COURT OF APPEALS

EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

EL PASO, TEXAS

HOMELAND EXPRESS, L.L.C., 

HOMELAND TRUCK LINES, 

TSATENAWA-NKOGO TRANSPORT, 

and ATSEKO TSATENAWA,

 Appellants,

v.

TANIA SEALE and MATTHEW E. 

SEALE,

 Appellees.

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No. 08-10-00287-CV

Appeal from the

205th District Court

of Culberson County, Texas

(TC# 4643)

O P I N I O N

In this personal injury case, Homeland Express, LLC, Homeland Truck Lines,

Tsatenawa-Nkongo Transport, and Atseko Tsatenawa (collectively Appellants) appeal the trial 

court’s judgment in favor of Tania Seale and Matthew E. Seale. For the reasons that follow, we 

affirm.

FACTUAL SUMMARY

At approximately 6 a.m. on a winter morning, while it was still pitch black and the traffic 

on the eastbound lanes of Interstate 10 was sparse, Atseko Tsatenawa parked his 18-wheel 

tractor-trailer on the shoulder to investigate why the “check engine” light had come on and the 

engine had begun overheating. Although the shoulder was approximately eleven feet wide and 

the rig approximately nine feet wide, Tsatenawa failed to park completely within the shoulder. 

As a result, a portion of the trailer protruded into the right-hand lane of the highway. Tsatenawa 
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failed to place reflective warning devices behind the rig as a commercial driver must do when

parking on the shoulder of a roadway.

Some ten to fifteen minutes later, Gary Dean Elrod and his 14-year-old grandson, Matthew

Seale, approached the parked rig as they traveled eastbound on I-10 in Elrod’s van. As Elrod

grew closer, the driver of a white pick-up truck with blue flames painted on the sides suddenly 

passed Elrod and, just as quickly, changed lanes and cut in front of him. Elrod swerved to the 

right onto the shoulder, and, as he attempted to steer back into the right-hand lane of the highway, 

clipped the left rear of the 18-wheeler with the van’s right-front bumper. After sliding along the 

trailer’s side, the van collided with the tires located on the rear axle of the tractor and came to rest 

in front of and facing the tractor. Matthew, who was asleep during the accident, suffered severe 

injuries.

Tania Seale, Matthew’s mother, filed suit individually and on behalf of Matthew seeking 

damages and exemplary damages under various theories of liability, including negligence/gross 

negligence, respondeat superior, and negligent entrustment. At trial, Jim Mallory, the Seales’ 

accident reconstruction expert, testified that, regardless of why Elrod drove onto the shoulder –

whether as a result of having evaded a collision with the white pick-up truck or having fallen 

asleep, as alleged by Appellants – the accident would not have occurred had Tsatenawa not parked 

where he had. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Seales, finding Appellants and Elrod 

negligent, determining that Appellants were responsible for 70 percent of the accident and Elrod 

30 percent, and awarding Mathew approximately $2 million and Tania $34,000 in damages.

In accordance with the jury’s determination of the percentage of responsibility and its 

verdict, the trial court signed a judgment in favor of the Seales against Appellants, awarding
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damages and prejudgment interest to the Seales and assessing costs against Appellants. 

Appellants timely moved for a new trial, arguing, among other things, that the trial court erred in 

excluding a police report showing that the 18-wheeler was legally parked, and that the evidence 

was factually insufficient to support the jury’s finding that they were negligent or that their acts 

and omissions were a proximate cause of the accident. Appellants also moved for judgment 

notwithstanding the verdict on the basis that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the 

jury’s finding that their acts and omissions were a proximate cause of the accident. These 

post-trial motions were overruled by operation of law.

PROXIMATE CAUSE

In their first issue, Appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the 

jury’s finding that their acts and omissions were the proximate cause of the accident.

Standard of Review

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we must consider the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the verdict, and indulge every reasonable inference that would support it. 

City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005). The evidence is legally sufficient if it 

would enable fair-minded people to reach the finding under review. Id. at 827. On the other 

hand, the evidence is legally insufficient if: (1) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital 

fact; (2) the trial court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only 

evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than 

a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact. King 

Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003). The evidence offered to prove a vital 

fact is no more than a mere scintilla if it so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or 
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suspicion that a vital fact exists. Id.

In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we must consider and weigh all the 

evidence and set aside the judgment only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the 

evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986)(per 

curiam). We do not engage in our own factual review. Rather, the trier of fact is the “sole judge 

of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.” McGalliard v. 

Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986). We may not substitute our judgment for that of the 

trier of fact. Walker v. Gutierrez, 111 S.W.3d 56, 63 (Tex. 2003).

Applicable Law

To prevail on a common law negligence claim, a plaintiff must plead and prove that the 

defendant’s negligence was the proximate cause of the injury. Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater 

Dallas, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex. 1995). To establish proximate cause, a plaintiff must 

prove foreseeability and cause in fact. Id. The test for cause in fact is whether the negligent act 

or omission was a substantial factor in bringing about the injury, without which the harm would 

not have occurred. Id. Cause in fact is not shown if the defendant’s negligence did no more than 

furnish a condition that made the injury possible; that is, even if the injury would not have occurred 

but for the negligence, there is no legal cause if the connection between the negligence and the 

injury is too attenuated or remote. Id. “The evidence must go further, and show that such 

negligence was the proximate, and not the remote, cause of the resulting injuries [and] justify the 

conclusion that such injury was the natural probable result thereof.” Carey v. Pure Distrib. Corp., 

133 Tex. 31, 34, 124 S.W.2d 847, 849 (1939). An injury is the natural probable result of a 

defendant’s conduct and thus a substantial factor in bringing about the injury if a reasonable person 
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would “regard it as a cause, using that word in the popular sense, in which there always lurks the 

idea of responsibility . . . .” Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Perez, 819 S.W.2d 470, 472 (Tex. 1991), quoting

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 431 cmt. a (1965).

Legal Sufficiency

We begin by evaluating whether a reasonable juror could ascribe to Tsatenawa

responsibility for causing the accident by parking the rig where he did and failing to place 

reflective warning devices behind it. In so doing, we are mindful that there may be more than one 

proximate cause of a plaintiff’s injuries and that the issue of proximate cause is usually a question 

of fact to be resolved by a jury. Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith, 307 S.W.3d 762, 774 (Tex.

2010); Lear Siegler, Inc., 819 S.W.2d at 471; see Farley v. MM Cattle Co., 529 S.W.2d 751, 756 

(Tex. 1975); Clark v. Waggoner, 452 S.W.2d 437, 440 (Tex.1970).

Simply stated, Appellants contend that Mallory’s testimony was legally insufficient to

constitute cause in fact. Mallory testified that, unless a commercial driver has no other option 

because of a disabled vehicle, a rig should never be parked on the shoulder of a roadway because it 

is too dangerous for other motorists. He referred to various handbooks and studies, including a 

2002 study from the National Highway Transportation Administration that concluded that 

commercial vehicles “park[ed] on the shoulder of . . . roadways . . . can be a significant 

contributing factor to the injury or fatal crash.” Tsatenawa testified that he parked on the shoulder 

because he was afraid that unless he investigated why the check engine light had come on and why 

the engine was overheating, he could have damaged the engine. But he did not testify that the 

18-wheeler was disabled, and, in fact, it was idling as he sat in the cab. Significantly, Mallory 

testified that Tsatenawa did not need to stop because the engine was programmed to continue 
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running until a problem serious enough to threaten its operation arose, at which point the engine 

would have begun shutting down slowly until it stopped completely. Mallory also opined that 

based on the rig’s position after the accident, it was likely within the lane of travel when Tsatenawa 

parked it because the force of the impact would have moved the trailer toward the shoulder, not 

toward the line dividing the shoulder from the roadway as Tsatenawa claimed. When shown 

pictures of the 18-wheeler’s position after the accident, Tsatenawa acknowledged that a portion of 

the trailer protruded into the lane of travel.

Mallory explained to the jury that, pursuant to state and federal regulations, a commercial 

driver has a legal obligation to place reflective warning devices behind a vehicle parked on the 

shoulder of a roadway as quickly as possible, but no later than ten minutes after parking. These 

devices are intended to warn motorists that a commercial vehicle is parked ahead on the shoulder. 

Had the triangles been in place as required, Mallory believed the accident would have not occurred 

because Elrod would have known where the rig was parked and would have known not to swerve 

onto the shoulder when trying to avoid a collision with the pick-up truck. Elrod testified that he 

did not see any triangles behind the 18-wheeler.

When considered in the light most favorable to the verdict, and indulging every reasonable

inference that supports it, this evidence was legally sufficient to have permitted reasonable and 

fair-minded jurors to conclude that the accident was a natural and probable result of Tsatenawa’s 

acts and omissions and that, therefore, his conduct was a substantial factor in causing the accident.

Appellants next urge that, as a matter of law, the nexus between the rig and the resulting 

accident was too attenuated to constitute cause in fact. They posit that whether Tsatenawa was 

negligent is irrelevant because his acts and omissions did no more than furnish a condition that 
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made the accident possible. In support, they direct us to Bell v. Campbell, 434 S.W.2d 117 (Tex. 

1968), Union Pump Co. v. Allbritton, 898 S.W.2d 773 (Tex. 1995), and Lear Siegler, cases in 

which legal causation was absent because the defendants’ alleged negligence simply created a 

condition that drew the plaintiffs to the scene of the accident. Their reliance is misplaced.

In Bell, the court held that the drivers whose collision caused a trailer attached to one of the 

vehicles to disengage and overturn into the opposite lane were not liable for the injuries the 

plaintiffs sustained when they were struck by another driver while attempting to move the trailer. 

434 S.W.2d at 118-19. The court reasoned that the collision was too attenuated to constitute legal 

cause. Because the forces generated by the collision had run their course and were complete 

when the plaintiffs were injured, the collision did not actively contribute to the injuries and merely 

created the condition for their occurrence. Id. In Lear Siegler, the court determined that the 

manufacturer of a warning sign was not liable for the injuries a government employee sustained 

when he was struck by a sleeping driver while reconnecting loose wires in the sign. 819 S.W.2d 

at 472. The court reasoned that the sign’s malfunction was too remotely connected with the 

employee’s injuries to constitute legal cause because the proper operation of the sign would have 

had no effect on the sleeping driver. Id.

Here, Tsatenawa’s failure to comply with regulations specifically enacted to protect 

motorists did not simply cause Matthew to be in the wrong place at the wrong time; it was a 

substantial factor in bringing about the accident. And in contrast to Bell and Lear Sigler, the 

negligence of a third party – the driver of the white pick-up truck – did not disrupt the nexus

between Tsatenawa’s negligence and Matthew’s injuries. The accident occurred immediately 

after Elrod was cut off and in the location where the rig was parked. Consequently, the position of 
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the rig was not geographically, temporally, or causally distant from Tsatenawa’s negligence.

Finally, in Union Pump, the court concluded that the manufacturer of a pump that ignited a 

fire at a chemical plant was not liable for the injuries a plant employee sustained when she fell after 

she repaired the valve once the fire had been extinguished. 898 S.W.2d at 774. The court 

reasoned that the pump’s malfunction was too remotely connected with the employee’s injuries to 

constitute legal cause because the forces generated by the fire had come to rest when the employee 

fell from the pipe rack wet from fire-extinguishing liquid. Id. at 776. This case is distinguishable 

because the dangerous situation resulting in Matthew’s injuries never abated. When Elrod 

collided with the 18-wheeler, Tsatenawa had been parked in the dark in the same spot on the 

shoulder for at least ten minutes. In short, the forces generated by Tsatenawa’s conduct had not 

“come to rest.”

Citing to Reinicke v. Aeroground, Inc., 167 S.W.3d 385 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 

2005, pet. denied)(plurality opinion), Appellants also maintain that, as a matter of law, the accident 

was caused by an independent and intervening agency -- the truck that cut in front of Elrod. There 

a driver veered off a highway for no apparent reason and struck a vehicle parked on the side of the 

road, not in a lane of travel. 167 S.W.3d at 389. The court concluded that the mere parking of 

the vehicle outside any lane of travel was not a cause in fact of the accident because the other 

driver inexplicably left the roadway. Id. at 389, 392-93 (Fowler, J., concurring). Such is not the 

case here. Tsatenawa’s rig was not only partially parked in a lane of travel, it was parked in the 

dark without warning devices designed to alert motorists of its location. And, unlike the driver in 

Reinicke, Elrod’s acts were fully explainable and directly related to the risk created. Appellants

have failed to establish that, as a matter of law, Tsatenawa’s negligence was not a cause in fact of 
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Matthew’s injuries.

Factual Sufficiency

Appellants next complain that the evidence is factually insufficient. First, they posit that 

Elrod’s claim that the white pick-up truck forced him off the road lacks physical evidence and 

corroborating testimony. Second, they suggest that the data from Elrod’s airbag module refutes 

his claim that he was driving a certain speed and applied the van’s brakes before colliding with the 

rig. Those issues were determined by the finders of fact in assessing the credibility of the 

witnesses and weighing all the evidence before them.

The overwhelming weight of the evidence supports the trial court’s judgment. Although 

Appellants’ accident reconstruction expert testified that nothing prevented Tsatenawa from 

parking on the shoulder, he did not affirmatively opine that Tsatenawa was justified in having done 

so given the circumstances. In sharp contrast, Mallory testified that Tsatenawa should have never 

parked on the shoulder because he had no viable reason to do so and in so doing, he contributed 

significantly to the accident. Although Tsatenawa testified that he parked completely within the 

shoulder, the veracity of his testimony was undermined when Mallory testified that had the rig

been parked as Tsatenawa claimed, it would have moved closer to the shoulder and not been found 

protruding into the lane of travel. According to Mallory, it was likely that a portion of the trailer 

was in the lane of travel given its position after the accident. There is no dispute that the trailer 

was in the lane of travel following the accident. And although Tsatenawa testified that he placed 

the warning devices behind the rig, the photographs taken at scene show neither reflectors nor 

debris from reflectors that, had they been behind the rig, would have been smashed in the collision. 

Elrod testified that he did not see warning devices.
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When considered and weighed, the overwhelming weight of the evidence in the record 

supports the trial court’s judgment. Conversely, the evidence in the record that does not support 

the trial court’s judgment is not so contrary as to render the judgment clearly wrong and unjust.

We thus conclude that Appellants have failed to establish that the evidence supporting the jury’s 

finding that Tsatenawa’s negligence was a cause in fact of Matthew’s injuries is factually 

insufficient. We overrule Issue One.

EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE

In their second issue, Appellants contend that the trial court erred by excluding the accident 

report by Department of Public Safety Officer Stacie Martin.

Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s decision to exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. In re 

J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex. 2005)(per curiam). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts 

arbitrarily or unreasonably or without reference to any guiding rules and principles. Bowie Mem’l 

Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002)(per curiam), citing Downer v. Aquamarine 

Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). We may not reverse simply because we 

disagree with the trial court’s decision; rather we may reverse only if the trial court acted in an 

arbitrary or unreasonable manner. Beaumont Bank, N.A. v. Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 

1991), citing Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242.

Even if the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the evidence, reversal is warranted 

“only if the error probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment.” See Bay Area 

Healthcare Grp., Ltd. v. McShane, 239 S.W.3d 231, 234 (Tex. 2007); see also TEX.R.APP.P.

44.1(a)(1). We review the entire record, and require the complaining party to demonstrate that 
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the judgment turns on the particular evidence excluded. Bay Area Healthcare Group, Ltd. v. 

McShane, 239 S.W.3d 231, 234 (Tex. 2007). Thus, if erroneously excluded evidence was crucial 

to a key issue, the error was likely harmful. Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. v. Sevcik, 267 

S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex. 2008). By contrast, exclusion is likely harmless if the evidence was 

cumulative and not controlling on a material issue dispositive of the case. Id.; Corrales v. Dept. 

of Family & Protective Services, 155 S.W.3d 478, 486 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2004, no pet.).

Applicable Law

The exclusion of an accident report is harmless error if the trier of fact is in as good a 

position as the law enforcement official authoring the report to form an opinion as to the cause of 

the accident and had no need for specialized knowledge to reach a decision. Pilgrim’s Pride 

Corp. v. Smoak, 134 S.W.3d 880, 893 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2004, pet. denied); Zimmer v. Miller 

Trucking Co., Inc., 743 F.2d 601, 604 (8th Cir. 1984).

Appellants complain that the report was crucial in establishing that the rig was parked 

legally on the shoulder and that Elrod was lying about the white pick-up truck since there was no 

mention of the truck in the report. Assuming without deciding that excluding the report was error, 

we conclude that error, if any, was harmless. The accident report was cumulative of other 

evidence and its contents failed to establish that the verdict would have been different had the

jurors known of Martin’s observations.

The accident report is cumulative because it contained nothing that the parties and their 

experts did not testify about at trial and was based on the same information to which all involved at 

trial had access, placing them ostensibly in the same position Martin was when she viewed the 

scene and wrote the report. Martin arrived at the scene after the accident occurred. Her report 
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was based on the same information that was used by the accident reconstruction experts to form 

their opinions. The jurors heard Tsatenawa testify that he did not see the white pick-up truck pass 

him as the collision occurred and that he parked the 18-wheeler completely within the shoulder. 

The jurors also studied the pictures of the accident scene and the rig’s position on the highway is 

what Martin observed when she wrote the report. That the jurors chose to discredit all or some of 

this evidence was well within their province as fact finders. They also could have chosen to credit 

Elrod’s testimony that the white pick-up truck caused him to swerve onto the shoulder and the 

Seales’ expert’s testimony that the rig was parked partially in the lane of travel.

Because the report was cumulative of other evidence and its contents fail to establish that 

the jury’s verdict would have been different had the jurors known about Martin’s observations in 

her report, its exclusion did not cause the rendition of an improper judgment and was therefore 

harmless. We overrule Issue Two and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

October 31, 2012

ANN CRAWFORD MCCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Chew, C.J. (Senior), and Gomez, Judge

Chew, C.J. (Senior)(Sitting by Assignment)

Gomez, Judge (Sitting by Assignment)