Folios of copy must be run by the proofreader and marked on the 

proof.

2.85. All instructions, comments, and extraneous notes on both copy 

and proofs that are not intended to be set as part of the text must be 

circled.
20 Chapter 2

Revising galley proofs

2.86. The importance of revising proofs cannot be overemphasized. 

Although a reviser is not expected to read proof, it is not enough to 

follow the marks found on the proof. The reviser should detect errors and inconsistencies and must see that all corrections have been 

properly made and that words or lines have not been transposed or 

eliminated in making the corrections.

2.87. A reviser must not remodel the punctuation of the proofreaders or 

make any important changes. If an important change should be 

made, the reviser must submit the proposed change to the supervisor for a decision.

2.88. In the body of the work, new pages must be properly indicated on 

the proof. (For new-page information, see rule 2.3 “Makeup.”)

2.89. All instructions and queries on proofs must be transferred to the 

revised set of proofs.

Revising page proofs

2.90. Page revising requires great diligence and care. The reviser must see 

that the rules governing the instructions of previous workers have 

been followed.

2.91. The reviser is responsible for marking all bleed and off-center pages.

2.92. A blank page must be indicated at the bottom of the preceding page.

2.93. Special care must be exercised in revising corrected matter. If it 

appears that a correction has not been made, the reviser should 

carefully examine each line on the page to see if the correction was 

inserted in the wrong place.

2.94. The following rules must be carefully observed:

 (a) See that the proof is clean and clear; request another if necessary.

 (b) Verify that the galley proofs are in order and that the data on the 

galleys runs in properly to facilitate continuous makeup.
General Instructions 21

 (c) Make sure that different sets of proofs of the same job are correctly marked in series (“R,” “2R,” “3R,” etc.); where a sheet is 

stamped “Another proof,” carry the same designating “R” on the 

corresponding clean proof. Advance the “R,” “2R,” “3R,” etc., on 

each set of page proofs returned from the originating office.

 (d) Run the page folios, make sure they are consecutive and that 

the running heads, if used, are correct. Check connection pages. 

Verify correct sequence for footnote references and placement. 

It is imperative that footnotes appear or begin on the same page 

as their reference, unless style dictates that all footnotes are to 

appear together in one location.

 (e) Watch for dropouts, doublets, and transpositions.

 (f) Legend lines of full-page illustrations that appear broad should 

be printed to read up—the even-page legend on the binding or 

inside margin and the odd-page legend on the outside margin.

 (g) If a footnote is eliminated, do not renumber the footnotes; 

change footnote to read “Footnote eliminated.”

2.95. If a footnote is added in proof, use the preceding number with a 

superior letter added, as 15a.

2.96. If a table (with or without footnotes) ends a page that has footnotes 

to the text, the text footnotes fall at the bottom of the page, with a 

50-point rule above them. (See rule 13.76.)

Press revising

2.97. Press revising calls for the exercise of utmost care. The press reviser must be thoroughly familiar with the style and makeup of 

Government publications. They are required to OK all forms that 

go to press—bookwork, covers, jobwork, etc.—and must see that 

all queries are answered. Knowledge of the bindery operations required to complete a book or job and familiarity with all types of 

imposition, folds, etc., is helpful. The reviser must be capable of ascertaining the proper head, back, and side margins for all work, to 

ensure proper trimming of the completed job.
22 Chapter 2

2.98. Although speed is essential when forms reach the press reviser, accuracy is still paramount and must not be sacrificed.

Signature marks, etc.

2.99. Unless otherwise indicated, signature marks are set in 6-point lowercase and indented 3 ems.

2.100. Figures indicating the year should follow the jacket number in signature marks:

125–327—16——4 116–529—16—vol. 1—— 3 

116–529—16—pt. 5—— 3

2.101. When the allmark () and signature or the imprint and signature 

appear on same page, the signature line is placed below the allmark 

or imprint. (See rule 2.113.)

2.102. The allmark is placed below the page, bulletin, or circular number 

but above the signature line, if both appear on the same page.

2.103. Imprints and signature lines appearing on short pages of text are 

placed at the bottom of the page.

2.104. On a congressional job reprinted because of a change, the House 

and Senate have approved the following styles:

House of Representatives: Senate: 

 17–234—16—— 2 17–235—16—— 2 (Star Print)

2.105. The following forms are used for signature marks in House and 

Senate documents and reports printed on session jackets:

H. Doc. 73, 16–1—— 2 S. Doc. 57, 16–1—— 2 

S. Doc. 57, 16–2, pt. 1—— 2 S. Doc. 57, 16–2, vol. 1—— 2 

H. Rept. 120, 16–2—— 8 S. Rept. 100, 16–2—— 9

2.106. In a document or report printed on other than a session jacket, use 

the jacket number, year, and signature number only, omitting the 

document or report number. (See rule 2.100.)
General Instructions 23

2.107. For pasters or foldouts, the jacket number, the year, and the page 

to be faced by the paster or foldout are used as follows (note 

punctuation):

12–344—— 16 (Face p. 10)

2.108. On a paster or foldout facing an even page, the marks are placed on 

the lower right-hand side; on a paster or foldout facing an odd page, 

the marks are placed on the lower left-hand side.

2.109. If more than one paster or foldout faces the same page, they are 

numbered as follows:

12–344—— 16 (Face p. 19) No. 1 

12–344—— 16 (Face p. 19) No. 2

2.110. When a paster or foldout follows the text, the allmark is placed on 

the last page of the text and never on the paster or foldout.

Imprints

2.111. Unless otherwise stipulated, the GPO imprint must appear on all 

printed matter, with the exception of certain classified work.

2.112. The full GPO imprint is used on the title page of a congressional 

speech.

2.113. The imprint and allmark are not used together on any page; if one is 

used, the other is omitted.

2.114. The imprint is not used on a halftitle or on any page of a cover, with 

the exception of congressional hearings.

2.115. If there is a title page, the imprint is placed on the title page; but if 

there is no title page, or if the title page is entirely an illustration, the 

imprint is placed on the last page of the text 4 ems from flush right 

and below the bottom folio.

2.116. The GPO logo is used only on GPO publications. If it is printed on 

page ii, the full imprint is used on the title page; if it is printed on the 

title page, use the half imprint only, thus—Washington : 2016.
24 Chapter 2

Imprint variations

2.117. This is one style of an imprint that can appear on the title page.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office 

· Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov · Phone: Toll Free 866–512–1800 

· DC area 202–512–1800 · Fax: 202–512–2104 

· Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 

·www.govinfo.gov

2.118. In the event that a title page is not used, the imprint is printed on the 

last page and positioned flush left below the text.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing 

Office 

· Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov · Phone: toll free 866–512–1800 

· DC area 202–512–1800 ·Fax: 202–512–2250 

·Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 

·www.govinfo.gov

2.119. Outside-purchase publications are identified by the GPO logo at the 

beginning of the imprint line. These lines are positioned 4 ems from 

the right margin.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016—456–789

2.120. Publications purchased outside that are reprinted by the GPO use 

an em dash in lieu of the GPO logo.

—U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016—456–789

2.121. Jobs set on outside purchase but printed by the GPO use an asterisk 

in lieu of the GPO logo.

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016—456–789

2.122. Publications produced from camera copy supplied to the GPO are 

identified by cc printed at the end of the line.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016—123–456–cc
General Instructions 25

Reprints

2.123. To aid bibliographic identification of reprints or revisions, the dates 

of the original edition and of reprint or revision should be supplied 

by the author on the title page or in some other suitable place. Thus:

First edition July 2000 Original edition May 2000 

Reprinted July 2005 Reprinted May 2005 

First printed June 2000 Revised July 2007 

Revised June 2005

2.124. The year in the imprint on cover, title page, or elsewhere is not 

changed from that in the original print, nor are the signatures 

changed, unless other revisions are necessary.

Sales notices

2.125. The use of sales notices is discouraged.

2.126. If there is a cover but no title page, the sales notice is printed on the 

cover. Unless otherwise indicated, if there is a title page, with or 

without a cover, the sales notice is printed at the bottom of the title 

page below a cross rule. If there is no cover or title page, any sales 

notice is printed at the end of the text, below the imprint, and the 

two are separated by a cross rule.

Franking

2.127. The franking (mailing) privilege on covers for Government publications should be at least 11⁄8 inches from the trim.

Bibliographies or references

2.128. There are many styles available to bibliographers, for there are many 

classes of documents.

 A Government bulletin citation, according to one authority, would 

be treated as follows:

 Author’s name (if the article is signed); title of article (in quotation marks); 

the publication (usually in italic), with correct references to volume, number, 

series, pages, date, and publisher (U.S. Govt. Pub. Off.).
26 Chapter 2

 Therefore the example would read:

 U.S. Department of the Interior, “Highlights in history of forest and related natural resource conservation,” Conservation Bulletin, No. 41 (serial 

number not italic), Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior (or U.S. Govt. Pub. 

Off.), 1997. 1 p. (or p. 1).

 Another Government periodical citation would read as follows:

 Kirwan, Patrick S., “New Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle 

Credit,” Internal Revenue Bulletin, No. 2009-48, pp. 713–717 (November 30, 

2009), Internal Revenue Service.

 Clarity may be maintained by capitalizing each word in book titles, 

with only the first word in the title of articles.

 Other examples are:

 Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade And After: 1914–1928 (New York: 

Macmillan, 1930)

 Edward B. Rosa, “The economic importance of the scientific work of the 

government,” J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)

 or:

 Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade and After: 1914–1928 (New York: 

Macmillan, 1930)

 Edward B. Rosa, “The Economic Importance of the Scientific Work of the 

Government,” J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)

 Note in this that the principal words in both book titles and titles 

of articles are capitalized. Consistency is more important in bibliographic style than the style itself.

 The science of bibliography is covered in many texts, and the following references are available for study:

 The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2010 

(www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html).

 Words Into Type, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1974.
27

3. Capitalization Rules

(See also Chapter 4 “Capitalization Examples” and Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols”)

3.1. It is impossible to give rules that will cover every conceivable problem in capitalization, but, by considering the purpose to be served 

and the underlying principles, it is possible to attain a considerable 

degree of uniformity. The list of approved forms given in chapter 4 

will serve as a guide. Obviously such a list cannot be complete. The 

correct usage with respect to any term not included can be determined by analogy or by application of the rules.

Historic or documentary accuracy

3.2. Where historic, documentary, technical, or scientific accuracy is 

required, capitalization and other features of style of the original 

text should be followed.

Proper names

3.3. Proper names are capitalized.

Rome John Macadam Italy 

Brussels Macadam family Anglo-Saxon

Derivatives of proper names

3.4. Derivatives of proper names used with a proper meaning are 

capitalized.

Roman (of Rome) Johannean Italian

3.5. Derivatives of proper names used with acquired independent common meaning, or no longer identified with such names, are set 

lowercased. Since this depends upon general and long-continued 

usage, a more definite and all-inclusive rule cannot be formulated 

in advance.

roman (type) macadam (crushed rock) italicize 

brussels sprouts watt (electric unit) anglicize 

venetian blinds plaster of paris pasteurize
28 Chapter 3

Common nouns and adjectives in proper names

3.6. A common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a proper 

name is capitalized; the common noun used alone as a substitute for 

the name of a place or thing is not capitalized.

 Massachusetts Avenue; the avenue 

 Washington Monument; the monument 

 Statue of Liberty; the statue 

 Hoover Dam; the dam 

 Boston Light; the light 

 Modoc National Forest; the national forest 

 Panama Canal; the canal 

 Soldiers’ Home in Holyoke; the soldiers’ home 

 Johnson House (hotel); Johnson house (residence) 

 Crow Reservation; the reservation 

 Cape of Good Hope; the cape 

 Jersey City 

 Washington City 

but city of Washington; the city 

 Cook County; the county 

 Great Lakes; the lakes 

 Lake of the Woods; the lake 

 North Platte River; the river 

 Lower California 

but lower Mississippi 

 Charles the First; Charles I 

 Seventeenth Census; the 1960 census

3.7. If a common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a name 

becomes separated from the rest of the name by an intervening 

common noun or adjective, the entire expression is no longer a 

proper noun and is therefore not capitalized.

Union Station: union passenger station 

Eastern States: eastern farming States 

United States popularly elected government

3.8. A common noun used alone as a well-known short form of a specific proper name is capitalized.

the Capitol building in Washington, DC; but State capitol building 

the Channel (English Channel) 

the Chunnel (tunnel below English Channel) 

the District (District of Columbia)
Capitalization Rules 29

3.9. The plural form of a common noun capitalized as part of a proper 

name is also capitalized.

Seventh and I Streets 

Lakes Erie and Ontario 

Potomac and James Rivers 

State and Treasury Departments 

British, French, and United States Governments 

Presidents Washington and Adams

3.10. A common noun used with a date, number, or letter, merely to denote time or sequence, or for the purpose of reference, record, or 

temporary convenience, does not form a proper name and is therefore not capitalized. (See also rule 3.39.)

abstract B figure 7 room A722 

amendment 5 first district (not rule 8 

apartment 2 congressional) schedule K 

appendix C flight 007 section 3 

article 1 graph 8 signature 4 

book II group 7 spring 1926 

chapter III mile 7.5 station 27 

chart B page 2 table 4 

class I paragraph 4 title IV 

collection 6 part I volume X 

column 2 phase 3 ward 2 

drawing 6 plate IV 

exhibit D region 3 

3.11. The following terms are lowercased, even with a name or number.

aqueduct irrigation project shipway 

breakwater jetty slip 

buoy levee spillway 

chute lock turnpike 

dike pier watershed 

dock reclamation project weir 

drydock ship canal wharf

Definite article in proper place names

3.12. To achieve greater distinction or to adhere to the authorized form, 

the word the (or its equivalent in a foreign language) is capitalized 

when used as a part of an official name or title. When such name or 
30 Chapter 3

title is used adjectively, the is not capitalized, nor is the supplied at 

any time when not in copy.

 British Consul v. The Mermaid (title of legal case) 

 The Dalles (OR); The Weirs (NH); but the Dalles region; the Weirs streets 

 The Hague; but the Hague Court; the Second Hague Conference 

 El Salvador; Las Cruces; L’Esterel 

 The National Mall; The Mall (Washington, DC only) 

 The Gambia 

but the Congo, the Sudan, the Netherlands

3.13. Rule 3.12 does not apply in references to newspapers, periodicals, 

vessels, airships, trains, firm names, etc.

the Washington Post the U–3 

the Times the Los Angeles

the Atlantic Monthly the Hotel Roanoke 

the Mermaid the National Photo Co.

Particles in names of persons

3.14. In foreign names such particles as d’, da, de, della, den, du, van, 

and von are capitalized unless preceded by a forename or title. 

Individual usage, if ascertainable, should be followed.

 Da Ponte; Cardinal da Ponte 

 Den Uyl; Johannes den Uyl; Prime Minister den Uyl 

 Du Pont; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. 

 Van Rensselaer; Stephen van Rensselaer 

 Von Braun; Dr. Wernher von Braun 

but d’Orbigny; Alcide d’Orbigny; de la Madrid; Miguel de la Madrid

3.15. In anglicized names such particles are usually capitalized, even if 

preceded by a forename or title, but individual usage, if ascertainable, should be followed.

Justice Van Devanter; Reginald De Koven 

Thomas De Quincey; William De Morgan 

Henry van Dyke (his usage) 

Samuel F. Du Pont (his usage); Irénée du Pont

3.16. If copy is not clear as to the form of such a name (for example, La 

Forge or Laforge), the two-word form should be used.
Capitalization Rules 31

3.17. In names set in capitals, de, von, etc., are also capitalized.

Names of organized bodies

3.18. The full names of existing or proposed organized bodies and their 

shortened names are capitalized; other substitutes, which are most 

often regarded as common nouns, are capitalized only in certain 

specified instances to indicate preeminence or distinction.

National governmental units:

U.S. Congress: 114th Congress; the Congress; Congress; the Senate; the House; 

 Committee of the Whole, the Committee; but committee (all other con- 

 gressional committees)

Department of Agriculture: the Department; Division of Publications, the 

Division; similarly all major departmental units; but legislative, executive, and judicial departments

Bureau of the Census: the Census Bureau, the Bureau; but the agency

Environmental Protection Agency: the Agency

Geological Survey: the Survey

Government Publishing Office: the Publishing Office, the Office

American Embassy, British Embassy: the Embassy; but the consulate; the consulate general

Treasury of the United States: General Treasury; National Treasury; Public 

Treasury; the Treasury; Treasury notes; New York Subtreasury, the 

subtreasury

Department of Defense: Military Establishment; Armed Forces; All-Volunteer 

Forces; but armed services

U.S. Army: the Army; All-Volunteer Army; the Infantry; 81st Regiment; 

Army Establishment; the Army Band; Army officer; Regular Army officer; Reserve officer; Volunteer officer; but army shoe; Grant’s army; 

Robinson’s brigade; the brigade; the corps; the regiment; infantryman

U.S. Navy: the Navy; the Marine Corps; Navy (Naval) Establishment; Navy 

officer; but naval shipyard; naval officer; naval station

U.S. Air Force: the Air Force

U.S. Coast Guard: the Coast Guard

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry; French Army; British Navy

American Indian and Alaska Native federally recognized entities:

Shawnee Tribe, the Tribe; Cherokee Nation, the Nation; Alturas Indian 

Rancheria, the Rancheria; Cahuilla Band of Indians, the Band; Takotna 

Village, the Village; Akiak Native Community, the Community

International organizations:

United Nations: the Council; the Assembly; the Secretariat
32 Chapter 3

Permanent Court of Arbitration: the Court; the Tribunal (only in the proceedings of a specific arbitration tribunal)

Hague Peace Conference of 1907: the Hague Conference; the Peace Conference; 

the Conference

Common-noun substitutes:

Virginia General Assembly: the assembly 

California State Highway Commission: Highway Commission of California; 

the highway commission; the commission

Montgomery County Board of Health: the Board of Health, Montgomery 

County; the board of health; the board

Common Council of the City of Pittsburgh: the common council; the council

Buffalo Consumers’ League: the consumers’ league; the league

Republican Party: the party

Southern Railroad Co.: the Southern Railroad; Southern Co.; Southern Road; 

the railroad company; the company

Riggs National Bank: the Riggs Bank; the bank

Metropolitan Club: the club

Yale School of Law: Yale University School of Law; School of Law, Yale University; school of law

3.19. The names of members and adherents of organized bodies are capitalized to distinguish them from the same words used merely in a 

descriptive sense.

a Representative (U.S.) a Shriner a Boy Scout 

a Republican a Socialist a Knight (K.C., K.P., etc.) 

an Elk an Odd Fellow 

a Federalist a Democrat

Names of countries, domains, and administrative divisions

3.20. The official designations of countries, national domains, and their 

principal administrative divisions are capitalized only if used as 

part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper adjectives.

 (See Chapter 17, Principal Foreign Countries table.)

United States: the Republic; the Nation; the Union; the Government; also 

Federal, Federal Government; but republic (when not referring specifically to one such entity); republican (in general sense); a nation devoted 

to peace

New York State: the State, a State (a definite political subdivision of first rank); 

State of Veracruz; Balkan States; six States of Australia; State rights; but 

state (referring to a federal government, the body politic); foreign states; 

church and state; statehood; state’s evidence
Capitalization Rules 33

Territory: territory of American Samoa, Guam, Virgin Islands; Yukon, 

Northwest Territories; the Territory(ies), Terri torial

Dominion of Canada: the Dominion; but dominion (in general sense)

Ontario Province, Province of Ontario: the Province, Provincial; but province, provincial (in general sense)

3.21. The similar designations commonwealth, confederation (federal), 

government, nation (national), powers, republic, etc., are capitalized 

only if used as part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper 

adjectives.

British Commonwealth, Commonwealth of Virginia: the Commonwealth; 

but a commonwealth government (general sense) 

Swiss Confederation: the Confederation; the Federal Council; the Federal 

Government; but confederation, federal (in general sense)

French Government: the Government; French and Italian Governments: the 

Governments; but government (in general sense); the Churchill government; European governments

Cherokee Nation: the Nation; but Greek nation; American nations

National Government (of any specific nation); but national customs

Allied Powers, Allies (in World Wars I and II); but our allies, weaker allies; 

Central Powers (in World War I); but the powers; European powers

Republic of South Africa: the Republic; but republic (in general sense)

Names of regions, localities, and geographic features

3.22. A descriptive term used to denote a definite region, locality, or geographic feature is a proper name and is therefore capitalized; also 

for temporary distinction a coined name of a region is capitalized.

 the North Atlantic States 

 the Gulf States 

 the Central States 

 the Pacific Coast States 

 the Lake States 

 East North Central States 

 Eastern North Central States 

 Far Western States 

 Eastern United States 

 the West 

 the Midwest 

 the Middle West 

 the Far West 

 the Eastern Shore (Chesapeake Bay) 

 the Badlands (SD and NE) 

 the Continental Divide 

 Deep South 

 Midsouth 

 the Far East 

 Far Eastern 

 the East 

 Middle East 

 Middle Eastern 

 Mideast 

 Mideastern (Asia) 

 Near East (Balkans, etc.) 

 the Promised Land 

 the Continent (continental Europe) 

 the Western Hemisphere 

 the North Pole 
34 Chapter 3

3.23. A descriptive term used to denote direction or position is not a 

proper name and is therefore not capitalized.

 north; south; east; west 

 northerly; northern; northward 

 eastern; oriental; occidental 

 east Pennsylvania 

 southern California 

 northern Virginia; but Northern Virginia (D.C. suburbs) 

 west Florida; but West Florida (1763–1819) 

 eastern region; western region 

 north-central region 

 east coast; eastern seaboard 

 northern Italy 

 southern France 

but East Germany; West Germany (former political entities)

Names of calendar divisions

3.24. The names of calendar divisions are capitalized.

 January; February; March; etc. 

 Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; etc. 

but spring; summer; autumn (fall); winter

Names of holidays, etc.

3.25. The names of holidays and ecclesiastic feast and fast days are 

capitalized.

 the North and South Poles 

 the Temperate Zone 

 the Torrid Zone 

 the East Side 

 Lower East Side (sections of a city) 

 Western Europe, Central Europe) 

 (political entities) 

but

 lower 48 (States) 

 the Northeast corridor

 April Fools’ Day 

 Arbor Day 

 Armed Forces Day 

 Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. 

 Christmas Day, Eve 

 Columbus Day 

 Father’s Day 

 Feast of the Passover; the Passover 

 Flag Day 

 Fourth of July; the Fourth 

 Halloween 

 Hanukkah 

 Inauguration Day (Federal) 

 Independence Day 

 Labor Day 

 Lincoln’s Birthday 

 Memorial Day (also 

 Decoration Day) 
Capitalization Rules 35

Trade names and trademarks

3.26. Trade names, variety names, and names of market grades and 

brands are capitalized. Some trade names have come into usage 

as generic terms (e.g., cellophane, thermos, and aspirin); when reference is being made to the formal company or specific product 

name, capitalization should be used. (See Chapter 4 “Capitalization 

Examples” trade names and trademarks.)

Choice lamb (market grade) Xerox (the company) 

Red Radiance rose (variety) but photocopy (the process)

Scientific names

3.27. The name of a phylum, class, order, family, or genus is capitalized. 

The name of a species is not capitalized, even if derived from a 

proper name. (See rule 11.9.)

Arthropoda (phylum), Crustacea (class), Hypoparia (order), Agnostidae 

(family), Agnostus (genus)

Agnostus canadensis; Aconitum wilsonii; Epigaea repens (genus and species)

3.28. In scientific descriptions coined terms derived from proper names 

are not capitalized.

aviculoid menodontine

3.29. Any plural formed by adding s to a Latin generic name is capitalized.

Rhynchonellas Spirifers

3.30. In soil science the 12 soil orders are capitalized.

Alfisols Gelisols Oxisols 

Andisols Histosols Spodosols 

Aridisols Inceptisols Ultisols 

Entisols Mollisols Vertisols

 Mother’s Day 

 New Year’s Day, Eve 

 Patriot Day 

 Presidents Day 

 Ramadan 

 Rosh Hashanah 

 St. Valentine’s Day 

 Thanksgiving Day 

 Veterans Day 

 Washington’s Birthday 

 Yom Kippur 

but election day, primary day
36 Chapter 3

3.31. Capitalize the names of the celestial bodies as well as the planets.

Sun Mars Alpha Centauri 

Moon the Big Dipper Orion

Saturn Ceres the Milky Way

Earth Kepler-1647b but the moons of Jupiter

3.32. In general, names of diseases, viruses, and syndromes are not capitalized. An exception is when the disease is named for the person 

who discovered it or the geographic location where the disease 

occurred.

 Alzheimer(’s) disease Hodgkin lymphoma 

 cancer Lyme disease 

 diabetes measles 

 Down syndrome Parkinson(’s) disease 

 Ebola virus West Nile virus 

 group A strep infection; Zika virus 

 hepatitis C; herpes B virus 

Historical or political events

3.33. Names of historical or political events used as a proper name are 

capitalized.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Christian Era

Cold War

D-Day

Dust Bowl

Fall of Rome

Great Depression

Great Society

Holocaust, the

Middle Ages

New Deal

New Federalism

New Frontier

Prohibition

Restoration

Reformation

Renaissance

the American 

Revolution; the 

Revolution

V-E Day

War of 1812

War on Poverty

but Korean war; Vietnam war; Gulf war

Personification

3.34. A vivid personification is capitalized.

 The Chair recognizes the gentlewoman from New York; 

but I spoke with the chair yesterday. 

 For Nature wields her scepter mercilessly. 

 All of a sudden, 

 Time stood still.
Capitalization Rules 37

Religious terms

3.35. Words denoting the Deity except who, whose, and whom; names 

for the Bible and other sacred writings and their parts; names of 

confessions of faith and of religious bodies and their adherents; and 

words specifically denoting Satan are all capitalized.

Heavenly Father; the Almighty; Lord; Thee; Thou; He; Him; but himself; You, 

Your; Thy, Thine; [God’s] fatherhood

Mass; Communion

Divine Father; but divine providence; divine guidance; divine service

Son of Man; Jesus’ sonship; the Messiah; but a messiah; messiahship; messianic; messianize; christology; christological

Bible, Holy Scriptures, Scriptures, Word; Koran; Talmud; also Biblical; 

Scriptural; Koranic; Talmudic

New Testament; Ten Commandments

Gospel (memoir of Christ); but gospel music

Apostles’ Creed

Episcopal Church; an Episcopalian; Catholicism; a Protestant

Christian; also Christendom; Christianity; Christianize

Black Friars; Brother(s); King’s Daughters; Daughter(s); Ursuline Sisters; 

Sister(s)

Satan; the Devil; but a devil; the devils; devil’s advocate

Titles of persons

3.36. Civil, religious, military, and professional titles, as well as those of 

nobility, immediately preceding a name are capitalized.

President Obama Dr. Bellinger 

Queen Elizabeth II Nurse Joyce Norton 

Ambassador Acton Professor Leverett 

Lieutenant Fowler Examiner Jones (law) 

Chairman Williams Vice-Presidential candidate Smith

but baseball player Harper; maintenance person Flow; foreperson Taylor

3.37. To indicate preeminence or distinction in certain specified instances, a common-noun title immediately following the name of a 

person or used alone as a substitute for it is capitalized.

Title of a head or assistant head of state:

Barack Obama, President of the United States: the President; the Presidentelect; the Executive; the Chief Magistrate; the Commander in Chief; 

ex-President Bush; former President Reagan; similarly the Vice President; 

the Vice-President-elect; ex-Vice-President Cheney
38 Chapter 3

Terry McAuliffe, Governor of Virginia: the Governor of Virginia; the 

Governor; similarly the Lieutenant Governor; but secretary of state of 

Idaho; attorney general of Maine

Title of a head or assistant head of an existing or a proposed National governmental 

unit:

John Kerry, Secretary of State: the Secretary; similarly the Acting Secretary; 

the Under Secretary; the Assistant Secretary; the Director; the Chief or 

Assistant Chief; the Chief Clerk; but Secretaries of the military departments; secretaryship

Titles of the military:

General of the Army(ies): United States only; Supreme Allied Commander; 

General Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; Joint 

Chiefs of Staff; Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force; the Chief of Staff; but the commanding general; general (military title standing alone not capitalized)

Titles of members of diplomatic corps:

Walter S. Gifford, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary: the 

American Ambassador; the British Ambassador; the Ambassador; the 

Senior Ambassador; Her Excellency; similarly the Envoy Extraordinary 

and Minister Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the Minister; the Chargé 

d’Affaires; the Chargé; Ambassador at Large; Minister Without Portfolio; 

but the consul general; the consul; the attaché

Title of a ruler or prince:

Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern 

Ireland: the Queen; the Crown; Her Most Gracious Majesty; Her Majesty; 

similarly the Emperor; the Sultan

Charles, Prince of Wales: the Prince; His Royal Highness

Titles not capitalized:

Charles F. Hughes, rear admiral, U.S. Navy: the rear admiral

Steven Knapp, president of The George Washington University: the president

C.H. Eckles, professor of dairy husbandry: the professor

Barbara Prophet, chairwoman of the committee; the chairman; the chairperson; the chair

3.38. In formal lists of delegates and representatives of governments, all 

titles and descriptive designations immediately following the names 

should be capitalized if any one is capitalized.

3.39. A title in the second person is capitalized.

Your Excellency Mr. Chairman but not conversational salutations 

Your Highness Madam Chairman my dear General 

Your Honor Mr. Secretary my dear sir
Capitalization Rules 39

Titles of publications, papers, documents, acts, laws, etc.

3.40. In the full or short English titles of periodicals, series of publications, annual reports, historic documents, and works of art, the first 

word and all important words are capitalized.

Statutes at Large; Revised Statutes; District Code; Bancroft’s History; Journal 

(House or Senate) (short titles); but the code; the statutes

Atlantic Charter; Balfour Declaration; but British white paper

Chicago’s American; but Chicago American Publishing Co.

Reader’s Digest; but New York Times Magazine; Newsweek magazine

Monograph 55; Research Paper 123; Bulletin 420; Circular A; Article 15: 

Uniform Code of Military Justice; Senate Document 70; House Resolution 

45; Presidential Proclamation No. 24; Executive Order No. 24; Royal 

Decree No. 24; Public Law 89–1; Private and Union Calendars; Calendar 

No. 80; Calendar Wednesday; Committee Print No. 32, committee print; 

but Senate bill 416; House bill 61; Congressional Record

Annual Report of the Government Publishing Office, 2015; but seventh annual report, 19th annual report

Declaration of Independence; the Declaration

Constitution (United States or with name of country); constitutional; but New 

York State constitution: first amendment, 12th amendment

Kellogg-Briand Pact; North Atlantic Pact; Atlantic Pact; Treaty of Versailles; 

Jay Treaty; but treaty of peace, the treaty (descriptive designations); treaty 

of 1919

United States v. Four Hundred Twenty-two Casks of Wine (law)

American Gothic, Nighthawks (paintings)

3.41. All principal words are capitalized in titles of addresses, albums, articles, books, captions, chapter and part headings, editorials, essays, 

headings, headlines, motion pictures and plays (including television 

and radio programs), papers, short poems, reports, songs, subheadings, subjects, and themes. The foregoing are also quoted.

3.42. In the short or popular titles of acts (Federal, State, or foreign) the 

first word and all important words are capitalized.

Revenue Act; Walsh-Healey Act; Freedom of Information Act; Classification 

Act; but the act; Harrison narcotic law; Harrison narcotic bill; interstate 

commerce law; sunset law

3.43. The capitalization of the titles of books, etc., written in a foreign 

language is to conform to the national practice in that language.
40 Chapter 3

First words

3.44. The first word following a comma or a colon that introduces a complete sentence or a direct quotation is capitalized. (See also rule 3.45)

The question is, Shall the bill pass?

He asked, “And where are you going?’’

The following question came up for discussion: What policy should be adopted?

His only rule was this: Chickens are not allowed past the front parlor.

3.45. The first word following a colon, an exclamation point, or a question 

mark is not capitalized if the matter following is merely a supplementary remark making the meaning clearer.

Revolutions are not made: they come.

Intelligence is not replaced by mechanism: even the televox must be guided 

by its master’s voice.

But two months dead! nay, not so much; not two.

What is this? Your knees to me? to your corrected son?

3.46. The first word of a fragmentary quotation is not capitalized.

She objected “to the phraseology, not to the ideas.’’

“The President,” he said, “will veto the bill.”

3.47. The first word of a line of poetry is capitalized.

Lives of great men all remind us

We can make our lives sublime.

3.48. The first word of a run-in list following a colon is not capitalized. 

(For lists that are not run in, see rule 8.28.)

There are three primary pigment colors: magenta, yellow, and cyan.

The vote was as follows: in the affirmative, 23; in the negative, 11; not voting, 3.

His goals were these: (1) learn Spanish, (2) see the Grand Canyon, and (3) 

climb Mt. Everest.

3.49. The first word following Whereas in resolutions, contracts, etc., is 

not capitalized; the first word following an enacting or resolving 

clause is capitalized.

Whereas the Constitution provides . . . ; and

Whereas, moreover, . . . : Therefore be it

Whereas the Senate provided for the . . . : Now, therefore, be it

Resolved, That . . . ; and be it further

Resolved (jointly), That . . .
Capitalization Rules 41

Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That . . . . 

(Concurrent resolution, Federal Government.)

Resolved by the Senate of Oklahoma (the House of Representatives concurring 

therein), That . . . . (Concurrent resolution, using name of State.)

Resolved by the senate (the house of representatives concurring therein), That . . . . 

(Concurrent resolution, not using name of State.)

Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State of California (jointly), That . . . . 

(Joint resolution, using name of State.)

Resolved by the Washington Board of Trade, That . . . 

Provided, That . . . 

Provided further, That . . . 

Provided, however, That . . .

And provided further, That . . .

Ordered, That . . .

Be it enacted, That . . .

Centerheads and sideheads

3.50. Unless otherwise marked, centerheads are set in capitals, and sideheads are set in sentence case. In centerheads making two lines, 

wordbreaks should be avoided. The first line should be centered and 

set as full as possible.

3.51. In heads set in caps, a small-cap c or ac, if available, is used in such 

names as McLean or MacLeod; otherwise a lowercase c or ac is used. 

In heads set in small caps, a thin space is used after the c or the ac.

3.52. In such names as LeRoy, DeHostis, LaFollette, etc. (one-word forms 

only), set in caps, the second letter of the particle is made a small 

cap, if available; otherwise lowercase is used. In heads set in small 

caps, a thin space is used.

3.53. In matter set in caps and small caps or caps and lowercase, capitalize all principal words, including parts of compounds which would 

be capitalized standing alone. The articles a, an, and the; the prepositions at, by, for, in, of, on, per, to, and up; the conjunctions and, as, 

but, if, or, and nor; and the second element of a compound numeral 

are not capitalized. (See also rule 8.133.)

World en Route to All-Out War

Curfew To Be Set for 10 o’Clock (To capitalized in an infinitive verb)

Man Hit With 2-Inch Pipe

No-Par-Value Stock for Sale
42 Chapter 3

Yankees May Be Winners in Zig-Zag Race

Ex-Senator Is To Be Admitted

Notice of Filing and Order on Exemption From Requirements

but Building on Twenty-first Street (if spelled)

One Hundred Twenty-three Years (if spelled)

Only One-tenth of Shipping Was Idle

Many 35-Millimeter Films in Production

Built-Up Stockpiles Are Necessary (Up is an adverb here)

The Per Diem Was Increased (Per Diem is used as a noun here); Lower Taxes 

per Person (per is a preposition here)

3.54. If a normally lowercased short word is used in juxtaposition with a 

capitalized word of like significance, it should also be capitalized.

Buildings On and Near the National Mall

3.55. In a heading set in caps and lowercase or in caps and small caps, a 

normally lowercased last word, if it is the only lowercased word in 

the heading, should also be capitalized.

All Returns Are In

3.56. Verbs and the first element of an infinitive are capitalized.

 Controls To Be Applied 

but Aid Sent to Disaster Area (to is a preposition here)

3.57. In matter set in caps and small caps, such abbreviations as etc., et al., 

and p.m. are set in small caps; in matter set in caps and lowercase, 

these abbreviations are set in lowercase.

Planes, Guns, Ships, etc. In re the 8 p.m. Meeting 

Planes, Guns, Ships, etc. In re the 8 p.m. Meeting 

James Bros. et al. 

James, Nelson, et al.

3.58. Paragraph series letters in parentheses appearing in heads set in 

caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or in caps and lowercase are 

to be set as in copy.

section 1.580(f)(1)

Addresses, salutations, and signatures

3.59. The first word and all principal words in addresses, salutations, and 

signatures are capitalized. See Chapter 16 “Datelines, Addresses, 

and Signatures.’’
Capitalization Rules 43

Interjections

3.60. The interjection “O” is always capitalized. Other interjections 

within a sentence are not capitalized.

Sail on, O Ship of State! 

For lo! the days are hastening on. 

But, oh, how fortunate!

45

A

A-bomb

abstract B, 1, etc.

Academy:

 Air Force; the Academy

 Andover; the academy

 Coast Guard; the Academy

 Merchant Marine; the Academy

 Military; the Academy

 National Academy of Sciences; the

 Academy of Sciences; the academy

 Naval; the Academy

but service academies

accord, Paris peace (see Agreement)

accords, Helsinki

Act (Federal, State, or foreign), short or

 popular title or with number; the act:

 Affordable Care

 Appropriations

 Classification

 Clear Skies

 Economy

 Flood Control

 Military Selective Service

 No Child Left Behind

 Organic Act of Virgin Islands

 Panama Canal

 PATRIOT

 Revenue

 Sarbanes-Oxley

 Stockpiling

 Tariff

 Trademark

 Walsh-Healey Act; but Walsh-Healey

 law (or bill)

act, labor-management relations

Acting, if part of capitalized title

Active Duty

Adjutant General, the (see The)

Administration, with name; capitalized 

 standing alone if Federal unit:

 Farmers Home

 Food and Drug

 Maritime

 Transportation Security

but Obama administration;

 administration bill, policy, etc.

Administrative Law Judge Davis; Judge

 Davis; an administrative law judge

Admiralty, British, etc.

Admiralty, Lord of the

Adobe Acrobat Reader

Adviser, Legal (Department of State)

Africa:

 east

 East Coast

 north

 South

 South-West (Territory of)

 West Coast

African American (noun)

African-American (adjective)

Agency, if part of name; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to

 Federal unit:

 Central Intelligence; the Agency

Agent Orange

Age(s):

 Age of Discovery

 Dark Ages

 Elizabethan Age

 Golden Age (of Pericles only)

 Middle Ages

but atomic age; Cambrian age; copper

 age; ice age; missile age; rocket age;

 space age; stone age; etc.

Agreement, with name; the agreement:

 General Agreement on Tariffs and 

 Trade (GATT); the general agreement

4. Capitalization Examples
46 Chapter 4

 International Coffee Agreement; the 

 coffee agreement

 North American Free-Trade

 Agreement (NAFTA)

 Status of Forces; but status-of-forces

 agreements

 United States-Canada Free-Trade

 Agreement; the free-trade agreement

but the Geneva agreement; the Potsdam

 agreement; Paris peace agreement

Air Force:

 Air National Guard (see National)

 Base (with name); Air Force base (see

 Base; Station)

 Civil Air Patrol; Civil Patrol; the patrol

 Command (see Command)

 One (Presidential plane)

 Reserve

 Reserve Officers’ Training Corps

Airport: LaGuardia; Reagan National;

 the airport

Alaska Native: 

 the Native; but Ohio native, a

 native of Alaska, etc.

Al Jazeera

Alliance, Farmers’, etc.; the alliance

alliances and coalitions (see also powers):

 Allied Powers; the powers (World 

 Wars I and II)

 Atlantic alliance

 Axis, the; Axis Powers; the powers

 Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, 

 Luxembourg)

 Big Four (European); of the Pacific

 Big Three

 Central Powers; the powers (World

 War I)

 Coalition of the Willing

 European Economic Community

 Fritalux (France, Italy, Benelux

 countries)

 North Atlantic Treaty Organization

 (see Organization)

 Western Powers

Allied (World Wars I and II):

 armies

 Governments

 Nations

 peoples

 Powers; the powers; but European

 powers

 Supreme Allied Commander

Allies, the (World Wars I and II); also

 members of Western bloc (political

 entity); but our allies; weaker allies,

 etc.

al-Qaida

Alzheimer(’s) disease

Ambassador:

 British, etc.; the Ambassador; the

 Senior Ambassador; His Excellency

 Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary;

 the Ambassador; Ambassador at

 Large; an ambassador

amendment:

 Baker amendment

 Social Security Amendments of 1983;

 1983 amendments; the Social Security

 amendments; the amendments

 to the Constitution (U.S.); but First

 Amendment, 14th Amendment, etc.;

 the Amendment

American:

 Federation of Labor and Congress of

 Industrial Organizations (AFL−CIO);

 the federation

 Gold Star Mothers, Inc.; Gold Star

 Mothers; a Mother

 Legion (see Legion)

 National Red Cross; the Red Cross

 War Mothers; a Mother

AmeriCorps Program

Amtrak (National Railroad Passenger

 Corporation)

Ancient Free and Accepted Masons; a

 Mason; a Freemason
Capitalization Examples 47

Annex, if part of name of building; the

 annex

Antarctic Ocean (see Arctic; Ocean)

appendix 1, A, II, etc.; the appendix; but

 Appendix II (when part of title);

 Appendix II: 1 Education Directory

appropriation bill (see also bill):

 deficiency

 Department of Agriculture

 for any governmental unit

 independent offices

aquaculture; acquiculture

Arab States

Arabic numerals

Arboretum, National; the Arboretum

Archipelago, Philippine, etc.; the

 archipelago

Architect of the Capitol; the Architect

Archivist of the United States; the Archivist

Arctic:

 Circle

 currents

 Ocean

 zone

but subarctic

arctic (descriptive adjective):

 clothing

 conditions

 fox

 grass

 night

 seas

Area, if part of name; the area:

 Cape Hatteras Recreational

 White Pass Recreation; etc.

but area 2; free trade area; Metropolitan

 Washington area; bay area;

 nonsmoking area

Arlington:

 Memorial Amphitheater; the Memorial

 Amphitheater; the amphitheater

 Memorial Bridge (see Bridge)

 National Cemetery (see Cemetery)

Arm, Infantry, etc. (military); the arm

Armed Forces (synonym for overall

 Military Establishment):

 British 

 Retirement Home (AFRH)

 of the United States

armed services

armistice

Armory, Springfield, etc.; the armory

Army, American or foreign, if part of name;

 capitalized standing alone only if

 referring to U.S. Army:

 Active; Active-Duty

 Adjutant General, the

 All-Volunteer

 Band (see Band)

 branches; Gordon Highlanders; Royal

 Guards; etc.

 Brigade, 1st, etc.; the brigade;

 Robinson’s brigade

 Command (see Command)

 Command and General Staff College

 (see College)

 Company A; A Company; the company

 Confederate (referring to Southern

 Confederacy); the Confederates

 Continental; Continentals

 Corps, Reserve (see Corps)

 District of Washington (military); the

 district

 Division, 1st, etc.; the division

 Engineers (the Corps of Engineers); the

 Engineers; but Army engineer

 Establishment

 Field Establishment

 Field Forces (see Forces)

 Finance Department; the Department

 1st, etc.

 General of the Army; but the general

 General Staff; the Staff

 Headquarters, 1st Regiment

1 The colon is preferred; a dash is permissible; 

but a comma is too weak.
48 Chapter 4

 Headquarters of the; the headquarters

 Regiment, 1st, etc.; the regiment

 Regular Army officer; a Regular

 Revolutionary (American, British,

 French, etc.)

 service

 Surgeon General, the (see Surgeon

 General)

 Volunteer; the Volunteers; a Volunteer

army:

 Lee’s army; but Clark’s 5th Army

 mobile

 mule, shoe, etc.

 of occupation; occupation army

 Red

Arsenal, Rock Island, etc.; the arsenal

article 15; but Article 15, when part of title:

 Article 15: Uniform Code of

 Military Justice

Articles:

 of Confederation (U.S.)

 of Impeachment; the articles

Asian American (noun)

Asian-American (adjective)

Assembly (see United Nations)

Assembly of New York; the assembly (see

 also Legislative Assembly)

Assistant, if part of capitalized title; the

 assistant

assistant, Presidential (see Presidential)

Assistant Secretary (see Secretary)

Associate Justice (see Supreme Court)

Association, if part of name; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to

 Federal unit:

 American Association for the 

 Advancement of Science; the

 association

 Federal National Mortgage (Fannie

 Mae); the Association

 Young Women’s Christian; the

 association

Astrophysical Observatory (see

 Observatory)

Atlantic (see also Pacific):

 Charter (see Charter)

 coast

 Coast States

 community

 Destroyer Flotilla; the destroyer flotilla;

 the flotilla

 Fleet (see Fleet)

 mid-Atlantic

 North

 seaboard

 slope

 South

 time, standard time (see time)

but cisatlantic; transatlantic

Attorney General (U.S. or foreign country);

 but attorney general of Maine, etc.

attorney, U.S.

Authority, capitalized standing alone if

 referring to Federal unit:

 National Shipping; the Authority

 Port Authority of New York and New

 Jersey; the port authority; the

 authority

 Tennessee Valley; the Authority

Auto Train (Amtrak)

autumn

Avenue, Constitution, etc.; the avenue

Award:

 Academy

 Distinguished Service

 Merit

 Mother of the Year

 the award (see also decorations, etc.)

Axis, the (see alliances)

Ayatollah; an ayatollah

B

baby boomer

Badlands (SD and NE)

Balkan States (see States)
Capitalization Examples 49

Baltic States (see States)

Band, if part of name; the band:

 Army, Marine, Navy

Bank, if part of name; the bank; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to

 international bank:

 Export-Import Bank of the United States; 

 Ex-Im Bank; the Bank

 Farm Loan Bank of Dallas; Dallas Farm 

 Loan Bank; farm loan bank; farm loan

 bank at Dallas

 Farmers & Mechanics, etc.

 Federal Land Bank of Louisville;

 Louisville Federal Land Bank; land

 bank at Louisville; Federal land bank

 Federal Reserve Bank of New York;

 Richmond Federal Reserve Bank;

 but Reserve bank at Richmond;

 Federal Reserve bank; Reserve

 bank; Reserve city

 First National, etc.

 German Central; the Bank

 International Bank for Reconstruction

 and Development; the Bank

but blood bank, central reserve, soil bank

Bar, if part of name; Maryland (State) Bar

 Association; Maryland (State) bar; the

 State bar; the bar association

Barracks, if part of name; the barracks:

 Carlisle

 Disciplinary (Leavenworth)

 Marine (District of Columbia)

but A barracks; barracks A; etc.

Base, Andrews Air Force; Air Force base;

 the base (see also Naval); but Sandia

 Base

Basin (see geographic terms)

Battery, the (New York City)

Battle, if part of name; the battle:

 of Gettysburg; but battle at Gettysburg;

 etc.

 of Fallujah; of the Marne; of the

 Wilderness; of Waterloo; etc.

battlefield, Bull Run, etc.

battleground, Manassas, etc.

Bay, San Francisco Bay area; the bay area

Belt, if part of name; the belt:

 Bible

 Farm

 Rust

 Sun

but money belt

Beltway, capitalized with name; the beltway

Bench (see Supreme Bench)

Benelux (see alliances)

Bible; Biblical; Scriptures; Ten

 Commandments; etc. (see also book)

bicentennial

bill, Kiess; Senate bill 217; House bill 31 (see

 also appropriation bill)

Bill of Rights (historic document); but GI

 bill of rights

Bizonia; bizonal; bizone

Black (African American)

Black Caucus (see Congressional)

bloc (see Western)

block (grants)

Bluegrass region, etc.

Bluetooth

B’nai B’rith

Board, if part of name; capitalized standing

 alone only if referring to Federal or 

 international board:

 Employees’ Compensation Appeals

 Federal Reserve (see Federal)

 Military Production and Supply 

 (NATO)

 National Labor Relations

 of Directors (Federal unit); but board of

 directors (nongovernmental)

 of Health of Montgomery County;

 Montgomery County Board of Health;

 the board of health; the board

 of Regents (Smithsonian)

 of Visitors (Military and Naval 

 Academies)
 on Geographic Names

 Railroad Retirement

Boko Haram

bond:

 Government

 savings

 series EE

 Treasury

book:

 books of the Bible

 First Book of Samuel; etc.

 Good Book (synonym for Bible)

book 1, I, etc.; but Book 1, when part of title:

 Book 1: The Golden Legend

Boolean:

 logic

 operator

 search

border, United States-Mexican

Borough, if part of name: Borough of the

 Bronx; the borough

Botanic Garden (National); the garden (not

 Botanical Gardens)

Bowl, Dust, Rose, Super, etc.; the bowl

Boy Scouts (the organization); a Boy Scout;

 a Scout; Scouting; Eagle Scout;

 Explorer Scout

Branch, if part of name; capitalized 

 standing alone only if referring to a

 Federal unit:

 Accounts

 Public Buildings

but executive, judicial, or legislative 

 branch

Bridge, if part of name; the bridge:

 Arlington Memorial; Memorial;

 Francis Scott Key; Key

but Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge

Brother(s) (adherent of religious order)

budget:

 department

 estimate

 Federal

 message

 performance-type

 President’s

Budget of the United States Government,

 the Budget (publication)

Building, if part of name; the building:

 Capitol (see Capitol Building)

 Colorado

 House (or Senate) Office

 Investment

 Russell Senate Office

 Cannon House Office

 Pentagon

 the National Archives; the Archives

 Treasury; Treasury Annex

Bulletin 420; Farmers’ Bulletin No. 420

Bureau, if part of name; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to Federal

 or international unit:

 of Customs (name changed to U.S.

 Customs and Border Protection)

 of Engraving and Printing

 of Indian Affairs

C

C−SPAN

Cabinet, American or foreign, if part of

 name or standing alone (see also

 foreign cabinets):

 British Cabinet; the Cabinet

 the President’s Cabinet; the Cabinet;

 Cabinet officer, member

Calendar, if part of name; the calendar:

 Consent; etc.

 House

 No. 99; Calendars Nos. 1 and 2

 of Bills and Resolutions

 Private

 Senate

 Unanimous Consent

 Union

 Wednesday (legislative)

Cambrian age (see Ages)

50 Chapter 4
Capitalization Examples 51

Camp Lejeune; David, etc.; the camp

Canal, with name; the canal:

 Cross-Florida Barge

 Isthmian

 Panama

Cape (see geographic terms)

Capital, Capital City, National Capital

 (Washington, DC); but the capital

 (State)

Capitol Building (with State name); the

 capitol

Capitol, the (Washington, DC):

 Architect of

 Building

 caucus room

 Chamber

 Cloakroom

 dome

 Grounds

 Halls (House and Senate)

 Halls of Congress

 Hill; the Hill

 Police (see Police)

 Power Plant

 Prayer Room

 Press Gallery, etc.

 rotunda

 Senate wing

 stationery room

 Statuary Hall

 the well (House or Senate)

 west front

catch-22

Caucasian (see White)

caucus: Republican; but Congressional

 Black Caucus (incorporated name); 

 Sun Belt Caucus

CD

Cemetery, if part of name: Arlington

 National; the cemetery

Census:

 Twenty-third Decennial (title); 

 Twenty-third (title); the census

 2000 census

 2000 Census of Agriculture; the census

 of agriculture; the census

 the 23d and subsequent decennial

 censuses

Center, if part of name; the Center

 (Federal); the center (non-Federal):

 Agricultural Research, etc.; the Center

 (Federal)

 Kennedy Center for the Performing

 Arts; the Kennedy Center; the

 Center (Federal)

 the Lincoln Center; the center (non-

 Federal)

central Asia, etc.

Central America

Central Europe

Central States

central time (see time)

century, first, 21st, etc.

Chairman, Chairwoman, Chair:

 of the Board of Directors; the

 Chairman (Federal); but chairman of

 the board of directors (non-Federal)

 of the Committee of the Whole House;

 the Chairman

 of the Federal Trade Commission; the

 Chairman

 Vice

chairman, chairwoman, chair

 (congressional):

 of the Appropriations Committee

 of the Subcommittee on Banking

but Chairman Rogers, Chairwoman

 Capito

Chair, the, if personified

Chamber of Commerce; the chamber:

 of Ada; Ada Chamber of Commerce;

 the chamber of commerce

 of the United States; U.S. Chamber of

 Commerce; the chamber of

 commerce; national chamber

Chamber, the (Senate or House)
52 Chapter 4

channel 3 (TV); the channel

Chaplain (House or Senate); but Navy

 chaplain

chapter 5, II, etc.; but Chapter 5, when

 part of title: Chapter 5: Research and 

 Development; Washington chapter,

 Red Cross

Chargé d’Affaires, British, etc.; the Chargé 

 d’Affaires; the Chargé

chart 2, A, II, etc.; but Chart 2, when part of

 legend: Chart 2.—Army strength

Charter, capitalized with name; the charter:

 Atlantic

 United Nations

cheese: Camembert, Cheddar, Parmesan, 

 Provolone, Roquefort, etc.

Chief, if referring to head of Federal unit; 

 the Chief:

 Clerk

 Forester (see Forester)

 Intelligence Office

 Judge

 Justice (U.S. Supreme Court); but chief 

 justice (of a State)

 Magistrate (the President)

 of Division of Publications

 of Engineers (Army)

 of Naval Operations

 of Staff

Christian; Christendom; Christianity;

 Christianize; but christen

church and state

church calendar:

 Christmas

 Easter

 Lent

 Pentecost (Whitsuntide)

Church, if part of name of organization or 

 building

Circle, if part of name; the circle:

 Arctic

 Logan

but great circle

Circular 420

cities, sections of, official or popular names:

 East Side

 French Quarter (New Orleans)

 Latin Quarter (Paris)

 North End

 Northwest Washington, etc. (District 

 of Columbia); the Northwest; but

 northwest (directional)

 the Loop (Chicago)

City, if part of corporate or popular name;

 the city:

 Kansas City; the two Kansas Citys

 Mexico City

 New York City; but city of New York

 Twin Cities

 Washington City; but city of Washington

 Windy City (Chicago)

but Reserve city (see Bank)

civil action No. 46

civil defense

Civil War (see War)

Clan, if part of tribal name; Clan 

 MacArthur; the clan

class 2, A, II, etc.; but Class 2 when part of 

 title: Class 2: Leather Products

Clerk, the, of the House of Representatives;

 of the Supreme Court of the United 

 States

clerk, the, of the Senate

client

client-server

cloud computing; the cloud

coal sizes: pea, barley, buckwheat, stove, etc.

coalition; coalition force; coalition 

 members, etc.

coast: Atlantic, east, gulf, west, etc.

Coast Guard, U.S.; the Coast Guard; 

 Coastguardsman Smith; but a 

 coastguardsman; a guardsman; 

 Reserve

Coastal Plain (Atlantic and Gulf)
Capitalization Examples 53

Code (in shortened title of a publication); 

 the code:

 District

 Federal Criminal

 Internal Revenue (also Tax Code)

 International (signal)

 of Federal Regulations

 Penal; Criminal; etc.

 Pennsylvania State

 Radio

 Television

 Uniform Code of Military Justice

 United States

 ZIP Code (copyrighted)

but civil code; flag code; Morse code

codel (congressional delegation)

collection, Brady, etc.; the collection

collector of customs

College, if part of name; the college:

 Armed Forces Staff

 Command and General Staff

 Gettysburg

 National War

 of Bishops

but electoral college

college degrees: bachelor of arts, master’s, etc.

Colonials (American Colonial Army); but

 colonial times, etc.

Colonies, the:

 Thirteen

 Thirteen American

 Thirteen Original

but 13 separate Colonies

colonists, the

Command, capitalize with name; the 

 command:

 Air Force Materiel

 Army

 Central (CENCOM)

 Naval Space

 Zone of Interior

Commandant, the (Coast Guard or Marine 

 Corps only)

Commandos, the; Commando raid; a 

 commando

Commission (if part of name; capitalized 

 standing alone if referring to Federal

 or international commission):

 International Boundary, United States

 and Canada

 of Fine Arts

 Public Buildings

Commissioner, if referring to Federal or 

 international commission; the 

 Commissioner:

 Land Bank; but land bank 

 commissioner loans

 of Customs and Border Protection

 U.S. (International Boundary 

 Commission, etc.)

but a U.S. commissioner

Committee (or Subcommittee) (if part of 

 name; the Committee, if referring to

 international or noncongressional 

 Federal committee or to the 

 Committee of the Whole, the 

 Committee of the Whole House, or 

 the Committee of the Whole House on 

 the state of the Union):

 American Medical Association 

 Committee on Education; the 

 committee on education; the 

 committee

 Appropriations, etc.; the committee; 

 Subcommittee on Appropriations; the

 subcommittee; subcommittee of the 

 Appropriations Committee

 Democratic National; the national 

 committee; the committee; 

 Democratic national committeeman

 Democratic policy committee; the 

 committee

 Joint Committee on Printing; the Joint 

 Committee; the committee; but a joint

 committee
54 Chapter 4

 of Defense Ministers (NATO); the

 Committee (see also Organization,

 North Atlantic Treaty)

 of One Hundred, etc.; the committee

 on Finance; the committee

 President’s Advisory Committee on

 Management; the Committee

 Republican National; the national

 committee; the committee; 

 Republican national committeeman

 Republican policy committee; the

 committee

 Senate policy committee

 Subcommittee on Immigration; the

 subcommittee

but Baker committee

 ad hoc committee

 conference committee

Committee Print No. 32; Committee Prints

 Nos. 8 and 9; committee print

Common Cause

Common Core State Standards Initiative;

 Common Core

Commonwealth:

 British Commonwealth; the

 Commonwealth

 of Australia

 of Kentucky

 of Massachusetts

 of Pennsylvania

 of Virginia

Communist Party; a Communist

compact, U.S. marine fisheries, etc.; the

 compact

Company, if part of name; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to unit of

 Federal Government:

 Procter & Gamble Co.; the company

Comptroller of the Currency; the

 Comptroller

Comptroller General (U.S.); the

Comptroller

Comsat

Concor

Confederacy (of the South)

Confederate:

 Army

 flag

 Government

 soldier

 States

Confederation, Articles of

Conference, if referring to governmental

 (U.S.) or international conference:

 Bretton Woods; the Conference

 Judicial Conference of the United

 States; U.S. Judicial Conference;

 Judicial Conference; the Conference

 Tenth Annual Conference of the

 United Methodist Churches; the

 conference

Congress (convention), if part of name;

 capitalized standing alone if referring

 to international congress:

 of Industrial Organizations

 of Parents and Teachers, National; the

 congress

Congress (legislature), if referring to

 national congress:

 of Bolivia, etc.; the Congress

 of the United States; First, Second,

 10th, 103d, etc.; the Congress; 

 Library of

Congressional:

 Black Caucus; the Black Caucus; the

 caucus

 Directory, the directory

 District, First, 10th, etc.; the First

 District; the congressional district; the 

 district

 Medal of Honor (see decorations)

but congressional action, committee, etc.

Congressman; Congresswoman;

 Congressman at Large; Member of

 Congress; Member; membership

Conservative Party; a Conservative
Capitalization Examples 55

Constitution, with name of country;

 capitalized standing alone when

 referring to a specific national 

 constitution; but New York State 

 Constitution; the constitution

constitutional

consul, British, general, etc.

consulate, British, etc.

Consumer Price Index (official title); the

 price index; the index; but a

 consumers’ price index (descriptive)

Continent, only if following name;

 North American Continent; the

 continent; but the Continent 

 (continental Europe)

Continental:

 Army; the Army

 Congress; the Congress

 Divide (see Divide)

 Outer Continental Shelf

 Shelf; the shelf; a continental shelf

continental Europe, United States, etc.

Continentals (Revolutionary soldiers)

Convention, governmental (U.S.),

 international, or national political;

 the convention:

 89th National Convention of the

 American Legion

 Constitutional (United States, 1787);

 the Convention

 Democratic National; Democratic

 Genocide (international)

 on International Civil Aviation

 Republican National; Republican

 Universal Postal Union; Postal Union

also International Postal; Warsaw

copper age (see Ages)

Corporation, if part of name; the

 Corporation, if referring to unit of

 Federal Government:

 Commodity Credit

 Federal Deposit Insurance

 National Railroad Passenger (Amtrak)

 Rand Corp.; the corporation

 Saint Lawrence Seaway Development

 (American)

 St. Lawrence Seaway Management

 (Canadian)

 Union Carbide Corp.; the corporation

 Virgin Islands

Corps, if part of name; the corps, all other

 uses:

 Adjutant General’s

 Army Reserve

 Chemical

 Finance

 Foreign Service Officer (see Foreign

 Service)

 Job

 Judge Advocate General’s

 Marine (see Marine Corps)

 Medical

 Military Police

 Nurse

 of Cadets (West Point)

 of Engineers; Army Engineers; the

 Engineers; but Army engineer; the

 corps

 Ordnance

 Peace; Peace Corpsman; the corpsman

 Quartermaster

 Reserve Officers’ Training (ROTC)

 VII Corps, etc.

 Signal

 Transportation

 Youth

but diplomatic corps

corpsman; hospital corpsman

corridor, Northeast

Council, if part of name; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to Federal 

 or international unit (see also United 

 Nations):

 Boston City; the council

 Her Majesty’s Privy Council; the Privy

 Council; the Council
56 Chapter 4

 National Security; the Council

 of Foreign Ministers (NATO); the 

 Council

 of the Organization of American States; 

 the Council

 Philadelphia City; the council

counsel; general counsel

County, Prince George’s; county of Prince

 George’s; County Kilkenny, etc.; 

 Loudoun and Fairfax Counties; the 

 county

country

Court (of law) capitalized if part of name;

 capitalized standing alone if referring 

 to the Supreme Court of the United 

 States, to the Court of Impeachment 

 (U.S. Senate), or to an international 

 court:

 Circuit Court of the United States for the

 Tenth Circuit; Circuit Court for the 

 Tenth Circuit; the circuit court; the 

 court; the tenth circuit

 Court of Appeals for the State of North

 Carolina, etc.; the Tenth Circuit Court

 of Appeals; the court of appeals; the 

 court

 Court of Claims; the court

 Court of Impeachment, the Senate; the 

 Court

 District Court of the United States for 

 the Eastern District of Missouri; the 

 district court; the court

 International Court of Justice; the Court

 Permanent Court of Arbitration; the 

 Court

 Superior Court of the District of 

 Columbia; the superior court; the 

 court

 Supreme Court of the United States (see

 Supreme Court)

 Supreme Court of Virginia, etc.; the 

 supreme court; the court

 Tax Court; the court

 U.S. Court of Appeals for the District

 of Columbia; the court

Covenant, League of Nations; the covenant

Creed, Apostles’; the Creed

Crown, if referring to a ruler; but crown

 colony, lands, etc.

Current, if part of name; the current:

 Humboldt

 Japan

 North Equatorial

customhouse; customs official

czar; czarist

D

D-Day

Dalai Lama

Dalles, The; but the Dalles region

Dark Ages (see Ages)

Daughters of the American Revolution;

 a Daughter

daylight saving time

Declaration, capitalized with name:

 of Independence; the Declaration

 of Panama; the declaration

decorations, medals, etc., awarded by 

 United States or any foreign national 

 government; the medal, the cross, the 

 ribbon (see also Award):

 Air Medal

 Bronze Star Medal

 Commendation Ribbon

 Congressional Medal of Honor

 Croix de Guerre

 Distinguished Flying Cross

 Distinguished Service Cross

 Distinguished Service Medal

 Good Conduct Medal

 Legion of Merit

 Medal for Merit

 Medal of Freedom

 Medal of Honor
 Purple Heart

 Silver Star Medal

 Soldier’s Medal

 Victoria Cross

 Victory Medal

but oakleaf cluster

also Carnegie Medal; Olympic Gold

 Medal; Mother of the Year ; 

 but gold medal

Decree (see Executive); Royal Decree

Deep South

Defense Establishment (see Establishment)

Deity, words denoting, capitalized

Delegate (U.S. Congress)

Delegates, Virginia House of

delegate (to a conference); the delegate; the 

 delegation

Delta, Mississippi River; the delta

Democratic Party; a Democrat

Department, if part of name; capitalized 

 standing alone if referring to a Federal

 or international unit:

 of Agriculture

 of the Treasury

 of Veterans Affairs

 Yale University Department of 

 Economics; the department of 

 economics; the department

Department of New York, American 

 Legion

department:

 executive

 judicial

 legislative

Depot, if part of name; the depot (see also

 Station)

Depression, Great

Deputy, if part of capitalized title; but the 

 deputy

derivatives of proper names:

alaska seal (fur)

angora wool

angstrom unit

argyle wool

artesian well

astrakhan fabric

babbitt metal

benday process

bologna

bordeaux

bourbon whiskey

bowie knife

braille

brazil nut

brazilwood

brewer’s yeast

bristolboard

brussel sprouts

brussels carpet

bunsen burner

burley tobacco

canada balsam

 (microscopy)

carlsbad twins 

 (petrography)

cashmere shawl

castile soap

cesarean section

chantilly lace

chesterfield coat

china clay

chinese blue

collins (drink)

congo red

cordovan leather

coulomb

curie

degaussing apparatus

delftware

derby hat

diesel engine, dieselize

dixie cup

dotted swiss

epsom salt

fedora hat

frankfurter

french chalk

french dressing

french-fried potatoes

fuller’s earth

gargantuan

gauss

georgette crepe

german silver

gilbert

glauber salt

gothic type

graham cracker

herculean task

hessian fly

holland cloth

hoolamite detector

hudson seal (fur)

india ink

india rubber

italic type

jamaica ginger

japan varnish

jersey fabric

johnin test

joule

knickerbocker

kraft paper

lambert

leghorn hat

levant leather

levantine silk

lilliputian

logan tent

london purple

lyonnaise potatoes

macadamized road

mach (no period)

 number

madras cloth

maginot line 

 (nonliteral)

manila paper

maraschino cherry

mason jar

maxwell

melba toast

mercerized fabric

merino sheep

molotov cocktail

morocco leather

morris chair

murphy bed

navy blue

nelson, half nelson, etc.

neon light

newton

nissen hut

norfolk jacket

oriental rug

oxford shoe

panama hat

parianware

paris green

parkerhouse roll

pasteurized milk

persian lamb

petri dish

pharisaic

philistine

photostat

pitman arm

pitot tube

plaster of paris

prussian blue

Capitalization Examples 57
quisling

quixotic idea

quonset hut

rembert wheel

roentgen

roman candle

roman cement

roman type

russia leather

russian bath

rutherford

sanforize

saratoga chips

scotch plaid, but

 Scotch tape 

 (trademark)

shanghai

siamese twins

spanish omelet

stillson wrench

surah silk

swiss cheese 

timothy grass

turkey red

turkish towel

utopia, utopian

vandyke collar

vaseline

venetian blind

venturi tube

victoria (carriage)

vienna bread

virginia reel

wedgwoodware

wheatstone bridge

wilton rug

zeppelin

dial-up

Diet, Japanese (legislative body)

diplomatic corps (see also Corps; service)

Director, if referring to head of Federal or 

 international unit; the Director:

 District Director of Internal Revenue

 of the Government Publishing Office

 of the Fish and Wildlife Service

 of National Intelligence

 of the Mint

 Office of Management and Budget

but director, board of directors 

 (nongovernmental)

Director General of Foreign Service; the 

 Director General; the Director

diseases and related terms (see rule 3.32):

 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency 

 syndrome)

 Alzheimer(’s) disease

 autism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

 cerebral palsy

 Down syndrome

 Ebola virus

 German measles

 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

 Hodgkin: lymphoma; disease

 Lyme disease

 Marfan syndrome

 Ménierè’s disease

 myasthenia gravis

 Parkinson(’s) disease

 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

 spina bifida

 Zika virus

Distinguished Service Medal, etc. (see

 decorations)

District, if part of name; the district:

 Alexandria School District No. 4; 

 school district No. 4

 Congressional (with number)

 Federal (see Federal)

 Los Angeles Water; the water district

but customs district No. 2; first assembly 

 district; public utility district

District of Columbia; the District:

 Anacostia Flats; the flats

 Arlington Memorial Bridge; the 

 Memorial Bridge; the bridge

 Children’s Hospital; the hospital

 District jail; the jail; DC jail

 Ellipse, the

 Mall, The National; The Mall

 Mayor (when pertaining to the District 

 of Columbia only)

 Metropolitan Police; Metropolitan 

 police officer; the police

 police court

 Public Library; the library

 Reflecting Pool; the pool

 Tidal Basin; the basin

 Washington Channel; the channel

Divide, Continental (Rocky Mountains); 

 the divide

Divine Father; but divine guidance, divine 

 providence, divine service

Division, Army, if part of name: 1st Cavalry 

 Division; 1st Air Cavalry Division; the

 division

Division, if referring to Federal 

 governmental unit; the Division:

 Buick Motor Division; the division; 

 a division of General Motors

58 Chapter 4
Capitalization Examples 59

 Passport; the Division

but Trinity River division 

 (reclamation); the division

Dixie

docket No. 66; dockets Nos. 76 and 77

Doctrine, Monroe; the doctrine; but

 Truman, Eisenhower doctrine

doctrine, fairness

Document, if part of name; the document:

 Document No. 130

 Document Numbered One Hundred 

 Thirty

draconian

drawing II, A, 3, etc.; but Drawing 2 when 

 part of title: Drawing 2.—

 Hydroelectric Power Development

dumpster

Dust Bowl (see Bowl)

E

Earth (planet)

East:

 Coast (Africa)

 Middle, Mideast (Asia)

 Near (Balkans)

 Side of New York

 South Central States

 the East (section of United States) 

east:

 Africa

 coast (U.S.)

 Pennsylvania

Eastern:

 Gulf States

 Middle, Mideastern (Asia)

 North Central States

 Shore (Chesapeake Bay)

 States

 United States

eastern:

 France

 seaboard

 Wisconsin

easterner

Ebola virus

eBook

EE bond

electoral college; the electors

Elizabethan Age (see Ages)

email (lowercase within a sentence)

Email (uppercase “E’’ to start a sentence)

Emancipation Proclamation (see

 Proclamation)

Embassy, British, etc.; the Embassy

Emperor, Japanese, etc.; the Emperor

Empire, Roman; the empire

Engine Company, Bethesda; engine 

 company No. 6; No. 6 engine 

 company; the company

Engineer officer, etc. (of Engineer Corps);

 the Engineers

Engineers, Chief of (Army)

Engineers, Corps of (see Corps)

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 

 Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the 

 Minister

Equator, the; equatorial

Establishment, if part of name; the 

 establishment:

 Army

 Army Field

 Defense

 Federal

 Military

 Naval

 Naval Establishments Regs

 Navy

 Postal

 Regular

 Reserve

 Shore

but civil establishment; legislative

 establishment

Estate, Girard (a foundation); the estate

estate, third (the commons); fourth

 (the press); tax; etc.
60 Chapter 4

Eurodollar, euro

Excellency, His, Her; Their Excellencies

Exchange, New York Stock; the stock 

 exchange; the exchange

Executive (President of United States):

 Chief

 Decree No. 100; Decree 100; but

 Executive decree; direction

 Mansion; the mansion; the White House

 Office; the Office

 Order No. 34; Order 34; but Executive

 order

 power

executive:

 agreement

 branch

 communication

 department

 document

 paper

 privilege

exhibit 2, A, II, etc.; but Exhibit 2, when 

 part of title: Exhibit 2: Capital 

 Expenditures, 1935−49

Expedition, Byrd; Lewis and Clark; the

 expedition

Exposition, California-Pacific 

 International, etc.; the exposition

F

Fair Deal

Fair, World’s, etc.; the fair; Texas State Fair

fall (season)

Falls, Niagara; the falls

Far East, Far Eastern; Far West (U.S.); but

 far western

Farm, if part of name; the farm:

 Johnson Farm; but Johnson’s farm

 San Diego Farm

 Wild Tiger Farm

Fascist; fascism

Father of our Country (Washington)

FDsys

Fed, the (no period)

Federal (synonym for United States or other

 sovereign power):

 Depository Library Program but Federal

 depository library, libraries

 Digital System

 District (Mexico)

 Establishment

 Government (of any national 

 government)

 grand jury; the grand jury

 land bank (see Bank)

 Register (publication); the Register

 Reserve Board, the Board; also Federal 

 Reserve System, the System; Federal 

 Reserve Board Regulation W, but

 Federal regulation W

but a federal form of government

federally

fellow, fellowship (academic)

Field, Wrigley, Frank Wiley, etc.; the field

figure 2, A, II, etc. (illustration); but Figure 

 2, when part of legend: Figure 2.—

 Market scenes

firewall

firm names:

 ACDelco

 Amazon

 America Online (AOL)

 Apple

 Bausch & Lomb Inc.

 BP

 Bristol-Myers Squibb

 Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co.

 Coldwell Banker

 Colgate-Palmolive Co.

 Comcast

 DIRECTV

 Dow Jones & Co., Inc.

 Dun & Bradstreet

 eBay

 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.

 Facebook
Capitalization Examples 61

 FedEx

 GlaxoSmithKline

 Google

 Hamilton Beach/Proctor Silex, Inc.

 Hartmarx Corp.

 Hewlett-Packard

 Houghton Mifflin Co.

 Ingersoll-Rand Co.

 Intel Corp.

 J.C. Penney Co., Inc.

 Johns-Manville Corp.

 Kennecott Exploration Co.

 Kmart

 Libbey-Owens-Ford Co.

 LinkedIn

 Macmillan Co.

 Merck & Co., Inc.

 Merrill Lynch

 Microsoft

 Pfizer Inc.

 Phelps Dodge Corp.

 PricewaterhouseCoopers

 Procter & Gamble Co.

 Rand McNally & Co.

 Rolls-Royce

 Sun Microsystems

 3M

 Twitter

 Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.

 Walmart

 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

 Weyerhaeuser Co.

 Xerox Corp.

 YouTube

First Family (Presidential)

First Lady (wife of President)

First World War (see War)

flag code

flag, U.S.:

 Old Flag, Old Glory

 Stars and Stripes

 Star-Spangled Banner

flags, foreign:

 Tricolor (French)

 Union Jack (British)

 United Nations

Fleet, if part of name; the fleet:

 Atlantic

 Channel

 Grand

 High Seas

 Marine Force

 Naval Reserve

 Pacific

 6th Fleet, etc.

 U.S.

flex fuel

floor (House or Senate)

flyway; Canadian flyway, etc.

Force(s), if part of name; the force(s):

 Active Forces

 Active-Duty

 Air (see also Air Force)

 All-Volunteer

 Armed Forces (synonym for overall 

 U.S. Military Establishment)

 Army Field Forces; the Field Forces

 Fleet Marine

 Navy Battle (see Navy)

 Navy Scouting (see Navy)

 Rapid Deployment

 Task Force 70; the task force; but task 

 force report 

 United Nations Emergency; the 

 Emergency Force; the Force; but

 United Nations police force

foreign cabinets:

 Minister of Foreign Affairs; Foreign 

 Minister; the Minister

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry

 Office of Foreign Missions; the Office

 Minister Plenipotentiary

 Premier

 Prime Minister

Foreign Legion (French); the legion
62 Chapter 4

Foreign Service; the Service:

 officer

 Officer Corps; the corps

 Reserve officer; the Reserve officer

 Reserve Officer Corps; the Reserve 

 Corps; the corps

 Staff officer; the Staff officer

 Staff Officer Corps; the Staff Corps; the 

 corps

Forest, if part of name; the national forest; 

 the forest:

 Angeles National

 Black

 Coconino and Prescott National Forests

but State and National forests (see

 System)

Forester (Chief of Forest Service); the Chief;

 also Chief Forester

form 2, A, II, etc.; but Form 2, when part of 

 title: Form 1040: Individual Income 

 Tax Return; but withholding tax form

Fort McHenry, etc.; the fort

Foundation, if part of name; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to Federal 

 unit:

 Chemical; the foundation

 Ford; the foundation

 National Science; the Foundation

 Russell Sage; the foundation

Founding Fathers; Founders/Founder (of 

 this Nation, Country)

four freedoms

Framers (of the U.S. Constitution; of the 

 Bill of Rights)

free world

Frisco (for San Francisco; no apostrophe)

Fritalux (see alliances)

Fund, if part of name; capitalized standing

 alone if referring to international or 

 United Nations fund:

 Democracy (United Nations); the Fund

 International Monetary; the Fund

but civil service retirement fund; 

 highway trust fund; mutual security

 fund; national service life insurance

 fund; revolving fund

G

Gadsden Purchase

Gallery of Art, National (see National)

Gallup Poll; the poll

Gambia, The

GAO (Government Accountability Office)

Geiger counter

General Order No. 14; General Orders No. 

 14; a general order

General Schedule

Generation X

gentile

Geographer, the (State Department)

geographic terms (terms, such as those 

 listed below, 2 are capitalized if part of 

 name; are lowercased in general sense 

 (rivers of Virginia and Maryland)):

Archipelago

Area

Arroyo

Atoll

Bank

Bar

Basin, Upper (Lower)

 Colorado River,

 etc. (legal entity);

but Hansen

 flood-control basin;

 Missouri River

 basin (drainage);

 upper Colorado

 River storage project

Bay

Bayou

Beach

Bench

Bend

Bight

Bluff

Bog

Borough (boro)

Bottom

Branch (stream)

Brook

Butte

Canal; the canal

 (Panama)

Canyon

Cape

Cascade

Cave

Cavern

Channel; but

Mississippi River 

 channel(s)

Cirque

Coulee

Cove

Crag

Crater

Creek

Crossroads

Current (ocean 

 feature)

Cut

Cutoff

Dam

Delta

Desert

Divide

Dome (not geologic)

Draw (stream)

Dune

Escarpment

Estuary

Falls

Fault

Flat(s)

Floodway

Ford

Forest 2 List compiled with cooperation of the U.S. 

Board on Geographic Names.
Capitalization Examples 63

Fork (stream)

Gap

Geyser

Glacier

Glen

Gorge

Gulch

Gulf

Gut

Harbor

Head

Hill

Hogback

Hollow

Hook

Horn

Hot Spring

Icefield

Ice Shelf

Inlet

Island

Isle

Islet

Keys (Florida only)

Knob

Lagoon

Lake

Landing

Ledge

Lowland

Marsh

Massif

Mesa

Monument

Moraine

Mound

Mount

Mountain

Narrows

Neck

Needle

Notch

Oasis

Ocean

Oxbow

Palisades

Park

Pass

Passage

Peak

Peninsula

Plain

Plateau

Point

Pond

Pool

Port (water body)

Prairie

Range (mountain)

Rapids

Ravine

Reef

Reservoir

Ridge

River

Roads (anchorage)

Rock

Run (stream)

Sea

Seaway

Shoal

Sink

Slough

Sound

Spit

Spring

Spur

Strait

Stream

Summit

Swamp

Terrace

Thoroughfare

Trench

Trough

Valley

Volcano

Wash

Waterway

Woods

Geological Survey (see Survey)

GI bill of rights

Girl Scouts (organization); a Girl Scout; a 

 Scout; Scouting

G-man

Gold Star Mothers (see American)

Golden Age (see Ages)

Golden Rule

Gospel, if referring to the first four books of 

 the New Testament; but gospel music

Government:

 British, etc.; the Government

 department, officials, -owned, 

 publications, etc. (U.S. Government)

 National and State Governments

 Printing Office (historical)

 Publishing Office (see Office)

 U.S.; National; Federal; Tribal

Government information product

government:

 Churchill

 Communist

 District (of Columbia)

 European governments

 Federal, State, and municipal

 governments

 insular; island

 local

 military

 seat of

 State

 State and Provincial governments

 Territorial

governmental

Governor:

 of Louisiana, etc.; the Governor; a 

 Governor; State Governor(s); 

 Governors’ conference

 of Puerto Rico; the Governor

 of the Federal Reserve Board; the 

 Governor

Governor General of Canada; the Governor

 General

govinfo (always bold)

grand jury (see Federal)

Grange, the (National)

grant, Pell

graph 2, A, II, etc.; but Graph 2, when part 

 of title: Graph 2.—Production levels

Great:

 Basin

 Depression

 Divide

 Lakes; the lakes; lake(s) traffic

 Plains; but southern Great Plains
64 Chapter 4

 Seal (any nation)

 Society

 War (see War)

 White Way (New York City)

great circle (navigation)

Greater Los Angeles, Greater New York

gross national product (GNP)

Group:

 G8 (Group of 8) (representatives of the 

 eight leading industrial nations)

 Helsinki Monitoring; the group

 Military Advisory Group; the group

 Standing (see Organization)

 World Bank

group 2, II, A, etc.; but Group 2, when part

 of title: Group II: List of Counties by

 States

Guard, National (see National)

guardsman (see Coast Guard; National 

 Guard)

Gulf:

 Coast States; but gulf coast

 of Mexico; the gulf

 States

 Stream; the stream

H

Hague, The

Hall (U.S. Senate or House)

Halls of Congress

H-bomb; H-hour

Headquarters:

 Alaskan Command; the command 

 headquarters

 4th Regiment Headquarters; regimental

 headquarters

 32d Division Headquarters; the division 

 headquarters

hearing examiner

Heaven (religious); heaven (place)

Heimlich maneuver

hell (place)

Hells (no apostrophe) Canyon

Hemisphere, Eastern; Western; etc.; the 

 hemisphere

Hezbollah

High Church

High Commissioner

High Court (see Supreme Court)

high definition

High School, if part of name: Western; the 

 high school

Highway No. 40; Route 40; State Route 9; 

 the highway

Hill (the Capitol)

Hispanic

Holocaust, the (World War II); a holocaust

Holy Scriptures; Holy Writ (Bible)

home page

Hoosier

Hospice, if part of name

Hospital, if part of name; the hospital:

 Howard University

 St. Elizabeths (no apostrophe)

but naval (marine or Army) hospital

hospital corpsman (see corpsman)

House, if part of name:

 Blair

 Johnson house (private residence)

 of Representatives; the House (U.S.)

 Office Building (see Building)

 Ohio (State); the house

but both Houses; lower (or upper) 

 House (Congress)

House of Representatives (U.S.), titles of

 officers standing alone capitalized:

 Chairman (Committee of the Whole)

 Chaplain

 Clerk; but legislative clerk, etc.

 Doorkeeper

 Official Reporter(s) of Debates

 Parliamentarian

 Postmaster

 post office

 Sergeant at Arms
Capitalization Examples 65

 Speaker pro tempore

 Speaker; speakership

HUD (Department of Housing and Urban 

 Development)

Hudson’s Bay Co.

Hurricane Andrew, Katrina, Rita, etc.

I

ice age (see Ages)

imam

Independent Party; an Independent

Indians (see 3.18):

 Absentee Shawnee

 Alaska (see Native)

 Eastern (or Lower) Band of Cherokee;

 the Band

 Five Civilized Tribes; the Tribes

 Native Americans

 Shawnee Tribe; the Tribe

 Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy)

 Tribe (if federally recognized)

Initiative, Caribbean Basin; but strategic

 defense initiative

Inquisition, Spanish; the Inquisition

inspector general

Institute, if part of name; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to Federal 

 or international organization:

 National Cancer; the Cancer Institute; 

 the Institute

 National Institutes of Health; the 

 Institutes

 of International Law; the Institute 

 Woman’s; the institute

Institution, if part of name; capitalized 

 standing alone if referring to 

 Federal unit:

 Brookings; the institution

 Carnegie; the institution

 Smithsonian; the Institution

insular government; island government

intercoastal waterway (see waterway)

interdepartmental

interface

International Court of Justice; the Court

international:

 banks (see Bank)

 boundary

 dateline

 law

 Morse code (see Code)

internet (lowercase within a sentence)

Internet (uppercase “I” to start a sentence)

Internet of Things

Interstate 95; I−95; the interstate

Intracoastal Waterway; the waterway (see

 also waterway)

intranet

intrastate

Irish potato

Iron Curtain; the curtain

Islam; Islamic

Isthmian Canal (see Canal)

Isthmus of Panama; the isthmus

J

Japan Current (see Current)

Java (computer language)

Jersey cattle

Job Corps

Joint Chiefs of Staff; Chiefs of Staff

Joint Committee on Printing (see

 Committee)

Journal clerk; the clerk

Journal (House or Senate)

Judge Advocate General, the

judge; chief judge; circuit judge; district

 judge; but Judge Judy

judiciary, the

Justice; Justice Alito, etc.

K

kaffiyeh (Arabic headdress)

King of Thailand, etc.; the King

Koran, the; Koranic

Krugerrand
66 Chapter 4

L

Laboratory, if part of name; capitalized 

 standing alone if referring to Federal 

 unit: Forest Products; the Laboratory; 

 but laboratory (non-Federal)

Lake: Erie, of the Woods, Great Salt; the lake

Lane, if part of name: Maiden; the lane

Latino, Latina

Latter-day Saints

law, copyright law; Ohm’s, etc.

League, Urban; the league

Legion:

 American; the Legion; a Legionnaire

 French Foreign; the legion

Legislative Assembly, if part of name: 

 of New York; of Puerto Rico, etc.; the 

 legislative assembly; the assembly

legislative branch, clerk, session, etc.

Legislature:

 National Legislature (U.S. Congress); 

 the Legislature

 Ohio Legislature; Legislature of Ohio; 

 the State legislature; the legislature

Letters Patent No. 378,964; but patent No. 

 378,964; letters patent

Liberal Party; a Liberal

Libertarian Party; a Libertarian

Liberty Bell

Librarian of Congress; the Librarian

Library:

 Army; the library

 Harry S. Truman; the library

 of Congress; the Library

 Hillsborough Public; the library

Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, etc.; the 

 Lieutenant Governor

Light, if part of name; the light:

 Boston

 Buffalo South Pier Light 2; but light No. 

 2; light 2

but Massachusetts Bay lights

Lighthouse (see Light Station)

Lightship, if part of name; the lightship:

 Grays Reef

 North Manitou Shoal

Light Station, if part of name; the light 

 station; the station:

 Minots Ledge

 Watch Hill

Line(s), if part of name; the line(s):

 Greyhound (bus)

 Holland America (cruises)

 Maginot (fortification)

line:

 Mason-Dixon line or Mason and 

 Dixon’s line

 State

listserv

Local: 

 Columbia Typographical Union, 

 Local 101

 International Brotherhood of Electrical 

 Workers Local 180; but local No. 180

local time, local standard time (see time)

locator service

Loop, the (see cities)

Louisiana Purchase

Low Church

Lower, if part of name:

 California (Mexico)

 Colorado River Basin

 Egypt

 Peninsula (of Michigan)

lower:

 48 (States)

 House of Congress

 Mississippi

M

Madam: 

 Chair

 Chairman

 Chairwoman

Magna Carta

Majesty, His, Her, Your; Their Majesties
Capitalization Examples 67

Majority Leader McConnell; Majority 

 Leader McCarthy; but the majority 

 leader (U.S. Congress)

Mall, The National; The Mall (District of 

 Columbia)

Mansion, Executive (see Executive)

map 3, A, II, etc.; but Map 2, when part of 

 title: Map 2.—Railroads of Middle 

 Atlantic States

mariculture

Marine Corps; the corps:

 Marines (the corps); but marines 

 (individuals)

 Reserve; the Reserve

also a marine; a woman marine; the 

 women marines (individuals); soldiers, 

 sailors, coastguardsmen, and marines

Maritime Provinces (Canada) (see Province)

Marshal (see Supreme Court)

marshal (U.S.)

medals (see decorations)

Medicaid

MediCal

Medicare Act; Medicare plan

Medicare Plus

Medicare Program

Medigap

Member, if referring to Senator, 

 Representative, Delegate, or Resident 

 Commissioner of U.S. Congress; also

 Member at Large; Member of 

 Parliament, etc.; but membership; 

 member of U.S. congressional 

 committee

Memorial:

 Jefferson

 Lincoln

 Vietnam

 WWII

 Korean

 Franklin D. Roosevelt etc.; the memorial

Merchant Marine Reserve; the Reserve; 

 but U.S. merchant marine; the 

 merchant marine

Metroliner

Metropolitan Washington, etc.; but

 Washington metropolitan area

midcontinent region

Middle Ages (see Ages)

Middle Atlantic States

Middle East; Mideast; Mideastern; Middle

 Eastern (Asia)

Midwest (section of United States);

 Midwestern States; but midwestern

 farmers, etc.

Military Academy (see Academy)

Military Establishment (see Establishment)

milkshed, Ohio, etc. (region)

millennials

millennium

Minister Plenipotentiary; the Minister; 

 Minister Without Portfolio (see also

 foreign cabinets)

Ministry (see foreign cabinets)

Minority Leader Reid; Minority

 Leader Pelosi; but the minority 

 leader (U.S. Congress)

Mint, Philadelphia, etc.; the mint

minutemen (colonial)

missiles: capitalize such missile names as 

 Hellfire, Sparrow, Tomahawk, Scud,

 Trident, etc.; but cruise missile, air-to-

 air missile, surface-to-air missile, etc.

Mission, if part of name; the mission:

 Gospel

but diplomatic mission; military mission; 

 Jones mission

Monument:

 Bunker Hill; the monument

 Grounds; the grounds (Washington 

 Monument)

 National (see National)

 Washington; the monument (District

 of Columbia)
68 Chapter 4

Mountain States

mountain time, mountain standard time 

 (see time)

Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)

Mr. Chairman; Mr. Secretary; etc.

Mujahedeen

mullah

Museum, capitalize with name; the 

 museum:

 Field

 National

 National Air and Space; the Air Museum

 National Museum of African American 

 History and Culture

National Museum of the American 

 Indian

N

Nation (synonym for United States); but a 

 nation; nationwide; also French 

 nation, Balkan nations

nation, in general, standing alone

National, in conjunction with capitalized 

 name:

 Academy of Sciences (see Academy)

 Archives and Records Administration;

 the National Archives; the Archives

 Capital (Washington); the Capital; but

 national capital area

 Endowment for the Arts; the

 Endowment

 Gallery of Art; the National Gallery;

 the gallery

 Grange; the Grange

 Guard, Ohio, etc.; Air National; the 

 National Guard; the Guard; a

 guardsman; Reserve; but a National 

 Guard man; National Guardsman

 Legislature (see Legislature)

 Muir Woods National Monument, etc.;

 the national monument; the 

 monument

 Museum (see Museum)

 Park Service

 Park, Yellowstone, etc.; Yellowstone Park; 

 the national park; the park

 Treasury; the Treasury

 War College

 Woman’s Party

 Zoological Park (see Zoological) 

national:

 agency check (NAC)

 anthem, customs, spirit, etc.

 British, Mexican, etc.

 defense agencies

 stockpile

 water policy

Native: Alaska; American; but Ohio native, 

 etc.

Naval, if part of name:

 Academy (see Academy)

 Air Station (NAS) Patuxent River; 

 Pensacola; etc.

 Base Guam; the naval base

 Observatory (see Observatory)

 Reserve; the Reserve; a reservist

 Reserve Force; the force

 Reserve officer; a Reserve officer

 Shipyard (if preceding or following name):

 Brooklyn Naval Shipyard; Naval 

 Shipyard, Brooklyn; but the naval 

 shipyard

 Volunteer Naval Reserve

 War College; the War College; the college

naval, in general sense:

 command (see Command)

 expenditures, maneuvers, officer, 

 service, stores, etc.

 petroleum reserves; but Naval 

 Petroleum Reserve No. 2 (Buena

 Vista Hills Naval Reserve); reserve No. 2

navel orange

Navy, American or foreign, if part of name;

 capitalized standing alone only if 

 referring to U.S. Navy:

 Admiral of the; the admiral
Capitalization Examples 69

 Battle Force; the Battle Force; the force

 Establishment; the establishment

 Hospital Corps; hospital corpsman; the 

 corps

 Regular

 Seabees (construction battalion); a 

 Seabee

navy yard

Nazi; Nazism

Near East (Balkans, etc.)

network

New Deal; anti-New Deal

New England States

New Federalism

New Frontier

New World; but new world order

North:

 Atlantic

 Atlantic States

 Atlantic Treaty (see Treaty)

 Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 

 (see Organization)

 Equatorial Current (see Current)

 Korea

 Pole

 Slope (Alaska)

 Star (Polaris)

 the North (section of United States)

north:

 Africa

 Ohio, Virginia, etc.

north-central region, etc.

Northeast corridor

northern Ohio

Northern States

northerner

Northwest Pacific

Northwest Territory (1799)

Northwest, the (section of the United States)

Northwest Washington (see cities)

Northwestern:

 States

 United States

numbers capitalized if spelled out as part of 

 a name:

 Air Force One (Presidential plane)

 Charles the First

 Committee of One Hundred

 Twenty-third Census (see Census)

O

Observatory, capitalized with name:

 Astrophysical; the Observatory

 Lick; the observatory

 (nongovernmental)

 Naval; the Observatory

Occident, the; occidental

Ocean, if part of name; the ocean:

 Antarctic

 Arctic

 Atlantic

 North Atlantic, etc.

 Pacific

 Southern

 South Pacific, etc.

 Southwest Pacific, etc.

Oceanographer (the Hydrographer), Navy

Office, if referring to unit of Federal 

 Government; the Office:

 Executive

 Foreign and Commonwealth (U.K.)

 Government Printing; the Printing 

 Office (historical)

 Government Publishing; the Publishing

 Office; the Office

 Naval Oceanographic

 of Chief of Naval Operations

 of General Counsel

 of Management and Budget

 of Personnel Management 

 of the Secretary (Defense); Secretary’s 

 Office

 Patent and Trademark

but New York regional office (including 

 branch, division, or section therein); 

 the regional office; the office
70 Chapter 4

officer:

 Army

 Marine; but naval and marine officers

 Navy; Navy and Marine officers

 Regular Army; Regular; a Regular

 Reserve

Old Dominion (Virginia)

Old South

Old World

Olympic Games; Olympiad; XXXI Olympic

 Games

ombudsman, Maryland (State)

online

Operation Iraqi Freedom, Desert Storm

Order of Business No. 56 (congressional

 calendar)

Ordnance:

 Corps (see Corps)

 Department; the Department

Organization, if part of name; capitalized

 standing alone if referring to 

 international unit:

 International Labour (ILO)

 North Atlantic Treaty (NATO):

 Chiefs of Staff

 Committee of Defense Ministers

 Council

 Council of Foreign Ministers

 Defense Committee

 Military Committee

 Pact

 Regional Planning Group; the Group

 Standing Group; the Group

 of American States (OAS)

 United Nations Educational, Scientific, 

 and Cultural (UNESCO)

but nongovernmental organization (NGO)

Orient, the; oriental (objects)

Osama bin Laden

Outer Continental Shelf (see Continental)

P

Pacific (see also Atlantic):

 Basin

 coast

 Coast States

 Northwest

 rim

 seaboard

 slope

 South

 States

 time, Pacific standard time (see time)

but cispacific; transpacific

pan-American games; but Pan American

 Day

Pan American Union (renamed; see

 Organization of American States)

Panel, the Federal Service Impasses 

 (Federal), etc.; the Panel

Panhandle of Texas; Texas Panhandle; the 

 panhandle; etc.

papers, Woodrow Wilson, etc.; the papers; 

 but white paper

Parish, Caddo, etc.; but parish of Caddo

 (Louisiana civil division); the parish

Park, Fairmount, etc.; the park (see also

 National)

Park Police, U.S.; park policeman

Park Service

Park, Zoological (see Zoological)

Parkway, George Washington Memorial; 

 the memorial parkway; the parkway

Parliament, Houses of; the Parliament

Parliamentarian (U.S. Senate or House)

part 2, A, II, etc.; but Part 2, when part of 

 title: Part 2: Iron and Steel Industry

Party, if part of name; the party

Pass, Brenner, capitalized if part of name; 

 the pass

patent (see Letters Patent)

Peninsula Upper (Lower) (Michigan); the 

 peninsula

Penitentiary, United States; the penitentiary

petrodollar

phase 2; phase I
Capitalization Examples 71

Philippines, Republic of the

Pilgrim Fathers (1620); the Pilgrims; a 

 Pilgrim

Place, if part of name: Jefferson Place; the 

 place

Plains (Great Plains), the

plan:

 controlled materials

 5-year

 Marshall (European Recovery Program)

Planetarium, Fels, Hayden; the planetarium

plant, United States Steel, etc.

plate 2, A, II, etc.; but Plate 2, when part of 

 title: Plate 2.—Rural Structures

Plaza, Union Station (Washington, DC); 

 the plaza

Pledge of Allegiance; the pledge

Pole: North, South; the pole; subpolar

Pole Star (Polaris); polar star

Police, if part of name; the police:

 Capitol

 Park, U.S.

 White House

political action committee (PAC)

political parties and adherents (see specific

 political party)

Pool, Northwest Power, etc.; the pool

Pope; but papal, patriarch, pontiff, primate

Port, if part of name; Port of Norfolk; 

 Norfolk Port; the port (see Authority)

Post Office, Chicago, etc.; the post office

P.O. Box (with number); but post office box 

 (in general sense)

Postmaster General

PostScript; but a postscript

Powers, if part of name; the powers (see

 also alliances):

 Allied (World Wars I and II)

 Axis (World War II)

 Western

but European powers

precinct; first, 10th precinct

Premier (see foreign cabinets)

Preserve, Sullys Hill, National Game

Presidency (office of the head of Government)

President:

 of the United States; the Executive; the 

 Chief Magistrate; the Commander 

 in Chief; the President-elect; ex-

 President; former President; also

 preceding name

 of any other country; the President of 

 Federal or international unit

but president of the Norfolk Southern

 Railway; president of the Federal

 Reserve Bank of New York

Presidential assistant, authority, order, 

 proclamation, candidate, election, 

 timber, year, etc.

Prime Minister (see foreign cabinets)

Prison, New Jersey State; the prison

Privy Council, Her Majesty’s (see Council)

Prize, Nobel, Pulitzer, etc.; the prize

Proclamation, Emancipation; Presidential 

 Proclamation No. 24; Proclamation 

 No. 24; the proclamation; but

 Presidential proclamation

Program, if part of name:

 European Recovery

 Fulbright

 Mutual Defense Assistance

but universal military training; 

 government bailout

Progressive Party; a Progressive

Project:

 Gutenberg

 Manhattan

 Vote Smart

Proposition 13

Prosecutor; Special Prosecutor (Federal)

Province, Provincial, if referring to an 

 administrative subdivision: Ontario 

 Province; Province of Ontario; 

 Maritime Provinces (Canada); the 

 Province
72 Chapter 4

Proving Ground, Aberdeen, etc.; the 

 proving ground

Public Law; Public Law 110−161, etc.

Public Printer; the Government Printer; 

 the Printer (historical)

public utility district (see District)

Pueblo, Santa Clara; the pueblo (place); 

 the Pueblo (Tribe)

Purchase, Gadsden, Louisiana, etc.

Puritan; puritanical

Pyrrhic victory

Q

Quad Cities (Davenport, Rock Island, 

 Moline, East Moline, and Bettendorf)

query

queue

R

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Railroad, Alaska; the railroad

Ranch, King, etc.; the ranch

Range, Cascade, etc. (mountains); the range

Rebellion, if part of name; the rebellion:

 Boxer

 Whisky

Reconstruction period (post-Civil War)

Red army

Red Cross, American, American National

Reds, the; a Red (political)

Reformatory, Michigan; the reformatory

Refuge, Blackwater National Wildlife, etc.;

 Blackwater Refuge; the refuge

region, north-central, etc.; first region, 

 10th region; region 7; midcontinent

Regular Army, Navy; a Regular (see also

 officer)

regulation:

 greenhouse gas

 W (see also Federal Reserve Board)

 but Veterans Entitlements Regulations

religious terms:

 Baha’i

 Baptist

 Brahman

 Buddhist

 Catholic; Catholicism; but catholic 

 (universal)

 Christian

 Christian Science

 Evangelical United Brethren

 Hindu; Hinduism

 Islam; Islamic

 Jewish

 Latter-day Saints

 Muslim: Shiite; Sunni

 New Thought

 Protestant; Protestantism

 Scientology

 Seventh-day Adventists

 Seventh Day Baptists

 Sikh

 Zoroastrian

Renaissance, the (era)

Report, if part of name (with date or 

 number); the annual report; 

 the report:

 2015 Report of the Chief of the Forest

 Service

 9/11 Commission Report

 Annual Report of the Secretary of 

 Defense for the year ended

 September 30, 2015

 President’s Economic Report; the 

 Economic Report

 Railroad Retirement Board Annual 

 Report, 2015; but annual report of 

 the Railroad Retirement Board

 Report No. 31

 United States Reports (publication)

Reporter, the (U.S. Supreme Court)

Representative; Representative at Large 

 (U.S. Congress); U.N.

Republic, capitalized if part of name; 

 capitalized standing alone if referring 

 to a specific government:

 Czech
Capitalization Examples 73

 French

 Irish

 of Bosnia and Herzegovina

 of Panama

 of the Philippines

 Slovak

also the American Republics; South 

 American Republics; the Latin 

 American Republics; the Republics

Republican Party; a Republican

Reservation (forest, military, or Indian), if 

 part of name; the reservation:

 Hill Military

 Standing Rock

Reserve, if part of name; the Reserve (see

 also Air Force; Army Corps; Coast 

 Guard; Foreign Service; Marine 

 Corps; Merchant Marine; Naval; 

 National Guard):

 Active

 Air Force

 Army

 bank (see Bank)

 Board, Federal (see Federal)

 city (see Bank)

 components

 Enlisted

 Establishment

 Inactive

 Naval

 officer

 Officers’ Training Corps

 Ready

 Retired

 Standby

 Strategic

Reserves, the; reservist

Resolution, with number; the resolution:

 House Joint Resolution 3

 Senate Concurrent Resolution 18

 War Powers Resolution (short title)

but Tonkin resolution

Revised Statutes (U.S.); Supplement to the 

 Revised Statutes; the statutes; Statutes 

 at Large (U.S.)

Revolution, Revolutionary (if referring to

 the American, French, or English 

 Revolution) (see also War)

rim; the Pacific rim

Road, if part of name: Benning; the road

Roman numerals, common nouns used 

 with, not capitalized:

 book II; chapter II; part II; etc.

but Book II: Modern Types (complete

 heading); Part XI: Early Thought 

 (complete heading)

Route 66, State Route 9 (highways)

rule 21; rule XXI; but Rule 21, when part of 

 title: Rule 21: Renewal of Motion

Rules:

 of the House of Representatives; but rules 

 of the House; House rule X

 Standing Rules of the Senate 

 (publication); but rules of the Senate

also Commission rules

S

Sabbath; Sabbath Day

savings bond (see bond)

schedule 2, A, II, etc.; but Schedule 2, when 

 part of title; Schedule 2: Open and 

 Prepay Stations

School, if part of name; the school:

 any school of U.S. Armed Forces

 Hayes

 Pawnee Indian

 Public School 13; P.S. 13

school district (see District)

Scriptures; Holy Scriptures (the Bible)

Seabees (see Navy)

seaboard, Atlantic, eastern, etc.

seasons:

 autumn (fall)

 spring

 summer

 winter
74 Chapter 4

seaway (see geographic terms; Corporation)

Second World War (see War)

Secretariat (see United Nations)

Secretaries of the Army and the Navy; but

 Secretaries of the military 

 departments; secretaryship

Secretary, head of national governmental

 unit:

 of Defense; of State; etc.; the Secretary

 of State for Foreign Affairs (British); for

 the Commonwealth, etc.; the

 Secretary

 of the Smithsonian Institution; the 

 Secretary

also the Assistant Secretary; the 

 Executive Secretary

Secretary General; the Secretary General:

 Organization of American States

 United Nations

section 2, A, II, etc.; but Section 2, when 

 part of title: Section 2: Test 

 Construction Theory

Selective Service (see Service; System)

Senate (U.S.), titles of officers standing 

 alone capitalized:

 Chaplain

 Chief Clerk

 Doorkeeper

 Official Reporter(s)

 Parliamentarian

 Postmaster

 President of the

 President pro tempore

 Presiding Officer

 Secretary

 Sergeant at Arms

Senate, Ohio (State); the senate

Senator (U.S. Congress); but lowercased if 

 referring to a State senator, unless 

 preceding a name

senatorial

Sergeant at Arms (U.S. Senate or House)

Sermon on the Mount

server

Service, if referring to Federal unit; the 

 Service:

 Extension

 Federal Mediation and Conciliation

 Fish and Wildlife

 Foreign (see Foreign Service)

 Forest

 Internal Revenue

 Marshals

 National Park

 Natural Resources Conservation

 Postal

 Secret (Homeland Security)

 Selective (see also System); but selective 

 service, in general sense; selective 

 service classification 1−A, 4−F, etc.

 Senior Executive

service:

 airmail

 Army

 city delivery

 consular

 customs 

 diplomatic

 employment (State)

 extension (State)

 general delivery

 naval

 Navy

 parcel post

 postal field

 rural free delivery; rural delivery; free 

 delivery

 special delivery

 star route

Shelf, Continental (see Continental)

ship of state (unless personified)

Sister(s) (adherent of religious order)

Six Nations (see Indians)

Smithsonian Institution (see Institution)
Capitalization Examples 75

Social Security Administration (U.S.),

 application, check, number, pension, 

 trust fund, system, etc.

Socialist Party; a Socialist

Society, if part of name; the society:

 American Cancer Society, Inc.

 of the Cincinnati

soil bank

soil orders (see rule 3.30)

Soldiers’ Home; the soldiers’ home; (see

 Armed Forces Retirement Home)

Solicitor for the Department of Labor, etc.; 

 the Solicitor

Solicitor General (Department of Justice)

Son of Man (Christ)

Sons of the American Revolution 

 (organization); a Son; a Real Son

South:

 American Republics (see Republic)

 American States

 Atlantic

 Atlantic States

 Deep South (U.S.)

 Korea

 Midsouth (U.S.)

 Pacific

 Pole

 the South (section of United States); 

 Southland

Southeast Asia

southern California, southeastern 

 California, etc.

Southern States

Southern United States

southerner

Southwest, the (section of United States)

space shuttle; the shuttle

space station

spam (email)

Spanish-American War (see War)

Speaker of the House of Representatives; 

 the Speaker

special agent

specialist

Special Order No. 12; Special Orders, No. 

 12; a special order

Spirit of  ̓76 (painting); but spirit of  ̓76 (in 

 general sense)

Sputnik

Square, Lafayette, etc.; the square

Staff, Foreign Service (see Foreign Service);

 Air (U.K.)

standard time (see time)

Star of Bethlehem

Star-Spangled Banner (see flag)

State:

 Champion

 government

 legislature (see Legislature)

 line, Iowa; Ohio-Indiana, etc.

 New York

 of Israel

 of Maryland

 of the Union Message/Address

 of Veracruz

 out-of-State (adjective); but out-of-stater

 prison

 Vatican City

state:

 church and

 of the art: state-of-the-art technology

 welfare

also downstate, instate, multistate,

 statehood, statehouse, stateside,

 statewide, substate, tristate, upstate

State’s attorney

state’s evidence

states’ rights (international)

States:

 Arab

 Balkan

 Baltic

 East North Central

 East South Central
76 Chapter 4

 Eastern; but eastern industrial States

 Eastern Gulf

 Eastern North Central, etc.

 Far Western

 Gulf; Gulf Coast

 Lake

 Latin American

 lower 48

 Middle

 Middle Atlantic

 Middle Western

 Midwestern

 Mountain

 New England

 North Atlantic

 Northwestern, etc.

 Organization of American

 Pacific

 Pacific Coast

 rights (U.S.)

 South American

 South Atlantic

 Southern

 the six States of Australia; a foreign state

 Thirteen Original; original 13 States

 Western; but western Gulf; western 

 farming States

Station, if part of name; the station; not 

 capitalized if referring to surveying

 or similar work:

 Grand Central

 Naval Air Engineering

 television station WSYR−TV

 Union; Union Depot; the depot

 WAMU station; station WMAL; radio 

 station WSM; broadcasting station 

 WJSV

station 9; substation A

Statue of Liberty; the statue

Statutes at Large (U.S.) (see also Revised

 Statutes)

Stealth: bomber, fighter

Stockpile, Strategic National

stone age (see Ages)

storage facility

Stream, Gulf (see Gulf; geographic terms)

Street, if part of name; the street:

 I Street (not Eye Street)

 110th Street

 U Street (not You Street)

subcommittee (see Committee)

subtropical, subtropic(s) (see tropical)

summit meeting; Earth summit

Sun; a sun

Super Bowl

Superfund; the fund

Superintendent, if referring to head of 

 Federal unit; the Superintendent:

 of Documents (Government

 Publishing Office)

 of the Naval (or Military) Academy

Supplement to the Revised Statutes (see

 Revised Statutes)

Supreme Bench; the Bench; also High 

 Bench; High Tribunal

Supreme Court (U.S.); the Court; also High

 Court; titles of officers standing alone

 capitalized:

 Associate Justice

 Chief Justice

 Clerk

 Marshal

 Reporter

but Ohio Supreme Court; the supreme

 court

Surgeon General, the (Air Force, Army, 

 Navy, and Public Health Service)

Survey, if part of name of Federal unit; the 

 Survey: Geodetic; Geological

System, if referring to Federal unit; the 

 System:

 Federal Home Loan Bank; the System

 Federal Reserve; the System

 National Forest; the System

 National Highway; Interstate Highway; 

 the System
Capitalization Examples 77

 National Park; the System

 National Trails; the System

 National Wild and Scenic Rivers; the 

 System

 Regional Metro System; Metro system

 Selective Service (see also Service)

 State and National forests

but Amtrak railway system; Amtrak

 system; the system

also Federal land bank system

T

table 2, II, A, etc.; but Table 2, when part of

 title: Table 2: Degrees of Land 

 Deterioration

task force (see Force)

Team, USAREUR Technical Assistance,

 etc.; the team

television station (see Station)

Telnet

Ten Commandments

Territorial, if referring to a political 

 subdivision

Territory:

 Northwest (1799); the territory

 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; 

 Pacific Islands Trust Territory; the

 trust territory; the territory

 Yukon, Northwest Territories; the 

 Territory(ies), Territorial (Canada)

but territory of: American Samoa, Guam, 

 Virgin Islands

The, part of name, capitalized:

 The Dalles; The Gambia; The Hague; 

 The Weirs; but the Dalles Dam; the 

 Dalles region; the Hague Conference;

 the Weirs streets

but the Adjutant General; the National 

 Archives; the Archives; the Times; the 

 Mermaid

Third World

Thirteen American Colonies, etc. (see

 Colonies)

Thirteen Original States

Thruway, New York State; the thruway

time:

 Alaska, Alaska standard

 Atlantic, Atlantic standard

 central, central standard

 eastern, eastern daylight, eastern daylight

 saving (no s), eastern standard

 Greenwich mean time (GMT)

 Hawaii-Aleutian standard

 local, local standard

 mountain, mountain standard

 Pacific, Pacific standard

 universal

title 2, II, A, etc.; but Title 2, when part of

 title: Title 2: General Provisions

Tomb:

 Grant’s; the tomb

 of the Unknowns; of the Unknown 

 Soldier; Unknown Soldier’s Tomb;

 the tomb (see also Unknown Soldier)

Tower, Eiffel, etc.; the tower

Township, Union; township of Union

trade names and trademarks:

Blu-Ray

Coca-Cola

Dr Pepper

Hersheypark

iPhone

iPod

iTunes

MasterCard

TiVo

U-Haul

UNIX

VISA

Yahoo!

ZIP Code (Postal)

Trade Representative (U.S.)

transatlantic; transpacific; trans-Siberian,

 etc.; but Transjordan; Trans-Alaska

Treasurer, Assistant, of the United States; 

 the Assistant Treasurer; but assistant 

 treasurer at New York, etc.

Treasurer of the United States; the Treasurer

Treasury notes; Treasurys

Treasury, of the United States; General;

 National; Public

Treaty, if part of name; the treaty:

 Jay

 North Atlantic; North Atlantic Defense
 of Versailles

but treaty of 1919

triad

Tribe; Tribal (federally recognized)

 (see Indians)

Tribunal, standing alone capitalized only in

 minutes and official reports of a 

 specific arbitration; also High 

 Tribunal; the Tribunal (Supreme 

 Court)

Tropic of Cancer, of Capricorn; the Tropics

tropical; neotropic, neotropical, sub-

 tropic(s), subtropical

Trust, Power, etc.

trust territory (see Territory)

Tunnel, Lincoln, etc.; the tunnel; but

 irrigation, railroad, etc., tunnel

Turnpike, Pennsylvania, etc.; the turnpike

Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul)

U

U-boat

Under Secretary, if referring to officer of

 Federal Government; the Under 

 Secretary:

 of Agriculture

 of State

 of the Treasury

Uniform Code of Military Justice (see Code)

Union (if part of proper name; capitalized 

 standing alone if synonym for United 

 States or if referring to international 

 unit):

 Columbia Typographical

 European

 Pan American (former name; see

 Organization of American States)

 Station; but union passenger station; 

 union freight station

 Teamsters; the Teamsters; the 

 union; also the Auto Workers, etc.

 Universal Postal; the Postal Union 

 Woman’s Christian Temperance

but a painters union; printers union

United Nations:

 Charter; the charter

 Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

 Organization (UNESCO) (see

 Organization)

 Food and Agriculture Organization

 (FAO)

 General Assembly; the Assembly

 International Children’s Emergency 

 Fund (UNICEF)

 International Court of Justice; the Court

 Permanent Court of Arbitration (see

 Court)

 Secretariat, the

 Secretary General

 Security Council; the Council

 World Employment Conference

 World Health Organization (WHO);

 the Organization

universal:

 military training (see Program)

 time (see time)

University, if part of name: Stanford; the 

 university

Unknown Soldier; Unknown of World War

 II; World War II Unknown;

 Unknown of Korea; Korea

 Unknown; the Unknowns (see also

 Tomb)

Upper, if part of name:

 Colorado River Basin

 Egypt

 Peninsula (of Michigan)

but upper House of Congress

U.S.S.R. (former Union of Soviet Socialist 

 Republics)

V

Valley, Shenandoah, etc.; the valley; but the

 valleys of Virginia and Maryland

V−E Day; V−J Day; V-chip

veteran, World War II; Vietnam

78 Chapter 4
Capitalization Examples 79

Veterans Affairs, Department of (see

 Department)

Vice Chairman, etc. (same as Chairman)

vice consul, British, etc.

Vice President (same as President)

Voice of America; the Voice

volume 2, A, II, etc.; but Volume 2, when 

 part of title; Volume 2: Five Rivers in 

 America’s Future

W

War, if part of formal name:

 Between the States

 Civil

 First World War; World War I; World 

 War; Great War; Second World War; 

 World War II

 for Independence (1776)

 French and Indian (1754−63)

 Mexican

 of 1812

 of the Rebellion; the rebellion

 on Crime

 on Drugs

 on Poverty

 on Terrorism, Global

 Revolutionary; of the Revolution; the

 Revolution

 Seven Years’

 Six-Day (Arab-Israeli)

 Spanish-American

 the two World Wars

also post-World War II

war, descriptive or undeclared:

 cold, hot

 European

 French and Indian wars

 Indian

 Korean

 Persian Gulf; Gulf

 third world; world war III

 Vietnam

 with Mexico

War College, National (see College)

War Mothers (see American)

ward 1, 2, etc.; first, 11th, etc.

Washington’s Farewell Address

water district (see District)

waterway, inland, intercoastal, etc.; but

 Intracoastal Waterway

web (lowercase within a sentence):

 #address

 #page

 site

Web (upper case “W” to start a sentence)

Week, Fire Prevention; etc.

Weirs, The; but the Weirs streets

welfare state

West:

 Bank (Jordan)

 Coast (Africa); but west coast (U.S.)

 End, etc. (section of city)

 Europe (political entity)

 Far West; Far Western States

 Florida (1763−1819)

 Middle (United States); Midwest

 South Central States, etc.

 the West (section of United States; also

 world political entity)

west, western Pennsylvania

Western:

 bloc

 civilization

 countries

 Europe(an) (political entity)

 Hemisphere; the hemisphere

 ideas

 Powers

 States

 United States

 World

but far western; western farming States

 (U.S.)

westerner

Whip, Majority; Minority

Whisky Rebellion (see Rebellion)
80 Chapter 4

White (see Caucasian)

White House:

 Blue Room

 East Room

 Oval Office

 Police (see Police)

 Red Room

 Rose Garden

 State Dining Room

white paper, British, etc.

Wi-Fi

Wilderness, capitalized with name; San

 Joaquin Wilderness, CA; the

 wilderness; but the Wilderness

 (Virginia battlefield)

Wood, if part of name:

 Belleau

 County

 Fort Leonard

World: New, Old, Third; but free world

World Bank; the Bank

World Series

World War (see War)

World War II veteran

world wide web, the web

X

x ray (note: no hyphen)

Y

year, calendar, fiscal

Your Excellency; Your Honor; Your 

 Majesty; etc.

Youth Corps; the Corps

Z

Zika virus

ZIP Code number; ZIP+4

Zone, if part of name; the zone:

 British (in Germany)

 Canal (Panama)

 Eastern, Western (Germany)

 Frigid

 Hot (infectious area)

 of Interior (see Command)

 Temperate, Torrid; the zone

 U.S. Foreign Trade; Foreign

 Trade Zone; but the foreign trade

 zone, free trade zone

zone:

 Arctic

 eastern standard time

 no-fly

 polar

 tropical

Zoological Park (National); the zoo; 

 the park
81

5. Spelling 

(See also Chapter 7 “Compounding Examples” and Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols”)

5.1. GPO uses Webster’s Third New International Dictionary as its 

guide for the spelling of words not appearing in the GPO Style 

Manual. Colloquial and dialect spellings are not used unless required by the subject matter or specially requested. The tendency 

of some producers of computer-assisted publications to rely on the 

limited capability of some spell-checking programs adds importance to this list.

Preferred and difficult spellings

5.2. In addition to indicating the preferred forms of words with variant 

spellings, the list also contains other words frequently misspelled or 

causing uncertainty.

A

abattoir

aberration

abetter

 abettor (law)

abridgment

absorb (take in)

 adsorb (adhesion)

abysmal

a cappella

accede (yield)

 exceed (surpass)

accepter

 acceptor (law)

accessory

accommodate

accordion

accouter

accursed

acetic (acid)

 ascetic (austere)

acknowledgment

acoustic

adapter

adjurer

adjuster

ad nauseam

adviser

 advisor (law)

adz

aegis

aesthetic

affect (influence, v.)

 effect (result,

 finish, n., v.)

afterward(s)

 afterword

aging

aid (n., v.)

aide

aide-de-camp

albumen (egg)

 albumin

 (chemistry)

align

allottee

all ready (prepared)

 already (previous)

all right

altogether

 (completely)

 all together

 (collectively)

aluminum

ambidextrous

amoeba

ampoule

analog

analogous

anemia

anesthetic

aneurysm

anomalous

anonymous

antediluvian

antibiotics (n.)

 antibiotic (adj.)

anyway (adv.)

anywise (adv.)

appall, -ed, -ing

appareled, -ing

aquatic

aqueduct

archaeology

arrester

artifact

artisan

ascendance, -ant

ascent (rise)

 assent (consent)

assassinate

athenaeum

attester

autogiro

awhile (for some

 time)

 a while (a short

 time)

ax

aye

B

backward

baloney (nonsense)

 bologna (sausage)

bandanna

bargainer

 bargainor (law)

baritone

bark (boat)

barreled, -ing

bastille

bathyscaph

battalion

bazaar (event)

 bizarre (strange or 

 absurd)

behoove

beneficent
82 Chapter 5

benefited, -ing

bettor (wagerer)

beveled, -ing

biased, -ing

blessed

bloc (group)

 block (grants)

blond(e)

bluing

born (birth)

 borne (carried)

bouillon (soup)

 bullion (metal)

boulder

bourgeoisie

breach (gap)

 breech (lower part)

brier

briquet, -ted, -ting

Britannia

broadax

bronco

brunet(te)

buccaneer

buncombe

bunion

bur

burned

bus, bused, buses,

 busing

butadiene

C

caffeine

calcareous

calcimine

caldron

calendar

calender (paper

 finish)

caliber

caliper

calk (spike)

 caulk (seal)

calligraphy

callus (n.)

 callous (adj.)

calorie

canceled, -ing

cancellation

candor

canister

cannot

canoeing

cantaloupe

canvas (cloth)

 canvass (solicit)

capital (city, money)

 capitol (building)

carabao (sing., pl.)

carat (gem weight)

 caret (omission

 mark)

 karat (gold weight)

carbureted, -ing

carburetor

Caribbean

caroled, -ing

carotene

carrot

cartilage

caster (roller)

 castor (oil)

casual (informal)

 causal (cause)

catalog, -ed, -ing

cataloger

catsup

caviar

caviled, -er, -ing

center

centipede

centrifugal

cesarean

chairmaned

chaise longue; 

 lounge

chancellor

channeled, -ing

chaperon(e)

chautauqua

chauvinism

chiffonier

chile con carne

chili (pepper)

chiseled, -ing

chlorophyll

cigarette

citable

cite (quote)

 site (place)

clamor

climactic (climax)

 climatic (climate)

cocaine

coconut

cocoon

coleslaw

colloquy

colossal

combated, -ing

commenter

 commentor (law)

commingle

commiserate

complement 

 (complete)

 compliment

 (praise)

confectionery

confidant(e)

 confident (sure)

confirmer

 confirmor (law)

conjurer

connecter

 connector (road)

connoisseur

consecrator

consensus

consignor

consulter

consummate

contradicter

control, -lable, -ling

converter

conveyor

cookie

cornetist

corollary

corvette

councilor (of 

 council)

 counselor

 (adviser)

counseled, -ing

cozy

crawfish

creneled, -ing

crystaled, -ing

crystalline

crystallize

cudgeled, -ing

cyclopedia

czar

D

darndest

debarkation

decaffeinated

decalogue

defense

deliverer

 deliveror (law)

demagogue

demarcation

de minimis

dependent

descendant (n., adj.)

desecrater

desiccate

desuetude

 (suspended)

 destitute (bereft)

detractor

develop, -ment
Spelling 83

device (contrivance)

 devise (convey)

dextrous (syllable

 division)

diaeresis

diaeretic

 diuretic (water pill)

diagramed, -ing

diagrammatic

dialed, -ing

dialogue

dialysis

diaphragm

diarrhea

dickey

dietitian

diffuser

dike

dilettante

dinghy (boat)

diphtheria

discreet (prudent)

 discrete (distinct)

disheveled, -ing

disc (computer)

dispatch

dissension

distention

distill, -ed, -ing,

 -ment

distributor

diverter

divorcee (masc.,

 fem.)

doctoral

doctrinaire

doggerel

dossier

doweled, -ing

downward

dreadnought

dreamed

drought

dueled, -ing

duffelbag

dullness

dumbfound

dwelt

dyeing (coloring)

 dying (death)

E

eastward

ecstasy

edema

edgewise

electronics (n.)

 electronic (adj.)

eleemosynary

elicit (to draw)

 illicit (illegal)

embarrass

embed

embellish

emboweled, -ing

emboweler

emigrant (go from)

 immigrant (go

 into)

emigree

eminent (famous)

 imminent (soon)

emoji

employee

enameled, -ing

encage

encase

encave

enclasp

enclose

enclosure

encumber

encumbrance

encyclopedia

endorse, -ment

endwise

enfeeble

enforce, -ment

engraft

enroll, -ed, -ing,

 -ment

enshade

ensheathe

ensnare

ensure (guarantee)

 insure (protect)

entrench

entrepreneur

entrust

entwine

envelop (v.)

 envelope (n.)

enwrap

eon

epaulet, -ed, -ing

epiglottis

epilogue

equaled, -ing

erysipelas

escallop

escapable

esophagus

etiology

evacuee

evanescent

eviscerate

evocative

exhibitor

exhilarate

exonerate

exorbitant

expellant

exposé (n.,

exposure)

 expose (v., to lay

 open)

exsiccate

extant (in existence)

 extent (range)

extoll, -ed, -ing

eyeing

eyrie

F

fantasy

farther (distance)

 further (degree)

favor

fecal

feces

fetal

fetish

fetus

fiance(e)

fiber

fiche (microfiche)

filigree

finable

finagle

financier

fjord

flammable (not

 inflammable)

flection

fledgling

flextime

flier

flotage

flotation

fluorescent

focused, -ing

folderol

forbade

forbear (endurance)

 forebear (ancestor)

foresee

forgettable

forgo (relinquish)

 forego (precede)

format, formatted,

 formatting

forswear

fortissimo

forward (ahead)

 foreword (preface)

fricassee

fuchsia
84 Chapter 5

fueler

fulfill, -ed, -ing,

 -ment

fulsome

fungus (n., adj.)

funneled, -ing

furor

fuse (all meanings)

fuselage

fusillade

G

gaiety

gaily

galosh

gamboled, -ing

garrote

gauge

gazetteer

gelatin

genealogy

generalissimo

germane

glamorous

glamour

glycerin

gobbledygook

goodbye

govinfo 

(always bold)

graveled, -ing

gray

grievous

groveled, -ing

gruesome

guarantee (n., v.)

 guaranty (n., law)

guerrilla (warfare)

 gorilla (ape)

guesstimate

guttural

gypsy

H

hallelujah

hara-kiri

harass

harebrained

healthful (for

 health)

healthy (with

 health)

heinous

hemoglobin

hemorrhage

hiccup

highfalutin

hijack

homeopath

homogeneity

homogeneous

 (mixed uniformly)

homogenous (of 

 similar origin)

homologue

hors d’oeuvre

hypocrisy

hypotenuse

I

idiosyncrasy

idle (inactive)

 idol (statue)

idyll

imminent (soon)

 eminent (famous)

impaneled, -ing

impasse

imperiled, -ing

impostor

impresario

imprimatur

inculcate

indict (to accuse)

 indite (to compose)

inequity (unfairness)

 iniquity (sin)

inferable

infold

ingenious (skillful)

 ingenuous (simple)

innocuous

innuendo

inoculate

inquire, inquiry

install, -ed, -ing,

 -ment

installation

instill, -ed, -ing

insure (protect)

 ensure (guarantee)

intelligentsia

interceptor

interment (burial)

 internment (jail)

intern

intervener

 intervenor (law)

intransigent (n., adj.)

in vitro

in vivo

iridescent

italic

J

jalopy

jalousie

jerry-(built)

 jury-(rigged)

jeweled, -ing, -er

jewelry

judgeship

judgment

jujitsu

juxtaposition

K

karat

kerneled, -ing

kerosene

ketchup

kidnapped, -ing

kidnapper

kilogram

knapsack

kopek

kumquat

L

labeled, -ing

lacquer

landward

lath (wood)

 lathe (machine)

laureled

leukemia

leveled, -ing

leveler

liable (responsible)

 libel (legal)

liaison

libelant

libeled, -ing

libelee

libeler

license

licenser (issuer)

 licensor (grantor)

licorice

likable

lilliputian

linage (lines)

 lineage (descent)

liquefy

liquor

 liqueur

liter

livable

loath (reluctant)

 loathe (detest)

lodestar

lodestone

lodgment

logistics (n.)

 logistic (adj.)
Spelling 85

louver

luster

lyonnaise

M

madam

Mafia

maim

maize (corn)

 maze (labyrinth)

maneuver

manifold

manikin (dwarf)

mannequin (model)

mantel (shelf)

 mantle (cloak)

marbleize

marijuana

marshaled, -ing

marshaler

marveled, -ing

marvelous

material (goods)

 materiel (military)

meager

medaled, -ing

medalist

medieval

meme

metaled, -ing

metalize

meteorology

 (weather)

 metrology 

 (weights and

 measures)

meter

mil (1⁄1000 inch)

 mill (1⁄1000 dollar)

mileage

miliary

 (tuberculosis)

milieu

milk cow

millenary (1,000)

 millinery (hats)

millennium

minable

missilery

misspell

miter

mnemonic

moccasin

modeled, -ing

modeler

mold

mollusk

molt

moneys

monogramed, -ing

monologue

mortise

movable

mucilage

mucus (n.)

 mucous (adj.)

Muslim

mustache

N

naphtha

Navajo

Nazism

neophyte

niacin

nickel

niter

nonplused

northward

Novocain

 (trademark)

novocaine 

 (anesthetic)

O

obbligato

obloquy

ocher

octet

offal

offense

omelet

ophthalmology

opossum

orangutan

orbited, -ing

ordinance (law)

 ordnance

 (military)

organdy

overseas or oversea

P

pajamas

palate (mouth)

 palette (colors)

 pallet (bed or

 freight)

paleontology

paneled, -ing

paraffin

paralleled, -ing

parallelepiped

parceled, -ing

partisan

pastime

patrol, -led, -ling

peccadillo

pedant (n.)

 pedantic (adj.)

peddler

penciled, -ing

pendant (n.)

 pendent (u.m.)

percent

peremptory

 (decisive)

 preemptory

 (preference)

perennial

periled, -ing

permittee

perquisite (privilege)

 prerequisite

 (requirement)

personal (individual)

 personnel (staff)

perspective (view)

 prospective

 (expected)

petaled, -ing

pharaoh

pharmacopeia

phoenix

phlegm

phony

phosphorus (n.)

 phosphorous (adj.)

photostated

pickax

picnicking

pipet

plaque

plastics (n.)

 plastic (adj.)

pledger

 pledgor (law)

plenitude

pliers

plow

poleax

pollination

pommeled, -ing

pontoon

porcelaneous

practice (n., v.)

precedence 

 (priority)

 precedents (usage) 

prerogative

pretense

preventive

principal (chief)

 principle

 (proposition)

privilege
86 Chapter 5

proffer

programmatic

programmed, -mer,

 -ming

prologue

promissory

pronunciation

propel, -led, -ling

propellant (n.)

 propellent (adj.)

prophecy (n.)

 prophesy (v.)

ptomaine

pubic (anatomy)

pulmotor

pusillanimous

Q

quarreled, -ing

quartet

quaternary

questionnaire

queue

R

raccoon

racket (all meanings)

rapprochement

rarefy

rarity

ratable

rational (adj.)

 rationale (n.)

rattan

raveled, -ing

reconnaissance

reconnoiter

recyclable

referable

refuse

registrar

reinforce

relater

 relator (law)

remodeler

renaissance

reparable

repellant (n.)

 repellent (adj.)

requester

 requestor (law)

rescission

responder

 (electronics)

responser

 (electronics)

reveled, -er, -ing

rhyme, rhythmic

RIFing, RIFed, RIFs

rivaled, -ing

roweled, -ing

ruble

S

saccharin (n.)

 saccharine (adj.)

sacrilegious

salable

sandaled, -ing

savable

savanna

savior

 Saviour (Christ)

scalloped, -ing

schizophrenia

scion (horticulture)

scurrilous

seismology

selvage (edging)

 salvage (save)

sentineled, -ing

separate (v., adj.)

sepulcher

seriatim

settler

 settlor (law)

sewage (waste)

 sewerage (drain

 system)

sextet

Shakespearean

shellacking

shoveled, -ing

shriveled, -ing

sideward

signaled, -ing

siphon

site (place)

 cite (quote)

sizable

skeptic

skillful

skulduggery

sleight (deft)

 slight (meager)

smolder

sniveled, -ing

snorkel

soliloquy

sometime

 (formerly)

 some time (some

 time ago)

 some times (at

 times)

southward

spacious (space)

 specious

 (deceptive)

specter

spirituous (liquor)

spirochete

spoliation

stationary (fixed)

 stationery (paper)

statue (sculpture)

 stature (height)

 statute (law)

staunch

stenciled, -ing

stenciler

stifling

stratagem

stubbornness

stultify

stupefy

subpoena, -ed

subtlety

succor

sulfur (also

 derivatives)

 sulfanilamide

 sulfureted, -ing

supererogation

surfeit

surreptitious

surveillance

swiveled, -ing

sylvan

synonymous

syrup

T

taboo

tactician

tasseled, -ing

tattoo

taxied, -ing

technique

teetotaler

tercentenary

theater

therefor (for it)

 therefore (for that

 reason)

thiamine

thralldom

thrash (beat)

 thresh (grain)

threshold

tie, tied, tying

timber (wood)

 timbre (tone)

tinseled, -ing

titer

tonsillitis

tormenter
Spelling 87

Anglicized and foreign words

5.3. Diacritical marks are not used with anglicized words.

totaled, -ing

toward

toweled, -ing

toxemia

trafficking

trammeled, -ing

tranquilize(r)

tranquillity

transcendent

transferable

transferor

transferred

transonic

transponder

 (electronics)

transshipment

traveled, -ing

traveler

travelogue

triptych

trolley

troop (soldiers)

 troupe (actors)

troweled, -ing

tryptophan

tularemia

tunneled, -ing

tunneler

turquoise

typify

tyrannical

tyro

U

unctuous

unwieldy

upward

uremia

usable

V

vacillate

valance (drape)

 valence

 (chemistry)

veld

veranda

vermilion

vicissitude

victualed, -ing

victualer

vilify

villain

visa, -ed, -ing

vitamin

vitrify

volcanism

voluntarism

votable

vying

W

wainscoting

warranter

 warrantor (law)

warranty

weeviled, -ing

welder

westward

whimsy

whiskey, -s

willful

withe

woeful

woolen

woolly

worshiped, -er, -ing

A

abaca

aide memoire

a la carte

a la king

a la mode

angstrom

aperitif

applique

apropos

auto(s)-da-fe

B

blase

boutonniere

brassiere

C

cabana

cafe

cafeteria

caique

canape

cause celebre

chateau

cliche

cloisonne

comedienne

comme ci

 comme ca

communique

confrere

consomme

cortege

coulee

coup de grace

coup d’etat

coupe

creme

crepe

crepe de chine

critique

critiquing

D

debacle

debris

debut

debutante

decollete

dejeuner

denouement

depot

dos-a-dos

E

eclair

eclat

ecru

elan

elite

entree

etude

F

facade

faience

faux pas

fete

fiance (masc., fem.)

frappe

G

garcon

glace

grille

gruyere

H

habitue

I

ingenue
88 Chapter 5

5.4. Foreign words carry the diacritical marks as an essential part of 

their spelling.

Plural forms

5.5. Nouns ending in o immediately preceded by a vowel add s to form 

the plural; nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant add es to 

form the plural, except as indicated in the following list.

J

jardiniere

L

laissez faire

litterateur

M

materiel

matinee

melange

melee

menage

mesalliance

metier

moire

N

naive

naivete

nee

O

opera bouffe

opera comique

P

papier mache

piece de resistance

pleiade

porte cochere

porte lumiere

portiere

pousse cafe

premiere

protege(masc., fem.)

puree

R

rale

recherche

regime

risque 

role

rotisserie

roue

S

saute

seance

senor

smorgasbord

soiree

souffle

suede

T

table d’hote

tete-a-tete

tragedienne

V

vicuna

vis-a-vis

à l’américaine

attaché

béton

blessé

calèche

cañada

cañon

chargé

chargé d’affaires

congé

crédit foncier

crédit mobilier

curé

déjà vu

détente

doña

entrepôt

exposé

longéron

mañana

maté

mère

nacré

outré

passé (masc., fem.)

pâté

père

piña

précis

raisonné

résumé

touché

albinos

armadillos

avocados

banjos

cantos

cascos

centos

didos

duodecimos

dynamos

escudos

falsettos

gauchos

ghettos

halos

indigos

infernos

juntos

kimonos

lassos

magnetos

mementos

merinos

mestizos

octavos

octodecimos

pianos

piccolos

pomelos

provisos

quartos

salvos

sextodecimos

sextos

siroccos

solos

tangelos

tobaccos

twos

tyros

virtuosos

zeros
Spelling 89

5.6. When a noun is hyphenated with an adverb or preposition, the plural is formed on the noun.

comings-in hangers-on markers-up 

fillers-in listeners-in passers-by 

goings-on lookers-on swearers-in

5.7. When neither word is a noun, the plural is formed on the last word.

also-rans go-betweens run-ins 

come-ons higher-ups tie-ins

5.8. In forming the plurals of compound terms, the significant word 

takes the plural form.

Significant word first:

 adjutants general

 aides-de-camp

 ambassadors at large

 attorneys at law

 attorneys general

 billets-doux

 bills of fare

 brothers-in-law

 chargés d’affaires

 chiefs of staff

 commanders in chief

 comptrollers general

 consuls general

 courts-martial

 crepes suzette

 daughters-in-law

 governors general

 grants-in-aid

 heirs at law

 inspectors general

 men-of-war

 ministers-designate

 mothers-in-law

 notaries public

 pilots-in-command

 postmasters general

 presidents-elect

 prisoners of war

 reductions in force

 rights-of-way

 secretaries general

 sergeants at arms

 sergeants major

 solicitors general

 surgeons general

Significant word in middle:

 assistant attorneys general

 assistant chiefs of staff

 assistant comptrollers general

 assistant surgeons general

Significant word last:

 assistant attorneys

 assistant commissioners

 assistant corporation counsels

 assistant directors

 assistant general counsels

 brigadier generals

 deputy judges

 deputy sheriffs

 general counsels

 judge advocates

 judge advocate generals

 lieutenant colonels

 major generals

 provost marshals

 provost marshal generals

 quartermaster generals
90 Chapter 5

5.9. Nouns ending with ful form the plural by adding s at the end; if it 

is necessary to express the idea that more than one container was 

filled, the two elements of the solid compound are printed as separate words and the plural is formed by adding s to the noun.

five bucketfuls of the mixture (one bucket filled five times) 

five buckets full of earth (separate buckets) 

three cupfuls of flour (one cup filled three times) 

three cups full of coffee (separate cups)

5.10. The following list comprises other words the plurals of which may 

cause difficulty.

 trade unions

 under secretaries

 vice chairmen

Both words equally significant:

 Bulletins Nos. 27 and 28 not

 Bulletin Nos. 27 and 28 but

 Bulletin No. 27 or 28

 coats of arms

 masters at arms

 men buyers

 men employees

 secretaries-treasurers

 women aviators

No word significant in itself:

 forget-me-nots

 hand-me-downs

 jack-in-the-pulpits

 man-of-the-earths

 pick-me-ups

 will-o’-the-wisps

addendum, addenda

adieu, adieus

agendum, agenda

alga, algae

alumnus, alumni (masc.); alumna,

 alumnae (fem.)

antenna, antennas (antennae,

 zoology)

appendix, appendixes

aquarium, aquariums

automaton, automatons

axis, axes

bandeau, bandeaux

basis, bases

bateau, bateaux

beau, beaus

cactus, cactuses

calix, calices

cargo, cargoes

chassis (singular and plural)

cherub, cherubs

cicatrix, cicatrices

Co., Cos.

coccus, cocci

consortium, consortia

corrigendum, corrigenda

crisis, crises

criterion, criteria

curriculum, curriculums, curricula

datum (singular), data (plural, but

 singular in collective sense)

desideratum, desiderata

dilettante, dilettanti

dogma, dogmas

ellipsis, ellipses

equilibrium, equilibriums

 (equilibria, scientific)

erratum, errata

executrix, executrices

flambeau, flambeaus
Spelling 91

Endings “ible” and “able”

5.11. The following words end in ible; other words in this class end in able.

focus, focuses

folium, folia

formula, formulas

forum, forums

fungus, fungi

genius, geniuses

genus, genera

gladiolus (singular and plural)

helix, helices

hypothesis, hypotheses

index, indexes (indices, scientific)

insigne, insignia

italic (singular and plural)

Kansas Citys

lacuna, lacunae

larva, larvae

larynx, larynxes

lens, lenses

lira, lire

locus, loci

madam, mesdames

Marys

matrix, matrices

maximum, maximums, maxima

medium, mediums or media

memorandum, memorandums,

 memoranda

minimum, minimums, minima

minutia, minutiae

monsieur, messieurs

nucleus, nuclei

oasis, oases

octopus, octopuses

opus, opera

parenthesis, parentheses

phenomenon, phenomena

phylum, phyla

plateau, plateaus

podium, podiums

procès-verbal, procès-verbaux

radius, radii

radix, radixes

referendum, referendums

sanatorium, sanatoriums

sanitarium, sanitariums

septum, septa

sequela, sequelae

seraph, seraphs

seta, setae

ski, skis

stadium, stadiums

stimulus, stimuli

stratum, strata

stylus, styluses

syllabus, syllabuses

symposium, symposia

synopsis, synopses

tableau, tableaus

taxi, taxis

terminus, termini

testatrix, testatrices

thesaurus, thesauri

thesis, theses

thorax, thoraxes

vertebra, vertebras (vertebrae,

 zoology)

virtuoso, virtuosos

vortex, vortexes

abhorrible

accendible

accessible

addible

adducible

admissible

appetible

apprehensible

audible

avertible

bipartible

circumscriptible

coctible

coercible

cognoscible

cohesible

collapsible

collectible(s)

combustible

comestible

commonsensible

compactible

compatible

competible
92 Chapter 5

compossible

comprehensible

compressible

conducible

conductible

confluxible

congestible

contemptible

controvertible

conversable (oral)

conversible

 (convertible)

convertible

convincible

corrigible

corrodible

corrosible

corruptible

credible

crucible

cullible

decoctible

deducible

deductible

defeasible

defectible

defensible

delible

deprehensible

depressible

descendible

destructible

diffrangible

diffusible

digestible

dimensible

discernible

discerpible

discerptible

discussible

dispersible

dissectible

distensible

distractible

divertible

divestible

divisible

docible

edible

educible

effectible

effervescible

eligible

eludible

erodible

evasible

eversible

evincible

exemptible

exhaustible

exigible

expansible

explosible

expressible

extensible

fallible

feasible

fencible

flexible

fluxible

forcible

frangible

fungible

fusible

gullible

horrible

ignitible

illegible

immersible

immiscible

impartible

impatible

impedible

imperceptible

impermissible

imperscriptible

impersuasible

implausible

impossible

imprescriptible

imputrescible

inaccessible

inadmissible

inapprehensible

inaudible

incircumscriptible

incoercible

incognoscrible

incombustible

incommiscible

incompatible

incomprehensible

incompressible

inconcussible

incontrovertible

inconvertible

inconvincible

incorrigible

incorrodible

incorruptible

incredible

indefeasible

indefectible

indefensible

indelible

indeprehensible

indestructible

indigestible

indiscernible

indivertible

indivisible

indocible

inducible

ineffervescible

ineligible

ineludible

inevasible

inexhaustible

inexpansible

inexpressible

infallible

infeasible

inflexible

infractible

infrangible

infusible

innascible

inscriptible

insensible

instructible

insubmergible

insuppressible

insusceptible

intactible

intangible

intelligible

interconvertible

interruptible

intervisible

invendible

invertible

invincible

invisible

irascible

irreducible

irrefrangible

irremissible

irreprehensible

irrepressible

irresistible

irresponsible

irreversible

legible

mandible

marcescible

miscible

negligible

nexible

omissible

ostensible

partible

passable (open)
Spelling 93

Endings “ise,” “ize,” and “yze”

5.12. A large number of words have the termination ise, ize, or yze. The 

letter l is followed by yze if the word expresses an idea of loosening or 

separating, as analyze; all other words of this class, except those ending with the suffix wise and those in the following list, end in ize.

Endings “cede,” “ceed,” and “sede”

5.13. Only one word ends in sede (supersede); only three end in ceed (exceed, proceed, succeed); all other words of this class end in cede

(precede, secede, etc.).

advertise

advise

affranchise

apprise (to inform)

 apprize (to

 appraise)

arise

chastise

circumcise

comprise

compromise

demise

despise

devise

disenfranchise

disfranchise

disguise

emprise

enfranchise

enterprise

excise

exercise

exorcise

franchise

improvise

incise

merchandise

misadvise

mortise

premise

prise (to force)

 prize (to value)

reprise

revise

rise

supervise

surmise

surprise

televise

passible (feeling)

perceptible

perfectible

permissible

persuasible

pervertible

plausible

possible

prehensible

prescriptible

producible

productible

protrusible

putrescible

receptible

redemptible

reducible

reflectible

reflexible

refrangible

remissible

renascible

rendible

reprehensible

repressible

reproducible

resistible

responsible

reversible

revertible

risible

runcible

sconcible

seducible

sensible

sponsible

suasible

subdivisible

submergible

submersible

subvertible

suggestible

supersensible

suppressible

susceptible

suspensible

tangible

tensible

terrible

thurible

traducible

transmissible

transvertible

tripartible

unadmissible

uncorruptible

unexhaustible

unexpressible

unintelligible

unresponsible

unsusceptible

vendible

vincible

visible

vitrescible
94 Chapter 5

Doubled consonants

5.14. A single consonant following a single vowel and ending in a 

monosyllable or a final accented syllable is doubled before a suffix 

beginning with a vowel.

bag, bagging red, reddish but

format, formatting rob, robbing total, totaled, totaling 

input, inputting transfer, transferred travel, traveled, traveling

5.15. If the accent in a derivative falls upon an earlier syllable than it does 

in the root word, the consonant is not doubled.

refer, reference prefer, preference infer, inference

Indefinite articles

5.16. The indefinite article a is used before a consonant and an aspirated 

h; an is used before a silent h and all vowels except u pronounced as 

in visual and o pronounced as in one.

a historic occasion an herbseller but

a hotel an hour an H-U-D directive 

a human being an honor a HUD directive 

a humble man an onion 

a union an oyster

5.17. When a group of initials begins with b, c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y,

or z, each having a consonant sound, the indefinite article a is used.

a BLS compilation a GAO limitation a WWW search 

a CIO finding a UFO sighting

5.18. When a group of initials begins with a, e, f, h, i, l, m, n, o, r, s, or x, 

each having a vowel sound, the indefinite article an is used.

an AEC report an NSC (en) proclamation 

an FCC (ef) ruling an RFC (ahr) loan

5.19. Use of the indefinite article a or an before a numerical expression 

is determined by the consonant or vowel sound of the beginning 

syllable.

an 11-year-old an VIII (eight) classification 

a onetime winner a IV–F (four ef) category (military draft) 

a III (three) group a 4–H Club
Spelling 95

Geographic names

5.20. The spelling of geographic names must conform to the decisions 

of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN) (http://geonames.

usgs.gov). In the absence of such a decision, the U.S. Directory of 

Post Offices is to be used.

5.21. If the decisions or the rules of the BGN permit the use of either 

the local official form or the conventional English form, it is the 

prerogative of the originating office to select the form that is most 

suitable for the matter in hand; therefore, in marking copy or reading proof, it is required only to verify the spelling of the particular 

form used. GPO’s preference is for the conventional English form. 

Copy will be followed as to accents, but these should be consistent 

throughout the entire job.

Nationalities, etc.

5.22. The table on Demonyms in Chapter 17 “Useful Tables” shows forms 

to be used for nouns and adjectives denoting nationality.

5.23. In designating the natives of the States, the following forms will be 

used.

Alabamian

Alaskan

Arizonan

Arkansan

Californian

Coloradan

Connecticuter

Delawarean

Floridian

Georgian

Hawaii resident

Hoosier

 (Indiana)

Idahoan

Illinoisan

Iowan

Kansan

Kentuckian

Louisianian

Mainer

Marylander

Massachusettsan

Michiganian

Minnesotan

Mississippian

Missourian

Montanan

Nebraskan

Nevadan

New Hampshirite

New Jerseyan

New Mexican

New Yorker

North Carolinian

North Dakotan

Ohioan

Oklahoman

Oregonian

Pennsylvanian

Rhode Islander

South Carolinian

South Dakotan

Tennessean

Texan

Utahn

Vermonter

Virginian

Washingtonian

West Virginian

Wisconsinite

Wyomingite
96 Chapter 5

5.24. Observe the following forms:

 Alaska Native 

 Asian American 

 Black or African American 

 Hispanic or Latino 

 Native American or American Indian 

 Native Hawaiian 

 Pacific Islander 

 Puerto Rican 

 White

Native American words

5.25. Words, including Tribal and other proper names of Indian, Alaska 

Native, Hawaiian, and other groups, are to be followed literally as to 

spelling and the use of spaces, diacriticals, hyphens, etc.

Transliteration

5.26. In the spelling of nongeographic words transliterated from Chinese, 

Japanese, or any other language that does not have a Latin alphabet, 

copy is to be followed literally.
97

6. Compounding Rules 

(See also Chapter 7 “Compounding Examples”)

6.1. A compound word is a union of two or more words, either with 

or without a hyphen. It conveys a unit idea that is not as clearly or 

quickly conveyed by the component words in unconnected succession. The hyphen is a mark of punctuation that not only unites but 

also separates the component words; it facilitates understanding, 

aids readability, and ensures correct pronunciation. When compound words must be divided at the end of a line, such division 

should be made leaving prefixes and combining forms of more than 

one syllable intact.

6.2. In applying the rules in this chapter and in using the list of examples in the following chapter, “Compounding Examples,” the 

fluid nature of our language should be kept in mind. Word forms 

constantly undergo modification. Although it is often the case that 

hyphenated compound words eventually lose their hyphen, many 

of them start out unhyphenated.

6.3. The rules, therefore, are somewhat flexible. Exceptions must necessarily be allowed. Current language trends continue to point to 

closing up certain words which, through either frequent use or 

widespread dissemination through modern media exposure, have 

become fixed in the reader’s mind as units of thought. The tendency 

to merge two short words continues to be a natural progression toward better communication.

General rules

6.4. In general, omit the hyphen when words appear in regular order 

and the omission causes no ambiguity in sense or sound.

banking hours eye opener real estate 

blood pressure fellow citizen rock candy 

book value living costs training ship 

census taker palm oil violin teacher 

day laborer patent right
98 Chapter 6

6.5. Words are usually combined to express a literal or nonliteral (figurative) unit idea that would not be as clearly expressed in unconnected 

succession.

afterglow forget-me-not right-of-way 

bookkeeping gentleman whitewash 

cupboard newsprint

6.6. A derivative of a compound retains the solid or hyphenated form of 

the original compound unless otherwise indicated.

coldbloodedness outlawry Y-shaped 

footnoting praiseworthiness 

ill-advisedly railroader

6.7. A hyphen is used to avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a consonant, 

except after the short prefixes co, de, pre, pro, and re, which are generally printed solid. (See also rules 6.29 and 6.32.)

cooperation semi-independent shell-like 

deemphasis brass-smith hull-less 

preexisting Inverness-shire but

anti-inflation thimble-eye co-occupant 

micro-organism ultra-atomic cross section

Solid compounds

6.8. Print solid two nouns that form a third when the compound has 

only one primary accent, especially when the prefixed noun consists 

of only one syllable or when one of the elements loses its original 

accent.

airship cupboard footnote 

bathroom dressmaker locksmith 

bookseller fishmonger workman

6.9. Print solid a noun consisting of a short verb and an adverb as its second element, except when the use of the solid form would interfere 

with comprehension.

blowout builddown flareback

breakdown cooldown giveaway

hangover runoff but

holdup setup cut-in

makeready showdown phase-in

markoff thowaway run-in

pickup tradeoff sit-in
Compounding Rules 99

6.10. Compounds beginning with the following nouns are usually 

printed solid.

book mill snow 

eye play way 

horse school wood 

house shop work

6.11. Compounds ending in the following are usually printed solid, especially when the prefixed word consists of one syllable.

berry

bird

blossom

board

boat

book

borne

bound

box

boy

brained

bug

bush

cam

craft

field

fish

flower

fly

girl

grower

headed

hearted

holder

hopper

house

keeper

keeping

land

light

like

line

load

maid

maker

making

man

master

mate

mill

mistress

monger

over

owner

but #ownership

person

picker

picking

piece

plane

power

proof

roach

room

shop

site

skin

smith

stone

store

tail

tight

time (not clock)

ward

ware

water

way

wear

weed

wide

wise

woman

wood

work

worker

working

worm

worthy

writer
100 Chapter 6

6.12. Print solid any, every, no, and some when combined with body, 

thing, and where. When one is the second element, print as two 

words if meaning a single or particular person or thing. To avoid 

mispronunciation, print no one as two words at all times.

anybody everywhere somebody 

anything everyone something 

anywhere nobody somewhere 

anyone nothing someone 

everybody nowhere 

everything no one

but any one of us may stay; every one of the pilots is responsible; every body was 

accounted for

6.13. Print compound personal pronouns as one word.

herself oneself yourself 

himself ourselves yourselves 

itself themselves 

myself thyself

6.14. Print as one word compass directions consisting of two points, but 

use a hyphen after the first point when three points are combined.

northeast north-northeast 

southwest south-southwest

also north-south alignment

Unit modifiers

6.15. Print a hyphen between words, or abbreviations and words, combined to form a unit modifier immediately preceding the word 

modified, except as indicated in rule 6.16 and elsewhere throughout 

this chapter. This applies particularly to combinations in which one 

element is a present or past participle.

agreed-upon standards

Baltimore-Washington road

collective-bargaining talks

contested-election case

contract-bar rule

cost-of-living increase

drought-stricken area

English-speaking nation

fire-tested material

Federal-State-local cooperation

German-English descent

guided-missile program

hearing-impaired class

high-speed line

large-scale project

law-abiding citizen

long-term loan

line-item veto
Compounding Rules 101

6.16. Where meaning is clear and readability is not aided, it is not necessary to use a hyphen to form a temporary or made compound. 

Restraint should be exercised in forming unnecessary combinations of words used in normal sequence.

6.17. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate (either adjective or 

noun) whose second element is a present participle.

The duties were price fixing. The shale was oil bearing. 

The effects were far reaching. The area is used for beet raising.

long-term-payment loan

low-cost housing

lump-sum payment

most-favored-nation clause

multiple-purpose uses

no-par-value stock

one-on-one situation

part-time personnel

rust-resistant covering

service-connected disability

state-of-the-art technology

supply-side economics

tool-and-die maker

up-or-down vote

U.S.-owned property; U.S.-flagship

1-inch diameter; 2-inch-diameter 

 pipe

a 4-percent increase, the 10-percent 

 rise

but

4 percent citric acid

4 percent interest. (Note the absence 

 of an article: a, an, or the. The 

word of is understood here.)

atomic energy power

bituminous coal industry

child welfare plan

civil rights case

civil service examination

durable goods industry

flood control study

free enterprise system

ground water levels

high school student

elementary school grade

income tax form

interstate commerce law

land bank loan

land use program

life insurance company

mutual security funds

 national defense appropriation

 natural gas company

 per capita expenditure

 Portland cement plant

 production credit loan

 public at large

 public utility plant

 real estate tax

 small businessman

 Social Security pension

 soil conservation measures

 special delivery mail

 parcel post delivery

 speech correction class

but no-hyphen rule (readability

 aided); not no hyphen rule
102 Chapter 6

6.18. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate adjective the second 

element of which is a past participle. Omit the hyphen in a predicate 

modifier of comparative or superlative degree.

The area is drought stricken. This material is fire tested. 

The paper is fine grained. The cars are higher priced. 

Moderately fine grained wood. The reporters are better informed.

6.19. Print without a hyphen a two-word modifier the first element of 

which is a comparative or superlative.

better drained soil but

best liked books uppercrust society 

higher level decision lowercase, uppercase type 

highest priced apartment upperclassman 

larger sized dress bestseller (noun) 

better paying job lighter-than-air craft 

lower income group higher-than-market price

6.20. Do not use a hyphen in a two-word unit modifier the first element 

of which is an adverb ending in ly, nor use hyphens in a three-word 

unit modifier the first two elements of which are adverbs.

eagerly awaited moment but

wholly owned subsidiary ever-normal granary 

unusually well preserved specimen ever-rising flood 

very well defined usage still-new car 

longer than usual lunch period still-lingering doubt 

not too distant future well-known lawyer 

most often heard phrase well-kept secret

6.21. Proper nouns used as unit modifiers, either in their basic or derived 

form, retain their original form; but the hyphen is printed when 

combining forms.

Latin American countries

North Carolina roads

a Mexican American

South American trade

Spanish-American pride

Winston-Salem festival

African-American program

Anglo-Saxon period

Franco-Prussian War

Seventh-day Adventists

but

Minneapolis-St. Paul region

North American-South American 

 sphere

French-English descent

Washington–Wilkes-Barre route 

 or Washington/Wilkes-Barre 

route
Compounding Rules 103

6.22. Do not confuse a modifier with the word it modifies.

6.23. Where two or more hyphenated compounds have a common basic 

element but this element is omitted in all but the last term, the hyphens are retained.

 2- to 3- and 4- to 5-ton trucks 

 2- by 4-inch boards, but boards 2 to 6 inches wide 

 8-, 10-, and 16-foot boards 

 6.4-, 3.1-, and 2-percent pay raises 

 moss- and ivy-covered walls, not moss and ivy-covered walls 

 long- and short-term money rates, not long and short-term money rates 

but twofold or threefold, not two or threefold 

 goat, sheep, and calf skins, not goat, sheep, and calfskins 

 intrastate and intracity, not intra-state and -city 

 American owned and managed companies 

 preoperative and postoperative examination

6.24. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier consisting of a foreign 

phrase.

ante bellum days ex officio member per diem employee 

bona fide transaction per capita tax prima facie evidence

6.25. Do not print a hyphen in a unit modifier containing a letter or a 

numeral as its second element.

abstract B pages class II railroad point 4 program 

article 3 provisions grade A milk ward D beds

elderly clothesman

old-clothes man

competent shoemaker

wooden-shoe maker

field canning factory

tomato-canning factory

brave servicemen

service men and women

light blue hat (weight)

light-blue hat (color)

average taxpayer

income-tax payer

American flagship (military)

American-flag ship

well-trained schoolteacher

elementary school teacher

preschool children (kindergarten)

pre-school children (before school)

rezoned wastesite

hazardous-waste site

but

common stockholder

stock ownership

small businessman

working men and women

steam powerplant site

meat packinghouse owner
104 Chapter 6

6.26. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier enclosed in quotation marks 

unless it is normally a hyphenated term, but quotation marks are 

not to be used in lieu of a hyphen.

“blue sky” law but

“good neighbor” policy right-to-work law 

“tie-in” sale line-item veto

6.27. Print combination color terms as separate words, but use a hyphen 

when such color terms are unit modifiers.

bluish green bluish-green feathers 

dark green iron-gray sink 

orange red silver-gray body

6.28. Do not use a hyphen between independent adjectives preceding a 

noun.

big gray cat a fine old southern gentleman

Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms

6.29. Print solid combining forms and prefixes, except as indicated 

elsewhere.

afterbirth

Anglomania

antedate

antislavery

biweekly

bylaw

circumnavigation

cisalpine

cooperate

contraposition

countercase

deenergize

demitasse

excommunicate

extracurricular

foretell

heroicomic

hypersensitive

hypoacid

inbound

infrared

interview

intraspinal

introvert

isometric

macroanalysis

mesothorax

metagenesis

microphone

misstate

monogram

multicolor

neophyte

nonneutral

offset

outbake

overactive

pancosmic

paracentric

particoated

peripatetic

planoconvex

polynodal

postscript

preexist

proconsul

pseudoscholastic

reenact

retrospect

semiofficial

stepfather

subsecretary

supermarket

thermocouple

transonic

transship

tricolor

ultraviolet

unnecessary

underflow
Compounding Rules 105

6.30. Print solid combining forms and suffixes, except as indicated 

elsewhere.

6.31. Print solid words ending in like, but use a hyphen to avoid tripling a 

consonant or when the first element is a proper name.

lifelike girllike Scotland-like 

lilylike bell-like McArtor-like

6.32. Use a hyphen or hyphens to prevent mispronunciation, to ensure 

a definite accent on each element of the compound, or to avoid 

ambiguity.

6.33. Use a hyphen to join duplicated prefixes.

re-redirect sub-subcommittee super-superlative

6.34. Print with a hyphen the prefixes ex, self, and quasi.

portable

coverage

operate

plebiscite

twentyfold

spoonful

kilogram

geography

manhood

selfish

meatless

outlet

wavelike

procurement

innermost

partnership

lonesome

homestead

northward

clockwise

anti-hog-cholera serum

co-occurrence

co-op

mid-decade

multi-ply (several plies)

non-civil-service position

non-tumor-bearing tissue

pre-midcourse review

pre-position (before)

pro-choice

pro-life

re-cover (cover again)

re-creation (create again)

re-lay (lay again)

re-sign (sign again)

re-sorting (sort again)

re-treat (treat again)

un-ionized

un-uniformity

but

rereferred

rereviewed

ex-governor

ex-serviceman

ex-son-in-law

ex-vice-president

self-control

self-educated

quasi-academic

quasi-argument

quasi-corporation

quasi-young

but

selfhood

selfsame
106 Chapter 6

6.35. Unless usage demands otherwise, use a hyphen to join a prefix or 

combining form to a capitalized word. (The hyphen is retained in 

words of this class set in caps.)

Numerical compounds

6.36. Print a hyphen between the elements of compound numbers from 

twenty-one to ninety-nine and in adjective compounds with a numerical first element.

6.37. Print without a hyphen a modifier consisting of a possessive noun 

preceded by a numeral. (See also rule 8.14.)

1 month’s layoff 3 weeks’ vacation 

1 week’s pay 1 minute’s delay 

2 hours’ work but a 1-minute delay

anti-American

pro-British

un-American

non-Government

neo-Nazi

post-World War II

 or post-Second World War

non-Federal

but

nongovernmental

overanglicize

transatlantic

twenty-one

twenty-first

6-footer

6-foot-11-inch man

24-inch ruler

3-week vacation

8-hour day

10-minute delay

20th-century progress

3-to-1 ratio

5-to-4 vote

.22-caliber cartridge

2-cent-per-pound tax

four-in-hand tie

three-and-twenty

two-sided question

multimillion-dollar fund

10-dollar-per-car tax

thirty- (30-) day period

but

one hundred twenty-one

100-odd

foursome

threescore

foursquare

$20 million airfield

second grade children
Compounding Rules 107

6.38. Print a hyphen between the elements of a fraction, but omit it 

between the numerator and the denominator when the hyphen appears in either or in both.

one-thousandth twenty-three thirtieths 

two-thirds twenty-one thirty-seconds 

two one-thousandths three-fourths of an inch

6.39. A unit modifier following and reading back to the word or words 

modified takes a hyphen and is printed in the singular.

motor, alternating-current, 3-phase, 60-cycle, 115-volt 

glass jars: 5-gallon, 2-gallon, 1-quart 

belts: 2-inch, 11⁄4-inch, 1⁄2-inch, 1⁄4-inch

Civil and military titles

6.40. Do not hyphenate a civil or military title denoting a single office, 

but print a double title with a hyphen.

6.41. The adjectives elect and designate, as the last element of a title, require a hyphen.

President-elect (Federal) ambassador-designate 

Vice-President-elect (Federal) minister-designate 

Secretary of Housing and Urban

 Development-designate

ambassador at large

assistant attorney general

commander in chief

comptroller general

Congressman at Large

major general

notary public

secretary general

secretary-treasurer

sergeant at arms

treasurer-manager

under secretary

 but under-secretaryship

vice president

 but vice-presidency
108 Chapter 6

Scientific and technical terms

6.42. Do not print a hyphen in scientific terms (names of chemicals, diseases, animals, insects, plants) used as unit modifiers if no hyphen 

appears in their original form.

6.43. Chemical elements used in combination with full-size figures use a 

hyphen; chemical symbols do not.

polonium-210 235U 234U92

uranium-235 90Sr

6.44. Note use of hyphens and closeup punctuation in chemical formulas.

9-nitroanthra(1,9,4,10)bis(1)oxathiazone-2,7-bisdioxide 

Cr-Ni-Mo 

2,4-D

6.45. Print a hyphen between the elements of technical or contrived compound units of measurement.

candela-hour light-year work-year 

crop-year passenger-mile but kilowatthour 

horsepower-hour staff-hour

Improvised compounds

6.46. Print with a hyphen the elements of an improvised compound.

carbon monoxide poisoning

guinea pig raising

hog cholera serum

methyl bromide solution

stem rust control

equivalent uranium content

whooping cough remedy

but

Russian-olive plantings

Douglas-fir tree

blue-pencil (v.)

18-year-old (n., u.m.)

know-it-all (n.)

know-how (n.)

lick-the-finger-and-test-the-wind 

 economics

make-believe (n., u.m.)

one-man-one-vote principle

roll-on/roll-off ship

George “Pay-As-You-Go” Miller

stick-in-the-mud (n.)

let-George-do-it attitude

how-to-be-beautiful course

hard-and-fast rule

penny-wise and pound-foolish policy

first-come-first-served basis

but a basis of first come, first served
Compounding Rules 109

6.47. Use hyphens in a prepositional-phrase compound noun consisting 

of three or more words.

cat-o’-nine-tails man-of-war but

government-in-exile mother-in-law heir at law 

grant-in-aid mother-of-pearl next of kin 

jack-in-the-box patent-in-fee officer in charge

6.48. When the corresponding noun form is printed as separate words, 

the verb form is always hyphenated.

cold-shoulder blue-pencil cross-brace

6.49. Print a hyphen in a compound formed of repetitive or conflicting 

terms and in a compound naming the same thing under two aspects.

6.50. Use a hyphen in a nonliteral compound expression containing an 

apostrophe in its first element.

asses’-eyes bull’s-eye crow’s-nest 

ass’s-foot cat’s-paw

6.51. Use a hyphen to join a single capital letter to a noun or a participle.

6.52. Print idiomatic phrases without hyphens.

come by insofar as nowadays 

inasmuch as Monday week

boogie-woogie

comedy-ballet

dead-alive

devil-devil

even-stephen

farce-melodrama

fiddle-faddle

hanky-panky

murder-suicide

nitty-gritty

pitter-patter

razzle-dazzle

walkie-talkie

willy-nilly

young-old

but

bowwow

dillydally

hubbub

nitwit

riffraff

H-bomb

I-beam

T-shaped

U-boat

C-chip

C-section

V-necked

S-iron

T-square

X-ed out

but

x ray

x raying

S turns

111

7. Compounding Examples

7.1. The following examples are based on the rules for compounding 

found in chapter 6. Obviously, this list or any other list of compound 

words could not possibly be a complete reference due to sheer volume. However, an analogy of the words listed with like prefixes and 

suffixes together with an application of the rules will result in easier 

handling of those compound words not listed.

7.2. In order to keep the list from becoming cumbersome, certain restrictions had to be adopted.

7.3. The listing of hyphenated compounds ending in ed was kept to a 

minimum. The rationale was to provide one or two examples under 

a keyword rather than needless repetition.

7.4. Similarly, many two-word forms which create no difficulty were 

omitted.

7.5. Care was exercised to achieve fuller coverage of solid compounds, 

particularly when the adopted form is different than that of 

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. This dictionary is 

GPO’s guide for spelling with the exception of those words listed in 

rule 5.2. It is not GPO’s guide to compounding.

7.6. A distinction exists between words used in a literal sense and a nonliteral sense. With few exceptions, one-word forms usually express 

a nonliteral interpretation, while two-word forms invariably convey 

a literal meaning. For example, a person may have an interesting 

sideline or hobby, but be forced to sit on the side line during periods 

of inactivity.

7.7. Distinction should also be made in the compounding of two words 

to form an adjective modifier and the use of the same words as a 

predicate adjective; e.g., “crystal-clear water,’’ but “the spring water 

is crystal clear’’; “fire-tested material,’’ but “the material is fire 

tested.’’
112 Chapter 7

7.8. Caution should be exercised when distinguishing whether a succession of words is being used as a compound or whether they simply 

appear together. Consider, for example, ‘‘We know someone should 

do it and who that some one ought to be.’’

7.9. Combining forms and prefixes are usually printed solid. For greater 

readability, the hyphen is sometimes used to avoid doubling a vowel 

(anti-inflation, naso-orbital); to facilitate a normally capitalized word 

(mid-April, non-European); to assure distinct pronunciation of each 

element of a compound or ready comprehension of intended meaning (contra-ion, un-ionized); or to join a combining form or prefix to 

a hyphenated compound (equi-gram-molar, pro-mother-in-law).

7.10. As nouns and adjectives, holdup, calldown, layout, makeup, and 

similar words should be printed solid. Their er derivatives, (holderup, caller-down, layer-out, and maker-up) require hyphens. Such 

compounds as run-in, run-on, and tie-in resist quick comprehension when solid. They are therefore hyphenated.

7.11. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently, such as tear-dimmed

and tearsheet, wind tunnel and windup, are listed under the same 

keyword.

7.12. Words printed flush in the following list combine with the words 

which follow to indicate solid or hyphenated compounds. A spacemark (#) appearing before an indented entry indicates a two-word 

form, but two-word forms appearing in the adjective position usually take a hyphen.

7.13. To indicate word function, several abbreviations have been appended. They are: adv., adverb; n., noun; v., verb; u.m., unit modifier; 

pref., prefix; c.f., combining form; and conj., conjunction.
Compounding Examples 113

A

A

 BC(s) (n.)

 –B–C (u.m.)

 -bomb

 -day

 -flat

 -frame

 -pole

 -sharp

a

 borning, etc.

 foot

 while (adv.)

abdomino (c.f.)

all one word

able

 -bodied (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

about-face

above

 -cited (u.m.)

 deck

 -found (u.m.)

 -given (u.m.)

 ground (u.m.)

 -mentioned (u.m.)

 -named (u.m.)

 -said (u.m.)

 -water (u.m.)

 -written (u.m.)

absentminded

ace-high (u.m.)

acid

 fast

 -treat (v.)

 works

ack-ack

acre

 -foot

 -inch

actino (c.f.)

all one word

addle

 brain

 head

 pate

add-on (n., u.m.)

adeno (c.f.)

all one word

aero (c.f.)

 -otitis

rest one word

afore

all one word

after (c.f.)

all one word

agar-agar

age

 less

 long

 -old (u.m.)

 -stricken (u.m.)

 -weary (u.m.)

agribusiness

ague

 -faced (u.m.)

 -plagued (u.m.)

 -sore (u.m.)

aide-de-camp

air

 bag

 base

 bill

 blast

 -blasted (u.m.)

 blown

 brake

 brush

 burst

 cargo

 -clear (u.m.)

 coach

 -condition (all 

 forms)

 -cool (v.)

 -cooled (u.m.)

 course

 crew

 -dried (u.m.)

 -driven (u.m.)

 drome

 drop

 -dry (u.m., v.)

 fare

 -floated (u.m.)

 flow

 foil

 -formed (u.m.)

 frame

 freight

 gap

 glow

 hammer

 head

 hole

 hose

 lane

 lift

 #line (line for air)

 line (aviation)

 liner

 link

 locked

 mail

 mark (v.)

 marker

 mass

 minded

 park

 path

 photo

 port (all 

 meanings)

 #raid

 scoop

 ship

 show

 sick

 -slaked (u.m.)

 sleeve

 space

 speed

 stream

 strike

 strip

 #time (radio and

 TV)

 wave

 woman

 worthy

alder-leaved (u.m.)

ale

 cup

 -fed (u.m.)

 glass

alkali#land

all

 -absorbing (u.m.)

 -aged (u.m.)

 -American

 -clear (n., u.m.)

 -fired (u.m.)

 -flotation 

 (mining)

 #fours

 #in

 -inclusive (u.m.)

 mark (printing)

 -out (u.m.)

 -possessed (u.m.)

 -round (u.m.)

 spice

 -star (u.m.)

 time (u.m.)

 wise

alleyway

allo (c.f.)

all one word

almsgiver

along

 ship
114 Chapter 7

 shore

 side

alpen

 glow

 stock

alpha

 -cellulose

 -iron

 -naphthol

also-ran (n., u.m.)

alto

 cumulus

 relievo

 stratus

amber

 -clear (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

 -tipped (u.m.)

ambi (c.f.)

all one word

amidships

amino

 #acid

as prefix, all one 

 word

ampere

 -foot

 -hour

 meter

 -minute

 -second

amphi (pref.)

all one word

amylo (c.f.)

all one word

anchor

 hold

 #light

 plate

angel

 cake

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 food

angio (c.f.)

all one word

angle

 hook

 meter

 wing

 worm

Anglo (c.f.)

 -American, etc.

rest one word

anhydr(o) (c.f.)

all one word

ankle

 bone

 -deep (u.m.)

 jack

ant

 eater

 hill

ante (pref.)

 #bellum, etc.

 -Christian, etc.

 #mortem

 mortem

 (nonliteral)

rest one word

antero (c.f.)

all one word

anthra (c.f.)

all one word

anthropo (c.f.)

all one word

anti (pref.)

 -American, etc.

 -choice

 christ

 god

 -hog-cholera 

 (u.m.)

 -icer

 -imperial

 -inflation, etc.

 -life

 -missile-missile 

 (u.m.)

 missile 

 -New#Deal, etc.

 personnel 

 trust, etc.

rest one word

antro (c.f.)

all one word

anvil

 -faced (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

any

 body

 how

 one

 #one (one thing 

 or one of 

 a group)

 place (adv.)

aorto (c.f.)

all one word

apo (pref.)

all one word

apple

 cart

 jack

 #juice

 sauce

 -scented (u.m.)

April-fool (v.)

aqua

 culture

 lung

 marine

 meter

 puncture

 tint

 tone

aquo (c.f.)

 -ion

rest one word

arc 

 -over (n., u.m.)

 -weld (v.)

arch (pref.)

 band

 bishop

 duke

 enemy

 -Protestant

archeo (c.f.)

all one word

archi (pref.)

all one word

archo (c.f.)

all one word

areo (c.f.)

all one word

aristo (c.f.)

all one word

arithmo (c.f.)

all one word

arm

 band

 bone

 chair

 hole

 lift

 pit

 plate

 rack

 rest

 -shaped (u.m.)

armor

 -clad (u.m.)

 -piercing (u.m.)

 plate

 -plated (u.m.)

 smith

arm’s-length (u.m.)

arrow

 head

 -leaved (u.m.)

 plate
Compounding Examples 115

 -shaped (u.m.)

 shot

 -toothed (u.m.)

arseno (c.f.)

all one word

art-colored (u.m.)

arterio (c.f.)

all one word

arthro (c.f.)

all one word

artillery

 man

 woman

asbestos

 -covered (u.m.)

 -packed (u.m.)

ash

 bin

 can

 -colored (u.m.)

 -free (u.m.)

 -gray (u.m.)

 #heap

 pan

 pile

 pit

 tray

assembly

 #line

 man

 #room

astro (c.f.)

all one word

attorney#at#law

audio

 frequency

 gram

 meter

 tape

 visual

auri (c.f.)

 -iodide

rest one word

authorship

auto (c.f.)

 -logon

 matic#backup

 -objective

 -observation

 -omnibus

 -ophthalmoscope

rest one word

awe

 -bound (u.m.)

 -filled (u.m.)

 -inspired (u.m.)

 some

ax

 -adz

 -grinding (u.m.)

 hammer

 head

 -shaped (u.m.)

axletree

axo (c.f.)

all one word

azo (c.f.)

 -orange

 -orchil

 -orseilline

rest one word

B

B-flat

baby

 #boomer

 face (n.)

 #food

 sit (v.)

 sitter

back

 ache

 band

 bite (v.)

 biter

 bone

 breaker

 cap

 chain

 charge

 -country (u.m.)

 cross

 date

 down (n., u.m.)

 drop

 face

 feed

 fill

 fire

 flap

 flash

 flow

 -focus (v.)

 furrow

 ground

 hand

 haul

 -in (n., u.m.)

 lash

 list (v.)

 log

 lotter

 packer (n.)

 paddle (v.)

 pay

 payment

 pedal (v.)

 plate

 rest

 road

 run

 saw

 scatter

 set

 shift

 slide

 space

 spin

 spread

 staff

 stage

 stairs

 stamp

 stay

 stitch

 stop

 strap

 -streeter

 stretch (n.)

 string

 strip (book)

 stroke

 -swath (v.)

 swept

 swing

 tack

 talk

 tender

 tenter

 -titrate (v.)

 track (v.)

 trail

 up (n., u.m.)

 wall

 wash

 water

backer

 -down

 -off

 -up

bag

 boy

 -cheeked (u.m.)

 girl

 pipe

 -shaped (u.m.)

baggage

 man

 #rack

 #room

 #train

bailout (n., u.m.)
116 Chapter 7

bake

 oven

 pan

 shop

bald

 faced

 head (n.)

ball

 field

 #game

 -like

 park (nonliteral)

 #park (literal)

 player

 point (n., u.m.)

 stock

ballot#box

band

 aid

 box

 cutter

 saw

 stand

 string

 -tailed (u.m.)

 wagon

 width

bandy

 ball

 -legged (u.m.)

bangup (n., u.m.)

bank

 book

 note

 #paper

 side (stream)

bantamweight

bar

 #bit

 code

 keeper

 maid

 post

 tender

 -wound (u.m.)

bare

 -armed (u.m.)

 back

 bone

 faced

 foot

 handed

 legged

 necked

 worn

barge-laden (u.m.)

bark

 cutter

 peel

 -tanned (u.m.)

barley

 corn

 mow

 #water

barnstormer

barrel

 head

 -roll (v.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

base

 ball

 ball#bat

 line

 #line (surveying)

 -minded (u.m.)

basi (c.f.)

all one word

basketball

bas-relief

bat

 blind

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fowl

 wing

batch#file

bath

 mat

 robe

 #towel

 tub

batswing (cloth)

battercake

battle

 ax

 -fallen (u.m.)

 front

 ground

 -scarred (u.m.)

 ship

 stead

 wagon

baybolt

beach

 comber

 head

 wagon

bead

 flush

 roll

beak

 head

 iron

 -shaped (u.m.)

beam

 filling

 -making (u.m.)

bean

 bag

 cod

 -fed (u.m.)

 pole

 pot

 setter

 -shaped (u.m.)

 stalk

bear

 baiting

 herd

 hide

 hound

 off (n., u.m.)

 trap

beater

 -out

 -up

beauty

 -blind (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 #shop

beaverpelt

bed

 board

 bug

 chair

 chamber

 clothes

 cord

 cover

 -fallen (u.m.)

 fast

 fellow

 frame

 lamp

 linen

 pad

 pan

 plate

 post

 quilt

 rail

 #rest

 ridden

 rock

 sheet

 sick

 side

 sore

 space

 spread

 spring

 stand
Compounding Examples 117

 stead

 straw

 time

bee

 bread

 -eater

 herd

 hive

 keeper

 line

 way

beechnut

beef

 eater

 #extract

 -faced (u.m.)

 head

 steak

bees

 wax

 wing

beet

 field

 #sugar

beetle

 -browed (u.m.)

 head

 stock

before

 -cited (u.m.)

 hand

 -mentioned (u.m.)

 -named (u.m.)

behindhand

bell

 -bottomed (u.m.)

 crank

 -crowned (u.m.)

 hanger

 hop

 mouthed

 ringer

 wether

belly

 ache

 band

 buster

 button

 fed (u.m.)

 pinch

belowstairs

belt

 -driven (u.m.)

 saw

bench

 fellow

 -hardened (u.m.)

 made (u.m.)

 mark (nonliteral)

 #mark (surveying)

 warmer

 #warrant

bentwing (n., u.m.)

benzo (c.f.)

all one word

berry-brown (u.m.)

best

 #man

 seller (n.)

beta

 -glucose

 tron

between

 decks

 whiles

bi (pref.)

 -iliac

rest one word

big

 -eared (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 head (ego)

 horn (sheep)

 -horned (u.m.)

 -leaguer

 mouthed

 name (top rank)

 (n., u.m.)

bill

 back

 beetle

 broker

 fold

 head

 hook

 poster

 sticker

billet

 -doux

 head

billingsgate

bio (c.f.)

 -aeration

 -osmosis

rest one word

birchbark

bird

 bath

 bander

 cage

 call

 catcher

 #dog (literal)

 dog (nonliteral)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 life

 lime

 lore

 mouthed

 seed

 shot

 watcher

bird’s

 -eye

 #nest (literal) (n.)

 -nest (n., u.m., v.)

birth

 bed

 #date

 day

 mark

 place

 right

 #year

biscuit-shaped 

 (u.m.)

bismuto (c.f.)

all one word

bit

 coin

 -mapped

 stock

bitter

 -ender

 head

 sweet

 -tongued (u.m.)

black

 ball (nonliteral)

 -bordered (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 guard

 jack

 leg

 list

 mail

 mark

 #market (n.)

 -market (u.m., v.)

 -marketer

 out (n., u.m.)

 plate (printing)

 print

 -robed (u.m.)

 #sheep (all

 meanings)

 shirted

 snake

 strap (n.)

 -tie (u.m.)

 top
118 Chapter 7

 #widow

blast

 hole

 plate

blasto (c.f.)

all one word

bleach

 ground

 works

blear

 eye

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -witted (u.m.)

blepharo (c.f.)

all one word

blight-resistant 

 (u.m.)

blind

 -bomb (v.) 

 -flying (u.m.)

 fold

 -loaded (u.m.)

 #man

 spot

 stitch

 story

blink-eyed (u.m.)

blithe-looking (u.m.)

blitzkrieg

block

 buster

 head

 hole (v.)

 ship

blood

 -alcohol (u.m.)

 bath

 beat

 curdling

 -drenched (u.m.)

 -giving (u.m.)

 guilty

 -hot (u.m.)

 hound

 letting

 mobile

 -red (u.m.)

 ripe

 shed

 shot

 spiller

 spot

 stain

 stock

 stream

 sucker

 thirsty

 -warm (u.m.)

bloody

 -nosed (u.m.)

 -red (u.m.)

blossom

 -bordered (u.m.)

 -laden (u.m.)

blow

 back 

 by (n., u.m.)

 cock

 down (n., u.m.)

 gun

 hard (n.)

 hole

 iron

 lamp

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 pipe

 spray

 through (u.m.)

 torch

 tube

 up (n., u.m.)

blue

 -annealed (u.m.)

 beard (n.)

 blood

 bonnet

 book (nonliteral)

 bottle

 coat (n.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 gill

 grass

 -gray (u.m.)

 -green (u.m.)

 -hot (u.m.)

 jack

 jacket

 nose

 -pencil (v.)

 point (oyster)

 print

 stocking

 streak (nonliteral)

 tongue (n.)

blunder

 buss

 head

blunt

 -edged (u.m.)

 -spoken (u.m.)

boar

 spear

 staff

board

 #foot

 rack

 walk

boat

 builder

 crew

 head

 hook

 house

 loader

 owner

 #people

 setter

 shop

 side

 swain

 wright

 yard

bob

 cat

 sled

 stay

 tail

 white

bobby

 pin

 -soxer

body

 bearer

 bending

 builder

 -centered (u.m.)

 guard

 -mind

 plate

bog

 -eyed (u.m.)

 land

 man

 trot (v.)

boil

 down (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

boiler

 -off

 -out

 plate

 works

boiling#house

bold

 face (printing)

 -spirited (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 119

bolt

 cutter

 head

 hole

 -shaped (u.m.)

 strake

bomb

 drop

 fall

 shell

 sight

 thrower

 -throwing (u.m.)

bone

 ache

 #ash

 black

 breaker

 -bred (u.m.)

 -dry (u.m.)

 -eater

 -hard (u.m.)

 head

 lace

 meal

 set

 shaker

 -white (u.m.)

boobytrap

boogie-woogie

book

 binder

 case

 dealer

 #end

 fair

 -fed (u.m.)

 fold

 -learned (u.m.)

 -lined (u.m.)

 list

 lore

 lover

 mark

 mobile

 plate

 rack

 rest

 sale

 seller

 shelf

 stack

 stall

 stamp

 stand

 stitch

 -stitching (u.m.)

 -taught (u.m.)

 wright

boom

 town

 truck

boondoggling

boot

 black

 hose

 jack

 lace

 last

 leg

 lick

 strap

bore

 hole

 safe

 sight

bosom

 -deep (u.m.)

 -folded (u.m.)

 -making (u.m.)

bottle

 -fed (u.m.)

 neck

 -nosed (u.m.)

bottom#land

boughpot

bow

 back

 bent

 grace

 head

 knot

 legged

 -necked (u.m.)

 pin

 shot

 sprit

 stave

 string

 wow

box

 car

 haul

 head (printing)

 truck

boxer

 -off

 -up

brachio (c.f.)

all one word

brachy (c.f.)

all one word

brain

 cap

 child

 -cracked (u.m.)

 pan

 sick

 -spun (u.m.)

 storm

 -tired (u.m.)

 wash

brake

 drum

 head

 meter

 shoe

brandnew (u.m.)

brandy

 -burnt (u.m.)

 wine

brass

 -armed (u.m.)

 -bold (u.m.)

 -smith

 works

brave

 hearted

 -looking (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

brazen

 -browed (u.m.)

 face

bread

 basket

 crumb

 earner

 fruit

 #knife

 liner

 plate

 seller

 stuff

 #tray

 winner

break

 away (n., u.m.)

 ax

 back (n., u.m.)

 bone (fever)

 #circuit

 down (n., u.m.)

 -even (u.m.)

 fast

 fast#room

 front

 -in (n., u.m.)

 neck

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 point
120 Chapter 7

 through (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

 wind (n.)

breaker

 -down

 -off

 -up

breast

 band

 beam

 bone

 -deep (u.m.)

 -fed (u.m.)

feed

 -high (u.m.)

 hook

 mark

 piece

 pin

 plate

 plow

 rail

 rope

 work

breath

 -blown (u.m.)

 -tainted (u.m.)

 taking

breech

 block

 cloth

 loader

 -loading (u.m.)

 lock

 pin

 plug

 sight

breeze

 -borne (u.m.)

 -lifted (u.m.)

 -swept (u.m.)

 way

bribe

 -free (u.m.)

 giver

 taker

bric-a-brac

brick

 bat

 -built (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

 kiln

 layer

 liner

 mason

 -red (u.m.)

 setter

 work

 yard

bride

 bed

 bowl

 cake

 chamber

 cup

 groom

 knot

 lace

 maiden

 stake

bridge

 builder

 head

 pot

 tree

 #wall

 work

briefcase

bright

 -colored (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

brilliant

 -cut (u.m.)

 -green (u.m.)

brine-soaked (u.m.)

bringer-up

bristle

 cone (u.m.)

 -pointed (u.m.)

broad

 acre

 ax

 band (n., u.m.)

 -beamed (u.m.)

 brim

 cast

 cloth

 head

 #jump

 leaf (n.)

 -leaved (u.m.)

 loom

 minded

 -mouthed (u.m.)

 share (n., v.)

 sheet (n.)

 side

 sword

 wife

 woven

broken

 -down (u.m.)

 -legged (u.m.)

 -mouthed (u.m.)

bromo (c.f.)

all one word

bronchio (c.f.)

all one word

broncho (c.f.)

all one word

broncobuster

bronze

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 -red (u.m.)

broom

 #handle

 -leaved (u.m.)

 -making (u.m.)

 stick

brother

 hood

 -in-law

brow

 beat

 point

 post

brown

 back

 -eyed (u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 print

brush

 ball

 #holder

 off (n., u.m.)

 -treat (v.)

 #up

brusher

 -off

 -up

buck

 eye

 -eyed (u.m.)

 horn

 hound

 passer

 plate

 pot

 saw

 shot

 skinned

 stall

 stay

 stove

 tooth

 wagon

 wash

bucketshaped (u.m.)

buff

 -tipped (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 121

 ware

 -yellow (u.m.)

bug

 bear

 bite

 -eyed (u.m.)

build

 down (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

built

 -in (u.m.)

 -up (u.m.)

bulb-tee (u.m.)

bulbo (c.f.)

all one word

bulk

 head

 -pile (v.)

 weigh (v.)

bull

 baiting

 dog

 doze

 -faced (u.m.)

 fight

 frog

 head

 -mouthed (u.m.)

 neck

 nose

 pen

 ring

 #terrier

 toad

 -voiced (u.m.)

 whack

 whip

bullet

 head

 maker

 proof

bull’s

 -eye (nonliteral)

 -foot

bumble

 bee

 foot

 kite

bung

 hole

 start

burn

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

burned-over (u.m.)

burner-off

burnt

 -out (u.m.)

 -up (u.m.)

bus

 boy

 #conductor

 driver

 fare

 girl

 line

 load

bush

 beater

 buck

 fighter

 -grown (u.m.)

 hammer

 -leaguer

 ranger

 whacker

bustup (n., u.m.)

busy

 body

 -fingered (u.m.)

 head

butt

 -joint (v.)

 saw

 stock

 strap

 -weld (v.)

butter

 ball

 -colored (u.m.)

 fat

 fingers

 head

 milk

 mouth

 nut

 print

 -rigged (u.m.)

 scotch

 -smooth (u.m.)

 -yellow (u.m.)

button

 -eared (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

 hold

 hole

 hook

 mold

by

 -and-by

 -the-way (n.,

 u.m.)

 -your-leave (n.,

 u.m.)

rest one word

C

C

 -sharp

 -star

 -tube

cab

 driver

 fare

 #owner

 stand

cabbagehead

cabinet

 maker

 making

cable-laid (u.m.)

caco (c.f.)

all one word

cage#bird

cake

 baker

 bread

 -eater

 mixer

 -mixing (u.m.)

 pan

 walk

calci (c.f.)

all one word

calk-weld (v.)

call

 back (n., u.m.)

 box

 down (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 note

 -off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 -over (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

camshaft

camel

 back (rubber)

 -backed (u.m.)

 case

 driver

 -faced (u.m.)

camel’s-hair (u.m.)

camp

 fire

 ground

 stool

can

 capper
122 Chapter 7

 not

 #opener

canalside

candle

 bomb

 -foot

 holder

 -hour

 lighter

 lit

 -meter

 power

 -shaped (u.m.)

 stand

 stick

 wick

 wright

candystick

cane

 -backed (u.m.)

 brake

 crusher

 cutter

 #sugar

canker

 -eaten (u.m.)

 -mouthed (u.m.)

cannonball

canvas-covered 

 (u.m.)

cap

 -flash (v.)

 nut

 screw

 sheaf

 shore

car

 barn

 break

 builder

 fare

 goose

 hop

 jacker

 lot

 -mile

 owner

 pool

 port

 sick

 wash

carbo (c.f.)

all one word

carbol (c.f.)

all one word

carcino (c.f.)

all one word

card

 case

 -index (u.m., v.)

 player

 sharp

 stock

cardio (c.f.)

 -aortic

rest one word

care

 free

 giver

 -laden (u.m.)

 taker

 -tired (u.m.)

 worn

carpet

 bagger

 beater

 #cleaner

 -cleaning (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 fitter

 layer

 -smooth (u.m.)

 -sweeping (u.m.)

 weaver

 -weaving (u.m.)

 web

 woven

carpo (c.f.)

 -olecranal

rest one word

carriage-making 

 (u.m.)

carrot

 -colored (u.m.)

 head (nonliteral)

 juice

 top (nonliteral)

carry

 all (n., u.m.)

 around (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 forward (n.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

cart

 load

 wheel (coin)

 whip

 wright

case

 bearer

 finding

 hammer

 harden

 load

 mated

 worker

caser-in

cashflow

cast

 away (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 -by (u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 -ridden (u.m.)

 -weld (v.)

caster

 -off

 -out

castlebuilder 

 (nonliteral)

cat

 back

 beam

 bird

 call

 -eyed (u.m.)

 face (n.)

 fall

 gut

 head

 hole

 hook

 -ion

 like

 nap

 nip

 -o’-nine-tails

 stitch

 walk

CAT scan

catch

 all (n., u.m.)

 -as-catch-can

 (u.m.)

 cry

 penny

 plate

 up (n., u.m.)

 weight

 word

cater

 corner

 wauling

cat’s

 -eye (nonliteral)

 -paw (nonliteral)

cattle

 #boat
Compounding Examples 123

 feed

 -raising (u.m.)

 yak

cauliflower

 -eared (u.m.)

 #ware

causeway

cave

 dweller

 -dwelling (u.m.)

 #fish

 -in (n., u.m.)

cease-fire (n., u.m.)

cedar-colored (u.m.)

celi (c.f.)

all one word

celio (c.f.)

all one word

cell

cement

 -covered (u.m.)

 mason

 -temper (v.)

census

 #taker

 -taking

center

 #field (sports)

 head (printing)

 line

 most

 piece

 -second

centi (c.f.)

all one word

centimeter-gram-

 second

centri (c.f.)

all one word

centro (c.f.)

all one word

cephalo (c.f.)

all one word

cerato (c.f.)

all one word

cerebro (c.f.)

 -ocular

rest one word

certificate holder

cervico (c.f.)

 -occipital

 -orbicular

rest one word

cess

 pipe

 pit

 pool

chaffcutter

chain

 #belt

 -driven (u.m.)

 #gang

 stitch

chair

 fast

 mender

 person

 -shaped (u.m.)

 warmer

chalk

 cutter

 line

 -white (u.m.)

chamber

 maid

 woman

changeover

chapfallen

chapelgoing

char

 broiler

 coal

 pit

 woman

charge

 #book

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

chartbook

chattermark

cheapskate

check

 bite

 forger

 hook

 -in (n., u.m.)

 list

 mark

 nut

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 passer (n.)

 point

 rack

 rail

 rein

 ring

 roll

 rope

 row

 sheet

 strap

 string

 up (n., u.m.)

 washer

 weigher

 writer

checker

 -in

 -off

 -out

 -up

cheek

 bone

 strap

cheerleader

cheese

 burger

 cake

 cloth

 curd

 cutter

 head

 lip

 parer

 plate

chemico (c.f.)

all one word

chemo (c.f.)

all one word

cherry

 -colored (u.m.)

 stone (nonliteral)

 #stone (literal)

chestnut

 -colored (u.m.)

 -red (u.m.)

chicken

 bill

 -billed (u.m.)

 #breast

 breasted

 #coop

 #farm

 feed

 heart

 pox

 #yard

chief

 #justice

 -justiceship

 #mate

child

 bearing

 bed

 birth

 care

 crowing

 hood

 kind

 life

 -minded (u.m.)
124 Chapter 7

 ridden

 #support

 wife

chill-cast (u.m., v.)

chin

 band

 -bearded (u.m.)

 -chin

 cloth

 cough

 -high (u.m.)

 rest

 strap

china

 -blue (u.m.)

 #shop

 ware

Chinatown

chipmunk

chiro (c.f.)

all one word

chisel

 -cut (u.m.)

 -edged (u.m.)

 #maker

chitchat

chitter-chatter

chloro (c.f.)

all one word

chock

 ablock

 -full (u.m.)

chocolate

 -brown (u.m.)

 -coated (u.m.)

 #maker

choir

 boy

 #master

choke

 bore

 chain

 damp

 out (n., u.m.)

 point

 strap

chole (c.f.)

all one word

chondro (c.f.)

 -osseous

rest one word

chop

 -chop

 stick

chowchow

Christ

 -given (u.m.)

 -inspired (u.m.)

 like

chromo (c.f.)

all one word

chrono (c.f.)

all one word

chuck

 hole

 plate

 wagon

church

 #choir

 goer

 like

 work

 yard

churn

 -butted (u.m.)

 milk

cigar

 case

 cutter

 -shaped (u.m.)

cigarette

 #holder

 #maker

 -making (u.m.)

cine (c.f.)

all one word

circuitbreaker

circum (pref.)

 arctic, pacific, 

 etc.

 -Saturnal, etc.

rest one word

cirro (c.f.)

all one word

cis (pref.)

 alpine

 atlantic

 -trans (u.m.)

rest one word

city

 -born (u.m.)

 -bred (u.m.)

 folk

 #man

 scape

clam

 bake

 shell

clampdown (n., 

 u.m.)

clap

 net

 trap

clasphook

class

 book

 -conscious (u.m.)

 #consciousness

 #day

 work

claw

 bar

 -footed (u.m.)

 hammer

 hatchet

 -tailed (u.m.)

clay

 bank

 -colored (u.m.)

 pan

 pit

 works

clean

 -cut (u.m.)

 handed

 out (n., u.m.)

 -shaved (u.m.)

 -smelling (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

clear

 cole

 -cut (u.m.)

 cut (forestry) (n.,

 v.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 headed

 -sighted (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

 wing

clearinghouse

cleft

 -footed (u.m.)

 -graft (v.)

client/server

cliff

 dweller

 -dwelling (u.m.)

 hanger

 side

 top

 -worn (u.m.)

clinch-built (u.m.)

clink-clank

clinker-built (u.m.)

clip

 -clop

 -edged (u.m.)

 sheet

clipper-built (u.m.)

cloak

 -and-dagger (n., 

 u.m.)
Compounding Examples 125

 room

clock

 case

 face

 -minded (u.m.)

 setter

 #speed

 watcher

close

 bred

 -connected (u.m.)

 cross

 -cut (u.m.)

 down (n.)

 -fertilize (v.)

 fisted

 handed

 -knit

 minded

 mouthed

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

closed

 -circuit (u.m.)

 #end

 #shop

cloth-backed (u.m.)

clothes

 bag

 basket

 brush

 #closet

 horse

 pin

 line

 press

 rack

 #tree

cloud

 base

 burst

 cap

 -hidden (u.m.)

clover

 bloom

 leaf

 seed

 sick

club

 #car

 foot

 hand

 haul

 mobile

 ridden

 room

 root

 -shaped (u.m.)

co (pref.)

 -op

 exist, operate, etc.

 processor

rest one word

coach

 -and-four

 builder

 whip

coal

 bag

 bed

 bin

 -black (u.m.)

 breaker

 #car

 dealer

 digger

 -faced (u.m.)

 hole

 -laden (u.m.)

 #loader

 #mine

 #oil

 pit

 rake

 sack (astron. only)

 shed

 ship

 #tar

 #truck

 yard

coastside

coat

 hanger

 rack

 tailed

cob

 head

 meal

 shed

 web

cock

 bill

 brain

 crow

 eye

 fight

 head

 pit

 #robin

 spur

 sure

 -tailed (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

cockleshell

cockscomb

cod

 bank

 fishing

 head

 #liver

 piece

 pitchings

 smack

code

 #name

 -named (u.m.)

coffee

 break

 cake

 -colored (u.m.)

 -growing (u.m.)

 pot

 room

cofferdam

cogwheel

coin-operated

 (u.m.)

cold

 blooded

 -chisel (v.)

 cuts

 -draw (v.)

 finch

 -flow (v.)

 -forge (v.)

 frame

 -hammer (v.)

 -hammered (u.m.)

 pack

 -press (v.)

 -roll (v.)

 -rolled (u.m.)

 -short (u.m.)

 -shortness

 -shoulder (v.)

 type (printing)

 #war

 #wave

 -work (v.)

cole

 seed

 slaw

coli (c.f.)

all one word

collar

 bag

 band

 bone

colo (c.f.)

all one word

color

 bearer
126 Chapter 7

 blind

 #blindness

 fast

 -free (u.m.)

 #line

 type (printing)

 (n.)

 -washed (u.m.)

comb-toothed

 (u.m.)

come

 -along (tool)

 back (n., u.m.)

 -between (n.)

 down (n.)

 -off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 -out (n.)

 -outer

 uppance

comic#book

command

 -line

 #prompt

commander#in

 #chief

common

 -carrier

 #law

 place

 #sense (n.)

 sense (u.m.)

 weal

 wealth

companionship

compressed#file

comptime

cone

 -shaped (u.m.)

 speaker

conference#room

Congressman#at

 #Large

contra (pref.)

 -acting

 -approach

 -ion 

rest one word

cook

 book

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 shack

 stove

coolheaded

cooped

 -in (u.m.)

 -up (u.m.)

cop

 #out (v.)

 out (n.)

copper

 -bottomed (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 #mine

 nose

 plate

 -plated (u.m.)

 smith

 works

copy

 cat

 cutter

 desk

 #editor

 fitter

 holding

 reader

 right

 writer

coral

 -beaded (u.m.)

 -red (u.m.)

cork

 -lined (u.m.)

 screw

corn

 bin

 bread

 cake

 cob

 cracker

 crib

 crusher

 cutter

 dodger

 -fed (u.m.)

 husk

 loft

 meal

 #pone

 stalk

 starch

corner

 bind

 post

corpsmember

cost

 #effective (n.)

 -effectiveness

 wise

costo (c.f.)

all one word

cotton

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 -growing (u.m.)

 #mill

 mouth (snake)

 packer

 picker, ing

 seed

 sick

countdown (n., u.m.)

counter

 #check (banking)

 #septum

 -off

 act, propaganda,

 top, etc.

as combining 

 form, one

 word

country

 -born (u.m.)

 -bred (u.m.)

 folk

 people

 side

 wide

county

 #seat

 wide

court

 bred

 -martial

 ship

cousin

 hood

 -in-law

cover

 alls

 let

 side

 up (n., u.m.)

cow

 barn

 bell

 catcher

 -eyed (u.m.)

 gate

 hand

 herd

 hide

 hitch

 lick

 path

 pen

 #pony
Compounding Examples 127

 pox

 puncher

 shed

 sucker

crab

 cake

 catcher

 eater

 faced

 hole

 meat

 stick 

crack

 down (n., u.m.)

 #house

 jaw

 pot

 -the-whip (n., 

 u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.) 

cradle

 side

 #snatcher

 song

cranio (c.f.)

all one word

crank

 case

 -driven (u.m.)

 pin

 pit

 shaft

crapehanger

crashdive (v.)

crazy

 bone

 cat

cream

 cake

 -colored (u.m.)

creditworthiness

creek

 bed

 side

creep

 hole

 mouse

crepe#de#chine

crestfallen

crew

 cut

 member

cribstrap

crime

 fighter

 solver

 wave

crisscross

crook

all one word

crooked

 -foot (n.)

 -legged (u.m.)

 -nosed (u.m.)

crop

 -bound (u.m.)

 -haired (u.m.)

 head

 mark

 -year

cross

 -appeal

 arm

 band

 bar

 beam

 bearer

 bedded

 belt

 bench

 -bidding

 bill (bird)

 #bill (legal)

 bind

 bolt

 bond

 bones

 bred

 breed

 -bridge (v.)

 -brush (v.)

 -carve (v.)

 -channel (u.m.)

 -check

 -claim

 -compound (v.)

 -connect (v.)

 -country (u.m.)

 -cultivate (v.)

 current

 -curve (math.) (n.)

 cut

 -date (v.)

 -drain (v.)

 -dye (v.)

 -dyeing (n.)

 -examine (v.)

 -eye (n., u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fall

 feed

 -fertile (u.m.)

 -fertilize (v.)

 -fiber (u.m.)

 file

 fire

 flow

 foot

 -grained (u.m.)

 hair

 hand

 hatch

 haul

 head

 -immunity

 -index (u.m.)

 -interrogate (v.)

 -interrogatory

 -invite (v.)

 legged

 legs

 -level (v.)

 -license (v.)

 lift (v.)

 lock

 lots

 mark

 member

 patch

 path

 plow (v.)

 -pollinate (v.)

 -purpose (n.)

 -question

 rail

 -reaction

 -refer (v.)

 -reference

 road

 row

 -service

 -shaft

 -slide

 -staff

 -sterile

 -stitch

 -stone

 -stratification

 -sue (v.)

 -surge (v.)

 talk

 tie

 town

 track

 trail

 tree

 under (n., u.m.)

 -vote

 walk

 web

 wind

 word
128 Chapter 7

crow

 bait

 bar

 foot

crowd

 funding

 sourcing

crownbar

crow’s

 -foot (nonliteral)

 -nest (nonliteral)

crybaby

crypto (c.f.)

 -Christian, etc.

rest one word

crystal

 -clear (u.m.)

 -girded (u.m.)

 -smooth (u.m.)

cubbyhole

cumulo (c.f.)

all one word

cup

 bearer

 cake

 ful

 head

curb

 side

 stoner

cure-all (n., u.m.)

curly

 head

 locks (n.)

currycomb

cussword

custom

 -built (u.m.)

 -made (u.m.)

 -tailored (u.m.)

cut

 away (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 glass

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 rate (u.m.)

 throat

 -toothed (u.m.)

 -under (u.m.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

cutter

 -built (u.m.)

 -down

 head

 -off

 -out

 -rigged (u.m.)

 -up

cuttlebone

cyano (c.f.)

all one word

cyber

 bullying

 security

cyclecar

cyclo (c.f.)

 -olefin

rest one word

cysto (c.f.)

all one word

cyto (c.f.)

all one word

D

D

 -Day

 -major

 -plus-4-day

dairy

 -fed (u.m.)

 -made (u.m.)

daisy#chain

damp

 proofing

 -stained (u.m.)

damping-off (n.,

 u.m.)

dancehall

danger#line

dare

 -all (n., u.m.)

 devil

 say

dark

 -eyed (u.m.)

 horse (nonliteral)

 room (n.)

 -skinned (u.m.)

dash

 plate

 wheel

data

 bank

 base

 set

date

 lined

 mark

daughter-in-law

dawn

 -gray (u.m.)

 streak

day

 beam

 bed

 break

 -bright (u.m.)

 care

 dream

 -fly (aviation) (v.)

 -flying (u.m.)

 going

 lighted

 lit

 long (u.m.)

 mark

 side

 star

 -to-day (u.m.)

 worker

de (pref.)

 -air

 icer

 -ink

 -ion

 centralize,

 energize, etc.

rest one word

dead

 -alive

 beat (n.)

 born

 -burn (v.)

 #center

 -cold (u.m.)

 -dip (v.)

 -drunk (u.m.)

 -ender

 eye (n.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fall

 head

 -heated (u.m.)

 -heater

 -heavy (u.m.)

 latch

 #load

 lock

 pan

 -roast (v.)

 weight (n., u.m.)

 wood

death

 bed

 blow

 day

 -divided (u.m.)

 -doom (v.)

 #house

 -struck (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 129

 trap

 watch

 -weary (u.m.)

decision

 #making (n.)

 -making (u.m., v.)

deckhand

deep

 -affected (u.m.)

 -cut (u.m.)

 -felt (u.m.)

 -freeze (u.m., v.)

 -frying (u.m.)

 going

 -grown (u.m.)

 -laid (u.m.)

 most

 mouthed

 -rooted (u.m.)

 #sea

 -seated (u.m.) 

 -set (u.m.)

 -sunk (u.m.)

 -voiced (u.m.)

 water (u.m.) 

deer 

 drive (n.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 food

 herd

 horn

 hound

 meat

 stalker

 stand

 tick

dehydr(o) (c.f.)

all one word 

demi (pref.)

 -Christian, etc.

 -incognito

rest one word

dermato (c.f.)

all one word

desk

 #room

 top (n., u.m.)

dessert

 #fork

 #knife

 spoon

deutero (c.f.)

all one word

devil

 -devil

 dog (a marine)

 -inspired (u.m.)

 -ridden (u.m.)

dew

 beam

 cap

 -clad (u.m.)

 claw

 damp

 -drenched (u.m.)

 drop

 fall

 -fed (u.m.)

 -laden (u.m.)

 lap

 point

dextro (c.f.)

all one word

di (pref.)

all one word

dia (pref.)

all one word

dialog#box

dial-up

diamond

 back

 -backed (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

diazo (c.f.)

 -oxide

rest one word

dice

 cup

 play

die

 -away (u.m.)

 back

 case

 -cast (u.m., v.)

 caster

 -cut (u.m., v.)

 cutter

 hard (n., u.m.)

 head

 #proof (philately)

 (n.)

 setter

 sinker

 -square (u.m.)

 stock

diesel

 -driven (u.m.)

 -electric (u.m.)

dillydally

dim

 -lighted (u.m.)

 lit

 out (n., u.m.)

diner-out

ding

 bat

 dong

dining#room

dinitro (c.f.)

 #spray

rest one word

dip

 -dye (v.)

 -grained (u.m.)

 head

 stick

dipper-in

direct

 -connected (u.m.)

 -indirect

direction-finding 

 (u.m.)

dirt

 -cheap (u.m.)

 fast

 -incrusted (u.m.)

 plate

dirty

 -faced (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

 #work

dis (pref.)

all one word

disc drive

dish

 cloth

 #cover

 pan

 rack

 rag

 #towel

 washer

disk

 jockey

 pack

 plow

 -shaped (u.m.)

ditch 

 bank

 digger

 rider

 side

dive 

 -bomb (v.)

 #bomber

do

 -all (n., u.m.)

 -gooder

 -little (n., u.m.)

 -nothing (n.,

 u.m.)
130 Chapter 7

dock 

 hand

 head

 side

 worker

dog

 bite

 -bitten (u.m.)

 breeder

 cart

 catcher

 #days

 -drawn (u.m.)

 -ear (v.)

 -eared (u.m.)

 face (soldier)

 -faced (u.m.)

 fall

 fight

 #food

 -headed (u.m.)

 hole

 leg

 #owner

 race

 shore

 sled

 -tired (u.m.)

 tooth

 -toothed (u.m.)

 trick

 trot

 watch

 -weary (u.m.)

doll

 face

 -faced (u.m.)

dollyhead

donkey

 back

 -drawn (u.m.)

 -eared (u.m.)

doomsday

door

 bed

 bell

 case

 check

 frame

 head

 jamb

 keeper

 knob

 knocker

 mat

 nail

 #opener

 plate

 post

 -shaped (u.m.)

 sill

 step

 stop

dope

 fiend

 passer

 pusher

 sheet

dorsi (c.f.)

all one word

dorso (c.f.)

 -occipital

rest one word

dot

 -matrix

 #pitch

double

 -barrel (n., u.m.)

 -barreled (u.m.)

 -bitt (v.)

 -breasted (u.m.)

 -charge (v.)

 check (n., v.)

 checked (u.m., v.)

 -chinned (u.m.)

 -click

 cross (nonliteral)

 deal (v.)

 -decker

 dipper 

 (nonliteral)

 -duty (u.m.)

 -dye (v.)

 -edged (u.m.)

 -ender

 -entendre

 handed

 -headed (u.m.)

 header

 -jointed

 -leaded (u.m.)

 -quick (u.m.)

 -sided

 #space (v.)

 #take

 talk

 tone (printing)

 tree

 -trouble

 -up (u.m., v.)

 #work

dough

 boy

 -colored (u.m.)

 mixer

 nut

down

 beat

 by

 cast

 check

 coast

 come

 -covered (u.m.)

 crier

 cry

 curved

 cut

 dale

 draft

 drag

 face

 fall

 feed

 filled

 flow

 fold

 grade

 gradient

 growth

 hanging

 haul

 hearted

 hill

 lead

 load

 lock (n.)

 look

 most

 payment

 pour

 rate

 right

 river

 rush

 shore

 side

 sitting

 slip

 slope

 -soft (u.m.)

 spout

 stage

 stairs

 state

 stream

 street

 stroke

 sun (adv., u.m.)

 swing

 take

 throw
Compounding Examples 131

 thrust

 time

 town

 trampling

 trend

 trodden

 turn

 valley

 weigh

 weight

 wind

draft

 age (allowance)

 #age

 -exempt (u.m.)

drag

 bar

 bolt

 net

 pipe

 rope

 saw

 staff

 wire

dragger

 -down

 -in

 -out

 -up

dragon

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fly

 #piece

drain

 cleaner

 pipe

 plug

 tile

drainage

 #area

 #basin

 way

draw

 -arch (n.)

 arm

 back

 bar

 beam

 bench

 bolt

 bore

 bridge

 cut

 down (n., u.m.)

 file

 gate

 gear

 glove

 head

 horse

 knife

 knot

 link

 loom

 net

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 pin

 plate

 point

 sheet

 span

 stop

 string

 tongs

 tube

drawer

 -down

 -in

 -off

 -out

drawing

 #board

 #room

dream

 -haunted (u.m.)

 land

 lore

 world

dredge#net

dressup (n., u.m.)

dressing#room

drift

 #boat

 bolt

 meter

 -mining (u.m.)

 #net

 pin

 wind

drill

 case

 -like

 stock

drip

 cock

 -drip

 -dry (u.m., v.)

 sheet

 stick

drive

 away (n., u.m.)

 belt

 bolt

 by (n., u.m.)

 cap

 head

 -in (n., u.m.)

 pipe

 screw

 #shaft

 way

drop

 away (n., u.m.)

 bolt

 cloth

 -down

 -forge (v.)

 front

 hammer

 head

 kick

 leaf (n., u.m.)

 leg

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 sonde

 stitch

drug

 -addicted (u.m.)

 mixer

 passer

 pusher

 seller

 #user

drum

 beat

 fire

 head

 stick

 -up (n., u.m.)

dry

 -burnt (u.m.)

 #cell

 clean

 -cure (v.)

 dock

 -dye (v.)

 -farm (v.)

 farming (n.,

 u.m.)

 gulch

 (nonliteral)

 lot

 -pack (u.m., v.)

 -rotted (u.m.)

 -salt (v.)

 wash

duck

 bill
132 Chapter 7

 -billed (u.m.)

 bore

 #breast

 foot (tool)

 -footed (u.m.)

 pin

 pond

 walk

due

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 duffelbag

dug

 out (n.)

 -up (u.m.)

dull

 -edged (u.m.)

 head

 -looking (u.m.)

 -witted (u.m.)

dumdum

dumb

 bell

 waiter

dump

 car

 cart

 site

duo (c.f.)

all one word

dust

 bag

 bin

 brush

 cloth

 -covered (u.m.)

 fall

 -gray (u.m.)

 -laden (u.m.)

 pan

 storm

duty

 bound

 -free (u.m.)

dwelling#house

dye

 mixer

 stuff

 works

dys (pref.)

all one word

E

E-minor

e

 Book

 -commerce

 file

 Government

 Library

 mail

eagle

 #eye

 -eyed (u.m.)

ear

 ache

 cap

 drop

 drum

 flap

 guard

 hole

 lap

 lobe

 mark

 #muff

 phone

 -piercing (u.m.)

 plug

 ring

 screw

 shot

 sore

 splitting

 tab

 wax

 wig

 witness

earth

 bank

 born

 -bred (u.m.)

 fall

 fast

 -fed (u.m.)

 fill

 grubber

 #house

 kin

 lit

 mover

 nut

 quake

 -shaking (u.m.)

 slide

 -stained (u.m.)

 wall

east

 bound

 -central (u.m.)

 going

 -northeast

 #side

 -sider

 -southeast

Eastertime

easy

 going

 mark (n.)

 -rising (u.m.)

 -spoken (u.m.)

eavesdrop

ebbtide

edge

 #plane

 shot

 ways

 wise

eel

 cake

 catcher

 fare

 pot

 pout

 skin

 spear

egg

 beater (all 

 meanings)

 cup

 eater

 fruit

 head (nonliteral)

 hot (n.)

 nog

 plant

 -shaped (u.m.)

 shell

 -white (u.m.)

eight

 -angled (u.m.)

 #ball

 fold

 penny (nail)

 -ply (u.m.)

 score

 -wheeler

elbowchair

elder

 #brother

 -leaved (u.m.)

electro (c.f.)

 -optics

 -osmosis

 -ultrafiltration

rest one word

embryo (c.f.)

all one word

empty

 handed

 -looking (u.m.)

en

 #banc
Compounding Examples 133

 #gros

 #route

encephalo (c.f.)

all one word

end

 -all (n., u.m.)

 bell

 game

 -measure (v.)

ender

 -on

 -up

endo (c.f.)

all one word

engine

 #shop

 -sized (u.m.)

 work

 #worker

 #yard

entero (c.f.)

 all one word

entry

 #book

 way

envelope

 #holder

 #maker

epi (pref.)

all one word

equi (c.f.)

 -gram-molar

rest one word

ere

 long

 now

errorproof

erythro (c.f.)

all one word

even

 glow

 handed

 minded

 -numbered (u.m.)

 song

 -tempered (u.m.)

ever

 -abiding (u.m.)

 bearing

 blooming

 -constant (u.m.)

 -fertile (u.m.)

 glade

 going

 green

 lasting

 more

 -normal (u.m.)

 -present (u.m.)

 -ready (u.m.)

 sporting (biol.)

 which

every

 day (n., u.m.)

 #day (each day)

 one (all)

 #one (distributive)

 #time

evil

 doer

 #eye

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 minded (u.m.)

 sayer

 speaker

 wishing

ex

 #cathedra

 cathedral

 communicate

 -Governor

 #libris

 #officio

 #post#facto

 #rights

 -serviceman

 -trader

 -vice-president

extra

 -alimentary

 -American

 bold

 -Britannic

 -condensed (u.m.)

 curricular

 -fine (u.m.)

 hazardous

 judicial

 -large (u.m.)

 -long (u.m.)

 marginal

 mural

 ordinary

 polar

 -strong (u.m.)

 territorial

 vascular

eye

 #appeal

 ball

 bank

 bar

 blink

 -blurred (u.m.)

 bolt

 brow

 -conscious (u.m.)

 cup

 flap

 glance

 glass

 hole

 lash

 lens

 lid

 mark

 -minded (u.m.)

 #opener

 peep

 pit

 point

 service

 shade

 shield

 shot

 sick

 sight

 sore

 spot

 -spotted (u.m.)

 stalk

 strain

 string

 tooth

 wash

 #weariness

 wink

 witness

F

F

 -flat

 -horn

 -sharp

fable

 #book

 teller

face

 -arbor (v.)

 cloth

 -harden (v.)

 -hardened (u.m.)

 lifting

 mark

 -off (n.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 plate

 up (n., u.m.)

fact

 book
134 Chapter 7

 finding

 sheet

fade

 away (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

fail-safe

faint

 hearted

 -voiced (u.m.)

fair

 ground

 -lead (n., u.m.)

 minded

 play

 -skinned (u.m.)

 #trade

fairy

 folk

 hood

 tale

faithbreaker

fall

 away (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 #guy

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 -plow (v.)

 -sow (v.)

 trap

fallow#land

false

 -bottomed (u.m.)

 #face

 -faced (u.m.)

 hood

 -tongued (u.m.)

fame

 -crowned (u.m.)

 -thirsty (u.m.)

fan

 back

 bearer

 #belt

 fare

 fold

 foot

 -jet

 -leaved (u.m.)

 marker

 -shaped (u.m.)

 -tailed (u.m.)

fancy

 -free (u.m.)

 -loose (u.m.)

 -woven (u.m.)

 -wrought (u.m.)

far

 -aloft (u.m.)

 away (n., u.m.)

 -borne (u.m.)

 -distant (u.m.)

 -eastern (u.m.)

 -famed (u.m.)

 fetched

 flung (u.m.)

 gone

 -off (u.m.)

 #out

 -reaching (u.m.)

 seeing

 -seen (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

 sight

farm

 -bred (u.m.)

 hand

 hold

 owner

 people

 place

 stead

 worker

fashion

 -led (u.m.)

 #piece (naut.)

 #plate

 -setting (u.m.)

fast

 -anchored (u.m.)

 back

 -dyed (u.m.)

 going

 hold

 -moving (u.m.)

 -read (v.)

 -reading (u.m.)

fat

 back

 -bellied (u.m.)

 -free (u.m.)

 -soluble (u.m.)

father

 -confessor

 -in-law

 land

fault

 finder

 line

 slip

faux#pas

fax

 -and-voice# 

 mailbox

 #modem

 -on-demand

fear

 -free (u.m.)

 nought

 -pursued (u.m.)

 -shaken (u.m.)

feather

 bed (v.)

 bedding

 bone

 brain

 edge

 -footed (u.m.)

 head

 -leaved (u.m.)

 stitch

 -stitched (u.m.)

 -stitching

 -tongue (v.)

 weight

 wing (moth)

fed-up (u.m.)

feeble

 -bodied (u.m.)

 minded

feed

 back (n., u.m.)

 bag

 bin

 box

 crusher

 cutter

 head

 lot

 mixer

 pipe

 rack

 store

 stuff

feeder

 -in

 -up

fellow

 craft

 ship

rest two words

felt

 cutter

 -lined (u.m.)

 packer

fence

 post

 #row

fern

 -clad (u.m.)

 leaf
Compounding Examples 135

 -leaved (u.m.)

ferro (c.f.)

 -carbon-titanium

 -uranium

rest one word

ferry

 boat

 #car

 #slip

fever

 less

 -stricken (u.m.)

 trap

 -warm (u.m.)

fiber

 -faced (u.m.)

 glass

 #optics

 stitch

Fiberglas 

 (copyright)

fibro (c.f.)

 -osteoma

rest one word

fickleminded

fiddle

 back

 -faddle

 head

 -shaped (u.m.)

 stick

 string

field

 ball

 glass

 goal

 -strip

fierce

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

fiery

 -flaming (u.m.)

 -hot (u.m.)

 -red (u.m.)

 -tempered (u.m.)

fig

 bar

 eater

 leaf

 shell

figure

 head

 -of-eight (u.m.)

 #work (printing)

file

 card

 -hard (u.m.)

 name

 setter

 -soft (u.m.)

fill

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

filler

 cap

 -in

 -out

 -up

film

 cutter

 goer

 going

 #paper

 slide

 strip

 -struck (u.m.)

fin

 back

 -shaped (u.m.)

fine

 -cut (u.m., v.)

 -draw (v.)

 -drawn (u.m.)

 -featured (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

finger

 breadth

 -cut (u.m.)

 hold

 hole

 hook

 mark

 nail

 parted

 post

 print

 shell

 space

 spin

 stall

 tip

fire

 arm

 back (n.)

 ball

 bell

 bolt

 bomb

 brand

 brat

 break

 brick

 -burnt (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 coat

 cracker

 crest

 -cure (v.)

 damp

 #drill

 -eater

 fall

 fang

 fighter

 guard

 -hardened (u.m.)

 horse

 hose

 lit

 pit

 place

 plow

 plug

 -polish (v.)

 power

 proof

 -red (u.m.)

 -resistant (u.m.)

 safe

 side

 spout

 trap

 truck

 wall

 warden

firm

 -footed (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

first

 #aid

 -aider

 -born (u.m.)

 -class (u.m.)

 comer

 hand (u.m.)

 -made (u.m.)

 -named (u.m.)

 -nighter

 -rate (u.m.)

fish

 back

 bed

 -bellied (u.m.)

 bolt

 bone

 bowl

 cake

 eater

 eye
136 Chapter 7

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fall

 #farm

 -fed (u.m.)

 food

 garth

 hook

 -joint (v.)

 kill

 #ladder

 meal

 mouth

 plate

 pond

 pool

 pot

 pound

 trap

 weir

 works

fisher

 folk

 man

 people

fishyback (n., u.m.)

fit

 out (n.)

 strip

five

 bar

 fold

 -ply (u.m.)

 -pointed (u.m.)

 -reeler

 score

flag

 bearer

 pole

 post

 -raising (u.m.)

 ship

 -signal (v.)

 staff

 stick

flame

 -colored (u.m.)

 -cut (v.)

 out (n.)

 proof

 -retardant

 thrower

flannelmouth

flap

 cake

 doodle

 -eared (u.m.)

 jack

flare

 back (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 path

 up (n., u.m.)

flash

 back (n., u.m.)

 bulb

 card

 gun

 lamp

 pan

 point

flat

 back 

 (bookbinding)

 bed (printing)

 -bottomed (u.m.)

 car

 -compound (v.)

 fold

 foot (n.)

 hat

 head

 iron

 nose

 out (n., u.m.)

 -rolled (u.m.)

 sawn

 top

 -topped (u.m.)

 woods

flax

 drop

 -leaved (u.m.)

 -polled (u.m.)

 seed

flea

 bite

 -bitten (u.m.)

 trap

fleet

 foot

 -footed (u.m.)

 wing

flesh

 brush

 hook

 -pink (u.m.)

 pot

 #wound

fleur-de-lis

flextime

flight

 crew

 -hour

 path

 -test (v.)

flimflam

flip

 -flap

 -flop

 -up (n., u.m.)

flood

 cock

 flow

 gate

 lamp

 lighting

 mark

 #plain

 tide

 wall

 water

floor

 beam

 cloth

 head

 lamp

 mat

 mop

 #show

 space

 stain

 walker

 #wax

 -waxing (u.m.)

flophouse

floppy#disc

flour

 bag

 bin

 #mill

 sack

 #sifter

flow

 chart

 meter

 off (n., u.m.)

 sheet

 through (n.,

 u.m.)

flower

 bed

 bud

 -crowned (u.m.)

 #grower

 -hung (u.m.)

 #piece

 pot

 -scented (u.m.)

 #shop

flue-cure (v.)

fluid

 -compressed (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 137

 extract (pharm.)

 (n.)

 glycerate

fluo (c.f.)

all one word

fluoro (c.f.)

all one word

flush

 -cut (u.m.)

 -decked (u.m.)

 -decker

 gate

fluvio (c.f.)

all one word

fly

 away

 back

 ball

 -bitten (u.m.)

 blow

 blown

 -by-night (n., 

 u.m.)

 catcher

 eater

 -fish (v.)

 -fisher

 -fisherman

 #fishing

 flap

 -free (u.m.)

 leaf

 paper

 sheet

 speck

 -specked (u.m.)

 tier

 trap

 weight

 wheel

 winch

flying

 #boat

 #fish

foam

 bow

 -crested (u.m.)

 -white (u.m.)

fog

 bound

 bow

 dog

 eater

 -hidden (u.m.)

 horn

 #light

 -ridden (u.m.)

fold

 -in

 up (n., u.m.)

folk

 #dance

 lore

 song

follow

 -on

 through (n.,

 u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

follower-up

food

 -fasted (u.m.)

 -fasting (v.)

 packer

 store

 stuff

foolhardy

foolscap

foot

 -and-mouth

 (u.m.)

 ball

 band

 bath

 blower

 board

 brake

 breadth

 bridge

 candle

 fall

 -free (u.m.)

 gear

 -grain

 hill

 hold

 lambert

 licker

 light(s)

 lining

 locker

 loose

 mark

 note

 pad

 path

 pick

 plate

 -pound

 -pound-second

 print

 race

 rail

 rest

 rope

 scald

 -second

 slogger

 sore

 stalk

 stall

 step

 stick

 stock

 stool

 -ton

 walk

 wall

 -weary (u.m.)

 worn

for (pref.)

all one word

fore

 -age

 -and-aft (n., u.m.)

 -and-after (n.)

 -edge

 -end

 -exercise

 word

rest one word

forest

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 #land

 side

fork

 head

 lift

 -pronged (u.m.)

 tail

 -tailed (u.m.)

form

 fitting

 #work (printing)

forth

 coming

 right

 with

fortune

 #hunter

 teller

forty-niner

foul

 #line

 -looking (u.m.)

 mouthed

 -spoken (u.m.)

 -tongued (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

fountainhead
138 Chapter 7

four

 -bagger

 -eyed (u.m.)

 flusher

 fold

 -footed (u.m.)

 -in-hand (n., 

 u.m.)

 -masted (u.m.)

 -master

 penny (nail)

 -ply (u.m.)

 score

 some

 square

 -wheeler

fox

 -faced (u.m.)

 hole

 hound

 #hunting

 skinned

 tailed

 trot

fracto (c.f.)

all one word

frame-up

free

 booter

 born

 drop

 -for-all (n., u.m.)

 -grown (u.m.)

 hand (drawing)

 handed

 hold

 lance

 loader

 -minded

 masonry

 #post

 -spoken (u.m.)

 standing (u.m.)

 thinker

 trader

 wheel (u.m., v.)

 wheeler (n.)

 #will (n.)

 will (u.m.)

freedom#fighter

freeze

 down (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

freight

 #house

 -mile

 #room

 #train

fresh

 -looking (u.m.)

 -painted (u.m.)

 water

frog

 belly

 -eyed (u.m.)

 face

 man

 mouth

 nose

 pond

 tongue

 (medicine)

front

 -end (u.m.)

 -focused (u.m.)

 runner

 stall

 -wheel (u.m.)

fronto (c.f.)

 -occipital

 -orbital

 rest one word

frost

 bite

 bow

 -free (u.m.)

 -hardy (u.m.)

 -heaving (u.m.)

 -killed (u.m.)

 lamp

 line

fruit

 cake

 #fly

 growing

 #shop

 stalk

frying#pan

fuel

 #line

 #oil

full

 back

 -bellied (u.m.)

 blood

 -bound (u.m.)

 -duplex

 face

 -fashioned (u.m.)

 -flowering (u.m.)

 -grown (u.m.)

 -handed (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

 -lined (u.m.)

 #load

 mouth

 -strength (u.m.)

 -text

 -time (u.m.)

fundraising

funlover

funnel

 form

 -shaped (u.m.)

fur

 -clad (u.m.)

 coat

 -lined (u.m.)

 skin

 -trimmed (u.m.)

fuse

 box

 #gauge

 plug

G

G

 -major

 -man

 -minor

 -sharp

gabfest

gad

 about (n., u.m.)

 fly

gaff-topsail

gag

 -check (v.)

 #order

 root

 #rule

gain

 say

 -sharing (u.m.)

galact(o) (c.f.)

all one word

gallbladder

galley#proof

 (printing)

galvano (c.f.)

all one word

game

 bag

 cock

gang

 boss

 plank

 saw

garnet-brown 

 (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 139

gas

 bag

 bomb

 -driven (u.m.)

 field

 -fired (u.m.)

 firing

 fitter

 -heated (u.m.)

 -laden (u.m.)

 lamp

 lighted

 line (auto)

 #line (queue)

 lock

 #main

 #mask

 meter

 works

gastro (c.f.)

 -omental

rest one word

gate

 house

 keeper

 leg (u.m.)

 pin

 post

 tender

 works

gauge pin

gear

 box

 case

 -driven (u.m.)

 fitter

 -operated (u.m.)

 set

 shift

 wheel

gelatin

 -coated (u.m.)

 -making (u.m.)

gelatino (c.f.)

 bromide

 chloride

gem

 cutter

 -set (u.m.)

 #stone

genito (c.f.)

all one word

gentle

 folk

 -looking (u.m.)

 man

 -mannered (u.m.)

 mouthed

 -spoken (u.m.)

 woman

geo (c.f.)

all one word

germ-free (u.m.)

gerrymander

get

 away (n., u.m.)

 #off

 -together (n., 

 u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

ghost

 -haunted (u.m.)

 write (v.)

gilt-edge (u.m.)

ginger

 #ale

 bread

 -colored (u.m.)

 snap

 spice

give

 -and-take (n., 

 u.m.)

 away (n., u.m.)

glacio (c.f.)

all one word

glass

 blower

 #ceiling

 cutter

 -eater

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -hard (u.m.)

 house

 works

glauco (c.f.)

all one word

glidepath

globetrotter

glosso (c.f.)

all one word

glow

 lamp

 meter

gluc(o) (c.f.)

all one word

glue

 pot

 stock

glycero (c.f.)

all one word

glyco (c.f.)

all one word

go

 -ahead (n., u.m.)

 -around (n., u.m.)

 -as-you-please 

 (u.m.)

 -back (n., u.m.)

 -between (n.)

 by (n.)

 cart

 -devil (n.)

 -getter

 -getting (n., u.m.)

 -off (n., u.m.)

goal

 post

 #setter

goat

 -bearded (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 herd

goat’s

 -hair

 -horn

God

 -conscious (u.m.)

 -fearing (u.m.)

 -forsaken (u.m.)

 -given (u.m.)

 head

 -man

 -ordained (u.m.)

 -sent (u.m.)

 -sped (u.m.)

 speed

 -taught (u.m.)

god

 child

 daughter

 father

 head

 hood

 less

 mother

 parent

 send

 ship

 son

 sonship

goggle-eyed (u.m.)

goings-on

gold

 beater

 brick (shirker)

 #brick (of real gold)

 -bright (u.m.)

 -brown (u.m.)

 digger

 #dust

 -filled (u.m.)
140 Chapter 7

 foil

 -inlaid (u.m.)

 leaf

 plate (v.)

 -plated (u.m.)

 -plating (u.m.)

 smithing

 -wrought (u.m.)

golden

 -fingered (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

good

 -bye

 -for-nothing (n.,

 u.m.)

 -looker

 -looking (u.m.)

 -natured (u.m.)

 #will (kindness)

 will (salable

 asset)

goose

 bone

 bumps

 -cackle

 #egg

 -eyed (u.m.)

 flesh

 -footed (u.m.)

 herd

 mouth

 neck

 pimples

 rump

 step

 wing

gospel

 like

 -true (u.m.)

Government

 (U.S. or

 foreign)

 -in-exile

 -owned (u.m.)

 wide

governmentwide 

 (State, city, etc.)

grab

 -all (n., u.m.)

 #bag

 hook

 rope

grade

 finder

 mark

grain

 -cut (u.m.)

 field

 -laden (u.m.)

 mark

 sick

gram

 -fast (u.m.)

 -meter

 -molecular

 -negative (u.m.)

 -positive (u.m.)

grand

 aunt

 child, etc.

 stand

grant-in-aid

grape

 fruit

 #juice

 -leaved (u.m.)

 seed

 stalk

 vine

graph

 alloy

 #paper

grapho (c.f.)

all one word

grass

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 cutter

 flat

 -green (u.m.)

 hop

 nut

 plot

 roots (nonliteral)

 #roots (literal)

 widow

grave

 clothes

 digger

 side

 stead

gravel

 -blind (u.m.)

 stone

gray

 back (n., u.m.)

 beard (n.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 coat (n.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -haired (u.m.)

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

grease

 #gun

 #pit

 proof

great

 -aunt

 coat

 -eared (u.m.)

 -grandchild, etc.

 -headed (u.m.)

 heart

 mouthed

green

 back (n., u.m.)

 belt 

 (community)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 gage (plum)

 gill

 grocer

 horn

 keeper

 -leaved (u.m.)

 sand (geology)

 sick

 stuff

 sward

 town 

 (community)

 #wood (literal)

 wood (forest)

greyhound

grid

 iron

 lock

griddlecake

grillroom

grip

 sack

 wheel

gross

 -minded (u.m.)

 #weight

ground

 breaking

 hog

 mass

 nut

 path

 plot

 speed

 #water

 wave

 work

group-connect (v.)

grownup (n., u.m.)

grubstake
Compounding Examples 141

guard

 house

 plate

 rail

guest

 chamber

 house

 room

guided-missile 

 (u.m.)

guidepost

guider-in

gum

 boil

 chewer

 digger

 drop

 -gum

 lac

 -saline (n.)

 shoe

gun

 #barrel

 bearer

 blast

 builder

 cotton

 crew

 deck

 fight

 fire

 flint

 lock

 paper

 pit

 play

 point

 powder

 rack

 -rivet (v.)

 runner

 shop

 shot

 -shy (u.m.)

 sight

 stock

 wale

gut

 less

 string

gutter

 blood

 -bred (u.m.)

 snipe

 spout

gymno (c.f.)

all one word

gyneco (c.f.)

all one word

gyro

 #horizon

 #mechanism

 #pelorus

 plane, compass, 

 etc.

H

H

 -bar

 -beam

 -bomb

 -hour

hack

 barrow

 hammer

 log

 saw

hailstorm

hair

 band

 breadth

 brush

 -check (n.)

 cloth

 cut (n.)

 do

 dresser

 -fibered (u.m.)

 lock

 pin

 #ribbon

 space (printing)

 splitting

 spring

 streak

 stroke (printing)

 #trigger

half

 -and-half (n.,

 u.m.)

 -afraid

 -alive

 -angry

 back (football)

 -backed (u.m.)

 -baked (u.m.)

 -bound (u.m.)

 caste

 -clear

 cock (v.)

 cocked 

 (nonliteral)

 -dark

 #day

 deck

 -decked (u.m.)

 -decker

 -feed (v.)

 hearted

 -hourly (u.m.)

 -life

 #load

 -loaded (u.m.)

 -mast

 -miler

 -monthly (u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 pace

 penny

 -ripe

 -shy

 -sole (v.)

 staff

 stitch

 -strength (u.m.)

 title

 tone (printing)

 track

 -true

 -truth

 -weekly (u.m.)

 -yearly (u.m.)

hallmark

ham

 shackle

 string

hammer

 cloth

 dress (v.)

 -hard (u.m.)

 -harden (v.)

 -hardened (u.m.)

 head

 lock

 #thrower

 toe

 -weld (v.)

 -wrought (u.m.)

hand

 bag

 ball

 bank (v.)

 barrow

 bill

 book

 -bound (u.m.)

 bow

 brake

 breadth

 brush

 -built (u.m.)

 car
142 Chapter 7

 -carry (v.)

 cart

 -carve (v.)

 clap

 clasp

 -clean (v.)

 crank

 cuff

 -cut (v.)

 -embroidered 

 (u.m.)

 -fed (v.)

 fold

 grasp

 grenade

 grip

 guard

 gun

 -held (u.m.)

 -high (u.m.)

 hold

 hole

 -in-hand (u.m.)

 kerchief

 -knit (v.)

 -knitter

 laid

 -letter (v.)

 lift (truck)

 liner

 made

 -me-down (n., 

 u.m.)

 mix (v.)

 mold (v.)

 mower

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 pick (v.)

 post

 press

 print

 rail

 reading

 saw

 scrape (v.)

 set

 shake

 spade

 spike

 splice

 split

 spring

 spun

 -stamp (v.)

 stand

 stitch

 stroke

 stuff

 -tailored (u.m.)

 tap

 tool

 -tooled (u.m.)

 -tooling (u.m.)

 truck

 weave

 wheel

 worked

 woven

 write (v.)

 written

 wrought

hands#free

handlebar

hang

 dog

 nail

 net

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n.)

hanger

 -back

 -on

 -up

happy-go-lucky

hara-kiri

harbor

 master

 side

hard

 -and-fast (u.m.)

 back (beetle)

 -baked (u.m.)

 -bitten (u.m)

 -boiled (u.m.)

 case

 copy (n.)

 core

 #disc

 #drive

 fist (n.)

 handed

 hat (n.)

 -hit (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 mouthed

 nose

 pan

 -pressed (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

 #shell (n.)

 ship

 spun

 stand

 tack

 top (auto)

 ware

 -won (u.m.)

 #work

 -working (u.m.)

 wrought

hare

 brain

 foot

 hound

 -mad (u.m.)

harness-making 

 (u.m.)

harum-scarum

harvesttime

has-been (n.)

hashmark

hat

 band

 box

 brim

 brush

 cleaner

 pin

 rack

 rail

 stand

 #tree

hatchback

hatchet-faced (u.m.)

haul

 about (n., u.m.)

 away (n., u.m.)

 back (n.)

have-not (n., u.m.)

haversack

hawk

 bill

 -billed (u.m.)

 head

 -nosed (u.m.)

hawse

 hole

 pipe

hay

 band

 cap

 cart

 cock

 #fever

 field

 fork

 lift

 loft

 market

 mow

 rack
Compounding Examples 143

 rake

 rick

 -scented (u.m.)

 seed

 stack

 wire

hazardous 

 #waste#site

hazel

 -eyed (u.m.)

 nut

he-man

head

 ache

 achy

 band

 bander

 block

 cap

 chair

 cheese

 chute

 cloth

 count

 dress

 -ender

 first

 frame

 gate

 gear

 hunter

 lamp

 ledge

 lighting

 liner

 lock

 long

 master

 mistress

 mold

 most

 note

 -on (u.m.)

 phone

 plate

 post

 quarters

 rail

 reach

 rest

 ring

 rope

 set

 shake

 sill

 space

 spin

 spring

 stall

 stand

 start

 stick

 stock

 stream

 strong

 waiter

 wall

 wind

header-up

heal-all (n., u.m.)

healthcare

heart

 ache

 aching

 beat

 block

 blood

 break

 burn

 deep

 felt

 free (u.m.)

 grief

 heavy

 leaf

 -leaved (u.m.)

 nut

 quake

 seed

 sick

 sore

 string

 struck

 throb

 -throbbing (u.m.)

 -weary (u.m.)

hearth

 rug

 warming

heat

 drops

 #pump

 #rash

 -resistant (u.m.)

 stroke

 treat (v.)

 -treating (u.m.)

 #wave

heaven

 bound

 -inspired (u.m.)

 -sent (u.m.)

heaver

 -off

 -out

 -over

heavy

 back

 -duty (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -footed (u.m.)

 handed

 -looking (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

 #water

 weight (n., u.m.)

hecto (c.f.)

all one word

hedge

 born

 breaker

 #fund

 hog

 hop

 pig

 row

 #trimmer

heel

 ball

 band

 block

 cap

 fast

 grip

 pad

 path

 plate

 post

 print

 ring

 stay

 strap

 tap

helio (c.f.)

all one word

helpmeet

helter-skelter

hema (c.f.)

all one word

hemato (c.f.)

all one word

hemi (pref.)

all one word

hemo (c.f.)

all one word

hemp

 seed

 string

hemstitch

hen

 bill
144 Chapter 7

 coop

 -feathered (u.m.)

 house

 pecked

 roost

hence

 forth

 forward

hepato (c.f.)

all one word

hepta (c.f.)

all one word

here

 about

 after

 at

 by

 from

 in

 inabove

 inafter

 inbefore

 into

 of

 on

 to

 tofore

 under

 unto

 upon

 with

herringbone

hetero (c.f.)

 -ousia, etc.

rest one word

hexa (c.f.)

all one word

hi-fi

hide

 -and-seek (n., 

 u.m.)

 away (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

high

 ball

 binder

 born

 bred

 brow (nonliteral)

 -caliber (u.m.)

 -class (u.m.)

 -density

 flier (n.)

 flying (u.m.)

 -foreheaded 

 (u.m.)

 #frequency

 handed

 -hat (v.)

 jinks

 lander

 #light (literal)

 light (nonlit.)

 -minded (u.m.)

 -power (u.m.)

 -pressure (u.m., v.)

 -priced (u.m.)

 #proof

 -reaching (u.m.)

 -rigger (n.)

 rise (building)

 road

 #seas

 -speed (u.m.)

 stepper

 -tension (u.m.)

 #tide

 -up (u.m.)

 #water

higher-up (n.)

hill

 culture 

 (farming)

 side

 top

hind

 brain

 cast

 gut (n.)

 head

 leg

 most

 quarter

 saddle

 sight

 wing

hip

 bone

 mold

 shot

hippo (c.f.)

all one word

histo (c.f.)

all one word

hit

 -and-miss (u.m.)

 -and-run (u.m.)

 -or-miss (u.m.)

hitchhiker

hoarfrost

hoary-haired (u.m.)

hob

 goblin

 nail

 nob

hobbyhorse

hockshop

hocus-pocus

hod#carrier

hodgepodge

hog

 back

 -backed (u.m.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 fat

 frame

 hide

 nose (machine)

 -nosed (u.m.)

 pen

 sty

 -tie (v.)

 wash

 -wild (u.m.)

hog’s-back (geol.)

hogshead

hoistaway (n.)

hold

 all (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 -clear (n., u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 fast (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

holder

 -forth

 -on

 -up

hole

 #in#one

 -high (u.m.)

 -in-the-wall (n.)

 through

hollow

 back 

 (bookbinding)

 -backed (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 faced

 -ground (u.m.)

holo (c.f.)

 all one word

holy

 #day

 stone

home

 -baked (u.m.)

 body

 born
Compounding Examples 145

 bred

 brew

 builder

 #buyer

 comer

 coming

 -fed (u.m.)

 felt

 folk

 freeze (u.m., v.)

 front

 furnishings (n.)

 going

 grown

 lander

 life

 made

 maker

 owner

 #ownership

 #page

 plate

 #rule

 seeker

 sick

 spun

 stead

 stretch

 town

 woven

homeo (c.f.)

all one word

homo

 #legalis

 #sapiens

homo (c.f.)

 -ousia, etc.

rest one word

honey

 -colored (u.m.)

 comb

 -cured (u.m.)

 dew

 drop

 eater

 -laden (u.m.)

 lipped

 moon

 mouthed

 pot

 sucker

 sweet

honor

 bound

 #guard

 #man

hood

 cap

 mold

 wink 

hoof

 beat

 mark

 print

 -printed (u.m.)

hook

 ladder

 nose

 -nosed (u.m.)

 pin

 up (n., u.m.)

hooker

 -off

 -on

 -out

 -over

 -up

hoopstick

hop

 about (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 scotch

 toad

hope#chest

hopper

 burn

 dozer

horehound

hormono (c.f.)

all one word

horn

 bill

 blende

 blower

 -eyed (u.m.)

 pipe

 stay

 tip

hornyhanded 

horse

 back

 breaker

 car

 cloth

 dealer

 fair

 fight

 flesh

 hair

 head

 herd

 hide

 hoof

 -hour

 jockey

 laugh

 meat

 mint

 play

 pond

 power-hour

 power-year

 pox

 race

 #sense (n.)

 shoe

 thief

 #trade

 whip

hot

 bed

 blood

 -blooded (u.m.)

 brain

 cake

 -cold

 dog

 foot

 head (n.)

 -mix (u.m.)

 pack

 patch

 plate

 -press (v.)

 rod (nonliteral)

 -roll (v.)

 -rolled (u.m.)

 spot

 -work (v).

hotelkeeper

houndshark

hourglass

house

 breaking

 broken

 builder

 #call

 cleaner

 -cleaning (u.m.)

 coat

 dress

 father

 furnishing(s) (n.)

 guest

 hold

 husband

 mother

 owner

 parent

 pest

 plant

 -raising (u.m.)
146 Chapter 7

 ridden

 top

 trailer

 wares

 warming

 wife

how

 -do-you-do (n.)

 ever

 soever

hub

 cap

 -deep (u.m.)

humankind

humble

 bee

 -looking (u.m.)

 mouthed

 -spirited (u.m.)

humdrum

hump

 back

 -shouldered 

 (u.m.)

humpty-dumpty

hunchback

hundred

 fold

 -legged (u.m.)

 -percenter

 -pounder

 weight

hung-up (u.m.)

hunger

 -mad (u.m.)

 -worn (u.m.)

hurly-burly

hush

 -hush

 #money

 up (n., u.m.)

hydro (c.f.)

all one word

hydro#station

hygro (c.f.)

all one word

hyper (pref.)

 -Dorian, etc.

 linked

 text

rest one word

hypo (c.f.)

all one word

hystero (c.f.)

 -oophorectomy

 -salpingo-oopho-

 rectomy

rest one word

I

I

 -bar

 -beam

 -iron

 -rail

ice

 berg

 blind

 #blindness

 blink

 block

 bone

 breaker

 cap

 -clad (u.m.)

 -cold (u.m.)

 -cooled (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 #cream

 fall

 #fishing

 floe (island)

 flow (current)

 -free (u.m.)

 maker

 melt

 pack

 plant

 plow

 quake

 #storm

 #water

ideo (c.f.)

 -unit

rest one word

idle

 headed

 -looking (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

ileo (c.f.)

all one word

ilio (c.f.)

all one word

ill

 -advised (u.m.)

 -being (n.)

 -born (u.m.)

 -bred (u.m.)

 #breeding (n.)

 -doing (n., u.m.)

 -fated (u.m.)

 -humored (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -treat (v.)

 -use (v.)

 #will

 -wisher

 -wishing (u.m.)

in

 -and-in (u.m.)

 -and-out (u.m.)

 -and-outer

 -being (u.m.)

 -flight (u.m.)

 -house

 -law (n.)

 asmuch, sofar

 #re, #rem, #situ, 

 etc.

in (pref.)

 active (u.m.)

 breeding

 depth (u.m.)

 hospital (u.m.)

 migration (u.m.)

 service

 (u.m.), etc.

inch

 -deep (u.m.)

 -long (u.m.)

 meal

 -pound

 -ton

 worm

index-digest

indigo

 -blue (u.m.)

 -carmine (u.m.)

Indo (c.f.)

 china

 chinese

 -European, etc.

infra (pref.)

 -anal

 -auricular

 -axillary

 -esophageal

 -umbilical

rest one word

ink

 -black (u.m.)

 mixer

 pot

 slinger

 spot

 -spotted (u.m)

 stain

 stand

 well

inner

 -city (u.m.)

 #man
Compounding Examples 147

 spring

ino (c.f.)

all one word

insect-borne (u.m.)

inter (pref.)

 -American, etc.

rest one word

intra (pref.)

 -atomic, etc.

rest one word

intro (pref.)

all one word

Irish

 -American (u.m.)

 -born (u.m.)

iron

 #age

 back

 -braced (u.m.)

 clad

 fisted

 -free (u.m.)

 handed

 hard

 -lined (u.m.)

 mold

 -red (u.m.)

 shod

 shot (mineral) 

 (u.m.)

 #shot (golf)

 side

 -willed (u.m.)

 works

ironer-up

island

 -born (u.m.)

 -dotted (u.m.)

iso (c.f.)

 -octane

 -oleic

 -osmosis

rest one word

ivory

 -tinted (u.m.)

 type (photog.)

 -white (u.m.)

ivy

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

J

J-bolt

jack

 ass

 hammer

 head

 -in-the-box

 knife

 -of-all-trades

 -o’-lantern

 -plane (v.)

 pot

 rabbit

 screw

jail

 bird

 house

jam

 nut

 packed

Java

 #applets

 Beans

 Script

jaw

 bone

 breaker

 -locked (u.m.)

 twister

jay

 hawk

 walk

jelly

 bean

 roll

jerry

 -build (v.)

 builder

 -built (u.m.)

jet

 #airliner

 #airplane

 -black (u.m.)

 lag

 liner

 port

 -powered (u.m.)

 prop

 -propelled (u.m.)

 #propulsion

 stream

 wash

jewel

 -bright (u.m.)

 -studded (u.m.)

jib

 head

 -o-jib

 stay

jig

 -a-jig

 back

 -drill (v.)

 saw

job

 #lot

 seeker

 #shop

 site

joggle#piece

joint#owner

joulemeter

joy

 hop

 ride

 stick

jump

 master

 off (n., u.m.)

 rock

jungle

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 #gym

 side

junkpile

jury

 #box

 -fixing (u.m.)

 -rigged (u.m.)

just#in#time

juxta (c.f.)

 -ampullar

 -articular

rest one word

K

K

 -ration

 -term

keel

 block

 fat

 haul

 -laying (u.m.)

 #line

keepsake

kerato (c.f.)

all one word

kettle

 drum

 stitch

key

 board

 bolt

 hole

 lock

 note

 punch

 ring

 seat
148 Chapter 7

 stone

 stop

 word

 worker

kick

 about (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

killjoy

kiln

 -dry (u.m., v.)

 eye

 hole

 rib

 stick

 tree

kilo (pref.)

 gram-meter

 voltampere

 watthour

rest one word

kindheart

king

 bolt

 #crab

 head

 hood

 hunter

 maker

 piece

 pin

kins

 folk

 people

kiss-off (n., u.m.)

kite

 flier

 flying

knapsack

knee

 -braced (u.m.)

 brush

 cap

 -deep (u.m.)

 -high (u.m.)

 hole

 -jerk (u.m.)

 pad

 pan

 strap

knick

 knack

 point

knight

 -errant

 head

 hood

knitback

knock

 about (n., u.m.)

 away (n., u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 -knee (n.)

 -kneed (u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

knocker

 -off

 -up

knot

 hole

 horn

know

 -all (n., u.m.)

 -how (n., u.m.)

 -it-all (n., u.m.)

 -little (n., u.m.)

 -nothing (n., 

 u.m.)

knuckle

 bone

 buster

 -deep (u.m.)

 -kneed (u.m.)

L

L

 -bar

 -beam

 -block

 -shaped

 -square

labio (c.f.)

all one word

laborsaving

lace

 -edged (u.m.)

 #edging

 wing (insect)

 -winged (u.m.)

 worked

lackluster

ladder-backed

 (u.m.)

lady

 beetle

 finger

 killer

 ship

lake

 bed

 front

 lander

 shore

 side

lameduck 

 (nonliteral) 

 (n., u.m.)

lamp

 black

 -blown (u.m.)

 -foot

 hole

 -hour

 house

 lighter

 lit

 post

 shade

 stand

 wick

land

 #base

 -based (u.m.)

 #bird

 borne

 fall

 fast

 fill

 flood

 form

 grabber

 -grant (u.m.)

 holding

 lady

 locked

 look

 lord

 lubber

 mark

 mass

 mine

 #office

 owner

 -poor (u.m.)

 right

 scape

 sick

 side

 slide

 slip

 spout

 storm

 wash

 wire
Compounding Examples 149

 wrack

lantern-jawed 

 (u.m.)

lap

 belt

 -lap

 robe

 streak

 top

 weld (v.)

 -welded (u.m.)

 -welding (u.m.)

large

 -eyed

 -handed (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

 mouthed

 -scale (u.m.)

lark

 -colored (u.m.)

 spur

laryngo (c.f.)

all one word

last

 -born (u.m.)

 -cited (u.m.)

 -ditcher

 -named (u.m.)

latch

 bolt

 key

 string

late

 -born (u.m.)

 comer

 -lamented (u.m.)

 -maturing (u.m.)

latero (c.f.)

all one word

lath-backed (u.m.)

lathe-bore (v.)

latter

 -day (u.m.)

 most

lattice

 #stitch

 work

laughing

 #gas

 stock

launch

 #pad

 site

laundry#room

law

 -abiding (u.m.)

 book

 breaker

 -fettered (u.m.)

 giver

 #office

 suit

lawnmower

lay

 away (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 -by (n.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

layer

 -on

 -out

 -over

 -up

lazy

 bones

 boots

 #guy

 legs

lead

 -alpha

 -burn (v.)

 -filled (u.m.)

 -gray (u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 line

 #line (medical, 

 naut. only)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 #pencil

 time

leaden

 -eyed (u.m.)

 pated

 -souled (u.m.)

leader#line

leaf

 bud

 -clad (u.m.)

 -eating (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

 stalk

lean

 -faced (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -to (n., u.m.)

leap

 frog

 #year

lease

 back (n., u.m.)

 hold

leased-line

leather

 back

 -backed (u.m.)

 -bound (u.m.)

 -brown (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 head

 neck

 side

 ware

leavetaking

lee-bow (v.)

leech

 eater

 #rope

left

 -bank (v.)

 #field (sports)

 -hand (u.m.)

 -handed (u.m.)

 -hander

 most

 -sided (u.m.)

 wing (political)

leg

 band

 puller

 rope (v.)

 work

lend-lease (n., u.m.)

length

 ways

 wise

lepto (c.f.)

all one word

let

 down (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

letter

 bomb

 #carrier

 drop

 gram

 head

 -perfect (u.m.)

 press

 space

 writer

leuc(o) (c.f.)

all one word

liberal-minded 

 (u.m.)
150 Chapter 7

lieutenant

 #colonel

 -colonelcy

 #governor

 -governorship

life

 belt

 blood

 boat

 #buoy

 #cycle

 -cycle (u.m.)

 drop

 float

 giver

 giving

 guard

 hold

 jacket

 long

 #net

 raft

 ring

 saver

 -size (u.m.)

 -sized (u.m.)

 span

 spring

 stream

 style

 tide

 time

 vest

 weary (u.m.)

lift-off (n., u.m.)

light

 -armed (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

 -drab (u.m.)

 -draft (u.m.)

 face (printing)

 -footed (u.m.)

 handed

 house#keeping 

 (nautical)

 #housekeeping 

 (domestic)

 mouthed

 -producing (u.m.)

 ship

 -struck (u.m.)

 weight (n., u.m.)

 -year

lighter-than-air 

 (u.m.)

like

 -looking (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

lily

 handed

 -shaped (u.m.)

 -white (u.m.)

lime

 #juice

 kiln

 lighter

 pit

 quat

 stone

 wash

 water

linch

 bolt

 pin

line

 -bred (u.m.)

 -breed (v.)

 casting

 crew

 cut (printing)

 finder

 -item (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

 walker

link

 up (n., u.m.)

 #up (v.)

lion

 -bold (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

 hearted

 -maned (u.m.)

lip

 read

 service

 stick

listener-in

litho (c.f.)

 -offset

rest one word

little

 -known (u.m.)

 neck (clam)

 -used (u.m.)

live

 #load

 long

 stock

 #stream

 #wire

 wire (nonliteral)

liver

 -brown (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

 wurst

living#room

loadmeter

loanword

lob

 fig

 lolly

lobster-tailed (u.m.)

lock

 box

 fast

 hole

 jaw

 nut

 out (n., u.m.)

 pin

 ring

 step

 stitch

 up (n., u.m.)

 washer

locker#room

lode

 star

 stone

log

 book

 in

 jam

 on

 off

 roll

 sheet

loggerhead

logo (c.f.)

all one word

long

 -awaited (u.m.)

 beard (n.)

 -bearded (u.m.)

 -billed (u.m.)

 bow

 cloth

 -distance (u.m.)

 -drawn (u.m.)

 felt

 hair (n.)

 -haired (u.m.)

 hand (nonliteral)

 -handed (u.m.)

 -handled (u.m.)

 head (n.)

 horn (cattle)

 -horned (u.m.)

 johns

 #jump
Compounding Examples 151

 leaf

 -leaved (u.m.)

 -legged (u.m.)

 legs (n.)

 -lived (u.m.)

 mouthed

 -necked (u.m.)

 nose (n.)

 -nosed (u.m.)

 -past (u.m.)

 play (records)

 playing (u.m.)

 run (u.m.)

 shoreman

 spun

 standing (u.m.)

 stitch

 #term (n.)

 -term (u.m.)

 wave (radio)

 ways

 wool (sheep)

look

 down (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 #over (v.)

 through (n.,

 u.m.)

looker-on

loop

 hole

 #knot

 stitch

loose

 leaf (u.m.)

 mouthed

 -tongued (u.m.)

lop

 -eared (u.m.)

 sided

loud

 mouthed

 #speaker (orator)

 speaker (radio)

 -voiced (u.m.)

love

 bird

 born

 -inspired (u.m.)

 #knot

 lorn

 seat

 sick

low

 born

 boy

 bred

 brow (nonliteral)

 browed 

 (nonliteral)

 -built (u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 -downer

 -lander

 -lived (u.m.)

 -lying (u.m.)

 -power (u.m.)

 -pressure (u.m.)

 rise

 #water

lower

 case (printing)

 #deck

 most

lug

 bolt

 mark

 sail

lukewarm

lumber

 jack

 #room

lumbo (c.f.)

 -ovarian

rest one word

lumen-hour

lunch

 box

 #hour

 room

 time

lying-in (n., u.m.)

M

M-day

macebearer

machine

 -finished (u.m.)

 gun

 -hour

 -made (u.m.)

 #shop

 #work

macro (c.f.)

all one word

mad

 brain

 cap

 man (n.)

 #money

made

 -over (u.m.)

 -up (u.m.)

magnetite

 -basalt

 -olivinite

 -spinellite

magneto (c.f.)

 -optics

rest one word

mahjong

maid

 #of#honor

 servant

maiden

 hair

 head

 hood

 #name

mail

 bag

 clad

 clerk

 guard

 -order (u.m.)

 pouch

 room

 slot

 truck

main

 frame

 mast

 pin

 sail

 sheet

 spring

 stay

 stream 

 (nonliteral)

 top

 topmast

 #yard

major

 -domo

 #league

 -leaguer

 -minor

make

 -believe (n., u.m.)

 fast (n.)

 over

 ready (printing)

 shift

 up (n., u.m.)

 weight

maker

 -off
152 Chapter 7

 -up

 space

making#up

mal (c.f.)

all one word

man

 back

 -child

 -created (u.m.)

 -day

 eater

 -fashion (u.m.)

 -grown (u.m.)

 handle

 hater

 -high (u.m.)

 hole

 -hour

 killer

 kind

 -made (u.m.)

 -minute

 -of-war (ship)

 power

 servant

 -size (u.m.)

 slaughter

 slayer

 stealer

 stopper

 trap

 -woman

 -year

manic-depressive

manifold

mantel

 piece

 shelf

 tree

many

 -colored (u.m.)

 -folded (u.m.)

 -layered (u.m.)

 plies

 -sided (u.m.)

mapreader

marble

 head

 -looking (u.m.)

 -topped (u.m.)

 -white (u.m.)

mare’s

 -nest

 -tail

mark

 down (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 shot

 up (n., u.m.)

marker

 -down

 -off

 -up

marketplace

marrowbone

marsh

 buck

 mallow 

 (confection)

 #mallow (plant)

mass

 -minded (u.m.)

 -produce (v.)

mast

 -brown (u.m.)

 head

master

 #at#arms

 mind

 #of#ceremonies

 piece

 ship

 #stroke

 #workman

mat-covered (u.m.)

match

 book

 head

 -lined (u.m.)

 mark

 safe

 stick

maxi (n.)

maxi (pref.) 

all one word

May

 #Day

 -day (u.m.)

 pole

 tide

may

 be (adv.)

 beetle

 day (distress call)

 hap

mealymouth

mean

 -acting (u.m.)

 -spirited (u.m.)

 time 

 (meanwhile)

 #time 

 (astronomical)

 tone (u.m.)

 while

meat

 ball

 cutter

 -eater

 -fed (u.m.)

 hook

 -hungry (u.m.)

 packer

 works

 wrapper

mechanico (c.f.)

all one word

medico (c.f.)

all one word

medio (c.f.)

all one word

medium

 -brown (u.m.)

 -size(d) (u.m.)

 weight (n., u.m.)

meek

 -eyed (u.m.)

 hearted

 -spirited (u.m.)

meetingplace

megalo (c.f.)

all one word

melon

 grower

 -laden (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

melt

 down (n., u.m.)

 water

men

 folk

 kind

meningo (c.f.)

all one word

menu-driven

merry

 -go-round

 -meeting

 -minded (u.m.)

meshbag

meso (c.f.)

all one word

mess

 hall

 kit

 room

 tin

 -up (n., u.m.)

meta (pref.)

all one word
Compounding Examples 153

metal

 ammonium

 -clad (u.m.)

 -coated (u.m.)

 -lined (u.m.)

 works

meter

 -amperes

 -kilogram

 -kilogram-second

metro (c.f.)

all one word

mezzo

 graph

 relievo

 soprano

 tint

micro (c.f.)

 -organism

rest one word

mid (c.f.)

 -American, etc.

 -April

 day

 -decade

 -dish

 -ice

 -level

 -1958

 -Pacific, etc.

 -Victorian, etc.

rest one word

middle

 -aged (u.m.)

 breaker

 brow (nonliteral)

 -burst (v.)

 buster

 #ear

 #ground

 man (nonliteral)

 most

 -of-the-roader

 -sized (u.m.)

 splitter

 weight

midi (n.)

midi (pref.)

all one word

mighty-handed 

 (u.m.)

mil-foot

mild

 -cured (u.m.)

 -mannered (u.m.)

 -spoken (u.m.)

mile

 -long (u.m.)

 -ohm

 post

 -pound

 -ton

 -wide (u.m.)

milk

 -fed (u.m.)

 head

 #run

 shake

 shed

 sick

 sop

 -white (u.m.)

mill

 cake

 course

 dam

 feed

 hand

 -headed (u.m.)

 pond

 post

 race

 ring

 stock

 stream

 wright

milli (c.f.)

 gram-hour

rest one word

mincemeat

mind

 #healer

 -healing (u.m.)

 reader

 set (n.)

 sight

mine

 field

 layer

 ship

 sweeper

 thrower

 works

mini (n.)

mini (pref.)

all one word

minor

 #league

 -leaguer

minute#book

mirror

 -faced (u.m.)

 scope

mis (pref.)

all one word

mischiefmaking

mist

 bow

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 fall

miter

 #box

 -lock (v.)

mix

 blood

 up (n.)

mixing#room

mizzenmast

mock

 -heroic (u.m.)

 #turtle

 up (n., u.m.)

mocker-up

mocking

 stock

 -up (u.m.)

mold

 made (u.m.)

 #shop

mole

 catcher

 -eyed (u.m.)

 head

 hill

money

 bag

 changer

 getter

 grubber

 lender

 -mad (u.m.)

 maker

 saver

monkey

 -faced (u.m.)

 nut

 pod

 pot

 shine

 #wrench

mono (c.f.)

 -ideistic

 -iodo

 -iodohydrin

 -ion

 -ousian

rest one word

month

 end

 long (u.m.)
154 Chapter 7

moon

 beam

 blind

 #blindness

 blink

 born

 -bright (u.m.)

 eye

 face

 gazing

 glow

 head

 lighter

 lit

 -mad (u.m.)

 path

 rise

 sail

 set

 shade

 shine

 shot

 sick

 struck

 tide

 walker

 -white (u.m.)

moosecall

mop

 head

 stick

 up (n., u.m.)

mopper-up

mopping-up (u.m.)

morning

 #sickness

 #star

 tide

mosquito

 -free (u.m.)

 #net

moss

 back

 -clad (u.m.)

 -green (u.m.)

 -grown (u.m.)

 head

 -lined (u.m.)

most-favored-nation

 (u.m.)

moth

 ball

 -eaten (u.m.)

 hole

 proof

mother

 board

 hood

 -in-law

 -of-pearl

moto (c.f.)

all one word

motor

 bike

 bus

 cab

 cade

 car

 coach

 cycle

 -driven (u.m.)

 jet

 -minded (u.m.)

 #scooter

 ship

 truck

 van

moundbuilder

mountain

 -high (u.m.)

 side

 top

 -walled (u.m.)

mouse

 -brown (u.m.)

 -eared (u.m.)

 -eaten (u.m.)

 hole

 trap

mouth

 -filling (u.m.)

 -made (u.m.)

 piece

 wash

muck

 rake (v.)

 raker

 sweat

muco (c.f.)

all one word

mud

 bank

 bath

 -colored (u.m.)

 flat

 flow

 guard

 head

 hole

 lark

 sill

 slinger

 -splashed (u.m.)

 stain

 sucker

 track

 #turtle

mule

 back

 #deer

 skinner

multi (c.f.)

all one word

multiple-purpose 

 (u.m.)

muscle

 bound

 power

music

 lover

 -mad (u.m.)

 maker

 room

musico (c.f.)

all one word

musk

 #deer

 melon

 #ox

 rat

mutton

 #chop (meat)

 chop (shape)

 fist

 head

myria (c.f.)

all one word

mytho (c.f.)

all one word

myxo (c.f.)

all one word

N

nail

 bin

 brush

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 #hole

 print

 puller

 rod

 -shaped (u.m.)

 -studded (u.m.)

name

 -calling (u.m.)

 -dropping (u.m.)

 plate

 sake

nano (c.f.)

 all one word
Compounding Examples 155

naptime

narco (c.f.)

all one word

narrow

 -mouthed (u.m.)

 minded

naso (c.f.)

 -occipital

 -orbital

rest one word

nationwide

native-born (u.m.)

navy-blue (u.m.)

naysayer

near

 by

 -miss

 sighted

neat’s-foot (u.m.)

neck

 band

 bone

 -breaking (u.m.)

 cloth

 -deep (u.m.)

 fast

 guard

 -high (u.m.)

 hole

 lace

 line

 mold

 tie

necro (c.f.)

all one word

needle

 bill

 case

 -made (u.m.)

 nose (pliers)

 point

 -shaped (u.m.)

 -sharp (u.m.)

 worked

ne’er-do-well

neo (c.f.)

 -Greek, etc.

rest one word

nephro (c.f.)

all one word

nerve

 ache

 -celled (u.m.)

 -racked (u.m.)

net

 ball

 braider

 -veined (u.m.)

 work

 #worth

nettle

 fire

 foot

 some

neuro (c.f.)

all one word

never

 -ending (u.m.)

 more

 theless

new

 born

 -car (u.m.)

 comer

 -created (u.m.)

 fangled

 -fashioned (u.m.)

 -front (v.)

 -made (u.m.)

 -mown (u.m.)

 -rich (u.m.)

newlywed

news

 boy

 case

 cast

 clip

 dealer

 #editor

 letter

 #media

 paper

 paper#work

 photo

 print

 reader

 reel

 sheet

 stand

 story

 teller

nick

 -eared (u.m.)

 name

nickel

 plate (v.)

 -plated (u.m.)

 -plating (u.m.)

 type

night

 -black (u.m.)

 #blindness

 cap

 -clad (u.m.)

 clothes

 club

 dress

 fall

 -fly (aviation) (v.)

 -flying (u.m.)

 gown

 -grown (u.m.)

 hawk

 long (u.m.)

 mare

 #school

 shade

 #shift

 shirt

 side

 tide

 walker

nimble

 -fingered (u.m.)

 footed

nimbostratus 

 (clouds)

nine

 fold

 #holes

 -lived (u.m.)

 pin

 score

nitpicker

nitro (c.f.)

 -hydro-carbon

rest one word

no

 -account (n., u.m.)

 -fault

 -fee

 -good (n., u.m.)

 -hitter (n.)

 how

 #man’s land

 #one

 -par (u.m.)

 -par-value (u.m.)

 -show (n., u.m.)

 -thoroughfare (n.)

 whit

 -year (funds)

noble

 -born (u.m.)

 -featured (u.m.)

 heartedness

 -looking (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

nol-pros (v.)

non

 -civil-service (u.m.)
156 Chapter 7

 -European, etc.

 interactive

 -pros (v.)

 #sequitur, etc.

 -tumor-bearing

 (u.m.)

as prefix, one

 word

none

 such

 theless

noon

 day

 tide

 time

north

 -central (u.m.)

 east

 going

 most

 -northeast

 -sider

nose

 bag

 bleed

 bone

 dive

 down (n., u.m.)

 gay

 guard

 -high (u.m.)

 hole

 -led (u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 pipe

 ring

 -thumbing (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

 wheel

note

 book

 #paper

 worthy

notwithstanding

novel

 -reading (u.m.)

 #writer

 -writing (u.m.)

nucleo (c.f.)

all one word

nut

 breaker

 -brown (u.m.)

 cake

 cracker

 hatch

 hook

 pecker

 pick

 -shaped (u.m.)

 shell

 sweet

O

oak

 -beamed (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -green (u.m.)

 #leaf

 -leaved (u.m.)

oar

 -footed (u.m.)

 lock

oarsman

oat

 bin

 cake

 -fed (u.m.)

 meal

 seed

oathbreaker

object-oriented

oblong

 -elliptic (u.m.)

 -leaved (u.m.)

 -linear (u.m.)

 -ovate (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

 -triangular (u.m.)

occipito (c.f.)

 -otic

rest one word

ocean

 -born (u.m.)

 borne

 -girdled (u.m.)

 going

 side

 -spanning (u.m.)

octo (c.f.)

all one word

odd

 -jobber

 -job man

 -looking (u.m.)

 man (arbiter)

 -numbered (u.m.)

off

 -and-on (u.m.)

 beat

 cast

 center (u.m.)

 color (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

 cut (printing)

 day

 -fall (v.)

 -flavor (n., u.m.)

 -flow

 -go (n.)

 going

 grade

 hand

 -hours

 line

 loading

 look

 -lying (u.m.)

 peak

 print

 put

 -reckoning (n.)

 saddle

 scape

 scour

 scum

 -season

 set

 shoot

 shore

 side

 site

 -sorts (n.)

 spring

 stage

 street

 take

 -the-record (u.m.)

 type

 -wheel (n.)

 -wheeler (n.)

 -white (u.m.)

 #year

office

 #boy

 holder

 seeker

 -seeking (u.m.)

oftentimes

ofttimes

ohm

 -ammeter

 meter

 -mile

oil

 #burner

 cake

 can

 cloth

 coat

 cup

 -driven (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 157

 -fed (u.m.)

 field

 -forming (u.m.)

 -harden (v.)

 hole

 meal

 paper

 proofing

 seed

 #shale

 skinned

 -soaked (u.m.)

 spill (n.)

 stove

 -temper (v.)

 tightness

 #well

old

 -fashioned (u.m.)

 -fogy (u.m.)

 -growing (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 #maid

 -maidish (u.m.)

 #man

 -new

 style (printing)

 timer

 #woman

 -young

oleo

 #gear

 margarine

 #oil

 #strut

as combining 

 form, one word

olive

 -brown (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -drab (u.m.)

 -growing (u.m.)

 #oil

 -skinned (u.m.)

 wood

 #wood (color)

omni (c.f.)

all one word

on

 -and-off (n., u.m.)

 board (u.m.)

 -go (n.)

 going

 line#service

 site

 noun, adjective, 

 one word

once

 -over (n.)

 -run (u.m.)

one

 -armed (u.m.)

 -decker

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fold

 -half

 -handed (u.m.)

 ness

 -piece (u.m.)

 self

 -sided (u.m.)

 -sidedness

 signed (u.m.)

 -step (dance)

 -striper

 time (formerly)

 (u.m.)

 -time (one action)

 (u.m.)

 -two-three

 -way (u.m.)

onion

 peel

 skin

op-ed

 (newspaper)

open

 -air (u.m.)

 -armed (u.m.)

 -back (u.m.)

 -backed (u.m.)

 band (yarn)

 cast

 cut (mining)

 -end (u.m.)

 -ended

 -faced (u.m.)

 handed

 #house

 minded

 mouthed

 #shop

 side (u.m.)

 -sided (u.m.)

 worked

opera

 goer

 going

 #house

operating#system

ophthalmo (c.f.)

all one word

orange

 ade

 colored (u.m.)

 peel

 -red (u.m.)

 stick

orchard#house

orderly#room

organo (c.f.)

all one word

ornitho (c.f.)

all one word

orrisroot

ortho (c.f.)

all one word

osteo (c.f.)

all one word

other

 wise

 #world

 worldly

oto (c.f.)

all one word

out

 -and-out (u.m.)

 -and-outer (n.)

 -loud (u.m.)

 -Machiavelli, etc.

 migration

 -of-date (u.m.)

 -of-door(s) (u.m.)

 -of-State (u.m.)

 -of-the-way (u.m.)

 placement

 -to-out (u.m.)

as prefix, one

 word

outer

 -city (u.m.)

 #man

 most

 wear

outward

 -bound (u.m.)

 -bounder

ovate

 -acuminate (u.m.)

 -oblong (u.m.)

ovato (c.f.)

 -oblong

 -orbicular

rest one word

oven

 baked

 dried

 peel

 ware

over

 age (surplus)
 age (older) (n., 

 u.m.)

 all (n., u.m.)

 -the-counter 

 (u.m.)

as combining 

 form, one word

owl-eyed (u.m.)

ox

 biter

 blood (color)

 bow

 brake

 cart

 cheek

 eye

 -eyed (u.m.)

 gall

 harrow

 hide

 horn

 shoe

 tail

 #team

oxy (c.f.)

all one word

oyster

 bed

 #crab

 house

 root

 seed

 shell

 -white (u.m.)

P

pace

 maker

 #setter

 -setting (u.m.)

pachy (c.f.)

all one word

pack

 builder

 cloth

 horse

 -laden (u.m.)

 sack

 saddle

 staff

 thread

 up (n., u.m.)

packing#box

padlock

paddlefoot

page

 -for-page (u.m.)

 #proof (printing)

painkiller

painstaking

paint

 box

 brush

 mixer

 pot

 spray

 stained (u.m.)

pale

 belly

 -blue (u.m.)

 buck

 -cheeked (u.m.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -reddish (u.m.)

paleo (c.f.)

 -Christian, etc.

rest one word

pallbearer 

palm

 -green (u.m.)

 #leaf

 #oil

 -shaded (u.m.)

palmi (c.f.)

all one word

pan

 -American, etc.

 -broil (v.)

 #ice

rest one word

Pan

 #American Union

 hellenic

panel-lined (u.m.)

panic-stricken 

 (u.m.)

panto (c.f.)

all one word

panty hose

paper

 back (n.)

 #box

 #carrier

 cutter

 hanger

 shell (n., u.m.)

 -shelled (u.m.)

 -thin (u.m.)

 weight

 -white (u.m.)

papier#mache

para (c.f. or pref.)

 -analgesia

 -anesthesia

 legal

 medic

rest one word

parcel

 #carrier

 -plate (v.)

 #post

parchment

 -covered (u.m.)

 #maker

 -making (u.m.)

parieto (c.f.)

 -occipital

rest one word

parimutuel

park

 #forest

 land

 way

part

 -finished (u.m.)

 #owner

 -time (u.m.)

 -timer (n.)

 #way

parti (c.f.)

all one word

party#line

parvi (c.f.)

 all one word

pass

 back (n.)

 book

 key

 out (n., u.m.)

 port

 through (n., 

 u.m.)

 way

 word

passenger-mile

passer(s)-by

passion

 -driven (u.m.)

 -feeding (u.m.)

 -filled (u.m.)

 #play

paste

 down (n., u.m.)

 pot

 up (n., u.m.)

pastureland

patent-in-fee

path

 breaker

 finder

 way

158 Chapter 7
Compounding Examples 159

patho (c.f.)

all one word

patri (c.f.)

all one word

patrol

 man

 #wagon

pattycake

pawn

 broker

 shop

pay

 back (n., u.m.)

 check

 #cut

 day

 dirt

 load

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 #raise

 roll

 sheet

 -TV

pea

 #coal

 coat

 cod

 -green (u.m.)

 hen

 jacket

 nut

 pod

 shooter

 -sized (u.m.)

 stick

peace

 -blessed (u.m.)

 breaker

 -loving (u.m.)

 maker

 #pipe

 time

peach

 bloom

 blow (color)

 -colored (u.m.)

pear-shaped (u.m.)

pearl

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fishing

 -pure (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

 -studded (u.m.)

 -white (u.m.)

peat

 -roofed (u.m.)

 moss

 stack

pebble

 -paved (u.m.)

 -strewn (u.m.)

peeloff (n., u.m.)

peep

 eye

 hole

 show

 sight

peer-to-peer

pegleg

pellmell

pen

 -cancel (v.)

 head

 knife

 manship

 #name

 point

 pusher

 rack

 script

 -shaped (u.m.)

 stock

 trough

pencil

 #box

 holder

 -mark (v.)

penny

 -a-liner

 pincher

 weight

 winkle

 worth

pent-up (u.m.)

penta (c.f.)

 -acetate

rest one word

pepper

 corn

 #jelly

 mint

 pot

 -red (u.m.)

peptalk

per

 #annum

 cent

 #centum

 compound

 (chemical)

 current 

 (botanical)

 #diem

 salt (chemical)

 #se

 sulfide

peri (pref.)

 -insular

rest one word

permafrost 

pest

 hole

 -ridden (u.m.)

petcock

petit

 grain

 #jury

 #larceny

 #point

petro (c.f.)

 -occipital

rest one word

pharmaco (c.f.)

 -oryctology

rest one word

pharyngo (c.f.)

 -esophageal

 -oral

rest one word

phase

 -in (n., u.m.)

 meter

 out (n., u.m.)

 -wound (u.m.)

pheno (c.f.)

all one word

philo (c.f.)

 -French, etc.

rest one word

phlebo (c.f.)

all one word

phonebook

phono (c.f.)

all one word

phospho (c.f.)

all one word

photo (c.f.)

 -offset

 -oxidation

 -oxidative

rest one word

phrasemark (music)

phreno (c.f.)

all one word

phyllo (c.f.)

all one word

phylo (c.f.)

all one word

physico (c.f.)

all one word
160 Chapter 7

physio (c.f.)

all one word

phyto (c.f.)

all one word

piano

 forte

 graph

 #player

pick

 aback

 ax

 lock

 -me-up (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 #over (v.)

 pocket

 pole

 shaft

 up (n., u.m.)

picker-up

picket#line

pickle-cured (u.m.)

picture

 #book

 #writing

pie

 bald

 crust

 -eater

 -eyed

 marker

 pan

 plant

 #plate

 -stuffed (u.m.)

 #tin

piece

 -dye (v.)

 #goods

 meal

 mold

piezo (c.f.)

 -oscillator

rest one word

pig

 -back (v.)

 -backed (u.m.)

 -bellied (u.m.)

 belly

 -eyed (u.m.)

 face

 -faced (u.m.)

 foot

 -footed (u.m.)

 headed

 herd

 #iron

 out

 pen

 root

 stick

 sty

 tailed

 wash

pigeon

 gram

 hole

 -toed (u.m.)

 wing

piggyback

pike

 -eyed (u.m.)

 staff

pile

 driver

 -driving (u.m.)

 hammer

 up (n., u.m.)

 #weave

 woven

pill

 pusher

 rolling

 taker

pillow

 case

 made

 slip

 top

pilot

 #boat

 house

 #light

pin

 ball

 block

 bone

 case

 cushion

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fall

 feather

 fire

 fold

 head

 hold

 hole

 hook

 lock

 paper

 point

 prick

 rail

 setter

 spot

 stripe

 -tailed (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

 wheel

pinch

 back

 bar

 beck

 cock

 fist

 -hit (v.)

 -hitter

 penny

pine

 apple

 -bearing (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 #cone

 -fringed (u.m.)

 #needle

 #oil

 -shaded (u.m.)

 #tar

pink

 -blossomed (u.m.)

 eye (n.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

pipe

 -drawn (u.m.)

 dream

 fitter

 layer

 line

 -shaped (u.m.)

 stem

 walker

 welder

pisci (c.f.)

all one word

pistol-whipped (v.)

piston

 head

 #pin

 #rod

 #valve

pit

 #boss

 #bull

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fall

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 hole

 mark

 -marked (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 161

 -rotted (u.m.)

 saw

 side

pitch

 -black (u.m.)

 blende

 #box

 -colored (u.m.)

 -dark (u.m.)

 #darkness

 fork

 hole

 -lined (u.m.)

 man

 -marked (u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 #pipe

 up (n., u.m.)

place

 card

 kick

plague-infested 

 (u.m.)

plain

 back (fabric)

 -bodied (u.m.)

 clothes (u.m.)

 clothesman

 -headed (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -spoken (u.m.)

 woven (u.m.)

plane

 #curve

 load

 -mile

 -parallel (u.m.)

 table (surveying)

plani (c.f.)

all one word

plano (c.f.)

all one word

plant

 #food

 life

 site

plasterboard

plate

 cutter

 #glass

 -incased (u.m.)

 layer

 mark

 #proof (printing)

 -roll (v.)

 -rolled (u.m.)

platy (c.f.)

all one word

play

 -act (v.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 bill

 book

 boy

 broker

 day

 down (n., u.m.)

 fellow

 goer

 going

 ground

 mate

 off (n., u.m.)

 pen

 reader

 room

 script

 suit

 thing

 time

 wright

 #yard

pleasure

 -bent (u.m.)

 #boat

 -seeking (u.m.)

 -tired (u.m.)

 -weary (u.m.)

pleo (c.f.)

all one word

pleuro (c.f.)

all one word

plow

 back (n., u.m.)

 -bred (u.m.)

 hand

 horse

 pan

 point

 -shaped (u.m.)

 share

 shoe

 sole

 staff

 #tail

 wright

plug

 -and-play

 hole

 -in (n., u.m.)

 tray

plumbline

plume-crowned

 (u.m.)

pluri (c.f.)

all one word

pluto (c.f.)

all one word

pneumato (c.f.)

 -hydato-genetic 

 (u.m.)

rest one word

pneumo (c.f.)

all one word

pock

 mark

 -marked (u.m.)

 -pit (v.)

pocket

 book (purse)

 #book (book)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 knife

 -sized (u.m.)

 -veto (v.)

poet

 -artist

 #laureate

 -painter

pointblank

Point-to-Point

poison-dipped 

 (u.m.)

pole

 arm

 -armed (u.m.)

 ax

 burn

 cat

 -dried (u.m.)

 horse

 -pile (v.)

 setter

 -shaped (u.m.)

 sitter

 -stack (v.)

 star

 timber

 trap

 -vault (v.)

 #vaulter

policy

 maker

 making

politico (c.f.)

 -orthodox

rest one word

poll

 book

 #parrot

 #tax
162 Chapter 7

poly (c.f.)

all one word

poor

 -blooded (u.m.)

 farm

 -spirited (u.m.)

pop

 corn

 eye

 gun

 up (n., u.m.)

poppy

 -bordered (u.m.)

 cock

 -red (u.m.)

 seed

pork

 barrel (n., u.m.)

 #chop

 fish

 #pie

port

 cullis

 fire

 folio

 hole

 hook

 manteau

 -mouthed (u.m.)

 side

 #wine

post

 #bellum

 #boat

 card

 -Christian, etc.

 -cold-war (u.m.)

 #diem

 -free (u.m.)

 haste

 #hospital 

 (military)

 #meridiem

 #mortem (literal)

 mortem 

 (nonliteral)

 #partum

 #school (military)

 traumatic

 -traumatic

 (PTSD)

 audit, graduate, 

 etc.

as prefix, one 

 word

postal#card

pot

 ash

 bellied

 boil

 eye

 hanger

 herb

 hole

 hook

 hunter

 latch

 lid

 luck

 pie

 pourri

 rack

 #roast

 shot

potato#field

poultry

 #keeper

 -keeping (u.m.)

 #raiser

 -raising (u.m.)

 #yard

pound

 cake

 -foolish (u.m.)

 -foot

 worth

powder

 -blue (u.m.)

 box

 #house

 #keg

 #mill

 #room

 -scorched (u.m.)

power

 boat

 #mower

 -operated (u.m.)

 pack

 plant

praise

 -deserving (u.m.)

 -spoiled (u.m.)

 worthiness

pre (pref.)

 -Incan, etc.

 audit, existing, 

 etc.

rest one word

president

 -elect

 #pro#tempore

press

 #agent

 -agentry

 board

 feeder

 -forge (v.)

 -made (u.m.)

 mark

 pack (v.)

 plate

 #proof (printing)

preter (pref.)

all one word

price

 #cutter

 -cutting (u.m.)

 #fixer

 -fixing (u.m.)

 #index

 list

 -support (u.m.)

 tag

prick

 -eared (u.m.)

 mark

 seam

priesthood

prime

 #minister

 -ministerial

 (u.m.)

 -ministership

 -ministry

prince

 hood

 -priest

print

 cloth

 out

 script

printing

 -in (n., u.m.)

 #ink

 #office

 -out (n., u.m.)

prison

 bound

 -free (u.m.)

 -made (u.m.)

prisoner-of-war 

 (u.m.)

prize

 fighter

 #ring

 taker

 winner

 -winning (u.m.)

pro

 -Ally, etc.

 -choice
Compounding Examples 163

 #football, etc.

 #forma

 -life

 #rata

 #tem

 #tempore

as prefix, one 

 word

problem-solver

procto (c.f.)

all one word

profit

 -and-loss (u.m.)

 -sharing (u.m.)

prong

 buck

 -hoe (v.)

 horn

 -horned (u.m.)

proof

 #press

 read

 reader

 room

 sheet

prop

 jet

 wash

proso (c.f.)

all one word

proto (c.f.)

 -Egyptian, etc.

rest one word

proud

 hearted

 -looking (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

psalmbook

pseudo (c.f.)

 -Messiah, etc.

 -occidental

 -official

 -orthorhombic

 -osteomalacia

 -owner

rest one word

psycho (c.f.)

 -organic

rest one word

ptero (c.f.)

all one word

public

 hearted

 -minded (u.m.)

 -spirited (u.m.)

 #works

pug

 nose

 -pile (v.)

pull

 back (n., u.m.)

 #box

 down (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 -push (u.m.)

 through (n.,

 u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

puller

 -in

 -out

pulp

 board

 wood

punch

 board

 bowl

 card

 -drunk (u.m.)

 mark

 -marked (u.m.)

 out (n.)

punctureproof

pup#tent

pure

 blood

 bred

 #line (biological)

purple

 -blue (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

 heart (wood)

purse

 making

 -proud (u.m.)

 #strings

push

 button

 card

 cart

 off (n., u.m.)

 -pull (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

pussy

 cat

 foot

 #willow

put

 back (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 -put (n.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

putter

 -forth

 -in

 -off

 -on

 -out

 -through

 -up

pyo (c.f.)

all one word

pyro (c.f.)

all one word

Q

Q

 -boat

 -fever

quadri (c.f.)

 -invariant

rest one word

quarrystone

quarter

 -angled (u.m.)

 back

 -bloom (u.m.)

 #boards

 -bound (u.m.)

 -breed (u.m.)

 -cast (u.m.)

 -cut (u.m.)

 deck

 -miler

 #note

 pace

 -phase (u.m.)

 saw (v.)

 staff

 stretch

 -yearly (u.m.)

quartermaster

 #general

 -generalship

quasi

all hyphened

queen#bee

quick

 -change (u.m., v.)

 -drawn (u.m., v.)

 freeze (u.m., v.)

 lime

 sand
164 Chapter 7

 set

 silver

 step

 #time

 -witted (u.m.)

quin (c.f.)

all one word

quit

 claim

 rent R

rabbit

 -backed (u.m.)

 -eared (u.m.)

 #fever

 #foot

 skin

race

 about (n., u.m.)

 course

 goer

 horse

 track

 way

radarscope

radio

generally two 

 words except 

 the following 

 forms

 frequency

 isotope

 telegraph

 telephone

rag

 bolt

 #doll

 -made (u.m.)

 sorter

 tag

 time

rail

 bird

 car

 guard

 head

 -ridden (u.m.)

 road

 setter

 splitter

 #train

 way#maker

 wayman

rain

 band

 -beaten (u.m.)

 bow

 check

 coat

 drop

 fall

 #forest

 -soft (u.m.)

 spout

 storm

 wash

 water

rakeoff (n., u.m.)

ram

 jet

 rod

 shackle

ranch

 #hand

 house

random-access

 (u.m.)

range

 finder

 #light

 rider

rapid

 #fire

 #transit

rat

 bite

 catcher

 hole

 -infested (u.m.)

 #race

 -tailed (u.m.)

 -tight (u.m.)

 trap

rate

 #cutter

 -cutting (u.m.)

 -fixing (u.m.)

 payer

 -raising (u.m.)

 setting

rattle

 brain

 snake

 trap

raw

 boned

 -edged (u.m.)

 hide

 -looking (u.m.)

razor

 back

 -billed (u.m.)

 #blade

 edge

 -keen (u.m.)

 -sharp (u.m.)

 strop

razzle-dazzle

re (pref.)

 -cover (cover 

 again)

 -create (create 

 again), etc.

 -cross- 

 examination

 -ice

 -ink

 -redirect

 evaluate, process, 

 etc.

rest one word

reading#room

read

 out (n.)

 through (n., u.m.)

real

 time (n.)

 -time (u.m.)

ready

 -built (u.m.)

 -handed (u.m.)

 made (u.m.)

 -mix (u.m.)

 #reference

 room

 -witted (u.m.)

rear

 #end

 guard

 most

 view (u.m.)

 ward

reception#room

recordbreaker

recti (c.f.)

all one word

recto (c.f.)

all one word

red

 bait (v.)

 -billed (u.m.)

 -blooded (u.m.)

 buck

 cap (porter)

 coat (n.)

 eye (n.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 -haired (u.m.)

 handed
Compounding Examples 165

 head (n.)

 -hot (u.m.)

 -legged (u.m.)

 #line (literal)

 out (n., u.m.)

 -skinned (u.m.)

 tape (nonliteral)

 #tape (literal)

 -throated (u.m.)

 -yellow (u.m.)

reformat

regionwide

religio (c.f.)

all one word

remote-access

repair#shop

representative

 #at#large

 -elect

research#worker

resino (c.f.)

all one word

retro (c.f.)

 -ocular

 -omental

 -operative

 -oral

rest one word

rheo (c.f.)

all one word

rhino (c.f.)

all one word

rhizo (c.f.)

all one word

rhod(o) (c.f.)

all one word

rhomb(o) (c.f.)

all one word

rice

 growing

 #water

rich

 -bound (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

rickrack

ridge

 band

 pole

 top

riffraff

rifleshot

rig

 out (n., u.m.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

right

 about

 about-face

 -angle (u.m., v.)

 -angled (u.m.)

 #away

 #field (sports)

 -handed (u.m.)

 -hander

 -headed (u.m.)

 most

 -of-way

 wing (political)

rim

 -deep (u.m.)

 fire

 lock

 rock

ring

 -adorned (u.m.)

 -banded (u.m.)

 -billed (u.m.)

 bolt

 giver

 head

 -in (n., u.m.)

 lead (v.)

 leader

 -necked (u.m.)

 -off (n., u.m.)

 pin

 -porous (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

 side

 sight

 stand

 stick

 -tailed (u.m.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

 worm

rip

 cord

 -off (n., u.m.)

 rap

 roaring

 sack

 saw

 snorter

 tide

 -up (n., u.m.)

river

 bank

 bed

 #bottom

 flow

 -formed (u.m.)

 front

 head

 scape

 side

 wash

 -worn (u.m.)

road

 bank

 bed

 block

 builder

 head

 hog

 kill

 map

 #runner (bird)

 #show

 side

 -test (v.)

 way

 -weary (u.m.)

rock

 abye

 bottom

 (nonliteral)

 #climber

 -climbing (u.m.)

 fall (n.)

 -fallen (u.m.)

 fill

 firm

 pile

 -ribbed (u.m.)

 #salt

 shaft

 slide

rod-shaped (u.m.)

roe

 buck

 #deer

roentgeno (c.f.)

all one word

roll

 about (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 call

 -fed (v.)

 film

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 top

 up (n., u.m.)

roller

 #blade

 #coaster

 -made (u.m.)

 -milled (u.m.)

 #skate
166 Chapter 7

Romano (c.f.)

 -canonical, etc.

 -Gallic, etc.

roof

 garden

 line

 top

 tree

room

 #clerk

 keeper

 mate

roominghouse

root

 bound

 cap

 -cutting (u.m.)

 fast

 hold

 #mean#square

 #rot

 stalk

 stock

rope

 dance

 layer

 stitch

 walk

rose

 -bright (u.m.)

 bud

 bush

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 -scented (u.m.)

 -sweet (u.m.)

 tan

 #water

rotor

 craft

 ship

rotten

 -dry (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

rough

 -and-ready (u.m.)

 -and-tumble (n., 

 u.m.)

 cast (u.m., v.)

 -coat (v.)

 -cut (u.m.)

 draw (v.)

 dress (v.)

 dry (u.m., v.)

 -face (v.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 hew

 house

 -legged (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 neck

 rider

 setter

 shod

 -sketch (v.)

 stuff

 tailed

 #work (n.)

 work (v.)

 wrought

rougher

 -down

 -out

 -up

roughing-in (u.m.)

round

 about (n., u.m.)

 about-face

 -faced (u.m.)

 head

 -made (u.m.)

 mouthed

 nose (tool)

 out (n., u.m.)

 robin (petition)

 seam

 table (panel)

 -tailed (u.m.)

 -topped (u.m.)

 #trip

 -tripper

 up (n., u.m.)

rub

 -a-dub

 down (n., u.m.)

rubber

 band

 -down

 -lined (u.m.)

 neck

 -off

 -set (u.m.)

 stamp 

 (nonliteral) (n., 

 u.m., v.)

 #stamp (n.)

 -stamped (u.m.)

ruby

 -hued (u.m.)

 -red (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

 -throated (u.m.)

rudder

 head

 hole

 post

 stock

rule#of#thumb

rum

 -crazed (u.m.)

 runner

 seller

rumpus#room

run

 about (n., u.m.)

 around (n., u.m.)

 away (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 by (n.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 through (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

runner-up

Russo (c.f.)

 -Chinese, etc.

rest one word

rust

 -brown (u.m.)

 -eaten (u.m.)

 proofing

 -resistant (u.m.)

 -stained (u.m.)

rye#field

S

S

 -bend

 -brake

 -iron

 -ray

 -shaped

 -trap

 -wrench

saber

 -legged (u.m.)

 tooth

 -toothed (u.m.)

sable-cloaked (u.m.)

Sabrejet

saccharo (c.f.)

all one word

sack

 bearer

 cloth

 #coat

 -coated (u.m.)

 -making (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 167

 -shaped (u.m.)

sacro (c.f.)

all one word

sad

 -eyed (u.m.)

 iron

 #sack

 -voiced (u.m.)

saddle

 back

 -backed (u.m.)

 bag

 bow

 cloth

 -graft (v.)

 #horse

 -making (u.m.)

 nose

 -nosed (u.m.)

 sore

 -stitched (u.m.)

 tree

 -wire (u.m.)

safe

 blower

 cracker

 -deposit (u.m.)

 guard

 hold

 #house

 #site

sage

 brush

 leaf

 -leaved (u.m.)

sail

 cloth

 -dotted (u.m.)

 flying

saintlike

sales

 book

 clerk

 manship

 people

 person

salmon

 -colored (u.m.)

 -red (u.m.)

salpingo (c.f.)

 -oophorectomy

 -oophoritis

 -ovariotomy

 -ovaritis

rest one word

salt

 box

 cellar

 -cured (u.m.)

 #lick

 mouth

 pack

 pan

 peter

 pit

 pond

 shaker

 spoon

 sprinkler

 water

 works

salver

 form

 -shaped (u.m.)

same-sex (u.m.)

sample

 #book

 #box

 maker

 -making (u.m.)

sand

 bag

 bank

 bar

 bath

 bin

 blast

 blown

 box

 -built (u.m.)

 -buried (u.m.)

 -cast (u.m., v.)

 culture

 #dune

 fill

 flea

 glass

 heat

 hill

 -hiller

 hog

 hole

 lapper

 lot

 paper

 pile

 pipe

 pit

 -pump (u.m., v.)

 shoe

 spit

 storm

 table

 weld (v.)

 -welded (u.m.)

 -welding (u.m.)

sandy-bottomed 

 (u.m.)

sangfroid

sans

 #serif

 #souci

sapphire

 -blue (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

sarco (c.f.)

all one word

sashcord

satin

 #cloth

 -lined (u.m.)

 -smooth (u.m.)

sauce

 dish

 pan

sauer

 braten

 kraut

save-all (n., u.m.)

saw

 back

 belly

 bill (bird)

 -billed (u.m.)

 bones (n.)

 buck

 dust

 -edged (u.m.)

 horse

 setter

 timber

 tooth

 -toothed (u.m.)

sax

 cornet

 horn

 tuba

say

 -nothing (n., u.m.)

 -so (n.)

scale

 bark

 down (n., u.m.)

 pan

 -reading (u.m.)

scapegoat

scapulo (c.f.)

all one word

scar

 -clad (u.m.)

 face
168 Chapter 7

 -faced (u.m.)

 #tissue

scare

 crow

 head

scarfpin

scarlet

 -breasted (u.m.)

 #fever

 -red (u.m.)

scatter

 brain

 good

 #rug

scene

 shifter

 wright

schisto (c.f.)

all one word

schizo (c.f.)

all one word

school

 bag

 #board

 book

 bus

 children

 day

 -made (u.m.)

 mate

 ship

 teacher

 -trained (u.m.)

 #year

scientifico (c.f.)

all one word

scissor

 bill

 -tailed (u.m.)

 -winged (u.m.)

scissors

 hold

 -shaped (u.m.)

 #smith

sclero (c.f.)

 -oophoritis

 -optic

rest one word

score

 board

 book

 card

 sheet

scot-free

Scoto (c.f.)

 -Britannic, etc.

Scotsman

scout

 #badge

 #car

 hood

 master

scrap

 basket

 book

 #paper

 works

scratch

 brush

 -brusher

 -coated (u.m.)

 #pad

 #test

screen

 out (n., u.m.)

 play

screw

 ball

 bolt

 cap

 down (u.m.)

 drive (v.)

 -driven (u.m.)

 driver

 head

 hook

 jack

 -lifted (u.m.)

 nut

 ship

 #thread

 -threaded (u.m.)

 -turned (u.m.)

scroll

 -back

 head

 work

scuttlebutt

scythe-shaped 

 (u.m.)

sea

 #base

 -based (u.m.)

 -bathed (u.m.)

 beach

 -beaten (u.m.)

 bed

 #bird

 -blue (u.m.)

 board

 #boat

 -born (u.m.)

 borne

 bound

 -bred (u.m.)

 coast

 -deep (u.m.)

 dog

 -driven (u.m.)

 drome

 -encircled (u.m.)

 fare (food)

 fighter

 #floor

 folk

 food

 front

 girt

 goer

 going

 hound

 lane

 #level

 lift

 #lion

 mark

 port

 quake

 #room

 scape

 #scout

 scouting

 shell

 shine

 shore

 sick

 side

 stroke

 #time (clock)

 wall

 weed

 wing

 worn

 worthiness

 -wrecked (u.m.)

seam

 blasting

 rend (v.)

 stitch

 weld (v.)

 -welded (u.m.)

search

 #engine

 light

 plane

seat

 belt

 #cover

 -mile

second

 -class (u.m.)

 -degree (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 169

 -foot

 -guess (v.)

 hand (adv., u.m.)

 #hand (n.)

 #in#command

 -rate (u.m.)

 #sight

 -sighted (u.m.)

Secret Service

secretary

 #general

 -generalcy

 -generalship

section#man

seed

 bed

 cake

 case

 coat

 kin

 stalk

seer

 band

 hand

 sucker

seesaw

seismo (c.f.)

all one word

self

 dom

 -extracting

 hood

 less

 ness

 same

reflexive prefix,

 use hyphen

sell

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

semi (pref.)

 -armor-piercing 

 (u.m.)

 -Christian, etc.

 -idleness

 -indirect, etc.

 annual, arid, etc.

rest one word

send

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

senso (c.f.)

all one word

septi (c.f.)

all one word

septo (c.f.)

all one word

sergeant#at#arms

serio (c.f.)

all one word

sero (c.f.)

all one word

serrate

 -ciliate (u.m.)

 -dentate (u.m.)

server-based

service

 -connected (u.m.)

 man

 #man#and 

 #woman

 member

 person

 wide

 woman

servo

 accelerometer

 amplifier

 control

 mechanism

 motor

 system

sesqui (c.f.)

all one word

set

 -aside (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 bolt

 down (n., u.m.)

 -fair (n.)

 head

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 pin

 screw

 -stitched (u.m.)

 -to (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

setter

 -forth

 -in

 -on

 -out

 -to

 -up

seven

 -branched (u.m.)

 fold

 penny (nail)

 score

 -shooter

 -up (n.)

severalfold

shade

 -giving (u.m.)

 -grown (u.m.)

shadow

 boxing

 gram

 graph

 #line

shag

 bark

 -haired (u.m.)

 #rug

shake

 down (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

shallow

 -draft (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

shame

 -crushed (u.m.)

 faced

shank

 bone

 #mill

shapeup (n., u.m.)

share

 bone

 broker

 cropper

 holder

 out (n., u.m.)

 ware

sharp

 -angled (u.m.)

 -cut (u.m.)

 -edged (u.m.)

 -freeze (u.m., v.)

 -freezer

 -looking (u.m.)

 naysayer

 -set (u.m.)

 shod

 shooter

 -tailed (u.m.)

 -witted (u.m.)

shavetail

shear

 pin

 waters

shedhand

sheep

 biter

 crook

 dip
170 Chapter 7

 #dog

 faced

 #farm

 fold

 gate

 herder

 hook

 kill

 -kneed (u.m.)

 nose (apple)

 pen

 shank

 shear (v.)

 shearer (n.)

 shed

 stealer

 walk

 -white (u.m.)

sheer

 off (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

sheet

 block

 flood

 #glass

 rock

 ways

shell

 back

 burst

 fire

 fishery

 #game

 hole

 -like

 shocked

shelterbelt

shield-shaped 

 (u.m.)

shilly-shally

shin

 bone

 guard

 plaster

shiner-up

ship

 breaker

 broken

 broker

 builder

 lap

 mast

 owning

 -rigged (u.m.)

 shape

 side

 wreck

shipping

 #master

 #room

shirt

 band

 #sleeve

 tail

 waist

shock

 #therapy

 #troops

 #wave

shoe

 black

 brush

 horn

 lace

 pack

 scraper

 shine

 store

 string

 tree

shootoff (n., u.m.)

shop

 folk

 lifter

 -made (u.m.)

 mark

 owner

 -soiled (u.m.)

 talk

 walker

 window

shore

 #bird

 #boat

 fast

 going

 #leave

 side

short

 -armed (u.m.)

 bread

 cake

 change (v.)

 changer

 #circuit

 -circuited (u.m.)

 coming

 cut (n., u.m., v.)

 fall (n.)

 -fed (u.m.)

 hand (writing)

 -handed (u.m.)

 head (whale)

 horn (n., u.m.)

 -horned (u.m.)

 -lasting (u.m.)

 leaf (u.m.)

 -lived (u.m.)

 rib

 run (u.m.)

 sighted

 staff

 stop

 #term

 -term (u.m.)

 wave (radio)

shot

 gun

 hole

 put

 star

shoulder

 #belt

 #blade

 -high (u.m.)

 #strap

show

 boat

 card

 case

 down (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 piece

 place

 room

 through 

 (printing) (n., 

 u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

shredout (n., u.m.)

shroud

 -laid (u.m.)

 plate

shut

 away (n., u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 eye (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 -mouthed (u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (u.m.)

shuttlecock

sick

 bay

 bed

 #call

 #leave

 list

 room

sickle cell (n.)

sickle-cell (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 171

side

 arms

 band

 board

 bone

 burns

 car

 check

 -cut (u.m.)

 dress (v.)

 flash

 head (printing)

 hill

 hook

 kick

 lap

 #light (literal)

 light (nonliteral)

 #line (literal)

 line (nonliteral)

 long

 note

 plate

 play

 saddle

 show

 slip

 splitting

 step

 stitch

 -stitched (u.m.)

 sway

 swipe

 track

 walk

 wall

 -wheeler

 winder

sight

 hole

 read

 saver

 seeing

 setter

sign

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 post

 up (n., u.m.)

silico (c.f.)

all one word

silk

 #screen

 -stockinged (u.m.)

 works

siltpan

silver

 -backed (u.m.)

 beater

 -bright (u.m.)

 fish

 -gray (u.m.)

 -haired (u.m.)

 -lead (u.m.)

 -leaved (u.m.)

 plate (v.)

 -plated (u.m.)

 point (drawing)

 print

 tip

 -tongued (u.m.)

 top

simon-pure (u.m.)

simple

 -headed (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

 -rooted (u.m.)

 -witted (u.m.)

simulcast

sin

 -born (u.m.)

 -bred (u.m.)

sine#die

single

 bar

 -breasted (u.m.)

 -decker

 -edged (u.m.)

 handed

 hood

 -loader

 -minded (u.m.)

 -phase (u.m.)

 -seater

 stick

 #stitch

 tree

singsong

sink

 head

 hole

Sino (c.f.)

 -Japanese, etc.

sister

 hood

 -in-law

sit

 down (n., u.m.)

 -downer

 fast (n., u.m.)

 -in

 up (n., u.m.)

sitter

 -by

 -in

 -out

sitting#room

sitz

 #bath

 mark

six

 -cylinder (u.m.)

 fold

 penny (nail)

 -ply (u.m.)

 -shooter

 -wheeler

sizeup (n., u.m.)

ski

 #jump

 #lift

 plane

 #suit

skid

 lift (truck)

 road

 #row

skin

 -clad (u.m.)

 deep

 diver

 flint

 -graft (v.)

skipjack

skirtmarker

skullcap

sky

 -blue (u.m.)

 gazer

 -high (u.m.)

 jacker

 lift

 look (v.)

 rocket

 sail

 scape

 scraper

 shine

 writer

slab-sided (u.m.)

slack

 -bake (v.)

 -filled (u.m.)

 #water

slambang

slap

 bang

 dab

 dash

 down (n., u.m.)

 happy
172 Chapter 7

 jack

 stick

 -up (n., u.m.)

slate

 -blue (u.m.)

 -colored (u.m.)

 works

slaughter

 house

 pen

slave

 holding

 #market

 owner

 pen

Slavo (c.f.)

 -Hungarian, etc.

sledge

 #hammer

 -hammered (u.m.)

 meter

sleep

 -filled (u.m.)

 talker

 walker

sleepy

 -eyed (u.m.)

 head

 -looking (u.m.)

sleetstorm

sleeveband

sleuthhound

slide

 film

 knot

 #rule

sling

 ball

 shot

slip

 along (u.m.)

 band

 case

 cover

 knot

 #law

 -on (n., u.m.)

 #proof (printing)

 proof

 ring

 sheet

 shod

 sole

 step

 stitch

 stream

 -up (n., u.m.)

 washer

slit

 shell

 #skirt

slop

 -molded (u.m.)

 seller

slopeways

slow

 belly

 down (n., u.m.)

 -footed (u.m.)

 going

 -motion (u.m.)

 mouthed

 poke

 #time

 up (n., u.m.)

 -witted (u.m.)

sluice

 box

 #gate

slum

 dweller

 gullion

 gum

 lord

slumber-bound 

 (u.m.)

small

 #arms

 #businessman

 pox

 -scale (u.m.)

 sword

 talk

 -time (u.m.)

 town (u.m.)

smart

 #aleck

 -alecky (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 #set

 -tongued (u.m.)

smashup (n., u.m.)

smearcase

smoke

 -blinded (u.m.)

 bomb

 chaser

 -dried (u.m.)

 -dry (v.)

 -dyed (u.m.)

 -filled (u.m.)

 house

 jack

 jumper

 -laden (u.m.)

 pot

 screen

 stack

smoking#room

smooth

 bore

 -browed (u.m.)

 -cast (u.m.)

 -mouthed (u.m.)

 -tongued (u.m.)

 -working (u.m.)

snackbar

snail

 -paced (u.m.)

 -slow (u.m.)

snail’s#pace

snake

 bite

 -bitten (u.m.)

 -eater

 -eyed (u.m.)

 head

 hole

 pit

snap

 dragon

 head

 hook

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n.)

 ring

 roll

 shooter

 shot

 -up (u.m.)

snapper

 -back

 -up

snipe

 bill

 #eel

 -nosed (u.m.)

sniperscope

snooperscope

snow

 ball

 bank

 berg

 blind

 #blindness

 blink

 block

 -blocked (u.m.)

 blower

 break

 capped

 -choked (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 173

 clad (u.m.)

 #cover

 -covered (u.m.)

 drift

 fall

 field

 flake

 line

 melt

 -melting (u.m.)

 mobile

 pack

 pit

 plow

 scape

 shade

 shed

 shine

 shoe

 sled

 slide

 slip

 storm

 suit

 -topped (u.m.)

 #water

 -white (u.m.)

snuffbox

so

 -and-so

 beit (n., conj.)

 -called (u.m.)

 -seeming (u.m.)

 -so

soap

 box

 bubble

 dish

 flakes

 #opera

 rock

 stock

 suds

sob

 #sister

 #story

sober

 -minded (u.m.)

 sides

social

 #work

 #worker

socio (c.f.)

 -official

 economic, etc.

sod

 buster

 culture

 #house

soda

 jerk

 #pop

 #water

sofa

 #bed

 #maker

 -making (u.m.)

 -ridden (u.m.)

soft

 ball

 -boiled (u.m.)

 #coal

 #copy

 #drink

 #goods

 head

 -pedal (v.)

 -shelled (u.m.)

 -soap (nonliteral) 

 (v.)

 -soaper 

 (nonliteral) (n.)

 -spoken (u.m.)

 tack

 ware

 wood

sole

 cutter

 plate

somato (c.f.)

all one word

some

 day

 how

 one (anyone)

 #one (distributive)

 place (adv.)

 time (adv., u.m.)

 #time (some time 

 ago)

 what

son-in-law

song

 bird

 fest

 writer

sonobuoy

sooth

 fast

 sayer

sore

 -eyed (u.m.)

 foot (n.)

 footed (u.m.)

 head (n., u.m.)

sorry-looking (u.m.)

soul

 -deep (u.m.)

 mate

 -searching (u.m.)

 sick

sound

 -absorbing (u.m.)

 #field

 film

 -minded (u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 track

 #wave

soup

 bone

 #bowl

 #kitchen

 #plate

 spoon

sour

 belly

 bread

 dough (n.)

 faced

 -natured (u.m.)

 -sweet

source

 book

 #code

 #file

south

 -born (u.m.)

 bound

 -central (u.m.)

 east

 going

 lander

 paw

 #side

 -sider

 -southeast

 west

soybean

sow

 back

 belly

space

 bar

 craft

 -cramped (u.m.)

 #key

 mark

 ship

 #time

spade

 -dug (u.m.)
174 Chapter 7

 foot

 -footed (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

Spanish

 -American (u.m.)

 -born (u.m.)

 -speaking (u.m.)

spare

 -bodied (u.m.)

 rib

 #room

spark

 #plug (literal)

 plug (nonliteral)

speakeasy (n.)

spear

 cast

 head

 -high (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

spectro (c.f.)

all one word

speech

 -bereft (u.m.)

 -read (v.)

speed

 boating

 trap

 up (n., u.m.)

spell

 binding

 check

 down (n., u.m.)

 -free (u.m.)

spend

 -all (n.)

 thrift

spermato (c.f.)

all one word

spermo (c.f.)

all one word

spheno (c.f.)

 -occipital

rest one word

sphygmo (c.f.)

all one word

spice

 -burnt (u.m.)

 cake

 -laden (u.m.)

spider

 #crab

 -legged

 -spun (u.m.)

 #web (n.)

 web (u.m., v.)

spike

 horn

 -kill (v.)

 -pitch (v.)

spill

 over (n., u.m.)

 way

spin

 back

 #doctor (slang)

 off

spindle

 -formed (u.m.)

 head

 -legged (u.m.)

 legs

 shanks

spine

 bone

 -broken (u.m.)

 -pointed (u.m.)

spino (c.f.)

 -olivary

rest one word

spirit

 -born (u.m.)

 -broken (u.m.)

 #writing

spit

 ball

 fire

splanchno (c.f.)

all one word

splay

 footed

 mouthed

spleen

 -born (u.m.)

 sick

 -swollen (u.m.)

spleno (c.f.)

all one word

split

 finger 

 (crustacean)

 fruit

 mouth

 saw

 #second

 -tongued (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

spoilsport

spondylo (c.f.)

all one word

sponge

 #bath

 cake

 diver

 -diving (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

spongio (c.f.)

all one word

spool#winder

spoon

 -beaked (u.m.)

 -billed (u.m.)

 bread

 -fed (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

 ways

sporeformer

sporo (c.f.)

all one word

sports

 #editor

 person

 wear

 writer

spot

 #check

 -checked (u.m.)

 -face (v.)

 light

 weld (v.)

 welded (u.m.)

 -welding (u.m.)

spray-washed (u.m.)

spread

 -eagle (u.m., v.)

 head

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 -set (v.)

spring

 back 

 (bookbinding)

 bok

 -born (u.m.)

 buck

 -clean (v.)

 #fever

 finger

 -grown (u.m.)

 halt

 head

 -plow (v.)

 -plowed (u.m.)

 tide (season)

 time

 trap

spritsail

spur

 -clad (u.m.)

 -driven (u.m.)

 gall

 -galled (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 175

 -heeled (u.m.)

spy

 glass

 hole

 tower

square

 -bottomed (u.m.)

 -built (u.m.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 flipper

 head

 -headed

 #mile

 -rigged (u.m.)

 #root

 -set (u.m.)

 shooter

squeeze

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

squirrel-headed 

 (u.m.)

stackup (n., u.m.)

staff

 -herd (v.)

 -hour

 time

stag

 -handled (u.m.)

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 horn

 -horned (u.m.)

 hound

 hunter

stage

 coach

 hand

 #set

 -struck (u.m.)

stair

 case

 head

 step

 well

stake

 head

 holder

 out (n.)

stale-worn (u.m.)

stall

 -fed (u.m.)

 -feed (v.)

stand

 by (n., u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 fast (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 offish

 out (n., u.m.)

 pat

 pipe

 point

 post

 still (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

standard

 #bearer

 bred

 #gauge

 #time

staphylo (c.f.)

all one word

star

 blind

 bright

 dust

 gazer

 -led (u.m.)

 light

 lit

 lite (gem)

 nose (mole)

 shake

 shine

 shoot

 -spangled (u.m.)

 stroke

 -studded (u.m.)

 #time

stark

 -blind (u.m.)

 -mad (u.m.)

 -naked (u.m.)

 -raving (u.m.)

starter-off

start-stop

startup (n., u.m.)

stat (pref.)

all one word

State

 -aided (u.m.)

 #line

 -owned (u.m.)

state

 hood

 -of-the-art (u.m.)

 quake

 room

 side

station#house

stato (c.f.)

all one word

statute

 -barred (u.m.)

 #book

stay

 -at-home (n., u.m.)

 #bar

 bolt

 boom

 lace

 log

 pin

 plow

 sail

 wire

steam

 boating

 car

 -cooked (u.m.)

 -driven (u.m.)

 fitter

 pipe

 plant

 -pocket (v.)

 power (n.)

 #powerplant

 -propelled (u.m.)

 roll (v.)

 roller (u.m., v.)

 ship

 table

 tightness

steamer#line

steel

 -blue (u.m.)

 -bright (u.m.)

 -cased (u.m.)

 clad

 -framed (u.m.)

 -hard (u.m.)

 head

 plate

 works

steep

 -rising (u.m.)

 -to (u.m.)

 -up (u.m.)

 -walled (u.m.)

steeple

 chase

 -high (u.m.)

 jack

 top

stem

 head

 post

 winder

stencil-cutting (u.m.)
176 Chapter 7

steno (c.f.)

all one word

step

 aunt

 child, etc.

 dance

 down (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 ladder

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

stepping

 -off (u.m.)

 -out (u.m.)

 stone

stereo (c.f.)

all one word

stern

 castle

 -faced (u.m.)

 -heavy (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 most

 post

 #wheel

 -wheeler

sterno (c.f.)

all one word

stetho (c.f.)

 all one word

stew

 pan

 pot

stick

 -at-it (n., u.m.)

 fast (n.)

 -in-the-mud (n.,

 u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 pin

 -to-it-iveness (n.)

 up (n., u.m.)

sticker

 -in

 -on

 -up

stiff

 -backed (u.m.)

 neck

 -necked (u.m.)

still

 -admired (u.m.)

 birth

 born

 -burn (v.)

 -fish (v.)

 -hunt (v.)

 #life

 -recurring (u.m.)

 stand

stink

 ball

 bomb

 bug

 damp

 pot

stir

 about (n., u.m.)

 fry

 -up (n., u.m.)

stitch

 down (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

stock

 breeder

 broker

 #car

 feeder

 holding

 jobber

 judging

 list

 pile

 pot

 rack

 raiser

 -still (u.m.)

 taker

 truck

stoke

 hold

 hole

stomach

 #ache

 -filling (u.m.)

 #pump

 -shaped (u.m.)

 -sick (u.m.)

 -weary (u.m.)

stomato (c.f.)

all one word

stone

 biter

 blind

 brash

 breaker

 broke

 brood

 cast

 -cold (u.m.)

 #crab

 crusher

 cutter

 -dead (u.m.)

 -deaf (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 head

 layer

 lifter

 mason

 shot

 #wall (n.)

 wall (u.m., v.)

 #writing

stony

 -eyed (u.m.)

 #land

stop

 back (n.)

 block

 clock

 cock

 gap

 hound

 list

 log

 -loss (u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 watch

storage#room

store

 front

 house

storm

 -beaten (u.m.)

 cock

 flow

 -laden (u.m.)

 -swept (u.m.)

 -tossed (u.m.)

 #trooper

 wind

 #window

storyteller

stout

 -armed (u.m.)

 heartedness

 -minded (u.m.)

stove

 brush

 -heated (u.m.)

 pipe

stow

 away (n., u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

straddle

 back

 -face (v.)

 -legged (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 177

straight

 away

 -backed (u.m.)

 -cut (u.m.)

 edge

 -edged (u.m.)

 #face

 -faced (u.m.)

 forward

 head

 -legged (u.m.)

 #line

 -lined (u.m.)

 -out (n., u.m.)

 -spoken (u.m.)

 #time

 -up (u.m.)

 -up-and-down 

 (u.m.)

strainslip

strait

 -chested (u.m.)

 jacket

 laced

stranglehold

strap

 -bolt (v.)

 hanger

 head

 -shaped (u.m.)

 watch

strato (c.f.)

all one word

straw

 berry#field

 boss

 -built (u.m.)

 hat

 #poll

 -roofed (u.m.)

 splitting

 stack

 -stuffed (u.m.)

 #vote

 walker

 -yellow (u.m.)

stray

 away (n., u.m.)

 #line

 mark

stream

 bank

 bed

 flow

 head

 lined

 side

street

 -bred (u.m.)

 car

 cleaner

 -cleaning (u.m.)

 sweeper

 walker

strepto (c.f.)

all one word

stretchout (n., u.m.)

strike

 breaker

 -in (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 -over (n., u.m.)

striker

 -in

 -out

 -over

string

 course

 halt

 #proof (density)

 ways

strip

 cropping

 #mine

 tease

strong

 -arm (u.m., v.)

 back (nautical)

 -backed (u.m.)

 box

 hold

 #man (literal)

 man (nonliteral)

 -minded (u.m.)

 point (n.)

stub

 runner

 -toed (u.m.)

 wing

stubble

 #field

 -mulch (u.m.)

stubbornminded

stucco-fronted 

 (u.m.)

stuck

 up (n., u.m.)

 -uppish (u.m.)

stud

 bolt

 horse

 mare

stuntman

sturdy-limbed (u.m.)

stylebook

stylo (c.f.)

all one word

sub (pref.)

 -Himalayan, etc.

 machinegun

 #rosa, #specie, etc.

 -subcommittee

 polar, standard, 

 etc.

rest one word

subject

 -object

 -objectivity

subter (pref.)

all one word

such-and-such

suck

 -egg (n., u.m.)

 hole

 -in (n., u.m.)

sugar

 #beet

 #bowl

 cake

 cane

 -coat (v.)

 -coated (u.m.)

 -cured (u.m.)

 loaf

 plum

 spoon

 sweet

 #water

 works

sulfa (c.f.)

all one word

sulfo (c.f.)

all one word

sulfon (c.f.)

all one word

sullen

 hearted

 -natured (u.m.)

summer

 -clad (u.m.)

 -dried (u.m.)

 -fallow (v.)

 -made (u.m.)

 tide

 time (season)

 #time (daylight 

 saving)

sun

 -baked (u.m.)

 bath

 -bathed (u.m.)
178 Chapter 7

 beam

 blind

 #blindness

 bonnet

 bow

 break

 burn

 burst

 -cured (u.m.)

 dial

 dog

 down

 dress

 -dried (u.m.)

 -dry (v.)

 fall

 fast

 glade

 glare

 glow

 #hat

 lamp

 lit

 quake

 ray

 rise

 scald

 set

 shade

 shine

 -shot (u.m.)

 shower

 spot

 stricken

 stroke

 struck

 tan

 #time (measure)

 time (dawn)

 up

sunny

 -looking (u.m.)

 -natured (u.m.)

super (pref.)

 -Christian, etc.

 #high frequency

 -superlative

 highway, market,

 etc.

rest one word

Super Bowl

supra (pref.)

 -abdominal

 -acromial

 -aerial

 anal

 -angular

 -arytenoid

 -auditory

 -auricular

 -axillary

 -Christian, etc.

rest one word

sur (pref.)

all one word

sure

 -fire (u.m.)

 -footed (u.m.)

 -slow

surf

 -battered (u.m.)

 board

 #fish

 -swept (u.m.)

swallow

 pipe

 -tailed (u.m.)

swampside

swan

 -bosomed (u.m.)

 dive

 herd

 mark

 neck

 song

swansdown

swash

 buckler

 plate

sway

 back (n., u.m.)

 -backed (u.m.)

 bar

 -brace (v.)

swearer-in

sweat

 band

 #gland

 shirt

 shop

sweep

 back (aviation) 

 (n., u.m.)

 forward 

 (aviation) (n., 

 u.m.)

 stake

 through (n., u.m.)

 washer

sweet

 bread

 -breathed (u.m.)

 brier

 faced

 heart

 meat

 mouthed

 -pickle (v.)

 -sour

swell

 -butted (u.m.)

 head

 toad

swelled-headed 

 (u.m.)

swept

 back (n., u.m.)

 forward (n., u.m.)

 wing (n., u.m.)

swift

 foot

 -footed (u.m.)

 -handed (u.m.)

 -running (u.m.)

swill

 bowl

 tub

swimsuit

swine

 -backed (u.m.)

 bread

 head

 herd

 pox

 sty

swing

 back (n., u.m.)

 bar

 dingle

 #gate

 #shift

 stock

 tree

swingle

 bar

 tree

switch

 back

 blade

 box

 gear

 plate

 plug

 rail

 tender

swivel

 #chair

 eye

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -hooked (u.m.)

sword

 -armed (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 179

 bearer

 #belt

 bill

 fishing

 play

 -shaped (u.m.)

 stick

syn (pref.)

 all one word

synchro

 cyclotron

 flash

 mesh

 tron

Syro (c.f.)

 -Arabian, etc.

 phenician

T

T

 -ball

 -bandage

 -beam

 -boat

 -bone

 -cloth

 -iron

 -man

 -rail

 -scale (score)

 -shape

 -shaped

 -shirt

 -square

table

 cloth

 -cut (u.m.)

 cutter

 -cutting (u.m.)

 -formed (u.m.)

 #linen

 -shaped (u.m.)

 spoon

 talk

 top

 ware

tachy (c.f.)

all one word

tag

 -affixing (u.m.)

 lock

 rag

 sore

tail

 band

 #coat

 -cropped (u.m.)

 #end

 -ender

 first

 foremost

 gate

 head

 -heavy (u.m.)

 hook

 lamp

 pin

 pipe

 race

 spin

 stock

 -tied (u.m.)

 twister

 -up (n., u.m.)

 wheel

 wind

tailor

 -cut (u.m.)

 made (u.m.)

 -suited (u.m.)

take

 -all (n.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 -home (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

taker

 -down

 -in

 -off

 -over

 -up

tale

 bearer

 carrier

 teller

talkfest

talking-to (n.)

tall

 boy (n.)

 -built (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

tallow

 -faced (u.m.)

 -pale (u.m.)

tally

 #board

 #clerk

 ho

 #room

 #sheet

tame

 -grown (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

tan

 bark

 works

tangent

 -cut (v.)

 -saw (v.)

tangle

 foot

 -haired (u.m.)

tank

 #car

 farm

 ship

 town

tap

 bolt

 dance

 hole

 net

 off (n., u.m.)

 -riveted (u.m.)

 room

 root

 -tap

 water

tape

 #deck

 #drive

 #measure

 string

 -tied (u.m.)

taper

 bearer

 -fashion (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

tapestry

 -covered (u.m.)

 #maker

 -making (u.m.)

 #work

tar

 -brand (v.)

 brush

 -coal (u.m.)

 -dipped (u.m.)

 #paper

 -paved (u.m.)

 pot

 -roofed (u.m.)

 works

tariff-protected 

 (u.m.)

tarpaulin

 -covered (u.m.)

 #maker
180 Chapter 7

 -making (u.m.)

tarso (c.f.)

all one word

task

 #force

 setter

tattletale

tauro (c.f.)

all one word

tax

 -burdened (u.m.)

 #collector

 eater

 -exempt (u.m.)

 -free (u.m.)

 gatherer

 -laden (u.m.)

 paid

 payer

 #roll

 -supported (u.m.)

taxi

 auto

 bus

 cab

 meter

 stand

tea

 ball

 cake

 cart

 -colored (u.m.)

 cup

 dish

 kettle

 #party

 pot

 room

 -scented (u.m.)

 spoon

 taster

teamplay

tear

 bomb

 -dimmed (u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 drop

 #gas

 -off (n., u.m.)

 -out (n., u.m.)

 pit

 sheet

 stain

 -stained (u.m.)

teen

 age (u.m.)

 ager

teeter-totter

tele (c.f.)

all one word

teleo (c.f.)

all one word

tell

 tale

 truth

telo (c.f.)

all one word

tempest-rocked 

 (u.m.)

temporo (c.f.)

 -occipital

rest one word

ten

 fold

 penny (nail)

 pins

tender

 #boat

 -faced (u.m.)

 foot

 -footed (u.m.)

 footish

 -handed (u.m.)

 heart

 loin

 -looking (u.m.)

tenement#house

tent

 -dotted (u.m.)

 pole

 -sheltered (u.m.)

 #show

terra

 #cotta

 #firma

 mara

terrace-fashion 

 (u.m.)

test-fly (v.)

tetra (c.f.)

all one word

thanksgiving

thatch-roofed 

 (u.m.)

text

 -based

 #file

 #mode

theater

 goer

 going

thenceforth

theo (c.f.)

all one word

theologico (c.f.)

all one word

there

 about(s)

 above

 across

 after

 against

 among

 around

 at

 away

 before

 between

 by

 for

 fore

 from

 in

 inafter

 inbefore

 into

 on

 over

 through

 tofore

 under

 until

 unto

 upon

 with

thermo (c.f.)

all one word

thick

 -blooded (u.m.)

 head

 -looking (u.m.)

 pated

 set (n., u.m.)

 skinned

 skull (n.)

 skulled

 -tongued (u.m.)

 wit

 -witted (u.m.)

 -wooded (u.m.)

 -woven (u.m.)

thin

 -clad (u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 set (u.m.)

 -voiced (u.m.)

thio (c.f.)

all one word

third

 -class (u.m.)

 -degree (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 181

 hand (adv., u.m.)

 #house

 -rate (u.m.)

 -rater

thistledown

thoraco (c.f.)

 all one word

thorn

 back

 bill

 -covered (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

 -strewn (u.m.)

 tail

thorough

 -bind (v.)

 bred

 -dried (u.m.)

 fare

 going

 -made (u.m.)

 paced

 pin

thought

 -free (u.m.)

 -out (u.m.)

 -provoking (u.m.)

thousand

 fold

 -headed (u.m.)

 -legged (u.m.)

 legs (worm)

thrall

 born

 dom

 -less

thread

 bare

 -leaved (u.m.)

 worn

three

 -bagger

 -cornered (u.m.)

 -dimensional 

 (u.m.)

 fold

 -in-hand

 -master

 penny (nail)

 -piece (u.m.)

 -ply (u.m.)

 score

 some

 -spot

 -square

 -striper

throat

 band

 cutter

 latch

 strap

thrombo (c.f.)

all one word

through

 out

 put

 #road

 way

throw

 away (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 #line

 off (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 -weight

thrust-pound

thumb

 #hole

 -made (u.m.)

 mark

 -marked (u.m.)

 nail

 print

 screw

 stall

 string

 sucker

 tack

 worn

thunder

 bearer

 blast

 bolt

 clap

 cloud

 head

 peal

 shower

 storm

 struck

thymo (c.f.)

all one word

thyro (c.f.)

all one word

tibio (c.f.)

all one word

tick

 #feed

 seed

 tacktoe

 tick

 tock

ticket

 #seller

 -selling (u.m.)

 #writer

tidal#wave

tiddlywink

tide

 flat

 head

 mark

 -marked (u.m.)

 race

 table

 -tossed (u.m.)

 waiter

 -worn (u.m.)

tie

 back (n.)

 #bar

 #beam

 down (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 -out (n., u.m.)

 pin

 -plater

 #rod

 #tack

 up (n., u.m.)

tierlift (truck)

tiger

 eye

 #lily

 #shark

 -striped (u.m.)

tight

 -belted (u.m.)

 fisted

 -fitting (u.m.)

 lipped

 rope

 -set (u.m.)

 -tie (v.)

 wad

 wire

tile

 -clad (u.m.)

 #drain

 -red (u.m.)

 setter

 works

 wright

tilt

 hammer

 rotor

 up (n.)
182 Chapter 7

timber

 -built (u.m.)

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 jack

 line

 -propped (u.m.)

 #wolf

 wright

time

 bomb

 born

 card

 clerk

 clock

 -consuming (u.m.)

 frame

 -honored (u.m.)

 keeper

 killer

 lag

 lock

 outs (n., u.m.)

 piece

 pleaser

 saver

 server

 sheet

 slip

 slot

 span

 -stamp (v.)

 study

 table

 taker

 waster

 worn

tin

 -bearing (u.m.)

 #can

 -capped (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 #cup

 #fish (torpedo)

 foil

 horn

 kettle

 -lined (u.m.)

 man

 pan

 plate

 -plated (u.m.)

 pot

 -roofed (u.m.)

 type

 -white (u.m.)

tinsel

 -bright (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 #town

tintblock (printing)

tip

 burn

 cart

 -curled (u.m.)

 head

 -in (n., u.m.)

 most

 off (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 staff

 stock

 tank

 -tap

 toe

 top

 -up (u.m.)

tire

 changer

 dresser

 fitter

 #gauge

 #iron

 -mile

 #rack

 shaper

 some

tit

 bit

 #for#tat

 mouse

titano (c.f.)

all one word

tithe

 book

 -free (u.m.)

 payer

 right

title

 holder

 -holding (u.m.)

 #page

 winner

 -winning (u.m.)

to

 -and-fro

 -do (n.)

 #wit

toad

 back

 -bellied (u.m.)

 blind

 fish

 -green (u.m.)

 stool

tobacco

 #grower

 -growing (u.m.)

 #shop

toe

 cap

 #dance

 hold

 -in (n., u.m.)

 -mark (v.)

 nail

 plate

 print

toil

 -beaten (u.m.)

 some

 -stained (u.m.)

 -weary (u.m.)

 worn

toilet#room

toll

 bar

 #bridge

 #call

 gate

 gatherer

 house

 #line

 payer

 road

 taker

tom

 boy

 cat

 foolery

 -tom

tommy

 gun

 rot

ton

 -hour

 -kilometer

 -mile

 -mileage

 -mile-day

tone

 -deaf (u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 -producing (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

tongue

 -baited (u.m.)

 -bound (u.m.)

 -free (u.m.)

 -lash (v.)

 #lashing
Compounding Examples 183

 play

 -shaped (u.m.)

 shot

 sore

 tack

 -tied

 tip

 #twister

 -twisting (u.m.)

tool

 bag

 #belt

 box

 builder

 #chest

 crib

 dresser

 fitter

 #grinder

 -grinding (u.m.)

 head

 holding

 kit

 mark

 plate

 post

 rack

 setter

 shed

 slide

 stock

tooth

 ache

 #and#nail

 -billed (u.m.)

 brush

 drawer

 mark

 -marked (u.m.)

 paste

 pick

 plate

 powder

 puller

 -pulling (u.m.)

 -set (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

 some

 wash

top

 #brass

 cap (n.)

 coat

 cutter

 #dog

 -drain (v.)

 #drawer

 dress (v.)

 flight (u.m.)

 full

 gallant (n., u.m.)

 -graft (v.)

 hat

 -hatted (u.m.)

 heavy

 kick

 knot

 liner

 mark

 mast

 milk

 most

 notch (nonliteral)

 rail

 rope

 sail

 -secret (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

 side (naut.)

 soil

topo (c.f.)

all one word

topsy-turvy

torch

 bearer

 #holder

 lighted

 lit

torpedo

 #boat

 #room

torquemeter

toss

 pot

 up (n., u.m.)

touch

 #and#go

 back (n., u.m.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 hole

 -me-not (n., u.m.)

 pan

 reader

 stone

 up (n., u.m.)

tough

 -headed (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -skinned (u.m.)

tow

 away

 boat

 head

 line

 mast

 #net

 -netter

 path

 rope

 #truck

tower

 -high (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

town

 -bred (u.m.)

 #clerk

 #crier

 -dotted (u.m.)

 folk

 gate

 going

 hall

 lot

 ship

 side

 site

 talk

 -weary (u.m.)

towns

 fellow

 people

toy

 #dog

 -sized (u.m.)

 town

tracheo (c.f.)

all one word

trachy (c.f.)

all one word

track

 barrow

 hound

 layer

 mark

 -mile

 side

 walker

tractor-trailer

trade

 #board

 -in (n., u.m.)

 -laden (u.m.)

 -made (u.m.)

 mark

 #name

 off

 #union

 #wind

tradespeople

traffic-mile

tragico (c.f.)

all one word
184 Chapter 7

trail

 blazer

 breaker

 -marked (u.m.)

 side

 sight

 -weary (u.m.)

train

 bearer

 bolt

 crew

 line

 -mile

 shed

 sick

 stop

tram

 -borne (u.m.)

 car

 rail

 road

 way

trans (pref.)

 alpine

 atlantic

 -Canadian, etc.

 gender

 pacific

 uranic

rest one word

transit#time

trap

 door

 fall

 shoot

trashrack

travel

 -bent (u.m.)

 time

 -tired (u.m.)

 -worn (u.m.)

trawlnet

tread

 mill

 wheel

treasure

 -filled (u.m.)

 #house

 -laden (u.m.)

treaty

 breaker

 -sealed (u.m.)

tree

 #belt

 -clad (u.m.)

 #line

 -lined (u.m.)

 nail

 -ripe (u.m.)

 scape

 top

 #trunk

trellis-covered

 (u.m.)

trench

 back

 coat

 foot

 #knife

 mouth

 #plow

 -plowed (u.m.)

tri (c.f.)

 -iodide

 -ply (u.m.)

 state, etc.

rest one word

tribespeople

tribo (c.f.)

all one word

tricho (c.f.)

all one word

trim

 -cut (u.m.)

 -dressed (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

trinitro (c.f.)

all one word

trip

 -free (u.m.)

 hammer

 wire

triple

 -acting (u.m.)

 back (sofa)

 branched (u.m.)

 -edged (u.m.)

 fold

 #play

 -tailed (u.m.)

 tree (n.)

trolley#line

troop

 ship

 #train

tropho (c.f.)

all one word

tropo (c.f.)

all one word

trouble

 -free (u.m.)

 -haunted (u.m.)

 maker

 shooter

 some

truce

 breaker

 -seeking (u.m.)

truck

 driver

 #farm

 -mile

 stop

true

 -aimed (u.m.)

 -blue (u.m.)

 born

 bred

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -false

 love (n., u.m.)

 penny (n.)

 #time

trunk

 back

 nose

trust

 breaking

 buster

 -controlled (u.m.)

 -ridden (u.m.)

 worthy

truth

 -filled (u.m.)

 lover

 seeker

 -seeking (u.m.)

 teller

try

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 square

 works

tube

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -fed (u.m.)

 head

 -nosed (u.m.)

 works

tuberculo (c.f.)

all one word

tubo (c.f.)

 -ovarian

rest one word

tug

 boat

 #of#war

tumbledown (n., 

 u.m.)

tune

 out (n., u.m.)
Compounding Examples 185

 up (n., u.m.)

tunnel

 -boring (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

 #vision

turbo (c.f.)

 -ramjet (u.m.)

rest one word

turf

 -built (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 #war

turkey

 back

 #buzzard

 #gobbler

 #trot

Turko (c.f.)

 -Greek, etc.

rest one word

turn

 about (n., u.m.)

 about-face

 again (n., u.m.)

 around (n., u.m.)

 back (n., u.m.)

 buckle

 cap

 coat

 cock

 down (n., u.m.)

 gate

 -in (n., u.m.)

 key

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 pike

 pin

 plate

 round (n., u.m.)

 screw

 sheet

 sole

 stile

 stitch

 table

 tail

 -to (n.)

 under (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

turned

 -back (u.m.)

 -down (u.m.)

 -in (u.m.)

 -on (u.m.)

 -out (u.m.)

 -over (u.m.)

turner-off

turtle

 back

 dove

 -footed (u.m.)

 neck (u.m.)

 #shell

twelve

 fold

 penny (nail)

 score

twenty

 -first

 fold

 -one

twice

 -born (u.m.)

 -reviewed (u.m.)

 -told (u.m.)

twin

 #boat

 born

 -engined (u.m.)

 fold

 -jet (u.m.)

 -motor (u.m.)

 -screw (u.m.)

two

 -a-day (u.m.)

 -along (n.) 

 (bookbinding)

 -decker

 -faced (u.m.)

 fold

 -handed (u.m.)

 penny (nail)

 -piece (u.m.)

 -ply (u.m.)

 score

 -seater

 some

 -spot

 -step (dance)

 -striper

 -suiter

 -up (n., u.m.)

 -way (u.m.)

 -wheeler

tympano (c.f.)

 all one word

type

 case

 cast

 cutter

 face

 foundry

 script

 set

 write (v.)

typho (c.f.)

all one word

typo (c.f.)

all one word

tyro (c.f.)

all one word

U

U

 -boat

 -cut

 -magnet

 -rail

 -shaped

 -tube

ultra (pref.)

 -ambitious, 

 -atomic, etc.

 -English, etc.

 high#frequency

 -high-speed (u.m.)

 #valorem, etc.

rest one word

un (pref.)

 -American, etc.

 called-for (u.m.)

 heard-of (u.m.)

 -ionized (u.m.)

 self-conscious

 sent-for (u.m.)

 thought-of (u.m.)

 rest one word

under

 age (deficit)

 age (younger)

 (n., u.m.) 

#cultivation 

 (tillage)

 cultivation 

 (insufficient)

 #secretary

 -secretaryship

 way

 as prefix, one

 word

uni (c.f.)

 -univalent

rest one word

union

 -made (u.m.)

 #shop

unit-set (u.m.)

up

 -anchor (u.m., v.)
186 Chapter 7

 -and-coming 

 (u.m.)

 #and#up

 beat

 coast

 country

 dip

 end (v.)

 front (n., u.m.)

 grade

 gradient

 keep

 lift

 load

 -over (u.m.)

 rate

 river

 stairs

 state

 stream

 swing

 take

 tight (n., u.m.)

 #tight (v.)

 -to-date (u.m.)

 #to#date

 town

 trend

 turn

 wind

upper

 case (printing)

 #class

 classman

 crust (n., u.m.)

 cut

 #deck

 most

urano (c.f.)

all one word

uretero (c.f.)

all one word

urethro (c.f.)

all one word

uro (c.f.)

all one word

used-car (u.m.)

user

 #default

 -defined

 -friendly

 #group

 #interface

utero (c.f.)

all one word

V

V

 -connection

 -curve

 -engine

 -neck

 -shaped

 -type

vacant

 -eyed (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

vagino (c.f.)

all one word

vainglorious

valve

 -grinding (u.m.)

 -in-head (u.m.)

van

 driver

 guard

 pool

vapor

 -filled (u.m.)

 -heating (u.m.)

 #lock

vase-shaped (u.m.)

vaso (c.f.)

all one word

vegeto (c.f.)

all one word

vein

 -mining (u.m.)

 -streaked (u.m.)

vellum

 -bound (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

velvet

 -crimson (u.m.)

 -draped (u.m.)

 -green (u.m.)

 -pile (u.m.)

venthole

ventri (c.f.)

all one word

ventro (c.f.)

all one word

vertebro (c.f.)

all one word

vesico (c.f.)

 all one word

vibro (c.f.)

all one word

vice

 #admiral

 -admiralty

 #consul

 -consulate

 #governor

 -governorship

 #minister

 -ministry

 -presidency

 #president

 -president-elect

 -presidential

 #rector

 -rectorship

 regal

 -regency

 #regent

 royal

 #squad

 #versa

 #warden

videotape

Vietcong

view

 finder

 point

vile-natured (u.m.)

vine

 -clad (u.m.)

 -covered (u.m.)

 dresser

 growing

 stalk

vinegar

 -flavored (u.m.)

 -hearted (u.m.)

 -making (u.m.)

 -tart (u.m.)

violet

 -blue (u.m.)`

 -colored (u.m.)

 -eared (u.m.)

 #ray

 -rayed (u.m.)

 #water

violin-shaped (u.m.)

vis-a-vis

viscero (c.f.)

all one word

vitreo (c.f.)

all one word

vitro (c.f.)

 -clarain

 -di-trina

 rest one word

vivi (c.f.)

all one word

voice

 -capable

 #mail

 over (n.)
Compounding Examples 187

volleyball

volt

 ammeter

 -ampere

 -coulomb

 meter

 ohmmeter

 -second

volta (c.f.)

all one word

vote

 -casting (u.m.)

 getter

 -getting (u.m.)

vow

 -bound (u.m.)

 breaker

 -pledged (u.m.)

vulvo (c.f.)

 all one word

W

W

 -engine

 -shaped

 -surface

 -type

wage

 #earner

 -earning (u.m.)

 #scale

 worker

waist

 band

 belt

 cloth

 coat

 -deep (u.m.)

 -high (u.m.)

 line

waiting

 #list

 #man

 #room

 #woman

walk

 around (n., u.m.)

 away (n., u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 over (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

 way

walkie-talkie

wall

 board

 eyed

 flower

 -like

 -painting (u.m.)

 paper

 plate

 -sided (u.m.)

walled

 -in (u.m.)

 -up (u.m.)

war

 #dance

 -disabled (u.m.)

 -famed (u.m.)

 fare

 head

 horse (nonliteral)

 like

 monger

 -made (u.m.)

 path

 plane

 ship

 -swept (u.m.)

 #time (clock)

 time (duration)

ward

 #heeler

 robe

 ship

warm

 blooded

 -clad (u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

warmed-over (u.m.)

warpsetter

wash

 basin

 basket

 board

 bowl

 cloth

 -colored (u.m.)

 day

 down (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 out (n., u.m.)

 pot

 rag

 #sale

 stand

 tray

 trough

 tub

 up (n., u.m.)

washed

 -out (u.m.)

 -up (u.m.)

waste

 basket

 land

 leaf 

 (bookbinding)

 paper

 site

 word

watch

 band

 case

 #chain

 cry

 dog

 -free (u.m.)

 glass

 tower

water

 bag

 bank

 bearer

 -bearing (u.m.)

 -beaten (u.m.)

 -bind (v.)

 #blister

 bloom

 buck

 color

 -colored (u.m.)

 -cool (v.)

 -cooled (u.m.)

 #cooler

 course

 craft

 dog

 -drinking (u.m.)

 drop

 fall

 -filled (u.m.)

 finder

 flood

 flow

 fog

 -free (u.m.)

 front

 gate

 head

 hole

 horse

 -inch

 -laden (u.m.)

 lane

 leaf

 #line

 -lined (u.m.)

 locked

 log
 #main

 mark

 melon

 meter

 plant

 pot

 power

 proofing

 quake

 -rot (v.)

 scape

 shed

 shoot

 side

 -soak (v.)

 -soaked (u.m.)

 -soluble (u.m.)

 spout

 stain

 #table

 tight

 wall

 works

 worn

watt

 -hour

 meter

 -second

wave

 -cut (u.m.)

 form

 guide

 -lashed (u.m.)

 length

 mark

 meter

 -moist (u.m.)

 -on (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 -swept (u.m.)

 -worn (u.m.)

wax

 bill

 -billed (u.m.)

 chandler

 cloth

 -coated (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

 #paper

 #stone

 -yellow (u.m.)

way

 back (n., u.m.)

 beam

 bill

 down (n., u.m.)

 farer

 fellow

 going

 laid

 lay

 mark

 post

 side

 -sore (u.m.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

 worn

weak

 -backed (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 handed

 -kneed (u.m.)

 minded

 mouthed

weather

 beaten

 blown

 -borne (u.m.)

 break

 cock

 glass

 going

 -hardened (u.m.)

 #house

 -marked (u.m.)

 most

 proofing

 -stain (v.)

 strip

 -stripped (u.m.)

 worn

web

 -fingered (u.m.)

 foot

 -footed (u.m.)

 master

 #page

 #press

 site

wedge

 -billed (u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

weed

 -choked (u.m.)

 -hidden (u.m.)

 hook

 killer

week

 day

 end

 -ender

 -ending (u.m.)

 long (u.m.)

 -old (u.m.)

weigh

 bridge

 -in (n., u.m.)

 lock

 out (n., u.m.)

 shaft

well

 -being (n.)

 -beloved (u.m.)

 -born (u.m.)

 -bound (u.m.)

 -bred (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -deserving (u.m.)

 -doer

 -doing (n., u.m.)

 -drained (u.m.)

 -drilling (u.m.)

 #field

 -grown (u.m.)

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 hole

 -informed (u.m.)

 -known (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -meaner

 -nigh (u.m.)

 -off (u.m.)

 -read (u.m.)

 -set-up (u.m.)

 -settled (u.m.)

 side

 -spoken (u.m.)

 spring

 stead

 -thought-of (u.m.)

 -thought-out 

 (u.m.)

 -to-do (u.m.)

 -wisher

 -wishing (u.m.)

 -worn (u.m.)

welterweight

werewolf

west

 bound

 -central (u.m.)

 #end

 -faced (u.m.)

 going

 most

 -northwest

 #side

 -sider

wet

 #bar

 -cheeked (u.m.)

188 Chapter 7
 -clean (v.)

 land

 -nurse (v.)

 pack

 wash

whale

 back

 -backed (u.m.)

 bone

 -built (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

 -mouthed (u.m.)

 ship

wharf

 #boat

 hand

 head

 side

what

 abouts (n.)

 ever

 -is-it (n.)

 not (n.)

 soever

 -you-may-call-it 

 (n.)

wheat

 cake

 -colored (u.m.)

 ear

 -fed (u.m.)

 field

 grower

 -rich (u.m.)

 stalk

wheel

 band

 barrow

 base

 chair

 -cut (u.m.)

 going

 horse (nonliteral)

 #load

 -made (u.m.)

 plate

 race

 spin

 stitch

 -worn (u.m.)

 wright

when

 ever

 -issued (u.m.)

 soever

where

 abouts

 after

 as

 at

 by

 for

 fore

 from

 in

 insoever

 into

 of

 on

 over

 soever

 through

 to

 under

 upon

 with

 withal

wherever

which

 ever

 soever

whiffletree

whip

 cord

 crack

 -graft (v.)

 #hand

 lash

 -marked (u.m.)

 post

 saw

 -shaped (u.m.)

 socket

 staff

 stalk

 stall

 stick

 stitch

 stock

 -tailed (u.m.)

whipper

 -in

 snapper

whirl

 about (n., u.m.)

 blast

 pool

 -shaped (u.m.)

 wind

whirlybird

whisk

 broom

 #tail

whistle

 blower

 (nonliteral)

 #blower (literal)

 stop

white

 back

 beard (n.)

 #book 

 (diplomatic)

 cap (n.)

 coat (n.)

 -collar (u.m.)

 comb (n.)

 corn

 -eared (u.m.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 face

 -faced (u.m.)

 foot (n.)

 -footed (u.m.)

 handed

 -hard (u.m.)

 head

 -headed (u.m.)

 -hot (u.m.)

 #line

 out (u.m., v.)

 pot

 tail

 -tailed (u.m.)

 -throated (u.m.)

 top (n.)

 vein

 wash

who

 ever

 soever

whole

 -headed (u.m.)

 #hog

 -hogger

 sale

 some

whomsoever

whooping#cough

wicker-woven (u.m.)

wicket

 keeper

 keeping

wide

 -angle (u.m.)

 -awake (u.m.)

 -handed (u.m.)

 mouthed

 -open (u.m.)

 spread

 -spreading (u.m.)

Compounding Examples 189
190 Chapter 7

widow

 #bird

 hood

wigwag

wild

 cat (n.)

 -eyed (u.m.)

 fire

 #land

 life

 #man

 wind

will

 -less

 -o’-the-wisp

 power

wilt-resistant (u.m.)

wind (v.)

 down (n., u.m.)

 up (n., u.m.)

 bag

 ball

 blown

 brace

 breaker

 burn

 catcher

 -chapped (u.m.)

 chill

 fall

 #farm

 fast

 -fertilized (u.m.)

 firm

 flow

 #force

 gall

 -galled (u.m.)

 #gauge

 hole

 -hungry (u.m.)

 jammer

 lass

 mill

 pipe

 -pollinated (u.m.)

 #power

 -rode (u.m.)

 row

 screen

 -shaken (u.m.)

 -shear (u.m.)

 shield

 shock

 side

 sleeve

 sock

 speed

 stop

 storm

 stream

 swept

 #tunnel

 worn

window

 breaker

 -breaking (u.m.)

 #cleaner

 -cleaning (u.m.)

 #dresser

 -dressing (u.m.)

 pane

 #shade

 -shop (v.)

 -shopping (u.m.)

 sill

 #work

wine

 bag

 -black (u.m.)

 -drinking (u.m.)

 glass

 growing

 -hardy (u.m.)

 pot

 #press

 -red (u.m.)

 seller

 taster

 tester

 vat

wing

 band

 bar

 beat

 bolt

 bone

 borne

 bow

 cut

 #flap

 -footed (u.m.)

 handed

 -heavy (u.m.)

 -loading (u.m.)

 -loose (u.m.)

 nut

 over (n., u.m.)

 -shaped (u.m.)

 -shot (u.m.)

 span

 -swift (u.m.)

 tip

 top

 wall

 -weary (u.m.)

winter

 -beaten (u.m.)

 -clad (u.m.)

 -fallow (v.)

 -fed (u.m.)

 feed

 #green (color)

 green (plant, etc.)

 -hardy (u.m.)

 kill

 -made (u.m.)

 -sown (u.m.)

 tide

 time

 -worn (u.m.)

wire

 bar

 -caged (u.m.)

 -cut (u.m.)

 cutter

 dancer

 draw (v.)

 -edged (u.m.)

 #gauge

 hair (dog)

 -haired (u.m.)

 less

 #line

 photo

 puller

 #rope

 spun

 stitch

 -stitched (u.m.)

 -tailed (u.m.)

 tap

 walker

 works

 -wound (u.m.)

wise

 acre

 crack

 guy

 head (n.)

 -headed (u.m.)

 -spoken (u.m.)

wishbone

witch

 craft

 #hazel

 #hunt

 -hunting (u.m.)

with

 draw

 hold

 in
Compounding Examples 191

 out

 stand

within

 -bound (u.m.)

 -named (u.m.)

woe

 begone

 worn

wolf

 -eyed (u.m.)

 #fish

 hound

 pack

woman

 folk

 hood

 kind

womenfolk

wonder

 land

 strong

 -struck (u.m.)

wood

 bark (color)

 bin

 bined

 block

 -built (u.m.)

 -cased (u.m.)

 chipper

 chopper

 chuck

 craft

 cut

 grub

 hole

 horse

 hung (u.m.)

 land

 -lined (u.m.)

 lot

 -paneled (u.m.)

 pecker

 pile

 -planing (u.m.)

 print

 pulp

 ranger

 rock

 #rot

 shed

 side

 stock

 turner

 -turning (u.m.)

 -walled (u.m.)

 wind (music)

 working (u.m.)

wooden

 head (n.)

 -hulled (u.m.)

wool

 fell

 gatherer

 grader

 growing

 head

 -laden (u.m.)

 -lined (u.m.)

 pack

 press

 shearer

 shed

 sorter

 stock

 washer

 wheel

 -white (u.m.)

 winder

woolly

 -coated (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -white (u.m.)

word

 -blind (u.m.)

 book

 builder

 catcher

 -clad (u.m.)

 -deaf (u.m.)

 flow

 list

 -perfect (u.m.)

 play

 seller

 smith

work

 aday (n., u.m.)

 -and-turn (u.m.)

 away (n., u.m.)

 bag

 basket

 bench

 book

 card

 day

 -driven (u.m.)

 fare

 flow

 folk

 force

 group

 hand

 -hardened (u.m.)

 horse

 -hour (u.m.)

 housed

 life

 load

 manship

 out (n., u.m.)

 pace

 pan

 paper

 people

 place

 room

 saving

 sheet

 shoe

 shop

 -shy (n., u.m.)

 -shyness

 site

 slip

 space

 -stained (u.m.)

 stand

 station

 stream

 study

 table

 time

 up (n., u.m.)

 ways

 -weary (u.m.)

 week

 worn

working

 #capital

 #load

 #room

world

 beater

 -conscious (u.m.)

 #consciousness

 #line

 #power

 -shaking (u.m.)

 -weary (u.m.)

worm

 -eaten (u.m.)

 -eating (u.m.)

 hole

 -riddled (u.m.)

 -ripe (u.m.)

 seed

 shaft

 wood

worn

 #away
192 Chapter 7

 down (u.m.)

 out (u.m.)

 outness

worrywart

worth

 less

 while (n., u.m.)

 whileness (n.)

wrap

 around (n., u.m.)

 -up (n., u.m.)

wreath-crowned 

 (u.m.)

wreck-free (u.m.)

wring

 bolt

 staff

wrist

 band

 bone

 drop

 fall

 lock

 #pin

 plate

 watch

write

 back (n., u.m.)

 -in (n., u.m.)

 off (n., u.m.)

 -protect

 up (n., u.m.)

writing#room

wrong

 doer

 -ended (u.m.)

 -minded (u.m.)

 -thinking (u.m.)

wrought

 #iron

 -up (u.m.)

wry

 bill

 -billed (u.m.)

 -faced (u.m.)

 -looking (u.m.)

 -mouthed (u.m.)

 neck

 -set (u.m.)

X

X

 -body

 -chromosome

 -disease

 #rated

 -shaped

 -virus

x

 -axis

 #ray (n.)

 -ray (u.m.)

xantho (c.f.)

all one word

xeno (c.f.)

all one word

xero (c.f.)

all one word

xylo (c.f.)

all one word

Y

Y

 -chromosome

 -joint

 -level

 -potential

 -shaped

 -track

 -tube

Yankee-Doodle

yard

 arm

 -deep (u.m.)

 -long (u.m.)

 stick

 -wide (u.m.)

yaw

 meter

 -sighted (u.m.)

year

 book

 day

 end

 -hour (u.m.)

 long (u.m.)

 -old (u.m.)

 -round (u.m.)

yellow

 back

 -backed (u.m.)

 -bellied (u.m.)

 belly

 -billed (u.m.)

 brush

 #fever

 -headed (u.m.)

 -tailed (u.m.)

 -throated (u.m.)

 top

yes

 -man

 -no

yester

 day

 year

yoke

 fellow

 mating

 -toed (u.m.)

young

 eyed (u.m.)

 -headed (u.m.)

 -ladylike

 -looking (u.m.)

 -manlike

 -old

 -womanhood

youthtide

yuletide

Z

Z

 -bar

zero

 axial

 -dimensional

 (u.m.)

 #gravity

 #hour

zigzag

zinc

 -coated (u.m.)

 -white (u.m.)

zip

 #gun

 line

 -lipped (u.m.)

 lock

zoo (c.f.)

all one word

zoologico (c.f.)

all one word

zygo (c.f.)

all one word

zygomatico (c.f.)

 -orbital

rest one word

zymo (c.f.)

all one word
193

8. Punctuation

8.1. Punctuation is used to clarify the meaning of written or printed 

language. Well-planned word order requires a minimum of punctuation. The trend toward less punctuation calls for skillful phrasing 

to avoid ambiguity and to ensure exact interpretation. The GPO 

Style Manual can offer only general rules of text treatment. A 

rigid design or pattern of punctuation cannot be laid down, except 

in broad terms. The adopted style, however, must be consistent and 

based on sentence structure.

8.2. The general principles governing the use of punctuation are: If it 

does not clarify the text it should be omitted; and, in the choice and 

placing of punctuation marks, the sole aim should be to bring out 

more clearly the author’s thought. Punctuation should aid reading 

and prevent misreading.

Apostrophes and possessives

8.3. The possessive case of a singular or plural noun not ending in s is 

formed by adding an apostrophe and s. The possessive case of a singular or plural noun ending in s or with an s sound is formed by 

adding an apostrophe only. Some irregular plurals require both an 

apostrophe and an s. (For possessives of italicized nouns, see rule 

11.6.)

boss’, bosses’ man’s, men’s 

child’s, children’s medium’s, media’s 

citizen’s, citizens’ people’s, peoples’ 

Congress’, Congresses’ Essex’s, Essexes’ 

criterion’s, criteria’s Jones’, Joneses’ 

Co.’s, Cos.’ Jesus’ 

erratum’s, errata’s Mars’ 

hostess’, hostesses’ Dumas’ 

lady’s, ladies’ Schmitz’

8.4. In compound nouns, the ’s is added to the element nearest the object 

possessed.

comptroller general’s decision attorney at law’s fee 

attorneys general’s appointments John White, Jr.’s (no comma) account 

Mr. Brown of New York’s motion
194 Chapter 8

8.5. Joint possession is indicated by placing an apostrophe on the last element of a series, while individual or alternative possession requires 

the use of an apostrophe on each element of a series.

soldiers and sailors’ home editor’s or proofreader’s opinion 

Brown & Nelson’s store Bush’s or Obama’s administration 

men’s, women’s, and children’s Mrs. Smith’s and Mrs. Allen’s children 

 clothing the Army’s and the Navy’s work 

St. Michael’s Men’s Club master’s and doctor’s degrees

8.6. In the use of an apostrophe in firm names, the names of organizations and institutions, the titles of books, and geographic names, 

the authentic form is to be followed. (Note use of “St.”)

8.7. Generally, the apostrophe should not be used after names of countries and other organized bodies ending in s, or after words more 

descriptive than possessive (not indicating personal possession), 

except when plural does not end in s.

8.8. Possessive pronouns do not take an apostrophe.

its yours 

ours hers 

theirs whose

Masters, Mates & Pilots’ Association

Dentists’ Supply Co. of New York

 International Ladies’ Garment 

 Workers’ Union

Court of St. James’s

St. Peter’s Church

St. Elizabeths Hospital

Johns Hopkins University

Hinds’ Precedents

Hells Canyon

Reader’s Digest

Actor’s Equity Association

Harpers Ferry

but Martha’s Vineyard

United States control

United Nations meeting

Southern States industries

Massachusetts laws

Bureau of Ships report

House of Representatives session

Teamsters Union

editors handbook

syrup producers manual

technicians guide

teachers college

merchants exchange

children’s hospital

Young Men’s Christian Association

but

Veterans’ Administration

 (now Department of Veterans

 Affairs)

Congress’ attitude
Punctuation 195

8.9. Possessive indefinite or impersonal pronouns require an apostrophe.

each other’s books another’s idea 

some others’ plans someone’s guesstimate 

one’s home is his castle

8.10. The singular possessive case is used in such general terms as the 

following:

arm’s length fuller’s earth 

attorney’s fees miner’s inch 

author’s alterations printer’s ink 

confectioner’s sugar traveler’s checks 

cow’s milk writer’s cramp 

distiller’s grain

8.11. While an apostrophe is used to indicate possession and contractions, it is not generally necessary to use an apostrophe simply to 

show the plural form of most acronyms, initialisms, or abbreviations, except where clarity and sense demand such inclusion.

49ers

TVers

OKs

MCing

RIFing

RIFs

RIFed

YWCAs

ABCs

1920s

IOUs

10s (thread)

41⁄2s (bonds)

3s (golf)

2 by 4s

IQs

don’t (do not)

I’ve (I have)

it’s (it is/it has)

ne’er (never)

e’er (ever)

class of ’08 (2008)

spirit of ’76 (1776)

not in her ’70s (age)

 better: in her seventies

not during the ’90s

 better: during the 1990s or

 during the nineties

but

 he never crosses his t’s

 she fails to dot her i’s

 a’s, &’s, 7’s

 watch your p’s and q’s

 are they l’s or 1’s

 the Oakland A’s

 a number of s’s

 his résumé had too many I’s
196 Chapter 8

 When the plural form of an acronym appears in parentheses, a 

lowercase s is included within the parentheses.

(MPDs) (IPOs) 

(MP3s) (SUVs) 

(JPEGs) (EVs)

8.12. The apostrophe is omitted in abbreviations, and also in shortened 

forms of certain other words.

Danl., not Dan’l Halloween, not Hallowe’en 

phone, not ’phone copter, not ’copter 

coon, not ’coon 

possum, not ’possum but ma’am

8.13. The plural of spelled-out numbers, of words referred to as words, 

and of words containing an apostrophe is formed by adding s or es; 

but ’s is added to indicate the plural of words used as words if omission of the apostrophe would cause difficulty in reading.

twos, threes, sevens yeses and noes 

ands, ifs, and buts yeas and nays 

ins and outs 

the haves and have-nots but

ups and downs do’s and don’ts 

whereases and wherefores which’s and that’s 

pros and cons

8.14. The possessive case is often used in lieu of an objective phrase even 

though ownership is not involved.

1 day’s labor (labor for 1 day) for charity’s sake 

12 days’ labor for pity’s sake 

2 hours’ traveltime several billion dollars’ worth 

a stone’s throw 

2 weeks’ pay but $10 billion worth

8.15. The possessive case is not used in such expressions as the following, 

in which one noun modifies another.

day labor (labor by the day) State prison 

quartermaster stores States rights
Punctuation 197

8.16. For euphony, nouns ending in s or ce and followed by a word beginning with s form the possessive by adding an apostrophe only.

for goodness’ sake for acquaintance’ sake 

Mr. Hughes’ service for conscience’ sake 

for old times’ sake

8.17. A possessive noun used in an adjective sense requires the addition 

of ’s.

He is a friend of John’s. Stern’s is running a sale.

8.18. A noun preceding a gerund should be in the possessive case.

in the event of Mary’s leaving the ship’s hovering nearby

Brackets

Brackets, in pairs, are used—

8.19. In transcripts, congressional hearings, the Congressional Record, 

testimony in courtwork, etc., to enclose interpolations that are not 

specifically a part of the original quotation, such as a correction, 

explanation, omission, editorial comment, or a caution that an error 

is reproduced literally.

We found this to be true at the Government Publishing Office [GPO].

He came on the 3d [2d] of July.

Our conference [lasted] 2 hours.

The general [Washington] ordered him to leave.

The paper was as follows [reads]:

I do not know. [Continues reading:]

[Chorus of “Mr. Chairman.”]

They fooled only themselves. [Laughter.]

Our party will always serve the people [applause] in spite of the opposition 

 [loud applause]. (If more than one bracketed interpolation, both are in- 

 cluded within the sentence.)

The Witness. He did it that way [indicating].

Q. Do you know these men [handing witness a list]?

The bill had not been paid. [Italic added.] or [Emphasis added.]

The statue [sic] was on the statute books.

The Witness. This matter is classified. [Deleted.]

[Deleted.]

Mr. Jones. Hold up your hands. [Show of hands.]

Answer [after examining list]. Yes; I do.

Q. [Continuing.]

A. [Reads:]
198 Chapter 8

A. [Interrupting.]

[Discussion off the record.]

[Pause.]

The Witness [interrupting]. It is known—— 

Mr. Jones [continuing]. Now let us take the next item.

Mr. Smith [presiding]. Do you mean that literally?

Mr. Jones [interposing]. Absolutely.

[The matter referred to is as follows:]

The Chairman [to Mr. Smith].

The Chairman [reading]:

Mr. Kelley [to the chairman]. From 15 to 25 percent.

[Objected to.]

[Mr. Smith nods.]

[Mr. Smith aside.]

[Mr. Smith makes further statement off the record.]

Mr. Jones [for Mr. Smith].

A Voice From Audience. Speak up.

Several Voices. Quiet!

8.20. In bills, contracts, laws, etc., to indicate matter that is to be omitted.

8.21. In mathematics, to denote that enclosed matter is to be treated as a 

unit.

8.22. When matter in brackets makes more than one paragraph, start 

each paragraph with a bracket and place the closing bracket at end 

of last paragraph.

Colon

The colon is used—

8.23. To introduce any matter that forms a question or a quotation.

The following question came up for discussion: What policy should be adopted?

She said: “We believe the time is now or never.”

8.24. After an introductory independent clause that describes or defines 

what follows. If a complete sentence follows the colon, capitalize its 

first word.

And then came the surprise: cake all around!

His only rule was this: Chickens are not allowed past the front parlor.
Punctuation 199

8.25. Before a final clause that extends or amplifies the preceding independent clause. Even if a complete sentence follows the colon, 

lowercase its first word.

Give up conveniences; do not demand special privileges; do not stop work: these 

are necessary while we are at war.

Railroading is not a variety of outdoor sport: it is service.

8.26. Following a sentence introducing an extract.

The Clerk will read as follows:

 Amendment by Mr. Stearns: In line 4, after the word “pay”, add a comma and the 

 following words: “out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated”.

8.27. To introduce a run-in list.

There are three primary pigment colors: magenta, yellow, and cyan.

The vote was as follows: in the affirmative, 23; in the negative, 11; not voting, 3.

These are what he missed most: walking along the river at dawn, napping under 

the old maple tree, chasing birds in the park.

His goals were these: (1) learn Spanish, (2) see the Grand Canyon, and (3) climb 

Mt. Everest.

8.28. To introduce a bulleted or enumerated list that is not run in. There 

are many ways to construct such a list—far too many to detail here 

—depending on the contents of the list and the intent of the author; 

however, a few guidelines concerning consistency should be kept in 

mind.

 Punctuation at the end of each list item may be commas, semicolons, periods, or even none at all, as long as its use is consistent 

within a list. The exception to this is that if commas or semicolons 

are used, the last item should end with a period, unless the list is 

part of a sentence that continues on after the list. 

 List items should be lowercased in a list using commas or semicolons after each list item. For lists using periods or no punctuation, 

capitalization should be determined by context—lists of single 

words are usually lowercased, whereas lists of independent clauses 

are more appropriately capitalized. Whatever choice is made concerning capitalization, it should be applied to all the list items; the 

first item is not handled differently. 
200 Chapter 8

 A conjunction (and, or, nor) should follow the penultimate item 

in a list using commas or semicolons after each list item, but not 

otherwise.

His goals were these: 

 ● Learn Spanish.

 ● See the Grand Canyon. 

 ● Climb Mt. Everest.

His goals were these: 

 (1) learn Spanish, 

 (2) see the Grand Canyon, and 

 (3) climb Mt. Everest.

His goals were these: 

 (a) learn Spanish, 

 (b) see the Grand Canyon, and 

 (c) climb Mt. Everest;

but he knew it was unlikely he would meet them.

8.29. To introduce subentries in tables and leaderwork. Single subentries 

are run in following the colon and are initial cap.

Seward Peninsula: Council district: (single subentry runs in).

 Mining and manufacturing.

 Shipping and trade.

Seward Peninsula:

 Council district:

 Mining and manufacturing.

 Shipping and trade.

 Fairhaven district: Tourism (single subentry runs in).

8.30. After a salutation.

My Dear Sir: 

Ladies and Gentlemen: 

To Whom It May Concern:

8.31. In expressing clock time.

2:40 p.m.

8.32. In Biblical and other citations.

Luke 4:3. 

I Corinthians 13:13. 

Journal of Education 3:342–358.
Punctuation 201

8.33. In bibliographic references, between place of publication and name 

of publisher.

Congressional Directory. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Office.

8.34. To separate book titles and subtitles.

Financial Aid for College Students: Graduate 

Germany Revisited: Education in the Federal Republic

8.35. In imprints before the year (en space each side of colon).

U.S. Government Publishing Office 

Washington : 2016

8.36. In proportions.

Concrete mixed 5:3:1

but 5–2–1 or 5-2-1 (when so in copy)

8.37. In double colon as ratio sign.

1:2::3:6

Comma

The comma is used—

8.38. To separate two words or figures that might otherwise be 

misunderstood.

 Instead of hundreds, thousands came.

 Instead of 20, 50 came.

 December 7, 1941.

 In 2003, 400 men were dismissed.

 To John, Smith was very kind.

 What the difficulty is, is not known.

but He suggested that that committee be appointed.

8.39. Before a direct quotation of only a few words following an introductory phrase.

He said, “Now or never.”

8.40. To indicate the omission of a word or words.

Then we had much; now, nothing.

8.41. After each of a series of coordinate qualifying words.

short, swift streams; but short tributary streams
202 Chapter 8

8.42. Between an introductory modifying phrase and the subject 

modified.

Beset by the enemy, they retreated.

8.43. Before and after Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., etc., within a sentence except where possession is indicated.

Henry Smith, Jr., chairman but

Peter Johns, F.R.S., London John Smith 2d (or II); Smith, John, II 

Washington, DC, schools Mr. Smith, Junior, also spoke 

Google, Inc., technology (where only last name is used) 

Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.) Alexandria, VA’s waterfront 

Milan, Italy, vacation 

University of California, Santa Cruz, mascot

8.44. To set off parenthetic words, phrases, or clauses.

 Mr. Jefferson, who was then Secretary of State, favored the location of the

 National Capital at Washington.

 It must be remembered, however, that the Government had no guarantee.

 It is obvious, therefore, that this office cannot function.

 The atom bomb, which was developed at the Manhattan project, was first

 used in World War II.

 Their high morale might, he suggested, have caused them to put success of 

 the team above the reputation of the college.

 The restriction is laid down in title IX, chapter 8, section 15, of the code.

but The man who fell [restrictive clause] broke his back.

 The dam that gave way [restrictive clause] was poorly constructed.

 He therefore gave up the search.

8.45. To set off words or phrases in apposition or in contrast.

 Mr. Green, the lawyer, spoke for the defense.

 Mr. Jones, attorney for the plaintiff, signed the petition.

 Mr. Smith, not Mr. Black, was elected.

 James Roosevelt, Democrat, of California.

 Jean’s sister, Joyce, was the eldest. (Jean had one sister.)

but Jonathan’s brother Moses Taylor was appointed. (Jonathan had more than 

 one brother.)

8.46. After each member within a series of three or more words, phrases, 

letters, or figures used with and, or, or nor.

red, white, and blue 

horses, mules, and cattle; but horses and mules and cattle 

by the bolt, by the yard, or in remnants 
Punctuation 203

a, b, and c 

neither snow, rain, nor heat 

2 days, 3 hours, and 4 minutes (series); but 70 years 11 months 6 days (age)

8.47. Before the conjunction in a compound sentence containing two or 

more independent clauses, each of which could have been written as 

a simple sentence.

Fish, mollusks, and crustaceans were plentiful in the lakes, and turtles fre- 

 quented the shores.

The boy went home alone, and his sister remained with the crowd.

8.48. After a noun or phrase in direct address.

 Senator, will the measure be defeated?

 Mr. Chairman, I will reply to the gentleman later.

but Yes, sir; he did see it.

 No, ma’am; I do not recall.

8.49. After an interrogative clause, followed by a direct question.

You are sure, are you not? You will go, will you not?

8.50. Between the title of a person and the name of an organization in the 

absence of the words of or of the.

Chief, Division of Finance colonel, 12th Cavalry Regiment 

chairman, Committee on president, University of Virginia 

 Appropriations

8.51. Inside closing quotation mark.

He said “four,” not “five.” 

“Freedom is an inherent right,” he insisted. 

Items marked “A,” “B,” and “C,” inclusive, were listed.

8.52. To separate thousands and millions in numerical figures.

4,230 but 1,000,000,000 is more clearly 

50,491 illustrated as 1 billion 

1,250,000 

8.53. After the year in complete dates (month, day, year) within a sentence.

 The dates of September 11, 1993, to June 12, 1994, were erroneous.

 This was reflected in the June 13, 2007, report.

but Production for June 2008 was normal.

 The 10 February 2008 deadline passed.
204 Chapter 8

The comma is omitted—

8.54. Between superior figures or letters in footnote references.

Numerous instances may be cited.1 2 

Data are based on October production.a b

8.55. Before ZIP (Zone Improvement Plan) Code postal-delivery number.

Washington, DC 20401–0003, for the GPO 

East Rochester, OH 44625–9701 USA, was his hometown

8.56. Between month, holiday, or season and year in dates.

June 2016

22d of May 2016

February and March 2016

January, February, and March 2016

January 24 A.D. 2016; 15th of June 

 A.D. 2016

150 B.C.

Labor Day 2016

Easter Sunday 2016

5 January 2016 (military usage)

spring 2016

autumn 2016

8.57. Between the name and number of an organization.

Columbia Typographical Union No. 101–12 

American Legion Post No. 33

8.58. In fractions, in decimals, and in serial numbers, except patent 

numbers.

1⁄2500

1.0947 

page 2632 

202–512–1800 (telephone number) 

1721–1727 St. Clair Avenue 

Executive Order 11242 

motor No. 189463 

1450 kilocycles; 1100 meters

8.59. Between two nouns one of which identifies the other.

The Children’s Bureau’s booklet “Infant Care” continues to be a bestseller.

8.60. Before an ampersand (&).

Brown, Wilson & Co. 

Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers

8.61. Before abbreviations of compass directions.

6430 Princeton Dr. SW
Punctuation 205

8.62. In bibliographies, between name of the publication and volume or 

similar number.

American Library Association Bulletin 34:238, April 1940.

8.63. Wherever possible without danger of ambiguity.

$2 gold

Executive Order No. 21

General Order No. 12; but General Orders, No. 12

Public Law 85–1

He graduates in the year 2010 (not the year 2,010)

My age is 30 years 6 months 12 days.

John Lewis 2d (or II)

Murphy of Illinois; Murphy of New York (where only last name is used)

Carroll of Carrollton; Henry of Navarre (person closely identified with place); 

 but Clyde Leo Downs, of Maryland; President Levin, of Yale University

James Bros. et al.; but James Bros., Nelson Co., et al. (last element of series)

Dash

A 1-em dash is used—

8.64. To mark a sudden break or abrupt change in thought.

He said—and no one contradicted him—“The battle is lost.” 

If the bill should pass—which God forbid!—the service will be wrecked.

The auditor—shall we call him a knave or a fool?—approved an inaccurate 

 statement.

8.65. To indicate an interruption or an unfinished word or sentence. A 

2-em dash is used when the interruption is by a person other than 

the speaker, and a 1-em dash will show self-interruption. Note that 

extracts must begin with a true paragraph. Following extracts, colloquy must start as a paragraph.

“Such an idea can scarcely be——” 

“The word ‘donation’——” 

“The word ‘dona’——” 

He said: “Give me lib——” 

The bill reads “repeal,” not “am——” 

Q. Did you see—— 

A. No, sir.

Mr. Brown [reading]: “The report goes on to say that”—Observe this 

 closely—“during the fiscal year . . . .”
206 Chapter 8

8.66. Instead of commas or parentheses if the meaning may thus be 

clarified.

These are shore deposits—gravel, sand, and clay—but marine sediments 

 underlie them.

8.67. Before a final clause that summarizes a series of ideas.

Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from 

 fear—these are the fundamentals of moral world order.

8.68. After an introductory phrase reading into the following lines and 

indicating repetition of such phrase.

I recommend— 

 that we submit them for review and corrections; 

 that we then accept them as corrected; and 

 that we also publish them.

8.69. With a preceding question mark, in lieu of a colon.

How can you explain this?—“Fee paid, $5.”

8.70. To precede a credit line or a run-in credit or signature.

Lay the proud usurpers low! 

Tyrants fall in every foe! 

Liberty’s in every blow! 

Let us do or die! 

 —Robert Burns.

Every man’s work shall be made manifest.—I Corinthians 3:13. 

This statement is open to question.—Gerald H. Forsythe.

8.71. After a run-in sidehead.

8.72. To separate run-in questions and answers in testimony.

Q. Did he go?—A. No.

A 1-em dash is not used—

8.73. At the beginning of any line of type, except as shown in rule 8.70.

8.74. Immediately after a comma, colon, or semicolon.

A 3-em dash is used—

8.75. In bibliographies to indicate repetition.

Powell, James W., Jr., Hunting in Virginia’s lowlands. 1972. 200 pp. 

——— Fishing off Delmarva. 1972. 28 pp.
Punctuation 207

An en dash is used—

8.76. In a combination of figures and/or letters, including acronyms (even 

if the acronym spells out a word (e.g. PATRIOT)). But use a hyphen 

to combine such letters and/or figures with a word or abbreviation, 

or in chemical nomenclature.

figures:

 5–20 (bonds)

 85–1—85–20 (Public laws; use em dash between two elements with en 

 dashes)

 1–703–555–6593 (telephone number)

 123–45–6789 (Social Security number)

 $15–$20 (range)

letters:

 WTOP–AM–FM–TV (radio and television stations)

 CBS–TV

 AFL–CIO

 C–SPAN

 s–NOM (scientific term)

figures and letters:

 6–A (exhibit identification)

 DC–14 (airplane)

 MiG–25 (airplane, mixed letters with figure)

 I–95 (interstate roadway)

 4–H (Club)

 LK–66–A(2)–74, 15A–x–3 (serial numbers)

 SE–BatsCZX–2015–65 (SEC file number)

 rule 13e–4

 Section 12(a)–(d) (range)

but a hyphen is used with:

 ACF-Brill Motors Co. (hyphen with capital letters and a word)

 loran-C (coined word plus letter)

 ALL-AMERICAN ESSAY CONTEST (hyphen in capitalized heading)

 Four Corners Monument, AZ-NM-UT-CO (hyphen with two-letter state 

 abbreviations)

 U-235, Cr-Ni-Mo (chemical symbols)

 б-HCH (chemical nomenclature)

8.77. In the absence of the word to when denoting a span of time.

2005–2008 January–June Monday–Friday
208 Chapter 8

An en dash is not used—

8.78. For to when the word from precedes the first of two related figures 

or expressions.

From June 1 to July 30, 2016; not from June 1–July 30, 2016

8.79. For and when the word between precedes the first of two related 

figures or expressions.

Between 2000 and 2016; not between 2000–16

Ellipses

8.80. Three periods or three asterisks, separated by en spaces, are used 

to denote an ellipsis within a sentence, at the beginning or end of a 

sentence, or in two or more consecutive sentences. To achieve faithful reproduction of excerpt material, editors using period ellipses 

should indicate placement of the terminal period in relation to an 

ellipsis at the end of a sentence. Note, in the following examples, 

the additional spacing necessary to clearly define commas and the 

terminal period when period ellipses are employed.

 The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, 

upon articles of impeachment exhibited against him by the House of 

Representatives, and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him 

guilty of the charges contained in the second, third, and eleventh articles of 

impeachment, it is therefore

Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the 

United States be, and he is, acquitted of the charges in said articles made and 

set forth.

 The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson . . . upon articles of impeachment 

. . . , and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him guilty of the 

charges . . . , it is therefore

Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the 

United States be . . . acquitted of the charge . . . .

 The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson * * * upon articles of impeachment * * *, and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him 

guilty of the charges * * *, it is therefore

Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the 

United States be * * * acquitted of the charges * * *.

8.81. Ellipses are not overrun alone at the end of a paragraph. 
Punctuation 209

8.82. Copy will be followed for period or asterisk ellipses, even if 

inconsistent.

8.83. A line of asterisks indicates an omission of one or more entire paragraphs. In 261⁄2-pica or wider measure, a line of “stars” means seven 

asterisks indented 2 ems at each end of the line, with the remaining 

space divided evenly between the asterisks. In measures less than 

261⁄2 picas, five asterisks are used. Quotation marks are not used 

on a line of asterisks in quoted matter. Where an ellipsis line ends a 

complete quotation, no closing quote is used.

 * * * * * * * 

8.84. Indented matter in 261⁄2-pica or wider measure also requires a 

seven-asterisk line to indicate the omission of one or more entire 

paragraphs.

8.85. If an omission occurs in the last part of a paragraph immediately 

before a line of asterisks, three periods or asterisks are used, in addition to the line of asterisks, to indicate such an omission.

8.86. Equalize spacing above and below an ellipsis line.

Exclamation point

8.87. The exclamation point is used to mark surprise, incredulity, admiration, appeal, or other strong emotion which may be expressed 

even in a declarative or interrogative sentence.

Who shouted, “All aboard!” [Note omission of question mark.] 

“Great!” he shouted. [Note omission of comma.] 

He acknowledged the fatal error! 

How breathtakingly beautiful! 

Timber! 

Mayday! Mayday!

8.88. In direct address, either to a person or a personified object, O is used 

without an exclamation point, or other punctuation; but if strong 

feeling is expressed, an exclamation point is placed at the end of the 

statement.

O my friend, let us consider this subject impartially. 

O Lord, save Thy people!
210 Chapter 8

8.89. In exclamations without direct address or appeal, oh is used instead 

of O, and the exclamation point is omitted.

Oh, but the gentleman is mistaken. 

Oh dear; the time is so short.

Hyphen

The hyphen (a punctuation mark, not an element in the spelling of words) 

is used—

8.90. To connect the elements of certain compound words. (See Chapter 6 “Compounding Rules.”)

8.91. To indicate continuation of a word divided at the end of a line.

8.92. Between the letters of a spelled word.

The Style Board changed New Jerseyite to New J-e-r-s-e-y-a-n. 

A native of Halifax is a H-a-l-i-g-o-n-i-a-n. 

The Chinese repressive action took place in T-i-a-n-a-n-m-e-n Square.

8.93. To separate elements of chemical formulas.

The hyphen, as an element, may be used—

8.94. To represent letters deleted or illegible words in copy.

Oakland’s - - bonic plague Richard Emory H - - - -

Parentheses

Parentheses are used—

8.95. To set off important matter not intended to be part of the main 

statement that is not a grammatical element of the sentence. In 

colloquy, brackets must be substituted.

This case (124 U.S. 329) is not relevant.

The result (see fig. 2) is most surprising.

The United States is the principal purchaser (by value) of these exports (23 per- 

 cent in 1995 and 19 percent in 1996).

8.96. To enclose a parenthetic clause where the interruption is too great to 

be indicated by commas.

You can find it neither in French dictionaries (at any rate, not in Littré) nor in 

English dictionaries.
Punctuation 211

8.97. To enclose an explanatory word not part of a written or printed 

statement.

the Winchester (VA) Star; but the Star of Winchester, VA 

Portland (OR) Chamber of Commerce; but Athens, GA, schools

8.98. To enclose letters or numbers designating items in a series, either at 

the beginning of paragraphs or within a paragraph.

The order of delivery will be: (a) food, (b) clothing, and (c) tents and other 

 housing equipment.

You will observe that the sword is (1) old fashioned, (2) still sharp, and (3) un- 

 usually light for its size.

Paragraph 7(B)(1)(a) will be found on page 6. (Note parentheses closed up.)

8.99. To enclose a figure inserted to confirm a written or printed statement given in words if double form is specifically requested.

This contract shall be completed in sixty (60) days.

8.100. A reference in parentheses at the end of a sentence is placed before 

the period, unless it is a complete sentence in itself.

The specimen exhibits both phases (pl. 14, A, B). 

The individual cavities show great variation. (See pl. 4.)

8.101. If a sentence contains more than one parenthetic reference, the one 

at the end is placed before the period.

This sandstone (see pl. 6) is in every county of the State (see pl. 1).

8.102. When a figure is followed by a letter in parentheses, no space is used 

between the figure and the opening parenthesis; but, if the letter is 

not in parentheses and the figure is repeated with each letter, the 

letter is closed up with the figure.

15(a). Classes, grades, and sizes. 

15a. Classes, grades, and sizes.

8.103. If both a figure and a letter in parentheses are used before each 

paragraph, a period and an en space are used after the closing 

parenthesis. If the figure is not repeated before each letter in parentheses but is used only before the first letter, the period is placed 

after the figure. However, if the figure is not repeated before each 
212 Chapter 8

letter in parentheses and no period is used, space is inserted after 

the number if at least one other lettered subsection appears.

15(a). When the figure is used before the letter in each paragraph—

15(b). The period is placed after the closing parenthesis.

15. (a) When the figure is used before the letter in the first paragraph but not 

 repeated with subsequent letters—

(b) The period is used after the figure only.

Sec. 12 (a) When no period is used and a letter in parentheses appears after a 

 numbered item—

(b) Space must be used after the number if at least one other lettered subsection 

 is shown.

8.104. Note position of the period relative to closing parenthesis:

The vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc.).

The vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc. 

 (sometimes ice cream)).

The vending stand sells a variety of items. (These include sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc. (sometimes ice cream).)

8.105. To enclose bylines in congressional work.

(By Harvey Hagman, archeological correspondent)

8.106. When matter in parentheses makes more than one paragraph, start 

each paragraph with a parenthesis and place the closing parenthesis 

at the end of the last paragraph.

Period

The period is used—

8.107. After a declarative sentence that is not exclamatory or after an imperative sentence.

Stars are suns. 

He was employed by Sampson & Company. 

Do not be late. 

On with the dance.

8.108. After an indirect question or after a question intended as a suggestion and not requiring an answer.

Tell me how he did it. 

May we hear from you. 

May we ask prompt payment.
Punctuation 213

8.109. In place of a closing parenthesis after a letter or number denoting a 

series.

a. Bread well baked 1. Punctuate freely 

b. Meat cooked rare 2. Compound sparingly 

c. Cubed apples stewed 3. Index thoroughly

8.110. To indicate an ellipsis. (See rules 8.80 and 8.82.)

8.111. After a run-in sidehead.

 Conditional subjunctive.—The conditional subjunctive is required for all 

unreal and doubtful conditions.

 2. Peacetime preparation.—a. The Chairman of the National Security 

Resources Board, etc.

 2. Peacetime preparation.—Industrial mobilization plans.—The Chairman of 

the National Security Resources Board, etc.

 2. Peacetime preparation.—Industrial mobilization.—The Chairman of the 

National Security Resources Board, etc.

 62. Determination of types.—a. Statement of characteristics.—Before types of 

equipment, etc.

 Steps in planning for procurement.—(1) Determination of needs.—To plan 

for the procurement of such arms, etc.

 62. Determination of types.—(a) Statement of characteristics.—Before, etc.

 DETERMINATION OF TYPES.—Statement of characteristics.—Before 

types of, etc.

but Note.—The source material was furnished.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

8.112. Paragraphs and subparagraphs may be arranged according to the 

following scheme. The sequence is not fixed, and variations, in addition to the use of center and side heads or indented paragraphs, 

may be adopted, depending on the number of parts.

I. Outlines can begin with a capital Roman numeral.

 A. The number of levels and the width of the column determine alignment 

and indention.

 1. A set space (en space) following the identifier aids alignment.

 a. Usually, typefaces and sizes are chosen to agree with the hierarchy of 

the head breakdowns.

 (1) Aligning runover lines with the first word which follows the 

number or letter aids readability.
214 Chapter 8

 (a) It is important to vary (alternate) the use of letters and numbers in any outline.

 (i) The lowercase Roman numerals (i), (ii), etc. may be used as 

parts of the outline or to identify subparts of any previous 

parts.

 (aa) When absolutely necessary, double (or triple) lowercase 

letters may be used.

II. Where not needed, the capital Roman numerals may be discarded and the 

 outline can begin with the letter A. As in any composition, consistency in 

 indentions and order is essential.

8.113. To separate integers from decimals in a single expression.

13.75 percent 1.25 meters 

$3.50 0.08 mile

8.114. In continental European languages, to indicate thousands.

1.317 72.190.175

8.115. After abbreviations, unless otherwise specified. (See Chapter 9, 

“Abbreviations and Letter Symbols.”)

Apr. but

Co. m (meter) 

fig. kc (kilocycle) 

Ry. NY (New York) 

Ph.D. RR 

p.m. SSE (south-southeast)

8.116. After legends and explanatory matter beneath illustrations. Legends 

without descriptive language do not receive periods.

 Figure 1.—Schematic drawing.

Figure 1.—Continued.

but Figure 1 (without legend, no period)

8.117. After Article 1, Section 1, etc., at the beginning of paragraphs.

A center period is sometimes used—

8.118. To indicate multiplication. (Use of a multiplication sign is preferable.)

a•b ab
Punctuation 215

The period is omitted—

8.119. After—

Lines in title pages

Center, side, and running heads; but is not omitted after run-in 

 sideheads

Continued lines

Boxheads of tables

Scientific, chemical, or other symbols

 This rule does not apply to abbreviation periods.

8.120. After a quotation mark that is preceded by a period.

She said: “I believe the time is now or never.”

8.121. After letters used as names without specific designation.

 Officer B, Subject A, Brand X, etc.

 A said to B that all is well.

 Mr. A told Mr. B that the case was closed.

 Mr. X (for unknown or censored name).

but Mr. A. [for Mr. Andrews]. I do not want to go.

 Mr. K. [for Mr. King]. The meeting is adjourned.

8.122. After a middle initial which is merely a letter and not an abbreviation of a name.

 Daniel D Tompkins

 Ross T McIntire

but Harry S. Truman (President Truman’s preference)

8.123. After a short name which is not an abbreviation of the longer form.

Alex Mac 

Ed Sam

8.124. After Roman numerals used as ordinals.

King George V Super Bowl XLIX, LI 

Apollo XII insigne but Super Bowl 50

8.125. After words and incomplete statements listed in columns. Fullmeasure matter is not to be regarded as a column.

8.126. After explanatory matter under leaders or rules.

.................................... .................................... ....................................

 (Name) (Address) (Position)
216 Chapter 8

8.127. Immediately before leaders, even if an abbreviation precedes the 

leaders.

Question mark

The question mark is used—

8.128. To indicate a direct query, even if not in the form of a question.

Did he do it? 

He did what? 

Can the money be raised? is the question. 

Who asked, “Why?” [Note single question mark.] 

“Did you hurt yourself, my son?” she asked.

8.129. To express more than one query in the same sentence.

Can he do it? or you? or anyone?

8.130. To express doubt.

He said the boy was 8(?) feet tall. (No space before question mark.) 

The statue(?) was on the statute books. 

The scientific identification Dorothia? was noted. (Roman “?”.)

Quotation marks

Quotation marks are used—

8.131. To enclose direct quotations. (Each part of an interrupted quotation 

begins and ends with quotation marks.)

The answer is “No.” 

He said, “John said, ‘No.’ ’’ (Note thin space between single and double 

 closing quotes.) 

“John,” asked Henry, “why do you go?”

8.132. To enclose any matter following such terms as entitled, the word, 

the term, marked, designated, classified, named, endorsed, cited as, 

referred to as, or signed; however, quotation marks are not used to 

enclose expressions following the terms known as, called, so-called,

etc., unless such expressions are misnomers or slang.

 Congress passed the act entitled “An act . . . .”

 After the word “treaty,” insert a comma.

 Of what does the item “Miscellaneous debts” consist?

 The column “Imports from foreign countries” was not well written.

 The document will be marked “Exhibit No. 21;” but The document may be 

 made exhibit No. 21.

 The check was endorsed “John Adamson.”
Punctuation 217

 It was signed “John.”

but Beryllium is known as glucinium in some European countries.

 It was called profit and loss.

 The so-called investigating body.

8.133. To enclose titles of addresses, albums, articles, awards, books, 

captions, editorials, essays, headings, headlines, hearings, motion pictures and plays (including television and radio programs), 

operas, papers, short poems, reports, songs, studies, subheadings, 

subjects, and themes. All principal words are to be capitalized.

 An address on “Uranium-235 in the Atomic Age”

 The article “Germany Revisited” appeared in the last issue.

 He received the “Man of the Year” award.

 “The Conquest of Mexico,” a published work (book)

 Under the caption “Long-Term Treasurys Rise”

 The subject was discussed in “Punctuation.” (chapter heading)

 It will be found in “Part XI: Early Thought.”

 The editorial “Haphazard Budgeting”

 “Compensation,” by Emerson (essay)

 “United States To Appoint Representative to U.N.” (heading or headline)

 In “Search for Paradise” (motion picture)

 “South Pacific” (play)

 A paper on “Constant-Pressure Combustion” was read.

 “O Captain! My Captain!” (short poem)

 The report “Atomic Energy: What It Means to the Nation”; but annual report 

 of the Director of the Government Publishing Office

 This was followed by the singing of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

 The information is located under the subhead “Sixty Days of Turmoil.”

 The subject (or theme) of the conference is “Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy.”

also Account 5, “Management fees.”

 Under the heading “Management and Operation.”

 Under the appropriation “Building of ships, Navy.”

8.134. At the beginning of each paragraph of a quotation, but at the end of 

the last paragraph only.

8.135. To enclose a letter or communication that bears both date and 

signature.

8.136. To enclose misnomers, slang expressions, sobriquets, coined words, 

or ordinary words used in an arbitrary way.

 His report was “bunk.”

 It was a “gentlemen’s agreement.”
218 Chapter 8

 The “invisible government” is responsible.

 George Herman “Babe” Ruth.

but He voted for the lameduck amendment.

8.137. To close up characters except when they precede a fraction or an 

apostrophe or precede or follow a superior figure or letter, in which 

case a thin space is used. A thin space is used to separate double and 

single quotation marks.

8.138. The comma and the final period will be placed inside the quotation 

marks. Other punctuation marks should be placed inside the quotation marks only if they are a part of the matter quoted.

Ruth said, “I think so.” 

“The President,” he said, “will veto the bill.” 

The conductor shouted, “All aboard!” 

Who asked, “Why?” 

The President suggests that “an early occasion be sought.” 

Why call it a “gentlemen’s agreement”?

8.139. In congressional and certain other classes of work showing amendments, and in courtwork with quoted language, punctuation marks 

are printed after the quotation marks when not a part of the quoted 

matter.

Insert the words “growth”, “production”, and “manufacture”. 

To be inserted after the words “cadets, U.S. Coast Guard;”. 

Change “February 1, 1983”, to “June 30, 2016”. 

“Insert in lieu thereof ‘July 1, 1983,’.”

8.140. When occurring together, quotation marks should precede footnote reference numbers.

The commissioner claimed that the award was “unjustified.” 1 

Kelly’s exact words were: “The facts in the case prove otherwise.” 2

8.141. Quotation marks should be limited, if possible, to three sets (double, 

single, double).

“The question in the report is, ‘Can a person who obtains his certificate of 

 naturalization by fraud be considered a “bona fide” citizen of the United 

 States?’ ”

Quotation marks are not used—

8.142. To enclose titles of works of art: paintings, statuary, etc.
Punctuation 219

8.143. To enclose names of newspapers or magazines.

8.144. To enclose complete letters having date and signature.

8.145. To enclose extracts that are indented or set in smaller type, or solid 

extracts in leaded matter; but indented matter in text that is already 

quoted carries quotation marks.

8.146. In indirect quotations.

Tell her yes. He could not say no.

8.147. Before a display initial which begins a quoted paragraph.

Semicolon

The semicolon is used—

8.148. To separate clauses containing commas.

Donald A. Peters, Jr., president of the First National Bank, was also a director 

 of New York Central; Harvey D. Jones was a director of Oregon Steel Co. 

 and New York Central; Thomas W. Harrison, chairman of the board of 

 McBride & Co., was also on the board of Oregon Steel Co.

Reptiles, amphibians, and predatory mammals swallow their prey whole or 

 in large pieces, bones included; waterfowl habitually take shellfish entire; 

 and gallinaceous birds are provided with gizzards that grind up the hardest 

 seeds.

Yes, sir; he did see it.

No, sir; I do not recall.

8.149. To separate statements that are too closely related in meaning to be 

written as separate sentences, and also statements of contrast.

Yes; that is right.

No; we received one-third.

It is true in peace; it is true in war.

War is destructive; peace, constructive.

8.150. To set off explanatory abbreviations or words that summarize or 

explain preceding matter.

The industry is related to groups that produce finished goods; i.e., electrical 

 machinery and transportation equipment.

There were three metal producers involved; namely, Jones & Laughlin, Armco, 

 and Kennecott.
220 Chapter 8

The semicolon is not used—

8.151. Where a comma will suffice.

Offices are located in New York, NY, Chicago, IL, and Dallas, TX.

Single punctuation

8.152. Single punctuation should be used wherever possible without 

ambiguity.

124 U.S. 321 (no comma)

Sir: (no dash)

Joseph replied, “It is a worthwhile effort.” (no outside period)

Type

8.153. All punctuation marks, including parentheses, brackets, and superior reference figures, are set to match the type of the words which 

they adjoin. A lightface dash is used after a run-in boldface sidehead followed by lightface matter. Lightface brackets, parentheses, 

or quotation marks shall be used when both boldface and lightface 

matter are enclosed.

Charts: C&GS 5101 (N.O. 18320), page 282 (see above); N.O. 93491 (Plan); 

 page 271.
221

9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols

9.1. Abbreviations and letter symbols are used to save space and to avoid 

distracting the reader by use of repetitious words or phrases.

9.2. The nature of the publication governs the extent to which abbreviations are used. In the text of technical and legal publications, and in 

parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and 

bibliographies, many words are frequently abbreviated. Heads, legends, tables of contents, and indexes follow the style of the text.

9.3. Internal and terminal punctuation in symbols representing units 

of measure are to be omitted to conform with practice adopted by 

scientific, technical, and industrial groups. Where the omission of 

terminal punctuation causes confusion; e.g., the symbol in (inch) 

mistaken for the preposition in, the symbol should be spelled out.

9.4. Standard and easily understood forms are preferable, and they 

should be uniform throughout a job. Abbreviations not generally 

known should be followed in the text by the spelled-out forms in 

parentheses the first time they occur; in tables and leaderwork such 

explanatory matter should be supplied in a footnote. As the printer 

cannot rewrite the copy, the author should supply these explanatory 

forms.

9.5. In technical matter, symbols for units of measure should be used 

only with figures; similarly, many other abbreviations and symbols 

should not appear in isolation. For example, energy is measured in 

foot-pounds, NOT energy is measured in ft•lbs. See ASME Y14.38 

("Abbreviations and Acronyms for use on Drawings and Related 

Documents") for an extended list of technical abbreviations.

Capitals, hyphens, periods (points), and spacing

9.6. In general, an abbreviation follows the capitalization and hyphenation of the word or words abbreviated. It is followed by a period 

unless otherwise indicated.

 c.o.d. St. but ft•lb
222 Chapter 9

9.7. Abbreviations and initials of a personal name with points are set 

without spaces. Abbreviations composed of contractions and initials or numbers, will retain space.

F.D.R. i.e., e.g. (but op. cit.)

 J.F.K. B.S., LL.D., Ph.D., B.Sc. 

 L.B.J. H.R. 116 (but S. 116, S. Con.

 B.C. Forrest, D.D.S. Res. 116)

 U.S. C.A.D.C. (but App. D.C.)

 U.N. but

 U.S.C. (but Rev. Stat.) AT&T

 A.F. of L.-CIO (AFL–CIO Texas A&M

 preferred) R&D

 A.D., B.C. 

9.8. Except as otherwise designated, points and spaces are omitted 

after initials used as shortened names of governmental agencies 

and of other organized bodies. “Other organized bodies” will be 

interpreted to mean organized bodies that have become popularly 

identified with a symbol, such as MIT (Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology), GM (General Motors), AFLAC (American Family Life 

Assurance Company), etc. (See also rule 9.61.) Symbols, when they 

appear in copy, may be used for acts of Congress. Example: ARA 

(Area Redevelopment Act).

VFW TVA ARC

NLRB AFL–CIO ASTM

Geographic terms

9.9. United States must be spelled out when appearing in a sentence 

containing the name of another country. The abbreviation U.S. 

will be used when preceding the word Government or the name 

of a Government organization, except in formal writing (treaties, 

Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages.

U.S. Government

U.S. Congress

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

U.S. district court

U.S. Supreme Court (but Supreme Court of the United States)

U.S. Army (but Army of the United States)

U.S. monitor Nantucket
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 223

U.S.-NATO assistance

U.S. Government efforts to control inflation must be successful if the 

 United States is to have a stable economy.

but British, French, and United States Governments; United States-British 

 talks

9.10. With the exceptions in the preceding rule, the abbreviation U.S.

is used in the adjective position, but is spelled out when used as a 

noun.

U.S. foreign policy United States Steel Corp.

U.S. farm-support program (legal title)

U.S. attorney Foreign policy of the

U.S. citizen United States

United States Code (official title) not Temperatures vary in the U.S.

9.11. The names of foreign countries are not abbreviated, with the exception of the former U.S.S.R., which is abbreviated due to its 

length.

9.12. In other than formal usage as defined in rule 9.9, all States of the 

United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and freely associated 

states are abbreviated immediately following any capitalized geographic term, including armory, arsenal, airbase, airport, barracks, 

depot, fort, Indian agency, military camp, national cemetery (also 

forest, historic site, memorial, seashore, monument, park), naval 

shipyard, proving ground, reservation (forest, Indian, or military), 

and reserve or station (military or naval).

Prince George’s County, MD Arlington National Cemetery, VA

Mount Rainier National Forest, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

 WA Washington Dulles

Stone Mountain, GA International Airport, VA

National Naval Medical Center, Redstone Arsenal, AL

 Bethesda, MD

Mark Twain National Wildlife but

 Refuge, IL-IA-MO (note use of Leavenworth freight yards,

 hyphens here) Kansas

Richmond, VA Altoona sidetrack, Wisconsin

9.13. The Postal Service style of two-letter State, Province, and freely 

associated State abbreviations is to be used.
224 Chapter 9

United States

[Including freely associated States]

Alabama ........................................AL

Alaska ........................................... AK

American Samoa ........................ AS

Arizona .........................................AZ

Arkansas .......................................AR

California .....................................CA

Colorado ..................................... CO

Connecticut .................................CT

Delaware .......................................DE

District of Columbia ................. DC

Federated States of

 Micronesia .............................. FM

Florida ...........................................FL

Georgia ......................................... GA

Guam ............................................GU

Hawaii ............................................HI

Idaho ...............................................ID

Illinois .............................................IL

Indiana ...........................................IN

Iowa .................................................IA

Kansas ........................................... KS

Kentucky .......................................KY

Louisiana ......................................LA

Maine............................................ME

Marshall Islands .......................MH

Maryland .................................... MD

Massachusetts ........................... MA

Michigan .......................................MI

Minnesota .................................. MN

Mississippi ....................................MS

Missouri ...................................... MO

Montana .......................................MT

Nebraska .......................................NE

Nevada .........................................NV

New Hampshire .........................NH

New Jersey .....................................NJ

New Mexico ............................... NM

New York ..................................... NY

North Carolina ........................... NC

North Dakota .............................ND

Northern Mariana

 Islands ......................................MP

Ohio ..............................................OH

Oklahoma .................................... OK

Oregon ..........................................OR

Palau .............................................PW

Pennsylvania ................................ PA

Puerto Rico .................................. PR

Rhode Island ................................. RI

South Carolina .............................SC

South Dakota ............................... SD

Tennessee ..................................... TN

Texas ..............................................TX

Utah ...............................................UT

Vermont ........................................VT

Virgin Islands ...............................VI

Virginia .........................................VA

Washington .................................WA

West Virginia.............................WV

Wisconsin .....................................WI

Wyoming .................................... WY

Canada

Alberta ..........................................AB

British Columbia ........................BC

Manitoba .....................................MB

New Brunswick ...........................NB

Newfoundland and Labrador ...NL

Northwest Territories ............... NT

Nova Scotia .................................. NS

Nunavut .......................................NU

Ontario .........................................ON

Prince Edward Island .................PE

Quebec ......................................... QC

Saskatchewan ...............................SK

Yukon ............................................YT

9.14. The names of other insular possessions, trust territories, and Long 

Island, Staten Island, etc., are not abbreviated.

9.15. The names of Canadian Provinces and other foreign political subdivisions are not abbreviated except as noted in rule 9.13.

Addresses

9.16. Words such as Street, Avenue, Place, Road, Square, Boulevard, 

Terrace, Drive, Court, and Building, following a name or number, 

are abbreviated in footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and lists.

9.17. In addresses, no period is used with the abbreviations NW, SW, NE, 

SE (indicating sectional divisions of cities) following name or number. North, South, East, and West are spelled out at all times.

9.18. The word Street or Avenue as part of a name is not abbreviated even 

in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, lists, or leaderwork.

14th Street Bridge Ninth Avenue Bldg.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 225

9.19. The words County, Fort, Mount, Point, and Port are not abbreviated. 

Saint (St.) and Sainte (Ste.) should be abbreviated.

Descriptions of tracts of land

9.20. In the description of tracts of public land the following abbreviations are used (periods are only used after compass directional 

abbreviations that describe township(s) (T./Tps.) and range(s) (R./

Rs.)):

SE1⁄4NW1⁄4 sec. 4, T. 12 S., R. 15 E., of the Boise Meridian

lot 6, NE1⁄4 sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. 1 W.

N1⁄2 sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., sixth principal meridian

Tps. 9, 10, 11, and 12 S., Rs. 12 and 13 W.

T. 2 S., Rs. 8, 9, and 10 E., sec. 26

T. 3 S., R. 1 E., sec. 34, W1⁄2E1⁄2, W1⁄2, and W1⁄2SE1⁄4SE1⁄4

sec. 32 (with or without a township number)

9.21. If fractions are spelled out in land descriptions, half and quarter are 

used (not one-half or one-quarter).

south half of T. 47 N., R. 64 E.

9.22. In case of an unavoidable break in a land-description symbol group 

at end of a line, use no hyphen and break after fraction.

Names and titles

9.23. The following forms are not always abbreviations, and copy should 

be followed as to periods:

 Al Ben Fred Walt

 Alex Ed Sam Will

9.24. In signatures, an effort should be made to retain the exact form 

used by the signer.

 George Wythe Geo. Taylor

9.25. In company and other formal names, if it is not necessary to preserve 

the full legal title, such forms as Bro., Bros., Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd., and 

& are used. Association and Manufacturing are not abbreviated.
226 Chapter 9

9.26. Company and Corporation are not abbreviated in names of Federal 

Government units.

 Commodity Credit Corporation

 Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

 Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation

9.27. In parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork, 

abbreviate the words railroad and railway (RR and Ry.), 

except in such names as “Washington Railway & Electric Co.” and 

“Florida Railroad & Navigation Corp.” SS for steamship, MS for motorship, etc., preceding name are used at all times.

9.28. In the names of informal companionships the word and is spelled 

out.

Lennon and McCartney Currier and Ives

9.29. In other than formal usage, a civil, military, or naval title preceding 

a name is abbreviated if followed by first or given name or initial; 

but Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., M., MM., Messrs., Mlle., Mme., and Dr. are 

abbreviated with or without first or given name or initial.

United States military titles and abbreviations

Officer rank

Officer ranks in the United States military consist of commissioned officers 

and warrant officers. The commissioned ranks are the highest in the military. These officers hold presidential commissions and are confirmed at their 

ranks by the Senate. Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps officers are called 

Radio Corp. of America

Aluminum Co. of America

Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey

H.J. Baker & Bro.

Jones Bros. & Co.

American Telephone &

 Telegraph Co.

Norton Enterprises, Inc.

Maryland Steamship Co., Ltd.

Chesapeake & Delaware Canal

Fairmount Building & Loan

 Association

Electronics Manufacturing Co.

Texas College of Arts & Industries

Robert Wilson & Associates, Inc.

U.S. News & World Report

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers

but

Little Theater Company

Senate Banking, Housing and

 Urban Affairs Committee
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 227

company grade officers in the pay grades of O–1 to O–3, field grade officers in pay grades O–4 to O–6, and general officers in pay grades O–7 and 

higher. The equivalent officer groupings in the Navy are called junior grade, 

mid-grade, and flag.

Warrant officers hold warrants from their service secretary and are specialists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. The lowest 

ranking warrant officers serve under a warrant, but they receive commissions from the President upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2. These 

commissioned warrant officers are direct representatives of the President 

of the United States. They derive their authority from the same source as 

commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned 

officers, who are generalists. There are no warrant officers in the Air Force.

 O10

 O9

 O8

 O7

 O6

 O5

 O4

 O3

Army Navy

Coast Guard Marines Air Force

General of the Army

(Reserved for wartime only)

Fleet Admiral

(Reserved for wartime only)

General of the Air Force

(Reserved for wartime only)

General

GEN

Army Chief of Staff

Admiral

ADM

Chief of Naval Operations

and

Commandant of the

Coast Guard

General

Gen.

Commandant of the

Marine Corps

General

Gen.

Air Force Chief of Staff

Lieutenant

General

LTG

Vice Admiral

VADM

Lieutenant

General

Lt. Gen.

Lieutenant

General

Lt. Gen.

Major General

MG

Rear Admiral

Upper Half

RADM

Major General

Maj. Gen.

Major General

Maj. Gen.

Brigadier General

BG

Rear Admiral

Lower Half

RDML

Brigadier General

Brig. Gen.

Brigadier General

Brig. Gen.

Colonel

COL

Captain

CAPT

Colonel

Col.

Colonel

Col.

Lieutenant Colonel

LTC

Commander

CDR

Lieutenant Colonel

Lt. Col.

Lieutenant Colonel

Lt. Col.

Major

MAJ

Lieutenant

Commander

LCDR

Major

Maj.

Major

Maj.

Captain

CPT

Lieutenant

LT

Captain

Capt.

Captain

Capt.
228 Chapter 9

 O2

 O1

 W5

 W4

 W3

 W2

 W1

Second Lieutenant

2LT

Ensign

ENS

Second Lieutenant

2nd Lt.

Second Lieutenant

2nd Lt.

First Lieutenant

1LT

Lieutenant Junior Grade

LTJG

First Lieutenant

1st Lt.

First Lieutenant

1st Lt.

Chief Warrant Officer

CW5

Chief Warrant Officer

CWO5

Chief Warrant Officer 5

CWO5 NO WARRANT

Chief Warrant Officer 4

CW4

Chief Warrant Officer 4

CWO4

Chief Warrant Officer 4

CWO4 NO WARRANT

Chief Warrant Officer 3

CW3

Chief Warrant Officer 3

CWO3

Chief Warrant Officer 3

CWO3 NO WARRANT

Chief Warrant Officer 2

CW2

Chief Warrant Officer 2

CWO2

Chief Warrant Officer 2

CWO2 NO WARRANT

Warrant Officer 1

WO1

Warrant Officer 1

WO1

Warrant Officer 1

WO NO WARRANT

Army Navy

Coast Guard Marines Air Force

Source: http://www.defense.gov/About-DoD/Insignias/Officers.

Enlisted rank

Service members in pay grades E–1 through E–3 are usually either in some 

kind of training status or on their initial assignment. The training includes 

the basic training phase where recruits are immersed in military culture and 

values and are taught the core skills required by their service component.

Basic training is followed by a specialized or advanced training phase that 

provides recruits with a specific area of expertise or concentration. In the 

Army and Marines, this area is called a military occupational specialty; in 

the Navy it is known as a rate; and in the Air Force it is simply called an Air 

Force specialty.

Leadership responsibility significantly increases in the mid-level enlisted 

ranks. This responsibility is given formal recognition by use of the terms 

noncommissioned officer and petty officer. An Army sergeant, an Air Force 

staff sergeant, and a Marine corporal are considered NCO ranks. The Navy 

NCO equivalent, petty officer, is achieved at the rank of petty officer third 

class.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 229

At the E–8 level, the Army, Marines, and Air Force have two positions at the 

same pay grade. Whether one is, for example, a senior master sergeant or a 

first sergeant in the Air Force depends on the person’s job. The same is true 

for the positions at the E–9 level. Marine Corps master gunnery sergeants 

and sergeants major receive the same pay but have different responsibilities. 

E–8s and E–9s have 15 to 30 years on the job, and are commanders’ senior 

advisers for enlisted matters.

A third E–9 element is the senior enlisted person of each service. The sergeant 

major of the Army, the sergeant major of the Marine Corps, the master chief 

petty officer of the Navy, and the chief master sergeant of the Air Force are 

the spokespersons of the enlisted force at the highest levels of their services.

 E9

 E9

 E8

 E7

 E6

 E5

 E4

Technical Sergeant

(TSgt)

Staff Sergeant

(SSG)

Petty Officer

First Class

(PO1)

Staff Sergeant

(SSgt)

Staff Sergeant

(SSgt)

Sergeant

(SGT)

Petty Officer

Second Class

(PO2)

Sergeant

(Sgt)

Army Navy

Coast Guard Marines Air Force

Sergeant Major

of the Army

(SMA)

Master Chief Petty

Officer

of the Navy

(MCPON)

and

Coast Guard

(MCPOCG)

Sergeant Major of the

Marine Corps

(SgtMajMC)

Chief Master Sergeant

of the Air Force

(CMSAF)

First

Sergeant

Sergeant

Major

(SGM)

Command

Sergeant

Major

(CSM)

Master

Chief

Petty

Officer

(MCPO)

Fleet/

Command

Master

Chief

Petty

Officer

Sergeant

Major

(SgtMaj)

Master

Gunnery

Sergeant

(MGySgt)

Chief

Master

Sergeant

(CMSgt)

Command

Chief

Master

Sergeant

(CCM)

First Sergeant

Master

Sergeant

(MSG)

First

Sergeant

(1SG)

Senior Chief Petty

Officer

(SCPO)

Master

Sergeant

(MSgt)

First

Sergeant

Senior

Master

Sergeant

(SMSgt)

First Sergeant Sergeant First Class

(SFC)

Chief Petty Officer

(CPO)

Gunnery Sergeant

(GySgt)

Master

Sergeant

(MSgt)

Senior Airman

(SrA)

Corporal

(CPL)

Specialist

(SPC)

Petty Officer

Third Class

(PO3)

Corporal

(Cpl)
230 Chapter 9

 E3

 E2

 E1

Airman First Class

(A1C)

Private First Class

(PFC)

Seaman

(SN)

Lance Corporal

(LCpl)

Airman

(Amn)

Private E–2

(PV2)

Seaman Apprentice

(SA)

Private First Class

(PFC)

Private Airman Basic Seaman Recruit

(SR) Private

Army Navy

Coast Guard Marines Air Force

Source: http://www.defense.gov/About-DoD/Insignias/Enlisted.

9.30. Spell out Senator, Representative, and commandant.

9.31. Unless preceded by the, abbreviate Honorable, Reverend, and 

Monsignor when followed by the first name, initials, or title.

Hon. John Kerry; the Honorable John Kerry; the Honorable Mr. Kerry

the Honorables John Roberts, Elena Kagan, and Ruth Bader Ginsberg

Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend Dr. King; Rev. Dr. King; Reverend 

 King (not Rev. King, nor the Reverend King)

Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman; the Right Reverend James E. Freeman; Very Rev. Henry 

 Boyd; the Very Reverend Henry Boyd

Rt. Rev. Msgr. John Bird; the Right Reverend Monsignor John Bird

9.32. The following and similar forms are used after a name:

Esq., Jr., Sr.

2d, 3d (or II, III) (not preceded by comma)

Degrees: LL.D., M.A., Ph.D., etc.

Fellowships, orders, etc.: FSA Scot, F.R.S., K.C.B., C.P.A., etc.

9.33. The abbreviation Esq. and other titles such as Mr., Mrs., and Dr.,

should not appear with any other title or with abbreviations indicating scholastic degrees.

John L. Smith, Esq., not Mr. John L. Smith, Esq., nor John L. Smith, Esq., A.M.; 

 but James A. Jones, Jr., Esq.

Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D., not Mr. Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D.

George Gray, M.D., not Mr. George Gray, M.D., nor Dr. George Gray, M.D.

Dwight A. Bellinger, D.V.M., but Major John P. Pryor, M.D.

9.34. Sr. and Jr. should not be used without first or given name or initials, 

but may be used in combination with any title.

A.K. Jones, Jr., or Mr. Jones, Junior, not Jones, Jr., nor Jones, Junior

President J.B. Nelson, Jr.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 231

9.35. When name is followed by abbreviations designating religious 

and fraternal orders and scholastic and honorary degrees, their 

sequence is as follows: Orders, religious first; theological degrees; 

academic degrees earned in course; and honorary degrees in order 

of bestowal.

Henry L. Brown, D.D., A.M., D.Lit.

T.E. Holt, C.S.C., S.T.Lr., LL.D., Ph.D.

Samuel J. Deckelbaum, P.M.

9.36. Academic degrees standing alone may be abbreviated.

John was graduated with a B.A. degree; but bachelor of arts degree (lowercase

 when spelled out).

She earned her Ph.D. by hard work.

9.37. In addresses, signatures, lists of names, and leaderwork but not in 

tables nor in centerheads, Mr., Mrs., and other titles preceding a 

name, and Esq., Ph.D., Jr., and Sr. following a name, are set in roman 

caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small caps. If the name 

is in caps, they are set in caps and small caps, if small caps are available—otherwise in caps and lowercase.

Parts of publications

9.38. The following abbreviations are used for parts of publications 

mentioned in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, list of references, tables, and leaderwork, when followed by figures, letters, or 

Roman numerals.

app., apps. (appendix, 

 appendixes)

art., arts. (article, articles)

bull., bulls. (bulletin, bulletins)

ch., chs. (chapter, chapters)

col., cols. (column, columns)

ed., eds. (edition, editions)

fig., figs. (figure, figures)

fn., fns. (footnote, footnotes)

No., Nos. (number, numbers)

p., pp. (page, pages)

par., pars. (paragraph,

 paragraphs)

pl., pls. (plate, plates)

pt., pts. (part, parts)

sec., secs. (section, sections)

subch., subchs. (subchapter, 

 subchapters)

subpar., subpars. (subparagraph, 

 subparagraphs)

subpt., subpts. (subpart, subparts)

subsec., subsecs. (subsection, 

 subsections)

supp., supps. (supplement,

 supplements)

vol., vols. (volume, volumes)
232 Chapter 9

9.39. The word article and the word section are abbreviated when appearing at the beginning of a paragraph and set in caps and small caps 

followed by a period and an en space, except that the first of a series 

is spelled out.

Art. 2; Sec. 2; etc.; but Article 1; Section 1

Art. II; Sec. II; etc.; but Article I; Section I

9.40. At the beginning of a legend, the word figure preceding the legend 

number is not abbreviated.

Figure 4.—Landscape.

Terms relating to Congress

9.41. The words Congress and session, when accompanied by a numerical reference, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, and text 

footnotes. In sidenotes, lists of references, tables, leaderwork, and 

footnotes to tables and leaderwork, the following abbreviations are 

used:

106th Cong., 1st sess. Public Law 84, 102d Cong.

1st sess., 106th Cong. Private Law 68, 102d Cong.

9.42. In references to bills, resolutions, documents and reports in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork, the 

following abbreviations are used:

H.R. 416 (House bill)

S. 116 (Senate bill)

The examples above may be

 abbreviated or spelled

 out in text.

H. Res. 5 (House resolution)

H. Con. Res. 10 (House concurrent

 resolution)

H.J. Res. 21 (House joint resolution)

S. Res. 50 (Senate resolution)

S. Con. Res. 17 (Senate concurrent

 resolution)

S.J. Res. 45 (Senate joint resolution)

H. Conf. Rept. 10 (House

 conference report)

H. Doc. 35 (House document)

S. Doc. 62 (Senate document)

H. Rept. 214 (House report)

S. Rept. 410 (Senate report)

Ex. Doc. B (Executive document)

Ex. F (92d Cong., 2d sess.)

Ex. Rept. 9 (92d Cong., 1st sess.)

Misc. Doc. 16 (miscellaneous

 document)

Public Res. 47
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 233

9.43. References to statutes in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, 

leaderwork, and congressional work are abbreviated.

 Rev. Stat. (Revised Statutes); 43 Rev. Stat. 801; 18 U.S.C. 38 

 Supp. Rev. Stat. (Supplement to the Revised Statutes) 

 Stat. L. (Statutes at Large) 

but Public Law 85−1; Private Law 68

Calendar divisions

9.44. Names of months followed by the day, or day and year, are 

abbreviated in footnotes, tables, leaderwork, sidenotes, and in bibliographies. (See examples, rule 9.45.) May, June, and July are always 

spelled out. In narrow columns in tables, however, the names of 

months may be abbreviated even if standing alone. Preferred forms 

follow:

Jan. Apr. Oct.

Feb. Aug. Nov.

Mar. Sept. Dec.

9.45. In text only, dates as part of a citation or reference within parentheses or brackets are also abbreviated.

 (Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2005) 

 (Congressional Record, Sept. 25, 2007) 

 [From the New York Times, Mar. 4, 2008] 

 [From the Mar. 4 issue] 

 On Jan. 25 (we had commenced on Dec. 26, 2005) the work was finished. (In 

 footnotes, tables, leaderwork, and sidenotes)

 On January 25, a decision was reached (Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2006). (Text, 

 but with citation in parentheses)

but On January 25 (we had commenced on December 26, 2008) the work was 

 finished. (Not a citation or reference in text)

9.46. Weekdays are not abbreviated, but the following forms are used, if 

necessary, in lists or in narrow columns in tables:

Sun. Wed. Fri.

Mon. Thurs. Sat.

Tues.
234 Chapter 9

Time zones

9.47. The following forms are to be used when abbreviating names of 

time zones:

AKDT—Alaska daylight time

AKST—Alaska standard time

AKT—Alaska time (implies

 standard or daylight time)

AST—Atlantic standard time

AT—Atlantic time

CDT—central daylight time

CST—central standard time

CT—central time

ChST—Chamorro standard time

 (DST not observed)

DST—daylight saving (no “s”) time

EDT—eastern daylight time

EST—eastern standard time

ET—eastern time

GCT—Greenwich civil time

GMAT—Greenwich mean

 astronomical time

GMT—Greenwich mean time

HDT—Hawaii-Aleutian daylight time

 (not observed in HI)

HST—Hawaii-Aleutian standard time 

LST—local standard time 

MDT—mountain daylight time

MST—mountain standard time

MT— mountain time

PDT—Pacific daylight time

PST—Pacific standard time

PT—Pacific time

SST—Samoan standard time

 (DST not observed)

UTC—coordinated universal time

Acronyms and coined words

9.48. To obtain uniform treatment in the formation of acronyms and 

coined words, apply the formulas that follow:

Use all capital letters when only the first letter of each word or selected words is 

used to make up the symbol:

 APPR (Army package power reactor)

 EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow)

 MAG (Military Advisory Group)

 MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)

 SALT (strategic arms limitation talks); (avoid SALT talks)

Use all capital letters where first letters of prefixes and/or suffixes are utilized as 

part of established expressions:

 CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

 ESP (extrasensory perception)

 FLIR (forward-looking infrared)

Copy must be followed where an acronym or abbreviated form is copyrighted or 

established by law:

 ACTION (agency of Government; not an acronym)

 MARAD (Maritime Administration)

 NACo (National Association of Counties)

 MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 235

Use caps and lowercase when proper names are used in shortened form, any word

of which uses more than the first letter of each word:

 Conrail (Consolidated Rail Corporation)

 Pepco (Potomac Electric Power Co.)

 Inco (International Nickel Co.)

 Aramco (Arabian-American Oil Co.)

 Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force)

 but USAJOBS

Use lowercase in common-noun combinations made up of more than the first 

letter of lowercased words:

 loran (long-range navigation)

 sonar (sound navigation ranging)

 secant (separation control of aircraft by nonsynchronous techniques)

9.49. The words infra and supra are not abbreviated.

Terms of measure

9.50. The only instance where a period is used with a compass directonal 

abbreviation is in a land tract description with township(s) (T./Tps.) 

and range(s) (R./Rs.). (See rule 9.20.) Compass directionals are abbreviated as follows:

N S ESE 

NE NNW 10° N 25° W 

E W but

NW by N 1⁄4 W SW T. 2 S., R. 1 E.

9.51. The words latitude and longitude, followed by figures, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and 

leaderwork, and the figures are always closed up.

lat. 52°33'05" N long. 13°21'10" E

9.52. Avoid breaking latitude and longitude figures at end of line; space 

out line instead. In case of an unavoidable break at end of line, use 

hyphen.

9.53. Temperature and gravity are expressed in figures. When the degree mark is used, it must appear closed up to the capital letter, not 
236 Chapter 9

against the figures. Note the following related abbreviations and letter symbols and their usages:

abs, absolute

Bé, Baumé

°C,1

 degree Celsius 2

°F, degree Fahrenheit

°R, degree Rankine

K, kelvin; but Kelvin scale

273.15 K

°API

API, American Petroleum 

 Institute

Twad, Twaddell

100 °C

212 °F 1

671.67 °R

18 °API

9.54. References to meridian in statements of time are abbreviated as 

follows:

10 a.m. (not 10:00 a.m.) 12 p.m. (12 noon)

2:30 p.m. 12 a.m. (12 midnight)

9.55. The word o’clock is not used with abbreviations of time.

not 10 o’clock p.m.

9.56. Metric unit letter symbols are set lowercase roman unless the unit 

name has been derived from a proper name, in which case the first 

letter of the symbol is capitalized (for example Pa for pascal and W 

for watt). The exception is the letter L for liter. The same form is used 

for singular and plural. The preferred symbol for cubic centimeter is 

cm3; use cc only when requested.

 A space is used between a figure and a unit symbol except in the 

case of the symbols for degree, minute, and second of plane angle.

3 m 45 mm 25 °C but 33°15'21"

Prefixes for multiples and submultiples Metric units

Y yotta (1024) d deci (10—1) m meter (for length)

Z zetta (1021) c centi (10—2) g gram (for weight or mass)

E exa (1018) m milli (10—3) L liter (for capacity)

P peta (1015) μ micro (10—6)

T tera (1012) n nano (10—9)

G giga (109

) p pico (10—12)

M mega (106

) f femto (10—15)

k kilo (103

) a atto (10—18)

h hecto (102

) z zepto (10—21)

da deka (10) y yocto (10—24)

1 Without figures preceding it,  ̊C or  ̊F should be used only in boxhead and over figure columns in tables. 2 Preferred form (superseding Centigrade). 
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 237

 Length Area Volume

km kilometer km2

 square kilometer km3 cubic kilometer

hm hectometer hm2

 square hectometer hm3 cubic hectometer

dam decameter dam2

 square decameter dam3 cubic dekameter

m meter m2

 square meter m3 cubic meter

dm decimeter dm2

 square decimeter dm3 cubic decimeter

cm centimeter cm2

 square centimeter cm3 cubic centimeter

mm millimeter mm2

 square millimeter mm3 cubic millimeter

 Weight Land area Capacity of containers

kg kilogram ha hectare kL kiloliter

hg hectogram a acre hL hectoliter

dag dekagram daL dekaliter

g gram L liter

dg decigram dL deciliter

cg centigram cL centiliter

mg milligram mL milliliter

μg microgram

9.57. A similar form of abbreviation applies to any unit of the metric 

system.

A ampere V volt mF millifarad

VA voltampere W watt mH millihenry

F farad kc kilocycle μF microfarad (oneH henry kV kilovolt millionth of a farad)

Hz hertz kVA kilovoltampere

J joule kW kilowatt

9.58. The following forms are used when units of English weight and 

measure and units of time are abbreviated, the same form of abreviation being used for both singular and plural:

Length Area and volume

in inch in2

 square inch

ft foot in3

 cubic inch

yd yard mi2

 square mile

mi mile (statute) ft3

 cubic foot
238 Chapter 9

 Time Weight Capacity

yr year gr grain gill (not abbreviated)

mo month dr dram pt pint

d day oz ounce qt quart

h hour lb pound gal gallon

min minute cwt hundredweight pk peck

s second dwt pennyweight bu bushel

 ton(s) (not abbreviated) bbl barrel

 but t metric ton (tonne)

9.59. In astrophysical and similar scientific matter, magnitudes and units 

of time may be expressed as follows:

5h

3m9s 4.5h

Money

9.60. The following are some of the abbreviations and symbols used for 

indicating money:

 (For the abbreviations of other terms indicating currency, see the 

 table “Currency” in Chapter 17 “Useful Tables.”)

$, dol (dollar) Mex $2,650

c, ct, ¢ (cent, cents) ₧ (peso)

TRL175 (Turkish) £ (pound)

USD15,000 d (pence)

€ (euro)

 Use “USD” if omission would result in confusion.

Standard word abbreviations

9.61. For a more complete list of Government acronyms visit the 

U.S. Government Manual: https//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/

GOVMAN-2015-07-01/pdf/GOVMAN-2015-07-01-CommonlyUsed-Agency-Acronyms-105.pdf. Use these forms if abbreviations 

are required:

2,4D (insecticide)

2d—second

3d—third

3D—three dimensional

4 ̊—quarto

8 ̊—octavo

A1 (rating)

A.A.—Alcoholics Anonymous

AARP—American Association of

 Retired Persons

abbr.—abbreviation

abs.—abstract
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 239

acct.—account

ACTH—adrenocorticotropic

 hormone

A.D.—(anno Domini) in the year

 of our Lord (A.D. 937)

ADDH—attention deficit disorder

 with hyperactivity

ADHD—attention deficit hyper-

 activity disorder

AF—audiofrequency

AFB—Air Force Base

AFL–CIO—American Federation

 of Labor and Congress of

 Industrial Organizations

AIDS—acquired immuno-

 deficiency syndrome

a.k.a.—also known as

A.L.R.—American Law Reports

ALS—amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AM—amplitude modulation (no

 periods)

A.M.—(anno mundi) in the year of

 the world

A.M. or M.A.—master of arts

a.m.—(ante meridiem) before noon

Am. Repts.—American Reports

Amtrak—National Railroad

 Passenger Corporation

AMVETS—American Veterans;

 Amvet(s) (individual)

ANSI—American National 

 Standards Institute

antilog—antilogarithm (no period)

AOA—Administration on Aging

APEC—Asia-Pacific Economic

 Cooperation

API—American Petroleum

 Institute

APO—Army post office (no

 periods)

App. D.C.—District of Columbia

 Appeal Cases

App. Div.—Appellate Division

approx.—approximately

ARC—American Red Cross

ARS—Agricultural Research

 Service

ASD—autism spectrum disorder

ASME—American Society of

 Mechanical Engineers

ASTM—American Society for

 Testing and Materials

ATM—automatic teller machine

Atl.—Atlantic Reporter; A.2d,

 Atlantic Reporter, second

 series

AUS—Army of the United States

Ave.—avenue

AWACS—airborne warning and

 control system

AWOL—absent without leave

B.A. or A.B.—bachelor of arts

BAC—billing address code

BBB—Better Business Bureau

B.C.—before Christ (1200 B.C.)

B.C.E.—Before Common Era

BCG—(bacillus Calmette-Guerin) 

 antituberculosis vaccine

bf.—boldface

BGN—Board on (not of)

 Geographic Names

BIA—Bureau of Indian Affairs

BIS—Bank for International

 Settlements

Blatch. Pr. Cas.—Blatchford’s

 Prize Cases

Bldg.—building

B.Lit(t). or Lit(t).B.—bachelor of

 literature

BLM—Bureau of Land 

 Management

BLS—Bureau of Labor Statistics

Blvd.—boulevard

b.o.—buyer’s option

B.S. or B.Sc.—bachelor of science

c. and s.c.—caps and small caps

ca.—(circa) about

ca—centiare
240 Chapter 9

CACM—Central American

 Common Market

CAD—computer-aided design

CAP—Civil Air Patrol

CAT scan—computerized axial

 tomography

C.C.A.—Circuit Court of Appeals

CCC—Commodity Credit

 Corporation

C.Cls.—Court of Claims

C.Cls.R.—Court of Claims Reports

C.C.P.A.—Court of Customs and

 Patents Appeals

CCSDS —Consultative Committee

 for Space Data Systems

CDC—Centers for Disease Control

 and Prevention

C.E.—Common Era

CEA—Council of Economic

 Advisers

cf.—(confer) compare or see

CFR—Code of Federal Regulations

CFR Supp.—Code of Federal

 Regulations Supplement

CHAMPUS—Civilian Health

 and Medical Program of the 

 Uniformed Services

CIA—Central Intelligence Agency

C.J.—(corpus juris) body of law;

 Chief Justice

CMYK—cyan, magenta, yellow, 

 black

CNN—Cable News Network

CO—commanding officer

Co.—company (commercial)

c.o.d.—cash on delivery

COLA—cost-of-living adjustment

Comp. Dec.—Comptroller’s

 Decisions (Treasury)

Comp. Gen.—Comptroller

 General Decisions

con.—continued

Conus—continental United States

Corp.—corporation (commercial)

cos—cosine (no period)

cosh—hyperbolic cosine (no

 period)

cot—cotangent (no period)

coth—hyperbolic cotangent (no

 period)

c.p.—chemically pure

C.P.A.—certified public

 accountant

CPI—Consumer Price Index

CPR—cardiopulmonary

 resuscitation

cr.—credit; creditor

C–SPAN—Cable Satellite Public

 Affairs Network

csc—cosecant (no period)

csch—hyperbolic cosecant (no

 period)

Ct.—court

Dall.—Dallas (U.S. Supreme

 Court Reports)

DAR—Daughters of the American

 Revolution

d.b.a.—doing business as

d.b.h.—diameter at breast height

D.D.—doctor of divinity

D.D.S.—doctor of dental surgery

DDT—dichlorodiphenyl-

 trichloroethane

DHS—Department of Homeland 

 Security

Dist. Ct.—District Court

D.Lit(t). or Lit(t).D.—doctor of 

 literature

DNC—Domestic Names

 Committee (BGN)

do.—(ditto) the same

DOC—Department of Commerce

DoD—Department of Defense

DOE—Department of Energy

DOI—Department of the Interior

DOJ—Department of Justice
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 241

DOL—Department of Labor

DoS—Department of State

DOT—Department of 

 Transportation

DP—displaced person (no period)

D.P.H.—doctor of public health

D.P.Hy.—doctor of public hygiene

DPT—diphtheria, pertussis,

 tetanus innoculation

dr.—debit; debtor

Dr.—doctor; drive

DST—daylight saving (no “s”) time

D.V.M.—doctor of veterinary

 medicine

E—east

e–CFR—electronic Code of 

 Federal Regulations

EDGAR—Electronic Data

 Gathering, Analysis and

 Retrieval (SEC) 

EEOC—Equal Employment

 Opportunity Commission

EFTA—European Free Trade

 Association

EFTS—electronic funds transfer

 system

e.g.—(exempli gratia) for example

EHF—extremely high frequency

emcee—master of ceremony

e.o.m.—end of month

EOP—Executive Office of the

 President

EPA—Environmental Protection

 Agency

ESE—east-southeast

et al.—(et alii) and others

et seq.—(et sequentia) and the

 following

etc.—(et cetera) and so forth

EU—European Union

Euratom—European Atomic

 Energy Community

Euro—currency (common)

Eurodollars—U.S. dollars used to 

 finance foreign trade

Ex. Doc. (with letter)—executive 

 document

EXIM Bank—Export-Import 

 Bank of the United States

f., ff.—and following page (pages)

FAA—Federal Aviation

 Administration

FACS—Faculty of the American

 College of Surgeons

Fannie Mae—Federal National

 Mortgage Association

FAO—Food and Agriculture

 Organization

FAQ—frequently asked question

FAR—Federal Acquisition

 Regulation

f.a.s.—free alongside ship

FAS—Foreign Agricultural

 Service

FBI—Federal Bureau of

 Investigation

FCA—Farm Credit

 Administration

FCC—Federal Communications 

 Commission

FCIC—Federal Crop Insurance

 Corporation

FCSC—Foreign Claims

 Settlement Commission

FDA—Food and Drug

 Administration

FDIC—Federal Deposit Insurance

 Corporation

FDLP—Federal Depository

 Library Program

Fed.—Federal Reporter; F.3d,

 Federal Reporter, third series

FEOF—Foreign Exchange

 Operations Fund

FERC—Federal Energy

 Regulatory Commission
242 Chapter 9

FHA—Federal Housing 

 Administration

FHFA—Federal Housing

 Finance Agency

FmHA—Farmers Home

 Administration

FHWA—Federal Highway

 Administration

FICA—Federal Insurance 

 Contributions Act

FLSA—Fair Labor Standards Act

FM—frequency modulation

FMC—Federal Maritime

 Commission

FMCS—Federal Mediation and

 Conciliation Service

FNS—Food and Nutrition Service

f ̊—folio

FOB—free on board

FPO—fleet post office (no periods)

FR—Federal Register 

 (publication)

FRG—Federal Republic of 

 Germany

FRS—Federal Reserve System

FS—Forest Service

FSLIC—Federal Savings and Loan

 Insurance Corporation

F. Supp.—Federal Supplement

FTC—Federal Trade Commission

FWS—Fish and Wildlife Service

GAO—Government

 Accountability Office

GATT—General Agreement on

 Tariffs and Trade

GDP—Gross Domestic Product

GFE—government furnished 

 equipment

GFI—government furnished 

 information

GI—general issue; Government

 issue

GIS—geographic information

 system

G.M.&S.—general, medical, and

 surgical

GNMA—Government National

 Mortgage Association 

 (Ginnie Mae)

Gov.—Governor

GPO—Government Publishing

 Office

GPS—Global Positioning System

gr. wt.—gross weight

GSA—General Services

 Administration

GSE—Government-Sponsored

 Enterprise

G7—Group of Seven

H.C.—House of Commons

H. Con. Res. (with number)—

 House concurrent resolution

H. Doc. (with number)—House

 document

hazmat—hazardous material

HDTV—high definition television

HE—high explosive (no periods)

HF—high frequency (no periods)

HHS—Health and Human 

 Services (Department of)

HIV—human immunodeficiency

 virus

H.J. Res. (with number)—House

 joint resolution

HMO—health-maintenance

 organization

HOV—high-occupancy vehicle

How.—Howard (U.S. Supreme

 Court Reports)

H.R. (with number)—House bill

H. Rept. (with number)—House 

 report

H. Res. (with number)—House

 resolution

HUD—Housing and Urban

 Development (Department of)

IADB—Inter-American Defense 

 Board
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 243

IAEA—International Atomic 

 Energy Agency

ibid.—(ibidem) in the same place

ICBM—intercontinental ballistic

 missile

id.—(idem) the same

ID—Information Dissemination

IDA—International Development

 Association

IDE—integrated drive electronics

i.e.—(id est) that is

IEEE—Institute of Electrical and

 Electronic Engineers

IF—intermediate frequency (no

 periods)

IFC—International Finance

 Corporation

IMF—International Monetary 

 Fund

Insp. Gen. (also IG)—inspector

 general

Interpol—International Criminal

 Police Organization

IOU—I owe you

IQ—intelligence quotient

IRA—individual retirement

 account

IRBM—intermediate range

 ballistic missile

IRE—Institute of Radio Engineers

IRS—Internal Revenue Service

ISIL—Islamic State of Iraq and

 the Levant (Intelligence

 Community standard)

ISIS—Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

ISO—International Organization

 for Standardization

ISS—International Space Station

ISSN—International Standard

 Serial Number

JAG—Judge Advocate General

jato—jet-assisted takeoff

J.D.—(jurum or juris doctor)

 doctor of laws

JOBS—Job Opportunities in the

 Business Sector

JIT—just in time

Jpn.—Japan or Japanese where 

 necessary to abbreviate

Jr.—junior

Judge Adv. Gen.—Judge Advocate

 General

lat.—latitude

LC—Library of Congress

LCD—liquid crystal display

lc.—lowercase

L.Ed.—Lawyer’s edition (U.S. 

 Supreme Court Reports)

LGBTQ—Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

 Transgender, and Questioning

liq.—liquid

lf.—lightface

LF—low frequency

LL.B.—bachelor of laws

LL.D.—doctor of laws

loc. cit.—(loco citato) in the place

 cited

log (no period)—logarithm

long.—longitude

loran (no periods)—long-range

 navigation

lox (no periods)—liquid oxygen

LPG—liquefied petroleum gas

Ltd.—limited

Lt. Gov.—lieutenant governor

M—money supply: M1, M2, etc.

M.—monsieur; MM., messieurs

m.—(meridies) noon

M—more

MAC—Military Airlift Command

MARAD—Maritime

 Administration

MC—Member of Congress

 (emcee, master of ceremonies)

M.D.—doctor of medicine

MDAP—Mutual Defense 

 Assistance Program

Medi-Cal—Medicaid California
244 Chapter 9

memo—memorandum

MF—medium frequency;

 microfiche

MFN—most favored nation

MIA—missing in action (plural

 MIAs)

MIRV—multiple independently 

 targetable reentry vehicle

Misc. Doc. (with number)—

 miscellaneous document

Mlle.—mademoiselle

MMAR—Materials Management 

 Acquisition Regulation

Mme.—madam

Mmes.—mesdames

mo.—month

MOS—military occupational

 specialty

M.P.—Member of Parliament

MP—military police

Mr.—mister (plural Messrs.)

MRI—magnetic resonance

 imaging

Mrs.—mistress

Ms.—feminine title (plural Mses.)

M.S.—master of science

MS.—MSS., manuscript,

 manuscripts

MSC—Military Sealift Command

Msgr.—monsignor

m.s.l.—mean sea level

MTN—multilateral trade

 negotiations

N—north

NA—not available; not applicable

NACo.—National Association of

 Counties

NAFTA—North American Free

 Trade Agreement

NAS—National Academy of 

 Sciences

NASA—National Aeronautics and

 Space Administration

NATO—North Atlantic Treaty 

 Organization

NCUA—National Credit Union

 Administration

NE—northeast

n.e.c.—not elsewhere classified

n.e.s.—not elsewhere specified

net wt.—net weight

N.F.—National Formulary

NFC—National Finance Center

NIH—National Institutes of 

 Health

NIST—National Institute of 

 Standards and Technology

NGA—National Geospatial-

 Intelligence Agency

n.l.—natural log or logarithm

NLRB—National Labor Relations 

 Board

NNTP—Network News Transfer

 Protocol

NNW—north-northwest

No.—Nos., number, numbers

NOAA—National Oceanic and

 Atmospheric Administration

n.o.i.b.n.—not otherwise indexed

 by name

n.o.p.—not otherwise provided

 (for)

n.o.s.—not otherwise specified

NPR—National Public Radio

NPS—National Park Service

NRC—Nuclear Regulatory

 Commission

NS—nuclear ship

NSA—National Security Agency

NSC—National Security Council

NSF—National Science

 Foundation

n.s.k.—not specified by kind

n.s.p.f.—not specifically provided

 for

NW—northwest
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 245

OAPEC—Organization of Arab 

 Petroleum Exporting

 Countries

OAS—Organization of American

 States

OASDHI—Old-Age, Survivors,

 Disability, and Health

 Insurance Program

OASI—Old-Age and Survivors 

 Insurance

OD—officer of the day

OD—overdose; Odd, overdosed

O.D.—doctor of optometry

OK—Oked, Oking, Oks

OMB—Office of Management and

 Budget

Op. Atty. Gen.—Opinions of the

 Attorney General

op. cit.—(opere citato) in the work 

 cited

OPEC—Organization of

 Petroleum Exporting

 Countries

OSD—Office of the Secretary of

 Defense

PA—public address system;

 physician assistant

Pac.—Pacific Reporter; P.2d,

 Pacific Reporter, second

 series

PAC—political action committee 

 (plural PACs)

PBS—Public Broadcasting Service; 

 Public Buildings Service

PCV—Peace Corps Volunteer

Pet.—Peters (U.S. Supreme Court 

 Reports)

Ph—phenyl

Phar.D.—doctor of pharmacy

Ph.B. or B.Ph.—bachelor of 

 philosophy

Ph.D. or D.Ph.—doctor of

 philosophy

Ph.G.—graduate in pharmacy

PHS—Public Health Service

PIN—personal identification

 number

Pl.—place

p.m.—(post meridiem) after noon

P.O. Box (with number)—but post

 office box (in general sense)

POP—Point of Presence; Post

 Office Protocol

POW—prisoner of war (plural 

 POWs)

Private Res. (with number)—

 private resolution

Prof.—professor

pro tem—(pro tempore) 

 temporarily

P.S.—(post scriptum) postscript; 

 public school (with number)

PTA—parent-teachers’ association

PTSD—post-traumatic stress 

 disorder

Public Res. (with number)—public

 resolution

PX—post exchange

QT—on the quiet

R.—Rs., range, ranges

racon—radar beacon

radar—radio detection and

 ranging

R&D—research and development

rato—rocket-assisted takeoff

Rd.—road

RDT&E—research, development,

 testing, and evaluation

Rev.—reverend

Rev. Stat.—Revised Statutes

RF—radio frequency

R.F.D.—rural free delivery

RGB—red, green, blue

Rh—Rhesus (blood factor)

RIF—reduction(s) in force; RIFed,

 RIFing, RIFs
246 Chapter 9

R.N.—registered nurse

ROTC—Reserve Officers’

 Training Corps

RR—railroad

RRB—Railroad Retirement Board

RSS—Really Simple Syndication

Rt. Rev.—right reverend

Ry.—railway

S—south

S.—Senate bill (with number)

SAE—Society of Automotive

 Engineers

S&L(s)—savings and loan(s)

SALT—strategic arms limitation

 talks

SAR—Sons of the American

 Revolution

SBA—Small Business 

 Administration

sc.—(scilicet) namely (see also ss)

s.c.—small caps

S. Con. Res. (with number)—

 Senate concurrent resolution

s.d.—(sine die) without date

S. Doc. (with number)—Senate 

 document

SE—southeast

SEATO—Southeast Asia Treaty

 Organization

SEC—Securities and Exchange 

 Commission

sec—secant

sech—hyperbolic secant

2d—second

SEO—Search Engine Optimization

SHF—superhigh frequency

shoran—short range (radio)

SI—Systeme International d’Unités

sic—thus

sin—sine

sinh—hyperbolic sine

S.J. Res. (with number)—Senate

 joint resolution

sonar—sound, navigation, and

 ranging (no period)

SOP—standard operating

 procedure

SOS—wireless distress signal

SP—shore patrol

SPA—simplified purchase 

 agreement

SPAR—Coast Guard Women’s

 Reserve (semper paratus—

 always ready)

sp. gr.—specific gravity

Sq.—square (street)

Sr.—senior

S. Rept. (with number)—Senate 

 report

S. Res. (with number)—Senate 

 resolution

SS—steamship

ss—(scilicet) namely (in law) (see

 also sc.)

SSA—Social Security

 Administration

SSE—south-southeast

SSS—Selective Service System

St.—Ste., SS., Saint, Sainte, Saints

St.—street

Stat.—Statutes at Large

STEAM—Science, Technology, 

 Engineering, Art and 

 Mathematics

STEM—Science, Technology, 

 Engineering and Mathematics

STP—standard temperature and

 pressure

Sup. Ct.—Supreme Court 

 Reporter

Supp. Rev. Stat.—Supplement to

 the Revised Statutes

 Supt.—superintendent

Surg.—surgeon

Surg. Gen.—Surgeon General

SW—southwest
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 247

S.W.2d—Southwestern Reporter, 

 second series

SWAT—special weapons and 

 tactics (team)

T.—Tps., township, townships

tan—tangent

tanh—hyperbolic tangent

TB—tuberculosis

T.D.—Treasury Decisions

TDY—temporary duty

Ter.—terrace

3d—third

t.m.—true mean

TNT—trinitrotoluol

TPP—Trans-Pacific Partnership

TV—television

TVA—Tennessee Valley Authority

uc.—uppercase

UHF—ultrahigh frequency

U.N.—United Nations

UNESCO—United Nations

 Educational, Scientific, and 

 Cultural Organization

UNCHR—United Nations High

 Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF—United Nations

 Children’s Fund

U.S.—U.S. Supreme Court Reports

U.S.A.—United States of America

USA—U.S. Army

USAF—U.S. Air Force

USAID—U.S. Agency for

 International Development

U.S.C.—United States Code

U.S.C.A.—United States Code 

 Annotated

USCCR—U.S. Commission on

 Civil Rights

U.S.C. Supp.—United States Code

 Supplement

USCG—U.S. Coast Guard

USDA—U.S. Department of

 Agriculture

USES—U.S. Employment Service

U.S. 61—U.S. No. 61, U.S. 

 Highway No. 61

USGS—U.S. Geological Survey

USMC—U.S. Marine Corps

USN—U.S. Navy

USNR—U.S. Navy Reserve

U.S.P.—United States

 Pharmacopeia

USPS—U.S. Postal Service

U.S.S.—U.S. Senate

v. or vs.—(versus) against

VA—Department of Veterans

 Affairs

VAT—value added tax

VCR—video cassette recorder

VHF—very high frequency

VIP—very important person

viz—(videlicet) namely

VLF—very low frequency

VTR—video tape recording

W—west

w.a.e.—when actually employed

Wall.—Wallace (U.S. Supreme

 Court Reports)

wf—wrong font

Wheat.—Wheaton (U.S. Supreme

 Court Reports)

WHO—World Health

 Organization

WIPO—World Intellectual

 Property Organization

WNW—west-northwest

w.o.p.—without pay

Yale L.J.—Yale Law Journal

ZIP Code—Zone Improvement

 Plan Code (Postal Service)

ZIP+4—9-digit ZIP Code
248 Chapter 9

Standard letter symbols for units of measure

9.62. The same form is used for singular and plural senses. 

A—ampere

Å—angstrom

a—are

a—atto (prefix, one-quintillionth)

aA—attoampere

abs—absolute (temperature and

 gravity)

ac—alternating current

AF—audiofrequency

Ah—ampere-hour

A/m—ampere per meter

AM—amplitude modulation

asb—apostilb

At—ampere-turn

at—atmosphere, technical

atm—atmosphere

at wt—atomic weight

au—astronomical units

avdp—avoirdupois

b—barn

B—bel

b—bit

bbl—barrel

bbl/d—barrel per day

Bd—baud

bd. ft.—board foot (obsolete); use fbm

Bé—Baumé

Bev (obsolete); see GeV

Bhn—Brinell hardness number

bhp—brake horsepower

bm—board measure

bp—boiling point

Btu—British thermal unit

bu—bushel

c—¢, ct; cent(s)

c—centi (prefix, one-hundredth)

C—coulomb

°C—degree Celsius

cal—calorie (also: calIT, International

 Table; calth—thermochemical)

cd/in2—candela per square inch

cd/m2—candela per square meter

cg—centigram

cd•h—candela-hour

Ci—curie

cL—centiliter

cm—centimeter

c/m—cycles per minute

cm2—square centimeter

cm3—cubic centimeter

cmil—circular mil

cp—candlepower

cP—centipoise

cSt—centistokes

cwt—hundredweight

D—darcy

d—day

d—deci (prefix, one-tenth)

d—pence

da—deka (prefix, 10)

dag—dekagram

daL—dekaliter

dam—dekameter

dam2—square dekameter

dam3—cubic dekameter

dB—decibel

dBu—decibel unit

dc—direct current

dg—decigram

dL—deciliter

dm—decimeter

dm2—square decimeter

dm3—cubic decimeter

dol—dollar

doz—dozen

dr—dram

dwt—deadweight tons

dwt—pennyweight

dyn—dyne

EHF—extremely high frequency

emf—electromotive force

emu—electromagnetic unit
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 249

erg—erg

esu—electrostatic unit

eV—electronvolt

°F—degree Fahrenheit

F—farad

f—femto (prefix, one-quadrillionth)

fbm—board foot; board foot measure

fc—footcandle

fL—footlambert

fm—fentometer

FM—frequency modulation

ft—foot

ft2—square foot

ft3—cubic foot

ftH2

O—conventional foot of water

ft•lb—foot-pound

ft•lbf—foot-pound force

ft/min—foot per minute

ft2/min—square foot per minute

ft3/min—cubic foot per minute

ft-pdl—foot poundal

ft/s—foot per second

ft2/s—square foot per second

ft3/s—cubic foot per second

ft/s2—foot per second squared

ft/s3—foot per second cubed

G—gauss

G—giga (prefix, 1 billion)

g—gram; acceleration of gravity

Gal—gal cm/s2

gal—gallon

gal/min—gallons per minute

gal/s—gallons per second

GB—gigabyte

Gb—gilbert

g/cm3—gram per cubic centimeter

GeV—gigaelectronvolt

GHz—gigahertz (gigacycle per second)

gr—grain; gross

h—hecto (prefix, 100)

H—henry

h—hour

ha—hectare

HF—high frequency

hg—hectogram

hL—hectoliter

hm—hectometer

hm2—square hectometer

hm3—cubic hectometer

hp—horsepower

hph—horsepower-hour

Hz—hertz (cycles per second)

id—inside diameter

ihp—indicated horsepower

in—inch

in2—square inch

in3—cubic inch

in/h—inch per hour

inH2

O—conventional inch of water

inHg—conventional inch of mercury

in-lb—inch-pound

in/s—inch per second

J—joule

J/K—joule per kelvin

K—kayser

K—kelvin (use without degree symbol)

k—kilo (prefix, 1,000)

k—thousand (7k=7,000)

kc—kilocycle; see also kHz (kilohertz), 

 kilocycles per second

kcal—kilocalorie

keV—kiloelectronvolt

kG—kilogauss

kg—kilogram

kgf—kilogram-force

kHz—kilohertz (kilocycles per second)

kL—kiloliter

klbf—kilopound-force

km—kilometer

km2—square kilometer

km3—cubic kilometer

km/h—kilometer per hour

kn—knot (speed)

kΩ—kilohm

kt—kiloton; carat

kV—kilovolt

kVA—kilovoltampere

kvar—kilovar
250 Chapter 9

kW—kilowatt

kWh—kilowatthour

L—lambert

L—liter

lb—pound

lb ap—apothecary pound

lb—avdp, avoirdupois pound

lbf—pound-force

lbf/ft—pound-force foot

lbf/ft2—pound-force per square foot

lbf/ft3—pound-force per cubic foot

lbf/in2—pound-force per square inch

 (see psi)

lb/ft—pound per foot

lb/ft2—pound per square foot

lb/ft3—pound per cubic foot

lct—long calcined ton

ldt—long dry ton

LF—low frequency

lin ft—linear foot

l/m—lines per minute

lm—lumen

lm/ft2—lumen per square foot

lm/m2—lumen per square meter

lm•s—lumen second

lm/W—lumen per watt

l/s—lines per second

L/s—liter per second

lx—lux

M—mega (prefix, 1 million)

M—million (3 M=3 million)

m—meter

m—milli (prefix, one-thousandth)

M1—monetary aggregate

m2—square meter

m3—cubic meter

μ—micro (prefix, one-millionth)

μm—micrometer

mA—milliampere

μA—microampere

MB—megabyte

mbar—millibar

μbar—microbar

Mc—megacycle; see also MHz

 (megahertz), megacycles per

 second

mc—millicycle; see also mHz

 (millihertz), millicycles per

 second

mD—millidarcy

meq—milliquivalent

MeV—megaelectronvolts

mF—millifarad

μF—microfarad

mG—milligauss

mg—milligram

μg—microgram

Mgal/d—million gallons per day

mH—millihenry

μH—microhenry

MHz—megahertz

mHz—millihertz

mi—mile (statute)

mi2—square mile

mi/gal—mile(s) per gallon

mi/h—mile(s) per hour

mil—mil

min—minute (time)

μin—microinch

mL—milliliter

mm—millimeter

mm2—square millimeter

mm3—cubic millimeter

μm2—square micrometer

μm3—cubic micrometer

μμ—micromicron (use of compound

 prefixes obsolete; use pm,

 picometer)

μμf—micromicrofarad (use of

 compound prefixes obsolete; use

 pF)

mmHg—conventional millimeter of

 mercury

mΩ—megohm

mo—month

mol—mole (unit of substance)
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 251

mol wt—molecular weight

mp—melting point

ms—millisecond

μs—microsecond

Mt—megaton

mV—millivolt

μV—microvolt

MW—megawatt

mW—milliwatt

μW—microwatt

MWd/t—megawatt-days per ton

Mx—maxwell

n—nano (prefix, one-billionth)

N—newton

nA—nanoampere

nF—nanofarad

N•m—newton meter

N/m2

—newton per square meter

nmi—nautical mile

Np—neper

ns—nanosecond

N•s/m2

—newton second per square

 meter

nt—nit

od—outside diameter

Oe—oersted (use of A/m, amperes per

 meter, preferred)

oz—ounce (avoirdupois)

p—pico (prefix, one-trillionth)

P—poise

Pa—pascal

pA—picoampere

pct—percent

pdl—poundal

pF—picofarad

pF—water-holding energy

pH—hydrogen-ion concentration

ph—phot; phase

pk—peck

pm—picometer

p/m—parts per million

ps—picosecond

psi—pounds per square inch

pt—pint

pW—picowatt

qt—quart

quad—quadrillion (1015)

R—rankine

R—roentgen (measurement of 

 radiation)

°R—degree Rankine

rad—radian

rd—rad (radiation-absorbed dose)

rem—roentgen equivalent man

r/min—revolutions per minute

rms—root mean square

r/s—revolutions per second

s—second (time)

s—shilling

S—siemens

sb—stilb

scp—spherical candlepower

s•ft—second-foot

shp—shaft horsepower

slug—slug

sr—steradian

sSf—standard saybolt fural

sSu—standard saybolt universal

stdft3—standard cubic foot (feet)

Sus—saybolt universal second(s)

T—tera (prefix, 1 trillion)

Tft3—trillion cubic feet

T—tesla

t—tonne (metric ton)

tbsp—tablespoonful

thm—therm

ton—ton

tsp—teaspoonful

Twad—twaddell

u—(unified) atomic mass unit

UHF—ultrahigh frequency

V—volt

VA—voltampere

var—var

VHF—very high frequency

V/m—volt per meter

W—watt

Wb—weber
252 Chapter 9

Standard Latin abbreviations

9.63. When Latin abbreviations are used, follow this list.

a.—annus, year; ante, before

A.A.C.—anno ante, Christum in the

 year before Christ

A.A.S.—Academiae Americanae Socius, 

 Fellow of the American Academy 

 [Academy of Arts and Sciences]

A.B.—artium baccalaureus, bachelor

 of arts

ab init.—ab initio, from the beginning

abs. re.—absente reo, the defendant 

 being absent

A.C.—ante Christum, before Christ

A.D.—anno Domini, in the year of our 

 Lord

a.d.—ante diem, before the day

ad fin.—ad finem, at the end, to one end

ad h.l.—ad hunc locum, to this place,

 on this passage

ad inf.—ad infinitum, to infinity

ad init.—ad initium, at the beginning

ad int.—ad interim, in the meantime

ad lib.—ad libitum, at pleasure

ad loc.—ad locum, at the place

ad val.—ad valorem, according to

A.I.—anno inventionis, in the year of

 the discovery

al.—alia, alii, other things, other

 persons

A.M.—anno mundi, in the year of the

 world; Annus mirabilis, the 

 wonderful year [1666]

a.m.—ante meridiem, before noon

an.—anno, in the year; ante, before

ann.—annales, annals; anni, years

A.R.S.S.—Antiquariorum Regiae

 Societatis Socius, Fellow of the 

 Royal Society of Antiquaries

A.U.C.—anno urbis conditae, ab 

 urbe conolita, in [the year from] 

 the building of the City [Rome], 

 753 B.C.

B.A.—baccalaureus artium, bachelor

 of arts

B.S. or B. Sc.—baccalaureus scientiae,

 bachelor of science

C.—centum, a hundred; condemno, I 

 condemn, find guilty

c.—circa, about

cent.—centum, a hundred

cf.—confer, compare

C.M.—chirurgiae magister, master of

 surgery

coch.—cochlear, a spoon, spoonful

coch. amp.—cochlear amplum, a

 tablespoonful

coch. mag.—cochlear magnum, a large

 spoonful

coch. med.—cochlear medium, a 

 dessert spoonful

coch. parv.—cochlear parvum, a 

 teaspoonful

con.—contra, against; conjunx, wife

C.P.S.—custos privati sigilli, keeper of 

 the privy seal

C.S.—custos sigilli, keeper of the seal

 cwt.—c. for centum, wt. for weight, 

 hundredweight

Wh—watthour

W/(m•K)—watt per meter kelvin

W/sr—watt per steradian

W/(sr•m2)—watt per steradian square

 meter

x—unknown quantity (italic)

yd—yard

yd2—square yard

yd3—cubic yard

yr—year
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 253

D.—Deus, God; Dominus, Lord; d.,

 decretum, a decree; denarius, a 

 penny; da, give

D.D.—divinitatis doctor, doctor of 

 divinity

D.G.—Dei gratia, by the grace of God; 

 Deo gratias, thanks to God

D.N.—Dominus noster, our Lord

D.S. or D. Sc.—doctor scientiae, 

 doctor of science

d.s.p.—decessit sine prole, died

 without issue

D.V.—Deo volente, God willing

dwt.—d. for denarius, wt. for weight

 pennyweight

e.g.—exempli gratia, for example

et al.—et alibi, and elsewhere; et alii, or

 aliae, and others

etc.—et cetera, and others, and so forth

et seq.—et sequentes, and those that 

 follow

et ux.—et uxor, and wife

F.—filius, son

f.—fiat, let it be made; forte, strong

fac.—factum similis, facsimile, an

 exact copy

fasc.—fasciculus, a bundle

fl.—flores, flowers; floruit, flourished; 

 fluidus, fluid

f.r.—folio recto, right-hand page

F.R.S.—Fraternitatis Regiae Socius, 

 Fellow of the Royal Society

f.v.—folio verso, on the back of the leaf

guttat.—guttatim, by drops

H.—hora, hour

h.a.—hoc anno, in this year; hujus

 anni, this year’s

hab. corp.—habeas corpus, have the 

 body—a writ

h.e.—hic est, this is; hoc est, that is

h.m.—hoc mense, in this month; huius

 mensis, this month’s

h.q.—hoc quaere, look for this

H.R.I.P.—hic requiescat in pace, here

 rests in peace

H.S.—hic sepultus, here is buried; hic

 situs, here lies; h.s., hoc sensu, in

 this sense

H.S.S.—Historiae Societatis Socius,

 Fellow of the Historical Society

h.t.—hoc tempore, at this time; hoc

 titulo, in or under this title

I—Idus, the Ides; i., id, that;

 immortalis, immortal

ib. or ibid.—ibidem, in the same place

id.—idem, the same

i.e.—id est, that is

imp.—imprimatur, sanction, let it be

 printed

I.N.D.—in nomine Dei, in the name of

 God

in f.—in fine, at the end

inf.—infra, below

init.—initio, in the beginning

in lim.—in limine, on the threshold, at

 the outset

in loc.—in loco, in its place

in loc. cit.—in loco citato, in the place 

 cited

in pr.—in principio, in the beginning

in trans.—in transitu, on the way

i.q.—idem quod, the same as

i.q.e.d.—id quod erat demonstrandum,

 what was to be proved

J.—judex, judge

J.C.D.—juris civilis doctor, doctor of

 civil law

J.D.—jurum or juris doctor, doctor of

 laws

J.U.D.—juris utriusque doctor, doctor

 of both civil and canon law

L.—liber, a book; locus, a place

£—libra, pound; placed before figures

 thus £10; if l., to be placed after, as

 401.
254 Chapter 9

L.A.M.—liberalium artium magister,

 master of the liberal arts

L.B.—baccalaureus literarum,

 bachelor of letters

lb.—libra, pound (singular and plural)

L.H.D.—literarum humaniorum 

 doctor, doctor of the more

 humane letters

Litt. D.—literarum doctor, doctor of

 letters

LL.B.—legum baccalaureus, bachelor 

 of laws

LL.D.—legum doctor, doctor of laws

LL.M.—legum magister, master of

 laws

loc. cit.—loco citato, in the place cited

loq.—loquitur, he, or she, speaks

L.S.—locus sigilli, the place of the seal

l.s.c.—loco supra citato, in the place

 above cited

£ s. d.—librae, solidi, denarii, pounds,

 shillings, pence

M.—magister, master; manipulus, 

 handful; medicinae, of medicine;

 m., meridies, noon

M.A.—magister artium, master of arts

M.B.—medicinae baccalaureus, 

 bachelor of medicine

M. Ch.—magister chirurgiae, master

 of surgery

M.D.—medicinae doctor, doctor of

 medicine

m.m.—mutatis mutandis, with the

 necessary changes

m.n.—mutato nomine, the name being 

 changed

MS.—manuscriptum, manuscript;

 MSS., manuscripta, manuscripts

Mus. B.—musicae baccalaureus,

 bachelor of music

Mus. D.—musicae doctor, doctor of

 music

Mus. M.—musicae magister, master of

 music

N.—Nepos, grandson; nomen, name;

 nomina, names; noster, our; n.,

 natus, born; nocte, at night

N.B.—nota bene, mark well

 ni. pri.—nisi prius, unless before

nob.—nobis, for (or on) our part

nol. pros.—nolle prosequi, will not

 prosecute

non cul.—non culpabilis, not guilty

n.l.—non licet, it is not permitted; non

 liquet, it is not clear; non longe, 

 not far

non obs.—non obstante, 

 notwithstanding

non pros.—non prosequitur, he does 

 not prosecute

non seq.—non sequitur, it does not

 follow logically

O.—octarius, a pint

ob.—obiit, he, or she, died; obiter,

 incidentally

ob. s.p.—obiit sine prole, died without

 issue

o.c.—opere citato, in the work cited

op.—opus, work; opera, works

op. cit.—opere citato, in the work cited

P.—papa, pope; pater, father; pontifex,

 bishop; populus, people; p.,

 partim, in part; per, by, for; pius, 

 holy; pondere, by weight; post, 

 after; primus, first; pro, for

p.a.—or per ann., per annum, yearly;

 pro anno, for the year

p. ae.—partes aequales, equal parts

pass.—passim, everywhere

percent.—per centum, by the hundred

pil.—pilula, pill

Ph. B.—philosophiae baccalaureus,

 bachelor of philosophy

P.M.—post mortem, after death

p.m.—post meridiem, afternoon

pro tem.—pro tempore, for the time 

 being

prox.—proximo, in or of the next [month]
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 255

P.S.—postscriptum, postscript; P.SS.,

 postscripta, postscripts

q.d.—quasi dicat, as if one should say;

 quasi dictum, as if said; quasi 

 dixisset, as if he had said

q.e.—quod est, which is

Q.E.D.—quod erat demonstrandum, 

 which was to be demonstrated

Q.E.F.—quod erat faciendum, which 

 was to be done

Q.E.I.—quod erat inveniendum, which

 was to be found out

q.l.—quantum libet, as much as you 

 please

q. pl.—quantum placet, as much as

 seems good

q.s.—quantum sufficit, sufficient

 quantity

q.v.—quantum vis, as much as you

 will; quem, quam, quod vide,

 which see; qq. v., quos, quas, or

 quae vide, which see (plural)

R.—regina, queen; recto, right-hand

 page; respublica, commonwealth

—recipe, take

R.I.P.—requiescat, or requiescant, in

 pace, may he, she, or they, rest in

 peace

R.P.D.—rerum politicarum doctor,

 doctor of political science

R.S.S.—Regiae Societatis Sodalis,

 Fellow of the Royal Society

S.—sepultus, buried; situs, lies;

 societas, society; socius or

 sodalis, fellow; s., semi, half; 

 solidus, shilling

s.a.—sine anno, without date;

 secundum artem, according to 

 art

S.A.S.—Societatis Antiquariorum

 Socius, Fellow of the Society of

 Antiquaries

sc.—scilicet, namely; sculpsit, he, or

 she, carved or engraved it

S.B. or Sc. B.—scientiae baccalaureus,

 bachelor of science

S.D. or Sc. D.—scientiae doctor, 

 doctor of science

S.D.—salutem dicit, sends greetings

s.d.—sine die, indefinitely

sec.—secundum, according to

sec. leg.—secundum legem, according

 to law

sec. nat.—secundum naturam, 

 according to nature, or naturally

sec. reg.—secundum regulam,

 according to rule

seq.—sequens, sequentes, sequentia,

 the following

S.H.S.—Societatis Historiae Socius,

 Fellow of the Historical Society

s.h.v.—sub hac voce or sub hoc verbo,

 under this word

s.l.a.n.—sine loco, anno, vel nomine,

 without place, date, or name

s.l.p.—sine legitima prole, without 

 lawful issue

s.m.p.—sine mascula prole, without

 male issue

s.n.—sine nomine, without name

s.p.—sine prole, without issue

S.P.A.S.—Societatis Philosophiae

 Americanae Socius, Fellow of the

 American Philosophical Society

s.p.s.—sine prole superstite, without

 surviving issue

S.R.S.—Societatis Regiae Socius or 

 Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal

 Society

ss—scilicet, namely (in law)

S.S.C.—Societas Sanctae Crucis,

 Society of the Holy Cross

stat.—statim, immediately

S.T.B.—sacrae theologiae

 baccalaureus, bachelor of sacred

 theology

S.T.D.—sacrae theologiae doctor,

 doctor of sacred theology
256 Chapter 9

Information technology acronyms and initialisms

9.64. Use these forms, if abbreviations are required:

3DES—Triple DES encryption

3DM—Data Driven Decision Making

ABLS—Automated Bid List System

ACES—access certificates for 

 electronic services

ACID—Atomicity, Consistency, 

Isolation and Durability

ACL—Access Control List

ACP—Access Content Package

AES—advanced Encryption Standard

AI—Artificial Intelligence

AIDC—Automatic identification and

 capture 

AIFF—audio interchange file format

AIO—Asynchronous I/O

AIP—Archival Information Package

AJAX—Asynchronous JavaScript and

 XML

ALPN—Application-Layer Protocol 

 Negotiation

API—Application Programming 

 Interface

ARK—archival resource key

ARP—address resolution protocol

ASCII—American Standard Code for 

 Information Interchange

ASP—application service provider

ATO—Authority to Operate

AWS—Amazon Web Services

BASE—Basically Available, Soft-State, 

 Eventually Consistent

BDA—Big Data Analytics 

BI—Business Intelligence

BLOB —Binary Large OBject

BPEL—business process execution 

 language

BPI—business process information

C&I—Cataloging and Indexing

CA—certificate authority

CAP—Consistency, Availability, 

 Partition tolerance

CBC—Cipher Block Chaining

CD—compact disc

CDM—Copy Data Management

CDN—content delivery network

CDR—critical design review

CD–ROM—compact disc read only 

 memory

CE—content evaluator

CentOS—Community Enterprise 

 Operating System

S.T.P.—sacrae theologiae professor,

 professor of sacred theology

sub.—subaudi, understand, supply

sup.—supra, above

t. or temp.—tempore, in the time of

tal. qual.—talis qualis, just as they

 come; average quality

U.J.D.—utriusque juris doctor, doctor

 of both civil and canon law

ult.—ultimo, last month (may be

 abbreviated in writing but should

 be spelled out in printing)

ung.—unguentum, ointment

u.s.—ubi supra, in the place above 

 mentioned

ut dict.—ut dictum, as directed

ut sup.—ut supra, as above

ux.—uxor, wife

v.—versus, against; vide, see; voce,

 voice, word

v. —— a., vixit —— annos—lived [so

 many] years

verb. sap.—verbum [satis] sapienti, a

 word to the wise suffices

v.g.—verbi gratia, for example

viz—videlicet, namely

v.s.—vide supra, see above
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 257

CERN—(European) Centre for 

 Nuclear Research 

CGP—Catalog of U.S. Government 

 Publications

CI—Clustered Index

CIM—Common Interface Model

CISCAT—Center for Internet Security 

 -Configuration Assessment Tool

CISSP—Certified Information 

 Systems Security Professional

CK—Candidate Key

CLOB—Character Large Object

CMS—content management system

CN—Canonical Name

CO—content originator

COG—Continuity of Government

COOP—continuity of operations plan

CP—content processor

CPS—Certificate Practice Statement

CRC—cyclic redundancy checks

CRL—Certificate Revocation List

CRM—Customer Relationship 

 Management

CRUD—Create, Read, Update, and 

 Delete

CSS—Cascading Style Sheets

CSV—comma separated variable

CTE—Common Table Expression

CVS—Concurrent Versioning Services

DaaS—Database as a Service 

DBA—Database Administrator

DB—Database

DBMS—database management 

 system

DCL—Data Control Language

DDL—Data Definition Language

DDoS—Distributed Denial of Service

DES—data encryption standard

DHCP—Dynamic Host Control 

 Protocol

DH—Diffie-Hellman (Exchange)

DHE—Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral

DHSL—Distributed Hadoop Storage 

 Layer 

DIP—Dissemination Information 

 Package

DMD—Data Management Definition

DMI—desktop management interface

DML—Data Manipulation Language

DMV—Dynamic Management Views

DN—Distinguished Name

DNS—domain name system

DO—digital objects

DOI—Digital Object Identifier

DoS—denial of service

DPI—dots per inch

DR—Disaster Recovery

DSL—digital subscriber line

DSR—deployment system review

DSSL—document style and semantics 

 language

DVD—digital versatile disc

DW—Database Warehouse

E_Port—Expansion port, also known 

 as ISL

EAC—estimate at completion

EAD—encoded archival description

EA—enterprise architecture

EAP—enterprise application platform

EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded 

 Decimal Interchange Code

ECC—Elliptic Curve Cryptography

ECDHE—Elliptic Curve Diffie-

 Hellman Key Exchange

EPS—Encapsulated PostScript

ERD—Entity Relationship Diagram

ESXi—Elastic Sky X Integrated

ETL—Extract, Transform, Load

EV—Extended Validation

FBCA—Federal Bridge Certificate 

 Authority

FC–AL—Fibre Channel Arbitrated 

 Loop

FCIA—Fibre Channel Industry 

 Association

FC–IP—Fibre Channel Over IP

FCP—Fibre Channel Protocol

FC–SW—Fibre Channel Switched
258 Chapter 9

FDDI—fiber distributed data interface

FDsys—Federal Digital System

FICC—Federal Identity Credentialing 

 Committee

FIFO—first in first out

FIPNet—Federal Information 

 Preservation Network

FIPS—Federal Information Processing 

 Standard

FISMA—Federal Information Security 

 Management Act of 2002

FK—Foreign Key

FOSI—format output specifi cation 

 instance

FTP—file transfer protocol

GBIC—Gigabit Interface Converter

Gbps—Gigabits per second

GDI—graphical device interface

GGP—gateway-to-gateway protocol

GIF—graphics interchange format

GILS—Government Information 

 Locator Service

GUI—graphical user interface

HBA—Host Bus Adapter

HDFS—Hadoop Distributed File 

 System 

HDTV—high definition television

HMAC—key hashed message 

 authentication code

HPC—High-Performance Computing 

HSM—hardware security module

HSM—Hierarchical Storage 

 Management

HSTS—HTTP Strict Transport 

 Security

HTML—hypertext markup language

HTTP—hypertext transfer protocol

HTTPS—HyperText Transfer Protocol 

 Secure

Hz—Hertz

Iaas—Infrastructure as a Service

IAM—Identity and Access 

 Management

ICMP—internet control message 

 protocol

IDD—interface design description

IDE—Integrated Development 

 Environment

IDE—Integrated Drive Electronics

IEEE—Institute of Electrical and 

 Electronics Engineers

IETF—Internet Engineering Task 

 Force

iFCP—Internet Fibre Channel 

 Protocol

ILS—Integrated Library System

IOPS—I/O operations per second

IOS—Apple Operating System

IOT—Index Organized Table 

IoT—Internet of Things

IP—internet protocol

IPR—internal progress review

IPSEC—internet protocol security

IPS—Intrusion Prevention System

ISAM—Indexed Sequential Access 

 Method

ISL—Inter switch link

ISP—internet service provider

IT—information technology

ITU—International 

 Telecommunications Union

JBOD—Just a bunch of disks

JDBC—Java Database Connectivity

JDF—Job Definition Format

JITS—Just-in-time storage

JPEG—Joint Photographic Experts 

 Group

JS—JavaScript

JSON—JavaScript Object Notation

L_Port—Loop port

LAMP—Linux, Apache, MySQL and 

 PHP

LAN—local area network

LDAP—lightweight directory access 

 protocol

LHC—Large Hadron Collider 
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 259

LOB—Large Object

LPAR—Logical Partition

LPI—lines per inch

LRU—Last Recently Used (algorithm)

LUN—Logical Unit Number

MAC—message authentication code

MAN—Metropolitan area network

MARC—Machine Readable 

 Cataloging

MDC—Multidimensional Clustering 

 Table

METS—Metadata Encoding and 

 Transmission Standard

MIME—multipurpose internet mail 

 extensions

MIPS—millions of instructions per 

 second

MODS—Metadata Object Descriptive 

 Schema

MOOC—massive online open courses

MP3—MPEG-2 Audio Layer III

MPCF—marginally punched 

 continuous forms

MVC—Model View Controller

MV—Materialized View

NAS—Network Attached Storage

NAT—network address translation

NDIIPP—National Digital 

 Information Infrastructure and 

 Preservation Program

NDLP—National Digital Library 

 Program

NF—Normal Form 

NNTP—network news transfer protocol

NOSQL—Not Only Structured Query 

 Language

OAI—Open Archives Initiative

OAI–PMH—Open Archives Initiative 

 Protocol for Metadata Harvesting

OAIS—open archival information 

 system

OCLC—Online Computer Library 

 Center

OCR—optical character recognition

OCSP—Online Certificate Status 

Protocol

ODBC—Open Database Connectivity

OLAP—Online Analytical Processing

OLTP—online transaction processing

OODBMS—Object-Oriented Database

 Management System

ORM—Object-Relational Mapping

PAAS—Platform as a service

PDF—Portable Document Format

PGP—Pretty Good Privacy

PHP—PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

PKI—Public Key Cryptography

PK—Primary Key

PL/pgSQL—Procedural Language/

 SQL

PL/SQL—Procedural Language/SQL 

PNG—portable network graphics

PREMIS—Preservation Metadata: 

 Implementation Strategies

PRONOM—Practical Online 

 Compendium of File Formats

PTR—program tracking report

PURL—persistent uniform resource 

 locator

QoS—Quality of service

QPS—Queries Per Second

RAC—Real Application Clusters 

 (Oracle)

RAID—redundant array of 

 inexpensive disks

RAM—random access memory

RC4—Rivest Cipher 4

RDA—Resource Description and 

 Access

REGEX—Regular Expression

REST—Representational State 

 Transfer

RFC—Request for Comments or 

 Request for Change

RHEL—Red Hat Enterprise Linux

RI—representation information
260 Chapter 9

RMA—reliability, maintainability, 

 availability

RPC—remote procedure call

RPM—RPM Package Manager

RSA—Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman

 (public key cryptosystem)

RTF—rich text format

RVTM—requirements verification 

 traceability matrix

S4—Simple Scalable Streaming System

SAAS—Software as a Service

SAML—security assertion markup 

 language

SAN—Storage-area network

SASL —Simple Authentication and 

 Security Layer

SASS—Syntactically Awesome 

 Stylesheets

SDD—System Design Diagram

SDD—System Design Document

SDK—Software Development Kit

SDLC—software/system development 

 lifecycle

SDR—system design review

Section 508—Section 508 of the 

 Rehabilitation Act

SFTP—Secure File Transfer Protocol

SGML—standard generalized markup 

 language

SHA—Secure Hash Algorithm

SIP—Submission Information Package

SMTP—simple mail transfer protocol

SNMP—simple network management 

 protocol

SOAP—Simple Object Access Protocol

SOA—Service Oriented Architecture

SQL—Structured Query Language

SQL PL—SQL Procedure Language 

 used for writing stored 

 procedures. Also see PL/SQL

SQL/XML—an extension of the SQL 

 language used for querying XML

SSD—Solid State Drive

SSD—System Security Diagram

SSH—Secure Shell

SSL —Secure Sockets Layer

SSP—system security plan

SSR—software specification review

SUSE—Software und System 

 Entwicklung (Software and 

 Systems Development)

SVN—Subversion

TDES—Triple Data Encryption 

 Standard

TFS—Team Foundation Server

TIFF—tagged image file format

TLS—transport layer security

TPS—Transactions Per Second, a 

 measurement of database 

 performance

UAT—User Acceptance Testing

UDF—User Defined Function

UDP—user datagram protocol

UDT—User Defined Type

UID—Unique Identifier

URL—uniform resource locator

URN—uniform resource name/

 number

UUID—Universal Unique Identifer

VC—Virtual Center

VDC—Virtual Data Center

VIP—Virtual Internet Protocol

VI—Virtual Interface

VLAN—virtual local area network

VM—Virtual Machine

VMW—Vmware

VPN—virtual private network

VSAN—Virtual Storage Area Network

W3C—World Wide Web Consortium

WAI–ARIA—Worldwide Accessibility 

 Initiative - Accessible Rich 

 Internet Applications

WAIS—wide area information service

WAN—Wide Area Network
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 261

WAP—wireless application protocol

WAV—waveform audio format

WCAG—Web Content Accessibility 

 Guidelines

Wi-Fi—wireless fidelity

WIP—work in process

WML—wireless markup language

www—world wide web

WYSIWYG—what you see is what 

 you get

XAML—Extensible Application 

 Markup Language

XDW—Extended Data Warehouse

XMLDsig—xml signature

XMLENC—xml encryption

XML—Extensible Markup Language

XPATH—XML Path Language

XQUERY—XML Query

XSD—XML Schema Definition

XSL—Extensible Stylesheet Language

XSL-FO—XSL Formatting Objects

XSLT—Extensible Stylesheet Language 

 Transformations

YAML—Yet Another Markup 

 Language

YARN —Yet Another Resource 

 Negotiator

263

10. Signs and Symbols

10.1. The increased use of signs and symbols and their importance in 

technical and scientific work have emphasized the necessity of 

standardization on a national basis and of the consistent use of the 

standard forms.

10.2. Certain symbols are standardized—number symbols (the digits, 0, 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); letter symbols (the letters of the alphabet, a, b, 

c, d, etc.); and graphic symbols (the mathematical signs +, −, ±, ×, ÷).

10.3. The signs +, −, ±, ×, and ÷, etc., are closed against accompanying 

figures and symbols. When the × is used to indicate “crossed with” 

(in plant or animal breeding) or magnification, it will be separated 

from the accompanying words by a space.

i–vii+1–288 pages Early June × Bright (crossed with) 

The equation A+B × 4 (magnification) 

The result is 4×4 miles ÷ gallons 

20,000±5,000

Symbols with figures

10.4. In technical publications the degree mark is used in lieu of the word 

degree following a figure denoting measurement.

10.5. Following a figure, the spelled form is preferred. The percent symbol is used in areas where space will not allow the word percent to be 

used.

 In that period the price rose 12, 15, and 19 percent. 

not In that period the price rose 12 percent, 15 percent, and 19 percent.

10.6. Any symbol set close up to figures, such as the degree mark, number mark, dollar mark, or cent mark, is used before or after each 

figure in a group or series.

$5 to $8 price range but

5'–7' long, not 5–7' long § 12 (thin space) 

3¢ to 5¢ (no spaces) ¶ 1951 (thin space) 

±2 to ±7; 2°±1° from 15 to 25 percent 

#61 to #64 45 to 65 °F not 45° to 65° F
264 Chapter 10

Letter symbols

10.7. Letter symbols are set in italic (see rule 10.8) or in roman (see rule 

9.56) without periods and are capitalized only if so shown in copy, 

since the capitalized form may have an entirely different meaning.

Equations

10.8. In mathematical equations, use italic for all letter symbols—capitals, 

lowercase, small capitals, and superiors and inferiors (exponents 

and subscripts); use roman for figures, including superiors and 

inferiors.

10.9. If an equation or a mathematical expression needs to be divided, 

break before +, −, =, etc. However, the equal sign is to clear on the 

left of other beginning mathematical signs.

10.10. A short equation in text should not be broken at the end of a line. 

Space out the line so that the equation will begin on the next line; or 

better, center the equation on a line by itself.

10.11. An equation too long for one line is set flush left, the second half 

of the equation is set flush right, and the two parts are balanced as 

nearly as possible.

10.12. Two or more equations in a series are aligned on the equal signs and 

centered on the longest equation in the group.

10.13. Connecting words of explanation, such as hence, therefore, and similarly, are set flush left either on the same line with the equation or 

on a separate line.

10.14. Parentheses, braces, brackets, integral signs, and summation signs 

should be of the same height as the mathematical expressions they 

include.

10.15. Inferiors precede superiors if they appear together; but if either inferior or superior is too long, the two are aligned on the left.

Chemical symbols

10.16. The names and symbols listed below are approved by the 

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. They are set in 

roman without periods.
Signs and Symbols 265

Actinium ............................ Ac 89

Aluminum ......................... Al 13

Americium ........................ Am 95

Antimony .......................... Sb 51

Argon .................................. Ar 18

Arsenic  .............................. As 33

Astatine .............................. At 85

Barium ............................... Ba 56

Berkelium .......................... Bk 97

Beryllium ........................... Be 4

Bismuth .............................. Bi 83

Bohrium ............................. Bh 107

Boron .................................. B 5

Bromine ............................. Br 35

Cadmium ........................... Cd 48

Calcium .............................. Ca 20

Californium ...................... Cf 98

Carbon ............................... C 6

Cerium ............................... Ce 58

Cesium ............................... Cs 55

Chlorine ............................. Cl 17

Chromium ......................... Cr 24

Cobalt ................................. Co 27

Copernicium ..................... Cn 112

Copper ................................ Cu 29

Curium ............................... Cm 96

Darmstadtium .................. Ds 110

Dubnium ........................... Db 105

Dysprosium ....................... Dy 66

Einsteinium ....................... Es 99

Erbium ............................... Er 68

Europium ........................... Eu 63

Fermium ............................ Fm 100

Flerovium .......................... Fl 114

Fluorine .............................. F 9

Francium ........................... Fr 87

Gadolinium ....................... Gd 64

Gallium .............................. Ga 31

Germanium....................... Ge 32

Gold .................................... Au 79

Hafnium ............................ Hf 72

Hassium ............................. Hs 108

Helium ............................... He 2

Holmium ........................... Ho 67

Hydrogen ........................... H 1

Indium ............................... In 49

Iodine ................................. I 53

Iridium ............................... Ir 77

Iron ..................................... Fe 26

Krypton .............................. Kr 36

Lanthanum ........................ La 57

Lawrencium ...................... Lr 103

Lead ..................................... Pb 82

Lithium .............................. Li 3

Livermorium ..................... Lv 116

Lutetium ............................ Lu 71

Magnesium........................ Mg 12

Manganese ........................ Mn 25

Meitnerium ....................... Mt 109

Mendelevium .................... Md 101

Mercury ............................. Hg 80

Molybdenum .................... Mo 42

Moscovium ....................... Mc 115

Neodymium ...................... Nd 60

Neon ................................... Ne 10

Neptunium ........................ Np 93

Nickel .................................. Ni 28

Nihonium .......................... Nh 113

Niobium ............................. Nb 41

Nitrogen ............................. N 7

Nobelium ........................... No 102

Oganesson ......................... Og 118

Osmium ............................. Os 76

Oxygen ............................... O 8

Palladium .......................... Pd 46

Phosphorus........................ P 15

Platinum ............................ Pt 78

Plutonium .......................... Pu 94

Polonium ........................... Po 84

Potassium .......................... K 19

Praseodymium ................. Pr 59

Promethium ...................... Pm 61

Protactinium ..................... Pa 91

Radium ............................... Ra 88

Radon ................................. Rn 86

Rhenium ............................ Re 75

Rhodium ............................ Rh 45

Roentgenium .................... Rg 111

Rubidium ........................... Rb 37

Ruthenium ........................ Ru 44

Rutherfordium ................. Rf 104

Samarium .......................... Sm 62

Scandium ........................... Sc 21

Seaborgium ....................... Sg 106

Selenium ............................ Se 34

Silicon ................................. Si 14

Silver ................................... Ag 47

Sodium ............................... Na 11

Strontium........................... Sr 38

Sulfur .................................. S 16

Tantalum ........................... Ta 73

Technetium ....................... Tc 43

Tellurium ........................... Te 52

Tennessine ......................... Ts 117

Terbium .............................. Tb 65

Thallium ............................ Tl 81

Thorium ............................. Th 90

Thulium ............................. Tm 69

Tin ....................................... Sn 50

Titanium ............................ Ti 22

Tungsten ............................ W 74

Uranium ............................ U 92

Vanadium .......................... V 23

Xenon ................................. Xe 54

Ytterbium ........................... Yb 70

Yttrium ............................... Y 39

Zinc ..................................... Zn 30

Zirconium ......................... Zr 40

Element Symbol Symbol Atomic 

No.

Atomic 

No. Element
266 Chapter 10

Standardized symbols

10.17. Symbols duly standardized by any national scientific, professional, 

or technical group are accepted as preferred forms within the field 

of the group. The issuing office desiring or requiring the use of such 

standardized symbols should see that copy is prepared accordingly.

Signs and symbols

10.18. The following list contains some signs and symbols frequently used 

in printing. The forms and style of many symbols vary with the 

method of reproduction employed. It is important that editors and 

writers clearly identify signs and symbols when they appear within 

a manuscript.
Signs and Symbols 267
268 Chapter 10

1

 Standard letter symbols used by the Geological Survey on geologic maps. Capital letter indicates 

the system and one or more lowercased letters designate the formation and member where used.

inverted exclamation

 mark

inverted question

 mark
269

11. Italic 

(See also Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols” 

and Chapter 16 “Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures”)

11.1. Italic is sometimes used to differentiate or to give greater prominence 

to words, phrases, etc. However, an excessive amount of italic defeats 

this purpose and should be restricted.

Emphasis, foreign words, and titles of publications

11.2. Italic is not used for mere emphasis, foreign words, or the titles of 

publications.

11.3. In nonlegal work, ante, post, infra, and supra are italicized only when 

part of a legal citation. Otherwise these terms, as well as the abbreviations id., ibid., op. cit., et seq., and other foreign words, phrases, and 

their abbreviations, are printed in roman.

11.4. When [emphasis in original], [emphasis supplied], [emphasis added], 

or [emphasis ours] appears in copy, it should not be changed; but 

“underscore supplied” should be changed to “italic supplied.” 

Therefore, when emphasis in quoted or extracted text is referred to 

by the foregoing terms, such emphasized text must be reflected and 

set in italic.

11.5. When copy is submitted with instructions to set “all roman (no 

italic),” these instructions will not apply to Ordered, Resolved, Be it 

enacted, etc.; titles following signatures or addresses; or the parts of 

datelines that are always set in italic.

Names of aircraft, vessels, and spacecraft

11.6. The names of aircraft, vessels, and manned spacecraft are italicized 

unless otherwise indicated. In lists set in columns and in stubs and 

reading columns of tables consisting entirely of such names, they will 

be set in roman. Missiles and rockets will be set in caps and lowercase 

and will not be italicized.
270 Chapter 11

11.7. Names of vessels are quoted in matter printed in other than capitals 

and lowercase roman, even if there is italic type available in the series.

Sinking of the “Lusitania” Sinking of the “Lusitania”

Sinking of the “Lusitania” SINKING OF THE “LUSITANIA”

Names of legal cases

11.8. The names of legal cases are italicized, except for the v., which is 

always set in lowercase. When requested, the names of such cases 

may be set in roman with an italic v. In matter set in italic, legal cases 

are set in roman with the v. being set roman.

“The Hornet” and “The Hood,” Smith v. Brown et al. (heading) 

 124 F.2d 45 SMITH v. BROWN ET AL. 

Smith v. Brown et al. (heading)

Smith Bros. case (172 App. Durham rule

 Div. 149) Brown decision

Smith Bros. case, supra John Doe v. Richard Roe

Smith Bros. case but John Doe against Richard Roe,

As cited in Smith Bros. the Cement case.

SS America; the liner America

USS Los Angeles (submarine)

USS Wisconsin

ex-USS Savannah

USCGS (U.S. Coast and Geodetic

 Survey) ship Pathfinder

CSS Virginia

CG cutter Thetus

the U–7

destroyer 31

HMS Hornet

HS (hydrofoil ship) Denison

MS (motorship) Richard

GTS (gas turbine ship) Alexander

NS (nuclear ship) Savannah

MV (motor vessel) Havtroll

Apollo 13, Atlantis (U.S. spaceships)

West Virginia class or type

the Missouri’s (roman “s”) turret

the U–7’s (roman “s”) deck

Enola Gay

but

Air Force One (President’s plane)

B–50 (type of plane)

DD–882

LST–1155

MiG; MiG–35

PT–109

F–22 Raptor

F–117 Nighthawk (Stealth fighter)

A–10 Thunderbolt
Italic 271

Scientific names

11.9. The scientific names of genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies 

(varieties) are italicized but are set in roman in italic matter; the 

names of groups of higher rank than genera (phyla, classes, orders, 

families, tribes, etc.) are printed in roman.

A.s. perpallidus

Dorothia? sp. (roman “?”)

Tsuga canadensis

Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens

the genera Quercus and Liriodendron

the family Leguminosae; the family Nessiteras rhombopteryx

Measurements of specimens of Cyanoderma erythroptera neocara

11.10. Quotation marks should be used in place of italic for scientific names 

appearing in lines set in caps, caps and small caps, or boldface, even 

if there is italic type available in the series.

Words and letters

11.11. The words Resolved, Resolved further, Provided, Provided, however, 

Provided further, And provided further, and ordered, in bills, acts, 

resolutions, and formal contracts and agreements are italicized; also 

the words To be continued, Continued on p. —, Continued from p. —,

and See and see also (in indexes and tables of contents only).

Resolved, That (resolution)

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 

 America in Congress assembled, That

 [To be continued] (centered; no period)

 [Continued from p. 3] (centered; no period)

see also Mechanical data (index entry)

11.12. All letters (caps, small caps, lowercase, superiors, and inferiors) used 

as symbols are italicized. In italic matter, roman letters are used. 

Chemical symbols (even in italic matter) and certain other standardized symbols are set in roman.

nth degree; x dollars

D÷0.025Vm

2.7=0.042/G−1Vm2.7

5Cu2S•2(Cu,Fe,Zn)S•2Sb2S3O4
272 Chapter 11

11.13. Letter designations in mathematical and scientific matter, except 

chemical symbols, are italicized.

11.14. Letter symbols used in legends to illustrations, drawings, etc., or in 

text as references to such material, are set in italic without periods 

and are capitalized if so shown in copy.

11.15. Letters (a), (b), (c), etc., and a, b, c, etc., used to indicate sections or 

paragraphs, are italicized in general work but not in laws or other 

legal documents.

11.16. Internet websites and email addresses should be set in roman.
273

12. Numerals 

(See also Chapter 13 “Tabular Work” and Chapter 14 “Leaderwork”)

12.1. Most rules for the use of numerals are based on the general principle that the reader comprehends numerals more readily than 

numerical word expressions, particularly in technical, scientific, or 

statistical matter. However, for special reasons, numbers are spelled 

out in certain instances, except in FIC & punc. and Fol. Lit. matter.

12.2. The following rules cover the most common conditions that require 

a choice between the use of numerals and words. Some of them, 

however, are based on typographic appearance rather than on the 

general principle stated above.

12.3. Arabic numerals are preferable to Roman numerals.

Numbers expressed in figures

12.4. A figure is used for a single number of 10 or more with the exception of the first word of the sentence. (See also rules 12.9 and 12.23.)

50 ballots 24 horses nearly 13 buckets 

10 guns about 40 men 10 times as large

Numbers and numbers in series

12.5. When 2 or more numbers appear in a sentence and 1 of them is 

10 or larger, figures are used for each number. (See supporting rule 

12.6.)

 Each of 15 major commodities (9 metal and 6 nonmetal) was in supply.

but Each of nine major commodities (five metal and four nonmetal) was in supply.

 Petroleum came from 16 fields, of which 8 were discovered in 1956.

but Petroleum came from nine fields, of which eight were discovered in 1956.

 That man has 3 suits, 2 pairs of shoes, and 12 pairs of socks.

but That man has three suits, two pairs of shoes, and four hats.

 Of the 13 engine producers, 6 were farm equipment manufacturers, 6 were 

 principally engaged in the production of other types of machinery, and 1 

 was not classified in the machinery industry.

but Only nine of these were among the large manufacturing companies, and only 

 three were among the largest concerns.

 There were three 6-room houses, five 4-room houses, and three 2-room 

 cottages, and they were built by 20 carpenters. (See rule 12.21.)
274 Chapter 12

 There were three six-room houses, five four-room houses, and three two- 

 room cottages, and they were built by nine carpenters.

but If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into the other and one 

 carries points and ciphers, the other should also carry points and 

 ciphers.

 At the hearing, only one Senator and one Congressman testified.

 There are four or five things that can be done.

12.6. A unit of measurement, time, or money (as defined in rule 12.9), 

which is always expressed in figures, does not affect the use of figures for other numerical expressions within a sentence.

 Each of the five girls earned 75 cents an hour.

 Each of the 15 girls earned 75 cents an hour.

 A team of four men ran the 1-mile relay in 3 minutes 20 seconds.

 This usually requires from two to five washes and a total time of 2 to 4 hours.

 This usually requires 9 to 12 washes and a total time of 2 to 4 hours.

 The contractor, one engineer, and one surveyor inspected the 1-mile road.

but There were two six-room houses, three four-room houses, and four two-room 

 cottages, and they were built by nine workers in thirty 5-day weeks. (See 

 rule 12.21.)

12.7. Figures are used for serial numbers.

12.8. A colon preceding figures does not affect their use.

The result was as follows: 12 voted yea, 4 dissented.

The result was as follows: nine voted yea, seven dissented.

Measurement and time

12.9. Units of measurement and time, actual or implied, are expressed in 

figures.

a. Age:

6 years old a 3-year-old 

52 years 10 months 6 days at the age of 3 (years implied)

 Bulletin 725

 Document 71

 pages 352–357

 lines 5 and 6

 paragraph 1

 chapter 2

 290 U.S. 325

 Genesis 39:20

 202–512–0724 (telephone number)

 the year 2001

 1721–1727 St. Clair Avenue

but Letters Patent No. 2,189,463
Numerals 275

 b. Clock time (see also Time):

4:30 p.m.; half past 4 

10 o’clock or 10 p.m. (not 10 o’clock p.m.; 2 p.m. in the afternoon; 10:00 p.m.) 

12 p.m. (12 noon) 

12 a.m. (12 midnight) 

4h

30m or 4.5h, in scientific work, if so written in copy 

0025, 2359 (astronomical and military time) 

08:31:04 (stopwatch reading)

 c. Dates:

9/11 (referring to the attack on the United States that occurred on Septem- 

 ber 11, 2001)

June 1985 (not June, 1985); June 29, 1985 (not June 29th, 1985)

March 6 to April 15, 1990 (not March 6, 1990, to April 15, 1990)

May, June, and July 1965 (but June and July 1965)

15 April 1951; 15–17 April 1951 (military)

4th of July (but Fourth of July, meaning the holiday)

the 1st [day] of the month (but the last of April or the first [part] of May, not 

 referring to specific days)

in the year 2000 (not 2,000)

In referring to a fiscal year, consecutive years, or a continuous period 

of 2 years or more, when contracted, the forms 1900–11, 1906–38, 

1931–32, 1801–2, 1875–79 are used (but upon change of century, 

1895–1914 and to avoid multiple ciphers together, 2000–2001). For 

two or more separate years not representing a continuous period, a 

comma is used instead of a dash (1875, 1879); if the word from precedes the year or the word inclusive follows it, the second year is not 

shortened and the word to is used in lieu of the dash (from 1933 to 

1936; 1935 to 1936, inclusive).

In dates, A.D. precedes the year (A.D. 937); B.C. follows the year 

(254 B.C.); C.E. and B.C.E. follow the year.

 d. Decimals: In text a cipher should be supplied before a decimal 

point if there is no whole unit, and ciphers should be omitted 

after a decimal point unless they indicate exact measurement.

0.25 inch; 1.25 inches but .30 caliber (meaning 0.30 inch, 

silver 0.900 fine bore of small arms); 30 calibers

specific gravity 0.9547 (length)

gauge height 10.0 feet
276 Chapter 12

 e. Use spaces to separate groups of three digits in a decimal fraction. 

(See rule 12.27.)

0.123 456 789; but 0.1234

 f. Degrees, etc. (spaces omitted):

 g. Game scores:

1 up (golf) 7 to 6 (football), etc. 

3 to 2 (baseball) 2 all (tie)

 h. Market quotations:

 i. Mathematical expressions:

multiplied by 3 a factor of 2 

divided by 6 square root of 4

 j. Measurements:

longitude 77°04'06'' E

35°30'; 35°30' N

a polariscopic test of 85°

an angle of 57°

strike N 16° E

dip 47° W or 47° N 31° W

25.5' (preferred) also 25'.5

but

two degrees of justice; 12

 degrees of freedom

32d degree Mason

150 million degrees Fahrenheit

30 Fahrenheit degrees

41⁄2 percent bonds

Treasury bonds sell at 95

Metropolitan Railroad, 109

Dow Jones average of 18500.76

gold is 109

wheat at 2.30

sugar, .03; not 0.03

7 meters

about 10 yards

8 by 12 or 8 x 12 inches

8- by 12-inch page

2 feet by 1 foot 8 inches by 1 foot 3 

 inches

2 by 4 or 2 x 4 (lumber) (not 24)

11⁄2 miles

6 acres

9 bushels

1 gallon

3 ems

20/20 (vision)

30/30 (rifle)

12-gauge shotgun

2,500 horsepower

15 cubic yards

6-pounder

80 foot-pounds

10s (for yarns and threads)

f/2.5 (lens aperture)

4 by 4 or 4 x 4 truck
Numerals 277

k. Money:

l. Percentage:

m. Proportion:

1 to 4 1:62,500

1–3–5

n. Time (see also Clock time):

$3.65; $0.75; 75 cents; 0.5 cent

$3 (not $3.00) per 200 pounds

75 cents apiece

Rs32,25,644 (Indian rupees)

CHF 2.5 (Swiss francs)

9 euros or 9€

65 yen

P265

but

two pennies

three quarters

one half

six bits, etc.

12 percent; 25.5 percent; 0.5 percent 

 (or one-half of 1 percent)

thirty-four one hundredths of

 1 percent

3.65 bonds; 3.65s; 5–20 bonds;

 5–20s; 41⁄2s; 3s

50–50 (colloquial expression)

5 percentage points

a 1,100-percent increase, or an 

 1100-percent increase

but

tenpenny nail

fourfold

three-ply

five votes

six bales

two dozen

one gross

zero miles

seven-story building

6 hours 8 minutes 20 seconds

10 years 3 months 29 days

7 minutes

8 days

4 weeks

1 month

3 fiscal years; third fiscal year

1 calendar year

millennium

FY 2010

but

four centuries

three decades

three quarters (9 months)

statistics of any one year

in a year or two

four afternoons

one-half hour

the eleventh hour

FY10
278 Chapter 12

o. Unit modifiers:

p. Vitamins:

B12 , B T , A 1 , etc.

Ordinal numbers

12.10. Except as indicated in rules 12.11 and 12.19, and also for day preceding month, figures are used in text and footnotes to text for serial 

ordinal numbers beginning with 10th. In tables, leaderwork, footnotes to tables and leaderwork, and in sidenotes, figures are used at 

all times. Military units are expressed in figures at all times when 

not the beginning of a sentence, except Corps. (For ordinals in 

addresses, see rule 12.13.)

12.11. When ordinals appear in juxtaposition and one of them is 10th or 

more, figures are used for such ordinal numbers.

 This legislation was passed in the 1st session of the 102d Congress. 

 He served in the 9th and 10th Congresses. 

5-day week

8-year-old wine

8-hour day

10-foot pole

1⁄2-inch pipe

5-foot-wide entrance

10-million-peso loan

a 5-percent increase

20th-century progress

but

two-story house

five-member board

$20 million airfield

29th of May, but May 29

First Congress; 102d Congress

ninth century; 21st century

Second Congressional District; 20th 

 Congressional District

seventh region; 17th region

323d Fighter Wing

12th Regiment 

9th Naval District

7th Fleet

7th Air Force

7th Task Force

eighth parallel; 38th parallel

fifth ward; 12th ward

ninth birthday; 66th birthday

first grade; 11th grade

1st Army

1st Cavalry Division

but

XII Corps (Army usage)

Court of Appeals for the Tenth 

 Circuit

Seventeenth Decennial Census (title)
Numerals 279

 From the 1st to the 92d Congress. 

 Their children were in 1st, 2d, 3d, and 10th grades. 

 We read the 8th and 12th chapters. 

but The district comprised the first and second precincts. 

 He represented the first, third, and fourth regions. 

 The report was the sixth in a series of 14.

12.12. Ordinals and numerals appearing in a sentence are treated according to the separate rules dealing with ordinals and numerals 

standing alone or in a group. (See rules 12.4, 12.5, and 12.24.)

The fourth group contained three items. 

The fourth group contained 12 items. 

The 8th and 10th groups contained three and four items, respectively. 

The eighth and ninth groups contained 9 and 12 items, respectively.

12.13. Beginning with 10th, figures are used in text matter for numbered 

streets, avenues, etc. However, figures are used at all times and 

street, avenue, etc. are abbreviated in sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, 

and footnotes to tables and leaderwork.

First Street NW.; also in parentheses: (Fifth Street) (13th Street); 810 West 

12th Street; North First Street; 1021 121st Street; 2031 18th Street North; 711 

Fifth Avenue; 518 10th Avenue; 51–35 61st Avenue

Punctuation

12.14. The comma is used in a number containing four or more digits, 

except in serial numbers, common and decimal fractions, astronomical and military time, and kilocycles and meters of not more 

than four figures pertaining to radio.

Chemical formulas

12.15. In chemical formulas full-sized figures are used before the symbol 

or group of symbols to which they relate, and inferior figures are 

used after the symbol.

6PbS•(Ag,Cu)2S•2As2S3O4
280 Chapter 12

Numbers spelled out

12.16. Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence or head. Rephrase 

a sentence or head to avoid beginning with figures. (See rule 12.25 

for related numbers.)

Five years ago . . . ; not 5 years ago . . . 

Five hundred fifty men hired . . . ; not 550 men hired . . . 

“Five-Year Plan Announced”; not “5-Year Plan Announced” (head) 

The year 2065 seems far off . . . ; not 2065 seems far off . . . 

Workers numbering 207,843 . . . ; not 207,843 workers . . . 

Benefits of $69,603,566 . . . ; not $69,603,566 worth of benefits . . .

1958 report change to the 1958 report 

$3,000 budgeted change to the sum of $3,000 budgeted 

4 million jobless change to jobless number 4 million

12.17. In verbatim testimony, hearings, transcripts, and question-andanswer matter, figures are used immediately following Q. and A. 

or name of interrogator or witness for years (e.g., 2015), sums of 

money, decimals, street numbers, and for numerical expressions 

beginning with 101.

Mr. Birch, Junior. 2015 was a good year. 

Mr. Bell. $1 per share was the return. Two dollars in 1956 was the alltime 

 high. Two thousand twenty-nine may be another story. 

Colonel Davis. 92 cents. 

Mr. Smith. 12.8 people. 

Mr. Jones. 1240 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004. 

Mr. Smith. Ninety-eight persons. 

Q. 101 years? But Q. One hundred years? 

A. 200 years. 

Mr. Smith. Ten-year average would be how much?

12.18. A spelled-out number should not be repeated in figures, except in 

legal documents. In such instances use these forms:

five (5) dollars, not five dollars (5) 

ten dollars ($10), not ten ($10) dollars
Numerals 281

12.19. Numbers appearing as part of proper names, used in a hypothetical 

or inexact sense, or mentioned in connection with serious and dignified subjects such as Executive orders, legal proclamations, and in 

formal writing are spelled out.

Three Rivers, PA, Fifteenmile

 Creek, etc.

the Thirteen Original States

in the year two thousand eight

the One Hundred Tenth Congress

millions for defense but not one

 cent for tribute

three score years and ten

Ten Commandments

Air Force One (Presidential

 plane)

back to square one

behind the eight ball

our policy since day one

12.20. If spelled out, whole numbers should be set in the following form:

two thousand twenty 

one thousand eight hundred fifty 

one hundred fifty-two thousand three hundred five 

eighteen hundred fifty (serial number)

 When spelled out, any number containing a fraction or piece of 

a whole should use the word “and” when stating the fraction or 

piece:

sixty-two dollars and four cents 

ninety-nine and three-tenths degrees 

thirty-three and seventy-five one-hundredths shares

12.21. Numbers below 100 preceding a compound modifier containing a 

figure are spelled out.

two 3⁄4-inch boards

twelve 6-inch guns

two 5-percent discounts

but

120 8-inch boards

three four-room houses

12.22. Indefinite expressions are spelled out.

the seventies; the early seventies; 

 but the early 1870s or 1970s 

in his eighties, not his ’80’s nor 80’s 

between two and three hundred 

 horses (better between 200 and 

 300 horses) 

twelvefold; thirteenfold; fortyfold; 

 hundredfold; twentyfold to 

 thirtyfold 

midthirties (age, years, money) 

a thousand and one reasons 

but

1 to 3 million 

mid-1971; mid-1970s 

40-odd people; nine-odd people 

40-plus people 

100-odd people 

31⁄2-fold; 250-fold; 2.5-fold; 41-fold
282 Chapter 12

 Words such as nearly, about, around, approximately, etc., do not 

reflect indefinite expressions.

The bass weighed about 6 pounds. 

She was nearly 8 years old.

12.23. Except as indicated in rules 12.5 and 12.9, a number less than 10 is 

spelled out within a sentence.

six horses

five wells

eight times as large

but

31⁄2 cans

21⁄2 times or 2.5 times

12.24. For typographic appearance and easy grasp of large numbers beginning with million, the word million, billion, or trillion is used.

 The following are guides to treatment of figures as submitted in 

copy. If copy reads—

 $12,000,000, change to $12 million 

 2,750,000,000 dollars, change to $2,750 million 

 2.7 million dollars, change to $2.7 million 

 23⁄8 million dollars, change to $23⁄8 million 

 two and one-half million dollars, change to $21⁄2 million 

 a hundred cows, change to 100 cows 

 a thousand dollars, change to $1,000 

 a million and a half, change to 11⁄2 million 

 two thousand million dollars, change to $2,000 million 

 less than a million dollars, change to less than $1 million 

but $2,700,000, do not convert to $2.7 million 

also $10 to $20 million; 10 or 20 million; between 10 and 20 million

 4 million of assets

 amounting to 4 trillion

 $1,270,000

 $1,270,200,000

 $23⁄4 billion; $2.75 billion; $2,750 million

 $500,000 to $1 million
Numerals 283

 300,000; not 300 thousand

 $1⁄2 billion to $11⁄4 billion (note full figure with second fraction); $11⁄4 to $11⁄2 

 billion

 three-quarters of a billion dollars

 5 or 10 billion dollars’ worth

12.25. Related numbers appearing at the beginning of a sentence, separated by no more than three words, are treated alike.

 Fifty or sixty more miles away is snowclad Mount Everest.

 Sixty and, quite often, seventy listeners responded.

but Fifty or, in some instances, almost 60 applications were filed.

Fractions

12.26. Mixed fractions are always expressed in figures. Fractions standing 

alone, however, or if followed by of a or of an, are generally spelled 

out. (See also rule 12.28.)

12.27. Fractions (1⁄4, 1⁄2, 3⁄4, 3⁄8, 5⁄8, 7⁄8, 1⁄2954) or full-sized figures with the shilling mark (1/4, 1/2954) may be used only when either is specifically 

requested. Mixed fractions in full-sized figures are joined with a 

hyphen (2-2/3). A comma should not be used in any part of a builtup fraction of four or more digits or in decimals. (See rule 12.9e.)

12.28. Fractions are used in a unit modifier.

1⁄2-inch pipe; not 1⁄4-mile run 7⁄8-point rise 

 one-half-inch pipe

three-fourths of an inch; not 3⁄4 

 inch nor 3⁄4 of an inch

one-half inch

one-half of a farm; not 1⁄2 of a farm

one-fourth inch

seven-tenths of 1 percent

three-quarters of an inch

half an inch

a quarter of an inch

one-tenth portion

one-hundredth

two one-hundredths

one-thousandth

five one-thousandths

thirty-five one-thousandths

but

1⁄2 to 13⁄4 pages

1⁄2-inch pipe

1⁄2-inch-diameter pipe

31⁄2 cans

21⁄2 times
284 Chapter 12

Roman numerals

12.29. A repeated letter repeats its value; a letter placed after one of greater 

value adds to it; a letter placed before one of greater value subtracts 

from it; a dashline over a letter denotes multiplied by 1,000.

Numerals

I ............................... 1

II .............................. 2

III ............................ 3

IV ............................ 4

V ............................. 5

VI ............................ 6

VII .......................... 7

VIII ......................... 8

IX ............................ 9

X .............................. 10

XV ........................... 15

XIX ......................... 19

XX ........................... 20

XXV ........................ 25

XXIX ...................... 29

XXX ........................ 30

XXXV ..................... 35

XXXIX ................... 39

XL ........................... 40

XLV ......................... 45

XLIX ....................... 49

L .............................. 50

LV ........................... 55

LIX .......................... 59

LX ........................... 60

LXV ........................ 65

LXIX ....................... 69

LXX ........................ 70

LXXV ..................... 75

LXXIX .................... 79

LXXX ..................... 80

LXXXV .................. 85

LXXXIX ................. 89

XC ........................... 90

XCV ........................ 95

IC ............................ 99

C .............................. 100

CL ........................... 150

CC ........................... 200

CCC ........................ 300

CD .......................... 400

D .................. 500

DC ............... 600

DCC ............ 700

DCCC ......... 800

CM ............... 900

M .................. 1,000

MD .............. 1,500

MM .............. 2,000

MMM .......... 3,000

MMMM 

 or MV- ...... 4,000

V

-

 ................... 5,000

M

-

 .................. 1,000,000

Dates

MDC .................................. 1600 MCMXX .............................. 1920 MCMLXX ...................... 1970

MDCC ............................... 1700 MCMXXX ........................... 1930 MCMLXXX ................... 1980

MDCCC............................. 1800 MCMXL .............................. 1940 MCMXC ........................ 1990

MCM or MDCCCC ......... 1900 MCML ................................. 1950 MM ................................. 2000

MCMX ............................... 1910 MCMLX .............................. 1960 MMX .............................. 2010
285 

13. Tabular Work 

(See also Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols” and Chapter 14 “Leaderwork”)

13.1. The object of a table is to present in a concise and orderly manner 

information that cannot be presented as clearly in any other way.

13.2. Tabular material should be kept as simple as possible, so that the 

meaning of the data can be easily grasped by the user.

13.3. Tables shall be set without down (vertical) rules when there is at 

least an em space between columns, except where: (1) in GPO’s 

judgment down rules are required for clarity; or (2) the agency has 

indicated on the copy they are to be used. The mere presence of 

down rules in copy or enclosed sample is not considered a request 

that down rules be used. The publication dictates the type size used 

in setting tables. Tabular work in the Congressional Record is set 6 

on 7. The balance of congressional tabular work sets 7 on 8. If down 

rules are used they will be set as hairlines, unless a specific weight is 

requested.

Abbreviations

13.4. To avoid burdening tabular text, commonly known abbreviations 

are used in tables. Metric and unit-of-measurement abbreviations 

are used with figures.

13.5. The names of months (except May, June, and July) when followed by 

the day are abbreviated.

13.6. The words street, avenue, place, road, square, boulevard, terrace, 

drive, court, and building, following name or number, are abbreviated. For numbered streets, avenues, etc., figures are used.

13.7. Abbreviate the words United States if preceding the word 

Government, the name of any Government organization, or as an 

adjective generally.

13.8. Use the abbreviations RR and Ry. following a name, and SS, MS, 

etc., preceding a name.

13.9. Use lat. and long. with figures.
286 Chapter 13

13.10. Abbreviate, when followed by figures, the various parts of publications, as article, part, section, etc.

13.11. Use, generally, such abbreviations and contractions as 98th Cong., 

1st sess., H. Res. 5, H.J. Res. 21, S. Doc. 62, S. Rept. 410, Rev. Stat., etc.

13.12. In columns containing names of persons, copy is followed as to abbreviations of given names.

13.13. Periods are not used after abbreviations followed by leaders.

Bearoff or inset

13.14. An en space is used for all bearoffs or insets.

13.15. In a crowded table, when down rules are necessary, the bearoff or 

inset may be reduced in figure columns.

13.16. Fractions are set flush right to the bearoff or inset of the allotted 

column width, and not aligned.

13.17. Mathematical signs, parentheses, fractions, and brackets are set 

with a normal bearoff or inset.

Boxheads

13.18. Periods are omitted after all boxheads, but a dash is used after any 

boxhead which reads into the matter following.

13.19. Boxheads run crosswise.

13.20. Boxheads are set solid, even in leaded tables.

13.21. Boxheads are centered horizontally and vertically.

Down-rule style (see rule 13.3)

Employed students whose work records were obtained

Time of year at beginning work [depth of this box does

not influence the depth of box on left]

June to August September to May

 Distri- Distri- DistriNumber bution Number bution Number bution

 (percent) (percent) (percent)

Female (16 to 18) ....................... 3,869 45.5 1,415 9.6 2,405 15.8 49

Total

Sex and age

Not reported
Tabular Work 287

No-down-rule style (preferred)

Table 9.—Mine production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in 2008

Concentrate shipped to smelters and recoverable metals

Copper ................................................ 220,346 763 70,357 14,242,346 9,950 6,260

Lead ..................................................... 3,931 392 48,326 72,500 5,044,750 290,980

Zinc ..................................................... 25,159 269 41,078 263,400 581,590 26,441,270

 Total:

2008 .............................. 249,436 1,424 159,756 14,578,246 5,636,290 26,738,510

2007 .............................. 367,430 1,789 432,122 10,622,155 13,544,875 11,923,060

Crude material shipped to smelters

Dry gold, dry gold-silver ore .......... 134 52 2,839 2,200 ................. .................

Copper:

 Crude ore ................................... 107,270 844 39,861 2,442,882 124,100 2,200

 Slag .............................................. 421 10 165 285,421 ................. .................

Lead...................................................... 528 12 1,693 5,950 110,870 300

Mill cleanings (lead-zinc) ............... 31 ................. 254 1,450 8,100 4,300

 Total:

2008 .............................. 125,749 919 45,444 30,375,754 249,710 6,890

2007 .............................. 166,184 1,042 47,176 41,601,845 497,125 26,940

Class of material Short

tons

Gold

(fine

ounces)

Copper

(pounds)

Silver

(fine

ounces)

Lead

(pounds)

Zinc

(pounds)

13.22. In referring to quantity of things, the word Number in boxheads is 

spelled if possible.

13.23. Column numbers or letters in parentheses may be set under boxheads and are separated by one line space below the deepest head. 

(If alignment of parentheses is required within the table, use brackets in boxhead.) These column references align across the table. 

Units of quantity are set in parentheses within boxheads.

Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce

 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Alabama ........... $4,730,154 $1,520,362 $7,970,875 ........................... $79,284 $1,176,401 $247,515

Alaska ................ 393,484 269,274 591,487 ........................... 297,266 12,366,106 472,749

Arizona ............. 4,545,983 823,136 6,512,639 ........................... 127,749 9,317,853 .................

States

Commodity Credit

Corporation, value

of commodities

donated

Special

school

milk

program 1

Disaster loans,

etc. (payments

to assist States

in furnishing

hay in

droughtstriken

areas)

Value of

commodities distributed

within 

States

Civil Aeronautics

Administration—

Federal

airport

program—

regular

grants

Bureau of Public

Roads: Highway

construction

Regular

grants 2

Emergency

grants 3

13.24. Leaders may be supplied in a column consisting entirely of symbols 

or years or dates or any combination of these.
288 Chapter 13

Centerheads, flush entries, and subentries

13.25. Heads follow the style of the tables as to the use of figures and 

abbreviations.

13.26. Punctuation is omitted after centerheads. Flush entries and subentries over subordinate items are followed by a colon (single subentry to run in, preserving the colon), but a dash is used instead of a 

colon when the entry reads into the matter below.

25 Miscellaneous: Powerplant equipment ...................................................................................................... $245,040.37

26 Roads, railroads, and bridges ....................................................................................................................... 275,900.34

 Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 520,940.71

transmission plant

42 Structures and improvements ...................................................................................................................... 26,253.53

43 Station equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 966,164.41

 Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 992,417.94

general plant

 General plant:

 Norris ......................................................................................................................................................... 753,248.97

 Other .......................................................................................................................................................... 15,335.81

 Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 768,584.78

 Grand total ............................................................................................................................................ 2,281,943.43

13.27. In reading columns if the centerhead clears the reading matter 

below by at least an em, the space is omitted; if it clears by less than 

an em, a space is used. If an overrun, rule, etc., in another column, 

or in the same column, creates a blank space above the head, the 

extra space is not added.

13.28. Units of quantity and years used as heads in reading and figure columns are set in italic with space above but no space below.

No-down-rule style (preferred)

The rules are used here to aid readability.

 2015

Oct. 1 ......................... 35.6 15 Jan. 16 ...................... 45.2 15 May 8 ........................ 46.5 15

Oct. 31 ....................... 45.0 15 Feb. 4 ....................... 50.2 15 May 22 ..................... 45.1 18

Nov. 14 ...................... 40.9 18 Feb. 17 ..................... 43.4 15 June 9 ........................ 47.1 14

Dec. 24 ...................... 41.7 15 Mar. 4 ...................... 45.6 15 June 24 ..................... 48.2 16

 Mar. 19 .................... 42.7 15 July 9 ......................... 46.6 17

 2016 Apr. 2 ....................... 40.9 15 July 24 ...................... 45.9 16

Jan. 3 .......................... 43.9 15 Apr. 28 .................... 47.7 13 Aug. 6 ....................... 46.5 16
Tabular Work 289

Down-rule style (see rule 13.3)

 2015

Oct. 1 ......................... 35.6 15 Jan. 16 ...................... 45.2 15 May 8 ....................... 46.5 15

Oct. 31 ....................... 45.0 15 Feb. 4 ....................... 50.2 15 May 22 ..................... 45.1 18

Nov. 14 ...................... 40.9 18 Feb. 17 ..................... 43.4 15 June 9 ....................... 47.1 14

Dec. 24 ...................... 41.7 15 Mar. 4 ...................... 45.6 15 June 24 ..................... 48.2 16

 Mar. 19 .................... 42.7 15 July 9 ........................ 46.6 17

 2016 Apr. 2 ....................... 40.9 15 July 24 ...................... 45.9 16

Jan. 3 .......................... 43.9 15 Apr. 28 .................... 47.7 13 Aug. 6 ....................... 46.5 16

Ciphers

13.29. Where the first number in a column or under a cross rule is wholly 

a decimal, a cipher is added at the left of its decimal point. A cipher 

used alone in a money or other decimal column is placed in the unit 

row and is not followed by a period. The cipher repeats in mixed 

units before decimals unless the group totals.

January ................ +26.4 0 0 0 0 0 1 +$0.7 27.1+ +40.4

February ............. +66.7 0 0 0 0 0 −.9 65.8+ +98.1

March .................. +143.1 +2.6 −7.5 0 0 0 +12.4 150.6 +224.1

13.30. In columns containing both dollars and cents, ciphers will be supplied on right of decimal point in the absence of figures.

13.31. Where column consists of single decimal, supply a cipher on the 

right unless the decimal is a cipher.

 0.6 

 0

 3.0

 4.2

 5.0

13.32. Where column has mixed decimals of two or more places, do not 

supply ciphers but follow copy.

 0.22453

 1.263

 4

 2.60

 3.4567

 78

 12.6

 102.14423

13.33. Copy is followed in the use of the word None or a cipher to indicate 

None in figure columns. If neither one appears in the copy, leaders 

are inserted, unless a clear (no leaders) is specifically requested.
290 Chapter 13

13.34. In columns of figures under the heading £ s d, if a whole number of 

pounds is given, one cipher is supplied under s and one under d; if 

only shillings are given, one cipher is supplied under d.

13.35. In columns of figures under Ft In, if only feet are given, supply 

cipher under In; if only inches are given, clear under Ft; if ciphers 

are used for None, place one cipher under both Ft and In.

13.36. In any column containing sums of money, the period and ciphers 

are omitted if the column consists entirely of whole dollars.

Continued heads

13.37. In continued lines an em dash is used between the head and the 

word (Continued) (in italic). No period is carried after a continued 

line.

13.38. Continued heads over tables will be worded exactly like the table 

heading. Notes above tables are repeated; footnote references are repeated in boxheads and in continued lines.

Dashes or rules

13.39. Rules are not carried in reading columns or columns consisting 

of serial or tracing numbers, but are carried through all figure 

columns.

13.40. Parallel rules are used to cut off figures from other figures below 

that are added or subtracted; also, generally, above a grand total.

Ditto (do.)

13.41. The abbreviation do. is used to indicate that the previous line is 

being repeated instead of repeating the line, verbatim, over and 

over. It is used in reading columns only, lowercased and preceded 

by leaders (6 periods) when there is matter in preceding column. If 

ditto marks are requested, closing quotes will be used.

13.42. Capitalize Do. in the first and last columns. These are indented 

1 or 2 ems, depending on the length of the word being repeated, 

or the width of the column; the situation will determine as it is 

encountered.
Tabular Work 291

13.43. In mixed columns made up of figure and reading-matter items, do.

is used only under the latter items.

13.44. Do. is not used—

(1) In a figure or symbol column (tracing columns are figure 

columns);

(2) In the first line under a centerhead in the column in which 

the centerhead occurs;

(3) Under a line of leaders or a rule;

(4) Under an item italicized or set in boldface type for a specific 

reason (italic or boldface do. is never used; item is repeated);

(5) Under an abbreviated unit of quantity or other abbreviations; or

(6) Under words of three letters or less.

13.45. Do. is used, however, under a clear space and under the word None

in a reading column.

13.46. Do. does not apply to a reference mark on the preceding item. The 

reference mark, if needed, is added to do.

13.47. Leaders are not used before Do. in the first column or before or after 

Do. in the last column.

13.48. In a first and/or last column 6 ems or less in width, a 1-em space 

is used before Do. In all other columns 6 ems or less in width, six 

periods are used. Bearoff is not included.

13.49. In a first and/or last column more than 6 ems in width, 2 ems of space 

are used before Do. In all other columns more than 6 ems in width, 

six periods are used. Bearoff space is not included. If the preceding 

line is indented, the indention of Do. is increased accordingly.

13.50. Do. under an indented item in an inside reading column, with or 

without matter in preceding column, is preceded by six periods 

which are indented to align with item above.
292 Chapter 13

Dollar mark

13.51. The dollar mark or any other money symbol is placed close to the 

figure; it is used only at the head of the table and under cross rules 

when the same unit of value applies to the entire column.

13.52. In columns containing mixed amounts (as money, tons, gallons, 

etc.), the dollar mark, pound mark, peso mark, or other symbol, as 

required, is repeated before each sum of money.

13.53. If several sums of money are grouped together, they are separated 

from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the symbol is 

placed on the first figure of the separated group only.

1958 1967

Water supply available (gallons) .......................................................................................... 4,000,000 3,000,000

Wheat production (bushels) ................................................................................................. 9,000,000 8,000,000

Operations:

 Water-dispatching operations ..................................................................................... $442,496 $396,800

 Malaria control ............................................................................................................... 571,040 426,600

 Plant protection .............................................................................................................. 134,971 58,320

 Total .............................................................................................................................. 1,148,507 881,720

Number of plants ..................................................................................................................... 642 525

Percent of budget ..................................................................................................................... 96.8 78.8

Note.—Preliminary figures.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

13.54. In a double money column, dollar marks are used in the first group 

of figures only; en dashes are aligned.

 $7–$9

 10–12

 314–316

 1,014–1,016

13.55. The dollar mark is omitted from a first item consisting of a cipher.

 0 but $0.12

 $300 13.43

 500 15.07

 700 23.18

13.56. The dollar mark should be repeated in stub or reading columns.

0 to $0.99 ........................

$1 to $24 .........................

$25 to $49 .......................

$50 to $74 ......................
Tabular Work 293

Figure columns

13.57. Figures align on the right, with an en space bearoff. There is no 

bearoff on leaders.

13.58. In a crowded table the bearoff may be reduced in figure columns 

only. It is preferable to retain the bearoff.

13.59. Figures in parentheses align.

13.60. In double rows of figures in a single column, connected by a dash, a 

plus, or minus sign, and in dates appearing in the form 9–4–08, the 

dashes or signs can be aligned.

13.61. Plus or minus signs at the left of figures are placed against the figures regardless of alignment; plus and minus signs at the right of 

figures are cleared.

13.62. Words and Roman numerals in figure columns are aligned on the 

right with the figures, without periods.

Median value of livestock .......................................................................................... $224 $62 ................

Median value of machinery ...................................................................................... $54 Small ................

Median value of furniture ......................................................................................... $211 $100 ................

Possessing automobiles (percent) ............................................................................ 25 17 ................

 Median age (years) .............................................................................................. ................ ................ 5.5

 Median value ........................................................................................................ ................ ................ $144

Fraternal membership:

 Men ......................................................................................................................... ................ IV 486

 Women ................................................................................................................... ................ ................ None

13.63. Figures (including decimal and common fractions) expressing 

mixed units of quantity (feet, dollars, etc.) and figures in parentheses are aligned on the right.

13.64. Decimal points are aligned except in columns containing numbers 

that refer to mixed units (such as pounds, dollars, and percentage) 

and have irregular decimals.

Footnotes and references

13.65. Footnotes to tables are numbered independently from footnotes to 

text unless requested by committee or department.

13.66. Superior figures are used for footnote references, beginning with 1 

in each table.
294 Chapter 13

13.67. If figures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in connection with 

a chemical formula), asterisks, daggers, or italic superior letters, etc., 

may be used.

13.68. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-figure 

reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character used 

for reference. These, in the same sequence, precede mathematical 

signs. A thin space is used to bear off an asterisk, dagger, or similar 

character.

13.69. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in continued lines 

over tables.

13.70. References to footnotes are numbered consecutively across the page 

from left to right.

13.71. Footnote references are placed at the right in reading columns and 

symbol columns, and at the left in figure columns (also at the left of 

such words as None in figure columns), and are separated by a thin 

space.

13.72. Two or more footnote references occurring together are separated 

by spaces, not commas.

13.73. In a figure column, a footnote reference standing alone is set in 

parentheses and flushed right. In a reading column, it is set at the 

left in parentheses and is followed by leaders, but in the last column 

it is followed by a period, as if it were a word. In a symbol column it 

is set at the left and cleared.

13.74. Numbered footnotes are placed immediately beneath the table. If a 

sign or letter reference in the heading of a table is to be followed, it 

is not changed to become the first numbered reference mark. The 

footnote to it precedes all other footnotes. The remaining footnotes 

in a table will follow this sequence: footnotes (numbers, letters, or 

symbols); Note.—; then Source:.

13.75. For better makeup or appearance, footnotes may be placed at the 

end of a lengthy table. A line reading “Footnotes at end of table.” is 

supplied.
Tabular Work 295

13.76. If the footnotes to both table and text fall together at the bottom of 

a page, the footnotes to the table are placed above the footnotes to 

the text, and the two groups are separated by a 50-point rule flush 

left; but if there are footnotes to the text and none to the table, the 

50-point rule is retained.

13.77. Footnotes to cut-in and indented tables and tables in rules are set 

full measure, except when footnotes are short, they can be set in 1 

em under indented table.

13.78. Footnotes are set as paragraphs, but two or more short footnotes 

should be combined into one line, separated by not less than 2 ems.

13.79. The footnotes and notes to tables are set solid.

13.80. Footnotes and notes to tables and boxheads are set the same size, 

but not smaller than 6 point, unless specified otherwise.

13.81. Footnotes to tables follow tabular style in the use of abbreviations, 

figures, etc.

13.82. In footnotes, numbers are expressed in figures, even at the beginning of a note or sentence.

13.83. If a footnote consists entirely or partly of a table or leaderwork, it 

should always be preceded by introductory matter carrying the 

reference number; if necessary, the copy preparer should add an introductory line, such as “ 1 See the following table:”.

13.84. An explanatory paragraph without specific reference but belonging 

to the table rather than to the text follows the footnotes, if any, and 

is separated from them or from the table by space.

Fractions

13.85. All fractions are set flush right to the bearoff.

Total length .............................. 403⁄4 41 0.42 43 44 0.455 46 47 48 1⁄2 in.

Sleeve length ............................ 105⁄8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 1 in.

Armhole length ....................... 85⁄8 81⁄2 9 91⁄2 91⁄2 10 101⁄2 101⁄2 11 1 in.

Sleeve cuff length (if cuff is 51⁄2 51⁄2 51⁄2 57⁄12 51⁄2 57⁄12 51⁄2 51⁄2 51⁄2 Maximum.

 used).

Neck opening ........................... 261⁄2 26 2717⁄32 2815⁄32 28 2917⁄32 30 30 31 2 in.

Waist:

 7, 8, 9, 10 cut .................... 231⁄2 24 251⁄2 2715⁄32 28 291⁄2 31 32 331⁄2 6 pct.

 11, 12, 14 cut .................... 221⁄2 231⁄2 25 261⁄2 271⁄2 29 301⁄2 311⁄2 33 6 pct.
296 Chapter 13

13.86. Fractions standing alone are expressed in figures, even at the beginning of a line, but should be spelled out at the beginning of a 

footnote.

Headnotes

13.87. Headnotes should be set lowercase, but not smaller than 6 point, 

bracketed, and period omitted at end, even if the statement is a 

complete sentence; but periods should not be omitted internally if 

required by sentence structure.

13.88. Headnotes are repeated under continued heads but the word 

Continued is not added to the headnote.

Indentions and overruns

Subentries

13.89. The indention of subentries is determined by the width of the stub 

or reading column. Subentries in columns more than 15 ems wide 

are indented in 2-em units; in columns 15 ems or less, with short 

entry lines and few overruns, 2-em indentions are also used. All 

overruns are indented 1 em more.

13.90. Subentries in columns of 15 ems or less are indented in 1-em units. 

Overruns are indented 1 additional em space.

Total, mean, and average lines

13.91. All total (also mean and average) lines are indented 3 ems. In very 

narrow stub columns, total lines may be reduced to 1- or 2-em indentions, depending on length of line.

13.92. Where overrun of item above conflicts, the total line is indented 1 

em more. Runovers of total lines are also indented 1 additional em 

space.

13.93. It is not necessary to maintain uniform indention of the word Total

throughout the same table. The word Total is supplied when not in 

copy.
Tabular Work 297

 ASSETS

Loans and discounts:

 Loans to banks ................................................................... $74,518 $1,267,493 $947,289 $135,619

 Commercial and industrial loans .................................. 2,753,456 450,916 211,597 18,949

 Total (total lines generally indent 3 ems) ................. 2,827,974 718,409 1,158,886 154,568

Real estate loans:

 Secured by farmland ......................................................... 12,532 29,854 186,228 19,044

 Secured by residential property other than rural

 and farm ........................................................................ 1,011,856 167,765 1,554,084 3,172,837

 Total (indent 1 em more to avoid conflict with

 line above) ................................................................ 1,024,388 194,619 1,740,312 3,191,881

Securities:

 U.S. Government obligations:

 Direct obligations:

 U.S. savings bonds ............................................. 1,149,764 3,285,721 2,361,796 23,506

 Nonmarketable bonds (including invest-

 ment series A–1965). ..................................... 242,500 490,677 732,689 167,735

 Total (indent 1 em more than runover

 above) ....................................................... 1,392,264 3,776,398 3,094,485 191,241 

Wide stub column—subentries 2 ems Total, all

banks

National

banks

Nonnational 

banks

Building

associations

Italic

13.94. Names of vessels and aircraft (except in columns consisting entirely 

of such names), titles of legal cases (except v. for versus), and certain 

scientific terms are set in italic. The word “Total” and headings in 

the column do not affect the application of this rule. In gothic typefaces without italic, quotes are allowed.

13.95. Set “See” and “See also” in roman.

Leaders

13.96. Leaders run across the entire table except that they are omitted 

from a last reading column.

13.97. The style of leadering is guided by two rules: (1) tables with a single 

reading column leader from the bottom line, or (2) tables with any 

combination of more than one reading or symbol column leader 

from the top line.
298 Chapter 13

13.98. If leadering from the top line, overruns end with a period.

13.99. A column of dates is regarded as a reading column only if leaders 

are added; in all other cases it is treated as a figure column.

13.100. In tables with tracing figures on left and right of page, leader from 

top line.

Numerals in tables

13.101. Figures, ordinals, and fractions are used in all parts of a table, except fractions that will be spelled out at the beginning of a footnote.

Parallel and divide tables

13.102. Parallel tables are set in pairs of pages; beginning on a left-hand 

page and running across to facing right-hand page, leader from the 

top line.

13.103. Heads and headnotes center across the pair of pages, with 2-em 

hanging indention for three or more lines when combined measure 

exceeds 30 picas in width. Two-line heads are set across the pair of 

pages. A single-line head or headnote is divided evenly, each part 

set flush right and left, respectively. Words are not divided between 

pages.

13.104. Boxheads and horizontal rules align across both pages.

13.105. Boxheads are not divided but are repeated, with Continued added.

13.106. Tracing figures are carried through from the outside columns of 

both pages and are set to “leader from the top line.”

13.107. In divide tables that are made up parallel, with stub column repeated, the head and headnote repeat on each succeeding page, with 

Continued added to the head only.

13.108. Tables with tracing figures or stub, or both, repeating on the left of 

odd pages, are divide tables and not parallel tables. Over such tables 

the heads are repeated, with Continued added.
Tabular Work 299

Reading columns

13.109. Figures or combinations of figures and letters used to form a reading column align on left and are followed by leaders. Do. is not used 

under such items.

13.110. The en dash is not to be used for to in a reading column; if both 

occur, change to to throughout.

13.111. Cut-in items following a colon are indented 2 ems.

13.112. A single entry under a colon line should be run in; retain the colon.

13.113. Numerical terms, including numbered streets, avenues, etc., are expressed in figures, even at the beginning of an item.

Symbol columns

13.114. A column consisting entirely of letters, letters and figures, symbols, 

or signs, or any combination of these, is called a symbol column. It 

should be set flush left and cleared, except when it takes the place of 

the stub, it should then be leadered. No closing period is used when 

such column is the last column. Blank lines in a last column are 

cleared. Do. is not used in a symbol column.

GM(2) ............ Gasoline and diesel engine OR10 A Fuel, grease, chassis, G.&D.

 oil, SAE10 and SAE10W or soap base.

 grades.

CG .................. Ball and roller bearing 4l–X–59 N Extreme pressure ....... BR

 grease.

CW 1 ............... Wheel-bearing grease ............ OE20 2 X ......do ............................ WBG 3

 Grease not typified ................. ............... ............ Further tests being

 conducted.

G090 .............. Universal gear lubricant ....... S.&T. B Water-pump grease ... 80D 

Symbol

Army

product

symbol

Filing

order

symbol

General description

Specification

symbol

Typical commercial designation

13.115. Columns composed of both symbols and figures are treated as figure columns and are set flush right. In case of blank lines in a last 

column, leaders will be used as in figure columns.

 WBD Chassis grease, cup grease, 961 A Especially adapted to very 1359

 under pressure. cold climates.

 14L88 Water-pump bearing grease SWA 352 Under moderate pressure ... ..........

 5190 Exposed gear chain lubricant 12L N High-speed use ..................... AE10

 E.P. hypoid lubricant ............. 863 X For experimental use only.. NXL

 376 Special grade for marine use .......... 468 Free flowing in any weather 749

Symbol

or

catalog

number

Symbol

or

product

number

Symbol

or filling

order

symbol

General description

Symbol

or specification

number

Typical commercial designation
300 Chapter 13

Tables without rules

13.116. It is preferable to set all tables alike; that is, without either down 

rules or cross rules and with roman boxheads. When so indicated 

on copy, by ordering agency, tabular matter may be set without 

rules, with italic boxheads.

13.117. Column heads over figure columns in 6- or 8-point leaderwork are 

set in 6-point italic.

13.118. Horizontal rules (spanner) used between a spread or upper level column heading carried over two or more lower level column headings 

are set continuous and without break, from left to right, between the 

two levels of such headings.

Table 9.—Changes in fixed assets and related allowances

Fixed assets

Investment Operations

Adjustments Transfers Retirements

Balance June

30, 2008

(table 9–a)

Balance June

30, 2008

Current

additions

Supporting and general 

 facilities:

 Transportation and 

 utilities:

 Panama Railroad ...... $12,123,197 $306 .................. ($539) ($284,358) $11,838,606

 Motor Transporta-

 tion Division ......... 2,242,999 122,597 .................. 2,143 (147,561) 2,220,178

 Steamship line ........... 13,653,989 10,247 .................. ................ .................. 13,664,236

 Power system ............. 19,364,373 366,311 .................. (342) (290,174) 19,440,168

 Communication 

 system ..................... 2,739,012 151,819 ($113,261) ................ (26,100) 2,751,470

 Water system and

 hydroelectric

 facilities .................. 10,590,820 104,039 .................. 1,661 (48,920) 10,647,600

 Total, trans-

 portation

 and utilities .. 60,714,390 755,319 (113,261) 2,923 (797,113) 60,562,258

Employee service and

 facilities:

 Commissary Division ...... 7,012,701 105,952 (130,891) 21,777 (36,418) 6,973,121

 Service centers .................... 3,684,670 29,086 .................. 530 (230,276) 3,484,010

 Housing Division............... 35,729,465 (10,336) .................. (485,548) (937,916) 34,295,665

 Total employee service

 and facilities ............... 46,426,836 124,702 (130,891) (463,241) (1,204,610) 44,752,796

 Grand total ..................... 107,141,236 880,021 (244,152) (466,164) (2,001,723) 105,315,054
Tabular Work 301

13.119. More than one figure column, also illustrating use of dollar mark, 

rule, bearoff, etc.

For property purchased from—

 Central Pipeline Distributing Co.:

 Capital stock issued recorded amount .................................... $75,000

 Undetermined consideration recorded ................................... 341

 Pan American Bonded Pipeline Co.: Recorded money outlay .. 3,476

 M.J. Mitchell: Recorded money outlay ............................................ 730

 R. Lacy, Inc., and Lynch Refining Co.:

 Recorded money outlay .......................................... $157,000

 Note issued ................................................................ 100,000

 Subtotal .............................................................. 257,000

 Less value of oil in lines and salvaged construction

 material ......................................................................... 26,555 230,445 $309,992

For construction, improvements, and replacements, recorded money outlay ...... 522

For construction work in progress, recorded money outlay ..................................... 933,605

Total .............................................................................................................................. 1,244,119

Quantity

(million

cubic feet)

Value at point

of consumption

Use:

 Residential ........................................................................................... 34,842 $21,218,778

 Commercial ......................................................................................... 14,404 5,257,468

 Industrial:

 Field (drilling, pumping, etc.) .................................................. 144,052 10,419,000

 All other industrial:

 Fuel for petroleum refineries ............................................ 96,702 .......................

 Other, including electric utility plants ........................... 346,704 61,440,000

 Total .................................................................................. 636,704 98,335,246

Estimated

2004 2008 Change

General account:

 Receipts .................................................................................................... $64,800 $69,800 +$5,000

 Expenditures ............................................................................................... (70,300) (67,100) (-3,200)

Net improvement, 2008 over 2004 .......................................................................................................................... 1,800

Deduct 2004 deficit ..................................................................................................................................................... 1,500

 Net surplus, estimated for 2008 ............................................................................................................ 300
302 Chapter 13

[In U.S.-dollar equivalent]

Balance with the Treasury Department July 1, 2008............................................................................. $165,367,704.85

Receipts:

 Collections .................................................................................................. $564,944,502.99

 Return from agency accounts of currencies advanced for liquid-

 ation of obligations incurred prior to July 1, 2007 ......................... 4,450,577.07

 Total receipts ............................................................................................................................... 569,395,080.06

 Total available ............................................................................................................................. 734,762,784.91

Units of quantity

13.120. Units of quantity in stub columns are set in lowercase in plural form 

and placed in parentheses.

Coke (short tons) .......................................................... 4,468,437 1 25,526,646 5,080,403 2 29,519,871

Diatomite ........................................................................ ( 1 2 3 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 2 3 )

Emery (pounds) ............................................................ 765 6,828 1,046 9,349

Feldspar (crude) (long tons) ....................................... ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Ferroalloys (short tons) ............................................... 183,465 2

 18,388,766 259,303 2 30,719,756

13.121. Units of quantity and other words as headings over figure columns 

are used at the beginning of a table or at the head of a continued 

page or continued column in a double-up table.

13.122. Over figure columns, units of quantity and other words used as 

headings, and the abbreviations a.m. and p.m., if not included in 

the boxheads, are set in italic and are placed immediately above the 

figures, without periods other than abbreviating periods. In congressional work (gothic), or at any time when italic is not available, 

these units should be placed in the boxheads in parentheses. Any 

well-known abbreviation will be used to save an overrun, but if one 

unit of quantity is abbreviated, all in the same table will be abbreviated. If units change in a column, the new units are set in italic with 

space above and no space below. The space is placed both above and 

below only when there is no italic available.

Quoted tabular work

13.123. When a table is part of quoted matter, quotation marks will open 

on each centerhead and each footnote paragraph, and, if table is end 

of quoted matter, quotation marks close at end of footnotes. If there 

are no footnotes and the table is the end of the quotation, quotation 

marks close at end of last item.
303

14. Leaderwork 

(See also Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols” and Chapter 13 “Tabular Work”)

14.1. Leaderwork is a simple form of tabular work without boxheads or 

rules and is separated from text by 4 points of space above and below 

in solid matter or 6 points of space in leaded matter. It consists of a 

reading (stub) column and a figure column, leadered from the bottom line. It may also consist of two reading columns, aligning on 

the top line. In general, leaderwork (except indexes and tables of 

contents, which are set the same style as text) is governed by the 

same rules of style as tabular work. Unless otherwise indicated, 

leaderwork is set in 8 point. The period is omitted immediately before leaders.

Bearoff or inset

14.2. No bearoff or inset is required at the right in a single reading 

column.

Columns

14.3. A figure column is at least an en quad wider than the largest group 

of figures but not less than 3 ems in single columns or 2 ems in 

double-up columns. Total rules are to be the full width of all figure 

columns.

Pounds

 Year: 2000 ................................................................................................. 655,939 

 Fiscal year: 

 2009 .................................................................................................. 368,233 

 2010 ................................................................................................... 100,000 

 Total ............................................................................................. 1,124,172

14.4. Where both columns are reading columns, they are separated by an 

em space.
304 Chapter 14

Particulars Artist

To the French Government:

 The entire collection of French paintings on loan, Degas.

 with the exception of Mlle. DuBourg (Mme.

 Fantin-Latour).

 Avant la Course ........................................................... Do.

To Col. Axel H. Oxholm, Washington, DC: 

 Martha Washington, George Washington, and Attributed to

 Thomas Jefferson. Jonathan E. Earl,

 Los Angeles, CA.

 Roses ............................................................................. Renoir.

 Do .......................................................................... Forain.

 Roses in a Chinese Vase and Sculpture by Maillol Vuillard.

 Maternity ...................................................................... Gauguin.

Continued heads

14.5. The use of continued heads in leaderwork is not necessary.

Ditto (do.)

14.6. The abbreviation do. is indented and capitalized in the stub. It is 

capitalized and cleared (no leaders) in the last reading column (see 

above).

Dollar mark and ciphers

14.7. In a column containing mixed amounts (as money, tons, gallons, 

etc.) the figures are aligned on the right, and the dollar mark or 

other symbol is repeated before each sum of money. If several sums 

of money are grouped and added or subtracted to make a total, they 

are separated from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the 

symbol is placed on the first figure of the separated group only.

14.8. If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into the other 

and one carries points and ciphers, the other should also carry 

points and ciphers.

Flush items and subheads

14.9. Flush items clear the figure column.

14.10. Subheads are centered in full measure.
Leaderwork 305

Footnotes

14.11. Footnotes to leaderwork follow the style of footnotes to tables.

14.12. Footnote references begin with 1 in each leadered grouping, and 

footnotes are placed at the end, separated from it by 4 points of 

space. Separate notes from matter following by not less than 6 

points of space.

14.13. If the leaderwork runs over from one page to another, the footnotes 

will be placed at the bottom of the leadered material.1

 

Units of quantity

14.14. Units of quantity or other words over a stub or figure column are set 

italic.

14.15. The following example shows the style to be observed where there 

is a short colon line at left. In case of only one subentry, run in with 

colon line and preserve the colon.

Baltimore & Ohio RR:

 Freight carried: 

 May .................................................................................................. 50,000 

 June .................................................................................................. 52,000 

 Coal carried .......................................................................................... 90,000 

Dixie RR: Freight carried Jan. 1, 1999, including freight carried by

 all its subsidiaries ................................................................................... 1

 n 2,000 

1 Livestock not included.

14.16. If there is no colon line, the style is as follows:

 Freight carried by the Dixie RR and the Baltimore & Ohio RR in

 May ........................................................................................................... 71,500

14.17. Explanatory matter is set in 6 point under leaders (note omission of 

period):

 .................................. .................................. .................................

1

 If footnotes to leaderwork and text fall at bottom of page, leaderwork footnotes are placed above 

text footnotes. The two groups are separated by a 50-point rule.

(Name) (Address) (Position)

Tons

Tons
306 Chapter 14

14.18. In blank forms, leaders used in place of complete words to be supplied are preceded and followed by a space.

 On this .................................................... day of .............................. 20 .........

14.19. In half measure doubled up, units of quantity are aligned across the 

page.

 Inches Inches

Seedlings: 

 Black locust .......................... 27 Osage-orange ........................ 20

 Honey locust ....................... 16 Catalpa .................................... 16 

 Green ash .............................. 7 Black walnut ......................... 10

14.20. Mixed units of quantity and amounts and words in a figure column 

are set as follows:

Capital invested ............................................................................................ $8,000

Value of implements and stock .................................................................. $3,000

Land under cultivation (acres) ................................................................... 128.6

Orchard (acres) ............................................................................................. 21.4

Forest land (square miles) ........................................................................... 50

Livestock:

 Horses:

 Number ......................................................................................... 8

 Value .............................................................................................. $1,500

 Cows:

 Number ......................................................................................... 18

 Estimated weekly production of butter per milk cow 

 (pounds) ............................................................................... 71⁄2

 Hogs:

 Number ........................................................................................ 46

 Loss from cholera ....................................................................... None
307

15. Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines

Footnotes and reference marks

15.1. Text footnotes follow the style of the text with the exception of those 

things noted in Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols.’’ 

Footnotes appearing in tabular material follow the guidelines set 

forth in Chapter 13 “Tabular Work.’’

15.2. In a publication divided into chapters, sections, or articles, each 

beginning a new page, text footnotes begin with 1 in each such 

division. In a publication without such divisional grouping, footnotes are numbered consecutively from 1 to 99, and then begin with 

1 again. However, in supplemental sections, such as appendixes and 

bibliographies, which are not parts of the publication proper, footnotes begin with 1.

15.3. Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes are plainly 

marked.

15.4. If a reference is repeated on another page, it should carry the original footnote; but to avoid repetition of a long note, the copy preparer 

may use the words “See footnote 3 (6, 10, etc.) on p.—.’’ instead of 

repeating the entire footnote.

15.5. Unless the copy is otherwise marked: (1) footnotes to 12-point text 

are set in 8 point; (2) footnotes to 11-point text are set in 8 point, 

except in Supreme Court reports, in which they are set in 9 point; 

(3) footnotes to 10- and 8-point text are set in 7 point.

15.6. Footnotes are set as paragraphs at the bottom of the page and are 

separated from the text by a 50-point rule, set flush left, with no less 

than 2 points of space above and below the rule.

15.7. Footnotes to indented matter (other than excerpt footnotes) are set 

full measure.

15.8. To achieve faithful reproduction of indented excerpt material (particularly legal work) containing original footnotes, these footnotes 

are also indented and placed at the bottom of the excerpt, separated 
308 Chapter 15

by 6 points of space. No side dash is used. Reference numbers are 

not changed to fit the numbering sequence of text footnotes.

15.9. Footnotes must always begin on the page where they are referenced. 

If the entire footnote will not fit on the page where it is cited, it will 

be continued at the bottom of the next page.1

15.10. Footnotes to charts, graphs, and other illustrations should be placed 

immediately beneath such illustrative material.

15.11. A cutoff rule is not required between a chart or graph and its 

footnotes.

15.12. For reference marks use: (1) roman superior figures, (2) italic superior letters, and (3) symbols. Superior figures (preferred), letters, and 

symbols are separated from the words to which they apply by thin 

spaces, unless immediately preceded by periods or commas.

15.13. Where reference figures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in 

matter containing exponents), asterisks, daggers, etc., or italic superior letters may be used.

15.14. When symbols or signs are used for footnote reference marks, their 

sequence should be (*) asterisk, (†) dagger, (‡) double dagger, and 

(§) section mark. Should more symbols be needed, these may be 

doubled or tripled, but for simplicity and greater readability, it is 

preferable to extend the assortment by adding other single-character symbols.

15.15. Symbols with established meanings, such as the percent sign (%) 

and the number mark (#), are likely to cause confusion and should 

not be used for reference marks.

15.16. To avoid possible confusion with numerals and letters frequently 

occurring in charts and graphs, it is preferable in such instances to 

use symbols as reference marks.

1 When a footnote breaks from an odd (right-hand) page to an even (left-hand) page, the word (Continued) is set 

inside parentheses in italic below the last line of the footnote where the break occurs.

 A 50-point rule is used above each part of the footnote.

 When a footnote break occurs on facing pages, i.e., from an even page to an odd page, the (Continued) line is not 

set, but the 50-point rule is duplicated.
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 309

15.17. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-figure reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character used for 

reference.

15.18. A superior reference mark follows all punctuation marks except a 

dash, but it falls inside a closing parenthesis or bracket if applying 

only to matter within the parentheses or brackets.

15.19. Two or more superior footnote references occurring together are 

separated by thin spaces.

Indexes and tables of contents

15.20. Indexes and tables of contents are set in the same style as the text, 

except that See and see also are set in italic.

15.21. Where a word occurs in an index page column, either alone or with 

a figure, it is set flush on the right. If the word extends back into the 

leaders, it is preceded by an en space.

Page

Explanatory diagram .............................................................................. Frontispiece

General instructions. .............................................................................................. viii

Capitalization (see also Abbreviations) ................................................................. 16

Correct imposition (diagram).................................................................... Facing 34

Legends. (See Miscellaneous rules.)

Appendixes A, B, C, and D, maps, illustrations,

 and excerpts ............................................................... In supplemental volume

15.22. For better appearance, Roman numerals should be set in small caps 

in the figure columns of tables of contents and indexes.

15.23. In indexes set with leaders, if the page numbers will not fit in the 

leader line, the first number only is set in that line and the other 

numbers are overrun. If the entry makes three or more lines and the 

last line of figures is not full, do not use a period at the end.

If page folios overrun due to an excessive amount of figures

 use this form ............................................................................................... 220, 

224, 227, 230, 240

And this way when overrun folios make two or more lines ..................... 220,

224–225, 230–240, 245, 246, 250–255, 258, 300, 320, 330, 350, 

360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410–500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 

570, 580, 590, 600–620, 630, 640, 650 
310 Chapter 15

(For examples of item indentions in a reading column of indexes, 

see the index in this Manual.)

15.24. Overrun page numbers are indented 31⁄2 ems in measures not over 

20 picas and 7 ems in wider measures, more than one line being 

used if necessary. These indentions are increased as necessary to not 

less than 2 ems more than the line immediately above or below.

15.25. When copy specifies that all overs are to be a certain number of 

ems, the runovers of the figure column shall be held in 2 ems more 

than the specified indention.

15.26. Examples of block-type indexes:

 Example 1 Example 2

Medical officer, radiological defense, 3 Brazil—Continued

Medicolegal dosage, 44 Exchange restrictions—Continued

Military Liaison Committee, 4 Williams mission (see also

Monitoring, 58 Williams, John H., special

 Air, 62 mission), exchange control

 Personnel, 59 situation, 586–588

 Civilian, 60 Trade agreement with United

 Military, 59 States, proposed:

 Sea, 61 Draft text, 558–567

 Ship, 61 Proposals for:

Monitors, radiological defense, 3 Inclusion of all clauses, 531

15.27. In index entries the following forms are used:

Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)

Brown, A.H., & Sons (not Brown & Sons, A.H.)

Brown, A.H., Co. (not Brown Co., A.H.)

Brown, A.H., & Sons Co. (not Brown & Sons Co., A.H.)

15.28. In a table of contents, where chapter, plate, or figure is followed by a 

number and period, an en space is used after the period. The periods are aligned on the right.

Page Chapter

I. Introduction....................................................................................................... i

II. Summary ........................................................................................................... 1

VI. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 7

15.29. Subheads in indexes and tables of contents are centered in the full 

measure.
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 311

15.30. In contents using two sizes of lightface type, or a combination of 

boldface and lightface type, all leaders and page numbers will be 

set in lightface roman type. Contents set entirely in boldface will 

use boldface page numbers. All page numbers will be set in the predominant size.

Page

Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security .............................................. 5

 Disarmament .................................................................................................... 6

 Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................... 7

Page

Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security ....................................................... 5

 Disarmament .................................................................................................... 6

 Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................... 7

Page

Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security ....................................................... 5

Disarmament ................................................................................................... 6

Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................. 7

Outlines

15.31. Outlines vary in appearance because there is no one set style to follow in designing them. The width of the measure, the number of 

levels required for the indentions, and the labeling concept selected 

to identify each new level all contribute to its individuality.

 The following sample outline demonstrates a very basic and structured arrangement. It uses the enumerators listed in rule 8.112 to 

identify each new indented level.

 The enumerators for the first four levels are followed by a period and 

a fixed amount of space. The enumerators for the second four levels 

are set in parentheses and followed by the same amount of fixed 

space.

 Each new level indents 2 ems more than the preceding level, and 

data that runs over to the next line aligns with the first word following the enumerator.
312 Chapter 15

 Outline example:

 I. Balancing a checkbook

 A. Open your check register

 1. Verify all check numbers

 a. Verify no check numbers were duplicated

 b. Verify no check numbers were skipped

 B. Open your bank statement

 1. Put canceled checks in sequence

 2. Compare amounts on checks to those in register

 a. Correct any mistakes in register

 b. Indicate those check numbers cashed

 (1) Mark off check number on the statement

 (a) Verify amount of check

 (i) Highlight discrepancies on statement

 (aa) Enter figures on back

 (ii) Enter missing check numbers on back with 

amounts

 (aa) Identify missing check numbers in 

register

 (bb) Verify those check numbers were not 

cashed previously
313

16. Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures

16.1. The general principle involved in the typography of datelines, addresses, and signatures is that they should be set to stand out clearly 

from the body of the letter or paper that they accompany. This is 

accomplished by using caps and small caps and italic, as set forth 

below. Other typographic details are designed to ensure uniformity 

and good appearance. Street addresses and ZIP Code numbers are 

not to be used. In certain lists that carry ZIP Code numbers, regular spacing will be used preceding the ZIP Code. Certain general 

instructions apply alike to datelines, addresses, and signatures.

General instructions

16.2. Principal words in datelines, addresses, and titles accompanying 

signatures are capitalized.

16.3. Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., and all other titles preceding a name, and Esq., 

Jr., Sr., and 2d following a name in address and signature lines, are 

set in roman caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small 

caps or caps and lowercase; if the name is in caps, they are set in 

caps and small caps, if small caps are available—otherwise in caps 

and lowercase.

Spacing

16.4. At least 2 points of space should appear between dateline and text 

or address, address and text, text and signature, or signature and 

address.

Datelines

16.5. Datelines at the beginning of a letter or paper are set at the right side 

of the page, the originating office in caps and small caps, the address 

and date in italic; if the originating office is not given, the address 

is set in caps and small caps and the date in italic; if only the date 

is given, it is set in caps and small caps. Such datelines are indented 

from the right 1 em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em, successively, 

for two lines; or 5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em, successively, for three 

lines. In measures 30 picas or wider, these indentions are increased 

by 1 em.
314 Chapter 16

THE WHITE HOUSE,□□□

Washington, DC, January 1, 2016.□

THE WHITE HOUSE, July 30, 2016.□

TREASURY DEPARTMENT,□□□□□

OFFICE OF THE TREASURER,□□□

Washington, DC, January 1, 2016.□

TREASURY DEPARTMENT, July 30, 2016.□

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,□□□

July 30, 2016.□

FAIRFAX COUNTY, VA.□

OFFICE OF JOHN SMITH & CO.,□□□

New York, NY, June 6, 2016.□

WASHINGTON, May 20, 2016—10 a.m.□

THURSDAY, MAY 5, 2016—2 P.M.□

JANUARY 24, 2016.□

WASHINGTON, November 28, 2016.□□□

[Received December 5, 2016].□

ON BOARD USS “CONNECTICUT,’’□□□

January 22, 2016.□

16.6. Congressional hearings:

THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2015 1

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,□□□□□□□

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,□□□□□

SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION□□□

AND BORDER SECURITY,□□□

Washington, DC.□

U.S. SENATE,□□□□□

COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES,□□□

Washington, DC.□

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,□□□□□

JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING,□□□

Washington, DC.□

 1 Normally, dates in House hearings on appropriation bills are set on the right in 10-point caps and small caps.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 315

16.7. Datelines at the end of a letter or paper, either above or below signatures, are set on left in caps and small caps for the address and italic 

for the date. When the word dated is used, dateline is set in roman 

caps and lowercase.

□MAY 7, 2016.

□ROANOKE, VA.

□ROANOKE, VA, July 1, 2016.

□Dated July 1, 2016.

□Dated Albany, March 13, 2016.

16.8. Datelines in newspaper extracts are set at the beginning of the paragraph, the address in caps and small caps and the date in roman 

caps and lowercase, followed by a period and a 1-em dash.

□ABOARD USS Ronald Reagan April 3, 2016.—

□NEW YORK, NY, August 21, 2016.—A message received here from . . . .

Addresses

16.9. Addresses are set flush left at the beginning of a letter or paper in 

congressional work (or at end in formal usage).

16.10. At beginning or at end:

To SMITH & JONES and

□BROWN & GREEN, Esqs.,

Attorneys for Claimant.

(Attention of Mr. Green.)

Hon. PATTY MURRAY,

U.S. Senate.

Hon. NANCY PELOSI,

U.S. House of Representatives. (Collective address.)

The PRESIDENT,

The White House.

16.11. A long title following an address is set in italic caps and lowercase, 

the first line flush left and right, overruns indented 2 ems to clear a 

following 1-em paragraph indention.

Hon. MIKE ROUNDS,

Chairman, Subcommittee on Superfund, Waste Management, 

□□and Regulatory Oversight, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
316 Chapter 16

16.12. The name or title forming the first line of the address is set in caps 

and small caps, but Mr., Mrs., or other title preceding a name, and 

Esq., Jr., Sr., or 2d following a name, are set in roman caps and 

lowercase; the matter following is set in italic. The words U.S. Army

or U.S. Navy immediately following a name are set in roman caps 

and lowercase in the same line as the name.

Lt. Gen. TODD T. SEMONITE, U.S. Army,

Chief of Engineers.

CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY. (Full title, all caps and small caps.)

Lt. Gen. TODD T. SEMONITE,

Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army,

Washington, DC.

Hon. KAREN L. HAAS,

Clerk of the House of Representatives.

Hon. RICHARD J. DURBIN,

U.S. Senator, Washington, DC.

Hon. CORY GARDNER,

5XVVHOO6HQDWH2IåFH%XLOGLQJ:DVKLQJWRQ'&

The COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS,

House of Representatives.

16.13. General (or collective) addresses are set in italic caps and lowercase, 

flush left, with overruns indented 2 ems and ending with a colon, 

except when followed by a salutation, in which case a period is used.

16.14. Examples of general addresses when not followed by salutation 

(note the use of colon at end of italic line):

7R WKH 2IåFHUV DQG 0HPEHUV RI WKH 'DXJKWHUV RI WKH $PHULFDQ

□□Revolution, Washington, DC:

7RWKH$PHULFDQ'LSORPDWLFDQG&RQVXODU2IåFHUV

To Whom It May Concern:

Collectors of Customs:

To the Congress of the United States:

16.15. Example of general address when followed by salutation (note the 

use of period at end of italic line):

Senate and House of Representatives.

□GENTLEMEN: You are hereby * * *.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 317

16.16. Examples illustrating other types of addresses:

To the EDITOR:

To JOHN L. NELSON, Greeting:

To JOHN L. NELSON, %LUPLQJKDP$/*UHHWLQJ

To the CLERK OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:

CHIEF OF ENGINEERS

(Through the Division Engineer).

□MY DEAR SIR: I have the honor . . . .

□MR. REED: I have the honor . . . .

□DEAR MR. REED: I have the honor . . . .

Lt. (jg.) JOHN SMITH,

Navy Department:

□The care shown by you . . . .

STATE OF NEW YORK,

County of New York, ss:

□Before me this day appeared . . . .

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ss:

□Before me this day appeared . . . .

Envelope addresses

U.S. House of Representatives

Committee on Education and the Workforce

5D\EXUQ+RXVH2IåFH%XLOGLQJ

Washington, DC 20515

Signatures

16.17. Signatures, preceded by an em dash, are sometimes run in with the 

last line of text.

16.18. Signatures are set at the right side of the page. They are indented 1 

em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em, successively, for two lines; and 

5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em, successively, for three lines. In measures 30 

picas or wider, these indentions are increased by 1 em.

16.19. The name or names are set in caps and small caps; Mr., Mrs., and all 

other titles preceding a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., and 2d following a 

name, are set in roman caps and lowercase; the title following name 

is set in italic. Signatures as they appear in copy must be followed in 

regard to abbreviations.
318 Chapter 16

16.20. If name and title make more than half a line, they are set as two 

lines.

16.21. Two to eight independent signatures, with or without titles, are 

aligned on the left, at approximately the center of the measure.

 ROBERT E. SCHWENK.

 QUEEN E. HUGHES.

 ERICA N. PROPHET.

 ANDRE RODGERS,

Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired).□

 WILLIAM H. COUGHLIN, Chairman.

16.22. More than eight signatures, with or without titles, are set full measure, roman caps and lowercase, run in, indented 5 and 7 ems in 

measures of 261⁄2 picas or wider; in measures less than 261⁄2 picas, 

indent 2 and 3 ems.

□□□□□Brown, Shipley & Co.; Denniston, Cross & Co.; Fruhling & 

□□□□□□□Groschen, Attorneys; C.J. Hambro & Sons; Hardy, 

□□□□□□□Nathan & Co.; Heilbut, Symons & Co.; Harrison Bros. & 

□□□□□□□Co., by George Harrison; Hoare, Miller & Co.; Thomas 

□□□□□□□Eaton Co.

16.23. The punctuation of closing phrases is governed by the sense. A detached complimentary close is made a new paragraph.

16.24. Examples of various kinds of signatures:

 UNITED STATES IMPROVEMENT CO.,

 (By) JOHN SMITH, Secretary.

 TEXARKANA TEXTILE MERCHANTS &

 MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION,

 JOHN L. JONES, Secretary.

 TEXARKANA TEXTILE MERCHANTS &

 MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION,

 JOANNE WILDER,

%RDUG0HPEHUDQG6HFUHWDU\□

JOHN W. SMITH□□□

(And 25 others).□

JOHN SMITH,□□□□□

/LHXWHQDQW*RYHUQRU□□□

(For the Governor of Maine).□
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 319

 NORTH AMERICAN ICE CO.,

 SYLVIA ROONEY, Secretary.

JOHN [his thumbmark] SMITH.□

 NITA M. LOWEY,

 BARBARA COMSTOCK,

Managers on the Part of the House.□

 CHRIS COONS,

 AMY KLOBUCHAR,

Managers on the Part of the Senate.□

□I am, very respectfully, yours,

(Signed)□FRED C. KLEINSCHMIDT,□□□

Assistant Clerk, Court of Claims.□

□On behalf of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce:

 GEO. W. PHILIPS.

 SAML. CAMPBELL.

□I have the honor to be,

□□□Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

 (Signed)□ John R. King

 (Typed)□ JOHN R. KING,

Secretary.□

 or

 (S)□ John R. King

 JOHN R. KING,

Secretary.□

□Attest:

RICHARD ROE, Notary Public.□

□By the Governor:

NATHANIEL COX, Secretary of State.□

□Approved.

JOHN SMITH, Governor.□

□By the President:

JOHN KERRY, Secretary of State.□

□Respectfully submitted.

MARY FARRELL, U.S. Indian Agent.□

□□□Yours truly,

Capt. JAMES STALEY, Jr.,□□□

Superintendent.□

□□□Respectfully yours,

Mrs. BETTY SHEFFIELD.□

□□□Very respectfully,

RON GOLDEN, U.S. Indian Agent.□
320 Chapter 16

16.25. In quoted matter:

□□□“Very respectfully,

“TODD S. GILBERT.

“PAUL HARTMAN.

“DOLORES HICKS.

“ALBERT H. JONES.

“JOAN C. NUGENT.

“BRANDON PROCTOR.’’

16.26. Examples of various kinds of datelines, addresses, and 

signatures:

Re weather reports submitted by the International Advisory Committee of 

□□the Weather Council.

Mr. FRED UPTON,

Chairman, House Committee on Energy and Commerce,

Washington, DC.

□DEAR MR. UPTON::HKDYHEHHQLQFRQWDFWZLWK\RXURIåFHHWF

DR. LOUIS W. UCCELLINI,□□□□□

Executive Director,□□□

National Weather Service.□

LINCOLN PARK, MI, February 15, 2016.□

Re Romeo O. Umanos, Susanna M. Umanos, case No. S–254, U.S. 

□□Citizenship and Immigration Services, application pending.

Hon. JOHN CORNYN,

Chairman, Subcommittee on the Constitution,

Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC.

□DEAR MR. CORNYN: You have for some time . . . .

□□□Sincerely yours,

EDWARD PULTORAK,□□□

Architectural Designer.□
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 321

Hon. TREY GOWDY,

&KDLUPDQ 6XEFRPPLWWHH RQ ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG %RUGHU 6HFXULW\

□□of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 

□□Washington, DC.

□DEAR MR. GOWDY: You have for some time . . . .

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF □□□□□

COMMERCE,□□□□□

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE,□□□

Washington, March 3, 2016.□

Hon. GENE GREEN,

House of Representatives,

Washington, DC.

□DEAR MR. GREEN: We will be glad to

give you any further information.

□□□Sincerely yours,

F.W. REICHELDERFER,□□□

Chief of Service.□ 

NEW YORK, NY, February 8, 2016.□

To: All supervisory employees of production plants, northern and 

□□eastern divisions, New York State.

From: Production manager.

Subject: Regulations concerning vacations, health and welfare plans, 

□□and wage contract negotiations.

□It has come to our attention that the time . . . .

WASHINGTON, DC, May 16, 2016.□

The Honorable the SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.

□DEAR MR. SECRETARY: This is in response to your letter . . . .

□□□Very sincerely yours,

[SEAL]□BARACK OBAMA.□
322 Chapter 16

EAST LANSING, MI, June 10, 2016.□

To Whom It May Concern:

□I have known Kyu Yawp Lee for 7 years and am glad to testify as to his 

åQHFKDUDFWHU+HKDVEHHQHPSOR\HG   

□:LVKLQJ\RXVXFFHVVLQ\RXUGLIåFXOWDQGKLJKO\LPSRUWDQWMREZHDUH

□□□Sincerely yours,

 AGOSTINO J. GONINO.

 LOUISE M. GONINO.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS,□□□□□□□

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF□□□□□

VETERANS AFFAIRS,□□□

Washington, DC.□

Hon. CHARLES E. GRASSLEY,

Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary,

U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.

□DEAR SENATOR GRASSLEY: Further reference is made to your reply . . . .

□□□Sincerely yours,

GORDON M. MANSFIELD,□□□□□□□

Deputy Secretary□□□□□

(For and in the absence of□□□

James B. Peake, Secretary).□

WASHINGTON, DC, September 16, 2016.□

Mr. WILLIAM E. JONES, Jr.,

Special Assistant to the Attorney General, Attorney for Howard 

□□6XWKHUODQG'LUHFWRU2IåFHRI$OLHQ3URSHUW\

□DEAR MR. JONES: In reply to your letter . . . .

□□□Yours truly,

(Signed)□ THOMAS E. RHODES,□□□

Special Assistant to the Attorney General.□

□36Ô$VSHFLDOZRUGRIWKDQNVWR\RXIURP-5%URZQIRU\RXUåQH

□□help.

T.E.R.□
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 323

TOKYO, JAPAN, November 13, 2016.□

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,

U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND NATURALIZATION SERVICES,

Detroit, MI.

□GENTLEMEN: This letter will testify to the personal character . . . .

□□□Very truly yours,

Mrs. GRACE C. LOHR,□□□□□

Inspector General Section, HQ, AFFE,□□□

APO 343, San Francisco, CA.□

16.27. The word seal appearing with the signature of a notary or of an organized body, such as a company, is spaced 1 em from the signature. 

The word seal is to be set in small caps and bracketed.

[SEAL]□RICHARD ROE,□□□

Notary Public.□

[SEAL]□J.M. WILBER.□

[SEAL]□BARTLETT, ROBINS & CO.□

16.28. Presidential proclamations after May 23, 1967, do not utilize the 

seal except when they pertain to treaties, conventions, protocols, 

or other international agreements. Copy will be followed literally 

with respect to the inclusion of and between elements of numerical 

expressions.

IN 1872WKH&RQJUHVVHVWDEOLVKHG<HOORZVWRQH1DWLRQDO3DUNÔWKHåUVW

park of its kind anywhere in the world. Decades later, the passage of the 

$QWLTXLWLHV$FWLQFUHDWHGRXUåUVWQDWLRQDOKLVWRULFSUHVHUYDWLRQ

policy. Under this new authority, and heavily inspired by his time in 

nature with conservationist John Muir, President Theodore Roosevelt 

set aside 18 new monuments and landmarks, adding to the scattered 

collection of existing parks throughout our country. One decade later, in 

order to provide the leadership necessary for maintaining our growing 

system of parks, the Congress passed monumental legislation—which 

President Woodrow Wilson signed on August 25, 1916—to create the 

National Park Service (NPS). . . .

* * * * * * *

NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of 

America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and 

the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim August 25, 2016, as the 

100th Anniversary of the National Park Service. I invite all Americans 
324 Chapter 16

to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and 

activities that recognize the National Park Service for maintaining and 

SURWHFWLQJRXUSXEOLFODQGVIRUWKHFRQWLQXHGEHQHåWDQGHQMR\PHQWRI

all Americans.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-second 

day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand sixteen, and of the 

Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and 

IRUW\åUVW

BARACK OBAMA.□
325

17. Useful Tables

This chapter contains useful tables presented in GPO style. The tables display 

various design features most frequently used in Government publications 

and can be considered examples of GPO style.

U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents

President Years Vice President Years

George Washington ....................................... (1789–1797) John Adams .................................................... (1789–1797)

John Adams ..................................................... (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson ........................................... (1797–1801)

Thomas Jefferson ............................................ (1801–1809) Aaron Burr...................................................... (1801–1805)

 George Clinton .............................................. (1805–1809)

James Madison ................................................ (1809–1817) George Clinton .............................................. (1809–1812)

 Vacant .............................................................. (1812–1813)

 Elbridge Gerry ............................................... (1813–1814)

 Vacant .............................................................. (1814–1817)

James Monroe.................................................. (1817–1825) Daniel D. Tompkins ..................................... (1817–1825)

John Quincy Adams ...................................... (1825–1829) John C. Calhoun ............................................ (1825–1829)

Andrew Jackson .............................................. (1829–1837) John C. Calhoun ............................................ (1829–1832)

 Vacant .............................................................. (1832–1833)

 Martin Van Buren ........................................ (1833–1837)

Martin Van Buren ......................................... (1837–1841) Richard M. Johnson...................................... (1837–1841)

William Henry Harrison .............................. (1841) John Tyler ........................................................ (1841)

John Tyler ......................................................... (1841–1845) Vacant .............................................................. (1841–1845)

James K. Polk ................................................... (1845–1849) George M. Dallas ........................................... (1845–1849)

Zachary Taylor ................................................ (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore ............................................ (1849–1850)

Millard Fillmore ............................................. (1850–1853) Vacant .............................................................. (1850–1853)

Franklin Pierce ................................................ (1853–1857) William R. King ............................................ (1853)

 Vacant .............................................................. (1853–1857)

James Buchanan .............................................. (1857–1861) John C. Breckinridge .................................... (1857–1861)

Abraham Lincoln ........................................... (1861–1865) Hannibal Hamlin .......................................... (1861–1865)

 Andrew Johnson ........................................... (1865)

Andrew Johnson ............................................. (1865–1869) Vacant .............................................................. (1865–1869)

Ulysses S. Grant .............................................. (1869–1877) Schuyler Colfax .............................................. (1869–1873)

 Henry Wilson................................................. (1873–1875)

 Vacant .............................................................. (1875–1877)

Rutherford B. Hayes ....................................... (1877–1881) William A. Wheeler ..................................... (1877–1881)

James A. Garfield ............................................ (1881) Chester A. Arthur ......................................... (1881)

Chester A. Arthur ........................................... (1881–1885) Vacant .............................................................. (1881–1885)

Grover Cleveland ............................................ (1885–1889) Thomas A. Hendricks .................................. (1885)

 Vacant .............................................................. (1885–1889)

Benjamin Harrison ........................................ (1889–1893) Levi P. Morton ............................................... (1889–1893)

Grover Cleveland ............................................ (1893–1897) Adlai E. Stevenson ........................................ (1893–1897)

William McKinley.......................................... (1897–1901) Garret A. Hobart ........................................... (1897–1901)

 Theodore Roosevelt ...................................... (1901)

Theodore Roosevelt ........................................ (1901–1909) Vacant .............................................................. (1901–1905)

 Charles W. Fairbanks ................................... (1905–1909)

William H. Taft ............................................... (1909–1913) James S. Sherman .......................................... (1909–1912)

 Vacant .............................................................. (1912–1913)

Woodrow Wilson ........................................... (1913–1921) Thomas R. Marshall ..................................... (1913–1921)

Warren G. Harding ........................................ (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge ............................................. (1921–1923)

Calvin Coolidge .............................................. (1923–1929) Vacant .............................................................. (1923–1925)

 Charles G. Dawes .......................................... (1925–1929)

Herbert Hoover ............................................... (1929–1933) Charles Curtis ................................................ (1929–1933)

Franklin D. Roosevelt .................................... (1933–1945) John Nance Garner ....................................... (1933–1941)

 Henry A. Wallace .......................................... (1941–1945)

 Harry S. Truman ........................................... (1945)

Harry S. Truman ............................................ (1945–1953) Vacant .............................................................. (1945–1949)

 Alben W. Barkley .......................................... (1949–1953)

Dwight D. Eisenhower .................................. (1953–1961) Richard M. Nixon ......................................... (1953–1961)
326 Chapter 17

U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents—Continued

President Years Vice President Years

John F. Kennedy .............................................. (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson........................................ (1961–1963)

Lyndon B. Johnson ......................................... (1963–1969) Vacant .............................................................. (1963–1965)

 Hubert H. Humphrey ................................... (1965–1969)

Richard M. Nixon ........................................... (1969–1974) Spiro T. Agnew............................................... (1969–1973)

 Gerald R. Ford ............................................... (1973–1974)

Gerald R. Ford ................................................. (1974–1977) Nelson A. Rockefeller ................................... (1974–1977)

James Earl “Jimmy” Carter .......................... (1977–1981) Walter F. Mondale ......................................... (1977–1981)

Ronald Reagan ................................................ (1981–1989) George H.W. Bush ......................................... (1981–1989)

George H.W. Bush .......................................... (1989–1993) J. Danforth Quayle ........................................ (1989–1993)

William J. Clinton .......................................... (1993–2001) Albert Gore, Jr. ............................................... (1993–2001)

George W. Bush ............................................... (2001–2009) Richard B. Cheney ........................................ (2001–2009)

Barack Obama ................................................. (2009– ) Joseph R. Biden, Jr. ........................................ (2009– )

Alabama, Montgomery .........................................4,858,979

Alaska, Juneau ............................................................738,432

Arizona, Phoenix ................................................... 6,828,065

Arkansas, Little Rock ........................................... 2,978,204

California, Sacramento .......................................39,144,818

Colorado, Denver ...................................................5,456,574

Connecticut, Hartford ......................................... 3,590,886

Delaware, Dover ........................................................945,934

District of Columbia, Washington ........................672,228

Florida, Tallahassee..............................................20,271,272

Georgia, Atlanta....................................................10,214,860

Hawaii, Honolulu ...................................................1,431,603

Idaho, Boise ..............................................................1,654,930

Illinois, Springfield ...............................................12,859,995

Indiana, Indianapolis ............................................6,619,680

Iowa, Des Moines ...................................................3,123,899

Kansas, Topeka .......................................................2,911,641

Kentucky, Frankfort ..............................................4,425,092

Louisiana, Baton Rouge ........................................4,670,724

Maine, Augusta .......................................................1,329,328

Maryland, Annapolis ........................................... 6,006,401

Massachusetts, Boston ..........................................6,794,422

Michigan, Lansing ..................................................9,922,576

Minnesota, St. Paul ................................................5,489,594

Mississippi, Jackson ...............................................2,992,333

Missouri, Jefferson City ........................................6,083,672

Montana, Helena ....................................................1,032,949

Nebraska, Lincoln ..................................................1,896,190

Nevada, Carson City ............................................. 2,890,845

New Hampshire, Concord ....................................1,330,608

New Jersey, Trenton ...............................................8,958,013

New Mexico, Santa Fe............................................2,085,109

New York, Albany .................................................19,795,791

North Carolina, Raleigh ....................................10,042,802

North Dakota, Bismarck ..........................................756,927

Ohio, Columbus ....................................................11,613,423

Oklahoma, Oklahoma City .................................. 3,911,338

Oregon, Salem ........................................................ 4,028,977

Pennsylvania, Harrisburg..................................12,802,503

Rhode Island, Providence .....................................1,056,298

South Carolina, Columbia....................................4,896,146

South Dakota, Pierre .................................................858,469

Tennessee, Nashville ............................................. 6,600,299

Texas, Austin ..........................................................27,469,114

Utah, Salt Lake City ...............................................2,995,919

Vermont, Montpelier ................................................626,042

Virginia, Richmond .............................................. 8,382,993

Washington, Olympia ............................................7,170,351

West Virginia, Charleston ....................................1,844,128

Wisconsin, Madison ..............................................5,771,337

Wyoming, Cheyenne ................................................586,107 

State Populations and Their Capitals

[As of July 1, 2015 Census estimates]

 State, capital State population State, capital State population
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016 Country UN member Capital Chief of state Legislative body 

Afghanistan ............... Yes ........ Kabul ................................. President ............................................. National Assembly of House of People, House of Elders ...........

Albania ........................ .... do ..... Tirana (Tirane)................ ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ................

Algeria ......................... .... do ..... Algiers ............................... ......do .................................................... National People’s Assembly, Council of Nations ....................

Andorra ...................... .... do ..... Andorra la Vella .............. Executive Council President .......... General Council of the Valleys (unicameral) ...............................

Angola ......................... .... do ..... Luanda .............................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) Antigua and Barbuda .... do ..... Saint John’s ....................... Queen (represented by Governor General) .......................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Argentina .................... .... do ..... Buenos Aires .................... President ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ..Armenia ...................... .... do ..... Yerevan ............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (Parliament)Australia ..................... .... do ..... Canberra ........................... Queen (represented by Governor General) .......................................... Federal Parliament (bicameral) .

Austria ......................... .... do ..... Vienna ............................... President ............................................. Federal Assembly (bicameral) ....Azerbaijan .................. .... do ..... Baku (Baki, Baky) ........... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Bahamas, The ............ .... do ..... Nassau ............................... Queen (represented by Governor General) .......................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Bahrain ....................... .... do ..... Manama ............................ King ..................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ................

Bangladesh ................. .... do ..... Dhaka ................................ President ............................................. National Parliament (unicamera

Barbados ..................... .... do ..... Bridgetown ....................... Queen (represented by Governor General) .......................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Belarus ........................ .... do ..... Minsk................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (bicameral)..

Belgium ....................... .... do ..... Brussels ............................. King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................Belize ........................... .... do ..... Belmopan ......................... Queen (represented by Governor

 General) ..........................................

National Assembly (bicameral)..
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continu

Country UN member Capital Chief of state Legislative body 

Benin ........................... Yes ........ Porto-Novo ...................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) 

Bhutan ......................... .... do ..... Thimphu ........................... King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................Bolivia ......................... .... do ..... La Paz (administrative) ............ Sucre (legislative/judiciary) ... President ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ..

Bosnia and Herzegovina .......... .... do ..... Sarajevo ............................. Chairman of the Presidency .......... Parliamentary Assembly (bicam

Botswana .................... .... do ..... Gaborone .......................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................

Brazil ........................... .... do ..... Brasilia .............................. ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ..

Brunei .......................... .... do ..... Bandar Seri ...................... Sultan and Prime Minister ............. Legislative Council ........................

Bulgaria ....................... .... do ..... Sofia ................................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) 

Burkina Faso .............. .... do ..... Ouagadougou .................. ......do .................................................... ......do .................................................

Burma (Myanmar) 1 . .... do ..... Rangoon ............................ Nay Pyi Taw (administrative) ............ Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council SPDC) ... People’s Assembly (unicameral) 

Burundi ....................... .... do ..... Bujumbura ....................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................Cabo Verde 2 ............... .... do ..... Praia ................................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) 

Cambodia ................... .... do ..... Phnom Penh .................... King ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)..

Cameroon ................... .... do ..... Yaoundé ............................ President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) 

Canada ........................ .... do ..... Ottawa ............................... Queen (represented by Governor General) .......................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Central African Republic .................. .... do ..... Bangui ............................... ......do .................................................... ......do .................................................

Chad............................. .... do ..... N’Djamena ....................... ......do .................................................... ......do .................................................
Chile ............................ .... do ..... Santiago ............................ President ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ..

China 3 ......................... .... do ..... Beijing................................ ......do .................................................... National People’s Congress (unicameral) ...............................

Colombia .................... .... do ..... Bogotá................................ ......do .................................................... Congress (bicameral) ...................

Comoros ..................... .... do ..... Moroni .............................. ......do .................................................... Assembly of the Union (unicame

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 4 ... .... do ..... Kinshasa ........................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ................

Congo, Republic of the 4 ..................... .... do ..... Brazzaville ........................ ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Costa Rica ................... .... do ..... San José ............................. ......do .................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicamer

CÔte d’Ivoire, Republic of ............. .... do ..... Yamoussoukro ................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)..

Croatia ......................... .... do ..... Zagreb ............................... ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ................

Cuba ............................. .... do ..... Havana .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly of People’s P

 (unicameral) ...............................

Cyprus ......................... .... do ..... Nicosia ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives (unica

Czechia 5 ...................... .... do ..... Prague ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Denmark ..................... .... do ..... Copenhagen ..................... Queen .................................................. People’s Assembly (unicameral) 

Djibouti ....................... .... do ..... Djibouti ............................. President ............................................. Chamber of Deputies (unicamer

Dominica .................... .... do ..... Roseau ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Assembly (unicameral

Dominican Republic .... do ..... Santo Domingo ............... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ..

Ecuador ....................... .... do ..... Quito .................................. President ............................................. National Congress (unicameral) 

Egypt ........................... .... do ..... Cairo .................................. ......do .................................................... People’s Assembly (bicameral) ...

El Salvador.................. .... do ..... San Salvador .................... ......do .................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicamer

Equatorial Guinea .... .... do ..... Malabo .............................. ......do .................................................... House of People’s Representative

 (unicameral) ...............................

Eritrea .......................... .... do ..... Asmara .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Estonia ......................... .... do ..... Tallinn ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) .............

Ethiopia ....................... .... do ..... Addis Ababa..................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continu

Country UN member Capital Chief of state Legislative body 

Fiji ................................. Yes ........ Suva .................................... President ............................................. ......do .................................................Finland ........................ .... do ..... Helsinki ............................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ..............

France .......................... .... do ..... Paris ................................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................Gabon .......................... .... do ..... Libreville ........................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ................Gambia, The ............... .... do ..... Banjul ................................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Georgia ........................ .... do ..... Tbilisi................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral, also kn

 as Supreme Council) ................

Germany ..................... .... do ..... Berlin ................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................Ghana .......................... .... do ..... Accra .................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ..............

Greece .......................... .... do ..... Athens ............................... ......do .................................................... ......do .................................................Grenada....................... .... do ..... Saint George’s .................. Queen (represented by Governor General) .......................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Guatemala .................. .... do ..... Guatemala City ............... President ............................................. Congress of the Republic (unicaGuinea ......................... .... do ..... Conakry ............................ ......do .................................................... People’s National Assembly (unicameral) ...............................

Guinea-Bissau ........... .... do ..... Bissau ................................. ......do .................................................... National People’s Asssembly (unicameral) ..............................

Guyana ........................ .... do ..... Georgetown...................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Haiti ............................. .... do ..... Port-au-Prince ................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)..

Holy See (Vatican City) ......................... No ......... Vatican City ..................... Pope ..................................................... Pontifical Commission for the S

 Vatican City (unicameral).......

Honduras .................... Yes ........ Tegucigalpa ...................... President ............................................. National Congress (unicameral) 

Hungary ...................... .... do ..... Budapest ........................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Iceland ......................... .... do ..... Reykjavik .......................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) .............

India ............................. .... do ..... New Delhi ......................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ...............Indonesia .................... .... do ..... Jakarta ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives ............
Iran............................... .... do ..... Tehran ............................... Supreme Leader................................. Islamic Consultative Assembly (unicameral) ...............................Iraq ............................... .... do ..... Baghdad ............................ President ............................................. Council of Representatives ..........

Ireland ......................... .... do ..... Dublin ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Israel ............................ .... do ..... Jerusalem 6 ........................ ......do .................................................... Knesset (unicameral) ....................

Italy .............................. .... do ..... Rome .................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Jamaica ........................ .... do ..... Kingston ........................... Queen (represented by Governor General) .......................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Japan ............................ .... do ..... Tokyo ................................. Emperor .............................................. Diet (bicameral) .............................Jordan .......................... .... do ..... Amman ............................. King ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)..Kazakhstan ................ .... do ..... Astana ............................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................

Kenya ........................... .... do ..... Nairobi .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Kiribati ........................ .... do ..... Tarawa ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Parliament (unicamera

Korea, North .............. .... do ..... Pyongyang ........................ Premier................................................ Supreme People’s Assembly (unicameral) ...............................

Korea, South .............. .... do ..... Seoul .................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) Kosovo ......................... No ......... .... Pristina (Prishtine) ......... ......do .................................................... Kosovo Assembly of the Provisio

 Government (unicameral) ......

Kuwait ......................... Yes ........ Kuwait City ...................... Amir .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) Kyrgyzstan ................. .... do ..... Bishkek .............................. President ............................................. Supreme Council (unicameral) ..

Laos .............................. .... do ..... Vientiane .......................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Latvia ........................... .... do ..... Riga .................................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ..............

Lebanon ...................... .... do ..... Beirut ................................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Lesotho ........................ .... do ..... Maseru .............................. King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Liberia ......................... .... do ..... Monrovia .......................... President ............................................. National Assembly (bicameral)..

Libya ............................ .... do ..... Tripoli ................................ Chairman, Presidential Council ... Council of Deputies (unicameraLiechtenstein.............. .... do ..... Vaduz ................................. Prince .................................................. Parliament or Landtag (unicame
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continu

Country UN member Capital Chief of state Legislative body 

Lithuania .................... Yes ........ Vilnius ............................... President ............................................. Parliament or Seimas (unicamer

Luxembourg .............. .... do ..... Luxembourg .................... Grand Duke ....................................... Chamber of Deputies (unicamer

Macedonia, Republic of 7 ........... .... do ..... Skopje ................................ President ............................................. Assembly or Sobranie (unicamer

Madagascar ................ .... do ..... Antananarivo .................. ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ................

Malawi ......................... .... do ..... Lilongwe ........................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Malaysia ...................... .... do ..... Kuala Lumpur ................. Paramount Ruler .............................. Parliament (bicameral) ................Maldives...................... .... do ..... Male ................................... President ............................................. People’s Council (unicameral)....

Mali .............................. .... do ..... Bamako ............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Malta ............................ .... do ..... Valletta .............................. ......do .................................................... House of Representatives (unica

Marshall Islands ....... .... do ..... Majuro ............................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (unicameral) ..............

Mauritania ................. .... do ..... Nouakchott ...................... President ............................................. Legislature (bicameral) ................

Mauritius .................... .... do ..... Port Louis ......................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Mexico ......................... .... do ..... Mexico City ...................... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ..

Micronesia, Federated States of ................... .... do ..... Palikir ................................ ......do .................................................... Congress (unicameral) .................

Moldova, Republic of ............. .... do ..... Chisinau ............................ ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ..............

Monaco ....................... .... do ..... Monaco ............................. Prince .................................................. National Council (unicameral) ..Mongolia ..................... .... do ..... Ulaanbaatar ..................... President ............................................. State Great Hural (unicameral) ..

Montenegro................ .... do ..... Podgorica .......................... ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ...............

Morocco ...................... .... do ..... Rabat .................................. King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................Mozambique .............. .... do ..... Maputo .............................. President ............................................. Assembly of the Republic (unicaNamibia ...................... .... do ..... Windhoek ......................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ................

Nauru .......................... .... do ..... No official capital;

 government offices in Yaren District .........

......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) .............
Nepal ........................... .... do ..... Kathmandu ...................... Prime Minister .................................. 330 seat Interim Parliament ........Netherlands................ .... do ..... Amsterdam ...................... The Hague (seat of government) ................. Queen .................................................. States General (bicameral) ..........

New Zealand .............. .... do ..... Wellington ....................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives (unicam

Nicaragua ................... .... do ..... Managua ........................... President National Assembly (unicameral) 

Niger ............................ .... do ..... Niamey .............................. ......do .................................................... ......do .................................................

Nigeria ......................... .... do ..... Abuja ................................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)..

Norway ........................ .... do ..... Oslo .................................... King ..................................................... Parliament (Storting), (modified unicameral) 8 ..............................

Oman ........................... .... do ..... Muscat ............................... Sultan and Prime Minister ............. Majlis Oman (bicameral) ............Pakistan ...................... .... do ..... Islamabad ......................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................Palau ............................ .... do ..... Ngerulmud ....................... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ..

Panama ....................... .... do ..... Panama City .................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Papua New Guinea ... .... do ..... Port Moresby ................... Queen .................................................. National Parliament (unicamera

Paraguay ..................... .... do ..... AsunciÓn .......................... President ............................................. Congress (bicameral) ...................Peru .............................. .... do ..... Lima ................................... ......do .................................................... Congress of the Republic of Peru (unicameral) ...............................

Philippines ................. .... do ..... Manila ............................... ......do .................................................... Congress (bicameral) ...................

Poland ......................... .... do ..... Warsaw .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)..

Portugal ...................... .... do ..... Lisbon ................................ ......do .................................................... Assembly of the Republic (unicam

Qatar ............................ .... do ..... Doha .................................. Amir .................................................... Advisory Council (unicameral) .

Romania ...................... .... do ..... Bucharest .......................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................Russia........................... .... do ..... Moscow ............................. ......do .................................................... Federal Assembly (bicameral) ....

Rwanda ....................... .... do ..... Kigali ................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................Saint Kitts and Nevis .... do ..... Basseterre ......................... Queen .................................................. National Assembly (unicameral) 

Saint Lucia .................. .... do ..... Castries ............................. Queen .................................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continu

Country UN member Capital Chief of state Legislative body 

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines...... Yes ........ Kingstown ........................ ......do .................................................... House of Assembly (unicameral

Samoa .......................... .... do ..... Apia .................................... Chief of State ...................................... Legislative Assembly (unicamer

San Marino ................ .... do ..... San Marino ...................... Co-Chiefs of State (Captains Regent) ......................... Grand and General Council (unicameral) ...............................

Sao Tome and Principe .................. .... do ..... São Tomé........................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) 

Saudi Arabia............... .... do ..... Riyadh ............................... King and Prime Minister ................ Consultative Council ....................

Senegal ........................ .... do ..... Dakar ................................. President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................

Serbia ........................... .... do ..... Belgrade ............................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Seychelles .................... .... do ..... Victoria ............................. ......do .................................................... ......do .................................................

Sierra Leone ............... .... do ..... Freetown ........................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ..............

Singapore .................... .... do ..... Singapore .......................... ......do .................................................... ......do ................................................

Slovakia ....................... .... do ..... Bratislava .......................... ......do .................................................... National Council (unicameral) ..

Slovenia ....................... .... do ..... Ljubljana ........................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Solomon Islands ........ .... do ..... Honiara ............................. Queen .................................................. National Parliament (unicamera

Somalia........................ .... do ..... Mogadishu ........................ Transitional Federal President ...... National Assembly (unicameral) 

South Africa ............... .... do ..... Pretoria (administrative) ............ Cape Town (legislative)... Bloemfontein (judiciary) ..................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ...............

South Sudan, Republic of 9 ........... .... do ..... Juba .................................... President ............................................. National Legislature (bicameral) 

Spain ............................ .... do ..... Madrid .............................. King ..................................................... General Courts or National Asse

 (bicameral) .................................
Sri Lanka ..................... .... do ..... Colombo ........................... Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative) .................... President ............................................. Parliament (unicameral) ..............Sudan ........................... .... do ..... Khartoum ......................... ......do .................................................... National Legislature (bicameral

Suriname .................... .... do ..... Paramaribo ...................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Swaziland.................... .... do ..... Mbabane (administrative) ............ Lobamba (legislative) ...... King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

Sweden ........................ .... do ..... Stockholm ........................ King ..................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ..............

Switzerland ................ .... do ..... Bern.................................... President ............................................. Federal Assembly (bicameral) ....Syria ............................. .... do ..... Damascus ......................... ......do .................................................... People’s Council (unicameral)....

Tajikistan .................... .... do ..... Dushanbe ......................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Assembly (bicameral) .

Tanzania ..................... .... do ..... Dar es Salaam Dodoma (legislative) ....... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Thailand ...................... .... do ..... Bangkok ............................ King ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)..

Timor-Leste ............... .... do ..... Dili ..................................... President ............................................. National Parliament (unicamera

Togo ............................. .... do ..... Lomé .................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) 

Tonga ........................... .... do ..... Nuku’alofa ........................ King ..................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicamer

Trinidad and Tobago .... do ..... Port-of-Spain ................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................Tunisia ......................... .... do ..... Tunis .................................. ......do .................................................... Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Advisors (bicame

Turkey ......................... .... do ..... Ankara .............................. ......do .................................................... Grand National Assembly of Tur

 (unicameral) ..............................

Turkmenistan ............ .... do ..... Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) ................ ......do .................................................... Two Parliamentary Bodies: Peop

 Council and a National Assem

Tuvalu .......................... .... do ..... Funafuti ............................ Queen .................................................. Parliament (also called House of Assembly; unicameral) ............

Uganda ........................ .... do ..... Kampala ............................ President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) 
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continu

Country UN member Capital Chief of state Legislative body 

Ukraine ....................... Yes ........ Kyiv (Kiev) ....................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Council (unicameral) ..United Arab Emirates ................. .... do ..... Abu Dhabi ........................ ......do .................................................... Federal National Council (FNC) (unicameral) ...............................

United Kingdom ....... .... do ..... London .............................. Queen .................................................. Parliament (bicameral) ................

Uruguay ...................... .... do ..... Montevideo ...................... President ............................................. General Assembly (bicameral) ...Uzbekistan ................. .... do ..... Tashkent ........................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Assembly (bicameral) .

Vanuatu ....................... .... do ..... Port-Vila (on Efate)......... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ..............

Venezuela .................... .... do ..... Caracas .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Vietnam ...................... .... do ..... Hanoi ................................. ......do .................................................... ......do .................................................

Yemen .......................... .... do ..... Sanaa.................................. ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ................

Zambia ........................ .... do ..... Lusaka ............................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) 

Zimbabwe ................... .... do ..... Harare ............................... Executive President .......................... Parliament (bicameral) ................

1 Since 1989, the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this dec

in Burma, and the U.S. Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingn

2 In a diplomatic note sent on November 27, 2013, the Embassy of Cape Verde requested that the U.S. Government change the nam

Verde”. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names approved the change on December 9, 2013. 3 With the establishment of diplomatic relations with China on January 1, 1979, the U.S. Government recognized the People’s Rep

China and acknowledged the Chinese position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China. 4 “Congo” is the official short-form name for both the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. To distin

5 Following U.N. and U.S. State Department notification, the Czech Republic officially changed its English short-form name to Cz6 In 1950, the Israel Parliament proclaimed Jerusalem as the capital. The United States does not recognize Jerusalem as the capital 

Tel Aviv. 7 In November 2004, the United States recognized the country under its consitutional name: the Republic of Macedonia.

8 No accurate English equivalents.9 The United States recognized South Sudan as a sovereign, independent state on July 9, 2011 following its secession from Sudan.

 Source: World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/in
Useful Tables 337

Demonyms: Names of Nationalities

[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]

Afghanistan ............................. Afghan.

Albania ...................................... Albanian.

Algeria ....................................... Algerian.

American Samoa .................... American Samoan.

Andorra .................................... Andorran.

Angola ....................................... Angolan.

Anguilla .................................... Anguillan.

Antigua and Barbuda ............ Antiguan, Barbudan.

Argentina .................................. Argentine.

Armenia .................................... Armenian.

Aruba ......................................... Aruban.

Australia ................................... Australian.

Austria ....................................... Austrian.

Azerbaijan ................................ Azerbaijani.

The Bahamas ............................ Bahamian.

Bahrain ..................................... Bahraini.

Bangladesh ............................... Bangladeshi.

Barbados ................................... Barbadian or Bajan.

Belarus ...................................... Belarusian.

Belgium ..................................... Belgian.

Belize ......................................... Belizean.

Benin ......................................... Beninese (singular and

 plural).

Bermuda ................................... Bermudian.

Bhutan ....................................... Bhutanese (singular and

 plural).

Bolivia ....................................... Bolivian.

Bosnia and Herzegovina ....... Bosnian, Herzegovinian.

Botswana .................................. Motswana (singular),

 Batswana (plural).

Brazil ......................................... Brazilian.

British Virgin Islands ............ British Virgin Islander.

Brunei ........................................ Bruneian.

Bulgaria ..................................... Bulgarian.

Burkina Faso ............................ Burkinabe (singular and

 plural).

Burma (Myanmar 1) ............... Burmese (singular and

 plural).

Burundi ..................................... Burundian.

Cabo Verde ............................... Cabo Verdean.

Cambodia ................................. Cambodian.

Cameroon ................................. Cameroonian.

Canada ...................................... Canadian.

Cayman Islands ...................... Caymanian.

Central African Republic...... Central African.

Chad........................................... Chadian.

Chile .......................................... Chilean.

China ......................................... Chinese (singular and

 plural).

Christmas Island .................... Christmas Islander.

Cocos (Keeling) Islands ........ Cocos Islander.

Colombia .................................. Colombian.

Comoros ................................... Comoran.

Congo, Democratic Congolese (singular and

 Republic of the. plural).

Congo, Republic of the .......... Congolese (singular and

 plural).

Cook Islands ............................ Cook Islander.

Costa Rica ................................. Costa Rican.

CÔte d’Ivoire ............................ Ivorian.

Croatia ....................................... Croat or Croatian.

Cuba ........................................... Cuban.

Curacao ..................................... Curacaoan.

Cyprus ....................................... Cypriot.

Czechia ...................................... Czech.

Denmark ................................... Dane.

Djibouti ..................................... Djiboutian.

Dominica .................................. Dominican.

Dominican Republic .............. Dominican.

Ecuador ..................................... Ecuadorian.

Egypt ......................................... Egyptian.

El Salvador................................ Salvadoran.

Equatorial Guinea .................. Equatorial Guinean or

 Equatoguinean.

Eritrea ........................................ Eritrean.

Estonia ....................................... Estonian.

Ethiopia ..................................... Ethiopian.

Falkland Islands ...................... Falkland Islander.

Faroe Islands ............................ Faroese (singular and

 plural).

Fiji ............................................... Fijian.

Finland ...................................... Finn.

France ........................................ French, Frenchman

 (men), or

 Frenchwoman 

 (women).

French Polynesia ..................... French Polynesian.

Gabon ........................................ Gabonese (singular and

 plural).

The Gambia .............................. Gambian.

Georgia ...................................... Georgian.

Germany ................................... German.

Ghana ........................................ Ghanaian.

Gibraltar ................................... Gibraltarian.

Greece ........................................ Greek.

Greenland ................................. Greenlander.

Grenada..................................... Grenadian.

Guam ......................................... Guamanian.

Guatemala ................................ Guatemalan.

Guernsey ................................... Channel Islander.

Guinea ....................................... Guinean.

Guinea-Bissau ......................... Bissau-Guinean.

Guyana ...................................... Guyanese (singular and

 plural).

Haiti ........................................... Haitian.

Honduras .................................. Honduran.

Hong Kong ............................... Chinese/Hong Konger.

Hungary .................................... Hungarian.

Iceland ....................................... Icelander.

India ........................................... Indian.

Indonesia .................................. Indonesian.

Iran............................................. Iranian.

Iraq ............................................. Iraqi.

Ireland ....................................... Irishman (men),

 Irishwoman 

 (women), Irish 

 (collective plural).

Israel .......................................... Israeli.

Italy ............................................ Italian.

Jamaica ...................................... Jamaican.

 Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
338 Chapter 17

Demonyms: Names of Nationalities—Continued

[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]

Japan .......................................... Japanese (singular and

 plural).

Jersey.......................................... Channel Islander.

Jordan ........................................ Jordanian.

Kazakhstan .............................. Kazakhstani.

Kenya ......................................... Kenyan.

Kiribati ...................................... I-Kiribati (singular and

 plural).

Korea, North ............................ Korean.

Korea, South ............................ Korean.

Kosovo ....................................... Kosovar (Albanian),

 Kosovski (Serbian).

Kuwait ....................................... Kuwaiti.

Kyrgyzstan ............................... Kyrgyzstani.

Laos ............................................ Lao or Laotian.

Latvia ......................................... Latvian.

Lebanon .................................... Lebanese (singular and

 plural).

Lesotho ...................................... Mosotho (singular),

 Basotho (plural).

Liberia ....................................... Liberian.

Libya .......................................... Libyan.

Liechtenstein............................ Liechtensteiner.

Lithuania .................................. Lithuanian.

Luxembourg ............................ Luxembourger.

Macau ........................................ Chinese (singular and

 plural).

Macedonia ................................ Macedonian.

Madagascar .............................. Malagasy (singular and

 plural).

Malawi ....................................... Malawian.

Malaysia .................................... Malaysian.

Maldives.................................... Maldivian.

Mali ............................................ Malian.

Malta .......................................... Maltese (singular and

 plural).

Marshall Islands ..................... Marshallese (singular

 and plural).

Mauritania ............................... Mauritanian.

Mauritius .................................. Mauritian.

Mexico ....................................... Mexican.

Micronesia, Federated Micronesian.

 States of. 

Moldova .................................... Moldovan.

Monaco ..................................... Monegasque or

 Monacan.

Mongolia ................................... Mongolian.

Montenegro.............................. Montenegrin.

Montserrat ................................ Montserratian.

Morocco .................................... Moroccan.

Mozambique ............................ Mozambican.

Namibia .................................... Namibian.

Nauru ........................................ Nauruan.

Nepal ......................................... Nepali (singular and

 plural).

Netherlands.............................. Dutchman (men),

 Dutchwoman 

 (women), Dutch 

 (collective).

Netherlands Antilles .............. Dutch Antillean.

New Caledonia ........................ New Caledonian.

New Zealand ............................ New Zealander.

Nicaragua ................................. Nicaraguan.

Niger .......................................... Nigerien.

Nigeria ....................................... Nigerian.

Niue ............................................ Niuean.

Norfolk Island ......................... Norfolk Islander.

Norway ...................................... Norwegian.

Oman ......................................... Omani.

Pakistan .................................... Pakistani.

Palau .......................................... Palauan.

Panama ..................................... Panamanian.

Papua New Guinea ................. Papua New Guinean.

Paraguay ................................... Paraguayan.

Peru ............................................ Peruvian.

Philippines ............................... Filipino.

Pitcairn Islands ....................... Pitcairn Islander.

Poland ....................................... Pole.

Portugal .................................... Portuguese (singular

 and plural).

Qatar .......................................... Qatari.

Romania .................................... Romanian.

Russia......................................... Russian.

Rwanda ..................................... Rwandan.

Saint Helena ............................. Saint Helenian.

Saint Kitts and Nevis ............. Kittian, Nevisian.

Saint Lucia ................................ Saint Lucian.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon .... French, Frenchman

 (men), or

 Frenchwoman 

 (women).

Saint Vincent and the Saint Vincentian or

 Grenadines. Vincentian.

Samoa ........................................ Samoan.

San Marino .............................. Sammarinese (singular

 and plural).

Sao Tome and Principe .......... Sao Tomean.

Saudi Arabia............................. Saudi, Saudi Arabian.

Senegal ...................................... Senegalese (singular

 and plural).

Serbia ......................................... Serb.

Seychelles .................................. Seychellois (singular

 and plural).

Sierra Leone ............................. Sierra Leonean.

Singapore .................................. Singaporean.

Slovakia ..................................... Slovak.

Slovenia ..................................... Slovene.

Solomon Islands ...................... Solomon Islander.

Somalia...................................... Somali.

South Africa ............................. South African.

South Sudan ............................. South Sudanese.

Spain .......................................... Spaniard.

Sri Lanka ................................... Sri Lankan.

Sudan ......................................... Sudanese (singular and

 plural).

Suriname .................................. Surinamer.

Swaziland.................................. Swazi.

Sweden ...................................... Swede.

Switzerland .............................. Swiss (singular and

 plural).

 Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
Useful Tables 339

Demonyms: Names of Nationalities—Continued

[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]

Syria ........................................... Syrian.

Taiwan ....................................... Taiwan (singular and

 plural).

Tajikistan .................................. Tajikistani.

Tanzania ................................... Tanzanian.

Thailand .................................... Thai (singular and

 plural).

Timor-Leste ............................. Timorese (singular and

 plural).

Togo ........................................... Togolese (singular and

 plural).

Tokelau ...................................... Tokelauan.

Tonga ......................................... Tongan.

Trinidad and Tobago ............. Trinidadian,

 Tobagonian.

Tunisia ....................................... Tunisian.

Turkey ....................................... Turk.

Turkmenistan .......................... Turkmen.

Tuvalu ........................................ Tuvaluan.

Uganda ...................................... Ugandan.

Ukraine ..................................... Ukrainian.

United Arab Emirates............ Emirati.

United Kingdom ..................... Briton, British

 (collective plural).

United States ............................ American.

Uruguay .................................... Uruguayan.

Uzbekistan ............................... Uzbekistani.

Vanuatu ..................................... Ni-Vanuatu (singular

 and plural).

Venezuela .................................. Venezuelan.

Vietnam .................................... Vietnamese (singular

 and plural).

Virgin Islands .......................... Virgin Islander.

Wallis and Futuna .................. Wallisian, Futunan,

 or Wallis and 

 Futuna Islander.

Western Sahara ....................... Sahrawi, Sahraoui.

Yemen ........................................ Yemeni.

Zambia ...................................... Zambian.

Zimbabwe ................................. Zimbabwean.

 Country Demonym* Country Demonym*

1 Since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for 

their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the U.S. Government did not 

adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw.

 *Note.—Plural references add s unless otherwise indicated.

 Source: Information courtesy of World Factbook as of September 2016; for more information see https://www.

cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html. 

Currency

[As of July 2016]

Alphabetic

code Country Currency

Afghanistan ............................................................. Afghani ............................................................................... AFN

Åland Islands ........................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Albania ...................................................................... Lek ........................................................................................ ALL

Algeria ....................................................................... Algerian dinar ................................................................... DZD

American Samoa .................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Andorra .................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Angola ....................................................................... Kwanza ................................................................................ AOA

Anguilla .................................................................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD

Antarctica ................................................................. No universal currency ..................................................... 

Antigua and Barbuda ............................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD

Argentina .................................................................. Argentine peso .................................................................. ARS

Armenia .................................................................... Armenian dram ................................................................ AMD

Aruba ......................................................................... Aruban florin ..................................................................... AWG

Australia ................................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD

Austria ....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Azerbaijan ................................................................ Azerbaijanian manat ....................................................... AZN

Bahamas (The) ......................................................... Bahamian dollar ............................................................... BSD

Bahrain ..................................................................... Bahraini dinar ................................................................... BHD

Bangladesh ............................................................... Taka ..................................................................................... BDT

Barbados ................................................................... Barbados dollar ................................................................. BBD

Belarus ...................................................................... Belarusian ruble ................................................................ BYN

Belarus ...................................................................... Belarusian ruble ................................................................ BYR

Belgium ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Belize ......................................................................... Belize dollar ....................................................................... BZD
340 Chapter 17

Currency—Continued

[As of July 2016]

Alphabetic

code Country Currency

Benin ......................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF

Bermuda ................................................................... Bermudian dollar ............................................................. BMD

Bhutan ....................................................................... Indian rupee ...................................................................... INR

Bhutan ....................................................................... Ngultrum............................................................................ BTN

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)............................ Boliviano ............................................................................ BOB

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)............................ Mvdol................................................................................... BOV

Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba ......................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Bosnia and Herzegovina ....................................... Convertible mark .............................................................. BAM

Botswana .................................................................. Pula ...................................................................................... BWP

Bouvet Island ........................................................... Norwegian krone .............................................................. NOK

Brazil ......................................................................... Brazilian real ..................................................................... BRL

British Indian Ocean Territory (The) ................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Brunei Darussalam ................................................ Brunei dollar ...................................................................... BND

Bulgaria ..................................................................... Bulgarian lev ...................................................................... BGN

Burkina Faso ............................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF

Burundi ..................................................................... Burundi franc .................................................................... BIF

Cabo Verde ............................................................... Cabo Verde escudo ........................................................... CVE

Cambodia ................................................................. Riel ....................................................................................... KHR

Cameroon ................................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF

Canada ...................................................................... Canadian dollar ................................................................ CAD

Cayman Islands (The)............................................ Cayman Islands dollar .................................................... KYD

Central African Republic (The) ........................... CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF

Chad........................................................................... CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF

Chile .......................................................................... Chilean peso ...................................................................... CLP

Chile .......................................................................... Unidad de Fomento.......................................................... CLF

China ......................................................................... Yuan renminbi .................................................................. CNY

Christmas Island .................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD

Cocos (Keeling) Islands (The) ............................. Australian dollar............................................................... AUD

Colombia .................................................................. Colombian peso ................................................................ COP

Colombia .................................................................. Unidad de Valor real ........................................................ COU

Comoros (The) ........................................................ Comoro franc .................................................................... KMF

Congo (The Democratic Republic of the) ......... Congolese franc ................................................................ CDF

Congo (The) ............................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF

Cook Islands (The) ................................................. New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD

Costa Rica ................................................................. Costa Rican colon ............................................................. CRC

Côte d’Ivoire ............................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF

Croatia ....................................................................... Kuna .................................................................................... HRK

Cuba ........................................................................... Cuban peso......................................................................... CUP

Cuba ........................................................................... Peso convertible ................................................................ CUC

Curaçao ..................................................................... Netherlands Antillean guilder ...................................... ANG

Cyprus ....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Czech Republic (The) ............................................. Czech koruna..................................................................... CZK

Denmark ................................................................... Danish krone ..................................................................... DKK

Djibouti ..................................................................... Djibouti franc .................................................................... DJF

Dominica .................................................................. East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD

Dominican Republic (The) ................................... Dominican peso ................................................................ DOP

Ecuador ..................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Egypt ......................................................................... Egyptian pound ................................................................ EGP

El Salvador................................................................ El Salvador colon .............................................................. SVC

El Salvador................................................................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Equatorial Guinea .................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF

Eritrea ........................................................................ Nakfa ................................................................................... ERN

Estonia ....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Ethiopia ..................................................................... Ethiopian birr .................................................................... ETB

European Union ..................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Falkland Islands (The) [Malvinas]...................... Falkland Islands pound .................................................. FKP

Faroe Islands (The) ................................................. Danish krone ..................................................................... DKK

Fiji ............................................................................... Fiji dollar ............................................................................. FJD

Finland ...................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Useful Tables 341

Currency—Continued

[As of July 2016]

Alphabetic

code Country Currency

France ........................................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

French Guiana ......................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

French Polynesia ..................................................... CFP franc ............................................................................ XPF

French Southern Territories (The) ...................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Gabon ........................................................................ CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF

Gambia (The) ........................................................... Dalasi ................................................................................... GMD

Georgia ...................................................................... Lari ....................................................................................... GEL

Germany ................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Ghana ........................................................................ Ghana cedi ......................................................................... GHS

Gibraltar ................................................................... Gibraltar pound ................................................................ GIP

Greece ........................................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Greenland ................................................................. Danish krone ..................................................................... DKK

Grenada..................................................................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD

Guadeloupe .............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Guam ......................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Guatemala ................................................................ Quetzal ................................................................................ GTQ

Guernsey ................................................................... Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP

Guinea ....................................................................... Guinea franc ...................................................................... GNF

Guinea-Bissau ......................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF

Guyana ...................................................................... Guyana dollar .................................................................... GYD

Haiti ........................................................................... Gourde ................................................................................ HTG

Haiti ........................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Heard Island and McDonald Islands ................. Australian dollar............................................................... AUD

Holy See (The) ......................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Honduras .................................................................. Lempira ............................................................................... HNL

Hong Kong ............................................................... Hong Kong dollar ............................................................. HKD

Hungary .................................................................... Forint ................................................................................... HUF

Iceland ....................................................................... Iceland krona ..................................................................... ISK

India ........................................................................... Indian rupee ...................................................................... INR

Indonesia .................................................................. Rupiah ................................................................................. IDR

International Monetary Fund (IMF)  ................ SDR (Special Drawing Right) ........................................ XDR

Iran (Islamic Republic of) .................................... Iranian rial ......................................................................... IRR

Iraq ............................................................................. Iraqi dinar .......................................................................... IQD

Ireland ....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Isle of Man ................................................................ Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP

Israel .......................................................................... New Israeli sheqel ............................................................. ILS

Italy ............................................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Jamaica ...................................................................... Jamaican dollar ................................................................. JMD

Japan .......................................................................... Yen........................................................................................ JPY

Jersey.......................................................................... Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP

Jordan ........................................................................ Jordanian dinar ................................................................. JOD

Kazakhstan .............................................................. Tenge.................................................................................... KZT

Kenya ......................................................................... Kenyan shilling ................................................................. KES

Kiribati ...................................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD

Korea (The Democratic People’s Republic of) .. North Korean won ........................................................... KPW

Korea (The Republic of) ........................................ Won...................................................................................... KRW

Kuwait ....................................................................... Kuwaiti dinar ..................................................................... KWD

Kyrgyzstan ............................................................... Som ...................................................................................... KGS

Lao People’s Democratic Republic (The) ........... Kip ........................................................................................ LAK

Latvia ......................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Lebanon .................................................................... Lebanese pound ................................................................ LBP

Lesotho ...................................................................... Loti ....................................................................................... LSL

Lesotho ...................................................................... Rand ..................................................................................... ZAR

Liberia ....................................................................... Liberian dollar ................................................................... LRD

Libya .......................................................................... Libyan dinar ...................................................................... LYD

Liechtenstein............................................................ Swiss franc .......................................................................... CHF

Lithuania .................................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Luxembourg ............................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Macao ........................................................................ Pataca .................................................................................. MOP
342 Chapter 17

Currency—Continued

[As of July 2016]

Alphabetic

code Country Currency

Macedonia (The Former Yugoslav Republic of) .. Denar ................................................................................... MKD

Madagascar .............................................................. Malagasy ariary ................................................................. MGA

Malawi ....................................................................... Malawi kwacha.................................................................. MWK

Malaysia .................................................................... Malaysian ringgit .............................................................. MYR

Maldives.................................................................... Rufiyaa ................................................................................ MVR

Mali ............................................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF

Malta .......................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Marshall Islands (The) ........................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Martinique ............................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Mauritania ............................................................... Ouguiya .............................................................................. MRO

Mauritius .................................................................. Mauritius rupee ................................................................ MUR

Mayotte ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Member Countries of the 

 African Development Bank Group ................ ADB Unit of Account ...................................................... XUA

Mexico ....................................................................... Mexican peso ..................................................................... MXN

Mexico ....................................................................... Mexican Unidad de Inversion (UDI) ........................... MXV

Micronesia (Federated States of) ........................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Moldova (The Republic of) ................................... Moldovan leu ..................................................................... MDL

Monaco ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Mongolia ................................................................... Tugrik .................................................................................. MNT

Montenegro.............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Montserrat ................................................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD

Morocco .................................................................... Moroccan dirham ............................................................ MAD

Mozambique ............................................................ Mozambique metical ....................................................... MZN

Myanmar .................................................................. Kyat ...................................................................................... MMK

Namibia .................................................................... Namibia dollar .................................................................. NAD

Namibia .................................................................... Rand ..................................................................................... ZAR

Nauru ........................................................................ Australian dollar............................................................... AUD

Nepal ......................................................................... Nepalese rupee .................................................................. NPR

Netherlands (The) ................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

New Caledonia ........................................................ CFP franc ............................................................................ XPF

New Zealand ............................................................ New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD

Nicaragua ................................................................. Cordoba oro ....................................................................... NIO

Niger (The) ............................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF

Nigeria ....................................................................... Naira .................................................................................... NGN

Niue ............................................................................ New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD

Norfolk Island ......................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD

Northern Mariana Islands (The) ......................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Norway ...................................................................... Norwegian krone .............................................................. NOK

Oman ......................................................................... Rial omani .......................................................................... OMR

Pakistan .................................................................... Pakistan rupee ................................................................... PKR

Palau .......................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Palestine, State of .................................................... No universal currency ..................................................... 

Panama ..................................................................... Balboa .................................................................................. PAB

Panama ..................................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Papua New Guinea ................................................. Kina ..................................................................................... PGK

Paraguay ................................................................... Guarani ............................................................................... PYG

Peru ............................................................................ Sol ......................................................................................... PEN

Philippines (The) .................................................... Philippine peso .................................................................. PHP

Pitcairn...................................................................... New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD

Poland ....................................................................... Zloty ..................................................................................... PLN

Portugal .................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Puerto Rico .............................................................. U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Qatar .......................................................................... Qatari rial ........................................................................... QAR

Réunion..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Romania .................................................................... Romanian leu .................................................................... RON

Russian Federation (The) ...................................... Russian ruble ..................................................................... RUB

Rwanda ..................................................................... Rwanda franc ..................................................................... RWF

Saint Barthélemy .................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Useful Tables 343

Currency—Continued

[As of July 2016]

Alphabetic

code Country Currency

Saint Helena, Ascension 

 and Tristan Da Cunha ...................................... Saint Helena pound .......................................................... SHP

Saint Kitts and Nevis ............................................. East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD

Saint Lucia ................................................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD

Saint Martin (French Part) ................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Saint Pierre and Miquelon .................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ...................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD

Samoa ........................................................................ Tala ....................................................................................... WST

San Marino .............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Sao Tome and Principe .......................................... Dobra ................................................................................... STD

Saudi Arabia............................................................. Saudi riyal ........................................................................... SAR

Senegal ...................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF

Serbia ......................................................................... Serbian dinar ..................................................................... RSD

Seychelles .................................................................. Seychelles rupee ................................................................ SCR

Sierra Leone ............................................................. Leone ................................................................................... SLL

Singapore .................................................................. Singapore dollar ................................................................ SGD

Sint Maarten (Dutch Part).................................... Netherlands Antillean guilder ...................................... ANG

Sistema Unitario De Compensacion 

 Regional De Pagos “Sucre” .............................. Sucre .................................................................................... XSU

Slovakia ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Slovenia ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Solomon Islands ...................................................... Solomon Islands dollar .................................................... SBD

Somalia...................................................................... Somali shilling .................................................................. SOS

South Africa ............................................................. Rand ..................................................................................... ZAR

South Georgia and the South 

 Sandwich Islands ............................................... No universal currency ..................................................... 

South Sudan ............................................................. South Sudanese pound .................................................... SSP

Spain .......................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR

Sri Lanka ................................................................... Sri Lanka rupee ................................................................. LKR

Sudan (The) .............................................................. Sudanese pound ................................................................ SDG

Suriname .................................................................. Surinam dollar .................................................................. SRD

Svalbard and Jan Mayen........................................ Norwegian krone .............................................................. NOK

Swaziland.................................................................. Lilangeni ............................................................................. SZL

Sweden ...................................................................... Swedish krona ................................................................... SEK

Switzerland .............................................................. Swiss franc .......................................................................... CHF

Switzerland .............................................................. WIR Euro ........................................................................... CHE

Switzerland .............................................................. WIR franc ........................................................................... CHW

Syrian Arab Republic ............................................. Syrian pound ..................................................................... SYP

Taiwan (Province of China) ................................. New Taiwan dollar ........................................................... TWD

Tajikistan .................................................................. Somoni ................................................................................ TJS

Tanzania, United Republic of .............................. Tanzanian shilling ........................................................... TZS

Thailand .................................................................... Baht ...................................................................................... THB

Timor-Leste ............................................................. U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Togo ........................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF

Tokelau ...................................................................... New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD

Tonga ......................................................................... Pa’anga ................................................................................ TOP

Trinidad and Tobago ............................................. Trinidad and Tobago dollar ........................................... TTD

Tunisia ....................................................................... Tunisian dinar ................................................................... TND

Turkey ....................................................................... Turkish lira ......................................................................... TRY

Turkmenistan .......................................................... Turkmenistan new manat .............................................. TMT

Turks and Caicos Islands (The) ........................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Tuvalu ........................................................................ Australian dollar............................................................... AUD

Uganda ...................................................................... Uganda shilling ................................................................. UGX

Ukraine ..................................................................... Hryvnia ............................................................................... UAH

United Arab Emirates (The) ................................. UAE dirham ....................................................................... AED

United Kingdom of Great Britain 

 and Northern Ireland (The) ............................. Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP

United States Minor Outlying Islands (The) .... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

United States of America (The) ........................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
344 Chapter 17

Currency—Continued

[As of July 2016]

Alphabetic

code Country Currency

United States of America (The) ........................... U.S. dollar (Next day) ...................................................... USN

Uruguay .................................................................... Peso Uruguayo .................................................................. UYU

Uruguay .................................................................... Uruguay peso en Unidades

 Indexadas (URUIURUI) ............................................ UYI

Uzbekistan ............................................................... Uzbekistan sum ................................................................ UZS

Vanuatu ..................................................................... Vatu ...................................................................................... VUV

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) ................... Bolívar ................................................................................. VEF

Viet Nam .................................................................. Dong .................................................................................... VND

Virgin Islands (British) ......................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Virgin Islands (U.S.) .............................................. U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD

Wallis and Futuna .................................................. CFP franc ............................................................................ XPF

Western Sahara ....................................................... Moroccan dirham ............................................................ MAD

Yemen ........................................................................ Yemeni rial ......................................................................... YER

Zambia ...................................................................... Zambian kwacha .............................................................. ZMW

Zimbabwe ................................................................. Zimbabwe dollar ............................................................... ZWL

 Source: http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a.1.html.
Useful Tables 345

Metric and U.S. Measures 1

Length

Metric unit U.S. unit

10 millimeters ....................................1 centimeter. 12 inches..............................................1 foot (ft).

10 centimeters....................................1 decimeter. 3 feet .....................................................1 yard.

10 decimeters .....................................1 meter. 22 yards ...............................................1 chain.

10 meters .............................................1 dekameter. 10 chains .............................................1 furlong (660 ft).

10 dekameters ....................................1 hectometer. 8 furlongs ............................................1 mile (5,280 ft).

10 hectometers ...................................1 kilometer. 1 nautical mile ...................................1.1508 mile.

1 kilometer .........................................1,000 meters. 1 league ................................................3 nautical miles.

Mass Weight

Metric unit U.S. unit

10 milligrams (mg) ...........................1 centigram. 16 ounces .............................................1 pound.

10 centigrams ....................................1 decigram (100 mg). 100 pounds (lbs) ................................1 hundredweight.

10 decigrams ......................................1 gram (1,000 mg). 2,000 lbs ..............................................1 ton.

10 grams (g) .......................................1 dekagram.

10 dekagrams .....................................1 hectogram (100 g).

10 hectograms ...................................1 kilogram (1,000 g).

1,000 kilograms.................................1 metric ton.

Volume

Metric unit U.S. liquid capacity

10 milliliters .......................................1 centiliter. 3 teaspoons .........................................1 tablespoon.

10 centiliters .......................................1 deciliter. 2 tablespoons......................................1 fluid ounce (fl oz).

10 deciliters ........................................1 liter. 1 cup .....................................................8 fl oz.

1,000 liters ..........................................1 cubic meter. 2 cups ...................................................1 pint.

2 pints ..................................................1 quart.

4 quarts ................................................1 gallon.

42 gallons ............................................1 petroleum barrel.

U.S. dry measure 2

2 pints ..................................................1 quart.

4 quarts ................................................1 gallon.

2 gallons ..............................................1 peck.

4 pecks .................................................1 bushel.

8 bushels ..............................................1 quarter.

Temperature Conversion 3

 Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin

100 ...................................... 212 373.1 0 ....................................... 32 273.1

50 ........................................ 122 323.1 –10 .................................. 14 263.1

40 ........................................ 104 313.1 –20 .................................. –4 253.1

30 ........................................ 86 303.1 –30 .................................. –22 243.1

20 ........................................ 68 293.1 –40 .................................. –40 233.1

10 ........................................ 50 283.1 –50 .................................. –58 223.1

 –273.1 ............................. –459.7 0

1 At this time, only three countries—Burma, Liberia, and the United States—have not significantly transitioned to 

the International System of Units (SI, or metric system) as their official system of weights and measures. 2 Dry measurements are mainly used for measuring grain or fresh produce. Do not confuse dry measure for liquid 

measure, as they are not the same. 3 The equation for converting temperatures is as follows: °C to °F: multiply by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32; 

°F to °C: subtract 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9.
346 Chapter 17

Common Measures and Their Metric Equivalents

U.S. to metric Metric to U.S.

Inch ......................................2.54 centimeters. Centimeter..............................0.3937 inch.

Foot ......................................0.3048 meter. Meter ........................................3.2808 feet.

Yard ......................................0.9144 meter. Do ....................................1.0936 yards.

Mile ......................................1.6093 kilometers. Kilometer ................................0.6214 mile.

Nautical mile .....................1.852 kilometers. Do ....................................0.5399 nautical mile.

League .................................5.556 kilometers. Do ....................................0.1799 league.

Square inch ........................6.452 square centimeters. Square centimeter .................0.155 square inch.

Square foot .........................0.0929 square meter. Square meter ..........................10.7639 square feet.

Square yard ........................0.836 square meter. Do ....................................1.196 square yards.

Acre ......................................0.4047 hectare. Hectare ....................................2.471 acres.

Square mile ........................259 hectares. Do ....................................0.0039 square mile.

Cubic inch ..........................16.39 cubic centimeters. Cubic centimeter ...................0.06 cubic inch.

Cubic foot ...........................0.0283 cubic meter. Cubic meter ............................35.3146 cubic feet.

Cubic yard ..........................0.7646 cubic meter. Do ....................................1.3079 cubic yards.

Cord .....................................128 cubic feet.

Ounce (liquid) ...................29.574 milliliters. Milliliter ..................................0.0338 ounce (liquid).

Pint (liquid) ........................473.176 milliliters.

Quart (liquid) ....................946.35 milliliters. Liter ..........................................1.06 quarts (liquid).

Gallon (liquid) ...................3.79 liters. Do ....................................0.26 gallon (liquid).

Pint (dry) ............................550.61 milliliters.

Quart (dry) .........................1101 milliliters. Do ....................................0.91 quart (dry).

Quart, imperial .................1137 milliliters.

Gallon (dry) .......................4.40 liters. Do ....................................0.23 gallon (dry).

Gallon, imperial ................4.55 liters.

Peck ......................................8.810 liters. Do ....................................0.1135 peck.

Peck, imperial ....................9.092 liters.

Bushel ..................................35.24 liters. Do ....................................0.028 bushel.

Bushel, imperial ................36.37 liters.

Grain 1 ..................................64.799 milligrams.

Ounce 2 ................................28.35 grams. Gram ........................................0.04 ounce.

Ounce, troy 3.......................31.103 grams. Do ....................................0.032 troy ounce.

Pound 2 ................................0.4536 kilogram. Kilogram .................................2.20 pounds.

Pound, troy.........................12 troy ounces.

Ton, short............................907.185 kilograms.

 Do ................................2,000 pounds.

Ton, metric .........................1,000 kilograms.

 Do ................................2,204.6 pounds.

Ton, long .............................1,016.047 kilograms.

 Do ................................2,240 pounds.

1 The grain is used to measure in ballistics and archery; grains were originally used in medicine but have been 

replaced by milligrams. 2 Avoirdupois; avoirdupois is the measure of mass of everyday items.

3 The troy ounce is used in pricing silver, gold, platinum, and other precious metals and gemstones.
Useful Tables 347

1⁄16 .............. .0625 1.587 0p4.5 4.5 

1⁄8 ................ .125 3.175 0p9 9 

3⁄16 .............. .1875 4.762 1p1.5 13.5 

1⁄4 ................ .25 6.35 1p6 18 

5⁄16 .............. .3125 7.937 1p10.5 22.5 

3⁄8 ................ .375 9.525 2p3 27 

7⁄16 .............. .4375 11.112 2p7.5 31.5 

1⁄2 ................ .5 12.7 3 36 

9⁄16 .............. .5625 14.287 3p4.5 40.5 

5⁄8 ................ .625 15.875 3p9 45 

11⁄16 ............. .6875 17.462 4p1.5 49.5 

3⁄4 ................ .75 19.05 4p6 54 

13⁄16 ............. .8125 20.637 4p10.5 58.5 

 7⁄8 .............. .875 22.225 5p3 63

 15⁄16 ........... .9375 23.812 5p7.5 67.5

 1 ................ 1 25.4 6 72

 11⁄4............. 1.25 31.75 7p6 90

 11⁄2............. 1.5 38.1 9 108

 13⁄4............. 1.75 44.5 10p6 126

 2 ................ 2 50.8 12 144

 21⁄2 ............ 2.5 63.5 15 180

 3 ................ 3 76.2 18 216

 31⁄2 ............ 3.5 88.9 21 252

 4 ................ 4 100.6 24 288

 5 ................ 5 127 30 360

 6 ................ 6 152.4 36 432

Measurement Conversion

 Fractional Decimal Milli- 

 inch inches meters Picas Points

 Fractional Decimal Milli- 

 inch inches meters Picas Points

349

18. Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions

Geologic terms

For capitalization, compounding, and use of quotations in geologic terms, 

copy is to be followed. Geologic terms quoted verbatim from published material should be left as the original author used them; however, it should be 

made clear that the usage is that of the original author.

Formal geologic terms are capitalized: Proterozoic Eon, Cambrian Period. 

Structural terms such as arch, anticline, or uplift are capitalized when preceded by a name: Cincinnati Arch, Cedar Creek Anticline, Ozark Uplift. See 

Chapter 4 geographic terms for more information.

Divisions of Geologic Time

[Most recent to oldest]

 Eon Era Period

Phanerozoic ................ Cenozoic ............................ Quaternary.

 Tertiary (Neogene, Paleogene).

 Mesozoic........................... Cretaceous.

 Jurassic.

 Triassic.

 Paleozoic .......................... Permian.

 Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, Mississippian).

 Devonian.

 Silurian.

 Ordovician.

 Cambrian.

Proterozoic ................. Neoproterozoic ............... Ediacaran.

 Cryogenian.

 Tonian.

 Mesoproterozoic ............. Stenian.

 Ectasian.

 Calymmian.

 Paleoproterozoic ............. Statherian.

 Orosirian.

 Rhyacian.

 Siderian.

Archean ....................... Neoarchean.

 Mesoarchean.

 Paleoarchean.

 Eoarchean.

Hadean.

 Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; for graphic see http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3015/

fs2007-3015.pdf.
350 Chapter 18

Physiographic regions

Physiographic regions are based on terrain texture, rock type, and geologic 

structure and history. The classification system has three tiers: divisions, 

which are broken into provinces, and some provinces break further into sections. All names are capitalized, not the class; for graphic see http://tapestry.

usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html.

Physiographic Regions of the Lower 48 United States

 Division Province Section

Laurentian Upland ...................... Superior Upland.

Atlantic Plain ................................ Continental Shelf.

 Coastal Plain .................................. Embayed.

 Sea Island.

 Floridian.

 East Gulf Coastal Plain.

 Mississippi Alluvial Plain.

 West Gulf Coastal Plain.

Appalachian Highlands ............. Piedmont ....................................... Piedmont Upland.

 Piedmont Lowlands.

 Blue Ridge ...................................... Northern.

 Southern.

 Valley and Ridge ........................... Tennessee.

 Middle.

 Hudson Valley.

 St. Lawrence Valley ...................... Champlain.

 Northern.

 Appalachian Plateaus .................. Mohawk.

 Catskill.

 Southern New York.

 Allegheny Mountain.

 Kanawha.

 Cumberland Plateau.

 Cumberland Mountain.

 New England ................................. Seaboard Lowland.

 New England Upland.

 White Mountain.

 Green Mountain.

 Taconic.

 Adirondack.

Interior Plains ............................... Interior Low Plateaus ................... Highland Rim.

 Lexington Plain.

 Nashville Basin.

 Central Lowland ........................... Eastern Lake.

 Western Lake.

 Wisconsin Driftless.

 Till Plains.

 Dissected Till Plains.

 Osage Plains.
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 351

 Division Province Section

 Great Plains .................................... Missouri Plateau, glaciated.

 Missouri Plateau, unglaciated.

 Black Hills.

 High Plains.

 Plains Border.

 Colorado Piedmont.

 Raton.

 Pecos Valley.

 Edwards Plateau.

 Central Texas.

Interior Highlands ....................... Ozark Plateaus............................... Springfield-Salem Plateaus.

 Boston “Mountains.”

 Ouachita ......................................... Arkansas Valley.

 Ouachita Mountains.

Rocky Mountain System ............ Southern Rocky Mountains.

 Wyoming Basin.

 Middle Rocky Mountains.

 Northern Rocky Mountains.

Intermontane Plateaus ............... Columbia Plateau ........................ Walla Walla Plateau.

 Blue Mountain.

 Payette.

 Snake River Plain.

 Harney.

 Colorado Plateaus ........................ High Plateaus of Utah.

 Uinta Basin.

 Canyon Lands.

 Navajo.

 Grand Canyon.

 Datil.

 Basin and Range ........................... Great Basin.

 Sonoran Desert.

 Salton Trough.

 Mexican Highland.

 Sacramento.

Pacific Mountain System ............ Cascade-Sierra Mountains ......... Northern Cascade Mountains.

 Middle Cascade Mountains.

 Southern Cascade Mountains.

 Sierra Nevada.

 Pacific Border ................................ Puget Trough.

 Olympic Mountains.

 Oregon Coast Range.

 Klamath Mountains.

 California Trough.

 California Coast Ranges.

 Los Angeles Ranges.

 Lower California. 

 Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.
352 Chapter 18

Geographic divisions

 The Public Land Survey System has a hierarchy of lines. Principal meridians and base lines and their related townships, sections, and subdivisions of 

sections are incorporated in the description of land conveyed by the Federal 

Government and others.

The Principal Meridians and Base Lines of the United States 1

Black Hills Meridian and Base Line. 

 (South Dakota)

Boise Meridian and Base Line. (Idaho)

Chickasaw Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Mississippi-Tennessee)

Choctaw Meridian and Base Line. (Mississippi)

Cimarron Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Oklahoma)

Copper River Meridian and Base Line. (Alaska)

Fairbanks Meridian and Base Line. (Alaska)

Fifth Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Arkansas-Iowa-Minnesota-Missouri- 

 North Dakota-South Dakota)

First Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Ohio-Indiana)

Fourth Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Illinois)

Fourth Principal Meridian and Base Line 

 Wisconsin. (Minnesota-Wisconsin)

Gila and Salt River Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Arizona)

Humboldt Meridian and Base Line. 

 (California)

Huntsville Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Alabama-Mississippi)

Indian Meridian and Base Line. (Oklahoma)

Kateel River Principal Meridian and Base 

 Line. (Alaska)

Louisiana Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Louisiana-Texas)

Michigan Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Michigan-Ohio)

Mount Diablo Meridian and Base Line. 

 (California-Nevada)

Navajo Meridian and Base Line. (Arizona- 

 New Mexico)

New Mexico Principal Meridian and Base 

 Line. (New Mexico-Colorado)

Point of Beginning and Geographer’s 

 Line. (Ohio)

Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Montana)

Salt Lake Meridian and Base Line. (Utah)

San Bernardino Meridian and Base Line. 

 (California-Nevada)

Second Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Illinois-Indiana)

Seward Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Alaska)

Sixth Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Colorado-Kansas-Nebraska-South 

 Dakota-Wyoming)

St. Helena Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Louisiana)

St. Stephens Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Alabama-Mississippi)

Tallahassee Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Florida)

Third Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Illinois)

Uintah Special Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Utah)

Umiat Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Alaska)

Ute Principal Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Colorado)

Washington Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Mississippi)

Willamette Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Oregon-Washington)

Wind River Meridian and Base Line. 

 (Wyoming)

1

 Information courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 353

Public Land Surveys Having No Initial Point as an Origin 

for Both Township and Range Numbers 1

Between the Miamis, north of Symmes Purchase. 

 (Ohio)

Muskingum River Survey. (Ohio)

Ohio River Base. (Indiana)

Ohio River Survey. (Ohio)

Scioto River Base. (Ohio)

Twelve-Mile-Square Reserve. (Ohio)

United States Military Survey. (Ohio)

West of the Great Miami. (Ohio)

1

 Information courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.

 Sources: Manual of Surveying Instructions: For the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, Bureau of 

Land Management, 2009, GPO; Initial Points of the Rectangular Survey System, C. Albert White, 1996.

 See http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/cadastralsurvey.html for more information on prinicipal 

meridians and base lines.

Major Rivers of the World

 Length Length

River (in miles) River (in miles)

Nile (Africa) ............................................... 4,160 MacKenzie (Canada) .......................... 2,635

Amazon (S. America) ............................... 4,000 Mekong (Vietnam) .............................. 2,600

Yangtze (China) ........................................ 3,964 Niger (Africa) ....................................... 2,590

Yellow (China) ........................................... 3,395 Yenisey (Russia) ................................... 2,543

Ob-Irtysh (Russia) .................................... 3,362 Missouri (U.S.) ..................................... 2,540

Amur (Asia) ............................................... 2,744 Parana (S. America) ............................ 2,485

Lena (Russia) .............................................. 2,734 Mississippi (U.S.) ................................. 2,340

Congo (Africa) ........................................... 2,718 Murray-Darling (Australia) .............. 2,310

 Note.—Information compiled from numerous public domain websites; references cite different lengths for 

the same river depending on origin.

Major Rivers of the United States

 Length Length

River (in miles) River (in miles)

Missouri ...................................................... 2,540 Ohio ......................................................... 1,310

Mississippi .................................................. 2,340 Red ........................................................... 1,290

Yukon .......................................................... 1,980 Brazos ...................................................... 1,280

Rio Grande ................................................. 1,900 Columbia ................................................ 1,249

St. Lawrence ............................................... 1,900 Snake ........................................................ 1,040

Arkansas ..................................................... 1,469 Platte ........................................................ 990

Colorado ..................................................... 1,450 Pecos ........................................................ 926

Atchafalaya ................................................. 1,420 Canadian ................................................. 906

 Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; see http://water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html.
354 Chapter 18

States, capitals, and counties 

The following includes parishes, boroughs, census divisions, districts, 

islands, municipalities, and “municipios” of the 50 States, U.S. possessions, 

and territories. County totals include city counties as defined by the National 

Association of Counties. See www.naco.org for more information.

ALABAMA (AL) (67 counties) 

Capital: Montgomery

Autauga

Baldwin

Barbour

Bibb

Blount

Bullock

Butler

Calhoun

Chambers

Cherokee

Chilton

Choctaw

Clarke

Clay

Cleburne

Coffee

Colbert

Conecuh

Coosa

Covington

Crenshaw

Cullman

Dale

Dallas

DeKalb

Elmore

Escambia

Etowah

Fayette

Franklin

Geneva

Greene

Hale

Henry

Houston

Jackson

Jefferson

Lamar

Lauderdale

Lawrence

Lee

Limestone

Lowndes

Macon

Madison

Marengo

Marion

Marshall

Mobile

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Perry

Pickens

Pike

Randolph

Russell

St. Clair

Shelby

Sumter

Talladega

Tallapoosa

Tuscaloosa

Walker

Washington

Wilcox

Winston

ALASKA (AK) (29 entities: 19 boroughs,* 10 census areas) 

Capital: Juneau

Aleutians East*

Aleutians West

Anchorage*

Bethel

Bristol Bay*

Denali*

Dillingham

Fairbanks 

 North Star*

Haines*

Hoonah- 

 Angoon

Juneau*

Kenai 

 Peninsula*

Ketchikan 

 Gateway*

Kodiak Island*

Kusilvak

Lake and 

 Peninsula*

Matanuska- 

 Susitna*

Nome

North Slope*

Northwest 

 Arctic*

Petersburg*

Prince of 

 Wales-Hyder

Sitka*

Skagway*

Southeast 

 Fairbanks

Valdez- 

 Cordova

Wrangell*

Yakutat*

Yukon- 

 Koyukuk

AMERICAN SAMOA (AS) (5 entities: 2 islands,* 3 districts) 

Capital: Pago Pago

Eastern Manu’a Rose* Swains* Western
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 355

ARIZONA (AZ) (15 counties) 

Capital: Phoenix

Apache

Cochise

Coconino

Gila

Graham

Greenlee

La Paz

Maricopa

Mohave

Navajo

Pima

Pinal

Santa Cruz

Yavapai

Yum

ARKANSAS (AR) (75 counties) 

Capital: Little Rock

Arkansas

Ashley

Baxter

Benton

Boone

Bradley

Calhoun

Carroll

Chicot

Clark

Clay

Cleburne

Cleveland

Columbia

Conway

Craighead

Crawford

Crittenden

Cross

Dallas

Desha

Drew

Faulkner

Franklin

Fulton

Garland

Grant

Greene

Hempstead

Hot Spring

Howard

Independence

Izard

Jackson

Jefferson

Johnson

Lafayette

Lawrence

Lee

Lincoln

Little River

Logan

Lonoke

Madison

Marion

Miller

Mississippi

Monroe

Montgomery

Nevada

Newton

Ouachita

Perry

Phillips

Pike

Poinsett

Polk

Pope

Prairie

Pulaski

Randolph

St. Francis

Saline

Scott

Searcy

Sebastian

Sevier

Sharp

Stone

Union

Van Buren

Washington

White

Woodruff

Yell

CALIFORNIA (CA) (58 counties) 

Capital: Sacramento

Alameda

Alpine

Amador

Butte

Calaveras

Colusa

Contra Costa

Del Norte

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Lassen

Los Angeles

Madera

Marin

Mariposa

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Mono

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Plumas

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Francisco

San Joaquin

San Luis 

 Obispo

San Mateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Sierra

Siskiyou

Solano

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Trinity

Tulare

Tuolumne

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba
356 Chapter 18

COLORADO (CO) (64 counties) 

Capital: Denver

Adams

Alamosa

Arapahoe

Archuleta

Baca

Bent

Boulder

Broomfield

Chaffee

Cheyenne

Clear Creek

Conejos

Costilla

Crowley

Custer

Delta

Denver

Dolores

Douglas

Eagle

Elbert

El Paso

Fremont

Garfield

Gilpin

Grand

Gunnison

Hinsdale

Huerfano

Jackson

Jefferson

Kiowa

Kit Carson

Lake

La Plata

Larimer

Las Animas

Lincoln

Logan

Mesa

Mineral

Moffat

Montezuma

Montrose

Morgan

Otero

Ouray

Park

Phillips

Pitkin

Prowers

Pueblo

Rio Blanco

Rio Grande

Routt

Saguache

San Juan

San Miguel

Sedgwick

Summit

Teller

Washington

Weld

Yuma

CONNECTICUT (CT) (8 counties) 

Capital: Hartford

Fairfield

Hartford

Litchfield

Middlesex

New Haven

New London

Tolland

Windham

DELAWARE (DE) (3 counties) 

Capital: Dover

Kent New Castle Sussex

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (DC) (single entity)

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (FM) (4 States) 

Capital: Palikir

Chuuk Kosrae Pohnpei Yap

FLORIDA (FL) (67 counties) 

Capital: Tallahassee

Alachua

Baker

Bay

Bradford

Brevard

Broward

Calhoun

Charlotte

Citrus

Clay

Collier

Columbia

DeSoto

Dixie

Duval

Escambia

Flagler

Franklin

Gadsden

Gilchrist

Glades

Gulf

Hamilton

Hardee

Hendry

Hernando

Highlands

Hillsborough

Holmes

Indian River

Jackson

Jefferson

Lafayette

Lake

Lee
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 357

Leon

Levy

Liberty

Madison

Manatee

Marion

Martin

Miami-Dade

Monroe

Nassau

Okaloosa

Okeechobee

Orange

Osceola

Palm Beach

Pasco

Pinellas

Polk

Putnam

St. Johns

St. Lucie

Santa Rosa

Sarasota

Seminole

Sumter

Suwannee

Taylor

Union

Volusia

Wakulla

Walton

Washington

GEORGIA (GA) (159 counties) 

Capital: Atlanta

Appling

Atkinson

Bacon

Baker

Baldwin

Banks

Barrow

Bartow

Ben Hill

Berrien

Bibb

Bleckley

Brantley

Brooks

Bryan

Bulloch

Burke

Butts

Calhoun

Camden

Candler

Carroll

Catoosa

Charlton

Chatham

Chattahoochee

Chattooga

Cherokee

Clarke

Clay

Clayton

Clinch

Cobb

Coffee

Colquitt

Columbia

Cook

Coweta

Crawford

Crisp

Dade

Dawson

Decatur

DeKalb

Dodge

Dooly

Dougherty

Douglas

Early

Echols

Effingham

Elbert

Emanuel

Evans

Fannin

Fayette

Floyd

Forsyth

Franklin

Fulton

Gilmer

Glascock

Glynn

Gordon

Grady

Greene

Gwinnett

Habersham

Hall

Hancock

Haralson

Harris

Hart

Heard

Henry

Houston

Irwin

Jackson

Jasper

Jeff Davis

Jefferson

Jenkins

Johnson

Jones

Lamar

Lanier

Laurens

Lee

Liberty

Lincoln

Long

Lowndes

Lumpkin

McDuffie

McIntosh

Macon

Madison

Marion

Meriwether

Miller

Mitchell

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Murray

Muscogee

Newton

Oconee

Oglethorpe

Paulding

Peach

Pickens

Pierce

Pike

Polk

Pulaski

Putnam

Quitman

Rabun

Randolph

Richmond

Rockdale

Schley

Screven

Seminole

Spalding

Stephens

Stewart

Sumter

Talbot

Taliaferro

Tattnall

Taylor

Telfair

Terrell

Thomas

Tift

Toombs

Towns

Treutlen

Troup

Turner

Twiggs

Union

Upson

Walker

Walton

Ware

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Wheeler

White

Whitfield

Wilcox

Wilkes

Wilkinson

Worth
GUAM (GU) (single entity) 

Capital: Agana

HAWAII (HI) (4 counties) 

Capital: Honolulu

Hawaii Honolulu Kalawao Kauai Maui

IDAHO (ID) (44 counties) 

Capital: Boise

Ada

Adams

Bannock

Bear Lake

Benewah

Bingham

Blaine

Boise

Bonner

Bonneville

Boundary

Butte

Camas

Canyon

Caribou

Cassia

Clark

Clearwater

Custer

Elmore

Franklin

Fremont

Gem

Gooding

Idaho

Jefferson

Jerome

Kootenai

Latah

Lemhi

Lewis

Lincoln

Madison

Minidoka

Nez Perce

Oneida

Owyhee

Payette

Power

Shoshone

Teton

Twin Falls

Valley

Washington

ILLINOIS (IL) (102 counties) 

Capital: Springfield

Adams

Alexander

Bond

Boone

Brown

Bureau

Calhoun

Carroll

Cass

Champaign

Christian

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Coles

Cook

Crawford

Cumberland

DeKalb

De Witt

Douglas

DuPage

Edgar

Edwards

Effingham

Fayette

Ford

Franklin

Fulton

Gallatin

Greene

Grundy

Hamilton

Hancock

Hardin

Henderson

Henry

Iroquois

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson

Jersey

Jo Daviess

Johnson

Kane

Kankakee

Kendall

Knox

Lake

LaSalle

Lawrence

Lee

Livingston

Logan

McDonough

McHenry

McLean

Macon

Macoupin

Madison

Marion

Marshall

Mason

Massac

Menard

Mercer

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Moultrie

Ogle

Peoria

Perry

Piatt

Pike

Pope

Pulaski

Putnam

Randolph

Richland

Rock Island

St. Clair

Saline

Sangamon

Schuyler

Scott

Shelby

Stark

Stephenson

Tazewell

Union

Vermilion

Wabash

Warren

Washington

Wayne

White

Whiteside

Will

Williamson

Winnebago

Woodford

358 Chapter 18
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 359

INDIANA (IN) (92 counties) 

Capital: Indianapolis

Adams

Allen

Bartholomew

Benton

Blackford

Boone

Brown

Carroll

Cass

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Crawford

Daviess

Dearborn

Decatur

DeKalb

Delaware

Dubois

Elkhart

Fayette

Floyd

Fountain

Franklin

Fulton

Gibson

Grant

Greene

Hamilton

Hancock

Harrison

Hendricks

Henry

Howard

Huntington

Jackson

Jasper

Jay

Jefferson

Jennings

Johnson

Knox

Kosciusko

LaGrange

Lake

LaPorte

Lawrence

Madison

Marion

Marshall

Martin

Miami

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Newton

Noble

Ohio

Orange

Owen

Parke

Perry

Pike

Porter

Posey

Pulaski

Putnam

Randolph

Ripley

Rush

St. Joseph

Scott

Shelby

Spencer

Starke

Steuben

Sullivan

Switzerland

Tippecanoe

Tipton

Union

Vanderburgh

Vermillion

Vigo

Wabash

Warren

Warrick

Washington

Wayne

Wells

White

Whitley

IOWA (IA) (99 counties) 

Capital: Des Moines

Adair

Adams

Allamakee

Appanoose

Audubon

Benton

Black Hawk

Boone

Bremer

Buchanan

Buena Vista

Butler

Calhoun

Carroll

Cass

Cedar

Cerro Gordo

Cherokee

Chickasaw

Clarke

Clay

Clayton

Clinton

Crawford

Dallas

Davis

Decatur

Delaware

Des Moines

Dickinson

Dubuque

Emmet

Fayette

Floyd

Franklin

Fremont

Greene

Grundy

Guthrie

Hamilton

Hancock

Hardin

Harrison

Henry

Howard

Humboldt

Ida

Iowa

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson

Johnson

Jones

Keokuk

Kossuth

Lee

Linn

Louisa

Lucas

Lyon

Madison

Mahaska

Marion

Marshall

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery

Muscatine

O’Brien

Osceola

Page

Palo Alto

Plymouth

Pocahontas

Polk

Pottawattamie

Poweshiek

Ringgold

Sac

Scott

Shelby

Sioux

Story

Tama

Taylor

Union

Van Buren

Wapello

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Winnebago

Winneshiek

Woodbury

Worth

Wright
360 Chapter 18

KANSAS (KS) (105 counties) 

Capital: Topeka

Allen

Anderson

Atchison

Barber

Barton

Bourbon

Brown

Butler

Chase

Chautauqua

Cherokee

Cheyenne

Clark

Clay

Cloud

Coffey

Comanche

Cowley

Crawford

Decatur

Dickinson

Doniphan

Douglas

Edwards

Elk

Ellis

Ellsworth

Finney

Ford

Franklin

Geary

Gove

Graham

Grant

Gray

Greeley

Greenwood

Hamilton

Harper

Harvey

Haskell

Hodgeman

Jackson

Jefferson

Jewell

Johnson

Kearny

Kingman

Kiowa

Labette

Lane

Leavenworth

Lincoln

Linn

Logan

Lyon

McPherson

Marion

Marshall

Meade

Miami

Mitchell

Montgomery

Morris

Morton

Nemaha

Neosho

Ness

Norton

Osage

Osborne

Ottawa

Pawnee

Phillips

Pottawatomie

Pratt

Rawlins

Reno

Republic

Rice

Riley

Rooks

Rush

Russell

Saline

Scott

Sedgwick

Seward

Shawnee

Sheridan

Sherman

Smith

Stafford

Stanton

Stevens

Sumner

Thomas

Trego

Wabaunsee

Wallace

Washington

Wichita

Wilson

Woodson

Wyandotte

KENTUCKY (KY) (120 counties) 

Capital: Frankfort

Adair

Allen

Anderson

Ballard

Barren

Bath

Bell

Boone

Bourbon

Boyd

Boyle

Bracken

Breathitt

Breckinridge

Bullitt

Butler

Caldwell

Calloway

Campbell

Carlisle

Carroll

Carter

Casey

Christian

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Crittenden

Cumberland

Daviess

Edmonson

Elliott

Estill

Fayette

Fleming

Floyd

Franklin

Fulton

Gallatin

Garrard

Grant

Graves

Grayson

Green

Greenup

Hancock

Hardin

Harlan

Harrison

Hart

Henderson

Henry

Hickman

Hopkins

Jackson

Jefferson

Jessamine

Johnson

Kenton

Knott

Knox

Larue

Laurel

Lawrence

Lee

Leslie

Letcher

Lewis

Lincoln

Livingston

Logan

Lyon

McCracken

McCreary

McLean

Madison

Magoffin

Marion

Marshall

Martin
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 361

Mason

Meade

Menifee

Mercer

Metcalfe

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Muhlenberg

Nelson

Nicholas

Ohio

Oldham

Owen

Owsley

Pendleton

Perry

Pike

Powell

Pulaski

Robertson

Rockcastle

Rowan

Russell

Scott

Shelby

Simpson

Spencer

Taylor

Todd

Trigg

Trimble

Union

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Whitley

Wolfe

Woodford

LOUISIANA (LA) (64 parishes) 

Capital: Baton Rouge

Acadia

Allen

Ascension

Assumption

Avoyelles

Beauregard

Bienville

Bossier

Caddo

Calcasieu

Caldwell

Cameron

Catahoula

Claiborne

Concordia

De Soto

East Baton 

Rouge

East Carroll

East Feliciana

Evangeline

Franklin

Grant

Iberia

Iberville

Jackson

Jefferson

Jefferson Davis

Lafayette

Lafourche

La Salle

Lincoln

Livingston

Madison

Morehouse

Natchitoches

Orleans

Ouachita

Plaquemines

Pointe Coupee

Rapides

Red River

Richland

Sabine

St. Bernard

St. Charles

St. Helena

St. James

St. John the 

Baptist

St. Landry

St. Martin

St. Mary

St. Tammany

Tangipahoa

Tensas

Terrebonne

Union

Vermilion

Vernon

Washington

Webster

West Baton 

Rouge

West Carroll

West Feliciana

Winn

MAINE (ME) (16 counties) 

Capital: Augusta

Androscoggin

Aroostook

Cumberland

Franklin

Hancock

Kennebec

Knox

Lincoln

Oxford

Penobscot

Piscataquis

Sagadahoc

Somerset

Waldo

Washington

York

MARSHALL ISLANDS (MH) (33 municipalities) 

Capital: Majuro

Ailinginae

Ailinglaplap

Ailuk

Arno

Aur

Bikar

Bikini

Bokak

Ebon

Enewetak

Erikub

Jabat

Jaluit

Jemo

Kili

Kwajalein

Lae

Lib

Likiep

Majuro

Maloelap

Mejit

Mili

Namorik

Namu

Rongelap

Rongrik

Toke

Ujae

Ujelang

Utirik

Wotho

Wotje
362 Chapter 18

MARYLAND (MD) (24 counties) 

Capital: Annapolis

Allegany

Anne Arundel

Baltimore

Calvert

Caroline

Carroll

Cecil

Charles

Dorchester

Frederick

Garrett

Harford

Howard

Kent

Montgomery

Prince 

George’s

Queen Anne’s

St. Mary’s

Somerset

Talbot

Washington

Wicomico

Worcester

Baltimore city

MASSACHUSETTS (MA) (14 counties) 

Capital: Boston

Barnstable

Berkshire

Bristol

Dukes

Essex

Franklin

Hampden

Hampshire

Middlesex

Nantucket

Norfolk

Plymouth

Suffolk

Worcester

MICHIGAN (MI) (83 counties) 

Capital: Lansing

Alcona

Alger

Allegan

Alpena

Antrim

Arenac

Baraga

Barry

Bay

Benzie

Berrien

Branch

Calhoun

Cass

Charlevoix

Cheboygan

Chippewa

Clare

Clinton

Crawford

Delta

Dickinson

Eaton

Emmet

Genesee

Gladwin

Gogebic

Grand Traverse

Gratiot

Hillsdale

Houghton

Huron

Ingham

Ionia

Iosco

Iron

Isabella

Jackson

Kalamazoo

Kalkaska

Kent

Keweenaw

Lake

Lapeer

Leelanau

Lenawee

Livingston

Luce

Mackinac

Macomb

Manistee

Marquette

Mason

Mecosta

Menominee

Midland

Missaukee

Monroe

Montcalm

Montmorency

Muskegon

Newaygo

Oakland

Oceana

Ogemaw

Ontonagon

Osceola

Oscoda

Otsego

Ottawa

Presque Isle

Roscommon

Saginaw

St. Clair

St. Joseph

Sanilac

Schoolcraft

Shiawassee

Tuscola

Van Buren

Washtenaw

Wayne

Wexford

MINNESOTA (MN) (87 counties) 

Capital: St. Paul

Aitkin

Anoka

Becker

Beltrami

Benton

Big Stone

Blue Earth

Brown

Carlton

Carver

Cass

Chippewa

Chisago

Clay

Clearwater

Cook

Cottonwood

Crow Wing

Dakota

Dodge

Douglas

Faribault

Fillmore

Freeborn

Goodhue

Grant

Hennepin

Houston

Hubbard

Isanti

Itasca

Jackson

Kanabec

Kandiyohi

Kittson
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 363

Koochiching

Lac qui Parle

Lake

Lake of the 

 Woods

Le Sueur

Lincoln

Lyon

McLeod

Mahnomen

Marshall

Martin

Meeker

Mille Lacs

Morrison

Mower

Murray

Nicollet

Nobles

Norman

Olmsted

Otter Tail

Pennington

Pine

Pipestone

Polk

Pope

Ramsey

Red Lake

Redwood

Renville

Rice

Rock

Roseau

St. Louis

Scott

Sherburne

Sibley

Stearns

Steele

Stevens

Swift

Todd

Traverse

Wabasha

Wadena

Waseca

Washington

Watonwan

Wilkin

Winona

Wright

Yellow 

 Medicine

MISSISSIPPI (MS) (82 counties) 

Capital: Jackson

Adams

Alcorn

Amite

Attala

Benton

Bolivar

Calhoun

Carroll

Chickasaw

Choctaw

Claiborne

Clarke

Clay

Coahoma

Copiah

Covington

DeSoto

Forrest

Franklin

George

Greene

Grenada

Hancock

Harrison

Hinds

Holmes

Humphreys

Issaquena

Itawamba

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson

Jefferson Davis

Jones

Kemper

Lafayette

Lamar

Lauderdale

Lawrence

Leake

Lee

Leflore

Lincoln

Lowndes

Madison

Marion

Marshall

Monroe

Montgomery

Neshoba

Newton

Noxubee

Oktibbeha

Panola

Pearl River

Perry

Pike

Pontotoc

Prentiss

Quitman

Rankin

Scott

Sharkey

Simpson

Smith

Stone

Sunflower

Tallahatchie

Tate

Tippah

Tishomingo

Tunica

Union

Walthall

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Wilkinson

Winston

Yalobusha

Yazoo

MISSOURI (MO) (115 counties) 

Capital: Jefferson City

Adair

Andrew

Atchison

Audrain

Barry

Barton

Bates

Benton

Bollinger

Boone

Buchanan

Butler

Caldwell

Callaway

Camden

Cape Girardeau

Carroll

Carter

Cass

Cedar

Chariton

Christian

Clark

Clay

Clinton

Cole

Cooper

Crawford

Dade

Dallas

Daviess

DeKalb

Dent

Douglas

Dunklin

Franklin

Gasconade

Gentry

Greene

Grundy

Harrison

Henry

Hickory

Holt

Howard
364 Chapter 18

Howell

Iron

Jackson

Jasper

Jefferson 

Johnson

Knox

Laclede

Lafayette

Lawrence

Lewis

Lincoln

Linn

Livingston

McDonald

Macon

Madison

Maries

Marion

Mercer

Miller

Mississippi

Moniteau

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

New Madrid

Newton

Nodaway

Oregon

Osage

Ozark

Pemiscot

Perry

Pettis

Phelps

Pike

Platte

Polk

Pulaski

Putnam

Ralls

Randolph

Ray

Reynolds

Ripley

St. Charles

St. Clair

Ste. Genevieve

St. Francois

St. Louis

Saline

Schuyler

Scotland

Scott

Shannon

Shelby

Stoddard

Stone

Sullivan

Taney

Texas

Vernon

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Worth

Wright

St. Louis City

MONTANA (MT) (56 counties) 

Capital: Helena

Beaverhead

Big Horn

Blaine

Broadwater

Carbon

Carter

Cascade

Chouteau

Custer

Daniels

Dawson

Deer Lodge

Fallon

Fergus

Flathead

Gallatin

Garfield

Glacier

Golden Valley

Granite

Hill

Jefferson

Judith Basin

Lake

Lewis and 

 Clark

Liberty

Lincoln

McCone

Madison

Meagher

Mineral

Missoula

Musselshell

Park

Petroleum

Phillips

Pondera

Powder River

Powell

Prairie

Ravalli

Richland

Roosevelt

Rosebud

Sanders

Sheridan

Silver Bow

Stillwater

Sweet Grass

Teton

Toole

Treasure

Valley

Wheatland

Wibaux

Yellowstone

Yellowstone 

National Park

NEBRASKA (NE) (93 counties) 

Capital: Lincoln

Adams

Antelope

Arthur

Banner

Blaine

Boone

Box Butte

Boyd

Brown

Buffalo

Burt

Butler

Cass

Cedar

Chase

Cherry

Cheyenne

Clay

Colfax

Cuming

Custer

Dakota

Dawes

Dawson

Deuel

Dixon

Dodge

Douglas

Dundy

Fillmore

Franklin

Frontier

Furnas

Gage

Garden

Garfield

Gosper

Grant

Greeley

Hall

Hamilton

Harlan

Hayes

Hitchcock

Holt

Hooker

Howard

Jefferson

Johnson

Kearney

Keith

Keya Paha

Kimball

Knox

Lancaster
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 365

Lincoln

Logan

Loup

McPherson

Madison 

Merrick

Morrill

Nance

Nemaha

Nuckolls

Otoe

Pawnee

Perkins

Phelps

Pierce

Platte

Polk

Red Willow

Richardson

Rock

Saline

Sarpy

Saunders

Scotts Bluff

Seward

Sheridan

Sherman

Sioux

Stanton

Thayer

Thomas

Thurston

Valley

Washington

Wayne

Webster

Wheeler

York

NEVADA (NV) (17 counties) 

Capital: Carson City

Churchill

Clark

Douglas

Elko

Esmeralda

Eureka

Humboldt

Lander

Lincoln

Lyon

Mineral

Nye

Pershing

Storey

Washoe

White Pine

Carson City 

 City

NEW HAMPSHIRE (NH) (10 counties) 

Capital: Concord

Belknap

Carroll

Cheshire

Coos

Grafton

Hillsborough

Merrimack

Rockingham

Strafford

Sullivan

NEW JERSEY (NJ) (21 counties) 

Capital: Trenton

Atlantic

Bergen

Burlington

Camden

Cape May

Cumberland

Essex

Gloucester

Hudson

Hunterdon

Mercer

Middlesex

Monmouth

Morris

Ocean

Passaic

Salem

Somerset

Sussex

Union

Warren

NEW MEXICO (NM) (33 counties) 

Capital: Santa Fe

Bernalillo

Catron

Chaves

Cibola

Colfax

Curry

De Baca

Dona Ana

Eddy

Grant

Guadalupe

Harding

Hidalgo

Lea

Lincoln

Los Alamos

Luna

McKinley

Mora

Otero

Quay

Rio Arriba

Roosevelt

Sandoval

San Juan

San Miguel

Santa Fe

Sierra

Socorro

Taos

Torrance

Union

Valencia
366 Chapter 18

NEW YORK (NY) (62 counties) 

Capital: Albany

Albany

Allegany

Bronx

Broome

Cattaraugus

Cayuga

Chautauqua

Chemung

Chenango

Clinton

Columbia

Cortland

Delaware

Dutchess

Erie

Essex

Franklin

Fulton

Genesee

Greene

Hamilton

Herkimer

Jefferson

Kings

Lewis

Livingston

Madison

Monroe

Montgomery

Nassau

New York

Niagara

Oneida

Onondaga

Ontario

Orange

Orleans

Oswego

Otsego

Putnam

Queens

Rensselaer

Richmond

Rockland

St. Lawrence

Saratoga

Schenectady

Schoharie

Schuyler

Seneca

Steuben

Suffolk

Sullivan

Tioga

Tompkins

Ulster

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Westchester

Wyoming

Yates

NORTH CAROLINA (NC) (100 counties) 

Capital: Raleigh

Alamance

Alexander

Alleghany

Anson

Ashe

Avery

Beaufort

Bertie

Bladen

Brunswick

Buncombe

Burke

Cabarrus

Caldwell

Camden

Carteret

Caswell

Catawba

Chatham

Cherokee

Chowan

Clay

Cleveland

Columbus

Craven

Cumberland

Currituck

Dare

Davidson

Davie

Duplin

Durham

Edgecombe

Forsyth

Franklin

Gaston

Gates

Graham

Granville

Greene

Guilford

Halifax

Harnett

Haywood

Henderson

Hertford

Hoke

Hyde

Iredell

Jackson

Johnston

Jones

Lee

Lenoir

Lincoln

McDowell

Macon

Madison

Martin

Mecklenburg

Mitchell

Montgomery

Moore

Nash

New Hanover

Northampton

Onslow

Orange

Pamlico

Pasquotank

Pender

Perquimans

Person

Pitt

Polk

Randolph

Richmond

Robeson

Rockingham

Rowan

Rutherford

Sampson

Scotland

Stanly

Stokes

Surry

Swain

Transylvania

Tyrrell

Union

Vance

Wake

Warren

Washington

Watauga

Wayne

Wilkes

Wilson

Yadkin

Yancey
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 367

NORTH DAKOTA (ND) (53 counties) 

Capital: Bismarck

Adams

Barnes

Benson

Billings

Bottineau

Bowman

Burke

Burleigh

Cass

Cavalier

Dickey

Divide

Dunn

Eddy

Emmons

Foster

Golden Valley

Grand Forks

Grant

Griggs

Hettinger

Kidder

LaMoure

Logan

McHenry

McIntosh

McKenzie

McLean

Mercer

Morton

Mountrail

Nelson

Oliver

Pembina

Pierce

Ramsey

Ransom

Renville

Richland

Rolette

Sargent

Sheridan

Sioux

Slope

Stark

Steele

Stutsman

Towner

Traill

Walsh

Ward

Wells

Williams

NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS (MP) (4 municipalities) 

Capital: Saipan

Northern 

 Islands

Rota Saipan Tinian

OHIO (OH) (88 counties) 

Capital: Columbus

Adams

Allen

Ashland

Ashtabula

Athens

Auglaize

Belmont

Brown

Butler

Carroll

Champaign

Clark

Clermont

Clinton

Columbiana

Coshocton

Crawford

Cuyahoga

Darke

Defiance

Delaware

Erie

Fairfield

Fayette

Franklin

Fulton

Gallia

Geauga

Greene

Guernsey

Hamilton

Hancock

Hardin

Harrison

Henry

Highland

Hocking

Holmes

Huron

Jackson

Jefferson

Knox

Lake

Lawrence

Licking

Logan

Lorain

Lucas

Madison

Mahoning

Marion

Medina

Meigs

Mercer

Miami

Monroe

Montgomery

Morgan

Morrow

Muskingum

Noble

Ottawa

Paulding

Perry

Pickaway

Pike

Portage

Preble

Putnam

Richland

Ross

Sandusky

Scioto

Seneca

Shelby

Stark

Summit

Trumbull

Tuscarawas

Union

Van Wert

Vinton

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Williams

Wood

Wyandot
368 Chapter 18

OKLAHOMA (OK) (77 counties) 

Capital: Oklahoma City

Adair

Alfalfa

Atoka

Beaver

Beckham

Blaine

Bryan

Caddo

Canadian

Carter

Cherokee

Choctaw

Cimarron

Cleveland

Coal

Comanche

Cotton

Craig

Creek

Custer

Delaware

Dewey

Ellis

Garfield

Garvin

Grady

Grant

Greer

Harmon

Harper

Haskell

Hughes

Jackson

Jefferson

Johnston

Kay

Kingfisher

Kiowa

Latimer

Le Flore

Lincoln

Logan

Love

McClain

McCurtain

McIntosh

Major

Marshall

Mayes

Murray

Muskogee

Noble

Nowata

Okfuskee

Oklahoma

Okmulgee

Osage

Ottawa

Pawnee

Payne

Pittsburg

Pontotoc

Pottawatomie

Pushmataha

Roger Mills

Rogers

Seminole

Sequoyah

Stephens

Texas

Tillman

Tulsa

Wagoner

Washington

Washita

Woods

Woodward

OREGON (OR) (36 counties) 

Capital: Salem

Baker

Benton

Clackamas

Clatsop

Columbia

Coos

Crook

Curry

Deschutes

Douglas

Gilliam

Grant

Harney

Hood River

Jackson

Jefferson

Josephine

Klamath

Lake

Lane

Lincoln

Linn

Malheur

Marion

Morrow

Multnomah

Polk

Sherman

Tillamook

Umatilla

Union

Wallowa

Wasco

Washington

Wheeler

Yamhill

PALAU (PW) (16 States) 

Capital: Melekeok

Aimeliik

Airai

Angaur

Hatohobei

Kayangel

Koror

Melekeok

Ngaraard

Ngarchelong

Ngardmau

Ngatpang

Ngchesar

Ngeremlengui

Ngiwal

Peleliu

Sonsorol

PENNSYLVANIA (PA) (67 counties) 

Capital: Harrisburg

Adams

Allegheny

Armstrong

Beaver

Bedford

Berks

Blair

Bradford

Bucks

Butler

Cambria

Cameron

Carbon

Centre

Chester
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 369

Clarion

Clearfield

Clinton

Columbia

Crawford

Cumberland

Dauphin

Delaware

Elk

Erie

Fayette

Forest

Franklin

Fulton

Greene

Huntingdon

Indiana

Jefferson

Juniata

Lackawanna

Lancaster

Lawrence

Lebanon

Lehigh

Luzerne

Lycoming

McKean

Mercer

Mifflin

Monroe

Montgomery

Montour

Northampton

Northumber- 

 land

Perry

Philadelphia

Pike

Potter

Schuylkill

Snyder

Somerset

Sullivan

Susquehanna

Tioga

Union

Venango

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Westmoreland

Wyoming

York

PUERTO RICO (PR) (78 municipios) 

Capital: San Juan

Adjuntas

Aguada

Aguadilla

Aguas Buenas

Aibonito

Añasco

Arecibo

Arroyo

Barceloneta

Barranquitas

Bayamón

Cabo Rojo

Caguas

Camuy

Canóvanas

Carolina

Cataño

Cayey

Ceiba

Ciales

Cidra

Coamo

Comerío

Corozal

Culebra

Dorado

Fajardo

Florida

Guánica

Guayama

Guayanilla

Guaynabo

Gurabo

Hatillo

Hormigueros

Humacao

Isabela

Jayuya

Juana Díaz

Juncos

Lajas

Lares

Las Marías

Las Piedras

Loíza

Luquillo

Manatí

Maricao

Maunabo

Mayagüez

Moca

Morovis

Naguabo

Naranjito

Orocovis

Patillas

Peñuelas

Ponce

Quebradillas

Rincón

Río Grande

Sabana Grande

Salinas

San Germán

San Juan

San Lorenzo

San Sebastián

Santa Isabel

Toa Alta

Toa Baja

Trujillo Alto

Utuado

Vega Alta

Vega Baja

Vieques

Villalba

Yabucoa

Yauco

RHODE ISLAND (RI) (5 counties) 

Capital: Providence

Bristol Kent Newport Providence Washington

SOUTH CAROLINA (SC) (46 counties) 

Capital: Columbia

Abbeville

Aiken

Allendale

Anderson

Bamberg

Barnwell

Beaufort

Berkeley

Calhoun

Charleston

Cherokee

Chester

Chesterfield

Clarendon

Colleton

Darlington

Dillon

Dorchester

Edgefield

Fairfield

Florence

Georgetown

Greenville

Greenwood

Hampton

Horry

Jasper

Kershaw

Lancaster

Laurens
370 Chapter 18

Lee

Lexington

McCormick

Marion

Marlboro

Newberry

Oconee

Orangeburg

Pickens

Richland 

 Saluda

Spartanburg

Sumter

Union

Williamsburg

York

SOUTH DAKOTA (SD) (66 counties) 

Capital: Pierre

Aurora

Beadle

Bennett

Bon Homme

Brookings

Brown

Brule

Buffalo

Butte

Campbell

Charles Mix

Clark

Clay

Codington

Corson

Custer

Davison

Day

Deuel

Dewey

Douglas

Edmunds

Fall River

Faulk

Grant

Gregory

Haakon

Hamlin

Hand

Hanson

Harding

Hughes

Hutchinson

Hyde

Jackson

Jerauld

Jones

Kingsbury

Lake

Lawrence

Lincoln

Lyman

McCook

McPherson

Marshall

Meade

Mellette

Miner

Minnehaha

Moody

Pennington

Perkins

Potter

Roberts

Sanborn

Shannon

Spink

Stanley

Sully

Todd

Tripp

Turner

Union

Walworth

Yankton

Ziebach

TENNESSEE (TN) (95 counties) 

Capital: Nashville

Anderson

Bedford

Benton

Bledsoe

Blount

Bradley

Campbell

Cannon

Carroll

Carter

Cheatham

Chester

Claiborne

Clay

Cocke

Coffee

Crockett

Cumberland

Davidson

Decatur

DeKalb

Dickson

Dyer

Fayette

Fentress

Franklin

Gibson

Giles

Grainger

Greene

Grundy

Hamblen

Hamilton

Hancock

Hardeman

Hardin

Hawkins

Haywood

Henderson

Henry

Hickman

Houston

Humphreys

Jackson

Jefferson

Johnson

Knox

Lake

Lauderdale

Lawrence

Lewis

Lincoln

Loudon

McMinn

McNairy

Macon

Madison

Marion

Marshall

Maury

Meigs

Monroe

Montgomery

Moore

Morgan

Obion

Overton

Perry

Pickett

Polk

Putnam

Rhea

Roane

Robertson

Rutherford

Scott

Sequatchie

Sevier

Shelby

Smith

Stewart

Sullivan

Sumner

Tipton

Trousdale

Unicoi

Union

Van Buren

Warren

Washington

Wayne

Weakley

White

Williamson

Wilson
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 371

TEXAS (TX) (254 counties) 

Capital: Austin

Anderson

Andrews

Angelina

Aransas

Archer

Armstrong

Atascosa

Austin

Bailey

Bandera

Bastrop

Baylor

Bee

Bell

Bexar

Blanco

Borden

Bosque

Bowie

Brazoria

Brazos

Brewster

Briscoe

Brooks

Brown

Burleson

Burnet

Caldwell

Calhoun

Callahan

Cameron

Camp

Carson

Cass

Castro

Chambers

Cherokee

Childress

Clay

Cochran

Coke

Coleman

Collin

Collingsworth

Colorado

Comal

Comanche

Concho

Cooke

Coryell

Cottle

Crane

Crockett

Crosby

Culberson

Dallam

Dallas

Dawson

Deaf Smith

Delta

Denton

DeWitt

Dickens

Dimmit

Donley

Duval

Eastland

Ector

Edwards

Ellis

El Paso

Erath

Falls

Fannin

Fayette

Fisher

Floyd

Foard

Fort Bend

Franklin

Freestone

Frio

Gaines

Galveston

Garza

Gillespie

Glasscock

Goliad

Gonzales

Gray

Grayson

Gregg

Grimes

Guadalupe

Hale

Hall

Hamilton

Hansford

Hardeman

Hardin

Harris

Harrison

Hartley

Haskell

Hays

Hemphill

Henderson

Hidalgo

Hill

Hockley

Hood

Hopkins

Houston

Howard

Hudspeth

Hunt

Hutchinson

Irion

Jack

Jackson

Jasper

Jeff Davis

Jefferson

Jim Hogg

Jim Wells

Johnson

Jones

Karnes

Kaufman

Kendall

Kenedy

Kent

Kerr

Kimble

King

Kinney

Kleberg

Knox

Lamar

Lamb

Lampasas

La Salle

Lavaca

Lee

Leon

Liberty

Limestone

Lipscomb

Live Oak

Llano

Loving

Lubbock

Lynn

McCulloch

McLennan

McMullen

Madison

Marion

Martin

Mason

Matagorda

Maverick

Medina

Menard

Midland

Milam

Mills

Mitchell

Montague

Montgomery

Moore

Morris

Motley

Nacogdoches

Navarro

Newton

Nolan

Nueces

Ochiltree

Oldham

Orange

Palo Pinto

Panola

Parker

Parmer

Pecos

Polk

Potter

Presidio

Rains

Randall

Reagan

Real

Red River

Reeves

Refugio

Roberts

Robertson

Rockwall

Runnels
372 Chapter 18

Rusk

Sabine

San Augustine

San Jacinto

San Patricio

San Saba

Schleicher

Scurry

Shackelford

Shelby

Sherman

Smith

Somervell

Starr

Stephens

Sterling

Stonewall

Sutton

Swisher

Tarrant

Taylor

Terrell

Terry

Throckmorton

Titus

Tom Green

Travis

Trinity

Tyler

Upshur

Upton

Uvalde

Val Verde

Van Zandt

Victoria

Walker

Waller

Ward

Washington

Webb

Wharton

Wheeler

Wichita

Wilbarger

Willacy

Williamson

Wilson

Winkler

Wise

Wood

Yoakum

Young

Zapata

Zavala

UTAH (UT) (29 counties) 

Capital: Salt Lake City

Beaver

Box Elder

Cache

Carbon

Daggett

Davis

Duchesne

Emery

Garfield

Grand

Iron

Juab

Kane

Millard

Morgan

Piute

Rich

Salt Lake

San Juan

Sanpete

Sevier

Summit

Tooele

Uintah

Utah

Wasatch

Washington

Wayne

Weber

VERMONT (VT) (14 counties) 

Capital: Montpelier

Addison

Bennington

Caledonia

Chittenden

Essex

Franklin

Grand Isle

Lamoille

Orange

Orleans

Rutland

Washington

Windham

Windsor

VIRGIN ISLANDS (VI) (3 islands) 

Capital: Charlotte Amalie

St. Croix St. John St. Thomas

VIRGINIA (VA) (95 counties) 

Capital: Richmond

Accomack

Albemarle

Alleghany

Amelia

Amherst

Appomattox

Arlington

Augusta

Bath

Bedford

Bland

Botetourt

Brunswick

Buchanan

Buckingham

Campbell

Caroline

Carroll

Charles City

Charlotte

Chesterfield

Clarke

Craig

Culpeper

Cumberland

Dickenson

Dinwiddie

Essex

Fairfax

Fauquier

Floyd

Fluvanna

Franklin

Frederick

Giles

Gloucester

Goochland

Grayson

Greene

Greensville

Halifax

Hanover

Henrico

Henry

Highland
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 373

Isle of Wight

James City

King and 

 Queen

King George

King William

Lancaster

Lee

Loudoun

Louisa

Lunenburg

Madison

Mathews

Mecklenburg

Middlesex

Montgomery

Nelson

New Kent

Northampton

Northumber- 

 land

Nottoway

Orange

Page

Patrick

Pittsylvania

Powhatan

Prince Edward

Prince George

Prince William

Pulaski

Rappahannock

Richmond

Roanoke

Rockbridge

Rockingham

Russell

Scott

Shenandoah

Smyth

Southampton

Spotsylvania

Stafford

Surry

Sussex

Tazewell

Warren

Washington

Westmoreland

Wise

Wythe

York

WASHINGTON (WA) (39 counties) 

Capital: Olympia

Adams

Asotin

Benton

Chelan

Clallam

Clark

Columbia

Cowlitz

Douglas

Ferry

Franklin

Garfield

Grant

Grays Harbor

Island

Jefferson

King

Kitsap

Kittitas

Klickitat

Lewis

Lincoln

Mason

Okanogan

Pacific

Pend Oreille

Pierce

San Juan

Skagit

Skamania

Snohomish

Spokane

Stevens

Thurston

Wahkiakum

Walla Walla

Whatcom

Whitman

Yakima

WEST VIRGINIA (WV) (55 counties) 

Capital: Charleston

Barbour

Berkeley

Boone

Braxton

Brooke

Cabell

Calhoun

Clay

Doddridge

Fayette

Gilmer

Grant

Greenbrier

Hampshire

Hancock

Hardy

Harrison

Jackson

Jefferson

Kanawha

Lewis

Lincoln

Logan

McDowell

Marion

Marshall

Mason

Mercer

Mineral

Mingo

Monongalia

Monroe

Morgan

Nicholas

Ohio

Pendleton

Pleasants

Pocahontas

Preston

Putnam

Raleigh

Randolph

Ritchie

Roane

Summers

Taylor

Tucker

Tyler

Upshur

Wayne

Webster

Wetzel

Wirt

Wood

Wyoming
374 Chapter 18

WISCONSIN (WI) (72 counties) 

Capital: Madison

Adams

Ashland

Barron

Bayfield

Brown

Buffalo

Burnett

Calumet

Chippewa

Clark

Columbia

Crawford

Dane

Dodge

Door

Douglas

Dunn

Eau Claire

Florence

Fond du Lac

Forest

Grant

Green

Green Lake

Iowa

Iron

Jackson

Jefferson

Juneau

Kenosha

Kewaunee

La Crosse

Lafayette

Langlade

Lincoln

Manitowoc

Marathon

Marinette

Marquette

Menominee

Milwaukee

Monroe

Oconto

Oneida

Outagamie

Ozaukee

Pepin

Pierce

Polk

Portage

Price

Racine

Richland

Rock

Rusk

St. Croix

Sauk

Sawyer

Shawano

Sheboygan

Taylor

Trempealeau

Vernon

Vilas

Walworth

Washburn

Washington

Waukesha

Waupaca

Waushara

Winnebago

Wood

WYOMING (WY) (23 counties) 

Capital: Cheyenne

Albany

Big Horn

Campbell

Carbon

Converse

Crook

Fremont

Goshen

Hot Springs

Johnson

Laramie

Lincoln

Natrona

Niobrara

Park

Platte

Sheridan

Sublette

Sweetwater

Teton

Uinta

Washakie

Weston

Common misspellings

Geographers and cartographers omit the possessive apostrophe in placenames; however, apostrophes appearing in legally constituted names of 

counties should not be changed.

The names of the following counties are often misspelled and/or confused:

Allegany in Maryland and New York

Alleghany in North Carolina and Virginia

Allegheny in Pennsylvania

Andrew in Missouri

Andrews in Texas

Aransas in Texas

Arkansas in Arkansas

Barber in Kansas

Barbour in Alabama and West Virginia

Brevard in Florida

Broward in Florida

Brooke in West Virginia

Brooks in Georgia and Texas

Bulloch in Georgia

Bullock in Alabama

Burnet in Texas

Burnett in Wisconsin

Cheboygan in Michigan

Sheboygan in Wisconsin

Clarke in Alabama, Georgia, Iowa, 

 Mississippi, and Virginia

Clark in all other States
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 375

Coffee in Alabama, Georgia, and 

 Tennessee

Coffey in Kansas

Coal in Oklahoma

Cole in Missouri

Coles in Illinois

Cook in Illinois and Minnesota

Cooke in Texas

Davidson in North Carolina and 

 Tennessee

Davie in North Carolina

Daviess in Indiana, Kentucky, 

 and Missouri

Davis in Iowa and Utah

Davison in South Dakota

DeKalb all one word

Dickenson in Virginia

Dickinson in Iowa, Kansas, and 

 Michigan

Dickson in Tennessee

Forrest in Mississippi

Forest in all other States

Glascock in Georgia

Glasscock in Texas

Green in Kentucky and Wisconsin

Greene in all other States

Harford in Maryland

Hartford in Connecticut

Huntingdon in Pennsylvania

Huntington in Indiana

Johnston in North Carolina and 

 Oklahoma

Johnson in all other States

Kanabec in Minnesota

Kennebec in Maine

Kearney in Nebraska

Kearny in Kansas

Kenedy in Texas

Linn in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, 

 and Oregon

Lynn in Texas

Loudon in Tennessee

Loudoun in Virginia

Manatee in Florida

Manistee in Michigan

Merced in California

Mercer in all other States

Morton in Kansas

Norton in Kansas

Muscogee in Georgia

Muskogee in Oklahoma

Park in Colorado and Montana

Parke in Indiana

Pottawatomie in Kansas and 

 Oklahoma

Pottawattamie in Iowa

Prince George in Virginia

Prince George’s in Maryland

Sanders in Montana

Saunders in Nebraska

Smyth in Virginia

Smith in all other States

Stafford in Virginia

Strafford in New Hampshire

Stanley in South Dakota

Stanly in North Carolina

Stark in Illinois, North Dakota, 

 and Ohio

Starke in Indiana

Stephens in Georgia, Oklahoma, 

 and Texas

Stevens in Kansas, Minnesota, 

 and Washington

Storey in Nevada

Story in Iowa

Terrell in Georgia and Texas

Tyrrell in North Carolina

Tooele in Utah

Toole in Montana

Vermillion in Indiana

Vermilion in all other States

Woods in Oklahoma

Wood in all other States

Wyandot in Ohio

Wyandotte in Kansas

377

19. Congressional Record

Code of laws of the United States and rules for publication of 

the Congressional Record

Title 44, Section 901. Congressional Record: Arrangement, style, 

contents, and indexes.—The Joint Committee on Printing shall control 

the arrangement and style of the Congressional Record, and while providing 

that it shall be substantially a verbatim report of proceedings, shall take all 

needed action for the reduction of unnecessary bulk. It shall provide for the 

publication of an index of the Congressional Record semimonthly during 

and at the close of sessions of Congress.

Title 44, Section 904. Congressional Record: Maps, diagrams, 

illustrations.—Maps, diagrams, or illustrations may not be inserted in 

the Record without the approval of the Joint Committee on Printing.

General rules

The rules governing document work (FIC & punc.) apply to the Congressional Record, except as may be noted herein. The same general style should 

be followed in the permanent (bound) Record as is used in the daily Record. 

It is important to be familiar with the exceptions and the forms peculiar to 

the Record.

Much of the data printed in the Congressional Record is forwarded to GPO 

using the captured keystrokes of the floor reporters. Element identifier codes 

are programmatically inserted, and galley output is accomplished without 

manual intervention. It is not cost-effective to prepare the accompanying 

manuscript as per the GPO Style Manual, and it is too time-consuming 

to update and change the data once it is already in type form. Therefore, 

the Record is to be FIC & punc. Because of its volume, it is not necessary to 

stamp the manuscript FIC & punc. However, Record style will be followed, 

as stated in the following rules:

Daily and permanent Record texts are set in 8-point type on a 9-point body. 

Extracts are set in 7-point type on an 8-point body.

An F-dash will be used preceding 8-point cap lines in the proceedings of the 

Senate and House.
378 Chapter 19

All 7-point extracts and poetry will carry 2 points of space above and below 

unless heads appear, which generate their own space.

All extracts are set 7 point unless otherwise ordered by the Joint Committee 

on Printing.

Except as noted below, all communications from the President must be set 

in 8 point, but if such communications contain extracts, etc., the extracts are 

set in 7 point.

An address of the President delivered outside of Congress or referred to as 

an extract is set in 7 point.

A letter from the President to the Senate is set in 7 point when any form of 

treaty is enclosed that is to be printed in the Record in connection therewith. 

The letter is set in 7 point whether the treaty follows or precedes it or is separated from it by intervening matter.

In all quoted amendments and excerpts of bills and in reprinting bills, the 

style and manuscript as printed in the bill will be followed.

Except where otherwise directed, profanity, obscene wording, or extreme 

vulgarisms are to be deleted and a 3-em dash substituted.

Floor-approved statements in a foreign language, will be printed following 

their English translation.

Extreme caution must be used in making corrections in manuscript, and no 

important change will be made without proper authorization.

Observe the lists of names of Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, committees of both Houses, and duplicate names. Changes caused by death, 

resignation, or otherwise must be noted. There is no excuse for error in the 

spelling of names of Senators, Representatives, or department officials. In 

case of doubt, the Congressional Directory will be the authority.

Datelines should be followed on Extensions of Remarks. If any question 

arises as to the proper date to be used, a supervisor must be consulted.

Indented matter in leaderwork will be 1 em only.

Do not write queries on proofs.
Congressional Record 379

Capitalization

(See also Chapter 3 “Capitalization Rules”)

If the name of the Congressional Record is mentioned, it must be set in caps 

and small caps and never abbreviated, even when appearing in citations, 

except in extract matter, then cap/lowercase.

The name of a Senator or a Representative preceding his or her direct remarks is set in caps and is followed by a period with equal spacing to be 

used.

The name of a Senator or a Representative used in connection with a bill or 

other paper—that is, in an adjectival sense—is lowercased, as the Engel bill, 

the Fish amendment, etc.; but Udall’s amendment, etc.

The names of Members and Members-elect of both Houses of the Congress, 

including those of the Vice President and Speaker, will be printed in caps 

and small caps if mention is made of them, except in extract matter.

Deceased Members’ names will be set in caps and small caps in eulogies 

only on the first day the House or Senate is in session following the death 

of a Member, in a speech carrying date when the Member was eulogized, or 

on memorial day in the Senate and House. Eulogy day in one House will be 

treated the same in the other.

Certificates of Senators-elect of a succeeding Congress are usually presented 

to the current Congress, and in such cases the names of the Senators-elect 

must be in caps and small caps.

Names of Members of Congress must be set in caps and lowercase in votes, 

in lists set in columns, in the list of standing and select committees, in contested-election cases, in lists of pairs, and in all parts of tabular matter (head, 

body, and footnotes).

Observe that the names of all persons not certified Members of Congress 

are to be set in caps and lowercase; that is, names of secretaries, clerks, messengers, and others.

Names of proposed Federal boards, commissions, services, etc., are 

capitalized.
380 Chapter 19

Capitalize principal words and quote after each of the following terms: 

address, album, article, book, caption, chapter heading, editorial, essay, heading, headline, motion picture or play (including TV or radio program), paper, 

poem, report, song, subheading, subject, theme, etc. Also, following the word 

entitled, except with reference to bill titles which are treated as follows: “A 

bill (or an act) transferring certain functions of the Price Administrator to 

the Petroleum Administrator for War,’’ etc.

Figures

Follow the manuscript as to the use of numerals. Dollar amounts in Record 

manuscript are to be followed.

Figures appearing in manuscript as “20 billion 428 million 125 thousand 

dollars’’ should be followed.

Tabular matter and leaderwork

Record tables may be set either one or three columns in width, as follows:

One-column table: 14 picas (168 points).

Three-column table: 431⁄2 picas (522 points). Footnote(s) will be set 431⁄2 

picas.

All short footnotes should be run in with 2 ems between each.

Italic

Italic, boldface, caps, or small caps shall not be used for emphasis; nor shall 

unusual indentions be used. This does not apply to literally reproduced 

quotations from historical, legal, or official documents. If italic other than 

restricted herein is desired, the words should be underscored and “Fol. ital.’’ 

written on each folio. Do not construe this to apply to “Provided,’’ “Provided 

further,’’ “Ordered,’’ “Resolved,’’ “Be it enacted,’’ etc.

Names of vessels must be set in italic, except in headings, where they will be 

quoted.

The prayer delivered in either House must be set in 8-point roman. If prefaced or followed by a quotation from the Bible, such quotation must be set 

in 8-point italic. Extracts from the Bible or other literature contained in the 

body of the prayer will be set in 8-point roman and quoted.
Congressional Record 381

When general or passing mention is made of a case in 8 point, the title is 

set in roman, as Smith Bros. case. When a specific citation is indicated and 

reference follows, use italic for title, as Smith Bros. case (172 App. Div. 149).

In 8-point manuscript, titles of cases are always set in italic if followed by 

references. In 7 point, manuscript is followed.

In 8-point matter, when only the title of a case is given, set in roman, as 

United States versus 12 Diamond Rings.

When versus is used in other than legal phrases and for the purposes of 

showing contrast, it is not abbreviated or set in italic, as “airplanes versus 

battleships.’’

Miscellaneous

Do not quote any communication carrying date and signature. However, 

a letter (or other communication) bearing both date and signature that appears within a letter shall be quoted.

Do not put quotation marks on centerheads in 7-point extracts unless centerheads belong to original matter.

In newspaper extracts, insert place and date at beginning of paragraph. Use 

caps and small caps for name of place and roman lowercase for spelled-out 

date. Connect date and extract by a period and an em dash. If date and place 

are credited in a bracket line above extract, they need not be used again at 

the beginning of the paragraph.

Each Whereas in a preamble must begin a new paragraph. The Therefore be 

it must be preceded by a colon and be run in with the last Whereas. Be it 

will run in with the word Therefore, but it must not be supplied when not in 

manuscript. Note the following: 

Whereas it has been deemed advisable Resolved, That the committee, etc. 

to, etc.: Therefore be it 

In the titles of legal cases, manuscript is followed as to spelling, abbreviations, and use of figures.

Use single punctuation in citations of cases and statutes:

United States v. 12 Diamond Rings (124 U.S. 329; R.S. p. 310, sec. 1748).
382 Chapter 19

Indent asterisk lines 2 ems on each side. Use five asterisks.

If a title is used as part of the name of an organization, vessel, etc., spell; thus, 

General Ulysses S. Grant Post No. 76, Grand Army of the Republic.

The order of subdivision of the Constitution of the United States is as follows: article I, section 2, clause 3.

If an exhibit appears at the end of a speech, the head Exhibit is set in 7-point 

caps and small caps.

In extracts containing votes the names must be run in, as Mr. Smith of 

Texas, AuCoin, and Clay, etc.

In a Senator’s or a Representative’s remarks, when amendments, sections, 

etc., are referred to by number, follow the manuscript.

In text references to Senate and House reports and in executive and miscellaneous documents, follow the manuscript.

In headings and text references to resolutions and memorials, follow the 

manuscript.

In gross or en gros

When a bill comes to final action, in the presentment of amendments collectively for a vote, either the term “in gross’’ or the French equivalent “en 

gros’’ may be used.

Examples of Congressional Record

USE OF CAPS AND SMALL CAPS

[Note the use of parentheses and brackets 

in the following examples. Each will be used 

as submitted, as long as they are consistent 

throughout.]

Mr. THUNE. (Name all caps when a 

Member or visitor addresses Senate 

or House.)

On motion by [or of] Mr. FRANKEN, it 

was, etc.

The VICE PRESIDENT resumed 

the chair.

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. 

BLUNT). Is there objection?

The SPEAKER called the House to 

order.

Mr. HUDSON’s amendment was 

adopted.

Mr. FARR. Madam Speaker, I yield 

to Mr. HOYER.

Mr. HOYER said: If not paired, I 

would vote “no” on this bill.

A MEMBER. And debate it afterward.

SEVERAL SENATORS. I object.

But: Several Senators addressed 

the Chair.

Mr. COATS, Mr. DONNELLY (and 

others). Let it be read.

The ACTING SECRETARY. In line 11, 

after the word “Provided”, it is proposed, etc.
Congressional Record 383

Mr. REID. Mr. President, I call up 

P\DPHQGPHQWZKLFKLVLGHQWLåHGDV

“unprinted amendment No. 1296,’’ and 

ask that it be stated.

The bill was reported to the Senate 

as amended, and the amendment was 

concurred in.

The bill was reported to the Senate 

without amendment, ordered to be 

engrossed for a third reading, read 

the third time, and passed.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed 

for a third reading, read the third 

time, and passed.

[Use this form when title of bill is given:]

The bill was ordered to be engrossed 

and read the third time, was read the 

third time, and passed.

The title was amended so as to 

read: “A bill for the relief of Maude S. 

Burman.’’

A motion to reconsider was laid on 

the table. [House.]

[Use this form when title of bill is not 

given:]

The bill was ordered to be engrossed 

and read a third time, was read the 

third time, and passed, and a motion 

to reconsider was laid on the table. 

[House.]

———

The bill was ordered to be engrossed 

and read a third time, and passed.

The amendments were ordered to 

be engrossed and the bill to be read a 

third time.

Mr. HOYER, for 1 hour, on Wednesday, 

February 2.

Mr. ENGEL (at the request of Mr. 

HOYER), for 1 hour, on February 2.

(The following Members (at the request of Mr. KING of New York) and to 

revise and extend their remarks and 

include therein extraneous matter:)

Mrs. COMSTOCK, for 5 minutes, today.

Mr. HOLDING, for 5 minutes, today.

Mr. COFFMAN, for 60 minutes, today.

[Note the following double action:]

(Mr. HOYER asked and was given 

permission to extend his remarks 

at this point in the RECORD and to include extraneous matter.)

(Mr. HOYER addressed the House. 

His remarks will appear hereafter in 

the Extensions of Remarks.)

The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under 

a previous order of the House, the 

gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. FORTENBERRY) is recognized for 5 minutes.

(Mr. FORTENBERRY addressed the 

House. His remarks will appear hereafter in the Extensions of Remarks.)

Congressional Record 383

Mrs. CAPPS was recognized, and 

yielded her time to Mr. CÁRDENAS.

[When two Members from the same State 

have the same surname, full name is used.]

On motion of Ms. LINDA T. SÁNCHEZ of 

California . . .

On motion of Ms. LORETTA SANCHEZ of 

California . . .

Mr. DESANTIS and Mr. MARIO 

DIAZ-BALART of Florida rose to a 

point of order.

The CHAIRMAN appointed Mr. POE

and Mr. ISRAEL as conferees.

[Extracts that consist of colloquies will 

use caps and small caps for names of persons 

speaking, as shown below:]

Mr. DEFAZIO. I think this bill is so well 

understood that no time will be required 

for its discussion.

Ms. NORTON. Does this bill come from the 

Committee on Armed Services?

The SPEAKER. It does.

SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED

By unanimous consent, permission to address the House, following 

the legislative and any special orders 

heretofore entered, was granted to:

PUNCTUATION
The amendment was agreed to, and 

the bill as amended was ordered to be 

engrossed and read a third time; and 

being engrossed, it was accordingly 

read the third time and passed.

There was no objection, and, by 

unanimous consent, the Senate proceeded . . .

The question was taken, and the 

motion was agreed to.

The question being taken, the motion was agreed to.

Ordered to lie on the table and to be 

printed.

Ms. EDWARDS. Mr. Chairman, I 

move to strike the requisite number 

of words.

(Ms. EDWARDS asked and was 

given permission to revise and extend 

her remarks.)

[Note use of interrogation mark in the 

following:]

Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, what 

does this mean?—

We have never received a dollar of this 

amount.

POM–376. A resolution adopted by the 

House of Representatives of the State of 

Rhode Island expressing its opposition to 

federal proposals to authorize increases 

in the size or weight of commercial motor 

vehicles; to the Committee on Commerce, 

Science, and Transportation.

HOUSE RESOLUTION NO. 8296

Whereas, The State of Rhode Island is 

committed to protecting the safety of motorists on its highways and to protecting 

384 Chapter 19

taxpayers’ investment in our highway infrastructure; and

Whereas, The General Assembly of the 

State of Rhode Island and Providence 

Plantations resolved jointly to urge the 

Congress of the United States to . . .

Resolved, That this House of Repre sentatives of the State of Rhode Island and 

3URYLGHQFH 3ODQWDWLRQV KHUHE\ UHDIåUPV

its opposition to proposals, at all levels of government, that would authorize 

increases in the size and weight of commercial motor vehicles because of the 

impact that these increases would have 

on highway infrastructure, especially 

bridges; and be it further

Resolved, That the Secretary of State be 

and he hereby is authorized and directed to 

WUDQVPLWGXO\FHUWLåHGFRSLHVRIWKLVUHVRlution to the President and Vice President 

of the United States, the Speaker of the 

United States House of Representatives, 

the Majority Leader of the United States 

Senate and the Rhode Island Delegation to 

the Congress of the United States.

[Note use of italic in title of cases:]

. . . This is the occasion America did 

not have to consider what other options 

might guarantee maternal safety 

while protecting the unborn. This is 

our national opportunity to reconsider Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

Roe against Wade and its companion 

 case, Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), 

granted abortion the elevated status 

of a fundamental constitutional right 

and invalidated almost all effective 

restrictions on abortion throughout 

the 9 months of pregnancy . . . .

Mr. HUFFMAN. Madam Speaker, I 

now yield 5 minutes to the gentleman 

from Indiana (Mr. HIGGINS).

(Mr. BUTTERFIELD asked and was 

given permission to revise and extend 

his remarks in the Record.)

Ms. MOORE. There is no “may not’’ 

about it. Here is the form in which 

they are printed.

Mr. DOYLE. I am in hopes we shall 

be able to secure a vote on the bill 

tonight.

[“Vote! Vote!’’]

PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS

[The use of parentheses and brackets will be 

followed as submitted for acronyms, symbols, 

or abbreviations.]

This legislation would exempt cerWDLQ GHåQHG &HQWUDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH

$JHQF\ >&,$@ RSHUDWLRQDO åOHV IURP

the search and review process of 

the Freedom of Information Act 

[FOIA], thus permitting the Agency 

to re spond much more quickly to 

those FOIA requests which are at 

all likely to result in the release of 

information.
Congressional Record 385

Mr. HICE. The Chair rather gets me 

on that question. [Laughter.] I did not 

rise. [Cries of “Vote! Vote!’’]

Mrs. CAPPS [one of the tellers]. I do 

not desire to press the point that no 

quorum has voted.

The CHAIRMAN [after a pause]. If 

QR JHQWOHPDQ FODLPV WKH æRRU WKH

Clerk will proceed with the reading 

of the bill.

Mr. HURD of Texas. Then he is endeavoring to restrict the liberty of 

the individual in the disbursement 

of his own money. [Applause on the 

Republican side.]

Mr. ELLISON. Mr. Speaker, I desire 

to ask unanimous consent that the 

time of the gentleman——[Cries of 

“Regular Order!”]

[Laughter.]

The SPEAKER. Is there objection 

to the consideration of this bill at 

this time? [After a pause.] There is no 

objection.

The CHAIRMAN [rapping with his 

gavel]. Debate is exhausted.

Mr. HURT of Virginia. Patrick 

Henry said:

Ceasar had his Brutus, Charles I his 

Cromwell, and George III——

[here he was interrupted by cries of 

“Treason, Treason”]

DQG *HRUJH ,,, PD\ SURåW E\ WKHLU H[-

ample. If this be treason, let us make the 

most of it!

(Mr. MILLER of Florida addressed 

the Committee [or House]. His remarks will appear hereafter in the 

Extensions of Remarks.)

[Names of Senators or Representatives 

appearing in remarks of other Members of 

Con gress should be enclosed in brackets, except in listing of tellers or when some title 

other than “Mr.” is used, as in the following 

examples:]

Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, 

I thank my friend from Rhode 

Island [Senator WHITEHOUSE] for 

WKDW PDJQLåFHQW H[FKDQJH RI FRUrespondence between the Hebrew 

congregation of Newport, RI, and 

President Washington.

May I say that Senator WHITEHOUSE, 

in his own bearing and substance, 

lives out the promise of religious 

IUHHGRPWKDWRXUåUVW3UHVLGHQWJDYH

to all Americans.

Perhaps I should say I say that as 

one of the descendants of the Stock 

of Abraham who is privileged to be a 

Member of the Senate today. I thank 

Senator WHITEHOUSE. I thank Senator 

MORAN.

I am going to take the liberty, if I 

may, to speak for a few minutes while 

we are waiting for either Senator 

MURKOWSKI, Senators WARNER or 

MENENDEZ, who are going to read documents before I conclude.

[In Senate manuscript a Senator is referred 

to as “the Senator from —— [Mr. ——].” Do not 

supply name and brackets if name does not appear in manuscript.]

[Note that brackets are used only when Mr., 

etc., appears in manuscript.]

[See also use of Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms. in explanation of votes under “Pairs.”]

So (no further count being called 

for) the amendment of Mr. SCOTT of 

Virginia was not agreed to.

So (two-thirds having voted in favor 

thereof) the rules were suspended, 

and the bill was passed.

So (two-thirds not having voted in favor thereof) the motion was rejected.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman 

raises the point of no quorum. The 

Chair will count. [After counting.] 

VOTING IN THE HOUSE AND IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE

[Note that a dash is used only when a comma 

is necessary to separate the ayes and noes. If 

only the ayes or the noes are given, no punctuation is to be used. If the word and is used 

to connect the ayes and noes, as ayes 52 and 

noes 65, or 52 ayes and 65 noes, the dash is 

omitted after the word were or being.]

On the question of ordering the yeas 

and nays there were 18 ayes and 88 

noes.

The House divided; and there were—

ayes 52, noes 65.
Two hundred and seventeen present, 

a quorum. The noes have it, and the 

amendment is rejected.

The question being taken on the motion of Mr. HOYER to suspend the rules 

and pass the bill, it was agreed to 

(two-thirds voting in favor thereof).

6R WKH DIåUPDWLYH QRW EHLQJ RQH

åIWK RI WKH ZKROH YRWH WKH \HDV DQG

nays were not ordered.

The question was taken by a viva 

voice vote, and the Speaker announced that two-thirds appeared 

WR KDYH YRWHG LQ WKH DIåUPDWLYH

and [after a pause] that the bill was 

passed.

The yeas and nays were ordered, 

WKHUH EHLQJ  LQ WKH DIåUPDWLYH

PRUHWKDQRQHåIWKRIWKHODVWYRWH

The question being taken on Mr. 

SHELBY’s motion, there were—ayes 18, 

noes 35.

The question being taken on concurring in the amendments of the 

Senate, there were—ayes 101, noes 5.

The question was taken; and on a division [demanded by Mr. HOYER] there 

were—ayes 17, noes 29.

Mr. HOYER. Mr. Chairman, I demand a recorded vote, and pending 

that, I make the point of order that a 

quorum is not present.

The CHAIRMAN. Evidently a quorum is not present.

The Chair announces that pursuant 

to clause 2, rule XXIII, he will vacate 

proceedings under the call when a 

quorum of the Committee appears.

Members will record their presence 

by electronic device.

The call was taken by electronic 

device.

□ 1715

[The above box followed by a four-digit 

QXPEHULQGLFDWHVæRRUWLPHLQWKH+RXVH

p.m.)]

QUORUM CALL VACATED

The CHAIRMAN. One hundred Mem - 

bers have appeared. A quorum of the 

Committee of the Whole is present. 

Pursuant to rule XXIII, clause 2, fur386 Chapter 19

ther proceedings under the call shall 

be considered as vacated.

The Committee will resume its 

business.

The pending business is the demand 

of the gentleman from Minnesota 

[Mr. PAULSEN] for a recorded vote.

A recorded vote was refused.

So the amendment to the amendment offered as a substitute for the 

amendment was rejected.

The CHAIRMAN. The question is on 

the amendment offered by the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. MEEHAN] 

as a substitute for the amendment offered by the gentlewoman from South 

Dakota [Mrs. NOEM].

The question was taken; and the 

Chairman announced that the noes 

appeared to have it.

RECORDED VOTE

Mr. MEEHAN. Mr. Chairman, I demand a recorded vote.

A recorded vote was ordered.

The vote was taken by electronic 

device, and there were—ayes 228, 

noes 188, answered “present” 1, not 

voting 47, as follows

[Roll No. 509]

AYES—228

NOES—188

ANSWERED “PRESENT”—1

Fleming

NOT VOTING—17

Abraham

Babin

Brooks (AL)

Brooks (IN)

Chabot

Curbelo (FL)

Ellmers (NC)

Farenthold

Fincher

Garrett

Goodlatte

Hartzler

Huelskamp

Sensenbrenner

Walker

Westerman

Yoho

Zeldin

Adams

Bonamici

DeGette

Deutch

Hastings

Langevin

Matsui

McCollum

O'Rourke

Ryan (OH)

Sarbanes

Schakowsky

Takano

Van Hollen

Vargas

Veasey

Wilson (FL)

Yarmuth

Bishop (UT)

Duckworth

Gohmert

Graves (LA)

Lipinski

McKinley

Nugent

Palazzo

Price (NC)

Reichert

Ross

Valadao
Congressional Record 387

□ 1311

Mr. RYAN of Wisconsin changed his 

vote from “aye” to “no.”

Ms. WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Ms. 

ESHOO, and Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN 

changed their vote from “no” to “aye.”

[The Speaker’s vote is recorded only in the 

“Ayes” or “Noes.” It is never recorded as “not 

voting.”]

[If the Speaker votes, his name is not used, 

but at the end of the “yeas” or “nays,” according to his vote, insert: “The Speaker.”]

So the amendment offered as a 

substitute for the amendment was 

agreed to.

The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.

Montana (Mr. TESTER) are necessarily 

absent.

Mr. CORNYN. The following 

Senators are necessarily absent: 

the Senator from Minnesota (Mr. 

FRANKLIN), the Senator from Nevada 

(Mr. HELLER), the Senator from 

South Carolina (Mr. GRAHAM), the 

Senator from New Hampshire (Mrs. 

SHAHEEN), the Senator from Arizona 

(Mr. MCCAIN), the Senator from 

Alaska (Ms. MURKOWSKI), the Senator 

from South Dakota (Mr. THUNE), the 

Senator from Louisiana (Mr. VITTER), 

and the Senator from Mississippi (Mr. 

WICKER).

Further, if present and voting, 

the Senator from Minnesota (Ms. 

KLOBUCHAR) would have voted “yea.”

The result was announced—yeas 52, 

nays 40, as follows:

[Rollcall Vote No. 163 Leg.]

YEAS—76

VOTING BY YEAS AND NAYS

Senate

QUORUM CALL

The clerk will call the roll.

The assistant legislative clerk 

proceeded to call the roll, and the following Senators entered the Chamber 

and answered to their names:

[Quorum No. 42]

The PRESIDING OFFICER [Mr. 

SASSE]. A quorum is not present.

Mr. REID. Mr. President, I move 

that the Sergeant at Arms be instructed to require the attendance 

of absent Senators, and I ask for the 

yeas and nays on the motion.

THE PRESIDING OFFICER. Is 

WKHUH D VXIåFLHQW VHFRQG" 7KHUH LV D

VXIåFLHQWVHFRQG

The yeas and nays were ordered.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 

question is on agreeing to the motion 

of the Senator from Nevada. On this 

question the yeas and nays have been 

ordered, and the clerk will call the 

roll.

The Assistant legislative clerk 

called the roll.

Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the 

Senator from Ohio (Mr. BROWN), the 

Senator from Massachusetts (Mr. 

MARKEY), the Senator from Illinois 

(Mr. KIRK), the Senator from Arkansas 

(Mr. BOOZMAN), and the Senator from 

Alexander

Feinstein

Grassley

Hatch

Heinrich

Kaine

Murkowski

Nelson

Paul

Sullivan

Tester

Thune

Tillis

Udall

Vitter

Warner

Whitehouse

Wicker

Baldwin

Begich

Bennet

Blumenthal

Booker

Boxer

Brown

Cantwell

Cardin

Carper

Casey

Coons

Durbin

Feinstein

Franken

Gillibrand

Hagan

Heinrich

Heitkamp

Hirono

Johnson (SD)

Kaine

Klobuchar

Landrieu

Leahy

Levin

Manchin

Markey

McCaskill

Menendez

Merkley

Mikulski

Murphy

Murray

Nelson

Pryor

Reed

Reid

Rockefeller

Sanders

Schatz

Schumer

Shaheen

Stabenow

Tester

Udall (CO)

Udall (NM)

Walsh

Warner

Warren

Whitehouse

Wyden
NAYS—10

388 Chapter 19

NOT VOTING—14

So the motion was agreed to.

CALL OF THE HOUSE

FORMS OF TITLES

[The word with must always be used in pairs 

in the House, not and; and manuscript must be 

altered to conform thereto, as Mr. Smith with 

Mr. Jones—not Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones. Note 

use of lowercase for names in list of pairs in 

House.]

The Clerk announced the following 

pairs:

On this vote:

Mr. Abraham for, with Mr. Aderholt 

against.

Until further notice:

Mr. Barr with Mrs. Beatty.

Mrs. Capps with Mr. Calvert.

Ms. Maxine Waters of California 

with Mr. Sean Patrick Maloney of 

New York.

Mr. Ackerman with Mr. Young of 

Alaska.

Mr. HANNA of New York, Mrs. 

BUSTOS, Messrs. FOSTER, HILL, 

and ISRAEL changed their votes 

from “nay” to “yea.”

So the bill was passed.

Mr. PALLONE. Ms. Speaker, I move 

a call of the House.

A call of the House was ordered.

The call was taken by electronic 

device and the following Members responded to their names:

>$OZD\VLQURPDQORZHUFDVHæXVKDQGKDQJ

HPLIPRUHWKDQWZROLQHV@

H.J. RES. 2

Joint resolution authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to issue to 

The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.

A motion to reconsider was laid on 

the table.

Mr. BARR. Mr. Speaker, I voted, 

but, being paired with the gentlelady 

from Minnesota, Mrs. BEATTY, I 

withdraw my vote.

Ms. MAXINE WATERS of 

California. Mr. Speaker, I have a pair 

with the gentleman from New York, 

Mr. SEAN PATRICK MALONEY of New York, 

who, if present, would have voted 

“yea.” I voted “nay.” I withdraw my 

vote and vote “present.”

[In House pairs do not use brackets when 

members are referred to by name. In Senate 

pairs observe the following use of brackets:]

Mr. DAWES (when his name was 

called). I am paired on this question with the senior Senator from 

Massachusetts [Mr. MARKEY]. If he 

were here, I should vote “yea.”

[Roll No. 41]

[No reference will be made of the names of 

those not voting.]

the public 2 per centum bonds or 

FHUWLåFDWHVHWF

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America 

in Congress assembled, That the . . .

Alexander

Ayotte

Boozman

Burr

Coats

Coburn

Cochran

Collins

Corker

Cornyn

Crapo

Cruz

Enzi

Fischer

Flake

Graham

Grassley

Heller

Hoeven

Inhofe

Isakson

Johanns

Johnson (WI)

King

Kirk

Lee

McCain

McConnell

Murkowski

Paul

Portman

Risch

Rubio

Scott

Sessions

Shelby

Thune

Toomey

Vitter

Wicker

Barrasso

Blunt

Chambliss

Donnelly

Harkin

Hatch

Moran

Roberts

Abraham

Aguilar

Brady (PA)

Brady (TX)

Davis, Rodney

DeFazio

Garamendi

Hurd (TX)

Hurt (VA)

Neugebauer

Perlmutter

Ros-Lehtinen

Tiberi

Tipton

Tonko

Torres

Yoho

Young (AK)

PAIRS
Congressional Record 389

H.R. 4487

A bill to authorize the Rock Island 

and Southwestern Railway Company to construct a bridge, etc.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House 

of Representatives of the United States of 

America in Congress assembled, That it 

shall be lawful for the Rock Island and 

Southwestern Railway Company, a corporation organized under the general 

incorporation, etc.

ADDRESSES AND SIGNATURES

[No line spacing, street addresses, or ZIP 

Code numbers are to be used in communications in the Record.]

The Honorable the SECRETARY OF THE

□□NAVY.

□DEAR MR. SECRETARY: This is in response 

to your letter, etc.

□□□Very sincerely yours,

GEORGE W. BUSH.□

——

COLUMBIA, MO,□□□

January 17, 2016.□

Hon. CLAIRE MCCASKILL,

&DQQRQ+RXVH2IåFH%XLOGLQJ

Washington, DC.

□The President’s farm message of today 

. . . farmers and prevent the spread of this 

depression to every part of our country.

M ISSOURI FARMERS

ASSOCIATION,

F.V. HEINKEL, President.

——

JANUARY 20, 2016.□

Hon. JACOB J. LEW,

The Secretary of the Treasury, Department 

□□of the Treasury, Washington, DC. 

□DEAR MR. SECRETARY: Mindful of the tremendous workload, etc.

I would appreciate your comment on the 

foregoing proposal.

Your proposal seems to be in the best interest of all concerned.

□□□Sincerely yours,

JOHN P. SARBANES,□□□

Member of Congress.□□

——

ALEXANDRIA, MN,□□□

November 10, 2016.□

Hon. AMY KLOBUCHAR,

6HQDWH2IåFH%XLOGLQJ

Washington, DC.

□We oppose the nomination of John Smith 

for Secretary of Agriculture because he resists family farms.

RAYMOND WAGNER.□

□BRANDON, MN.

——

JANUARY 17, 1972.□

Re resignation from committee.

Hon. CARL ALBERT,

The Speaker, U.S. House of Representa- 

□□tives, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC.

□DEAR MR. SPEAKER: Having changed my 

politics from Republican to Democrat, etc.

□With my best wishes.

□□□Sincerely,

VINCENT J. DELLAY.□

——

U.S. SENATE,□□□□□

PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE,□□□

Washington, DC, March 17, 2016.□

To the Senate:

□Being temporarily absent from the 

Senate, I appoint Hon. ROB PORTMAN, a 

Senator from the State of Montana, to 

perform the duties of the Chair during my 

absence.

ORRIN G. HATCH,□□□

President pro tempore.□

DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO 

TEMPORE

□The SPEAKER pro tempore laid before 

the House the following communication 

from the Speaker:

WASHINGTON, DC,□□□

June 17, 2016.□

□I hereby appoint the Honorable KEN BUCK

to act as Speaker pro tempore on this day.

PAUL D. RYAN,□□□

Speaker of the House of Representatives.□

——

□□THE INTERNATIONAL UNION, UNITED□□□

□□□AUTOMOBILE, AEROSPACE AND AGRI-□□□

□□□CULTURAL IMPLEMENT WORKERS OF□□□

□□□AMERICA,

Detroit, MI, March 25, 2016.□

To the Senate of the United States.

To the United States House of Representa- 

□□tives.

□HONORABLE SIRS: April 7, 2016, being the 

WKDQQLYHUVDU\RIWKHPRGLåFDWLRQHWF

[Two to eight independent signatures, with 

or without titles, are aligned on the left.]

To the Honorable Senate and House of 

□□Representatives of the United States of 

□□America Now Assembled at Washington, 

□□DC:

□7KHXQGHUVLJQHGRIåFHUVRIWKH1DY\RI

the United States, respectfully show unto 
your honorable bodies the following information, etc.

JAMES G. GREEN.

W.H. SOUTHERLAND.

THOMAS HARRISON.

F.F. FLETCHER.

ROBERT WHELAN.

C.C. WILSON.

——

□Respectfully submitted,

KARL F. FELLER,

International President.□

THOMAS RUSCH,

Director of Organization.□

ARTHUR GILDEA,

Secretary-Treasurer.□

JOSEPH E. BRADY,

Director of Legislation.□

[More than eight signatures, with or without 

titles, are set full measure, caps and lowercase, run in, indented 2 and 3 ems, as follows:]

Gene H. Rosenblum, Cochairman; 

Paul H. Ray, Cochairman; 

Cynthia Asplund, James Ped390 Chapter 19

ersen, George Doty, Thomas 

St. Martin; Joan O’Neill; 

Lloyd Moosebrugger; Sam 

Kaplan; Ronald Nemer; Dean 

Potter; Philip Archer; Thomas 

McDonough; Mrs. Lloyd 

Moosebrug ger; Minnesota 

Young Democratic Civil 

Rights Committee.

——

JOHN SMITH,□□□□□

Lieutenant Governor□□□

(For the Governor of Maine).□

——

TEXARKANA TEXTILE

 MERCHANTS & 

MANUFACTURERS’ 

ASSOCIATION,

JOHN L. JONES,

Secretary.

CREDITS

POETRY

[From the Wall Street Journal, 

Oct. 31, 2007]

SURVEILLANCE SANITY

(By Benjamin Civiletti, Dick Thornburgh 

and William Webster)

Following the terrorist attacks of Sept. 

11, 2001, President Bush authorized the 

National Security Agency to target al 

Qaeda communications into and out of 

the country. Mr. Bush concluded that this 

was essential for protecting the country, that using the Foreign Intelligence 

Surveillance Act would not permit the 

necessary speed and agility, and that he 

had the constitutional power to authorize 

such surveillance without court orders to 

defend the country.

[If poetry is quoted, each stanza should 

start with quotation marks, but only the last 

stanza should end with them. The lines of 

the poem should align on the left, those that 

rhyme taking the same indention. Poems are 

æXVK OHIW RYHUV  HPV  SRLQWV RI VSDFH EHtween stanzas, and 2 points of space above 

and below.]

CASEY AT THE BAT

The outlook wasn’t brilliant for the 

Mudville nine that day:

The score stood four to two, with but one 

inning more to play.

Since the program became public in 2006, 

Congress has been asserting appropriate 

oversight. Few of those who learned the 

details of the program have criticized its 

necessity. Instead, critics argued that if 

the president found FISA inadequate, he 

should have gone to Congress and gotten 

the changes necessary to allow the program to proceed under court orders. That 

process is now underway. The administration has brought the program under FISA, 

and the Senate Intelligence Committee 

recently reported out a bill with a strong 

bipartisan majority of 13–2, that would 

make the changes to FISA needed for 

the program to continue. This bill is now 

being considered by the Senate Judiciary 

Committee.

$QG WKHQ ZKHQ &RRQH\ GLHG DW åUVW DQG

Barrows did the same,

A pall-like silence fell upon the patrons of 

the game.

A straggling few got up to go in deep 

despair.

The rest clung to that hope which springs 

eternal in the human breast;

They thought, if only Casey could get but a 

whack at that—

We’d put up even money now, with Casey at 

the bat.
Congressional Record 391

But Flynn preceded Casey, as did also 

Jimmy Blake,

And the former was a hoodoo and the latter 

was a cake;

So upon that stricken multitude grim melancholy sat,

For there seemed but little chance of 

Casey’s getting to the bat.

But Flynn let drive a single, to the wonderment of all,

And Blake, the much despised, tore the 

cover off the ball;

And when the dust had lifted, and the men 

saw what had occurred,

There was Jimmy safe at second and Flynn 

a-hugging third.

7KHQIURPåYHWKRXVDQGWKURDWVDQGPRUH

there rose a lusty yell;

It rumbled through the valley, it rattled in 

the dell;

It pounded on the mountain and recoiled 

XSRQWKHæDW

For Casey, mighty Casey, was advancing to 

the bat.

There was ease in Casey’s manner as he 

stepped into his place;

There was pride in Casey’s bearing and a 

smile lit Casey’s face.

And when, responding to the cheers, he 

lightly doffed his hat,

No stranger in the crowd could doubt ’twas 

Casey at the bat.

Ten thousand eyes were on him as he 

rubbed his hands with dirt;

Five thousand tongues applauded when he 

wiped them on his shirt.

Then while the writhing pitcher ground 

the ball into his hip,

'HåDQFH JOHDPHG LQ &DVH\ÖV H\H D VQHHU

curled Casey’s lip.

And now the leather-covered sphere came 

hurtling through the air,

And Casey stood a-watching it in haughty 

grandeur there.

Close by the sturdy batsman the ball 

unheeded sped—

“That ain’t my style,” said Casey. “Strike 

one,” the umpire said.

From the benches, black with people, there 

ZHQWXSDPXIæHGURDU

Like the beating of the storm-waves on a 

stern and distant shore.

“Kill him! Kill the umpire!” shouted someone on the stand;

And it’s likely they’d a-killed him had not 

Casey raised his hand.

With a smile of Christian charity great 

Casey’s visage shone;

He stilled the rising tumult; he bade the 

game go on;

He signaled to the pitcher, and once more 

WKHGXQVSKHUHæHZ

But Casey still ignored it, and the umpire 

said, “Strike two.”

“Fraud!” cried the maddened thousands, 

and echo answered fraud;

But one scornful look from Casey and the 

audience was awed.

They saw his face grow stern and cold, they 

saw his muscles strain,

And they knew that Casey wouldn’t let 

that ball go by again.

The sneer is gone from Casey’s lip, his 

teeth are clenched in hate;

He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon 

the plate.

And now the pitcher holds the ball, and 

now he lets it go,

And now the air is shattered by the force of 

Casey’s blow.

Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun 

is shining bright;

The band is playing somewhere, and somewhere hearts are light,

And somewhere men are laughing, and 

somewhere children shout;

But there is no joy in Mudville—mighty 

Casey has struck out.

—Ernest Lawrence Thayer.

EXTRACTS

[Extracts must be set in 7 point unless ordered otherwise by the Joint Committee on 

Printing. This does not refer to a casual quotation of a few words or a quotation that would 

not make more than 3 lines of 7-point type. 

The beginning of the 7-point extract must 

start with a true paragraph; 8-point type following is always a paragraph.]

On February 29, Sue Payton, who is 

the Air Force’s Assistant Secretary 

for Acquisition, said at a DOD news 

EULHåQJ

We have been extremely open and 

transparent. We have had a very thorough 

review of what we’re doing. We’ve got it 

nailed.

A week later, she told the House 

Ap pro priations Subcommittee on 

Defense:

The Air Force followed a carefully 

structured source selection process,—

They what?

designed to provide transparency, 

main tain integrity, and ensure a fair 

competition.
And throughout the last 4 months, 

$LU)RUFHRIåFLDOVKDYHLQVLVWHGWKDW

they selected the cheapest plane that 

best met their criteria and that they 

made no mistakes.

392 Chapter 19

[Note, as above, that following an excerpt, 

the 8 point must begin with a paragraph.]

[An address of the President delivered outside of Congress or referred to as an extract 

will be set in 7 point.]

SCHEME OF TEXT HEADINGS

[In 8-point, heads are 8-point caps. After 

the cap head, all sub heads are 7-point small 

caps, regardless of any perceived hierarchy.

>,QSRLQWWKHSURJUHVVLRQLVDVIROORZVLQ

descending order):

7-point caps and small caps.

7-point small caps.

7-point italic lowercase.

7-point roman caps and lowercase.

7-point roman lowercase.]

USE OF DOUBLE HEADS

This is something which has been 

entirely overlooked by the . . .

ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS OF THE 

COMMITTEE BILL

AMENDMENTS CHANGING THE INTERSTATE 

COMMERCE PROVISIONS OF THE ACE

As the law stands today, it applies 

only to an employee who . . .

EXECUTIVE PROGRAM

———

ESTATE TAX CONVENTION WITH 

CANADA

AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED

———

RECIPROCAL TRADE 

AGREEMENTS

———

WARREN AMENDMENT NO. 1194

HEADS USED IN EXTENSIONS OF 

REMARKS

VA ACCOUNTABILITY FIRST 

AND APPEALS MODERNIZATION 

ACT OF 2016

———

SPEECH OF

HON. CHRIS VAN HOLLEN

OF MARYLAND

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Tuesday, September 13, 2016

The House in Committee of the Whole 

House on the state of the Union had under 

consideration the bill (H.R. 5620) to amend 

title 38, United States Code, to provide for 

the removal or demotion of employees of 

the Department of Veterans Affairs based 

on performance or misconduct, and for 

other purposes:

[The words “Speech of” are to be used only 

when on manuscript and is an indication that 

that particular Extension of Remarks is to 

be inserted in the proceedings of the bound 

Record of the date used in the heading.]

MISSING CHILDREN

———

HON. ORRIN G. HATCH

OF UTAH

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

Wednesday, February 3, 1999

Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise before this 

distinguished assembly to focus additional 

attention on the tragedy of missing children. The Department of Health and Human 

Services has estimated that approximately 

1.3 million children disappear each year. A 

significant number do not leave of their own 

accord. . . .
Congressional Record 393

The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., on the 

expiration of the recess, and was 

called to order by the Honorable LISA

MERKOWSKI, a Senator from the State 

of Alaska.

[Above line to be used only when Senate had 

been in recess.]

The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., and 

was called to order by the Honorable 

JAMES LANKFORD, a Senator from the 

State of Oklahoma.

[Note.—Entire prayer set in 8 point.]

———

PRAYER

The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black, 

offered the following prayer:

Let us pray.

Our Father in heaven, we thank You 

for the beautiful differences in the 

human family, for its varied shapes 

and sizes, its features and colors, its 

abilities and talents. Deliver us from 

the forces that would destroy our 

unity by eliminating our diversity.

Bless the Members of this body. Help 

them in their debates to distinguish 

between substance and semantics, 

between rhetoric and reality. Free 

them from personal and partisan preoccupations that would defeat their 

aspirations and deprive Americans of 

just and equitable solutions. May our 

lawmakers avoid the works of darkness and put on Your armor of light.

We pray in Your holy Name. Amen.

PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE

7KH3UHVLGLQJ2IåFHUOHGWKH3OHGJH

of Allegiance, as follows:

I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the 

United States of America, and to the 

Republic for which it stands, one nation 

under God, indivisible, with liberty and 

justice for all.

APPOINTMENT OF ACTING 

PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 

clerk will please read a communication to the Senate from the President 

pro tempore (Mr. HATCH).

The legislative clerk read the following letter:

U.S. SENATE,

 PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE,

 Washington, DC, September 26, 2016.

To the Senate:

Under the provisions of rule I, section 

3, of the Standing Rules of the Senate, I 

hereby appoint the Honorable JONI ERNST, a 

Senator from the State of Iowa, to perform 

the duties of the Chair.

 ORRIN G. HATCH,

President pro tempore.

Mrs. ERNST thereupon assumed 

the chair as Acting President pro 

tempore.

RECOGNITION OF THE MAJORITY 

LEADER

The ACTING PRESIDENT pro 

tempore. The majority leader is 

recognized.

SCHEDULE

Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, 

following my remarks and those of 

Senator REID, there will be a period 

of morning business for 1 hour, with 

Senators permitted to speak therein 

for up to 10 minutes each. The majorLW\ ZLOO FRQWURO WKH åUVW PLQXWHV

CONGRESSIONAL PROCEEDINGS

SENATE

TUESDAY, JULY 12, 2016

(Legislative day of Monday, July 11, 2016) 1

 1 To be used only when the Senate had 

been in recess.
the Republicans will control the second 30 minutes.

Following morning business, the 

Senate will resume consideration of 

the motion to proceed to S. 3044, the 

Consumer-First Energy Act. The 

åUVWKRXUVRIGHEDWHZLOOEHHTXDOO\

divided and controlled in 30-minute 

alternating blocks of time, with the 

PDMRULW\FRQWUROOLQJWKHåUVWPLQutes and Republicans controlling the 

next 30 minutes.

Upon conclusion of the controlled 

time, Senators will be permitted to 

speak for up to 10 minutes each.

$V D UHPLQGHU \HVWHUGD\ , åOHG

cloture on the motion to proceed to 

S. 3101, the Medicare Improvements 

for Patients and Providers Act. That 

cloture vote will occur tomorrow 

morning.

RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME

The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order, the 

leadership time is reserved.

MORNING BUSINESS

The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order, the 

Senate will proceed to a period of 

morning business for up to 1 hour, with 

Senators permitted to speak therein 

for up to 10 minutes each, with the 

time equally divided and controlled 

between the two leaders or their 

designees, with the majority controlOLQJWKHåUVWKDOIDQGWKH5HSXEOLFDQV

FRQWUROOLQJWKHåQDOKDOI

Ms. BALDWIN. Mr. President, I ask 

unanimous consent that the order for 

the quorum call be rescinded.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

CONCLUSION OF MORNING 

BUSINESS

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Morning business is now closed.

394 Chapter 19

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2017—MOTION 

TO PROCEED

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under 

the previous order, the Senate will resume consideration of the motion to 

proceed to H.R. 5325, which the clerk 

will report.

The senior assistant legislative 

clerk read as follows:

Motion to proceed to Calendar No. 516, 

H.R. 5325, a bill making appropriations for 

WKH/HJLVODWLYH%UDQFK IRU WKHåVFDO\HDU

ending September 30, 2017, and for other 

purposes.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 

assistant Democratic leader.

ZIKA VIRUS FUNDING

Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I can 

VWLOO UHFDOO WKHåUVWEULHåQJ ,KDGDV

a Member of Congress on something 

called HIV/AIDS. . . .

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2017—MOTION 

TO PROCEED—Continued

[Note the use of bullets signifying that 

ZKLFKZDVQRWVSRNHQRQWKHæRRU@

ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS

———

TRIBUTE TO GEORGE TAKEI

● Ms. HIRONO. Mr. President, "Oh 

Myyy!" My friend George Takei is 

being honored with the National Asian 

3DFLåF $PHULFDQ %DU $VVRFLDWLRQ
V

NAPABA, Inspire Award. In addition 

to his many contributions to the arts, 

George has been on the forefront for 

GHFDGHVåJKWLQJ IRU WKRVHZKR GRQ
W

have a voice. . . . ●

MESSAGES FROM THE 

PRESIDENT

Messages from the President of the 

United States were communicated 

to the Senate by Mr. Pate, one of his 

secretaries.
Congressional Record 395

EXECUTIVE MESSAGES 

REFERRED

As in executive session the 

3UHVLGLQJ 2IåFHU ODLG EHIRUH WKH

Senate messages from the President 

of the United States submitting sundry nominations which were referred 

to the appropriate committees.

(The nominations received today 

are printed at the end of the Senate 

proceedings.)

REPORT OF THE VETO OF S. 2040, 

THE JUSTICE AGAINST SPONSORS OF TERRORISM ACT, 

RECEIVED DURING ADJOURNMENT OF THE SENATE ON 

SEPTEMBER 23, 2016—PM 56

The PRESIDING OFFICER laid 

before the Senate the following message from the President of the United 

States which was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, spread in full upon 

the Journal and held at the desk:

To the Senate of the United States:

I am returning herewith without 

my approval S. 2040, the "Justice 

Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act" 

(JASTA) . . . .

The JASTA, however, does not 

contribute to these goals, does not 

enhance the safety of Americans 

from terrorist attacks, and undermines core U.S. interests. For these 

reasons, I must veto the bill.

 BARACK OBAMA.

THE WHITE HOUSE, September 23, 2016.

[The above to be 8 point.]

[When communications from the President 

contain extracts, etc., such extracts must be 

in 7 point.]

MESSAGES FROM THE HOUSE

At 12:21 p.m., a message from the 

House of Representatives, delivered 

by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading 

clerks, announced that the House 

has passed the following bill, with an 

amendement and an amendment to 

the title, in which it requests the concurrence of the Senate:

S. 253. An act to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to consolidate the 

reporting obligations of the Federal 

Communications Commission in order to 

improve congressional oversight and reduce reporting burdens.

ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED

At 10:05 a.m., a message from the 

House of Representatives, delivered 

by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading 

clerks, announced that the Speaker 

has signed the following enrolled bill:

H.R. 5325. An act making continuing 

DSSURSULDWLRQV IRU åVFDO \HDU  DQG

for other purposes. The enrolled bill was 

subsequently signed by the President pro 

tempore (Mr. HATCH).

The President pro tempore (Mr. 

HATCH) announced that on today, 

September 29, 2016, he signed the following enrolled bills, which were 

previously signed by the Speaker of 

the House:

S. 1878. An act to extend the pediatric 

priority review voucher program.

S. 2683. An act to include disabled 

veteran leave in the personnel management system of the Federal Aviation 

Administration.

——

At 12:56 p.m., a message from the 

House of Representatives, delivered 

by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading 

clerks, announced that the House has 

passed the following bill, in which 

it requests the concurrence of the 

Senate:

H.R. 5303. An act to provide for improvements to the rivers and harbors of the 

United States, to provide for the conservation and development of water and related 

resources, and for other purposes.

MEASURES REFERRED

The following bills were read 

WKH åUVW DQG WKH VHFRQG WLPHV E\

unanimous consent, and referred as 

indicated:

H.R. 5065. An act to direct the 

Administrator of the Transportation 

Security Administration to notify air 
396 Chapter 19

Requirements for Derivatives Clearing 

Organizations" (RIN3038–AE29) received 

LQWKH2IåFHRIWKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH6HQDWH

on September 21, 2016; to the Committee 

on. . . .

REPORT ON CLASSIFIED 

INFORMATION (S. DOC. NO. 107)

Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, the 

Committee on Armed Services of 

the Senate has recently requested 

WKH 2IåFH RI 3XEOLF 5HODWLRQV RI WKH

Department of the Navy to submit 

WR LW D UHSRUW RQ FODVVLåHG LQIRUPDtion. The Department of the Navy has 

complied with the request, and I now 

present the report and ask that it be 

published as a Senate document.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without 

objection, the report will be printed 

as a document as requested by the 

Senator from Virginia.

 [Note the insertion of S. Doc. No. — in 

cases where papers are ordered to be printed 

as a document. To be inserted only when ordered to be printed or its equivalent is in 

manuscript.]

Third reading and passage of a bill.

MISSOURI RIVER BRIDGE NEAR 

ST. CHARLES, MO

The bill (S. 4174) to extend the times 

for commencing and completing the 

construction of a bridge across the 

Missouri River at or near St. Charles, 

MO, was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the 

third time, and passed, as follows:

S. 4174

Be it enacted by the Senate and House 

of Representatives of the United States 

of America in Congress assembled, That 

the times for commencing and completing 

the construction of the bridge across the 

Missouri River, etc.

GOVERNMENT OF THE 

TERRITORY OF HAWAII

The Senate proceeded to consider 

the bill (S. 1881) to amend an act entitled “An act to provide a government 

carriers and security screening personnel of the Transportation Security 

Administration of such Administration's 

guidelines regarding permitting baby 

IRUPXOD EUHDVW PLON SXULåHG GHLRQL]HG

water, and juice on airplanes, and for other 

purposes, to the Committee on Commerce, 

Science, and Transportation.

MEASURES PLACED ON THE 

CALENDAR

The following bill was read the second time, and placed on the calendar:

S. 3326. A bill to give States the authority 

to provide temporary access to affordable 

private health insurance options outside 

of Obamacare exchanges.

MEASURES READ THE FIRST 

TIME

7KHIROORZLQJELOOZDVUHDGWKHåUVW

time:

H.R. 954. An act to amend the Internal 

Revenue Code of 1986 to exempt from the 

individual mandate certain individuals who had coverage under a terminated 

TXDOLåHG KHDOWK SODQ IXQGHG WKURXJK WKH

Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan 

(CO-OP) program.

ENROLLED BILL PRESENTED

The Secretary of the Senate reported that on September 12, 2016, she 

had presented to the President of the 

United States the following enrolled 

bill:

S. 2040. An act to deter terrorism, provide justice for victims, and for other 

purposes.

EXECUTIVE AND OTHER 

COMMUNICATIONS

The following communications 

were laid before the Senate, together 

with accompanying papers, reports, 

and documents, and were referred as 

indicated:

EC–7000. A communication from the 

Secretary of the Commodity Futures 

Trading Commission, transmitting, 

pursuant to law, the report of a rule 

entitled "System Safeguards Testing 
Congressional Record 397

Committee that it is reported as a 

Senate joint resolution. I ask for a 

PRGLåFDWLRQRI LW VR WKDW LWZLOOEHD

Senate resolution instead of a Senate 

joint resolution.

The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. It is proposed to strike out “S.J. Res. 4” and 

insert “S. Res. 85”.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is 

WKHUH REMHFWLRQ WR WKH PRGLåFDWLRQ"

The Chair hears one and it will be so 

PRGLåHG

Mr. INHOFE. Would it not be necessary to change the resolving clause 

also? The resolving clause reads:

Resolved by the Senate and House of 

Representatives of the United States of 

America in Congress assembled,

The amendment was agreed to.

>1RWHXVHRIZRUGVåJXUHVDQGSXQFWXDWLRQ

in the following example. Follow manuscript.]

The next amendment was, on 

page 34, in line 9, under the heading “Employees’ Compensation 

Com mission”, before the word “asVLVWDQWVÙ WR VWULNH RXW ØåYHÙ DQG

insert “three”; in line 10, after the 

word “clerks” and before the words “of 

class 3”, to strike out “seven” and inVHUWØåYHÙLQOLQHEHIRUHWKHZRUGV

“of class 2”, to strike out “twelve” and 

insert “nine”; in the same line, before 

the words “of class 1”, to strike out 

“twenty-seven” and insert “twenty”; 

in line 12, before the words “at $1.000 

each”, to strike out “three” and insert “two”; and in line 18, to strike out 

“$124,940” and insert “$102,590”, so as 

to read:

EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION COMMISSION

Salaries: Three Commissioners at $4,000 

each; secretary, $2,750; attorney, $4,000; 

chief statistician, $3,000; chief of accounts, $2,500; accountant, $2,250; claim 

examiners—chief $2,250, assistant $2,000, 

assistant $1,800, three assistants at $1,600 

each; special agents—two at $1,800 each, 

WZR DW  HDFK FOHUNVÔåYH RI FODVV 

nine of class 2, twenty of class 1, two at 

$1,000 each; in all $102,590.

Mr. UDALL submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him 

to the sundry civil appropriation bill, 

for the Territory of Hawaii,” approved 

April 30, 1900, as amended, to establish a Hawaiian Homes Commission, 

and for other purposes, which had 

been reported from the Committee 

on Interior and Insular Affairs with 

amendments.

7KHåUVWDPHQGPHQWZDVRQSDJH

line 22, to strike out “Keaaupaha” and 

insert “Keaaukaha”.

The amendment was agreed to.

The next amendment was, on page 6, 

OLQHDIWHUWKHåJXUHØÙWRLQVHUW

“by further authorization of Congress 

and”, so as to make the paragraph 

read:

(1) by further authorization of Congress 

DQG IRU D SHULRG RI åYH \HDUV DIWHU WKH

åUVW PHHWLQJ RI WKH +DZDLLDQ +RPHV

Commission only those lands situated on 

the island of Molokaki, etc.

The Amendment was agreed to.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed 

for a third reading, read the third 

time, and passed.

Forms of amendments

The joint resolution (S.J. Res. 4) requesting the President to negotiate 

a treaty or treaties for the protection of salmon in retrain parts of the 

3DFLåF2FHDQZDVDQQRXQFHGDVQH[W

in order.

Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, I have 

just had an opportunity to examine this joint resolution. I offer this 

amendment.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 

Secretary will state the amendment 

offered by the Senator from Arizona.

The READING CLERK. On page 1, line 

11, it is proposed to strike out the 

words “both within and”, so as to 

make the joint resolution read:

Resolved by the Senate and House of 

Representatives of the United States of 

America in Congress assembled, That the 

President of the United States be, and he is 

hereby, requested to negotiate on behalf of 

the United States, as promptly as is practicable, etc.

Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, I 

observe in the report of the bill by the 

chairman of the Foreign Relations 
398 Chapter 19

That's the America I know. That's the 

country we love. Clear-eyed. Bighearted. 

Optimistic that unarmed truth and unFRQGLWLRQDO ORYH ZLOO KDYH WKH åQDO ZRUG

That's what makes me so hopeful about 

our future. Because of you. I believe in you. 

7KDW
VZK\,VWDQGKHUHFRQåGHQWWKDWWKH

State of our Union is strong.

Thank you, God bless you, and God bless 

the United States of America.

BARACK OBAMA. □

THE WHITE HOUSE, January 12, 2016.

———

To the Senate of the United States:

To the end that I may receive the 

advice and consent of the Senate to ratiåFDWLRQ , WUDQVPLW KHUHZLWK D WUHDW\ RI

arbitration and conciliation between the 

United States and Switzerland, signed at 

Washington on March 17, 1952.

HARRY S. TRUMAN.□

THE WHITE HOUSE, March 17, 1952.

[A letter from the President to the Senate 

is set in 7-point type when any form of treaty 

is encloses that is to be printed in the Record 

in connection therewith. The letter is set in 

7-point type whether the treaty follows or 

precedes it or separated from it by intervening matter.]

RECESS UNTIL TOMORROW AT 

10:30 A.M.

Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, I 

know of no further business to come 

before the Senate. I move, in accordance with the order previously 

entered, that the Senate stand in 

recess until the hour of 10:30 a.m. 

tomorrow.

The motion was agreed to and, at 

7:34 p.m., the Senate recessed until 

Wednesday, June 5, 2016, at 10:30 a.m.

[After the recess or adjournment the following may appear:]

NOMINATIONS

Executive Nominations received by 

the Senate.

[Under the heads Nominations, ConåUPDWLRQV :LWKGUDZDO and Rejection, 

the following scheme for subheads is to be 

followed:

[Heads indicating service, or branch or 

department of Government and subheads 

which was ordered to lie on the table 

and to be printed, as follows:

Add a new section, as follows: “That 

the President of the Senate appoint three 

Members of the Senate; and the Speaker of 

the House three Members of the House.”

The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill (H.R. 4075) to limit 

the immigration of aliens into the 

United States.

[An executive session usually being open, 

the following precedes the recess or adjournment heading:]

REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE 

UNION DELIVERED TO A JOINT 

SESSION OF CONGRESS ON 

JANUARY 12, 2016—PM 36

The PRESIDING OFFICER laid 

before the Senate the following message from the President of the United 

States which was ordered to lie on the 

table.

To the Congress of the United States:

Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, 

Members of Congress, my fellow 

Americans:

Tonight marks the eighth year I've come 

here to report on the State of the Union. 

$QG IRU WKLVåQDORQH ,
PJRLQJ WR WU\ WR

make it shorter. I know some of you are 

antsy to get back to Iowa. I also understand that because it's an election season, 

expectations for what we'll achieve this 

year are low. Still, Mr. Speaker, I appreciate the constructive approach you and the 

other leaders took at the end of last year 

to pass a budget and make tax cuts permanent for working families. So I hope we can 

work together this year on bipartisan priorities like criminal justice reform, and 

helping people who are battling prescription drug abuse. We just might surprise 

the cynics agains.

But tonight, I want to go easy on the 

traditional list of proposals for the year 

ahead. Don't worry, I've got plenty, from 

helping students learn to write computer 

code to personalizing medical treatments 

for patients. And I'll keep pushing for progress on the work that still needs doing. 

Fixing a broken immigration system. 

Protecting our kids from gun violence. 

Equal pay for equal work, paid leave, raising the minimum wage. All these things 

still matter to hardworking families; they 

are still the right thing to do; and I will not 

let up until they get done. . . .
Congressional Record 399

INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A POSITION OF IMPORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10, 

U.S.C., SECTION 601:

To be vice admiral

 VICE ADMIN. DIXON R. SMITH

CONFIRMATIONS

([HFXWLYH QRPLQDWLRQV FRQåUPHG

by the Senate September 28, 2016:

IN THE AIR FORCE

 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE TO THE 

GRADE INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION 

624:

To be brigadier general

 COL. KENNETH P. EKMAN

To be brigadier general

 COL. ALFRED F. ABRAMSON III

 COL. PETER B. ANDRYSIAK, JR.

 COL. ROBERT W. BENNETT, JR.

indicating subdivision or type of service—

7-point small caps.]

[Subheads indicating new rank of appointee—7-point italic initial cap.

>7H[WLVVHWLQSRLQWFDSV

>1RWH 1RPLQDWLRQV ZLOO EH VHW åUVW QDPH

PLGGOH QDPH RU åUVW PLGGOH LQLWLDO DQG

last name throughout followed by period. 

Asterisks, if any, precede names as in executive nominations.]

Executive nominations received by 

the Senate:

NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON 

THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES

 JANE MARIE DOGGETT, OF MONTANA, TO BE A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON THE HUMANITIES 

FOR A TERM EXPIRING JANUARY 26, 2022, VICE CATHY 

M. DAVIDSON, TERM EXPIRED.

STATE JUSTICE INSTITUTE

 WILFREDO MARTINEZ, OF FLORIDA, TO BE A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE STATE 

JUSTICE INSTITUTE FOR A TERM EXPIRING SEPTEMBER 17, 2019. (REAPPOINTMENT)

IN THE NAVY

 THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY TO THE GRADE 
400 Chapter 19

PRAYER 1

The Chaplain, the Reverend 

Patrick J. Conroy, offered the following prayer: 

We give You thanks, O God, for giving us another day. In the wake of a 

great American holiday, we ask Your 

special blessing on American workers, those fortunate to have jobs 

GXULQJWKHVHGLIåFXOWHFRQRPLFWLPHV

and those desiring work. May they 

NQRZDQGEHFRQåGHQWRIWKHQRELOLW\

and sacredness of their labor.

As the Members of the people’s 

House return to the Capitol, call 

them, as well, with Your gentling 

voice of collegiality.

When a sense of alienation shadows 

DOO RI RXU VRXOV ZH åQG RXU GLIIHUHQFHVGLIåFXOWWREHDUZHPRYHDZD\

from each other. Insofar as this spirit 

of alienation has descended upon this 

House, help each Member to overcome 

unnecessary divisions that hamper productive work on behalf of our 

Nation. 

Bring them to a deeper level of 

awareness of Your spirit, and make 

us one Nation. Give the Members listening hearts, ready and willing to 

respond to Your spirit living in each 

one.

And may all that is done be for Your 

greater honor and glory.

Amen.

THE JOURNAL

The SPEAKER pro tempore. The 

Chair has examined the Journal of 

the last day’s proceedings and announces to the House his approval 

thereof.

Pursuant to clause 1, rule I, the 

Journal stands approved.

[When the Speaker is in the Chair, follow 

this style.]

The House met at noon.

The Chaplain, the Reverend 

Patrick J. Conroy, offered the following prayer:

Merciful God, we give You thanks 

for giving us another day.

In this year of post-9/11, we pray 

that the children of this generation 

and their children’s children may 

never have to experience another 

GD\ OLNH WKHRQH WKDWæRRGHGRXU79

screens so many years ago.

Protect and guide this Nation to a 

new security, built upon human integrity and communal solidarity 

with all who love freedom and human 

dignity, while respecting the lives 

and beliefs of others.

Empower the Members of Congress 

and governments around the world to 

establish just laws and seek the common good that will lead to ways of 

equity and peace.

May all that is done this day be for 

Your greater honor and glory.

Amen.

[When the Speaker is not in the Chair, follow this style.]

The House met at 12:30 and was 

called to order by the Speaker pro 

tempore (Mr. BOST).

DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO 

TEMPORE

The SPEAKER pro tempore laid 

before the House the following communication from the Speaker:

 WASHINGTON, DC,

June 17, 2016.

I hereby appoint the Honorable MIKE BOST

to act as Speaker pro tempore on this day.

PAUL D. RYAN,

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 2016

 1 Head is not used when the Speaker is in 

the chair. See preceding example.
Congressional Record 401

WELCOMING THE HONORABLE 

WARREN DAVIDSON TO THE 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

[Welcoming speeches follow.]

[Initial speech of new Representative follows.]

ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE 

SPEAKER

The SPEAKER. Under clause 5(d) 

of rule XX, the Chair announces to 

the House that, in light of the adminLVWUDWLRQ RI WKH RDWK RI RIåFH WR WKH

gentleman from Ohio (Mr. DAVIDSON), 

the whole number of the House is 435.

OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBERS

7KH RDWK RI RIåFH UHTXLUHG E\ WKH

sixth article of the Constitution of 

the United States, and as provided 

by section 2 of the act of May 13, 1884 

(23 Stat. 22), to be administered to 

Members, Resident Commissioner, 

and Delegates or the House of 

Representatives, the text of which is 

carried in 5 U.S.C. 3331:

“I, AB, do solemnly swear (or 

DIåUPWKDW,ZLOOVXSSRUWDQGGHfend the Constitution of the united 

States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that you will 

bear true faith and allegiance to 

the same; that you take this obligation freely, without and mental 

reservation or purpose of evasion; 

and that you will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the 

RIåFH RQ ZKLFK \RX DUH DERXW WR

enter, so help you God.

has been subscribed to in person and 

åOHGLQGXSOLFDWHZLWKWKH&OHUNRIWKH

House of Representatives by the following Member of the 110th Congress, 

pursuant to Public Law 412 of the 80th 

Congress entitled “An act to amend 

section 30 of the Revised Statues of 

the United States’’ (2 U.S.C. 25, approved February 18, 1948:

WARREN DAVIDSON, 8th District of Ohio.

PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE

The SPEAKER pro tempore. Will 

the gentleman from Iowa (Mr. BLUM) 

come forward and lead the House in 

the Pledge of Allegiance.

Mr. BLUM led the Pledge of 

Allegiance as follows:

I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the 

United States of America, and to the 

Republic for which it stands, one nation 

under God, indivisible, with liberty and 

justice for all.

SWEARING IN OF THE HONORABLE 

WARREN DAVIDSON, OF OHIO, AS 

A MEMBER OF THE HOUSE

Ms. KAPTUR. Mr. Speaker, I ask 

unanimous consent that the gentleman from Ohio, the Honorable 

WARREN DAVIDSON, be permitted 

WRWDNHWKHRDWKRIRIåFHWRGD\

+LV FHUWLåFDWH RI HOHFWLRQ KDV QRW

arrived, but there is no contest and no 

question has been raised with regard 

to his election.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection 

to the request of the gentlewoman 

from Ohio?

There was no objection.

The SPEAKER. Will Representative-elect DAVIDSON and the 

members of the Ohio delegation present themselves in the well.

All Members will rise and the 

Representative-elect will please 

raise his right hand.

Mr. DAVIDSON appeared at the bar 

of the House and took the oath of ofåFHDVIROORZV

Do you solemnly swear that you will 

support and defend the Constitution of the 

United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that you will bear true 

faith and allegiance to the same; that you 

take this obligation freely, without any 

mental reservation or purpose of evasion; 

and that you will well and faithfully disFKDUJHWKHGXWLHVRIWKHRIåFHRQZKLFK\RX

are about to enter, so help you God

The SPEAKER. Congratulations. 

You are now a Member of the 114th 

Congress.
402 Chapter 19

provided to former Presidents so as to 

reduce unnecessary costs to taxpayers. But if implemented as drafted, 

the bill would have unintended consequences. It would impose onerous 

and unreasonable burdens on the ofåFHV RI IRUPHU 3UHVLGHQWV LQFOXGLQJ

by requiring the General Services 

Administration to immediately terPLQDWHVDODULHVDQGEHQHåWVRIRIåFH

employees and to remove furnishLQJV DQG HTXLSPHQW IURP RIåFHV ,W

would withdraw the General Services 

Administration’s ability to administer leases and negatively impact 

operations, with unanticipated implications for the protection and 

security of former Presidents.

My Administration will work with 

the authors of the bill and other leaders in the Congress, in consultation 

ZLWKWKHRIåFHVRIIRUPHU3UHVLGHQWV

to explore the best ways to achieve 

these goals going forward. If the 

Congress returns the bill having 

appropriately addressed these concerns, I will sign it. For now, I must 

veto the bill.

BARACK OBAMA.

THE WHITE HOUSE, July 22, 2016.

The SPEAKER pro tempore. The 

objections of the President will be 

spread at large upon the Journal, and 

the veto message and the bill will be 

printed as a House document.

Without objection, further consideration of the veto message and the 

bill, H.R. 1777, is postponed until the 

legislative day of September 23, 2016.

There was no objection.

[Debate and vote follow.]

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

A message in writing from the 

President of the United States was 

communicated to the House by Mr. 

Sherman Williams, one of his secretaries, who also informed the House 

that on the following dates the 

MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE

A message from the Senate by 

Ms. Curtis, one of its clerks, announced that the Senate concurs in 

the amendment of the House to the 

bill (S. 2146) “An Act to authorize the 

Administrator of the Environmental 

Protection Agency to accept, as part 

of a settlement, diesel emission reduction Supplemental Environmental 

Projects, and for other purposes.”

[Above usage occurs when there is only one 

bill referenced. For more than one bill, use the 

following style.]

MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE

A message from the Senate by Ms. 

Curtis, one of its clerks, announced 

that the Senate has passed without 

amendment a bill of the House of the 

following titles:

H.R. 3969. An act to designate the 

Department of Veterans Affairs community-based Outpatient clinic in Laughlin, 

1HYDGDDVWKHÕÕ0DVWHU&KLHI3HWW\2IåFHU

Jesse Dean VA Clinic’’.

[Observe that bills from the Senate to the 

House read An act. If the manuscript should 

read $ ELOO, change to An act in conformity 

ZLWK WKLV UXOH DQG SODFH QXPEHU åUVW 1RWH

also the following forms:]

PRESIDENTIAL ALLOWANCE 

MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2016—

VETO MESSAGE FROM THE 

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 

STATES (H. DOC. NO. 114–155)

The SPEAKER pro tempore laid 

before the House the following veto 

message from the President of the 

United States:

To the House of Representatives:

II am returning herewith without my approval H.R. 1777, the 

‘‘Presidential Allowance Modernization Act of 2016,’’ which would 

amend the Former Presidents Act of 

1958.

I agree with H.R. 1777’s goal of reforming the pensions and allowances 
Congressional Record 403

MRS. VIRGINIA THRIFT

Mr. GOSAR. Ms. Speaker, by direction of the Committee on House 

Administration, I offer a privileged 

resolution (H. Res. 321) and ask for its 

immediate consideration.

The Clerk read as follows:

H. RES. 321

Resolved, That there shall be paid out 

of the contingent fund of the House to 

Mrs. Virginia Thrift, widow of Chester R. 

Thrift, late an employee of the House, an 

amount equal to six months' salary compensation at the rate he was receiving at 

the time of his death, and an additional 

amount not to exceed $250 to defray funeral 

expenses of the said Chester R. Thrift.

The Resolution was agreed to.

A motion to reconsider was laid on 

the table.

BILLS PRESENTED TO THE 

PRESIDENT

Karen L. Haas, Clerk of the House, 

reported that on February 23, 2016, 

she presented to the President of the 

United States, for his approval, the 

following bill:

H.R. 644. To reauthorize trade facilitation and trade enforcement functions and 

activities, and for other purposes.

ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED

Ms. Lorraine C. Miller, Clerk of 

the House, reported and found truly 

enrolled bills of the House of the following titles, which were thereupon 

signed by the Speaker:

H.R. 430. An act to designate the United 

States bankruptcy courthouse located at 

271 Cadman Plaza East in Brooklyn, New 

York, as the “Conrad B. Duberstein United 

States Bankruptcy Courthouse”.

H.R. 781. An act to redesignate Lock and 

Dam No. 5 of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas 

5LYHU 1DYLJDWLRQ 6\VWHP QHDU 5HGåHOG

Arkansas, authorized by the Rivers and 

Harbors Act approved July 24, 1946, as the 

“Colonel Charles D. Maynard Lock and 

Dam”.

H.R. 1019. An act to designate the United 

States customhouse building located at 31 

Gonzalez Clemente Avenue in Mayagüez, 

Puerto Rico, as the “Rafael Martinez 

Nadal United States Customhouse 

Building”.

President approved and signed bills 

of the House and Senate of the following titles:

On July 1, 1996:

H.R. 3029. An act to designate the United 

States courthouse in Washington, District 

of Columbia, as the ‘‘E. Barrett Prettyman 

United States Courthouse.’’

On July 2, 1996:

H.R. 2803. An act to amend the anti-car 

theft provisions of title 49, United States 

Code, to increase the utility of motor vehicle title information to the State and 

)HGHUDOODZHQIRUFHPHQWRIåFLDOVDQGIRU

other purposes.

On July 3, 1996:

H.R. 3525, An act amend title 18, United 

States Code, to clarify the Federal jurisdiction over offenses relating to damage 

to religious property. . . .

[Observe that bills coming from the President take the form of An act. This rule must 

be followed invariably, even if the manuscript 

reads $ELOO.]

MOURNING THE LOSS OF 

SHIMON PERES

(Mr. CICILLINE asked and was 

given permission to address the 

House for 1 minute.)

Mr. CICILLINE. Mr. Speaker, I rise 

to express my deep sadness on the 

passing of former Israeli President 

and Prime Minister Shimon Peres. 

Shimon Peres was devoted to the 

cause of the Jewish state and worked 

tirelessly to achieve a lasting peace 

in the Middle East.

He was the founding father of 

the State of Israel and remained, 

throughout his life, one of its greatest champions. He was the central 

architect of the Oslo Accords and was 

respected around the world for his 

strong leadership as Prime Minister 

and President of Israel. His example 

should be an inspiration to us all, as 

he fought so long for peace.

My thoughts are with his family 

and friends as well as the people of 

Israel, who have lost a beloved leader.
404 Chapter 19

and passed, and a motion to reconsider was 

laid on the table.

The SPEAKER pro tempore. This 

concludes the call of the Private 

Calendar.

SENATE BILLS REFERRED

Bills of the Senate of the following 

titles were taken from the Speaker’s 

table and, under the rule, referred as 

follows:

S. 1479. An act to amend the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 

Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 

to modify provisions relating to grants, 

and for other purposes; to the Committee 

on Energy and Commerce; in addition, to 

the Committee on Transportation and 

Infrastructure for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in 

each case for consideration of such provisions as fall with the jurisdiction of the 

committee concerned.

S. 2829. An act to amend and enhance certain maritime programs of 

the Department of Transportation, and 

for other purposes; to the Committee 

on Armed Services; in addition, to the 

Committee on Transportation and 

Infrastructure; to the Committee on 

Natural Resources; to the Committee on 

Veterans’ Affairs; to the Committee on 

the Judiciary; and to the Committee on 

Oversight and Government Reform for a 

period to be subsequently determined by 

the Speaker, in each case for consideration 

of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.

[In the reference of Senate acts to House 

committees the name of the committee will 

be repeated after the act, though there may be 

several acts referred to the same committee.]

Will the gentleman from Illinois 

(Mr. HULTGREN) kindly take the 

chair.

□ 1535

IN THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE

Accordingly, the House resolved itself into the Committee of the Whole 

House on the state of the Union for the 

PRIVATE CALENDAR

The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mrs. 

BLACK). This is the day for the call of 

the Private Calendar.

The Clerk will call the bill on the 

calendar.

CORINA DE CHALUP TURCINOVIC

The Clerk called called the bill 

(H.R. 306) for the relief of Corina de 

Chalup Turcinovic.

There being no objection, the Clerk 

read the bill as follows:

H.R. 306

Be it enacted by the Senate and House 

of Representatives of the United States of 

America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. PERMANENT RESIDENT 

STATUS FOR CORINA DE CHALUP 

TURCINOVIC.

(a) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding 

subsections (a) and (b) of section 201 of 

the Immigration and Nationality Act, 

Corina de Chalup Turcinovic shall be eligible for issuance of an immigrant visa 

or for adjustment of status to that of an 

alien lawfully admitted for permanent 

UHVLGHQFHXSRQåOLQJDQDSSOLFDWLRQIRULVsuance of an immigrant visa under section 

204 of such Act or for adjustment of status 

to lawful permanent resident. . . .

(e) DENIAL OF PREFERENTIAL 

IMMIGRATION TREATMENT FOR 

CERTAIN RELATIVES.—The natural 

parents, brothers, and sisters of Corina de 

Chalup Turcinovic shall not, by virtue of 

such relationship, be accorded any right, 

privilege, or status under the Immigration 

and Nationality Act.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed and 

read a third time, was read the third time, 

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2016

The SPEAKER pro tempore. 

Pursuant to House Resolution 897 and 

rule XVIII, the Chair declares the 

House in the Committee of the Whole 

House on the state of the Union for the 

further consideration of the bill, H.R. 

5303.

COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE HOUSE ON 

THE STATE OF THE UNION
Congressional Record 405

The Acting CHAIR. Under the rule, 

the Committee rises.

Accordingly, the Committee rose; 

and the Speaker pro tempore (Mr. 

YODER) having assumed the chair, 

Mr. EMMER of Minnesota, Acting 

Chair of the Committee of the Whole 

House on the state of the Union, reported that that Committee, having 

had under consideration the bill (H.R. 

5303) to provide for improvements to 

the rivers and harbors of the United 

States, to provide for the conservation and development of water and 

related resources, and for other 

purposes, and, pursuant to House 

Resolution 897, he reported the bill 

back to the House with an amendment adopted in the Committee of the 

Whole.

The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under 

the rule, the previous question is 

ordered.

Is a separate vote demanded on 

any amendment to the amendment 

reported from the Committee of the 

Whole?

If not, the question is on the amendment in the nature of a substitute, as 

amended.

The amendment was agreed to.

The SPEAKER pro tempore. The 

question is on the engrossment and 

third reading of the bill.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed 

and read a third time, and was read 

the third time.

So the bill was passed.

The result of the vote was announced as above recorded.

A motion to reconsider was laid on 

the table.

further consideration of the bill (H.R. 

5303) to provide for improvements to 

the rivers and harbors of the United 

States, to provide for the conservation and development of water and 

related resources, and for other purposes, with Mr. HULTGREN (Acting 

Chair) in the chair.

The Clerk read the title of the bill.

The Acting CHAIR. When the 

Committee of the Whole rose earlier 

today, amendment No. 10 printed 

in House Report 114–790 offered by 

the gentleman from Louisiana (Mr. 

GRAVES) had been disposed of.

Pursuant to House Resolution 897, 

no further amendment to the amendment in the nature of a substitute 

referred to in House Resolution 892 

shall be in order except those printed 

in House Report 114–794.

Each such further amendment 

shall be considered only in the order 

printed in the report, may be offered 

only by a Member designated in the 

report, shall be considered as read, 

shall be debatable for the time speciåHG LQ WKH UHSRUW HTXDOO\ GLYLGHG

and controlled by the proponent and 

an opponent, shall not be subject to 

amendment, and shall not be subject to a demand for division of the 

question.

AMENDMENT NO. 1 OFFERED BY MR. BYRNE

The Acting CHAIR. It is now in 

order to consider amendment No. 1 

printed in House Report 114–794.

Mr. BYRNE. Mr. Chairman, I have 

an amendment at the desk.

The Acting CHAIR. The Clerk will 

designate the amendment.

The text of the amendment is as 

follows:

At the end of title I, add the following:

SEC. ll. GULF COAST OYSTER BED 

RECOVERY ASSESSMENT. . . .

(Voting occurs)

The amendment was agreed to.
406 Chapter 19

For consideration of the Senate bill and 

WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWVDQGPRGLåFDWLRQV

committed to conference:

FRED UPTON,

JOSEPH R. PITTS,

LEONARD LANCE,

BRETT GUTHRIE,

ADAM KINZINGER,

LARRY BUCSHON,

SUSAN W. BROOKS,

BOB GOODLATTE,

F. JAMES

 SENSENBRENNER, JR.,

LAMAR SMITH,

TOM MARINO,

DOUG COLLINS,

DAVID A. TROTT,

MIKE BISHOP,

KEVIN MCCARTHY,

From the Committee on Education and 

the Workforce, for consideration of title 

9,,RI WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWDQGPRGLåcations committed to conference:

LOU BARLETTA,

EARL L. ‘‘BUDDY’’

 CARTER,

From the Committee on Veterans’ 

Affairs, for consideration of title III of 

WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWDQGPRGLåFDWLRQV

committed to conference:

GUS M. BILIRAKIS,

JACKIE WALORSKI,

From the Committee on Ways and 

Means, for consideration of sec. 705 of 

the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the House 

DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLåFDWLRQV FRPPLWted to conference:

PATRICK MEEHAN,

ROBERT J. DOLD,

CONFERENCE REPORT (H. REPT. 114–669)

The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the 

amendments of the House do the bill (S. 524), 

to authorize the Attorney General to award 

grants to address the national epidemics of 

prescription opioid abuse and heroin use, 

having met, after full and free conference, 

have agreed to recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as follows:

That the Senate recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the House to the 

text of the bill and agree to the same with 

an amendment as follows:

In lieu of the matter proposed to be inserted by the House amendment, insert the 

following:

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF 

CONTENTS.

(a) SHORT TITLE.–This act may be cited as 

the "Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery 

Act of 2016".

(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.–The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

Title 1–PREVENTION AND EDUCATION

Sec. 101. Task force on pain management.

Sec. 102. Awareness campaigns. . . .

In lieu of the matter proposed to be inserted by the House amendment to the 

title of the bill, insert the following: ‘‘An 

Act to authorize the Attorney General and 

Secretary of Health and Human Services 

to award grants to address the prescription opioid abuse and heroin use crisis, and 

for other purposes.’’.

And the House agree to the same. 

CONFERENCE REPORT AND STATEMENT

Conference reports and statements to be set in 7 point.

Use 3-point space before and after conference report and statement.

In the House the names of Members are to be first.

Follow manuscript literally in the report. Observe the form Amendments 

numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., and, when the amendment is to make an independent 

paragraph, the phrase And the Senate [or House] agree to the same will be a 

paragraph by itself; otherwise it will be run in after the amendment with a 

semicolon. Examples of each are given in the report following.

In the statement change numbered to No., as amendment No. 1, but do not 

supply No. or amendment if omitted in manuscript; otherwise regular style 

will prevail.
Congressional Record 407

WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWDQGPRGLåFDWLRQV

committed to conference:

GUS M. BILIRAKIS,

JACKIE WALORSKI,

From the Committee on Ways and 

Means, for consideration of sec. 705 of 

the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the House 

DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLåFDWLRQV FRPPLWted to conference:

PATRICK MEEHAN,

ROBERT J. DOLD,

Managers on the Part of the House.

CHUCK GRASSLEY,

LAMAR ALEXANDER,

ORRIN G. HATCH,

JEFF SESSIONS,

Managers on the Part of the Senate.

Amendments

>$VåJXUHVDUHXVHGLQELOOVWRH[SUHVVVXPV

of money, dates, paragraph numbers, etc., 

amendments involving such expressions must 

EHVHW LQåJXUHVWKXV6WULNHRXWØÙDQG

LQVHUW ØÙ HWF IRU RWKHU HQXPHUDWLRQV

etc., follow the manuscript as the data is 

picked up from the bill and used for the Record 

and then picked up from the Record and used 

for the report.]

EMANUEL F. LENKERSDORF

The Clerk called the bill (H.R. 

2520) for the relief of Emanuel F. 

Lenkersdorf.

There being no objection, the Clerk 

read the bill as follows:

H.R. 2520

Be it enacted by the Senate and House 

of Representatives of the United States of 

America in Congress assembled, That for 

the purposes of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act, Emanuel F. Lenkersdorf 

shall be held and considered to have been 

lawfully admitted to the United States 

for permanent residence as of the date of 

the enactment of this Act, upon payment 

of the required visa fee. Upon the granting of permanent residence to such alien 

as provided for in this Act, the Secretary 

RI6WDWHVKDOOLQVWUXFWWKHSURSHURIåFHUWR

deduct one number from the total number 

of immigrant visas and conditional entries which are made available to natives 

of the country of the alien’s birth under 

paragraphs (1) through (8) of section 203(a) 

of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

With the following committee 

amend ment:

Managers on the Part of the House.

CHUCK GRASSLEY,

LAMAR ALEXANDER,

ORRIN G. HATCH,

JEFF SESSIONS,

Managers on the Part of the Senate.

JOINT EXPLANATORY STATEMENT OF 

THE COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE

The managers on the part of the House 

and the Senate at the conference on the 

disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the 

amendments of the House to the bill (S. 524), 

to authorize the Attorney General to award 

grants to address the national epidemics of 

prescription opioid abuse and heroin use, 

submit the following joint statement to 

the House and the Senate in explanation of 

the effect of the action agreed upon by the 

managers and recommended in the accompanying conference report:

The House amendment to the text of the 

bill struck all of the Senate bill after the 

enacting clause and inserted a substitute 

text.

The Senate recedes from its disagreement to the amendment of the House with 

an amendment that is a substitute for the 

Senate bill and the House amendment. . . .

CONSTITUTIONAL STATEMENT 

OF AUTHORITY

Congress has the power to enact this legislation pursuant to the following: Article 

I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States 

Constitution. 

For consideration of the Senate bill and 

WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWVDQGPRGLåFDWLRQV

committed to conference:

FRED UPTON,

JOSEPH R. PITTS,

LEONARD LANCE,

BRETT GUTHRIE,

ADAM KINZINGER,

LARRY BUCSHON,

SUSAN W. BROOKS,

BOB GOODLATTE,

F. JAMES

 SENSENBRENNER, JR.,

LAMAR SMITH,

TOM MARINO,

DOUG COLLINS,

DAVID A. TROTT,

MIKE BISHOP,

KEVIN MCCARTHY,

From the Committee on Education and 

the Workforce, for consideration of title 

9,,RI WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWDQGPRGLåcations committed to conference:

LOU BARLETTA,

EARL L. ‘‘BUDDY’’

 CARTER,

From the Committee on Veterans’ 

Affairs, for consideration of title III of 
408 Chapter 19

SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED

By unanimous consent, permission to address the House, following 

the legislative program and any special orders heretofore entered, was 

granted to:

(The following Members (at the 

request of Ms. HAHN) to revise and 

extend their remarks and include extraneous material:)

Ms. HAHN, for 5 minutes, today.

Mr. DEFAZIO, for 5 minutes, today.

Ms. KAPTUR, for 5 minutes, today.

Mr. SIMPSON, for 5 minutes, today.

(The following Members (at the request of Mr. SMITH of Nebraska) to 

revise and extend their remarks and 

include extraneous material:)

Mr. POE, for 5 minutes, June 20, 23 

and 24.

Mr. JONES of North Carolina, for 5 

minutes, June 20, 23 and 24.

Mr. BISHOP of Utah, for 5 minutes, 

today and June 18.

Mr. MCCAUL, for 5 minutes, June 19.

ADJOURNMENT

Mr. FORBES. Mr. Speaker, I move 

that the House do now adjourn.

The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 9 o’clock and 56 minutes 

p.m.), under its previous order, the 

House adjourned until tomorrow, 

Wednesday, June 15, 2016, at 9:30 a.m.

RECESS

The SPEAKER pro tempore. 

Pursuant to clause 12(a) of rule I, the 

Chair declares the House in recess 

until 2 p.m. today.

Accordingly (at 12 o’clock and 50 

minutes p.m.), the House stood in recess until 2 p.m.

□ 1400

AFTER RECESS

The recess having expired, the House 

was called to order by the Speaker pro 

tempore (Mr. BOST) at 2 p.m.

On page 2, strike lines 4 through 6 and 

insert in lieu thereof: “which are made 

available to natives of the country of the 

alien’s birth under section 203(a) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act or, if 

applicable, from the total number of such 

visas which are made available to such natives under section 202(3) of such Act.”.

The committee amendment was 

agreed to.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed 

and read a third time, was read the 

third time, and passed, and a motion 

to reconsider was laid on the table.

CONTESTED ELECTION, CARTER 

AGAINST LECOMPTE—MESSAGE FROM THE CLERK OF THE 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

(H. DOC. NO. 235)

The SPEAKER laid before the 

House the following message from 

the Clerk of the House of Representatives, which was read and, 

with the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on House 

Administration:

JULY 29, 2008.

The Honorable the SPEAKER,

House of Representatives.

SIR: I have the honor to lay before the 

House of Representatives the contest for a 

seat in the House of Representatives from the 

Fourth Congressional District of the State 

of Iowa, Steven V. Carter against Karl M. 

/H&RPSWHQRWLFHRIZKLFKKDVEHHQåOHG LQ

WKHRIåFHRIWKH&OHUNRIWKH+RXVHDQGDOVR

transmit herewith original testimony, papers, and documents relating thereto.

LEAVE OF ABSENCE

By unanimous consent, leave of absence was granted to:

Mr. CONYERS (at the request of Mr. 

HOYER) for today on account of personal business.

Mr. ENGEL (at the request of Mr. 

HOYER) for today on account of a codel 

æLJKWGHOD\

Mr. GENE GREEN of Texas (at the 

request of Mr. HOYER) for today on account of a doctor’s appointment.
Congressional Record 409

Designations; California [Docket No.: 

APHIS-2016-0052] received August 8, 2016, 

pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); Public 

Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat. 868); to the 

Committee on Agriculture. 

6341. A letter from the Director, Issuances 

Staff, Department of Agriculture, transPLWWLQJ WKH 'HSDUWPHQWÖV åQDO UXOH

— Eligibility of Namibia To Export Meat 

Products to the United States [Docket No.: 

FSIS-2012-0028] (RIN: 0583-AD51) received 

July 28, 2016, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)

(A); Public Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat. 

868); to the Committee on Agriculture.

[Use the following form if only one communication is submitted—8 point:]

7147. Under clause 8 of rule 

XII, a letter from the Director, 

Regulatory Management Division, 

Environmental Protection Agency, 

transmitting the Agency’V åQDO

rule—(Z)-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (Disparlure); Exemption from 

the Requirement of a Tolerance 

[EPA–HQ–OPP–2007–0596; FRL–8367– 

7] received June 9, 2016, pursuant to 

5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A), was taken from 

the Speaker’s table, referred to the 

Committee on Agriculture, and ordered to be printed.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON 

PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 2 of rule XIV, executive communications were taken 

from the Speaker’s table and referred 

as follows:

6340. A letter from the Congressional 

Review Coordinator, Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service, Department 

of Agriculture, transmitting the 

Department’s interim rule — Tuberculosis 

in Cattle and Bison; State and Zone 

Designations; California [Docket No.: 

APHIS-2016-0052] received August 8, 2016, 

pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); Public 

Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat. 868); to the 

Committee on Agriculture.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON 

PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports 

of committees were delivered to the 

[Follow manuscript as to expressing time of 

DGMRXUQPHQWDVRÖFORFNDQGPLQXWHVSP

RUSP@

MOTION TO DISCHARGE 

COMMITTEE

MARCH 17, 2008.

TO THE CLERK OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:

Pursuant to clause 4 of rule XXVII, I, 

PERCY J. PRIEST, move to discharge the 

Committee on Banking and Currency 

from the consideration of the bill 

(H.R. 2887) entitled “A bill transferring certain functions of the Price 

Administrator, with respect to petroleum and petroleum products, to the 

petroleum Administrator for War,” 

which was referred to said committee 

March 7, 2008, in support of which motion the undersigned Members of the 

+RXVH RI 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV DIå[ WKHLU

signatures, to wit:

1. Percy J. Priest.

2. Oren Harris. . . .

217. William E. Hess.

218. James G. Polk.

This motion was entered upon the 

Journal, entered in the CONGRESSIOAL

RECORD with signatures thereto, and 

referred to the Calendar of Motions 

To Discharge Committees, February 

29, 2008.

House briefs

[The briefs follow at end of day’s proceedings, heads and dashes to be used as shown 

here. This data is supplied from the House and 

is printed as submitted.]

EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, 

ETC.

Under clause 2 of rule XIV, executive communications were taken 

from the Speaker’s table and referred 

as follows:

6340. A letter from the Congressional 

Review Coordinator, Animal and Plant 

Health Inspection Service, Department 

of Agriculture, transmitting the 

Department’s interim rule — Tuberculosis 

in Cattle and Bison; State and Zone 
410 Chapter 19

the Department of Veterans Affairs for 

medicines relating to preventive health 

services, and for other purposes; to the 

Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.

[Use the following form when only one bill 

or resolution is submitted:]

Under clause 2 of rule XII:

Mr. FATTAH (for himself and Mr. 

WOLF): introduced a bill (H.R. 5158) to 

provide for the sealing or expungement 

of records relating to Federal nonviolent 

criminal offenses, and for other purposes; 

which was referred to the Committee 

on the Judiciary, and in addition to the 

Committees on Agriculture, and Ways 

and Means, for a period to be subsequently 

determined by the Speaker, in each case 

for consideration of such provisions as fall 

within the jurisdiction of the committee 

concerned.

MEMORIALS

Under clause 3 of rule XII, memorials were presented and referred as 

follows:

[Use the following form when submitted 

by the Speaker if By the Speaker is not in 

manuscript:]

296. The SPEAKER presented a memorial of the Senate of the State of California, 

relative to Senate Joint Resolution 26, 

calling upon the President of the United 

States to encourage the Secretary of the 

United States Department of Health and 

Human Services to adopt policies to repeal the current discriminatory donor 

suitability policies of the United States 

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding blood donations by men who have 

had sex with another man and, instead, 

direct the FDA to develop science-based 

policies such as criteria based on risky 

behavior in lieu of sexual orientation; to 

the Committee on Energy and Commerce.

297. Also, a memorial of the Senate 

of the State of California, relative to 

Senate Joint Resolution 29, declaring unnecessary and unexplained increases in 

pharmaceutical pricing is a harm to our 

health care system that will no longer be 

tolerated because the system cannot sustain it; to the Committee on Energy and 

Commerce.

Clerk for printing and reference to 

the proper calendar, as follows:

Mr. GOODLATTE: Committee on the 

Judiciary. H.R. 5578. A bill to establish 

certain rights for sexual assault survivors, and for other purposes (Rept. 114–707, 

Pt. 1). Referred to the Committee of the 

Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. MILLER of Florida: Committee 

on Veterans’ Affairs. H.R. 3286. A bill to 

encourage effective, voluntary private 

sector investments to recruit, employ, 

and retain men and women who have 

served in the United States military 

with annual presidential awards to private sector employers recognizing such 

efforts, and for other purposes; with an 

amendment (Rept. 114–708). Referred to 

the Committee of the Whole House on the 

state of the Union.

[Use above form also when only one report 

is submitted.]

PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 2 of rule XII, public 

bills and resolutions of the following 

titles were introduced and severally 

referred, as follows:

 By Mr. SHADEGG:

H.R. 6274. A bill to provide an equivalent 

to habeas corpus protection for persons 

held under military authority under that 

part of Cuba leased to the United States; 

to the Committee on the Judiciary, and 

in addition to the Committee on Armed 

Services, for a period to be subsequently 

determined by the Speaker, in each case 

for consideration of such provisions as fall 

within the jurisdiction of the committee 

concerned.

By Mr. ROYCE (for himself, Mr. 

ZELDIN, Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN, 

Mr. NUNES, Mr. MEADOWS, Mr. 

THORNBERRY, Mr. SESSIONS, 

Mr. DONOVAN, Mr. MCCAUL, 

Mr. DENT, Mr. CHAFFETZ, Mr. 

CONAWAY, Mr. ROHRABACHER, 

Mr. RIBBLE, Mr. TROTT, Mr. 

YOUNG of Iowa, Mr. DESJARLAIS, 

Mr. COOK, Mr. PITTENGER, 

Mr. DESANTIS, Mr. DUFFY, Mr. 

STIVERS, Mr. FITZPATRICK, 

Mr. YOHO, Mr. ROTHFUS, Mr. 

CHABOT, and Mr. WILLIAMS):

H.R. 5931. A bill to provide for the prohibition on cash payments to the Government 

of Iran, and for other purposes; to the 

Committee on Foreign Affairs.

By Ms. DUCKWORTH (for herself and 

Mr. ZELDIN):

H.R. 5932. A bill to amend title 38, United 

States Code, to eliminate copayments by 
Congressional Record 411

[Note.—Set sponsors caps and Members 

caps and lower case.]

DISCHARGE PETITIONS

Under clause 2 of rule XV, the folORZLQJGLVFKDUJHSHWLWLRQVZHUHåOHG

Petition 8, March 12, 2014, by Mr. 

BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER on House 

Resolution 490, was signed by the following Members: Bradley S. Schneider, Steny 

H. Hoyer, James E. Clyburn, Sam Farr, 

Sanford D. Bishop, Jr., Joseph Crowley, 

Terri A. Sewell, Eddie Bernice Johnson, 

Adam B. Schiff, Sander M. Levin, Sheila 

Jackson Lee, Nydia M. Vela ́zquez, 

Rube ́n Hinojosa, Zoe Lofgren, Janice D. 

Schakowsky, . . .

DISCHARGE PETITIONS—

ADDITIONS OR DELETIONS

The following Members added their 

names to the following discharge 

petitions:

Petition 1 by Ms. DELAURO on the bill 

(H.R. 377): Katherine M. Clark. 

Petition 9 by Mr. GARCIA on the bill 

(H.R. 15): Rosa L. DeLauro, David Scott, 

William L. Enyart, Bennie G. Thompson, 

John Conyers Jr., Allyson Y. Schwartz, 

Eliot L. Engel, Brad Sherman, Suzan K. 

DelBene, Donald M. Payne Jr., Carolyn 

McCarthy, Theodore E. Deutch, John 

B. Larson, Henry A. Waxman, Emanuel 

&OHDYHU *. %XWWHUåHOG $QGUHt &DUVRQ

William R. Keating, Terri A. Sewell, and 

Tim Ryan. 

The following Member’s name was 

deleted from the following discharge 

petition:

Petition 1 by Ms. DELAURO on H.R. 377: 

Edward J. Markey.

PETITIONS, ETC.

Under clause 3 of rule XII, petitions 

and papers were laid on the Clerk’s 

desk and referred as follows:

19. The SPEAKER presented a petition of the City Commission of the City of 

Lauderhill, FL, relative to Resolution No. 

15R-07-161, condemning the Dominican 

Republic’s impending mass deportation of 

Haitian immigrants; to the Committee on 

Foreign Affairs.

20. Also, a petition of the Oakland County 

Board of Commissioners, Oakland County, 

MI, relative to Miscellaneous Resolution 

No. 15154, objecting to the development of a 

nuclear waste repository in close proximity to the Great Lakes; to the Committee 

on Foreign Affairs.

MEMORIALS

Under clause 3 of rule XII,

[Use the following form when only one memorial is submitted:]

326. The SPEAKER presented a memorial of the Legislature of the State of 

Louisiana, relative to Senate Concurrent 

Resolution No. 51 memorializing the 

Congress of the United States to establish a grant program to assist the seafood 

industry in St. Tammany, St. Bernard, 

Orleans, and Plaquemines parishes; to the 

Committee on Financial Services.

PRIVATE BILLS AND 

RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 3 of rule XII, private 

bills and resolutions of the following 

titles were introduced and severally 

referred, as follows:

By Mr. GROTHMAN:

H.R. 808. A bill to authorize the 

President to award the Medal of Honor to 

James Megellas, formerly of Fond du Lac, 

Wisconsin, and currently of Colleyville, 

Texas, for acts of valor on January 28, 1945, 

during the Battle of the Bulge in World War 

II; to the Committee on Armed Services.

By Mr. UPTON:

H.R. 809. A bill for the relief of Ibrahim 

Parlak; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

[Use the following form when only one bill 

or resolution is submitted:]

Under clause 3 of rule XII,

Mr. HUFFMAN introduced a bill (H.R. 

6296) For the relief of Yeganeh Salehi 

Rezaian; which was referred to the 

Committee on the Judiciary.

ADDITIONAL SPONSORS

Under clause 7 of rule XII, sponsors 

were added to public bills and resolutions, as follows:

H.R. 27: Mr. RENACCI.

H.R. 169: Mr. REICHERT.

H.R. 213: Mrs. BEATTY and Mr. CONNOLLY,

H.R. 265: Ms. MCCOLLUM,

H.R. 297: Ms. ROYBAL-ALLARD, Ms. KELLY

of Illinois, Mr. FARR, Ms. EDDIE BERNICE

JOHNSON of Texas, Mr. RYAN of Ohio, and Ms. 

WILSON of Florida.
412 Chapter 19

AMENDMENTS

Under clause 8 of rule XVIII, proposed amendments were submitted 

as follows:

H.R. 5303

OFFERED BY: MR. KILDEE

AMENDMENT NO.: Add at the end the 

following:

TITLE V—DRINKING WATER

SEC. 501. DRINKING WATER 

INFRASTRUCTURE.

(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: . . . .

[Use the following form when only one petition is submitted:]

Under clause 1 of rule XXII,

139. The SPEAKER presented a petition of the Council of the District of 

Columbia, relative to the Council-adopted 

resolution entitled, “National Park 

Service-Georgetown Branch Rail Rightof-Way Acquisition Resolution of 1990”; 

which was referred to the Committee on 

the District of Columbia.
Congressional Record 413

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD INDEX

General instructions

Set in 7 point on 8 point, Record measure (168 points, 14 picas).

Cap lines or italic lines are set flush left.

Entries are indented 1 em, with overs 2 ems.

Bill introductions are to be identified as to sponsor or cosponsor.

Bullet following page number in index identifies unspoken material.

Pages are identified as S (Senate), H (House), and E (Extensions).

Pages in bound Record index are entered numerically, without S, H, or E 

prefixes.

Abbreviations and acronyms— 

(for use on notation of content line)

Abbreviations

Streets: St.; Ave.; Ct.; Dr.; Blvd.; Rd.; Sq.; Ter.

Names: Jr.; Sr.; II (etc.)

Businesses: Co.; Corp. (includes all Federal corporations); Inc.; Ltd.; Bros.

States: See rule 9.13.

Dept. of Agriculture ............................................................................. Sec. of Agriculture.

Dept. of Commerce .............................................................................. Sec. of Commerce.

Dept. of Defense .................................................................................... Sec. of Defense.

Dept. of Education ................................................................................ Sec. of Education.

Dept. of Energy ...................................................................................... Sec. of Energy.

Dept. of Health and Human Services ............................................... Sec. of Health and . . .

Dept. of Homeland Security ............................................................... Sec. of Homeland Security

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development ..................................... Sec. of Housing and . . .

Dept. of the Interior .............................................................................. Sec. of the Interior.

Dept. of Justice ....................................................................................... Attorney General.

Dept. of Labor ........................................................................................ Sec. of Labor.

Dept. of State .......................................................................................... Sec. of State.

Dept. of Transportation ....................................................................... Sec. of Transportation.

Dept. of the Treasury ............................................................................ Sec. of the Treasury.

Dept. of Veterans Affairs ..................................................................... Sec. of Veterans Affairs.
414 Chapter 19

Agency for International Develop ment .......................................................................AID

Acquired immunodeficiency syn drome .....................................................................AIDS

American Association of Retired Per sons ..................................................................AARP

American Bar Association .............................................................................................ABA

American Civil Liberties Union ...................................................................................ACLU

American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organiza tions .........AFL–CIO

American Medical Association .....................................................................................AMA

British Broadcasting Corp .............................................................................................BBC

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ............................................ATF

Bureau of Indian Affairs .................................................................................................BIA

Bureau of Land Management ........................................................................................BLM

Bureau of Labor Statistics ...............................................................................................BLS

Cable News Network .......................................................................................................CNN

Cable Satellite Public Affairs Net work ........................................................................C–SPAN

Central Intelligence Agency ..........................................................................................CIA

Civil Service Retirement System ...................................................................................CSRS

Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services .......................CHAMPUS

Commodity Credit Corp ................................................................................................CCC

Commodity Futures Trading Commis sion ................................................................CFTC

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act .....CERCLA

Congressional Budget Office .........................................................................................CBO

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconcili ation Act ..................................................COBRA

Consumer Product Safety Commis sion ......................................................................CPSC

Daughters of the American Revolu tion .......................................................................DAR

Deoxyribonucleic acid ....................................................................................................DNA

Disabled American Veterans .........................................................................................DAV

Drug Enforcement Administration .............................................................................DEA

Employee Retirement Income Security Act ...............................................................ERISA

Environmental Protection Agency...............................................................................EPA

Equal Employment Opportunity Com mission .........................................................EEOC

Export-Import Bank of the United States ...................................................................EXIM Bank

Federal Aviation Administration .................................................................................FAA

Federal Bureau of Investigation ....................................................................................FBI

Federal Communications Commis sion ......................................................................FCC

Federal Crop Insurance Corp. .......................................................................................FCIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. ..................................................................................FDIC

Federal Election Commission .......................................................................................FEC

Federal Emergency Management Agency ..................................................................FEMA

Federal Employee Retirement Sys tem .........................................................................FERS

Federal Energy Regulatory Commis sion ....................................................................FERC

Federal Housing Administration .................................................................................FHA

Federal Insurance Contributions Act ..........................................................................FICA

Acronyms
Congressional Record 415

Federal National Mortgage Association ......................................................................Fannie Mae

Federal Reserve System ...................................................................................................FRS

Federal Trade Commission ............................................................................................FTC

Food and Drug Administration....................................................................................FDA

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ...................................................................GATT

General Services Administra tion .................................................................................GSA

Government Accountability Office ..............................................................................GAO

Government Publishing Office .....................................................................................GPO

Gross national product ...................................................................................................GNP

Health maintenance organiza tion(s) ...........................................................................HMO(s)

Human immunodeficiency virus .................................................................................HIV

Internal Revenue Service ................................................................................................IRS

International Business Machines Corp. ......................................................................IBM

International Monetary Fund .......................................................................................IMF

International Trade Commission .................................................................................ITC

Legal Services Corp. ........................................................................................................LSC

Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Pro gram ......................................................LIHEAP

Missing in action ..............................................................................................................MIA(s)

National Aeronautics and Space Admini stration .....................................................NASA

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ..............................NAACP

National Broadcasting Co. .............................................................................................NBC

National Collegiate Athletic Associ ation ....................................................................NCAA

National Institute of Standards and Technology ......................................................NIST

National Institutes of Health .........................................................................................NIH

National Labor Relations Board ...................................................................................NLRB

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ...............................................NOAA

National Railroad Passenger Corp. ..............................................................................Amtrak

National Rifle Association .............................................................................................NRA

National Security Council..............................................................................................NSC

National Science Foundation ........................................................................................NSF

National Transportation Safety Board ........................................................................NTSB

North American Free Trade Agree ment .....................................................................NAFTA

North Atlantic Treaty Organiza tion ............................................................................NATO

Nuclear Regulatory Commis sion .................................................................................NRC

Occupational Safety and Health Admini stration .....................................................OSHA

Office of Management and Budget ...............................................................................OMB

Office of Personnel Manage ment ..................................................................................OPM

Organization of American States .................................................................................OAS

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries .....................................................OPEC

Overseas Private Investment Corp. ..............................................................................OPIC

Palestine Liberation Organiza tion ...............................................................................PLO

Parent-Teachers Association ..........................................................................................PTA

Prisoner of war .................................................................................................................POW
416 Chapter 19

Public Broadcasting Service ..........................................................................................PBS

Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organization Act ......................................................RICO

Reserve Officers’ Training Corps..................................................................................ROTC

Securities and Exchange Commission ........................................................................SEC

Small Business Administration ....................................................................................SBA

Social Security Administration ....................................................................................SSA

Supplemental security income ......................................................................................SSI

Tennessee Valley Authority ...........................................................................................TVA

Trans-Pacific Partnership ..............................................................................................TPP

United Auto Workers ......................................................................................................UAW

United Nations .................................................................................................................U.N.

United Nations Children’s Fund ...................................................................................UNICEF

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization ....................UNESCO

Veterans of Foreign Wars ...............................................................................................VFW

Voice of America ..............................................................................................................VOA

Women, Infants, and Children Pro gram ....................................................................WIC

World Health Organization ...........................................................................................WHO

Young Men’s Christian Associ ation .............................................................................YMCA

Young Women’s Christian Associ ation .......................................................................YWCA

Spacing

Biweekly Record index folioed in upper right and left corner; no extra 

spacing.

Bound Record index folioed in upper right and left corner; no extra 

spacing.

History of Bills folioed in upper right and left corner using H.B. numbers; 

no extra spacing.

Bound History of Bills folioed in lower right and left corner, first folio 

numerically higher than the last folio of index; no extra spacing.

Capitalization

Capitalize principal words after these formats:

Addresses

Analyses

Appendices

Articles and editorials

Biographies

Book reviews

Booklets

Brochures

Conference reports

Descriptions

Documents

Essays

Essays: Voice of Democracy

Eulogies
Congressional Record 417

Advertisements

Affidavits

Agenda

Agreements

Amendments

Announcements

Appointments

Awards

Bills and resolutions

Bills and resolutions cosponsored

Bills and resolutions introduced

Bills and resolutions relative to 

Briefs

Briefings

Broadcasts

Bulletins

Certificates of election

Chronologies

Citations

Civilian

Cloture motions

Colloquies

Commentaries

Comments

Communications from

Explanations

Factsheets

Forewords

Histories

Homilies

Hymns

Memorandums

Messages

Oaths of office

Pamphlets

Papers

Platforms

Poems

Prayers

Prayers by visitors

Prefaces

Press releases

Proclamations

Reports

Report filed

Resolutions of ratification

Résumés

Sermons

Songs

Statements

Studies

Summaries

Surveys

Synopses

Testimonies

Transcripts

Treaties

Communiques

Comparisons

Cost estimates

Court decisions

Court documents

Declarations

Dedications

Definitions

Descriptions

Designated acting Presidents pro tempore

Designated acting Speaker pro tempore

Digests

Dispatches

Examples

Excerpts

Executive orders

Financial statements

Granted

Granted in the House

Granted in the Senate

Guidelines

Hearings

Inscriptions

Interviews

Introductions

Lowercase after these formats:
418 Chapter 19

Invocations

Journals

Letters

Lists

Meetings

Military

Motions

Newsletters

Notices

Obituaries

Opinion polls

Orders

Outlines

Petitions

Petitions and memorials

Press conferences

Privilege of the floor

Programs

Projects

Proposals

Questionnaires

Questions

Questions and answers

Quotations

Recorded

Regulations

Remarks

Remarks in House

Remarks in House relative to

Remarks in Senate

Remarks in Senate relative to

Resignations

Resolutions by organizations

Results

Reviews

Rollcalls

Rosters

Rules

Rulings of the chair

Schedules

Subpoena notices

Subpoenas

Tables

Tests

Texts of

Transmittals

Tributes

Voting record

Punctuation

Comma precedes folio figures.

If numbers of several bills are given, use this form: (see S. 24, 25); (see H.R. 

217, 218), etc.; that is, do not repeat S. or H.R. with each number. 

In consecutive numbers (more than two) use an en dash to connect first with 

last: S46–S48, 518–520.

Quotes are used for book titles.

A 3-em dash is used as a ditto for word or words leading up to colon: 

Taxation: capital gains rates

——— earned income tax credit

——— rates
Congressional Record 419

Roman and italic

Use italic for Members of Congress descriptive data:

COCHRAN, THAD (a Senator from Mississippi);

CONYERS, JOHN, Jr. (a Representative from Michigan).

Names of vessels in italic:

Brooklyn (U.S.S.);

Savannah (vessel);

Columbia (space shuttle).

Flush cap lines

All cap lines are separate entries. They are set flush with overs indented 2 

ems:

LEAHY, PATRICK (a Senator from Vermont)

YOUNG, DON (a Representative from Alaska)

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Barack Obama)

VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Joseph R. Biden, Jr.)

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS (House)

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS (Senate)

FARMERS see Agriculture

SENATE related term(s) Committees of the Senate; Legislative 

 Branch of the Government; Members of Congress; Votes 

 in Senate

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR related term(s) Bureau of Land 

 Management, Bureau of Reclamation

PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS

VOTES IN HOUSE

VOTES IN SENATE
420 Chapter 19

AARP (ORGANIZATION)

Letters

Evaluate and extend the basic pilot program for 

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ABERCROMBIE, NEIL (a Representative from 

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Bills and resolutions cosponsored

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natural gas vehicles and provide tax incentives for 

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ADOPTION see FAMILIES AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS

ADRIAN, MI

Remarks in House

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ADVANCING AMERICA’S PRIORITIES ACT

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ACCESS, COMPARISON, CARE, AND 

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Congressional Record 423

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settlement agreement entered into to resolve claims 

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Interior to execute and perform the Settlement 

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425

20. Reports and Hearings

 The data for these publications arrives at GPO from many different 

sources. Congressional committee staff members are responsible for gathering the information printed in these publications.

 Report language is compiled and submitted along with the bill language 

to the clerks of the respective Houses. The clerks assign the report numbers, 

etc., and forward this information to GPO for typesetting and printing. In 

many instances the reports are camera-ready copy, needing only insertion 

of the assigned report number.

 Likewise, hearings are also compiled by committee staff members. The 

data or captured keystrokes as submitted by the various reporting services 

are forwarded to GPO where the element identifier codes are programmatically inserted and galley or page output is accomplished without manual 

intervention. It is not cost effective to prepare the manuscript as per the GPO 

Style Manual as it is too time-consuming to update and change the data 

once it is already in type form. Therefore, these publications are to be FIC 

& punc., unless specifically requested otherwise by the committee. It is not 

necessary to stamp the copy. However, style as stated in the following rules 

will be followed.

Style and format of congressional reports

 Below are rules that should be followed for the makeup of congressional numbered reports. In either Senate or House reports, follow bill style 

in extracts from bills. Report numbers run consecutively from first to second session:

 1. All excerpts to be set in 10-point type, cut in 2 ems on each side, except 

as noted in paragraph 3 below. For ellipses in cut-in matter, lines of five asterisks are used.

 2. Contempt proceedings to be considered as excerpts.

 3. The following are to be set in 10-point type, but not cut in:

 (a) Letters that are readily identified as such by salutation and 

 signature.

 (b) Appendixes and/or exhibits that have a heading readily iden- 

 tifying them as such; and
426 Chapter 20

 (c) Matter printed in compliance with the Ramseyer rule.1

 4. All leaderwork and lists of more than six items to be set in 8-point 

type.

 5. All tabular work to be set in 7-point gothic type.

 6. An amendment in the nature of a substitute to be set in 8-point type, 

but quotations from such amendment later in the report to be treated as 

excerpts, but set full measure (see paragraph 10 below).

 7. Any committee print having a report head indicated on original copy to 

be set in report type and style.

 8. Committee prints not having a report head indicated on original copy 

to be set in committee print style; that is, excerpts to be set in 8 point, full 

measure.

 9. If a committee print set as indicated in paragraph 8 is later submitted 

as a report or included in a report, and the type is available for pickup, such 

type shall be picked up and used as is in the report.

 10. On matter that is cut in on the left only for purposes of breakdown, 

no space is used above and below, but on all matter that is cut in on both 

sides, 4 points are used above and below. Because of the indentions and the 

limited number of element identifiers, do not squeeze bills that are submitted as excerpts.

 11. In reports of immigration cases, set memorandums in full measure 

unless preceded or followed directly by committee language. Memorandums 

are indented on both sides if followed by such language. Preparers should indicate the proper indention on copy.

 12. Order of printing (Senate reports only): (1) Report, (2) minority or additional views, (3) the Cordon rule, 2

 (4) appendix (if any).

1 If a House report contains the "Changes in Existing Law" section (in compliance with the Ramseyer rule), all main heads within that report should be set in caps and small caps, with secondary heads 

set in all small caps. 2 If a Senate report contains the "Changes in Existing Law" section (in compliance with the Cordon 

rule) with potential changes in law indicated, all main heads within that report should be set in caps 

and small caps, with secondary heads set in all small caps. However, if the "Changes in Existing Law" 

section consists of only an explanatory paragraph, all main heads within that report should be set in 

all small caps.
Reports and Hearings 427

 13. Minority or additional views will begin a new page with 10-point cap 

heading. In Senate reports, “Changes in Existing Law” begins a new page 

if following “views.” In conference reports, “Joint Explanatory Statement” 

begins a new odd page.

 14. Minority or additional views are printed only if they have been signed 

by the authoring congressperson.

[Sample of excerpt]

 In Palmer v. Mass., decided in 1939, which involved the reorganization of 

the New Haven Railroad, the Supreme Court said:

The judicial processes in bankruptcy proceedings under section 77 are, as it were, brigaded with the administrative processes 

of the Commission.

[Sample of an excerpt with an added excerpt]

 The Interstate Commerce Commission in its report dated February 29, 

1956, which is attached hereto and made a part hereof, states that it has no 

objection to the enactment of S. 3025, and states, in part, as follows:

The proposed amendment, however, should be considered together with the provisions of section 959(b), title 28, United States 

Code, which reads as follows:

“A trustee, receiver, or manager appointed in any cause pending 

in any court of the United States,” etc.

[Sample of amendment]

 On page 6, line 3, strike the words “and the service”, strike all of lines 4, 5, 

and 6, and insert in lieu thereof the following:

and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the service credit 

authorized by this clause 3 of rule XIII of the Rule of the House of 

Representatives, change shall not—
428 Chapter 20

(A) be included in establishing eligibility for voluntary or involuntary retirement or separation from the service, under any 

provision of law;

[Sample of amendment]

The amendments are indicated in the bill as reported and are as follows:

 On page 2, line 15, change the period to a colon and add the following:

Provided, That such approaches shall include only those necessary portions of streets, avenues, and boulevards, etc.

 On page 3, line 12, after “operated”, insert “free of tolls”.

[Sample of amendment in the nature of a substitute]

 The amendment is as follows:

 Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following:

That the second paragraph under the heading “National Park Service” in the 

Act of July 31, 1953 (67 Stat. 261, 271), is amended to read as follows: “The 

Secretary of the Interior shall hereafter report in detail all proposed awards 

of concessions leases and contracts involving a gross annual business of 

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thereof, sixty days before such awards are made, to the President of the 

Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives for transmission to the 

appropriate committees.”

[Sample of letter inserted in report]

 The Department of Defense recommends enactment of the proposed legLVODWLRQDQGWKH2IåFHRI0DQDJHPHQWDQG%XGJHWLQWHUSRVHVQRREMHFWLRQ

as indicated by the following attached letter, which is hereby made a part 

of this report:
Reports and Hearings 429

0ARCH 21, 2008.

Hon. NANCY PELOSI,

Speaker of the House of Representatives,

Washington, DC.

 0Y DEAR MADAM SPEAKER: There is forwarded herewith a draft of legislation to amend section 303 of the Career Compensation Act.

*******

 Sincerely yours,

DOUGLAS A. BROOK,□□□□□

Assistant Secretary of the Navy□□□

(Financial Management).□

[Sample of cut-in for purposes of breakdown; no spacing above or below]

 Under uniform regulations prescribed by the Secretaries concerned, a 

member of the uniformed services who—

(1) is retired for physical disability or placed upon the temporary disability retired list; or

(2) is retired with pay for any other reason, or is discharged with 

severance pay, immediately following at least eight years of continuous active duty (no single break therein of more than ninety 

days);

may select his home for the purposes of the travel and transportation allowances payable under this subsection, etc.

[Sample of leaderwork]

 $PRQJWKHYHVVHOVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDUHFODVVLåHGDVPDMRUFRPEDWant ships (aircraft carriers through escort vessels), in the following types:

Forrestal-class aircraft carriers ................................................................... 4

Destroyers .......................................................................................................... 10

* * * * * * *

Guided-missile submarine .............................................................................. 1

 Total ............................................................................................................ 42
430 Chapter 20

[Sample of sectional analysis]

SECTIONAL ANALYSIS

Section 1. Increase of 1 year in constructive service for promotion 

purposes

 The principal purpose of the various subsections of section 1 is to provide 

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*******

Subsection 101(a) is in effect a restatement of the existing law

 This subsection authorizes the President to make regular appointments 

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*******

[Sample of amendment under Ramseyer rule]

CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW

 In compliance with clause 3 of rule XII of the Rules of the House of 

Representatives, changes in existing law made by the bill, as introduced, 

are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted is enclosed in 

black brackets, new matter is printed in italic, existing law in which no 

change is proposed is shown in roman):

EXPORT CONTROL ACT OF 1949

*******

TERMINATION DATE

SEC. 12. The authority granted herein shall terminate on June 30, [1956]

1959, or upon any prior date which the Congress by concurrent resolution 

or the President may designate.
Reports and Hearings 431

[The following examples are for sample purposes only] 

[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]

1 If title makes more than three lines in 10-point caps, set in 8-point caps.

2 Must be set as indicated in copy. If illustrations accompany copy and are not ordered to be printed, 

do not add with illustrations. Return copy to Production Manager. 3 If the wording in this paragraph is prepared in the singular form, follow.

4 For Senate Committee on Finance and House Committee on Ways and Means, heads are set in bold 

caps.

59–006 

114TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2d Session 114–716 

PROVIDING FOR STABILITY OF TITLE TO CERTAIN LANDS 

IN THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 

SEPTEMBER 6, 2016.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State 

of the Union and ordered to be printed 

Mr. BISHOP of Utah, from the Committee on Natural Resources, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

together with 

DISSENTING VIEWS 

[To accompany H.R. 3342] 

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] 

The Committee on Natural Resources, to whom was referred the 

bill (H.R. 3342) to provide for stability of title to certain lands in 

the State of Louisiana, and for other purposes, having considered 

the same, report favorably thereon without amendment and recommend that the bill do pass. 

PURPOSE OF THE BILL

The purpose of H.R. 3342 is to provide for the stability of title 

to certain lands in the State of Louisiana. 

BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION

In 1842, the U.S. government completed a survey of lands in 

Louisiana that included the area surrounding Lake Bistineau. 

Using the results of this survey, Louisiana delineated its ownership 

of lands under the Equal Footing Doctrine and transferred 7,000 

acres of land around Lake Bistineau to the Commissioners of the 

Bossier Levee District in 1901. Three years later, the Commissioners of the Bossier Levee District conveyed this land to private 

ownership. 

1

2

3

4
432 Chapter 20

1 Use this type and form only on Senate reports. There is only one calendar in the Senate.

2 Style for filed line, if present.

59–010 

Calendar No. 584 

114TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! SENATE 2d Session 114–312 

JOHN MUIR NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE EXPANSION ACT 

AUGUST 30, 2016.—Ordered to be printed 

Filed, under authority of the order of the Senate of July 14, 2016 

Ms. MURKOWSKI, from the Committee on Energy and Natural 

Resources, submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany H.R. 1289] 

The Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, to which was 

referred the bill (H.R. 1289) to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to acquire approximately 44 acres of land in Martinez, California, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports 

favorably thereon without amendment and recommends that the 

bill do pass. 

PURPOSE

The purpose of H.R. 1289 is to acquire approximately 44 acres 

of land in Martinez, California. 

BACKGROUND AND NEED

The John Muir National Historic Site was established by Congress in 1964 (Public Law 88–547) and is located in the San Francisco Bay Area, in Martinez, California. The historic site preserves 

the 14-room Italianate Victorian mansion where the naturalist and 

writer John Muir lived, as well as a nearby 325-acre tract of native 

oak woodlands and grasslands historically owned by the Muir family. 

The legislation would authorize the Department of the Interior 

to acquire by donation approximately 44 acres for inclusion in the 

John Muir National Historic Site. The 44 acres includes adjacent 

lands from John Swett’s historic estate, who was also a farmer, 

friend, and neighbor of John Muir in the Alhambra Valley hills. Securing this property would benefit the Muir site as it will help pro-

[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]

2

1
Reports and Hearings 433

[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]

1 If copy reads "To make" change to "Making", "To provide" change to "Providing", "To amend" 

change to "Amending". 2 Sample of 8-point head.

59–008 

114TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2d Session 114–724 

PROVIDING FOR CONSIDERATION OF THE BILL (H.R. 5063) TO LIMIT DONATIONS MADE PURSUANT TO SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS TO WHICH THE 

UNITED STATES IS A PARTY, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 

SEPTEMBER 6, 2016.—Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed 

Mr. COLLINS of Georgia, from the Committee on Rules, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany H. Res. 843] 

The Committee on Rules, having had under consideration House 

Resolution 843, by a record vote of 9 to 2, report the same to the 

House with the recommendation that the resolution be adopted. 

SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS OF THE RESOLUTION

The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 5063, the Stop 

Settlement Slush Funds Act of 2016, under a structured rule. The 

resolution waives all points of order against consideration of the 

bill. The resolution provides one hour of general debate equally divided and controlled by the chair and ranking minority member of 

the Committee on the Judiciary. The resolution makes in order as 

original text for the purpose of amendment the amendment in the 

nature of a substitute recommended by the Committee on the Judiciary now printed in the bill and provides that it shall be considered as read. The resolution waives all points of order against that 

amendment in the nature of a substitute. The resolution makes in 

order only those further amendments printed in this report. Each 

such amendment may be offered only in the order printed in this 

report, may be offered only by a Member designated in this report, 

shall be considered as read, shall be debatable for the time specified in this report equally divided and controlled by the proponent 

and an opponent, shall not be subject to amendment, and shall not 

be subject to a demand for division of the question in the House 

or in the Committee of the Whole. The resolution waives all points 

of order against the amendments printed in this report. The resolution provides one motion to recommit with or without instructions. 

2

1
434 Chapter 20

97–818 

114TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1st Session 114–376 

TRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE ENFORCEMENT ACT 

OF 2015 

DECEMBER 9, 2015.—Ordered to be printed 

Mr. BRADY of Texas, from the committee of conference, 

submitted the following 

CONFERENCE REPORT 

[To accompany H.R. 644] 

The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the 

two Houses on the amendment of the House to the amendment of 

the Senate to the bill (H.R. 644), to reauthorize trade facilitation 

and trade enforcement functions and activities, and for other purposes, having met, after full and free conference, have agreed to 

recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as follows: 

That the Senate recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the House to the amendment of the Senate and agree to 

the same with an amendment as follows: 

In lieu of the matter proposed to be inserted by the House 

amendment, insert the following: 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

(a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015’’. 

(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for this Act is 

follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Definitions. 

TITLE I—TRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE ENFORCEMENT 

Sec. 101. Improving partnership programs. 

Sec. 102. Report on effectiveness of trade enforcement activities. 

Sec. 103. Priorities and performance standards for customs modernization, trade facilitation, and trade enforcement functions and programs. 

Sec. 104. Educational seminars to improve efforts to classify and appraise imported 

articles, to improve trade enforcement efforts, and to otherwise facilitate 

legitimate international trade. 

Sec. 105. Joint strategic plan. 

Sec. 106. Automated Commercial Environment. 

Sec. 107. International Trade Data System. 
Reports and Hearings 435

(157) 

JOINT EXPLANATORY STATEMENT OF THE COMMITTEE OF 

CONFERENCE 

The managers on the part of the House and the Senate at the 

conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the 

amendment of the House to the amendment of the Senate to the 

bill (H.R. 644), to reauthorize trade facilitation and trade enforcement functions and activities, and for other purposes, submit the 

following joint statement to the House and the Senate in explanation of the effect of the action agreed upon by the managers and 

recommended in the accompanying conference report: 

The Senate amendment struck all of the House bill after the 

enacting clause and inserted a substitute text. 

The House amendment struck all of the Senate amendment 

after the enacting clause and inserted a substitute text. 

The Senate recedes from its disagreement to the amendment 

of the House with an amendment that is a substitute for the House 

amendment and the Senate amendment. The differences between 

the Senate amendment, the House amendment, and the substitute 

agreed to in conference are noted below, except for clerical corrections, conforming changes made necessary by agreements reached 

by the conferees, and minor drafting and clarifying changes. 

DIVISION A—TRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE 

ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 2015 

TITLE I—TRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE ENFORCEMENT

SECTION 101. IMPROVING PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMS

Present Law 

The Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C–TPAT), 

codified in the Security and Accountability for Every Port Act 

(SAFE Port Act) of 2006 (6 U.S.C. 961 et seq.), is a voluntary trade 

partnership program in which Customs and Border Protection 

(CBP) and members of the trade community work together to secure and facilitate the movement of legitimate trade. Companies 

that are members of C–TPAT are considered low-risk, which expedites cargo clearance based on the company’s security profile and 

compliance history. 

House Amendment 

Section 101 requires the Commissioner of CBP to work with 

the private sector and other Federal agencies to ensure that all 

CBP partnership programs provide trade benefits to participants. 

This would apply to partnership programs established before enactment of this bill, and any programs established after enactment. It 

establishes elements for the development and operation of any such 

partnership programs, which require the Commissioner to: 1) conO S \ \OC\
436 Chapter 20

103 

EARMARK, LIMITED TAX BENEFITS, AND LIMITED TARIFF BENEFITS

In compliance with clause 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of Rule XXI of the 

Rules of the House of Representatives, the conference report and 

joint explanatory statement contain no earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits. 

CONSTITUTIONAL STATEMENT OF AUTHORITY

Congress has the power to enact this legislation pursuant to 

the following: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States 

Constitution. 

For consideration of the Senate bill and the House amendments, and modifications committed to conference: 

FRED UPTON, 

JOSEPH R. PITTS, 

LEONARD LANCE, 

BRETT GUTHRIE, 

ADAM KINZINGER, LARRY BUCSHON, SUSAN W. BROOKS, BOB GOODLATTE, F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, Jr., 

LAMAR SMITH, TOM MARINO, DOUG COLLINS, DAVID A. TROTT, MIKE BISHOP, KEVIN MCCARTHY, From the Committee on Education and the Workforce, for 

consideration of title VII of the House amendment, and 

modifications committed to conference: 

LOU BARLETTA, 

EARL L. ‘‘BUDDY’’ CARTER, 

From the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, for consideration of title III of the House amendment, and modifications committed to conference: 

GUS M. BILIRAKIS, 

JACKIE WALORSKI, 

From the Committee on Ways and Means, for consideration of sec. 705 of the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the 

House amendment, and modifications committed to conference: 

PATRICK MEEHAN, 

ROBERT J. DOLD, 

Managers on the Part of the House. 

CHUCK GRASSLEY, 

LAMAR ALEXANDER, ORRIN G. HATCH, JEFF SESSIONS, 

Managers on the Part of the Senate. 

Æ 
Reports and Hearings 437

FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL 

GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2016 

HEARINGS 

BEFORE A 

SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE 

COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT 

APPROPRIATIONS 

ANDER CRENSHAW, Florida, Chairman 

TOM GRAVES, Georgia 

KEVIN YODER, Kansas 

STEVE WOMACK, Arkansas 

JAIME HERRERA BEUTLER, Washington 

MARK E. AMODEI, Nevada 

E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia 

JOSE ́ E. SERRANO, New York 

MIKE QUIGLEY, Illinois 

CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania 

SANFORD D. BISHOP, JR., Georgia 

NOTE: Under Committee Rules, Mr. Rogers, as Chairman of the Full Committee, and Mrs. Lowey, as Ranking 

Minority Member of the Full Committee, are authorized to sit as Members of all Subcommittees. 

WINNIE CHANG, KELLY HITCHCOCK, 

ARIANA SARAR, and AMY CUSHING, 

Subcommittee Staff 

PART 5 

Page 

Oversight Hearing: Internal Revenue Service ................. 1 

Internal Revenue Service, FY 2016 Budget Request ...... 123 

Department of the Treasury ................................................. 205 

( 

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 

96–927 WASHINGTON : 2015 
438 Chapter 20

COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS 

HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky, Chairman

RODNEY P. FRELINGHUYSEN, New Jersey 

ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama 

KAY GRANGER, Texas 

MICHAEL K. SIMPSON, Idaho 

JOHN ABNEY CULBERSON, Texas 

ANDER CRENSHAW, Florida 

JOHN R. CARTER, Texas 

KEN CALVERT, California 

TOM COLE, Oklahoma 

MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida 

CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania 

TOM GRAVES, Georgia 

KEVIN YODER, Kansas 

STEVE WOMACK, Arkansas 

JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska 

THOMAS J. ROONEY, Florida 

CHARLES J. FLEISCHMANN, Tennessee 

JAIME HERRERA BEUTLER, Washington 

DAVID P. JOYCE, Ohio 

DAVID G. VALADAO, California 

ANDY HARRIS, Maryland 

MARTHA ROBY, Alabama 

MARK E. AMODEI, Nevada 

CHRIS STEWART, Utah 

E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia 

DAVID W. JOLLY, Florida 

DAVID YOUNG, Iowa 

EVAN H. JENKINS, West Virginia 

STEVEN M. PALAZZO, Mississippi 

NITA M. LOWEY, New York 

MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio 

PETER J. VISCLOSKY, Indiana 

JOSE ́ E. SERRANO, New York 

ROSA L. DELAURO, Connecticut 

DAVID E. PRICE, North Carolina 

LUCILLE ROYBAL-ALLARD, California 

SAM FARR, California 

CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania 

SANFORD D. BISHOP, JR., Georgia 

BARBARA LEE, California 

MICHAEL M. HONDA, California 

BETTY MCCOLLUM, Minnesota 

STEVE ISRAEL, New York 

TIM RYAN, Ohio 

C. A. DUTCH RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland 

DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida 

HENRY CUELLAR, Texas 

CHELLIE PINGREE, Maine 

MIKE QUIGLEY, Illinois 

DEREK KILMER, Washington 

WILLIAM E. SMITH, Clerk and Staff Director 

(II)
Reports and Hearings 439
440 Chapter 20
441

A

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols

(Chapter 9), 221–262

 Addresses:

Correspondence (16.3, 16.9–16.16), 

313, 315–317

Ordinals (12.10), 278

Signatures, lists of names (9.37, 16.3), 

231, 313

 Street (9.16–9.19, 13.6), 224–225, 285

Article, section (9.39), 232

Calendar divisions (9.44–9.46, 13.5), 233, 

285

Closed up, with periods (9.7), 222

College degrees (9.32, 9.35–9.36), 230, 

231

Comma before and after (8.39), 201

Company, etc. (9.25), 225–226

 Not abbreviated (9.26), 226

Compass directionals (9.50), 235

Congressional terms (9.30, 9.41–9.43, 

13.11), 230, 232–233, 286

Dates (9.44–9.46, 13.5), 233, 285

Et al., etc. (3.53, 8.59), 41, 205

Figure, not abbreviated (9.40), 232

Foreign countries (9.11), 223

Geographic terms (9.9–9.15), 222–224

Grammatical (7.13), 112

Information technology (9.64), 256

Land descriptions (9.20–9.22, 13.9), 225, 

285

Latin (9.63, 11.3), 252–256, 269

Lists (9.61–9.64), 238–261

Measures, weights, etc. (9.5, 9.50–9.59), 

221, 235–238

Metric (9.56–9.57), 236–237

Military titles, U.S., 226–230

Money (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 277

 Foreign, 339–344

Numerals used with (9.5, 9.51, 13.4), 221, 

236, 285

Organized bodies (9.8), 222

Parts of publications (9.38–9.40, 13.10), 

231–232, 286

Period used (8.107–8.118), 212–214

 Not used (8.119–8.127), 215–216

Preparing copy (2.42), 15

Provinces, etc. (9.13, 9.15), 223, 224 

Senator, Representative (9.30), 230

States (9.12–9.13), 223–224

Tabular work (13.4–13.13), 285–286

Technology (9.64), 256–261

Territories and possessions (9.12–9.14), 

223–224

Time zones (9.47), 234

Titles, civil and military, (9.25, 9.27, 9.29), 

225–230

U.S.:

Before Government or Government 

organization (9.9, 13.7), 222–223, 

285

 As adjective (9.10, 13.7), 223, 285

Vessels (9.27, 11.6–11.7), 226, 269–270

-able, words ending in (5.11, 6.30), 91–93,

105

About This Manual, v

Accents:

Anglicized and foreign words (3.15, 

5.3–5.4), 30, 87–88

Geographic names (5.20–5.21), 95

 Symbols (10.18), 262

Acronyms, initialisms, and coined words 

(9.48, 9.61, 9.64), 234–235, 239–247, 

256–261

Congressional Record (Ch. 19), 414–416

 Plurals (8.11, 8.13), 195, 196

Act, 45

Adjectives (see also Compounding):

Capitalization (3.6–3.7), 28

Modifier (7.7), 111

Nationalities (demonyms) (5.22, Ch. 17), 

95, 337–339

Index 

[Numbers in parentheses refer to rules; bold indicates chapter heading]
442 Index

Administration, 45

Adverbs ending in -ly (6.20), 102

Advice to Authors and Editors (Chapter 

1), 1–5

Air Force, 46, 226–230

Allmark (2.101–2.102, 2.110, 2.113), 22, 23

American National Standards Institute 

(ANSI) (2.2, 9.61), 7–9, 239

American Samoa (3.20, Ch. 4, 9.12–9.13, 

9.47, Ch. 17), 33, 77, 223–224, 234, 334, 

337, 339, 343, 354

Ampersand (&):

 Comma omitted before (8.60), 204

 Firm names (9.25), 225–226

 Index entries (15.27), 310

Anglicized foreign words (3.15, 5.3–5.4), 30, 

87–88

ANSI (American National Standards 

Institute) (2.2, 9.61), 7–9, 239

Apostrophes and possessives (8.3–8.18), 

193–197

 Abbreviations (8.11–8.12), 195–196

 Authentic form in names to be followed 

(8.6), 194

 Coined plurals (8.11), 195–196

 Contractions (8.11), 195–196

 Possessive (8.3–8.10), 193–195

 Pronouns (8.8–8.9), 194–195

 Spelled-out words (8.13), 196

Appendix:

 Abbreviation (9.38), 231

 Footnote numbering (15.2), 303

 Part of book (2.3n), 10

 Plural form (5.10), 90–91

Area:

 Abbreviations (9.56–9.58), 236–237

 Metric equivalents, 345–347

Army, 47–48, 227–230

Article:

 Abbreviation (9.38–9.39), 231–232

 Capitalization (3.12–3.13, 3.53), 29–30, 41

 Caps and small caps (9.39), 232

Assembly:

 Legislative, 66

 United Nations (3.18), 31–32, 78

Association (9.25), 225–226

Asterisk(s):

 Ellipses (8.80–8.82), 208–209

 Footnote reference (13.67–13.68, 

15.13–15.14, 15.17), 294, 308, 309

Astronomical:

 Bodies, capitalization (3.31), 36

 Time (12.9b), 275

Astrophysical abbreviations (9.59), 238

Atomic numbers (10.16), 264

B

Backstrips, run down (2.19), 12

Base lines and meridians, 352–353

Basin, 49, 62

B.C. (9.7, 9.61, 12.9c), 222, 238, 275

Bible, etc. (3.35), 37

Bibliography:

 Footnote numbering (15.2), 307

 Part of book (2.3m), 10

 References (2.128, 8.33, 8.62, 8.75), 

25–26, 201, 205–206

Bill style (2.40), 15

Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.15), 2

Board on Geographic Names (5.20–5.21), 

95

Boldface:

 Page numbers, contents (15.30), 311

 Punctuation (8.150), 220

Braces, equations (10.14), 264

Brackets (8.19–8.22, 10.14), 197–198, 264

 Dates abbreviated in (9.45), 233

 Emphasis added, etc. (8.19, 11.4), 197, 265

 Equations (8.21, 10.14), 198, 264

 Headnotes (13.87–13.88), 296

 More than one paragraph (8.22), 198

 Type (8.153), 220

Bylines in parentheses (8.101), 211

C

Calendar divisions:

 Abbreviations (9.44–9.46, 13.5), 233, 285

 Capitalization (3.24), 34, 50
Index 443

Called, so-called (8.132), 216

Capacity:

 Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236, 237

 Metric equivalents, 345–346

Capitalization Rules (Chapter 3), 27–43

 Addresses, salutations, and signatures 

(3.59, 16.2), 42, 313

 Articles, definite (3.12–3.13), 29, 30

 Calendar divisions (3.24), 34

 Common nouns and adjectives (3.6–

3.11), 28–29

 Continued (13.37), 290

 Countries, domains (3.20–3.21), 32–33

 Firm names (Ch. 4), 60–61

 First words (3.44–3.49), 40–41

 Heads, center and side (3.50–3.58), 41–42

 Historic and documentary work (3.40), 

39

 Historic events (3.33), 36

 Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34

 Interjections (3.60), 43

 Organized bodies (3.18–3.19), 31–32

 Particles (3.14–3.17), 30

 Proper names (3.3), 27

 Derivatives (3.4–3.5), 27

 Religious terms (3.35), 37

 Scientific names (3.27–3.32), 35–36

 Soil orders (3.30), 35

 Time zones (Ch. 4), 77

 Titles:

 Persons (3.36–3.39), 37–38

 Publications, etc. (3.40–3.43), 39

 Trade names and trademarks (3.26, 

Ch. 4), 35, 77

Capitalization Examples (Chapter 4), 

45–80

Capitals, foreign (Ch. 17), 327–336

Capitals, U.S. (Ch. 17), 326, 354–374

Capitol (Ch. 4), 51

Caps and small caps:

 Abbreviation (1.22), 4–5, 239

 Article, section (9.39), 232

 Capitalization, in heads (3.50–3.58), 

41–42

 Congressional Record, (Ch. 19), 382–383

 Datelines, addresses, and signatures 

(9.37, 16.3), 231, 313

 Figure (2.71, 8.116), 18, 214

 Heads spaced with regular justification 

spaces (2.50), 16

 Names, surnames (3.51–3.52), 41

 Note (13.74), 294

 Quotation marks in (11.10), 271

 Use of in hearings (8.19), 197–198

 Vessel names (11.6–11.7), 269–270

-cede, -ceed, -sede (5.13), 93

Celsius (9.53, 9.62), 236, 248

Centerheads (see Heads, center and side).

Chair (3.34), 36, 51

Chairman (3.37), 38, 51

Chapter:

 Abbreviation (9.38), 231

 Alignment, in contents (15.28), 310

 Capitalization (3.10), 29

Chemical:

 Elements:

 Atomic numbers (10.16), 264–265

 Compounding (6.43), 108

 Numerals (6.43, 10.16), 108, 264–265

 Symbols (10.16), 264–265

 Formulas (6.44, 11.12, 12.15), 108, 271, 

279

 Symbols:

 Preparing copy (2.34–2.35), 14

 Set in roman (10.16), 264–265

Church (3.35), 37

 And state (Ch. 4), 50

Ciphers:

 Leaderwork (14.7–14.8), 304

 Numerals (12.9d), 275

 Tabular work (13.29–13.36), 289–290

Citations:

 Abbreviations (9.42–9.43, 9.45), 232–233

 Biblical, etc. (8.32), 200

 Italic (11.3, 11.8), 269, 270

 Punctuation (8.100–8.101), 211

Civil and military titles:
444 Index

 Abbreviations (9.29–9.37), 226–231

 Capitalization (3.34–3.37), 36–38

 Plurals (5.8), 89–90

Coast (3.22), 33

Coast Guard (Chs. 4, 9), 45, 52, 226–230

Code (3.38), 39

Colon (3.44–3.45, 3.48, 8.23–8.37), 40, 

198–201

 Affecting use of numerals (12.8), 274

 After salutations (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316

 Biblical citations (8.32), 200

 Bibliographic citations (8.33), 201

 Bulleted or enumerated list (8.28), 

199–200

 Capitalization following (3.44–3.49, 

8.24), 40, 198

 Ratio (8.36–8.37), 201

 Subentries (8.29, 14.15), 200, 305

Combining forms (6.29–6.35), 104–106

Comma (8.38–8.63), 201–205

 Chemical formulas (6.44), 108

 Compound sentences (8.47), 203

 Omitted (8.54–8.63), 204–205

 Semicolon, used with (8.148), 219

Commandant (9.30), 230

Commander in Chief (3.37), 37–38

 Compounding (6.40), 107

 Plural (5.8), 89

Commission (3.18), 31–32

Committee (Ch. 4), 53

Company:

 Abbreviation (9.25–9.26), 225–226

 Ampersand with (9.25), 225–226

 List (Ch. 4), 54, 60

Compass directionals:

 Abbreviations (9.50), 235

 Capitalization (3.23), 34

 Compound words (6.14), 100

 Land tract description (9.20–9.21), 225

 Punctuation (6.14, 8.61, 9.17, 9.20–9.21, 

9.50–9.51), 100, 204, 224–225, 235

Compounding Examples (Chapter 7), 

111–192

Compounding Rules (Chapter 6), 97–109

 Chemical terms (6.42–6.44), 108

 Civil and military titles (6.40–6.41), 105

 Fractions (6.38–6.39, 12.26–12.28), 107, 

283

 General rules (6.4–6.7), 97–98

 Improvised compounds (6.46–6.52), 

108–109

 Numerical compounds (6.36–6.39, 

12.9o), 106–107, 278

 Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms 

(6.29–6.35), 104–106

 Short prefixes (6.7), 98

 Scientific and technical terms (6.42–

6.45), 108

 Solid compounds (6.8–6.14), 98–100

 Unit modifiers (6.15–6.28), 100–104

 Units of measurement (6.45), 108

Congressional:

 Abbreviations (9.41–9.43, 13.11), 232–233, 

286

 Capitalization (3.18), 31–32

 Ordinals (12.10–12.11), 278–279

Congressional Record (Chapter 19), 

377–423

 Addresses and signatures, 389–390

 Call of the House, 388

 Capitalization, 379–380

 Caps and small caps, 382–383

 Committee of the Whole House on the 

state of the Union, 404–405

 Conference report and statement, 

406–407

 Credits, 390

 Extensions of Remarks, 392

 Extracts, 391–392

 Figures, 380

 Forms of titles, 388–389

 General rules, 377–378

 In gross or en gros, 382

 Italic, 380–381

 Miscellaneous, 381–382

 Parentheses and brackets, 384–385

 Poetry, 390–391

 Proceedings:
Index 445

 House, 400–404

 Senate, 393–399

 Punctuation, 383

 Samples, 382–412

 Speech heads, 392

 Tabular matter and leaderwork, 380

 Text headings, 392

 Title 44, U.S.C., iv, 377

 Voting:

 House and Committee of the Whole, 

385–387

 Pairs, 388

 Yeas and nays, 387–388

Congressional Record Index, 413–423

 Abbreviations and acronyms, 413–416

 Capitalization, 416–418

 Flush cap lines, 419

 General instructions, 413

 Punctuation, 418

 Roman and italic, 419

 Samples, 420–423

 Spacing, 416

Congressional work:

 Back title, 436, 438

 Cover and title pages, 431–434, 437, 

439–440

 Joint explanatory statement, 435

 Reports and hearings (2.39, Ch. 20), 15, 

425–440

Consonants:

 A, an, before (5.16–5.19), 94

 Doubled (5.14–5.15), 94

 Hyphen, to avoid tripling (6.7), 98

Contents (15.20–15.30), 309–311

 Part of book (2.3i, 2.12), 10, 11

 Type (15.28–15.30), 310–311

Contractions, apostrophe to indicate 

(8.11–8.12), 195–196

Copy (see also Preparing copy):

 Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.15), 

2

 Corrections marked (1.19–1.20), 2

 Covers to be indicated (1.13), 2

 Fold-ins, avoid use of (1.14), 2

 Folioing looseleaf or perforated work 

(1.12), 2

 Footnote references (1.7), 1

 Illustrations:

 Instructions (1.8), 1

 Position (1.8), 1

 Separate sheets (1.8), 1

 Legible (1.2), 1

 Numbering (1.3), 1

 Paper stock (1.16), 2–3

 Paragraph, begin with (1.4), 1

 Proofreader’s marks (1.22), 4–5

 Proper names, signatures, etc., plainly 

marked (1.5), 1

 Reprint, in duplicate (1.3), 1

 Style sheets furnished (1.11), 2

 Trim size (1.11, 1.17), 2

 Typewritten, one side only (1.3), 1

Cordon rule (Ch. 20), 426 fn.

Corrections:

 Author’s (1.19–1.20), 2

 Proofreading (2.79–2.80), 19

Counties and geographic divisions, 

354–374

 Common misspellings, 374–375

Cover:

 Kind to be indicated (1.13, 2.5), 2, 11

 Report sample, 9

Crown (3.37, Ch. 4), 37–38, 56

Currency (see also Money), 339–344

D

Dagger (13.67–13.68, 15.14), 294, 308

Dash (8.64–8.79), 205–208

 Em dash (8.64–8.75), 205–206

 En dash (8.76–8.79), 207

 Figures, letters (8.76–8.77, 12.7), 207, 

274

 Not to be used for and (8.79), 208

 Not to be used for to (8.78, 13.110), 

208, 299

 Proportion (8.36), 201

Date columns (see Tabular work).
446 Index

Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures

(Chapter 16), 313–324

Dates:

 Abbreviations (9.44–9.46, 13.5), 233, 285

 A.D., B.C. (8.56, 12.9c), 204, 275

 Commas with (8.53, 8.56, 12.9c), 203, 

204, 275

 En dash (8.77–8.79, 12.9c), 207–208, 275

 Ordinals in (12.11), 278

 Roman numerals (12.29), 284

 Tabular work (13.5), 285

Days:

 Abbreviations (9.46), 233

 Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34

Decimal inches, converted to (Chapter 17), 

347

Decimals:

 Alignment (2.28, 13.31), 13, 289

 Ciphers with (13.29–13.33), 289

 Comma omitted (8.58), 204

 Used with numerals (12.9d), 275

Decorations, medals, etc. (Chapter 4), 56

Decree:

 Executive (Chapter 4), 60

 Royal (3.40), 39, 57

Degree mark:

 Repeated (10.6), 263

 Spacing (12.9f), 276

 With figures (9.50–9.51, 9.53, 10.6, 12.9f), 

235–236, 263, 270

Degrees (scholastic, etc.):

 Abbreviations (9.32, 9.33, 9.35–9.36), 230, 

231

 Capitalization (9.36), 231

 Closed up (9.7), 222

 Sequence of (9.35), 231

Deity, words denoting (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 55

Demonyms (nationalities, American) 

(5.22–5.24, Ch. 17), 96–97, 337–339

Derivatives:

 Compounds (6.6), 98

 Proper names (3.4 –3.5, Ch. 4), 27, 57

 Scientific names (3.27–3.29), 35

Devil, etc. (3.35), 37

Diacritical and writing marks (5.3–5.4, 

5.25), 87–88, 96

Dimensions (12.9j), 276–277

Diseases and related terms (3.32, Ch. 4), 

36, 58

Do. (ditto):

 Leaderwork (14.4, 14.6), 303–304

 Tabular work (13.41–13.50), 290–291

Dollar:

 Abbreviation (9.60, 10.6), 238, 263

 Leaderwork (14.7–14.8), 304

 Tabular work (13.51–13.56), 292

Dr. (9.29, 9.33), 226, 230

 Not used with other titles (9.33), 230

E

Earth (3.31), 36

Editorial marks (illustration) (1.22), 4–5

Editors and authors, suggestions (1.1–1.21), 

1–3

E.g. (9.7, 9.63), 222, 253

Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209

Email, email (Ch. 4, 11.16), 59, 272

Emphasis, italic not used (11.2), 269

Emphasis added, etc. (11.4), 269

Equations (10.8–10.15), 264

Esq., abbreviation (8.43, 9.32–9.33, 9.37, 

16.3, 16.12, 16.19), 200, 230, 231, 313, 

316, 317

Et al. (9.63), 253

Et cetera, etc. (2.29, 9.63), 13, 253

Et seq. (9.63, 11.3), 252, 269

Even space after sentences (2.49), 16

Ex- (6.34), 105

Exclamation point (8.87–8.89), 209–210

Extracts:

 Footnotes (15.8), 307–308

 Quotation marks omitted (2.23), 12

F

Fahrenheit (9.53, Ch. 17), 235–236, 345

False title (2.3a), 10

Federated States of Micronesia (9.12, 9.13, Ch. 

17, Ch. 18), 223–224, 332, 338, 342, 356
Index 447

FIC & punc. (2.29, 2.39, 2.41), 13, 15

Figure (2.70, 3.10), 18, 29

 Not abbreviated (9.40), 232

 Period not used at end (8.116), 214

Figures (see Numerals).

Firm names (see also Company) (Ch. 4), 60

First words capitalized (3.44–3.49), 40–41

Flush heads (see Heads, center and side).

Fol. lit. (2.39, 12.1), 15, 273

Fold-ins, oversize, avoided (1.14), 2

Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and 

Outlines (Chapter 15), 307–312

 Footnotes and reference marks (15.1–

15.19), 307–309

 Comma not used (8.54, 15.19), 204, 

309

 Follows punctuation (15.18), 309

 Footnote added (2.95), 21

 Footnote eliminated (2.94g), 21

 Run across (1.7, 13.71), 1, 294

 Sequence (15.14), 308

 Superior figures (13.67, 15.12), 294, 308

 Thin space (15.12), 308

 Indexes and tables of contents (15.20–

15.30), 309–311

 Leaderwork (14.11–14.13), 305

 Outlines (15.31), 311–312

 Tabular work (13.65–13.84), 293–295

 Text (15.1–15.19), 307–309

Foreign:

 Countries:

 Abbreviations (9.11), 223

 Capital cities (Ch. 17), 327–336

 Currency (Ch. 17), 339–344

 Heads of state (Ch. 17), 327–336

 Money, abbreviations (9.60), 238

 Nationalities (demonyms) (Ch. 17), 

337–339

 Rivers (Ch. 18), 353

 Words:

 Accents (5.3–5.4), 87–88

 Compounding (6.24), 103

 Italic (11.2), 269

Foreword (2.3f), 10

Fort (Ch. 4), 62

 Not abbreviated (9.19), 225

 State name with (9.12), 223

Fractions (12.26–12.28), 283

 Comma omitted (8.58, 12.9e, 12.27), 204, 

276, 283

 Hyphen in (6.38–6.39, 12.27), 107, 283

 Land descriptions (9.20–9.22), 225

 Spelled out (6.38, 12.26), 107, 283

 Tabular work (13.85–13.86), 295–296

 Alignment (13.63), 293

Franking privilege (2.127), 25

Frontispiece (2.3b), 10

-ful, words ending in (5.9, 6.30), 90, 105

G

General Instructions (Chapter 2), 7–26

Geologic Terms and Geographic 

Divisions (Chapter 18), 349–375

 Geographic divisions, 352

 Geographic terms (Ch. 4), 62

 Geologic terms, 349

Gospel, etc. (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 63

Government(s) (3.9, 3.21, Ch. 4), 28, 32–33, 

60

 Departments, capitalization (3.18), 31–32

 Foreign (Ch. 17), 327–336

Governor (3.36), 37

GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives, ix

Gravity terms (9.53), 235–236

Guam (3.20, 4, 9.13–9.14, Ch. 17), 33, 77, 

223–224, 337, 341, 358

H

Halftitle:

 Imprint (2.115), 23

 Part of book (2.3j), 10

H-bomb, H-hour (Ch. 4, 6.51), 64, 109

Heads, center and side:

 Capitalization (2.31, 3.50–3.58), 14, 

41–42

 Tabular work (13.25–13.27), 288

Heads of state, foreign (Ch. 17), 327–336

Hearings (see Reports and Hearings).
448 Index

Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34

Holy Scriptures, etc. (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 62

Honorable, etc. (9.31), 230

House (Ch. 4), 64–65

Hyphen (see also Compounding Rules):

 Chemical formulas (6.43–6.44), 108

 Civil and military titles (5.8, 6.40), 

89–90, 107

 Compass directionals (6.14), 100

 Division at end of line (8.91), 210

 Fractions (6.38–6.39, 12.26–12.28), 105, 

283

 Numerical compounds (6.36–6.39, 

12.9o), 106–107, 278

 Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms 

(6.7, 6.29–6.35, 7.9–7.10), 98, 104–106, 

112

 Scientific terms (6.42–6.44), 108

 State abbreviations (8.76, 9.12), 207, 223

 Unit modifiers (6.15–6.28), 100–104

 Not used when meaning is clear (6.16), 

101

I

Ibid, id. (9.63, 11.3), 253, 269

-ible, words ending in (5.11, 6.30), 91–93, 

105

i.e. (9.7, 9.63), 222, 253

Illustrations:

 Makeup (2.3i, 2.12, 2.18), 10, 11, 12

 Separate sheets (1.8), 1

Imprints (2.111–2.122), 23–24

 Signature marks (2.99–2.110), 22–23

Improvised compounds (6.46–6.52), 

108–109

Inches, picas converted to (Ch. 17), 347

Indents (see also Overruns) (2.59–2.65), 

17–18

 Datelines, addresses, and signatures 

(16.5–16.28), 313–324

 Do. (13.41–13.50), 290–291

 Extracts (2.23), 12

 Footnote tables (13.83), 295

 Hanging (2.62–2.63), 17

 Heads (2.64–2.65), 18

 Paragraphs (2.59–2.60), 17

Index (15.20–15.30), 309–311

 Entries (15.27), 310

 Part of book (2.3o), 10

 Plural form (5.10), 90–91

 Roman numerals (15.22), 309

 See, see also (11.11, 15.20), 271, 309

Inferior figures and letters:

 Chemical elements (6.43), 108

 Chemical formulas (10.16, 11.12, 12.15), 

264, 271, 279

 Equations (10.8), 264

 Italic (10.8, 11.12), 264, 271

 Precede superiors (10.15), 264

 Preparing (2.34), 14

Information technology acronyms (9.64), 

256–261

Infra:

 Italic (11.3), 269

 Not abbreviated (9.49), 235

Integral sign (10.14), 264

Interjections:

 Capitalization (3.60), 43

 Exclamation point (8.87–8.89), 209–210

Internet, internet (Ch. 4), 65

Introduction (2.3f), 10

-ise, -ize, -yze (5.12), 93

Italic (Chapter 11), 269–272

 Aircraft (11.6), 269–270

 Ante, post (11.3), 269

 Continued from (11.11), 271

 Credit line (8.66), 205

 Datelines, addresses, and signatures 

(16.5–16.26), 313–323

 Emphasis (11.2), 269

 Equations (10.7–10.8, 11.12–11.13), 264, 

271–272

 Fol. lit., etc. (2.39), 15

 Foreign words, etc. (11.2–11.3), 269

 Inferior letters (10.8, 11.12), 264, 271

 Infra, supra (11.3), 269

 Italic supplied, etc. (11.4), 269

 Legal cases (11.8), 270

 Legends (2.72, 11.14), 18, 272
Index 449

nth degree (11.12), 267

 Not used for (11.2), 269

 Paragraphs and sections, indicating 

(11.15), 272

 Provided, Resolved, etc. (3.49, 11.11), 

40–41, 271

 To be followed (11.5), 269

 Publications, titles of (11.2), 269

 Salutations (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316

 Scientific names (11.9–11.10), 271

 See, see also (11.11, 15.20), 271, 305

 Symbols (2.73, 11.12–11.14), 18, 271–272

 Tabular work (13.94–13.95), 297

 Units of quantity (13.122, 14.14), 302, 305

 v. (11.8), 270

 Vessels (11.6–11.7, 13.94), 269–270, 297

x dollars (11.12), 271

-ize, -ise, -yze (5.12), 93

J

Journals (2.2), 8

Jr., Sr.:

 Abbreviation (9.32, 9.34), 230

 Index entries (15.27), 310

 Punctuation (8.43, 9.34), 202, 230

 Type (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313

K

King (3.36), 37

Known as (8.132), 216

L

Land area abbreviations (9.56), 236–237

Land descriptions (9.20–9.22, 12.9f), 225, 

276

Latin abbreviations (9.63, 11.3), 252–256, 

269

Latitude, longitude:

 Abbreviated (9.51, 13.9), 235, 285

 Division at end of line (9.52), 235

 Spaces omitted (9.51, 12.9f), 235, 276

Law (3.40), 39

Leaders:

 Abbreviation before (8.127, 13.13), 216, 

286

 Leaderwork (14.1), 303

 Tabular work (13.96–13.100), 297–298

Leaderwork (Chapter 14) (see also Tabular 

Work), 303–306

 Bearoff (14.2), 303

 Clears (14.9), 304

 Columns (14.3–14.4), 303–304

 Continued heads (14.5), 304

 Definition (14.1), 303

 Do. (14.6), 304

 Dollar mark and ciphers (14.7–14.8), 304

 Double up (14.19), 306

 Examples (14.15–14.20), 305–306

 Flush items and subheads (14.9–14.10), 

304

 Footnotes (14.11–14.13), 305

 Units of quantity (14.14–14.20), 305–306

Leading and spacing (2.47–2.58), 16–17

 Leading:

 Datelines, addresses, and signatures 

(16.4), 313

 Extracts (2.53–2.56), 16–17

 Footnotes (2.57), 17

 Legends (2.57), 17

 Line of stars (8.83), 209

 Page, section, etc., over figure columns 

(15.21), 305

 Tabular work, boxheads (13.18–13.21), 

286

 Tabular work, centerheads (13.25, 

13.28), 288

 Tabular work, footnotes (13.65–13.84), 

293–295

 Spacing:

 Abbreviations with points (9.6), 221

 Ampersand (9.7), 222

 Article, section (9.39), 232

 Citations (8.32), 200

 Clock time (8.31, 12.9b), 200, 275

 Colon (8.23–8.37), 198–201

 Datelines, addresses, and signatures 

(16.4), 313
450 Index

 Degrees, academic (9.7, 9.32–9.33, 

9.35–9.37), 222, 230, 231

 Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209

 Footnote references (8.54, 15.12, 

15.19), 204, 308–309

 Footnote symbols (13.68, 15.12–15.13), 

294, 304

 Heads, center, side (2.50), 16

 Initials, personal name (9.7), 222

 Letters or figures in parentheses (2.39, 

8.98), 15, 211

 Mathematical signs (10.3), 263

 Names, space after in small cap heads 

(3.14–3.17, 3.51–3.52), 30–31, 41

 Particles (3.52), 41

 Question mark (8.128–8.130), 216

 Quotation marks (8.131–8.147), 

216–219

 Section mark (10.6), 263

 Stars (8.83), 209

 Symbols with figures (10.6), 263

Legal cases:

 Capitalization (3.12), 29

 Italic (11.8), 270

Legends (2.66–2.72), 18

 Italic symbols (2.72, 11.14), 18, 272

 Leading (2.57), 17

 Makeup (2.67, 2.71, 2.94f), 18, 21

 Punctuation (2.69, 8.116), 18, 214

 Type (2.68), 18

Legislative bodies, foreign (Ch. 17), 327–336

Letter of transmittal (2.3e), 10

Looseleaf work, “blue” folios marked (1.12), 

2

-ly, words ending in (6.20), 102

M

M., Mlle., etc. (9.29), 226

Magnification symbol (10.3), 263

Magnitudes (9.59), 238

Makeup (2.3–2.19), 10–12

 Backstrips, run down (2.19), 12

 Facing pages (2.7), 11

 Fold-ins to be avoided (1.14), 2

 Footnotes:

 Leaderwork (14.11–14.13), 305

 Tabular references repeated (2.13, 

13.69), 11, 294

 Tabular sample (14.15), 301

 Tabular work (2.96), 21

 Text (15.9–15.11), 308

 Illustrations (2.66–2.72), 18

 Parts of book (2.3), 10

 Roman numerals (2.4), 11

 Running heads and folios (2.9–2.10), 11

 Signature marks, imprints, etc. (2.99–

2.126), 22–25

 Signatures, jobs over 4 pages (1.15), 2

 Sink (2.8), 11

 Title pages (2.5), 11

 Widow lines (2.6), 11

Marine Corps (3.18, Ch. 4, Ch. 9), 31, 67, 

226–230

Market grades (3.26), 35

Marshall Islands (9.12, 9.13, Ch. 17), 

223–224, 332, 338, 342, 361

Mathematical equations (10.8–10.15), 264

 Signs (10.2, 10.3, 10.18), 263, 266

Measurement:

 Abbreviations (9.56–9.58), 236–238

 Conversion table (Ch. 17), 347

 Metric equivalents (Ch. 17), 345–347

 Numerals (12.9j), 276–277

 Symbols (9.62), 248–252

Medals (see Decorations).

Meridians and base lines (Ch. 18), 352–353

Messrs. (9.29), 226

Meteorology signs/symbols (10.18), 

266–268

Metric:

 Abbreviations (9.56–9.57), 236–237

 Equivalents (Ch. 17), 345–346

Military:

 Dates (8.56, 12.9c), 204, 275

 Installations, State name with (9.12), 223

 Time (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279

 Titles:

 Abbreviations (Ch. 9), 226–230
Index 451

 Capitalization (3.36), 37

 Enlisted rank, 228–230

 Officer rank, 226–228

 Units, ordinals used (12.10), 278

Millimeters, converted to (Ch. 17), 341

Million, etc.:

 Roman numerals (12.29), 284

 Use of figures with (12.24), 282–283

Minute:

 Abbreviation (9.58), 238

 Latitude, longitude (9.51–9.52, 12.9f), 

235, 276

 Time (12.9b, 12.9n), 275, 277

 Astronomical (9.59, 12.9b), 238, 275

Money:

 Abbreviations and symbols (9.60, 12.9k, 

Ch. 17), 238, 277, 339–344

 Decimals (12.9k), 277

 Fractions (12.26–12.28), 283

Months:

 Abbreviations (9.44–9.45, 13.5), 233, 285

 mo (9.58), 238

 Punctuation (8.53, 8.77–8.79, 12.9c), 203, 

207, 275

Moon (3.31), 36

 Signs (10.18), 266–268

Mount, not abbreviated (9.19), 225

Mr., Mrs.:

 Abbreviation, when used (9.29), 226

 Type (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313

 With other abbreviations (9.33), 230

Mr. Chairman, etc. (3.37), 38

N

Names (see Personal names, Natives).

Nation, etc. (3.20–3.21), 32–33

Nationalities (see Demonyms).

Natives:

 Foreign countries (Ch. 17), 337–339

 States, U.S. (5.23–5.24), 95–96

Nature (3.34), 36

Navy, Naval, etc. (3.18, Ch. 4, Ch. 9), 31, 

68–69, 226–230

Near East (3.22), 33

Newspapers:

 Capitalization (3.40), 39

 Datelines (16.8), 315

 Italic not used (11.2), 269

No., Nos. (9.38), 231

 Not abbreviated (13.22), 287

Northern Mariana Islands (9.12–9.13, Ch. 

17), 223–224, 342, 367

Note (1.22, 8.111, 13.53, 13.74), 5, 213, 292, 

294

Nouns:

 Capitalization (3.6–3.11, 3.50), 28–29, 41

 Compounding (6.8–6.11), 98–99

 Nationalities, foreign (Ch. 17), 337–339

 Plural forms (5.5–5.10), 88–91

 States, natives of (5.23), 95

nth degree (11.12), 271

Number:

 Abbreviation (see No.).

 Chemical elements (10.16), 264–265

 Mark (#) (10.6, 10.18, 15.15), 263, 

266–268, 308

Numerals (Chapter 12), 273–284

 Age (12.9a), 274

 Beginning a sentence (12.16), 280

 Related numerals (12.25), 283

 Chemical elements (6.43, 10.16), 108, 

264–265

 Chemical formulas (6.44, 12.15), 108, 279

 Clock time (9.54, 12.9b), 236, 275

 Colon affecting use (12.8), 274

 Compound (6.36–6.39), 106–107

 Dates (see Dates).

 Decimals (12.9d), 275

 Degrees (12.9f), 276

 Equations (10.8–10.15), 264

 Expressed in figures (12.4–12.13), 

273–279

 Formal writing (12.19), 281

 Fractions (see Fractions).

 Game scores (12.9g), 276

 Hearings, etc. (12.17), 280

 Indefinite expressions (12.22), 281–282

 Land descriptions (9.21), 225
452 Index

 Large numbers (12.20, 12.24), 281–283

 Market quotations (12.9h), 276

 Mathematical expressions (12.9i), 276

 Measurement and time (12.9a–12.9o), 

274–278

 In relation to other figures (12.6), 274

 Money (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 277

 Ordinals (see Ordinals).

 Percentage (12.9l), 277

 Proportion or ratio (12.9m), 277

 Punctuation (8.52, 8.113–8.114, 12.14), 

203, 214, 279

 Roman (see Roman numerals).

 Serial (12.7), 274

 Single:

 10 or more (12.4), 273

 Under 10 (12.23), 282

 Unit of measurement, etc. (12.6), 274

 Spelled out (12.16–12.25), 276, 280–283

 Tabular work (13.101), 298

 Time (12.9n), 277

 Unit modifiers (6.23, 6.36–6.37, 6.39, 

12.9o), 103, 106, 107, 278

 Vitamins (12.9p), 278

 With abbreviations (9.5, 13.4), 221, 285

O

O, Oh:

 Capitalization (3.60), 43

 Exclamation point (8.88–8.89), 209–210

-o, words ending in (5.5), 88

Occident, etc. (3.22–3.23), 33–34

O’clock (9.55, 12.9b), 236, 275

Office (3.18), 31–32, 69

Op. cit. (11.3), 222, 245, 254, 269

Order (3.40), 39

Ordered (3.49, 11.11), 41, 271

Ordinals (12.10–12.13, 13.101), 278–279, 298

 Beginning with 10th (12.13), 279

 In relation to other ordinals or numerals 

(12.11), 278–279

 Leaderwork (12.13), 279

 Military units (12.10), 278

 Street address (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285

 Tabular work (12.13, 13.102), 279, 298

Outlines:

 Indents (15.31), 311–312

 Numbering sequence (15.31), 311–312

Overruns (see also Indents):

 Center, side heads (2.64–2.65), 18

 Datelines, addresses, and signatures 

(16.5, 16.26), 313–314, 320–324

 Hanging indents (2.61–2.62), 17

 Indexes (15.23–15.25), 309–310

 Leaderwork (14.4), 303–304

 Paragraphs (2.59–2.65), 17–18

 Tabular work (13.89–13.93), 296–297

 Total, mean, and average lines 

(13.91–13.93), 296–297

P

Pact (3.40), 39

Page (3.10), 29

 Abbreviation (9.38), 231

 Numbers (2.4, 15.22, 15.30), 11, 309, 311

Palau (9.12–9.13, Ch. 17, Ch. 18), 223–224, 

333, 338, 342, 368

Paper stock (1.16), 2–3

Paragraph (3.8), 29

 Abbreviation (9.38), 231

 Mark (¶) (10.6), 263

Paragraphs:

 Brackets, more than one paragraph 

(8.22), 198

 Indents (2.60–2.61), 17–18

 Overruns (2.61–2.62), 17

 Italic letters indicating (11.15), 272

 Numbering sequence (8.112), 213–214

Parentheses (8.95–8.106), 210–212

 Abbreviations in (9.2), 221

 Citations or references (9.45), 233

 Congressional (9.41–9.43), 232–233

 Latitude, longitude (9.51), 235

 Parts of publications (9.38), 231

 Steamships, railroads (9.27), 226

 Alignment in tables (13.59, 13.63), 293

 Byline (8.105), 212

 Chemical formulas (6.44), 108
Index 453

 Clauses (8.96), 210

 Closed up (2.41, 8.98, 8.102), 15, 211

 Column numbers or letters (13.23), 287

 Enclose letters or figures (8.98), 211

 Equations (10.14), 264

 Explanatory word (8.97), 211

 More than one paragraph (8.106), 212

 Not part of main statement (8.95), 210

 Paragraph sequence (8.112), 213–214

 Type (8.153), 220

 Verifying numbers (8.99, 12.18), 211, 280

 With punctuation (8.100–8.102), 211–212

Part (3.9), 29

 Abbreviation (9.38), 231

Particles (3.14–3.17), 30–31

Parts of books:

 Abbreviations (9.38–9.40), 231–232

 Capitalization (3.9, 3.40–341), 29, 39

 Makeup (2.3), 10

 Quotation marks (8.133), 217

Percent (5.2), 83

 Mark (10.18, 15.15), 267, 304

 Use of figures (12.9l), 277

Period (8.107–8.127), 212–216

 Abbreviations (8.115, 9.6–9.7), 214, 

221–222

 After article, section, etc. (8.117), 214

 Boxheads (8.119), 215

 Decimals (8.113, 12.9d, 13.29–13.32), 214, 

275, 285

 Declarative sentence (8.107), 212

 Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209

 Explanatory matter within parentheses 

(8.126), 215

 Indirect question (8.108), 212

 In lieu of parentheses (8.109), 213

 Inside-outside quotation marks (8.138–

8.139), 218

 Legends (2.70, 8.116), 18, 214

 Letters used as names (8.121), 215

 Metric abbreviations (9.56–9.57), 

236–237

 Middle initial not abbreviation (8.122), 

214

 Multiplication (8.118), 214

 Omitted (8.119–8.127, 9.3, 13.13, 15.23), 

215–216, 221, 286, 309–310

 Overruns, in indexes (15.23), 309–310

 Roman numerals (8.124), 215

 Run-in sideheads (8.111), 213

 Short name not abbreviation (8.123, 

9.23), 215, 225

 Symbols (8.119), 215

 To indicate thousands (8.114), 214

 Words and incomplete statements 

(8.125), 215

Periodicals, titles of:

 Capitalization (3.40–3.41, 3.43), 39

 Italic not used (11.2), 269

 Makeup (2.2–2.3), 7–10

Personal names:

 Abbreviations followed (8.123, 9.23–

9.24), 215, 225

 Initials set without space (8.43, 9.7, 9.34), 

202, 222, 230

 Particles (3.14–3.17), 30–31

 Variations (8.123, 9.23–9.24), 215, 225

Personification (3.34), 36

Physics, signs and symbols (10.18), 266–268

Physiographic regions (Ch. 18), 350–351

Pica conversion table (Ch. 17), 347

Pickup matter (2.32), 14

 Correcting (2.44), 16

Place:

 Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285

 Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285

Planets (3.31), 36

Plate (3.10), 29

 Abbreviation (9.38), 231

 Numbers aligned (15.28), 310

Plurals:

 Apostrophe (8.7, 8.11), 194, 195–196

 Coined (8.11), 195–196

 Common noun as part of proper name 

(3.9), 29

 Compound words (5.6–5.8), 87–88

 Irregular (5.10), 90–91

 Latin names (3.29), 35
454 Index

 Letters and figures (8.11), 195–196

 Nouns ending in -ful (5.9), 90

 Nouns ending in -o (5.5), 88

 Word plurals (8.13), 196

Poetry:

 Capitalization of titles (3.40), 39

 Congressional Record (Ch. 19), 390–391

 Credit line (8.70), 206

 Quotation marks (3.40, 8.133), 39, 217

Point, not abbreviated (9.19), 225

Points, converted to (Ch. 17), 347

Political parties (3.18, Ch. 4), 31–32, 68

 Adherents (3.19, Ch. 4), 32, 68

Port, not abbreviated (9.19), 225

Possessions, U.S. (9.12–9.14, Ch. 18), 

223–224, 354–374

Possessives and apostrophes (see

Apostrophes and possessives).

Post (11.3), 269

Post Office (Ch. 4), 71

 Box, as part of address (Ch. 4), 71

 Directory of Post Offices (5.20), 95

 ZIP Code numbers (8.55, 16.1), 204, 313

Pound mark (see Money, Number).

Preface (2.3g, 2.12), 10, 11

Prefixes (6.7, 6.29–6.35), 98, 104–106

 Metric (9.56), 236–237

Preliminary pages (2.3–2.4), 10–11

 Roman numerals for (2.4), 11

Preparing copy:

 Abbreviations spelled out (2.42), 15

 Bills (2.40), 15

 Capitalization (2.26, 2.36), 13, 14

 Copy kept clean (2.45), 16

 Cut-in notes (2.33), 14

 Datelines, addresses, and signatures 

(2.27), 13

 Addresses (16.9–16.16), 315–317

 Datelines (16.5–16.8), 313–315

 Signatures (16.17–16.28), 317–324

 Decimals (2.28), 13

 Et cetera, etc. (2.29), 13

 Extracts (2.23), 12

 FIC & punc., Fol. lit. (2.39–2.41), 15

 Figures (2.25, 2.39), 13, 15

 Folioing and stamping (2.30), 14

 Footnotes and reference marks:

 Tabular work (13.65–13.84), 293–295

 Text (15.1–15.19), 307–309

 Heads (2.31, 3.50–3.58), 14, 41–42

 Instructions to be followed (2.41, 11.5), 

15, 269

 Italic (2.27, 2.39, Ch. 11), 13, 15, 269–272

 Pickup (2.32), 14

 Plurals (2.37, 8.13), 15, 196

 Punctuation followed (2.39–2.41), 15

 Sidenotes (2.33), 14

 Signs, symbols, etc. (2.34–2.35), 14

 Type to indicate shape (2.36–2.38), 14–15

Prepositions (3.53), 41–42

 In compound nouns (6.47), 107

Presidents and Vice Presidents, U.S., 

325–326

Pronouns:

 Compounding (6.12–6.13), 100

 Possessive (8.8–8.9), 194–195

Proofreader’s marks (1.22), 4–5

Proofreading (2.73–2.85), 18–19

Proofs:

 Clean (2.45, 2.94a), 16, 20

 Marking (1.18–1.20), 2

Proportion (8.36, 12.9m), 201, 277

Provided, etc.:

 Capitalization following (3.49), 40–41

 Italic (3.49, 11.11), 40–41, 271

Province (3.20), 32–33

 Not abbreviated (9.15), 224

Public Law, etc. (3.40), 39

 Not abbreviated (9.41, 9.43), 232, 233

Publications (see Periodicals):

 GPO (1.21), 3

Puerto Rico (9.12–9.13), 223–224, 369

Punctuation (Chapter 8), 193–220

 Abbreviations:

 Omitted (8.127, 9.3, 13.13), 216, 221, 

286
Index 455

 When used (8.43, 9.6), 202, 221

 Apostrophe (8.3–8.18), 193–197

 Brackets (8.19–8.22), 197–198

 Colon (8.23–8.37), 198–201

 Comma (8.38–8.63), 201–205

 Before and after abbreviations (8.43), 

202

 Omitted (8.54–8.63), 204–205

 Used (8.38–8.53), 201–203

 Dash (3-em) (8.75), 206

 Dash (em) (8.64–8.74), 205–206

 Not used (8.73–8.74), 206

 Used (8.64–8.72), 205–206

 Dash (en) (8.76–8.79), 207–208

 Not used (8.78–8.79), 208

 Used (8.76–8.77), 207

 Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209

 Exclamation point (8.87–8.89), 209–210

 Function (8.1, 8.2), 193

 Hyphen (8.90–8.94), 210

 Compounding (Ch. 6), 97–109

 Legends (2.69, 8.116), 18, 214

 Numerals (12.14), 279

 Parentheses (8.95–8.106), 210–212

 Period (8.107–8.127), 212–216

 Omitted (8.119–8.127), 215–216

 Used (8.107–8.118), 212–214

 Question mark (8.128–8.130), 216

 Quotation marks (8.131–8.147), 216–219

 Not used (8.142–8.147), 218–219

 Used (8.131–8.141), 216–218

 Semicolon (8.148–8.151), 219–220

 Sentence (2.49), 16

 Single (8.128, 8.152), 216, 220

Q

Quantity (see Units of quantity).

Quart (9.58), 237–238

 Metric equivalent (Ch. 17), 345, 347

Quasi-, ex-, self- (6.34), 105

Queen (3.36–3.37), 37–38

Queries:

 Department must answer (1.20), 2

 Not to be set (2.46), 16

 Proofreading (2.74–2.76), 19

Question mark (8.128–8.130), 216

 Closed up (8.130), 216

 Direct query (8.45, 8.128), 202, 216

 Doubt (8.129–8.130), 216

 With quotation marks (8.138, 8.141), 218

Quotation marks (8.131–8.147), 216–219

 Addresses, books, etc. (8.133), 217

 Called, so-called, etc. (8.132), 216–217

 Direct quotations (8.131), 216

 Display initial with (8.147), 219

 Double, single, double (8.141), 218

 Entitled, marked, etc. (8.132), 216–217

 Extracts, omitted (2.23, 8.145), 12, 219

 Indirect quotations (8.146), 219

 Letters within a letter (8.135), 217

 Complete letter (8.144), 219

 Misnomers, slang, etc. (8.136), 217–218

 More than one paragraph (8.134), 217

 Precede footnote references (8.140), 218

 Punctuation with (8.51, 8.138–8.139), 

203, 218

 Scientific names (11.10), 267

 Spacing (8.137, 8.141), 218

 Tabular work (13.123), 298

 Thin space (8.137), 218

 Vessels (11.7, 11.8), 270

Quotations:

 Capitalization (3.44, 3.46), 40

 Comma before (8.39), 201

 Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209

R

Railroads, abbreviated (9.27, 13.8), 226, 285

Ramseyer rule (Ch. 20), 426 fn.

Reference marks (see Footnotes and 

references).

Reference materials, GPO (1.21), 3

Region (3.10), 29

 Ordinals (12.10), 278

Regular, etc. (3.18, Ch. 4), 31, 48, 59, 69–79

Related numbers:
456 Index

 Group (12.5, 12.25), 273–274, 283

 Ordinals (12.10–12.13), 278–279

Religious terms (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 72

Report (3.40–3.41, Ch. 4), 39, 72

 With quotation marks (3.41, 8.133), 39, 

217

Reports and Hearings (Chapter 20), 

425–440

 Samples, 427–440

Representative (3.18), 32

 Not abbreviated (9.30), 230

Reprint:

 “All roman (no italic)” exceptions (11.5), 

269

 Dates (2.123–2.124), 25

 Pickup (2.32), 14

 Signature marks (2.124), 25

Republic (3.20), 32–33

Reservation (3.5), 27–28

 State name with (9.12), 223

Resolution (3.40), 39

 Abbreviation (9.42, 13.11), 232, 286

Resolved, etc. (3.49), 40

 Italic (3.49, 11.11), 40–41, 271

Reverend, etc. (9.31), 230

Revising (2.86–2.98), 20–22

 Galley (2.86–2.89), 20

 Page (2.90–2.96), 20–21

 Press (2.97–2.98), 21–22

Rivers (Ch. 18), 353

Road:

 Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285

 Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285

Roman numerals:

 Army corps (12.10), 274

 Figure columns:

 Indexes and contents (15.22), 309

 Tabular work (13.62), 293

 List (12.29), 284

 Not preferred (12.3), 273

 Period:

 Aligned in contents (15.28), 310

 Not used after (8.124), 215

 Preliminary pages (2.4), 11

Royal titles (3.36–3.37, 3.39), 37–38

Rules in tables (13.3), 285

Running heads:

 Copy for, supplied (1.19), 2

 Makeup (2.10–2.11), 11

 Period omitted (8.119), 215

S

Sales notices (2.125–2.126), 25

Salutation:

 Capitalization (3.59, 16.15), 42, 316

 Colon after (8.30, 16.15), 200, 316

 Italic (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316

Scientific terms:

 Abbreviations, punctuation omitted 

(9.3), 221

 Capitalization (3.27–3.32), 35–36

 Compounding (6.42–6.45), 108

 Italic (11.9–11.10, 13.95), 271, 297

 Quotation marks with (11.10), 271

 Set in roman (11.9), 271

Scriptures, etc. (3.33), 36

Seaboard (3.22), 33–34

Seal (16.27–16.28), 323–324

Seasons (3.23), 34

2d, 3d, etc.:

 Comma omitted before (8.43, 8.63, 9.32), 

202, 205, 230

 Ordinals (12.10–12.11), 278–279

 Type (9.32, 16.3), 230, 313

Secretary, etc. (3.35), 37–38, 74

 General, 74

 No hyphen (6.40), 107

 Plural form (5.8), 89–90

Section (3.10), 29, 74

 Abbreviation (9.38, 13.10), 231, 286

 Not abbreviated (9.39), 232

 Caps and small caps (9.39), 232

 Italic to indicate (11.15), 272

 Roman, over figure column (15.21), 309

Section mark (§):

 Footnote reference (15.14), 308
Index 457

 Space after (10.6), 263

-sede, -cede, -ceed (5.13), 93

See, see also:

 Italic (11.11, 15.20), 271, 309

 Roman (13.95), 297

See footnote, etc. (15.4), 307

Self-, ex-, quasi- (6.34), 105

Semicolon (8.148–8.151), 219–220

 Avoid, where comma will suffice (8.151), 

220

 Before summarizing matter (8.150), 219

 Clauses containing commas (8.148), 219

Senate, 74

Senator, 74

 Not abbreviated (9.30), 230

Serial:

 Letter, italic (11.15), 272

 Parentheses (8.98), 211

 Numbers:

 Comma omitted (8.58, 12.14), 204, 279

 Figures used (12.7), 274

 Parentheses (8.98), 211

Session:

 Abbreviation (9.41, 13.11), 232, 286

 Ordinals (9.41, 13.11), 232, 286

Shape, letters used (2.36–2.38), 14–15

Shilling mark, in fractions (12.27), 283

 Sign (10.18), 266–268

Signature marks (2.99–2.110), 22–23

Signatures:

 Abbreviations (9.24, 16.19), 225, 317

 Capitalization (3.59, 16.2), 42, 313

 Caps and small caps (9.37), 231

 Examples (16.17–16.27), 317–323

 Preceded by dash (8.70, 16.17), 206, 317

 Preparation (2.27), 13

 Punctuation (16.23), 318

 Quoted matter (16.25), 320

Signed (8.132), 216

 In signatures (16.24), 318–321

Signs and Symbols (Chapter 10), 263–268

 Chemical:

 Elements (6.43, 10.16), 108, 264–265

 Formulas (6.44, 10.15, 12.15), 108, 264, 

279

 Coined words and symbols (8.11, 8.76, 

8.136, 9.48), 195–196, 207, 217, 234–235

 Degree mark (9.50–9.51, 9.53, 9.56, 10.4, 

12.9f), 235–237, 263, 276

 Equations (10.8–10.15), 264

 Footnote references (15.12–15.19), 

308–309

 Sequence (15.14), 308

 Foreign money (9.60, Ch. 17), 238, 

339–344

 Italic letters (2.72, 10.7–10.8, 11.12–11.15), 

18, 264, 271–272

 Legends (2.73), 18

 List (10.18), 266–268

 Mathematical signs (10.2–10.3), 263

 Preparing copy (2.34–2.35), 14

 Standardized (10.17), 266

 Symbol columns (13.114–13.115), 299

 ×, crossed with, magnification (10.3), 263

Single punctuation (8.128, 8.152), 216, 220

Sink (2.8), 11

Small caps:

 Etc., et al. (3.57), 42

 Heads spaced with regular justification 

spaces (2.50), 16

 Italic inferior letters (10.8), 264

 Proper names (3.51–3.52), 41

 Roman numerals (2.4, 15.22), 10, 309

 Seal (16.27–16.28), 323

 v., lowercase in legal cases (11.8), 270

Soil orders (3.30), 35

Spacing (see Leading and spacing).

Spelling (Chapter 5), 81–96

 Anglicized and foreign words (5.3–5.4), 

87–88

 Apostrophes and possessives (8.3–8.18), 

193–197

 -cede, -ceed, -sede (5.13), 93

 Doubled consonants (5.14–5.15), 94

 Geographic names (5.20–5.21), 95

 Idiomatic phrases (6.52), 109

 Indefinite articles, use of (5.16–5.19), 94
458 Index

 List (5.2), 81–87

 Nationalities (5.22–5.24), 95–96

 Native American words (5.25), 96

 Plural forms (5.5–5.10), 88–91

 Transliteration (5.26), 96

Square (Ch. 4, Ch. 7), 75, 175

 Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285

 Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 278, 285

Stars (see Ellipses).

State, etc. (3.20, Ch. 4), 32, 75

Staten Island (9.14), 224

States (3.6, 3.20, 3.22, Ch. 7), 28, 32, 33, 

75–76, 175

 Abbreviations (8.76, 9.12–9.13), 207, 

223–224

 Capitals (Ch. 17, Ch. 18), 326, 354–374

 Counties (Ch. 17), 354–374

 Natives of (5.23), 95

Station (3.7, 3.10, Ch. 7), 28–29, 76, 175

 State abbreviation with (9.12), 223

Statutes, etc. (3.40), 39

 Abbreviations (9.43, 13.11), 233, 286

Street, 76

 Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285

 Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285

Subentries (8.29, 13.89–13.90, 13.112, 14.15), 

200, 296, 299, 305

Subheads:

 Indexes and contents (15.29), 310

 Leaderwork (14.10), 304

Suffixes (6.30–6.31), 105

Summation sign (10.14), 264

Sun (3.31), 36, 76

 Sign (10.18), 266–268

Superior figures and letters:

 Astrophysical matter (9.59), 238

 Chemical elements (6.43), 108

 Comma omitted (8.54), 204

 Equations (10.8), 264

 Follow inferiors (10.15), 264

 Footnote references (13.66, 15.12, 15.17), 

293, 308–309

 Italic letters (8.54, 10.8, 11.12), 204, 264, 

271

 Preparing (2.33), 14

 Type (8.153), 220

 With punctuation (8.137), 218

Supra:

 Italic (11.3), 269

 Not abbreviated (9.49), 235

Survey (3.18), 31–32

Symbols (see Signs and Symbols)

T

Table (see also Useful Tables) (3.9, Ch. 4, Ch. 

17), 29, 77, 325

Table of contents (see Contents).

Tabular Work (Chapter 13) (see also

Leaderwork), 285–302

 Abbreviations (13.4–13.13), 285–286

 Bearoff (13.14–13.17), 286

 Leaderwork (14.2–14.4), 303–304

 Tables without rules (13.116, 13.119), 

300, 301

 Boxheads (13.18–13.23), 286–287

 Horizontal (13.19–13.21), 286

 Centerheads, flush entries, and 

subentries (13.25–13.28), 288

 Ciphers (13.29–13.36), 289–290

 Column numbers or letters (13.23), 287

 Continued heads (13.37–13.38), 290

 Dash instead of colon (13.26), 288

 Dashes or rules (13.39–13.40), 290

 To separate nonmoney groups (13.53), 

292

 Date column (13.28), 288

 Decimals, alignment (13.29–13.36, 

13.64), 289–290, 293

 Ditto (Do.) (13.41–13.50), 290–291

 Closing quotes (13.41), 290

 Divide tables (13.103–13.108), 296

 Dollar mark (13.51–13.56), 292

 Figure columns (13.57–13.64), 293

 Decimals (13.29–13.32, 13.63–13.64), 

289, 293

 Footnotes and references (13.66–13.84), 

293–295

 Fractions (13.85–13.86), 295–296
Index 459

 Hairline rules (13.3), 285

 Headnotes (13.87–13.88, 13.103), 296, 298

 Indents and overruns (13.89–13.93), 296

 Subentries (13.89–13.90), 296

 Total, mean, and average lines 

(13.91–13.93), 296

 Italic (13.94–13.95), 297

 Leaders (13.96–13.100), 297–298

 Leading:

 Boxheads, solid in leaded tables 

(13.20), 286

 Notes (13.84), 295

 Makeup (see Makeup)

 No. (13.22), 287

 None (13.33, 13.35, 13.45), 289–291

 Numerals (13.101), 298

 Parallel tables (13.102–13.108), 298

 Quoted tables (13.123), 302

 Reading columns (13.109–13.113), 299

 See, see also (13.95), 297

 Subentries (13.89–13.90, 13.112), 296, 299

 Symbol columns (13.114–13.115), 299

 Tables without rules (see also

Leaderwork) (13.116–13.119), 300–302

 Total, mean, and average lines (13.91–

13.93), 296–297

 Tracing figures (13.106, 13.108), 298

 Type (2.23, 13.3), 12, 285

 Units of quantity (13.120–13.122), 302

 Spacing (13.28), 288

 Years, spacing (13.28), 288

Technical terms (see Scientific terms).

Telephone numbers (8.58, 8.76, 12.7), 204, 

207, 274

Temperature, abbreviations (9.53), 235–236

Temperature conversion (Ch. 17), 345

Terrace:

 Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285

 Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285

Territory, etc. (3.20, Ch. 4), 32, 77

Territories, U.S. (9.12–9.18), 223–224, 

354–374

Text footnotes (see Footnotes and 

references).

The:

 Part of speech (3.53), 41–42

 Title, part of (3.12–3.13, 9.31), 29–30, 230

Thin space:

 Footnotes (13.68, 15.12), 294, 308

 Names (3.51–3.52), 41

 Number mark, not used with (10.6), 263

 Paragraph mark (10.6), 263

 Quotation marks (8.137), 218

 Section mark (10.6), 263

Time:

 Abbreviations (9.54–9.55, 9.58, 9.59), 

236–238

 Astronomical (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279

 Capitalization, 77

 Clock (12.9n), 277

 Geologic, 349

 Military (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279

 Use of figures (9.59, 12.9b, 12.9n), 238, 

275, 277

 Zones (Ch. 4, 9.47), 77, 234

Title (3.10), 29, 77

Title page:

 Back of (2.3d), 10

 Congressional back title samples:

 Appropriations hearing, 438

 Conference report, 434

 Imprints, etc. (2.103, 2.111–2.122), 22–24

 Makeup (2.3–2.19), 10–12

 Part of book (2.3c), 10

 Period omitted at ends of lines (8.119), 

215

 U.S., not abbreviated (9.9), 222–223

Titles:

 Acts (3.42), 39

 Books, plays, songs, publications, papers, 

etc. (3.40–3.43, 8.133, 11.2), 39, 217, 265

 Civil and military:

 Abbreviations (9.25, 9.29–9.37), 

225–226, 226–231

 Compound (6.40–6.41), 107

 Plurals (5.8), 89–90

 Common nouns (3.37), 37–38

 Foreign books (3.43), 39
460 Index

Heads of state, 327–336

Legal cases (3.40, 11.8), 39, 270

Persons (3.36–3.39), 37–38

Second person (3.39), 38

To, en dash for (8.78, 12.9c, 12.9m, 13.110), 

208, 275, 277, 299

To Whom It May Concern (8.30, 16.14), 

200, 316

Tracing figures (see Tabular work).

Trade names (3.26), 35, 77

Treasury, etc. (3.18), 31–32, 77

Treaty (3.10, 3.40), 29, 39, 77

Tribunal (3.18), 31–32, 78

Tunnel, 78

Type:

Boldface, punctuation in (8.153), 220

Brackets (8.153), 220

Illustrating shape and form (2.36–

2.38), 14–15

 Composition:

Correcting pickup (2.44), 16

 Proofs, clean (2.45), 16

Dash (8.153), 220

Datelines, addresses, and signatures 

(16.2–16.3), 313

Extracts (2.23, 8.145), 12, 219

Footnotes (15.5), 307

Headnotes (2.14, 13.87–13.88), 11, 296

Headings (2.30, 3.50–3.58), 13, 41–42

Indexes and contents (15.20, 15.29–

15.30), 309, 310–311

Italic (Ch. 11), 269–272

 Vessels (11.6–11.7), 269–270

Jr., Sr. (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313

Leaderwork (14.1), 303

Legends (2.68), 18

Mr., Mrs., etc. (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313

Note (8.111, 13.53), 213, 292

Parentheses (8.153), 220

Picas converted to inches (Ch. 17), 347

Seal (16.27–16.28), 323–324

Signature marks (2.101), 22

Special typefaces (1.11), 2

Tabular work (2.23, 13.3), 12, 285

Text (2.23), 12

U

Under Secretary (see also Secretary) (Ch. 

4), 78

Union (3.20), 32, 78

& in name (9.25), 225–226

Comma omitted between name and 

number (8.53), 203

Unit modifiers (see Compounding).

United Nations (3.18, Ch. 7), 31, 78

Units of quantity:

Leaderwork (14.14), 305

Numerals (12.6, 12.9), 274–278

Tabular work (13.120–13.122), 302

U.S. (see Possessions, Territories):

Abbreviation (9.9–9.10, 13.7), 222–223, 

285

Closed up (9.7), 222

Spelled out (9.9–9.10), 222–223

Presidents and Vice Presidents (Ch. 17), 

325–326

USD (9.60, Ch. 17), 238, 343

Useful Tables (Chapter 17), 325–347

Chemical elements (10.61), 264–265

Currency (Ch. 17), 340–344

Demonyms (nationalities) (Ch. 17), 

337–339

Foreign countries, capitals, chiefs of 

state, etc. (Ch. 17), 327–336

Geologic time (Ch. 18), 349

Measures, metric, etc. (Ch. 17), 345–347

Meridians and base lines (Ch. 18), 352

Military titles (Ch. 9), 226–230

Physiographic regions, U.S. (Ch. 18), 

350–351

Postal abbreviations (9.13), 224

Public land surveys (Ch. 18), 353

Rivers (Ch. 18), 353

Roman numerals (12.29), 284

Signs and symbols (10.18), 266–268

State populations and their capitals (Ch. 

18), 326

Temperature conversion, 339
Index 461

 U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents (Ch. 

17), 325–326

V

v.:

 Italic (11.8, 13.94), 270, 297

 Roman (11.8), 270

Van, von (3.14–3.17), 30–31

Verbs:

 Adverb compounds (6.9), 98

 Capitalization (3.53), 41–42

 Infinitive (3.53, 3.56), 41–42

 Improvised (6.48), 109

Vessels:

 Abbreviations (9.27), 226

 Italic (11.6–11.7, 13.94), 269–270, 297

 Quotation marks (11.7–11.8), 270

Virgin Islands (9.12–9.13, Ch. 17), 223–224, 

344, 372

Volume (3.10, Ch. 4), 29, 79

 Abbreviation (9.38), 231

 Metric (9.56), 236–237

Vowels:

 A, an, before (5.16–5.19), 94

 Hyphen, to avoid doubling (6.7), 98

W

War (3.31, Ch. 4), 36, 79

Ward (3.10, Ch. 4), 29, 79

Web (Ch. 4), 79

Website (Ch. 4, Ch. 7, 11.16), 79, 188, 272

Webster’s Dictionary (5.1, 7.5), 81, 111

Weights:

 Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236–238

 Metric (9.56–9.57), 236–237

 Metric equivalents (Ch. 17), 345–347

 Numerals (12.9j), 276–277

Widow lines (2.6), 11

Word division (8.91), 210

 Land descriptions (9.20–9.22), 225

 Latitude and longitude (9.50–9.52), 235

Words (see Spelling).

WWW (9.64), 261

X Y Z

x, dimension measurements (12.9j), 

276–277

×, crossed with, magnification (10.3), 259

Yard (9.58), 237

 Metric equivalent (Ch. 17), 346–347

-yze, -ise, -ize (5.12), 93

Your Honor, etc. (3.39, Ch. 4), 38, 80

ZIP Code numbers (Ch. 4, 8.55, 9.61, 16.1), 

53, 80, 247, 313