State of Alaska Tony Knowles, Governor

Alaska Aquatic Nuisance Species

Management Plan

Juneau, Alaska • October 2002

Alaska Department of Fish and Game Frank Rue, Commissioner
1
 i 

State of Alaska 

Tony Knowles, Governor 

Department of Fish and Game 

Frank Rue, Commissioner 

Virginia Fay, primary author 

For information about the State of Alaska 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan, 

please contact 

Dr. Robert Piorkowski, Scientific Program Manager 

ADF&G-CF, Headquarters 

Box 25526 

Juneau, Alaska 99802 

(907) 465-6109 

Robert_Piorkowski@fishgame.state.ak.us

The Alaska Department of Fish and Game administers all programs and activities free from 

discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, 

parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance 

with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 

Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and 

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. 

If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you 

desire further information please write to ADF&G, P.O. Box 25526, Juneau, AK 99802-5526; 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfield Drive, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22203 or 

O.E.O., U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington DC 20240. 

For information on alternative formats for this and other department publications, please contact 

the department ADA Coordinator at (voice) 907-465-4120, (TDD) 907-465-3646, or (FAX) 907-

465-2440. 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ v 

I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 

II. AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS IN ALASKA................ 2 

History of Invasion.......................................................................................................................... 2 

Fish.................................................................................................................................................. 3 

Plants ............................................................................................................................................... 4 

Highest Potential Threats ................................................................................................................ 4 

Fish.................................................................................................................................................. 4 

Invertebrates.................................................................................................................................... 6 

Bacteria, Viruses and Parasites ....................................................................................................... 7 

Plants ............................................................................................................................................... 8 

Pathways of Non-Native Aquatic Introductions ............................................................................. 8 

Ballast Water Delivery Patterns and Biological Characteristics................................................... 10 

Public Awareness and Education .................................................................................................. 14 

III. AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES AUTHORITIES.............................................................. 15 

IV. FOCUS OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................................ 17 

V. MANAGEMENT ACTIONS................................................................................................... 17 

Goal 1: Coordinate All Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Programs within Alaska and 

Collaborate with Regional, National, and International Programs ............................................... 17 

Goal 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Alaska waters. .............................................. 18 

Goal 3: Detect, monitor, contain, reduce, or eradicate populations of aquatic nuisance 

species as quickly as possible with a minimum of environmental impact.................................... 21 

Goal 4: Educate the public and appropriate resource user groups to the importance of 

preventing ANS introductions and how the harmful impacts of ANS can be reduced................. 23 

Goal 5: Identify, develop, conduct, and disseminate research on ANS that are identified as 

species of concern in Alaska. ........................................................................................................ 25 

Goal 6: Take appropriate steps to ensure that federal and state rules and regulations 

sufficiently promote the prevention and control of ANS.............................................................. 26 

VI. IMPLEMENTATION............................................................................................................ 28 

FY03 Milestones and Major Tasks ............................................................................................... 28 
iv

FY04 Milestones and Major Tasks ............................................................................................... 29 

FY05 Milestones and Major Tasks ............................................................................................... 29 

VII. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK.......................................................... 30 

Implementation Table ................................................................................................................... 31 

IX. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 37 

Appendix A. Literature Cited........................................................................................................ 37 

Appendix B: Glossary ................................................................................................................... 40 

Appendix C. Acronyms................................................................................................................. 43 

Appendix D. Alaska Statutes and Regulations Pertinent to Invasive Species .............................. 44 

Appendix E. Summary of Research on West Coast Invasive Species Laws: Canadian Laws, 

Program Enabling Legislation, Ballast Water, and Plants ............................................................ 70 

Appendix F. Section 1204 of the National Invasive Species Act of 1996 and Executive 

Order 13112................................................................................................................................... 81 

Appendix G. Public Comments Received and Responses ............................................................ 87 

Appendix H. Strategic Response Plans......................................................................................... 99

Appendix I. Species Information on High Priority Threats and USGS Database List of 

Alaska ANS................................................................................................................................. 102 

Query Results for All Taxonomic Groups .................................................................................. 103 
v

Executive Summary 

Invasive species are species that are both non-native (alien) to a particular ecosystem and 

whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to 

human health. This plan focuses on non-indigenous aquatic nuisance species (ANS) that 

have been or could be introduced into Alaska waters. “Aquatic” includes marine, coastal, 

estuarine, lake, and river environments. The emphasis of this management plan is on 

preventing introductions and identifying and responding to the highest invasive threats. 

Relatively few invasive aquatic species have been introduced and become established in 

Alaska compared to other states. This is in part due to Alaska’s stringent plant and animal 

transportation laws, geographic isolation, northern climate, small human population, and 

relatively few concentrated disturbed habitat areas. Alaska’s fortunate status provides an 

excellent opportunity for Alaskans to take a proactive approach to preventing invasions. 

The ANS plan takes advantage of Alaska’s relatively pristine status, and focuses on 

prevention of invasions by the major invasive threats. The main goals of the plan are to 

coordinate with the public and with federal, state, local, and tribal governments for the 

prevention and monitoring of invasive species and the development of an effective public 

information program. This ANS management plan is an initial step toward development of 

a comprehensive multi-agency aquatic and terrestrial invasive species program in Alaska. 

To accomplish this goal, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) first 

developed the following invasive species policy and initial broad action strategies: 

Invasive species pose a major threat to Alaska’s native flora and fauna. Invasive species 

can harm native species of fish, wildlife, and plants, resulting in ecosystem disruptions that 

could cause severe economic harm to the people of Alaska. It is in the best interest of 

Alaska and Alaskans that both purposeful and unintentional introduction of invasive species 

be prohibited. Accordingly, ADF&G will take the following actions to prevent the 

introduction and spread of invasive species: 

• Develop an inter-division Alaska Invasive Species Prevention and Response Program 

within ADF&G. 

• Pursue new funding sources for long-term support of the Invasive Species Response 

Program. 

• Provide leadership and coordination between state, federal and international agencies 

and tribes and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). 

• Develop policies, procedures, and laws to prevent the introduction and spread of 

invasive species into Alaska. 

• Prevent the spread of invasive species already introduced into Alaska, through the 

identification and closing of transport pathways. 

• Develop protocols for early detection, rapid response to, control and management of 

new invasive species. 

• Design and conduct research for invasive prevention, control and management. 

• Develop educational plans and public awareness announcements on problems 

associated with invasive species. 
vi

The goals of this ANS management plan are: 

Goal 1: Coordinate all Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Programs within Alaska 

and collaborate with regional, national, and international Programs. 

Goal 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Alaska waters. 

Goal 3: Detect, monitor, contain, reduce, or eradicate populations of ANS as quickly as 

possible with a minimum of environmental impact. 

Goal 4: Educate the public and appropriate resource user groups to the importance of 

preventing ANS introductions and how the harmful impacts of ANS can be 

reduced. 

Goal 5: Identify, develop, conduct, and disseminate research on ANS that are identified as 

species of concern in Alaska. 

Goal 6: Take appropriate steps to ensure that federal and state rules and regulations 

sufficiently promote the prevention and control of ANS. 

The initial actions to accomplish these goals include: 

• Establishing an ANS coordinating council comprised of tribes, NGOs, the public, and 

state, federal and local government and managed by an ANS coordinator. 

• Review the respective responsibilities of tribes, NGOs, state, federal, and regional 

entities and develop coordination process. 

• Develop a reporting system to receive information on suspected ANS. 

• Develop a public education and communication plan. 

• Provide educational briefings to state legislatures and legislative staff and to locally 

elected officials. 

• Develop, maintain and publish a list of experts with a broad knowledge of aquatic 

taxonomic groups. 

• Maintain a database of ongoing West Coast and national ANS research efforts. 

• Develop a process to inform researchers and public and private land and resource 

managers of recent and emerging ANS information and research. 

• Continue to develop and maintain a coordinated list of ANS and nonnative species 

known to occur in Alaska and coordinate with the USGS, National Invasive Species 

database. 

• Conduct a review of Alaska and federal ANS laws and regulations. 

• Coordinate ballast water management and treatment standards development. 

• Develop individual, multiple species and pathways-based action plans. 

• Develop an annual process to: identify potential new threats to state waters; identify the 

threats associated with the spread of existing ANS; assess the relative environmental 

risks associated with these threats; and report findings. 
vii

• Identify a protocol for development of an invasive species list identifying species that 

cannot be introduced into Alaska or into select geographic areas in Alaska. 

• Develop a database out of which GIS maps can be built to show the locations of ANS 

sightings. 

• Develop and implement a monitoring program utilizing citizen volunteers and 

coordinated with tribal and state, federal and local government agency activities. 

The economic well-being and quality of life of all Alaskans is strongly dependent on 

Alaska’s natural environment including healthy and abundant flora and fauna. This ANS 

plan is an important initial step in working proactively to protect these important assets. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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I. INTRODUCTION 

Alaska is a seemingly quiet oasis within a growing worldwide invasion. The invasion involves 

the movement of living organisms from where they are normally found to another place where 

they can live, prosper and cause environmental, human health and economic harm. This invasion 

costs the nations of the world many billions of dollars annually, greatly impacting natural 

ecosystems, industry, and human society. On February 3, 1999, Presidential Executive Order 

13112 on Invasive Species called for increased coordination between federal agencies and 

cooperation with state entities to combat the invasion. Invasive species are defined in the 

Executive Order as “a species that is both non native (alien) to the ecosystem under 

consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental 

harm or harm to human health.” 

The invasion by alien species is the result of increased worldwide trade and travel by humans. 

People can circle the globe in less than a day and move huge shiploads of freight across oceans 

in a week. Next-day air delivery is available to most places on earth. Many organisms can move 

as undetected hitchhikers, making it easy for organisms to travel across the globe. Most 

introductions of invasive species are unintentional or accidental (such as organisms released in 

ship ballast water) while some are the result of negligence or ignorance (such as release of 

unwanted aquarium fish to the wild or excess live seafood). Still other introductions are intended 

to benefit humans (deer to Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island) but occasionally cause 

harm (carp and nutria in North America and reed canary grass in Juneau’s Duck Creek and Twin 

Lakes). 

As the agency with primary responsibility for the management of fish and wildlife and their 

habitats in Alaska, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) is developing this 

aquatic nuisance species (ANS) plan to minimize their impacts in Alaska. It is a first step in 

initiating the establishment of a coordinated state aquatic and terrestrial invasive species 

program. This ANS program is a small investment that can pay large dividends to Alaskans in 

the future. For example, it is estimated that the costs for seven years from 1985 through 1992 of 

controlling zebra mussel populations introduced to the Great Lakes and mid-west through ballast 

water would pay the annual costs of the New York invasive species program for 14,000 years.1

Since the time of that report, the costs of attempts to control the spread of zebra mussels has 

increased to $1 billion annually, “paying for” a few more thousand years of New York’s ANS 

program. Development of this plan also makes Alaska eligible for federal dollars to help control 

invasive species. 

This plan focuses on non-indigenous ANS that have been or could be introduced into Alaska 

waters. “Aquatic” includes marine, coastal, estuarine, lake, and river environments. The 

emphasis is on preventing introductions and identifying and responding to the highest invasive 

threats. As mentioned previously, few invasive aquatic species have been introduced and become 

established in Alaska compared to other states. This is in part due to Alaska’s stringent plant and 

animal transportation laws, geographic isolation, northern climate, small human population, and 

relatively few concentrated disturbed habitat areas. Alaska’s fortunate status provides an 

 

1

 New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish and Wildlife. Nonindigenous Aquatic 

Species Comprehensive Management Plan. November 1993, p. 3. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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excellent opportunity for Alaskans to take a proactive, and considerably less costly, role to 

prevent invasions. 

This management plan focuses on prevention and identifying the most prominent threats. What 

constitutes a “high” threat is based on a subjective assessment of risk of economic and ecological 

damages. However, a recommendation of the plan is to develop a rigorous, scientifically based 

process for assessing risk, setting priorities, and responding to invasions. Given the great 

variability of climates across Alaska, focusing on the highest level threats generally results in an 

approach that is also geographically based; climate zones naturally limit the establishment of 

some of the most damaging invasive species. In addition, the movements of trade and people 

tend to be highly concentrated in the portions of Alaska that also are the most hospitable climates 

for invasive species. Given limited resources to implement an invasive species program, this 

focus will allow ADF&G to manage the most effective program possible given available 

resources. 

While invasive species impacts to date are low, Alaska has much to lose should some of the 

prominent threats at its borders become established. A significant portion of Alaska’s economy, 

including sport and commercial fishing, is dependent upon the pristine and natural quality of its 

aquatic ecosystems. Despite the low level of impacts to date, Alaska is certainly vulnerable to 

invasive species introduction. Potential introduction pathways include fish farms, the intentional 

movement of game or bait fish from one aquatic system to another, the movement of large ships 

and ballast water from the United States West Coast and Asia, fishing vessels docking at 

Alaska’s busy commercial fishing ports, construction equipment, trade of live seafood, 

aquaculture, and contaminated sport angler gear brought to Alaska’s world-renowned fishing 

sites. 

This plan includes an overview of invasive species issues in Alaska, including relevant laws, 

regulations, and projects of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, with recommendations for 

implementation of strategic monitoring and abatement programs as needed. 

II. AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS IN ALASKA 

History of Invasion 

Ecological studies to date indicate Alaska’s extreme northern area north of the Brooks Range 

poses less risk than more southern areas for the establishment of ANS because of its location, 

isolation, and severe climate. Most aquatic invasive species come from warmer climates, and few 

of these species are capable of surviving in Alaska’s more extreme latitudes. However, the area 

south of the Brooks Range has a warmer climate, more developed land, more disturbed habitats, 

and better road access. These factors increase the likelihood of invasive species introductions. 

Many species of fish, birds, mammals, plants, and aquatic invertebrates from temperate climate 

zones around the world could be introduced to and thrive in Alaska. 

Ports with high volume marine traffic, especially commercial traffic, such as Cook Inlet, Dutch 

Harbor, Prince William Sound, and Southeast Alaska are at risk of ANS introductions. Invasive 

species from the West Coast of the U.S. and Canada may easily extend their range northward. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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Coastal Alaska receives a large amount of ship traffic, which increases the possibility of invasive 

species introductions. Ballast water releases from barges and ships are known to be an important 

route by which introductions occur. The potential for new invasive species introductions on the 

Aleutian Island chain is significant as well, because of the large amount of ship traffic that 

arrives from around the world. In addition, the Aleutian Islands receive coastal trade from ports 

infested with potential invasive species and the ballast from this traffic is largely unregulated if it 

does not pass through Vancouver, B.C., or Washington ports. 

Risk assessment, monitoring and detection of ANS are especially difficult in Alaska because of 

the vast size, small human population, and limited and costly transportation system. This is 

compounded by limited baseline information on freshwater and saltwater invertebrates. In the 

absence of an ANS monitoring program, information on species introductions is necessarily 

limited and anecdotal.

Fish 

Several non-indigenous fish species have been illegally introduced in some areas of Alaska. 

Northern pike (Esox lucius (Linnaeus)), native to Alaska, are indigenous to the area north and 

west of the Alaska Range. In the 1950s, pike were illegally transported from north of the Alaska 

Range and stocked in Bulchitna Lake in the Susitna River Drainage. In the last 40 years, pike 

have moved throughout the drainage, adversely impacting valuable salmonid stocks in numerous 

sub-drainages. Pike are now appearing in other Southcentral Alaska drainages. Also, they have 

been illegally introduced on the Kenai Peninsula. (See Appendix H for more information on 

northern pike and other invasive species.) 

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) continue to escape from fish farms in British Columbia and 

Washington and have been found in streams near Cordova, Ketchikan, and Yakutat and as far 

north as the Bering Sea. Atlantic salmon are a serious invasive threat in Alaska. Natural 

reproduction of escaped Atlantic salmon is documented from streams in British Columbia, 

suggesting successful spawning could now be occurring in similar habitat in Washington and 

Alaska. It is thought Atlantic salmon would most likely compete with native steelhead 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), Dolly Varden (Salvelinus 

malma), and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and may also adversely impact other species 

of Pacific salmon. 

Recently, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were discovered in a small, unnamed lake on the 

Kenai Peninsula. This fish population was a product of an illegal introduction. Yellow perch 

compete with all resident fish species and could restrict salmon fry production. Because perch 

pose a significant economic threat to Alaska sport fisheries, ADF&G used rotenone to eradicate 

this population. 

Currently, ADF&G stocks salmon and other native fish outside their historical ranges to increase 

sport-fishing opportunities. Likewise, private non-profit hatcheries release salmon fry to provide 

economic benefits to the commercial fishing industry. It is ADF&G’s policy to stock nonindigenous fish only in areas lacking significant wild fish populations, so transplants generally 

do not compete with native fish species. In many instances, only sterile fish are stocked so the 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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introduced fish can be tightly controlled and managed. Alaska law stringently regulates all fish 

stocking. All fish stocking receives thorough review to ensure State of Alaska pathology, 

genetic, and management policies and regulations are followed (5AAC 41.005). No recent 

stockings are known to have harmed native species or caused environmental damage. The only 

sport fish species imported into Alaska is the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), which was 

brought in prior to statehood. Fish species moved to new locations within Alaska, by federal and 

state agencies, include rainbow trout, grayling, char, and the five species of Pacific salmon. 

Plants 

Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) is spreading in Sitka, Juneau and other Southeast 

Alaska communities, choking out native plants. A Forest Service ecologist who participated in a 

knotweed surveillance study indicates knotweed could easily advance up the surrounding 

mountains into avalanche chutes. Having established a foothold, it could spread along the stream 

banks, shoreline or estuaries. The loss of springtime cover and woody streamside vegetation 

would result in destabilized stream banks and the reduction of woody debris and other detritus 

from native plants that would normally fall into the streams. This would potentially affect insect 

and fish populations and disrupt aquatic ecosystems. 

Knotweed was probably brought to the area in the 19th century, as an ornamental plant from 

Great Britain where it is a major invasive problem. One British community employs a person 

solely for the purpose of eradicating Japanese knotweed. Washington and Oregon have taken 

action against knotweed, classifying the plant as "noxious," imposing fines for raising it 

privately, and undertaking control programs along major rivers to protect fish and wildlife 

habitat. Even with the use of herbicides, eradicating large patches of knotweed can take up to 

eight years of repeated intervention. 

Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is invading freshwater wetlands, and in some places 

choking channels of small streams. Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), used for revegetation 

work during the construction of the Trans Alaska oil pipeline, has invaded salt marsh habitats in 

the Mendenhall Wetlands State Game Refuge near Juneau, and reduced hay quality from farms 

in Interior Alaska.

Highest Potential Threats2

The annual temperature ranges of water bodies such as oceans, lakes, and rivers in Alaska vary 

seasonally much less than the temperature ranges occurring on land. Given relatively warm 

marine currents, Alaska’s marine environment is relatively temperate despite its northern 

latitude, and is similar to its southern West Coast neighbors. Unfortunately, the aquatic locations 

of ANS invasions make them harder to detect than terrestrial invasions. This allows much more 

time for an invasive species to become established and makes it harder to eradicate when they 

are located. 

Fish 

Northern pike and Atlantic salmon are currently the two invasive fish species of greatest 

concern to Alaska. Northern pike, considered by Division of Sport Fisheries biologists the 

 

2

 See Appendix H for more information on northern pike and other invasive species. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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highest priority threat in Southcentral Alaska, are rapidly spreading throughout the region. Pike 

have caused widespread measurable damage to resident species (primarily rainbow trout and 

grayling) and potential impact to coho salmon stocks in the Susitna River drainage. Pike are also 

an upcoming threat to the Kenai Peninsula and West Cook Inlet, including the Kenai River and 

Swanson River.3

 Wherever pike are introduced, they eliminate or greatly reduce the native 

species present. They have the potential to cause severe environmental and economic impacts to 

many highly productive salmon streams. 

Atlantic salmon also pose a threat to Alaska, although the extent of impact is more speculative 

than that caused by pike. Biologists speculate small populations of Atlantic salmon will develop 

in particular locations. Atlantic salmon can displace native fish populations, through competition 

for limited food and spawning habitat. Even more likely to be affected will be steelhead and 

cutthroat trout, because they have life histories and habitat preferences that are similar to those of 

Atlantic salmon. 

Ornamental aquarium fish now only occasionally appear in the wild, but this could change 

given an unmonitored aquarium industry and the public demand for new and exotic species. 

Oscars (Astronotus ocellatus) have been found in Jewel Lake, near Anchorage, and a sport 

angler harvested a Pacu in Campbell Creek. The Oscars were found dead along the shoreline 

prior to ice formation on the lake. Most aquarium fish cannot live in cold water and die in the fall 

when the lakes get cold. However, these species can cause damage during the time they are free 

in the wild as they compete with and, in some cases feed on native species. In addition, some 

aquarium fish are natives of temperate climates that can survive in Alaska. In special 

circumstances ornamental fish can thrive in the wild. For example, Clear Air Force Station 

discharges water used to cool its power plant and radar equipment into a system of ponds and a 

gravel pit that are connected by canals. In the late 1980s, goldfish were dumped into this system. 

The population exploded and the cooling system became plugged with many hundreds of 

goldfish. The Air Force had to resort to poison to eliminate the goldfish problem. 

Other fish species could become invasive to Alaska as exemplified by the recently eradicated 

yellow perch population on the Kenai Peninsula. If this species had spread throughout the 

numerous lakes and rivers on the Kenai Peninsula, the effects on salmonid populations could 

have been severe. This perch population was most likely introduced intentionally by the planting 

of perch eggs or fry brought from the lower 48 states. While illegal to introduce, numerous other 

fish species indigenous to the lower 48 states and Canada could become invasive problems in 

Alaska. In the past, the logistics of moving eggs or fry into the state was difficult, lessening the 

possibility of an unwanted introduction. However, movement of live animals is simpler today. 

Many of these species can be purchased over the Internet and shipped to the purchaser within 24 

hours.4

 

3

 Robert A. Clark, fishery biologist, Division of Sport Fish, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, personal 

communication, June 24, 2002. 

4

 Larry Peltz, fishery biologist, Division of Sport Fish, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, personal 

communication, March 2002. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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Invertebrates

One potential invasive species of concern is the green crab (Carcinus maenas), a native of 

northern Europe. It became established in California about ten years ago and has expanded its 

range northward to Vancouver Island. It is thought to be capable of surviving environmental 

conditions at least as far north as the Aleutian Islands. A very aggressive small crab living close 

to shore, it has severely reduced shore-dwelling crab populations at one long-term study site in 

Bodega Bay, California. Because king, Tanner and Dungeness crab all use shorelines as nursery 

areas, a green crab invasion has the potential to significantly impact recruitment needed to 

maintain Alaska’s valuable crab and halibut fisheries. Both the green crab and Chinese mitten 

crab, discussed below, are efficient predators that compete with indigenous fish, shellfish, and 

birds for food. It is possible these two species could permanently alter the invaded marine 

ecosystem.5

 However, it is uncertain whether estuary salinity and water temperature conditions 

in Alaska are conducive to green crab reproduction. Research will be necessary to adequately 

assess the invasion risk for green crabs. 

The New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) is a small aquatic snail. As its name 

states, this species is native to freshwater lakes and streams of New Zealand. Like many 

organisms today, it is being carried to many locations around the world, such as Europe, Asia, 

and North America. In the U.S., this snail was first detected in the mid-1980s in the Snake River 

region of Idaho. Since then, it has spread to waters of Montana, Wyoming, California, and most 

recently Arizona. Mudsnail densities of over one-half million per meter square in western 

streams are causing great concern. Because the West is known for abundant trout and productive 

fishing, there is concern that mudsnails will impact the food chain for native trout and the 

physical characteristics of the streams themselves.6

 This species poses a serious threat to 

Alaska’s sport fisheries. 

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is indigenous to China but has now become 

established in the San Francisco Bay/Delta and its tributaries, and may have recently spread to 

the Columbia River, where a single mitten crab was caught near the mouth of the river. A 

breeding population has not yet been found to exist in the Columbia River and the species has 

not been confirmed elsewhere in Oregon.7 With a catadromous life history similar to the 

American eel, it can move up rivers hundreds of miles where it may displace native fauna, and it 

is known to feed on salmonid eggs, which could affect salmon recruitment. 

Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are invaders from Europe that out-compete resident 

mussels, clog water intake lines, sequester nutrients needed to fuel primary production, and are 

unpalatable to indigenous fish. Zebra mussels were introduced into the Great Lakes via ballast 

water. Zebra mussels were first detected in 1988 in Lake St. Clair, located between Lake Huron 

and Lake Erie. Within just a few years, they spread into all five of the Great Lakes. Since then, 

zebra mussels have spread into many large navigable rivers in the eastern United States as well 

as small lakes within the states surrounding the Great Lakes. Hitchhiking on the bottoms of 

 

5

 John Devens, executive director, Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council, August 1, 2002. 

6

 U.S. Department of Interior, USGS, Florida Caribbean Science Center, Nonindigenous Species Information 

Bulletin: New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), May 17, 2002, No. 2001-003. 7

 Dan Hilburn, Chair, Oregon Invasive Species Council and Administrator, Plant Division, Oregon Department of 

Agriculture, personal communication, July 5, 2002. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

7 

commercial barges is most likely how they were spread up and down the large rivers. Because of 

their ability to adhere to objects, adult zebra mussels can easily be transported on the hull of a 

boat.8

 Zebra mussels are currently not found in the Pacific Northwest, but the upcoming Lewis 

and Clark Bicentennial Commemoration and associated increase in boater traffic along that route 

is expected to significantly increase the likelihood they will become established there.9

 They are 

transported by boats, barges, and in floatplane floats and ballast water. 

Signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) are not indigenous to Alaska. However, they occur in 

streams in western Canada where the climate is similar to that of Alaska A successful invasive 

group commonly sold in pet stores, they eat all that is available to be eaten, competing with other 

stream fauna. Usually, crayfish become the dominant portion of a stream’s biomass because, 

besides omnivory, they can survive extended periods of drought and famine Recently, a crayfish 

was caught in the Buskin River on Kodiak Island. The department has not determined if the 

specimen was alone or part of a developing population. 

While certified oyster spat is allowed to be imported into Alaska for aquatic farming purposes, 

the illegal transport of oysters into Alaska can be a source of a number of invasive species. There 

are reports that beachfront owners buy bags of oysters from Pacific Northwest farms, 

transporting them to Alaska sites to be hung off docks, ready to eat as needed. While oysters are 

not thought to be able to reproduce in the cold waters of Alaska, these uncertified oysters could 

harbor many kinds of invasive invertebrate larvae, bacteria, and viruses that could prove 

damaging to aquatic communities. 

The spiny water flea, tiny cladoceran or aquatic crustacean, is an invader from Europe now 

found in the Great Lakes region and California. It displaces existing zooplankton communities 

but is unpalatable to fish. The end result of its invasion is much lower production of fish for 

harvest. One method of transport is through sport fishing gear that has not been disinfected. 

Bacteria, Viruses and Parasites 

Little is know about the threat of the movement of bacteria, viruses and parasites within or to 

Alaska. Devastation from the Pacific herring virus in PWS is well known and documented. The 

origin of the virus has not been established, but even the movement of ballast water from one 

place to another within Alaska coastal waters could result in injury to other fisheries.10 Atlantic 

Ocean herring disease could also be introduced into Alaska through the import of frozen herring 

that are used as bait by Alaskan commercial fishers. 

Whirling disease (Myxobolus cerebralis) is a parasitic infection that attacks juvenile trout and 

salmon, but does not infect warm water species. The parasite infiltrates the head and spinal 

cartilage of fingerling trout where it multiples rapidly, causing the fish to swim erratically and, in 

severe cases, to die. When an infected fish dies, millions of tiny indestructible spores (each about 

the size of a red blood cell) are released to the water where they can survive in a “dormant” form 

 

8

 U.S.G.S., Florida Caribbean Science Center website, 

http://www.fcsc.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/Zebra_mussel_distribution/zebra_mussel_distribution.html 

9

 Dr. Dennis Lassuy, Regional Aquatic Nuisance Species Coordinator, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, personal 

communication, August 16, 2002. 

10 John Devens, executive director, Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council, August 1, 2002. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

8 

for up to 30 years. All species of trout and salmon may be susceptible to whirling disease. The 

minute organism, native to the Eurasian continent, was introduced into North American waters in 

the late 1950s. It is present in 22 states, including all western states except Alaska and Arizona. 

Rainbow trout and cutthroat trout appear to be more susceptible to the disease than other trout 

species. Brown trout become infected with the parasite, but they appear to be immune to the 

infection and have not been as greatly impacted as rainbow trout. Whirling disease is transmitted 

by infected fish and fish parts. It may also be transmitted by birds and it is possible fishermen 

could carry the disease on fishing equipment. However, live infected fish are the main vector for 

the spread of the disease.11 Most Alaska freshwater stream environments may be too nutrientlimited to support Whirling disease because the tubifex worm needed for one stage of 

development need a nutrient rich environment. Additional research is needed to assess risks.12

Plants 

The ANS that most likely pose the most significant threat of introduction and spread in Alaska 

include: 

 

Hydrilla verticillata, hydrilla, water thyme; 

Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata, dotted duckweed; 

Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife;

Myriophyllum spicatum, Eurasian water-milfoil (present); 

Phalaris arundinacea, Reed Canary grass (present); 

Polygonum cuspidatum, Japanese knotweed (present);

Spartina alterniflora, salt marsh cordgrass; 

Spartina densiflora, dense-flowered cordgrass; and 

Utricularia inflate, swollen bladderwort. 

These species are highly invasive, have caused severe impacts in the Lower-48 states, have 

spread into the Pacific Northwest, and are capable of living in Alaska’s climate. More detailed 

information on each of these species can be found at the websites listed in Appendix H. The risk 

assessment proposed in this plan will evaluate the respective threat of each of these species as 

well as other potential aquatic nuisance plants. 

Pathways of Non-Native Aquatic Introductions 

Major pathways through which non-native species are introduced into coastal lands and waters 

include13: 

Aquaculture: Historically, culture of finfish and shellfish was a primary path for both 

intentional and unintentional introductions. Imports of oyster spat early in the century brought 

several unwanted species introductions, such as the oyster drill to the West Coast. In addition, 

cultured non-native species can escape from captivity, such as Atlantic salmon that escape from 

net pens. These pose a major threat to Alaska’s salmonid fisheries. 

 

11 Whirling Disease Foundation website, http://www.whirling-disease.org/, June 2002. 12 Ted Meyers, PhD., principle state fishery pathologist, personal communication, Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game, June 24, 2002 and Robert Piorkowski, PhD., personal communication, fishery biologist, Alaska Department 

of Fish and Game, June 24, 2002. 

13 Adapted from Washington Sea Grant Program. Bio-invasions: Breaching Natural Barriers. October 2000. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

9 

Aquarium trade: Wholesale importers, culture facilities and retail pet stores culture, transport, 

and sell non-native fresh and saltwater plants, fish and invertebrates. The intentional and 

unintentional release or escape of species into the wild from industry facilities and the hobbyist 

aquarium owner has led to introductions. The common goldfish, for example, has become a 

nuisance species in eastern Washington. 

Biological control: Selected non-native species, usually predators, have been intentionally 

introduced to control the growth and spread of other introduced species. History shows that 

achieving the desired effect is difficult. Grass carp introduced to control unwanted aquatic plants 

in many lower-48 inland lakes resulted in native plant species being decimated. 

Boats, ships and aircraft: Ballast discharge, hull fouling and plants and animals caught in 

propellers and on float rudders are ways boats, ships, and aircraft can introduce organisms.14

Ballast water can contain aquatic plants, animals, and pathogens. Marine vessels take on and 

discharge millions of tons of ballast water daily in ports and harbors around the world. The 

discharge of ballast water is considered a major pathway for aquatic introductions because of the 

huge volume of water carried as ballast. A large number of fishing vessels are home ported in 

Washington State or ports farther south, or spend the off season there, and may take on water to 

increase stability while transiting to Alaska. These vessels come from ports already infested with 

invasive species. Because fishing vessels remain relatively close to shore as they transit to 

Alaska, they have the potential to accidentally take on water containing larvae of nearshore ANS 

and discharge it in Alaska waters.15 Tankers arriving to Port Valdez release the third largest 

volume of ballast water of any U.S. port. While only a relatively small number ANS 

introductions have been discovered in the Port of Valdez, ballast water is probably one the most 

serious potential vectors of concern for Alaska (discussed in more detail in the section below). 

Recreational boaters transport nuisance species in bait buckets, stuck on trailers or in boat wells, 

often without realizing it. Fouling of vessel hulls, including the hulls of sea or float planes, by 

encrusted or entangled organisms also provides a mechanism for transfer of species. Aquatic 

plants, in particular, are easily transported when plant fragments get tangled on boat propellers, 

trailers, and fishing gear of recreational boats and aircraft floats. The spread of invasive plants 

through entanglement on aircraft floats presents not only an ecological risk to the receiving 

aquatic ecosystem, but could also seriously and rapidly jeopardize the utility of the invaded lake 

for safe aircraft take off and landing—thus also presenting an economic and human safety 

concern. 

Channels, canals, locks: The building of channels, canals and locks creates artificial 

connections between waterways, allowing the free movement of species across physical barriers. 

It also facilitates the transport of species by vessels. 

 

14 The International Maritime Organization is proposing a ban on the use of tri-butyl-tin, TBT, an effective but 

highly toxic anti-fouling agent. This may increase the potential for bottom fouling on vessels from outside the 

United States and contribute to ANS introduction. It is very difficult to manage or control ANS introductions from 

fouling. 

15 Molly McCammon, executive director, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, July 30, 2002. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

10 

Live bait: Live worms, minnows and other aquatic organisms for the recreational fishing 

industry, both the bait species and its packing material, can result in introductions through 

intentional and unintentional release. Fortunately, Alaska does not permit the use of minnows as 

fishing bait. 

Nursery industry: Nurseries, garden centers, and mail-order catalogs sell non-native plants for 

aquatic gardens and ponds. Commercial seed mixes for gardens or restoration planting can be 

contaminated with non-native plant seeds. Individuals discard non-native plants in public 

waterways. Non-native plants are sometimes accidentally attached to other horticultural species 

and discarded unintentionally or intentionally. 

Scientific research institutions, schools, and public aquariums: Private and public research 

laboratories, schools, and aquariums use non-native species for testing, teaching, and research. 

Individuals who do not follow strict protocols for animal management may accidentally release 

specimens. Accidental release may also occur when those protocols do not exist. Intentional 

release and escape from confinement are also possible. A number of devastating ANS 

introductions have occurred as a result of research activities, such as the introduction by 

researchers at the University of Hawaii of Gracilaria salicornia, an invasive algae threatening 

Hawaiian coral reefs, into Kaneohe Bay.16

Recreational fisheries enhancement: It used to be a common practice for U.S. federal and state 

agencies to import game fish to enhance recreational fishing. While most of these introductions 

were intentional, there were accidental releases and the unplanned spread of some species as a 

by-product of this activity. Private citizens also have transported and released their favorite fish 

or shellfish species into a body of water, hoping a viable population survives. 

Restaurants, seafood retail and processing: As we have witnessed with the recent alarming 

spread of snakehead fish on the East Coast (as live seafood or pets) and in past experiences with 

the exportation of East Coast lobsters, shipments of live seafood provide an opportunity for 

species introductions when individuals improperly dispose of unused product, packing materials 

(such as seaweed and salt water) and shipping containers. Associated live organisms either in or 

on the product may pose an additional threat. 

Ballast Water Delivery Patterns and Biological Characteristics 

Biological invasions of coastal bays and estuaries are common throughout the world and are 

having significant ecological and economic impacts. Transport of coastal planktonic organisms 

in ballast water of commercial ships appears to be the major source of new invasions worldwide 

in recent years. High-latitude, cold-water regions are also subject to biological invasions by 

many species with potential ecological and economic consequences similar to those reported for 

more temperate latitudes. Ballast water from oil tankers calling on Port Valdez in Prince William 

Sound (PWS) poses the most significant ballast water threat in Alaska. As a result of the volume 

of activity, the Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council (PWS RCAC) 

conducted extensive research on the potential invasive threat posed by oil tankers. This section 

reports the major findings from the PWS comprehensive study.17 Most of the ballast water 

 

16 Ibid. For more information see: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/GradStud/smith/websites/Alien-Bishop.htm 17 Unless cited otherwise, information in this section on ballast water in Prince William Sound is from: 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

11 

research done to date has been conducted in PWS as a result of the PWS RCAC, a non-profit 

corporation whose mission is to promote environmentally safe operation of the Valdez Marine 

Terminal and associated tankers. Their work is statutorily limited to PWS. While oil tankers 

calling in PWS undoubtedly pose an ANS threat, other under-studied areas of Alaska also 

warrant research coordinated with PWS research. 

As mentioned previously, Port Valdez harbor receives the third highest amount of ballast water 

of any U.S. port. For the past decade, tanker arrivals to Port Valdez averaged 713 ships per year. 

In 1998, these tankers carried an estimated average of 65,775m3

 of total ballast water, including 

both segregated (non-oily) and non-segregated (or oily) ballast water. Segregated ballast water 

comprised an average of 54.7% of the total ballast water arriving to PWS in tankers. Overall, an 

estimated 17,000,000 m3

 of segregated ballast water (an average of 32,715 m3 per arrival) was 

discharged into PWS by oil tankers in 1998. That is enough water to cover a 100m by 50m 

soccer field approximately 3.5 kilometers or 2 miles deep. 

The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), Wastewater Discharge Program, 

permits and inspects the facilities that accept and treat the non-segregated oily ballast water from 

oil tankers (i.e. Alyeska Valdez Marine Terminal Ballast Water Treatment Facility (BWTF)). 

The BWTF uses a three-phase treatment process (settling/separation, dissolved air floatation, and 

biological treatment). Studies have shown that the amount of hydrocarbons in the oily ballast 

water would preclude any aquatic or benthic species from surviving the trip. There is no 

evidence of any microbial invasive species interfering with the treatment processes at the 

facility.18 

U.S. Navy vessels with non-segregated fuel/ballast tanks are also a concern. The Navy uses 

several ports with military facilities to refuel, but does not do deep-ocean ballast water exchange 

before coming into port. This issue was not satisfactorily resolved when the Navy was using 

Kodiak in 2001 as a base for military exercises. While the exercises take place every year, it was 

not an issue in 2002 since Valdez was the port and the Alyeska BWTF took their bilge water.19

The DEC's Spill Prevention and Response Program does annual inspections of the 25 oil tankers 

servicing the Valdez Terminal. There are currently 6 tankers that have segregated ballast. Two 

of those have clean ballast (the Polar Endeavor and the Polar Resolution) and four others that 

still offload some dirty ballast. There are pilot studies in progress to test ozone treatment for 

non-indigenous species in the segregated ballast.20

Until 1996, exporting of crude oil to foreign countries from Valdez was not allowed, so the 

14,000 tankers loaded during those 20 years delivered more than 11 billion barrels of oil to U. S. 

ports only. No ballast water treatment or management plan, including ballast exchange, was 

required. On May 28, 1996, Public Law 104-58 went into effect, effectively lifting the ban on the 

export of Alaska's North Slope crude. There are several conditions in the law, one of which 

 

Hines, Anson H. and Gregory M. Ruiz. Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems: Ballast-Mediated 

Introductions in Port Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alaska. March 2000. 18 Tom Chapple, Director, Division of Air and Water Quality, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 

August 22, 2002. 

19 Ibid. 

20 Ibid. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

12 

requires exporting tankers to "adopt a mandatory program of deep water ballast exchange in at 

least 2,000 meters water depth. Exceptions can be made at the discretion of the captain only in 

order to ensure the safety of the vessel and crew. Specified records shall be maintained and made 

available for audit by government officials." (15 CFR 754.2) 

Thus, since the summer of 1996, exporting tankers have exchanged their ballast water at sea 

before returning to Valdez. However, the vast majority of tankers (c. 95%) still sail to domestic 

ports (which are themselves invaded with exotic species) and have never been required to 

exchange their ballast. Nor are they required to participate in the U.S. Coast Guard's new 

voluntary ballast management program because they were specifically exempted from the 

language in the National Invasive Species Act of 1996 (NISA-1996) upon which that program is 

based. 21

Most ballast water delivered to PWS by crude oil tankers originates from U.S. domestic ports. 

Tankers arriving directly from western U.S. ports accounted for 95.8% of the total tanker traffic, 

and 96% of the total segregated ballast water delivered by tankers, to PWS in 1998. Arrivals 

from Puget Sound, San Francisco, and Long Beach comprised approximately 82.7% of all tanker 

traffic, as well as 86% of all segregated ballast water delivered by tankers, to PWS in 1998. Most 

(95.6%) of arriving tankers do not undergo ballast water exchange, a process that could 

significantly reduce the risk of ANS introductions. Most (69.6%) of the tankers arriving to Port 

Valdez from overseas came directly from Korea in 1998. Tankers arriving from domestic ports 

transfer ballast water directly from that port to PWS, whereas foreign arrivals have replaced 

coastal ballast water with open-ocean exchange prior to their arrival, reducing non-indigenous 

coastal organisms by over 90%. 

The voyage duration of tankers arriving to Port Valdez is relatively short compared to traffic 

arriving at other commercial ports, where invasions are common. This shorter residence time 

favors survival of transported organisms and results in dense inoculation of competent organisms 

into PWS. Ballast water spends an average of 6.6 days in the ballast tanks of oil tankers before 

arrival to Port Valdez, ranging between 4.8 to 10.2 days. In addition, tankers repeatedly deliver 

ballast water from the same, limited source ports, providing repeated inoculations of the same 

species. The volume, short-trip durations, and repeated source deliveries are all factors that raise 

the risk of ANS becoming established in PWS. 

Large commercial passenger ships, commonly known as cruise ships, do not transfer ballast 

water in Alaska under normal operating conditions. Cruise ships are fueled in Seattle or 

Vancouver. As the fuel is consumed during the voyage, the ship takes on ballast water to 

compensate for the loss of fuel weight. The ballast water is released in Vancouver or Seattle 

before refueling22. There is a mandatory ballast exchange program in the Port of Vancouver. 

Washington’s newly established ballast water program, administered by the Department of 

Ecology and Environment, requires ballast exchange a minimum of 60 miles off the coast. 

 

21 Pacific Ballast Water Group WORKING DRAFT Report and Recommendations Obtained online from

http://web.pdx.edu/~sytsmam/pbwg/pbwg%20report1.html under Ballast Water Exchange Programs 22 John Hansen, Northwest Cruise Association, telephone call with Carolyn Morehouse, Passenger Vessel 

Compliance Engineer, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, June 11, 2002. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

13 

Canada also has a ballast exchange program administered by Transport Canada Marine23 that 

requires all vessels entering Canadian water from the south to exchange ballast 50 miles from 

shore before entering Canada. One large cruise ship and two small vessels come directly from 

across the Pacific to Alaska without stopping in Seattle or Vancouver. There is no requirement in 

Alaska to exchange ballast water. The only pathway thought to be vulnerable for invasive 

species from commercial passenger vessels are vessels coming directly from Far East Asia 

and/or Japan to Alaska that do not participate in the ballast exchange programs in British 

Columbia or Washington State. No regulation of ballast water from these vessels is included in 

the currently proposed cruises ship regulations in 18 AAC 69.24

Alaska Marine Highway System ferries and small ships stay in the general Alaska environment 

except for ferries to and from Bellingham. These vessels are not required to exchange ballast 

water entering Canada or Washington, but they are not believed to pose as much of a threat as 

vessels traveling from Mexico, California, or Asia. 25 However, given the spread of green crab to 

Washington and Oregon, this assessment is only accurate in terms of relative risk. The Alaska 

Marine Highway System ferries do not take on ballast water from the open ocean. All ferries 

take on potable water as ballast. The vessels are either run full or empty and they discharge 

ballast water to onshore treatment facilities. The only exception is when they are traveling to dry 

dock when they sometimes discharge fresh potable water in the harbor if there are no reception 

facilities. This practice poses no invasive species problem.26

The U.S. Coast Guard has a voluntary ballast water exchange program.27 The U.S. Government 

started this program on May 17, 1999 in response to NISA-1996. These are voluntary guidelines 

that suggest precautionary practices should be taken by every vessel to minimize the uptake and 

release of harmful aquatic organisms, pathogens, or sediments. Additionally, the program 

recommends that vessels carrying ballast water into the waters of the U.S. after having operated 

beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) employ one of the following ballast water 

management practices: 

1. conduct an exchange of ballast water beyond the EEZ, in an area no less than 200 miles from 

any shore and where the water depth exceeds 2000 meters, 

2. retain the ballast water on board, 

3. use an alternative method of ballast water management, 

4. discharge ballast water to an approved reception facility, or 

5. conduct an exchange of ballast water in an approved Alternative Exchange Zone.28

 

23 Mike Gashall, Marine Transport Canada BC Regional Acting Director, telephone call with Carolyn Morehouse, 

Passenger Vessel Compliance Engineer, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, June 11, 2002. 

24 Tom Chapple, Director, Division of Air and Water Quality, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 

August 22, 2002. 

25 Mike Gashall, Marine Transport Canada BC Regional Acting Director, telephone call with Carolyn Morehouse, 

Passenger Vessel Compliance Engineer, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, June 11, 2002. 

26 Carolyn Morehouse, personal communication, Passenger Vessel Compliance Engineer, Alaska Department of 

Environmental Conservation, June 11, 2002. 

27 Pacific Ballast Water Group WORKING DRAFT Report and Recommendations Obtained online from

http://web.pdx.edu/~sytsmam/pbwg/pbwg%20report1.html under Ballast Water Exchange Programs 28 Ibid. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

14 

The USCG requires all vessels calling at West Coast U.S. ports to submit a completed Ballast 

Water Report Form located in Appendix to 33 CFR 151, Subpart D, or the International 

Maritime Organization ballast Water Reporting Form to the Smithsonian Environmental 

Research Council (SERC). The reports must be kept on board the vessel and available for 

inspection for two years. In addition the USCG conducts random ballast water inspections by the 

Coast Guard Marine Safety Office (MSO) during normal business hours. To monitor compliance 

with both the mandatory and voluntary aspects of the Coast Guard ballast water management 

program, ballast water boarding officers will examine documents, take samples of ballast water 

and sediments, interview crew, and make other inquiries to access compliance. 

The USCG is required to conduct a National Ballast Water Management Survey and report to 

Congress no later than 30 months after voluntary guidelines are implemented as to whether these 

guidelines are effective in controlling the introduction and spread of invasive species. If found to 

not be effective, the ballast water exchange is to become mandatory, similar to ballast water 

exchange rules in the Great Lakes. Preliminary study results indicate that voluntary standards 

are not effective.29 Whether a voluntary program can be effective is questionable.30

Alaska ports receiving a large volume of commercial vessel traffic are vulnerable to ANS 

introductions. This is especially true if the vessels come from the West Pacific without stopping 

in Seattle or Vancouver, which have mandatory ballast exchange programs.31 British Petroleum 

and the Alaska Tanker Company have been testing the use of ozone to treat ballast water. They 

have taken the lead on this work in Alaska and the ozone treatment system they are testing seems 

to be promising.32

Public Awareness and Education 

In Alaska there is a lack of information and awareness regarding the mechanisms and ecological 

effects of invasive species introduction. In addition, there are few biologists or members of the 

public trained in field identification of high priority threatening ANS. The range expansion of 

northern pike in lakes throughout Southcentral Alaska is an example of people stocking fish in 

lakes close to home for personal use. Most likely, they do not realize that stocking these fish is 

illegal or that pike can damage indigenous species. Many Alaskans have moved to Alaska from 

the Midwest and Northern United States where pike, perch, and walleye are highly prized by 

sport anglers. A cornerstone of Alaska’s ANS program must be public communication and 

education to prevent invasions, and gain assistance with detection and monitoring. 

 

29 Pacific Ballast Water Group, WORKING DRAFT Report and Recommendations on Voluntary Ballast Water 

Exchange, no date. http://web.pdx.edu/~sytsmam/pbwg/pbwg%20report1.html 30 Nadol, Viki, “Aquatic Invasive Species in the Coastal West: An Analysis of State Regulation within a Federal 

Framework”, Environmental Law, Volume 29, Issue 2, Summer 1999. 31 Carolyn Morehouse, Passenger Vessel Compliance Engineer, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 

personal communication, June 11, 2002. 

32 John Devens, executive director, Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council, August 1, 2002. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

15 

III. AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES AUTHORITIES 

The intentional introduction of invasive species of fish, and wildlife into Alaska is greatly 

reduced by Alaska’s stringent fish and animal transport laws. At the time of Statehood, Alaska 

adopted a positive, resource protective approach toward the introduction of non-indigenous fish 

and wildlife species. Alaska now has the toughest laws in the United States governing the 

movement of fish and wildlife. 

However, Alaska’s laws related to ANS are neither well coordinated nor comprehensive. Plant 

laws are directed at the protection of agriculture and do not address ecosystem or habitat impacts 

of introduced plants. Ballast laws focus on petroleum discharge from non-segregated ballast with 

no references to non-indigenous aquatic species. 

This section highlights some of the most notable deficiencies in Alaska laws. Pertinent state laws 

are provided in Appendix D. 

The public, including private landowners, Tribal governments, and Native corporations, is 

largely unaware of ANS issues. One of the goals of this ANS plan is to coordinate the efforts of 

the various state and federal agencies, non-government organizations (NGOs) and the public in 

Alaska to tackle the problem of aquatic nuisance species. Eventually the goal will be to achieve 

coordination of all invasive species management in Alaska. Many other states on the West Coast 

are moving toward these goals. In addition to lack of coordination and awareness, Alaska is 

hampered by lack of funding to implement an invasive species program. 

Alaska is the only West Coast state that has not recently passed new ballast water legislation 

addressing non-indigenous species. Currently, ballast water laws in Alaska focus only on 

petroleum discharge from non-segregated ballast tanks. Given the volume of vessel traffic and 

ballast water entering Alaska from ports seriously contaminated with aquatic nuisance species, 

Alaska should consider development of a ballast water law consistent with the other West Coast 

states that addresses non-indigenous species issues, particularly in the context of coastal trade. 

Boats coming from other U.S. ports such as San Francisco or Long Beach, California and Asia 

that do not pass through and comply with the Vancouver, B.C. or Washington State mandatory 

ballast exchange laws are some of the most likely carriers of harmful invasive species. The 

USCG voluntary ballast exchange program is likely to be evaluated as insufficiently effective. 

This provides an opportunity for Alaska to work with other Western states and the USCG to craft 

comprehensive standards. 

 

Alaska regulates invasive fish species by prohibiting the importation of out-of-state fish, but the 

prohibition is limited to importation for purposes of rearing fish or stocking fish in state waters. 

Presumably, out-of-state fish can be imported for other reasons, but the statute is silent on this 

issue. In addition, Alaska law specifies that ornamental fish may be imported into Alaska but 

cannot be released into state waters. 

 

However, the law does not provide guidance on prevention of aquaria escapes, a common 

method of unintentional ANS introduction. Also, Alaska statues are silent on when and how to 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

16 

dispose of ornamental aquarium plants. This issue should be addressed in order to prevent the 

spread of potentially invasive aquatic plants. 

Although Alaska has fairly strict laws governing the movement of fish and other wildlife into 

and out of the state, regulating the transport of fish and wildlife within the state has posed a 

difficult problem. This is partly because Alaska is so large and the ecosystems so diverse. 

Problems have arisen when unknown person(s) released northern pike, found north and west of 

the Alaska Range, into lakes and streams around Anchorage for stocking purposes. Pike are not 

normally found in Southcentral Alaska and are a threat to the indigenous trout and salmon. 

Attempts to regulate the movement of live fish throughout Alaska have been largely 

unsuccessful because it has been too difficult to distinguish the movement of live fish that 

humans are planning to release for harmful stocking purposes from the movement of live fish for 

personal consumption or commercial purposes. As live seafood transport becomes a greater 

issue of concern in Alaska, finding ways to address this issue will be a key component to any 

future regulation of aquatic invasive species. 

Although Alaska laws do not restrict the movement of fish within the state for commercial 

purposes, there are stricter laws regarding the movement of farmed shellfish. A permit is 

required to move shellfish from one mariculture farm to another even if the farms are only 

several miles apart. The laws, regulations, and permits governing the movement of fish caught 

commercially or for personal use within Alaska and those for mariculture vary considerably in 

their oversight and consistency. This is an issue that warrants additional research and 

consideration. 

With regard to plants, Alaska lacks a strong weed monitoring program and a noxious weed plan 

similar to those currently being developed in many other states. The focus of Alaska’s plant 

laws is agriculture, but attention should be expanded to include environmental and ecosystem 

considerations as well. In addition, more careful attention is warranted for plants such as 

seaweed that are used for packing purposes when shipping fish and other animals from one place 

to another. As these materials may harbor invasive species, proper disposal of this material is 

critical and may need to be addressed through regulation. 

A clear and comprehensive ANS management plan is a good step towards strengthening 

Alaska’s invasive species laws. Alaska will be able to minimize the impact of aquatic nuisance 

species by taking steps to implement this plan and address the gaps in the existing laws. 

For more information, see Appendix D, Alaska State Laws and Regulations; Appendix E, 

Summary of Research on West Coast Invasive Species Laws: Canadian Laws, Program Enabling 

Legislation, Ballast Water, and Plants; and Appendix F. Section 1204 of NISA-1996and 

Executive Order 13112. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

17 

IV. FOCUS OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN 

The ANS plan takes advantage of Alaska’s relatively intact ecosystems and, through proactive 

action, prevent invasions by the prominent invasive threats. The main goal of the plan is to 

coordinate with the public and with federal, state, local, and tribal governments for the 

prevention and monitoring of invasive species and the development of an effective public 

information program 

To accomplish this goal, ADF&G adopted the following invasive species policy and initial broad 

action strategies: 

Invasive species pose a major threat to Alaska’s native flora and fauna. Invasive species can 

harm native species of fish, wildlife, and plants resulting in ecosystem disruptions that could 

cause severe economic impacts to the people of Alaska. It is in the best interest of Alaska and 

Alaskans that both purposeful and unintentional introduction of invasive species not be 

tolerated. Accordingly, the ADF&G will take the following actions to prevent the introduction 

and spread of invasive species: 

• Develop an interdivision Alaska Invasive Species Prevention and Response Program within 

ADF&G. 

• Pursue new funding sources for long-term support of the Invasive Species Response 

Program. 

• Provide leadership and coordination between state, federal and international agencies and 

tribes and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). 

• Develop policies, procedures, and laws to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive 

species into Alaska. 

• Prevent the spread of invasive species already introduced into Alaska, through the 

identification and closing of transport pathways. 

• Develop protocols for early detection, rapid response to, control and management of new 

invasive species. 

• Design and conduct research for invasive prevention, control and management. 

• Develop educational plans and public awareness announcements on problems associated 

with invasive species. 

V. MANAGEMENT ACTIONS 

Goal 1: Coordinate All Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Programs within 

Alaska and Collaborate with Regional, National, and International Programs 

1A. Problem: ANS management responsibilities are divided among various agencies in Alaska. 

There is little coordination of efforts and no leadership in policy and program development. 

1A1. Strategic Action: Coordinate ANS management programs and actions within Alaska and 

ensure coordination with regional, national, and international programs. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

18 

1A1a. Task: Create and fund an ANS coordinator position within the Alaska Department of Fish 

and Game. Initially apply for federal funding after submitting the ANS plan for approval. 

Develop a long-term funding strategy. 

1A1b. Task: Establish an intradepartmental, multiple-division ADF&G Aquatic Nuisance 

Species Coordinating Committee to foster cooperation and coordination on ANS tasks. The ANS 

coordinator position will coordinate and lead the committee. 

1A1c. Task: Establish a State of Alaska Aquatic Nuisance Species Coordinating Committee to 

foster cooperation and coordination on ANS tasks in Alaska. The ANS coordinator position will 

serve as chair to the committee. The committee will include broad representation including state 

and federal agencies, tribal groups, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council, local 

government, non-government organizations, the University of Alaska and public. 

1A1d. Task: Establish subcommittees to address major issues such as Atlantic salmon; 

commercial shipping; recreational boating, aquaculture, commercial and sport fishing; nursery 

and aquarium; education; research; risk assessment; imports and transfers; and monitoring, 

response and regulatory reform. These subcommittees will work with representatives of 

organizations that are identified as potential pathways for ANS introductions and other affected 

groups to identify voluntary or regulatory measures to prevent new ANS introductions. 

1A1e. Task: Review the respective responsibilities of tribes and nongovernmental organizations, 

state, federal, and regional entities and develop a system to coordinate their ANS programs. 

Acknowledge this system through committee participation and a memorandum of understanding 

among the coordination committee members. 

1A1f. Task: Ensure participation in the Pacific Ballast Water Group and coordinate participation 

among ADF&G, DEC, and the PWS RCAC and interested tribes and NGOs. The DEC will serve 

as the primary participant in meetings and agency lead. 

1A1g. Task: Coordinate ballast water management and treatment standards development with the 

U.S. Coast Guard and the International Maritime Organization. Work with DEC and PWS 

RCAC to review other West Coast state ballast treatment standards, especially Washington, 

Oregon, and California, to develop a coast wide standard. 

Goal 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Alaska waters. 

Education is a primary component of prevention and is addressed as Goal 4. 

2A. Problem: New introductions of ANS into Alaska waters can cause ecological and economic 

damage. Prevention is the most cost-effective and ecologically sensitive method of eliminating 

problems. Alaska currently has no program for preventing ANS introductions. 

2A1. Strategic Action: Coordinate with other states, interested tribes, NGOs and nations to 

prevent the spread of ANS into Alaska, either from or through areas outside of Alaska. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

19 

2A1a. Task: Develop individual species, multiple species or pathways-based, as appropriate, 

action plans for currently recognized highest invasive threats of Atlantic salmon, northern pike, 

New Zealand mudsnail, green crab, Chinese mitten crab, purple loosestrife, and Japanese 

knotweed. 

2A1b. Task: Conduct a scientific ecological and economic risk assessment to determine the 

priority ranking for action on additional ANS threats and to verify or make changes to initial 

subjective assessments of ANS risks. Work with state, federal and private entities to work 

cooperatively on and fund this initial comprehensive risk assessment, including a funding 

proposal to the EVOS Trustee Council. 

2A1c. Task: Based on the outcome of the risk assessment, reevaluate priorities and refine or 

develop additional individual, multiple species, or pathways-based action plans. 

2A1d. Task: ADF&G will coordinate participation in regional and national conferences to 

increase awareness of ANS issues by other state, federal and agencies, tribes, NGOs and the 

public. 

2A1e. Task: ADF&G will participate in the Western Regional Panel on Aquatic Nuisance 

Species in cooperation with the state representative to the panel. 

2A1f. Task: ADF&G will participate in the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission effort to 

coordinate and implement regional ANS activities. 

2A1g. Task: ADF&G will explore new opportunities to increase Native awareness and 

involvement in ANS issues and provide support to identify ANS management issues on Native 

lands. 

2A1h. Task: ADF&G will consult with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and 

British Columbia to discuss cooperative measures designed to address concerns regarding 

intentional introductions of nonnative aquatic species in our shared waters. In addition, ADF&G 

will work with the Trans-boundary Watershed Project to address the spread of ANS via transboundary rivers. 

2A2. Strategic Action: Foster state, federal, tribal, and private coordination on ANS prevention 

issues to achieve maximum effectiveness and efficiency. 

2A2a. Task: The Commercial Shipping subcommittee will work with maritime cargo vessel 

representatives, the Pacific Ballast Water Group, and other interested groups to explore 

commercial shipping practices, such as ballast water exchange and ANS-infested anchor chains 

to identify opportunities for preventing ANS introductions. 

2A2b. Task: The Recreational Boating and Sport Fishing subcommittee will work with 

representatives of the recreational boating industry, sport fish guides and associations, seaplane 

associations, and other affected groups to prevent further introductions of ANS into Alaska 

waters through these pathways. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

20 

2A2c. Task: The Commercial Fishing and Mariculture subcommittee will work with 

representatives of the commercial fishing and mariculture industries, commercial fishing 

associations, and buyers and sellers of live seafood in the restaurant and grocery trade to prevent 

introductions of ANS into Alaska waters through these pathways. 

2A2d. Task: The Education/Research/Risk Assessment subcommittee will work with 

representatives of the aquarium trade and pet suppliers, biological supply catalogues, aquatic 

garden suppliers, aquatic mail order catalogues, plant importers and nurseries, and other affected 

groups to prevent further introductions of ANS into Alaska waters through these pathways. 

2A2e. Task: The Monitoring/Response/Control subcommittee will work with state and federal 

agencies, tribes, and other affected parties to prioritize monitoring efforts and develop response 

protocols. 

2A2f. Task: The Regulatory Reform subcommittee will review existing state laws and 

regulations to identify gaps and help develop statutes and rules that serve to protect State waters 

from invasive species introductions. 

2A3. Strategic Action: Prohibit, control, or permit the importation of nonnative aquatic species 

based on their invasive potential. Develop a pathways-based approach, rather than a speciesbased approach, that utilizes incentives, regulations, and technologies to reduce the likelihood 

that invasive species will enter Alaska. 

2A3a. Task: Identify a protocol for ADF&G development of an invasive species list identifying 

species that cannot be introduced into Alaska or into select geographic areas in Alaska. The list 

will include: fish, other aquatic organisms, and aquatic plants. The commissioner can add 

invasive species to this list as necessary. A new addition to the list will require a statement 

justification by the commissioner that a particular species is considered invasive. Note: Current 

law provides that except for oysters and scallops, fish and other marine invertebrates cannot be 

legally imported into the state. The process should distinguish among: 1) species that pose a 

significant threat to the biological health and diversity of state waters; 2) species that pose a 

minimal threat to the biological health and diversity of state waters; 3) species for which there is 

little or no information to ascertain their status as an ANS; and 4) species that have potential 

commercial or recreational value and may be safely managed under aquaculture regulations. 

ADF&G will work with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Divisions of 

Agriculture and Forestry, and the Division of Governmental Coordination to develop a process to 

coordinate or combine lists to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the invasive species 

listing process especially as it pertains to public and business user friendliness. Ultimately the 

listing process will include terrestrial plants and animals and be part of the invasive species 

council purview. Alaska may consider using the approach adopted by Hawaii that a lack of 

information about a species is considered reason to exclude a species, not an excuse to allow 

entry. This listing process should also consider quarantine and import procedures. 

2A3b. Task: ADF&G in cooperation with the ANS Coordinating Committee will develop and 

implement, through the Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan, an annual process to: 

identify potential new threats to state waters; identify the threats associated with the spread of 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

21 

existing ANS; assess the relative environmental risks associated with these threats; and report 

these findings to the appropriate agencies. After initial years, this review process can become 

biennial. 

2A3c. Task: The ANS Coordinating Committee will develop and implement, through the 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan, a method for evaluating, permitting and using 

biological control agents, which are frequently non-native species, and have on occasion, 

themselves become invaders. The committee should develop and implement uniform guidelines 

across agencies for the import and use of biological control agents. 

2A4. Strategic Action: Increase enforcement and awareness of existing laws controlling the 

transport, propagation, sale, collection, possession, importation, purchase, cultivation, 

distribution, and introduction of ANS. 

2A4a. Task: ADF&G will initiate a training program for state troopers and commissioned fish 

and wildlife enforcement officers on ANS identification and laws and regulations. 

2A4b. Task: ADF&G will work with the University of Alaska, Sea Grant Marine Advisory 

Program, and other state agencies to distribute information on ANS laws to businesses that 

import aquatic organisms, including information on existing penalties for the intentional 

introduction of any non-native species in Alaska waters. 

Goal 3: Detect, monitor, contain, reduce, or eradicate populations of aquatic 

nuisance species as quickly as possible with a minimum of environmental 

impact. 

3A. Problem: A number of potentially very damaging ANS are spreading closer to Alaska 

waters. Alaska has no program to monitor these species and a limited effort for monitoring for 

species already present in Alaska. Economic and environmental damage will be greater without 

an effective monitoring program to quickly detect new ANS introductions or the spread of those 

already present. Early and rapid detection of new introductions and the spread of established 

ANS are needed so that emergency response plans can be immediately implemented to allow for 

eradication. Accurate baseline information is needed on ANS presence, locations, and an 

estimate of population number and/or densities. This information needs to be made available to 

appropriate agencies and the public. 

3A1. Strategic Action: Using both government employees and volunteers from the public, 

monitor waters that are vulnerable to new ANS introductions and track the distribution of 

existing ANS populations. 

3A1a. Task: Based on the results of the risk assessment, develop an overall monitoring program 

with specific monitoring components, including a citizen volunteer monitoring program, to 

address the most critical potential introductions or expansions of ANS. The monitoring program 

should include pro-active collection of baseline data, in addition to opportunistic identification 

through field activities. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

22 

3A1b. Task: Develop a program for training ADF&G staff, as well as state and federal biologists 

and land managers in the field, so the identification and reporting of ANS can be an integral part 

of their field activities.33

3A1c. Task: Develop a GIS database to show the locations of ANS sightings and established 

populations in Alaska. Obtain GIS maps developed in Washington to provide additional 

information on threats and rates of spread of species on the West Coast. Work with the U.S. 

Geological Service, Biological Resources Division laboratory in Gainesville, Florida to 

determine if Alaska can coordinate with the Division’s extensive GIS capabilities and ANS 

database to share efficiencies and reduce costs. 

3A1d. Task: Develop a reporting system to receive information on suspected ANS and the 

capacity to follow up sightings, including expertise to identify aquatic species and a system for 

information to be added to a central database. 

3B. Problem: Alaska has no emergency response plans in place to quickly address new 

introductions of ANS. Small populations of newly introduced ANS are most vulnerable to 

eradication. Without previously developed plans, new ANS populations can become established 

while agencies are developing and agreeing upon appropriate eradication measures. 

3B1. Strategic Action: Develop emergency response plans for specific ANS known to be an 

imminent threat to Alaska waters. Actions outlined in these emergency response plans, when 

implemented, will prevent the establishment and spread of these species, or minimize their 

impacts. The emergency response plans will address permitting, funding, equipment and 

resources, staffing, and stakeholder input. 

3B1a. Task: Given that Atlantic salmon are known to be invading Alaska waters and pose an 

imminent threat to Alaska ecosystems and salmonid populations, develop an Atlantic salmon 

action plan to address prevention, monitoring, and eradication. 

3B1b. Task: Given the imminent threat to salmonid habitat and populations, develop an interim 

action plan to address prevention, monitoring, and eradication of Alaska’s highest perceived 

threats, including green crab, New Zealand mudsnail, and northern pike. Actively work to 

eradicate existing northern pike populations and prevent further spread. 

3B1c. Task: ADF&G will research the establishment and administration of an ANS Response 

Fund. Having readily available funds to be used to finance a quick initial response to the 

introduction of an ANS will allow for immediate response to new sightings of invasive species. 

This will reduce the likelihood of their establishment in Alaska. Based on similar funds 

established in other Western states, a $200,000 fund may be adequate for initial response 

activities. ADF&G will seek funding from state, public, and private organizations and will 

develop and introduce legislation to establish the fund. Jurisdictional issues will be explored as 

part of the development research process. Until other funding sources are established, Alaska 

 

33 Among others this could include EPA’s National Estuary Program, the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s National 

Wildlife Refuges system, the National Park Service, State and local parks, and Tongass and Chugach National 

Forest staff in a program of identifying and reporting any new introductions. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

23 

will petition the ANS Task Force for funding to allow us to deal with emergency-type ANS 

invasions. 

Goal 4: Educate the public and appropriate resource user groups to the 

importance of preventing ANS introductions and how the harmful impacts of ANS 

can be reduced. 

4A. Problem: Accidental introductions occur through the actions of the public, such as naively 

releasing non-native aquarium plants and animals into natural waters. The current state of public 

awareness of ANS issues and laws is inadequate to address the problem. 

4A1. Strategic Action: Compile, develop, and coordinate the dissemination of educational 

materials on ANS that will increase general public awareness of the ANS problem. 

4A1a. Task: Develop a public education and communication plan for ANS. To minimize the cost 

and maximize the efficiency of an education program, consider all potential ongoing ADF&G 

and other state and federal agency activities into which ANS education and communication can 

be incorporated. Also work closely with the national Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force, 

Communications, Education and Outreach committee to incorporate and leverage these 

programs; continue state participation on this committee. Collaborate with the Alaska 

Department of Education and University of Alaska for educational outreach. Determine how 

educational components will be coordinated and funded internally. Components of the plan to 

consider include the following. 

4A1b. Task: Develop an ANS website that includes images and directions on how to identify and 

report ANS sightings. 

4A1c. Task: Develop and include on the website of ANS GIS maps showing the locations of 

ANS sightings and established populations in Alaska. 

4A1d. Task: Develop fliers and small license holder sized identification cards for Atlantic 

salmon to be distributed with all sport fish licenses and licensing vendors and sport fish supply 

and equipment retail outlets. 

4A1e. Task: Publish an aquatic plant identification manual for Alaska to enable residents as well 

as resource managers to identify nonnative aquatic plants as well as common native species. 

4A1f. Task: Develop ANS information to be distributed to community watershed groups and 

provide training for volunteers to participate in monitoring programs. 

4A1g. Task: Develop partnerships with media outlets and established publications to reach a 

broad spectrum of the public with ANS messages. 

4A1h. Task: Identify key state publications into which ANS text and graphics can be included. 

Develop an electronic press kit available over the web. Develop a library of images and graphics 

for ready use. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

24 

4A1i. Task: Develop information that can be easily incorporated into classroom curriculum and 

material for kindergarten through twelfth-grade teachers. 

4A1j. Task: Develop ANS educational materials outlining the potential impacts of releasing nonindigenous species and identifying good practices for pet stores to be shared with retail and 

wholesale suppliers of aquarium fish, plants, and supplies. 

4A1k. Task: Develop ANS educational materials outlining the potential impacts of releasing 

non-indigenous species and identifying good practices for pet stores to be distributed with 

customer purchases of aquarium fish, plants and supplies. 

4A1l. Task: Develop a “good housekeeping” program for pet stores to be awarded to those with 

good outreach programs and responsible policies against ANS introductions. 

4A2. Strategic Action: Develop and distribute educational information targeted at specific groups 

who are especially affected by ANS introductions and/or may be able to first observe 

introductions. 

4A2a. Task: Provide training and identification materials to aquaculture companies and their 

staff, and encourage them to report sightings of suspected ANS. 

4A2b. Task: Provide information to fishing groups and fishers to monitor and report sightings of 

ANS, including information so fishers can recognize and remove ANS weeds that can choke 

waterways and impact fishing opportunities. 

4A2c. Task: Develop a New Zealand mudsnail education program for sport fishing guides, 

potential visitors, and residents who travel to infested areas regarding practices to prevent the 

introduction of mudsnails into Alaska’s pristine fishing areas. 

4B. Problem: Decision makers need to be aware of the threat of ANS to the marine resources of 

Alaska so they can develop policies, direct agencies to develop ANS programs, and appropriate 

funds to carry out education, research, prevention, control and management activities. Natural 

resource managers must be knowledgeable about ANS in order to develop and implement 

effective ANS programs. 

4B1. Strategic Action: ADF&G and the ANS Council will provide educational briefings on the 

threats and solutions to ANS invasions for decision makers. 

4B1a. Task: ADF&G will provide educational briefing to state legislators and legislative staff, 

and to local elected officials and their staff on the threat of ANS and potential solutions. A multimedia presentation will be developed for use by ANS Coordinating Committee members so the 

presentation can be easily made around the state. Material for these briefings will be derived as 

much as possible from local sources, as well as from other parts of the country and 

internationally. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

25 

4B1b. Task: Provide similar training as that described above for elected officials and staff to 

state and federal agency decision makers to build support for and incorporation of ANS 

programs into agency activities. 

Goal 5: Identify, develop, conduct, and disseminate research on ANS that are 

identified as species of concern in Alaska. 

5A. Problem: Little is known about ANS introductions, spread, and impacts to human health, 

ecosystems, and the economy in Alaska. More information is needed in order to develop 

effective prevention, management and control programs, to create accurate education programs, 

and to weigh the relative risks of ANS invasions so limited resources can be used most 

effectively to minimize risks. 

5A1. Strategic Action: Assess the risk of ANS introductions to human health, ecosystems, and 

the economy. 

5A1a. Task: Define ANS risks that affect ecosystems, human health, and the economy, and 

develop criteria for evaluating and classifying these risks. Study the population dynamics, 

ecology, and impacts of current and potential invaders to gain an understanding of the chances of 

invasion and potential damage from specific species. Based on these risk criteria, conduct a full 

risk assessment of ANS. 

5A1b. Task: Characterize potential ANS by identifying and describing traits associated with 

successful high-impact invaders, particularly those present in West Coast estuaries, coastal 

regions, lakes and streams, and in similar habitats elsewhere. 

5A1c. Task: Characterize resources and habitats with highly sensitive-to-invasion ecological 

communities in Alaska, such as disturbed habitats that may be at greater risk for invasion. 

5A1d. Task: Develop a list of experts with a broad knowledge of aquatic taxonomic groups, and 

assess their availability to respond to requests for identification of ANS. 

5A1e. Task: Maintain a database of ongoing West Coast and national ANS research efforts and 

coordinate Alaska with these efforts to avoid duplication and utilize limited resources most 

effectively. 

5A1f. Task: Continue to develop and maintain a coordinated list of ANS and nonnative species 

known to occur in Alaska. 

5A1g. Task: Develop a process to inform researchers and public, private and Native resource 

managers of recent and emerging information and research on ANS. Foster research 

relationships with such groups as the University of Alaska, EVOS Trustee Council and Federal 

research institutions such as the USGS/BRD Science Centers and Cooperative Units, the U.S. 

Department of Interior Cooperative Ecosystem Study Units, the National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Association (NOAA) Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, Estuarine Research 

Reserve, and Marine Protected Areas Programs. This effort will improve gathering of baseline 

and monitoring data and coordination of research efforts. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

26 

5B. Problem: The pathways by which ANS invasions may occur is not well understood. 

Geographically referenced data on the extent and spread of ANS invasions, and their pathways 

of introduction, are needed to understand where the existing ANS in Alaska or near Alaska 

borders might spread, to further understand what allows certain non-native species to become 

established as ANS, and to develop strategies for closing ANS entry pathways as well as tools 

for management and control for ANS. As part of this analysis, consider the spread of ANS from 

Russia, as well as Canada and the lower 48. 

5B1. Strategic Action: Develop baseline assessments. 

5B1a. Task: Compile maps of major human activities that affect aquatic resources with invasions 

of ANS. Overlaps will help elucidate the interaction among human activities, the pathways by 

which nonnative species arrive, and the establishment of ANS. Include as part of this mapping 

process, linkages through watersheds and drainages that might facilitate the spread of ANS as 

has been seem with northern pike in Southcentral Alaska. 

5B1b. Task: Compare and contrast ANS management and control strategies throughout the 

world for species of Alaska interest, and develop Best Management Practices for established 

populations or potential invasions of ANS in Alaska. 

Goal 6: Take appropriate steps to ensure that federal and state rules and 

regulations sufficiently promote the prevention and control of ANS. 

6A. Problem: The recognition and understanding of the damage caused by ANS is relatively new 

and rapidly evolving. As knowledge of and the ability to deal with ANS improves, regulatory 

authority must also adapt. Alaska laws are insufficient to provide for the development of an 

effective and coordinated state program to guard against ANS invasions without the authority 

and financial support afforded by well-designed and integrated legislation.34

6A1. Strategic Action: Review the laws governing ANS in Alaska for gaps and overlaps, 

compare them to other states’ ANS laws, and recommend changes to improve our ability to 

protect Alaska waters from the introduction and spread of ANS. ADF&G will need to develop 

broad based, diverse citizen support to accomplish this goal. 

6A1a. Task: Commission a law student to conduct a review of Alaska’s ANS law. 

6A1b. Task: Review Alaska statutes that pertain to invasive species, specifically to ascertain the 

authority and effectiveness of the statutes for the prevention, monitoring, control, and eradication 

of invasive species in terrestrial and aquatic environments. 

6A1c. Task: Review and report on the respective authorities of State agencies and gaps and 

overlaps in authorities among State agencies. 

 

34 Much of the work on this goal was completed. The results are presented in: Section III. Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Authorities, which contains an analysis of gaps in current laws; Appendix D, which contains copies of Alaska laws 

and regulations; and Appendix E, which provides an overview of the most pertinent invasive species laws in 

Western states and Canada. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

27 

6A1d. Task: Identify potential for improved coordination as well as necessary new legislation to 

strengthen Alaska’s statutes aimed at the prevention and treatment of invasive species. 

6A1e. Task: Review and report on the compatibility of Alaska statutes with federal laws, 

especially the National Invasive Species Act. 

6A1f. Task: Review and report on the potential development of West Coast standards based on a 

review of statutes in the Western states. 

6A1g. Task: Monitor the reauthorization of the National Invasive Species Act to ensure that 

Alaska’s interests are addressed, and work with the Alaska Governor’s Office and Congressional 

delegation as needed to protect Alaska’s interests. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

28 

VI. IMPLEMENTATION 

Information on implementation of this plan is contained in the Implementation Table, located 

after Section VII. This table provides information on the implementation of specific tasks 

included in the management plan. It includes funding sources and identifies the implementing 

agency or position, coordinating agencies, when the task will be conducted, and anticipated 

costs. Following federal approval of this plan, it is expected that 75% of the cost of 

implementation will be provided by the national aquatic nuisance species program funded 

through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Some federal ANS funds may be available in 

FFY03. If not, federal funds are anticipated in FFY04 as a result of the plan submission, review, 

and grant cycle. 

During FFY03 regardless of whether federal funds are made available through the USFWS, 

Sustainable Salmon Fund ($200K + $20K for green crab + $45K for Atlantic salmon research 

and monitoring), Division of Sport Fish ($75.0) for continued northern pike monitoring and 

eradication, Conservation and Reinvestment Act (CARA) funds for preventing the introduction 

of New Zealand mudsnails by fouled fishing gear ($30.0), and ADF&G general funds will be 

used to initiate a streamlined program.

35 This includes the hiring of a program coordinator. 

FY03 Milestones and Major Tasks36

1. Hire ANS coordinator. 

2. Establish intradepartmental ADF&G ANS coordinating committee. 

3. Establish a multi-agency ANS coordinating council. 

4. Establish council subcommittees to address major issues such as Atlantic salmon, shipping, 

education, and risk assessment. 

5. Review the respective responsibilities of tribes, NGOs, state, federal, and regional entities 

and develop coordination process. 

6. Oversee contracts to: 

• Assist the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission ANS program 

• Conduct risk assessment. 

• Define ANS risks that affect ecosystems, human health, and the economy and develop 

criteria for evaluating and classifying these risks. 

7. Develop a reporting system to receive information on suspected ANS. 

8. Develop a public education and communication plan. 

9. Provide educational briefings to state legislatures and legislative staff and to locally elected 

officials. 

10. Develop, maintain and publish a list of experts with a broad knowledge of aquatic taxonomic 

groups. 

11. Maintain a database of ongoing West Coast and national ANS research efforts. 

12. Develop a process to inform researchers and public and private land and resource managers 

of recent and emerging ANS information and research. 

 

35 Dollar values are in thousands. Sustainable Salmon, green crab and Atlantic salmon funds are available from 

congressionally appropriated funds to limit the spread of invasive species. 

36 For state FY 03-05, tasks and milestones are cumulative in that processes and program elements developed in 

FY03 continue to be implemented in FY04 as the program grows and becomes more comprehensive. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

29 

13. Continue to develop and maintain a coordinated list of ANS and nonnative species known to 

occur in Alaska and coordinate with the USGS, National Invasive Species database. 

14. Conduct a review of Alaska and federal ANS laws and regulations.37

FY04 Milestones and Major Tasks 

1. Hire an assistant ANS position. 

2. Increase division capacity for addressing ANS issues. 

3. Coordinate ballast water management and treatment standards development. 

4. Develop individual, multiple species and pathways-based action plans. 

5. Develop an annual process to: identify potential new threats to state waters; identify the 

threats associated with the spread of existing ANS; assess the relative environmental risks 

associated with these threats; and report findings. 

6. Alaska ANS Coordinating subcommittees work with specific industry sectors to reduce ANS 

threats. 

7. Identify a protocol for development of an invasive species list identifying species that cannot 

be introduced into Alaska or into select geographic areas in Alaska. 

8. Initiate a training program for state troopers and commissioned fish and game enforcement 

officers on ANS identification and laws and regulations. 

9. Develop ANS information to be distributed to community watershed groups. 

10. Develop a database out of which GIS maps can be built to show the locations of ANS 

sightings. 

11. Implement public education and communication program. 

12. Develop and implement a monitoring program. 

13. Develop and implement training to integrate ANS identification and reporting into field 

activities. 

FY05 Milestones and Major Tasks 

Oversee research to: 

1. Publish an aquatic plant identification manual for Alaska. 

2. Characterize potential ANS by identifying and describing traits associated with successful 

high-impact invaders. 

3. Characterize resources and habitats with highly "invade able" ecological communities in 

Alaska. 

4. Compile maps of major human activities that affect aquatic resources with invasions of ANS. 

5. Compare and contrast ANS management and control strategies to develop Best Management 

Practices for established populations or potential invasions of ANS in Alaska. 

 

37 Much of this work was completed during summer 2002. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

30 

VII. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK 

Systematic monitoring of program outputs and results will be part of the implementation of the 

ANS Management Plan. This process will be a formal evaluation regarding the efficiency and 

effectiveness of the program. Initially, the ANS plan will be updated annually. As part of the 

update, the program coordinator will review the status of all tasks included in the implementation 

table and report on the status of each task. The Plan is an active working document that will be 

used to evaluate the performance and success of the program. Effectiveness of each task toward 

meeting plan goals will be evaluated and reported. Obstacles to completing tasks or factors that 

limit effectiveness will also be evaluated and reported. Changes to the Plan will be made as a 

result of this evaluation. The program coordinator will be responsible for overseeing the review 

process
 

Implementation Table 
 
31 

Fund Implem. Coop. Preliminary Prel

Tasks/Actions Source Entity Organization Cost Estimate Cos# Descriptive Title $ 1,000s FTE $ 1, FY03 FYGoal 1: Coordinate All Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Programs within Alaska and Collaborate with Regional, National and Interna1A1a Create & fund an ANS coordinator position within 

ADF&G. 

USFWS ADF&G 87.0 1.0 157.0 

1A1b Establish an intra-dept. ADF&G ANS Coordinating 

Committee chaired by the ANS coordinator. 

USFWS/ADF&G 

ADF&G ANS Coordinator 

ADF&G 60.0 0.75 120.0 

1A1c Establish a multi-agency Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Coordinating Committee. 

USFWS ADF&G U of A, Sea Grant, 

DNR, DEC, USFS, USFWS, EVOS Trustee Council 

10.0 

1A1d Establish subcommittees to address major issues such 

as Atlantic salmon, shipping, education and risk assessment. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

b 

1A1e Review the respective responsibilities of tribes, NGOs, 

state, federal and regional entities & develop coordination process. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

b 

1A1f Participate in the Pacific Ballast Water Group and 

coordinate participation. 

DEC DEC AK ANS Com. 5.0 5.0 

1A1g Coordinate ballast water management and treatment 

standards development. 

USFWS DEC AK ANS Com. 5.0 0.1 5.0 

Goal 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Alaska waters.2A1a Develop individual species, multiple species, or 

pathways-based action plans 

USFWS ADF&G ADF&G ANS Coordinator b,c 

 Develop an interim plan for Atlantic salmon (highest 

priority current invasive) (see Task 3B1a) 

ADF&G ADF&G ADF&G ANS Coordinator 

 Develop an interim plan for northern pike (highest 

priority current invasive) (see Task 3B1b) 

ADF&G ADF&G ADF&G ANS Coordinator 

 Develop an interim prevention and monitoring plan for 

green crab 

ADF&G ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

20.0 

2A1b Conduct a scientific risk assessment to determine the 

priority ranking for action on ANS threats. 

EVOS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

25.0 
32 

Fund Implem. Coop. Preliminary Prel

Tasks/Actions Source Entity Organization Cost Estimate Cos# Descriptive Title $ 1,000s FTE $ 1, FY03 FY2A1c Based on the outcome of the risk assessment, 

reevaluate priorities and refine or develop additional individual or multiple species action plans. 

EVOS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

a,b 

2A1d Coordinate participation in state, regional, national & 

international conferences. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

AK ANS Com. 5.0 b 

2A1e Participate in the Western Regional Panel on Aquatic 

Nuisance Species. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

AK ANS Com. 6.0 b 

2A1f Participate in the Pacific States Marine Fisheries 

Commission effort to coordinate and implement regional Aquatic Nuisance Species activities. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

AK ANS Com. 3.0 b 

2A1h Consult with the Washington Dept. of F&W and the 

British Columbia Transplant Committee re. Atlantic salmon. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

AK ANS Com. b 

2A2a The Commercial Shipping sub-committee work with 

maritime cargo vessel representatives, the Pacific Ballast Water Group, & other interested groups re. commercial shipping practices. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS Coordinator b 

2A2b The Recreational Boating and Sport Fishing subcommittee work with representatives of the recreational 

boating industry. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS Coordinator b 

2A2c The education/Research/Risk Assessment subcommittee work with representatives of aquarium trade. USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS Coordinator b 2A2d The Monitoring/Response/Control sub-committee will 

work with tribes, NGOs, state and federal agencies to prioritize monitoring efforts and develop response protocols. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS Coordinator b 

2A2e The Regulatory Reform sub-committee will review 

existing state laws and regulations 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS Coordinator b 

2A3a Identify a protocol for development of an invasive 

species list identifying species that cannot be introduced into Alaska or into select geographic areas in Alaska 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS Coordinator b 
33 

Fund Implem. Coop. Preliminary Prel

Tasks/Actions Source Entity Organization Cost Estimate Cos# Descriptive Title $ 1,000s FTE $ 1, FY03 FY2A3b Develop an annual process to: identify potential new 

threats to state waters; identify the threats associated with the spread of existing ANS; assess the relative environmental risks associated with these threats; and report findings. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

 b 

2A4a Initiate a training program for state troopers and 

commissioned fish and game enforcement officers on ANS identification and laws and regulations. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

 5.0 

2A4b Distribute information on ANS law to businesses that 

import aquatic organisms. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

DCED 1.0 1.0 

Goal 3: Detect, monitor, contain, reduce or eradicate populations of aquatic nuisance species as quickly as possible with a minimum of env

3A1a Based on the results of the risk assessment, develop 

and implement an overall monitoring program. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. ADF&G 50.0 

3A1b Develop and implement training to integrate ANS 

identification and reporting into field activities. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 25.0 

3A1c Develop a database out of which GIS maps can be built 

to show the locations of ANS sightings 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 20.0 

3A1d Develop a reporting system to receive information on 

suspected ANS 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 5.0 

3B1a Develop an Atlantic salmon interim action plan to address prevention, 

monitoring and eradication. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

25.0 25.0 

3B1b Implement a northern pike action plan to address prevention, monitoring 

and eradication. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

75.0 1.0 75.0 

3B1c Establish and administer an ANS response fund. USFWS/ State 

of Alaska 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

 100.0 

Goal 4: Educate the public and appropriate resource user groups to the importance of preventing ANS introductions, and how the harmful reduced. 4A1a Develop a public education and communication plan for 

ANS. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 10.0 0.1 10.0 

4A1b Develop an ANS website that includes images and 

directions on how to identify and report ANS sightings. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 15.0 
34 

Fund Implem. Coop. Preliminary Prel

Tasks/Actions Source Entity Organization Cost Estimate Cos# Descriptive Title $ 1,000s FTE $ 1, FY03 FY4A1c Include ANS GIS maps on the ANS website. USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 5.0 

4A1d Develop fliers and small license holder size 

identification cards for Atlantic salmon. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 2.0 

4A1e Publish an aquatic plant identification manual for 

Alaska. 

USFWS U of A, Sea 

Grant, DNR, DEC, USFS, USFWS 

ADF&G ANS Coordinator 

 

4A1f Develop ANS information to be distributed to 

community watershed groups. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

DEC 10.0 

4A1g Develop partnerships with media outlets. ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G b 

4A1h Identify key state publications into which ANS test and 

graphics can be included. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

b 

4A1i Develop information that can be easily incorporated into 

classroom curriculum 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

DOE 

4A1j Develop ANS educational materials for pet stores to be 

shared with retail & wholesale suppliers. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

DCED 5.0 

4A1k Develop ANS educational materials for pet stores to be 

distributed with customer purchases. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

DCED, U of A 

 1.0 

4A1l Develop a "good housekeeping" program for pet stores 

w/ good outreach programs and responsible polices. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 1.0 

4A2a Provide ANS training & identification material to 

aquaculture companies. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 5.0 

4A2b Provide information to fishing groups and fishers to 

monitor and report sighting of ANS 

USFWS ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G, U of A 

 10.0 

4A2c Develop a New Zealand mud snail education program CARA ADF&G 30.0 15.0 4B1a Provide educational briefing to state legislatures and 

legislative staff & to local elected officials. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G, U of A 

1.0 
35 

Fund Implem. Coop. Preliminary Prel

Tasks/Actions Source Entity Organization Cost Estimate Cos# Descriptive Title $ 1,000s FTE $ 1, FY03 FY4B1b Provide similar training to state agency leaders to build 

support for & incorporation of ANS programs. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS Coordinator ADF&G, U 

of A 

1.0 

Goal 5: Identify, develop, conduct and disseminate research on ANS that are identified as species of concern in Alaska. 5A1a Define ANS risks that affect ecosystems, human health 

and the economy and develop criteria for evaluating and classifying these risks. 

USFWS AK ANS 

Com. 

ADF&G 10.0 

5A1b Characterize potential ANS by identifying and 

describing traits associated with successful high-impact invaders. 

USFWS ADF&G U of A, Sea Grant, DNR, DEC, USFS, 

5A1c Characterize resources & habitats with highly "invadeable" ecological communities in Alaska. USFWS ADF&G U of A, Sea Grant, DNR, DEC, USFS, 5A1d Develop, maintain and publish a list of experts with a broad knowledge of aquatic 

taxonomic groups. 

ADF&G ANS Coordinator 

ADF&G, U of A 

2.0 

5A1e Maintain a database of ongoing West Coast & national ANS research efforts. ADF&G ANS 

Coordinator 

ADF&G 5.0 5.0 

5A1f Continue to develop and maintain a coordinated list of ANS and nonnative species 

known to occur in Alaska. 

ADF&G ANS Coordinator 

U of A, Sea Grant, DNR, DEC, USFS, USFWS 

b,c 

5A1g Develop a process to inform researchers and resource managers of recent and 

emerging ANS information and research. 

ADF&G ANS Coordinator 

U of A, Sea Grant, DNR, DEC, USFS, USFWS 

b 

5B1a Compile maps of major human activities that affect 

aquatic resources with invasions of ANS. 

USFWS AK ANS Com. 

5B1b Compare and contrast ANS management and control 

strategies to develop Best Management Practices for established populations or potential invasions of ANS in Alaska. 

USFWS ADF&G ANS Coordinator 
36 

Fund Implem. Coop. Preliminary Prel

Tasks/Actions Source Entity Organization Cost Estimate Cos# Descriptive Title $ 1,000s FTE $ 1, FY03 FYGoal 6: Take appropriate steps to insure that federal and state rules and regulations sufficiently promote the prevention and control of ANS. 6A1a Commission a law student to conduct a review of 

Alaska's ANS laws and regulations. 

ADF&G ADF&G 

6A1b Review Alaska state statutes that pertain to invasive 

species. 

ADF&G Law intern 0.2 

6A1c Review & report on the respective authorities of State 

agencies. 

ADF&G Law intern 0.2 

6A1d Identify potential for improved coordination and new 

legislation to strengthen Alaska’s statutes aimed at the prevention and treatment of invasive species. 

ADF&G Law intern 0.2 

6A1e Review & report on the compatibility of Alaska statutes 

with federal laws. 

ADF&G Law intern 0.2 

6A1f Review and report on the potential development of 

West Coast standards based on a review of statutes in the Western states. 

ADF&G Law intern 0.2 

6A1g Monitor the reauthorization of the National Invasive 

Species Act to ensure that Alaska's interests are addressed. 

ADF&G ADF&G ANS Coordinator 

Totals 373.0 690.0 

Sources of Funds for FFY03: (tentative) 

 Sustainable Salmon Fund 200.0  Green Crab research and monitoring funds 20.0  Atlantic Salmon research and monitoring fund 45.0  Sport Fish northern pike 75.0  CARA New Zealand mud snail 30.0  370.0 a USFWS dollars are not available until FY04. USFWS/federal dollars in FY03 are sustainable salmon b Coordinators duties. c Division staff duties. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

37 

IX. APPENDICES 

Appendix A. Literature Cited 

Alaska Journal of Commerce, April 30, 2002, BP cracks down on vermin in ballast: oil firm uses 

ozone to destroy exotic marine species. 

Anchorage Daily News, May 10, 2002. Biologists hook Atlantic salmon in river near Cordova 

INVADER: Fish likely escaped from Washington or British Columbia farm. 

Anchorage Daily News, “Sitka Contends with Knotweed, Nuisance: It is dubbed the 

Schwarzenegger of the plant world by foes.” October 8, 2001. 

Anchorage Daily News, August 3, 2001. Pew report: farmed salmon pose risk to Alaska wild 

stocks. Alaska officials concerned about possible release of farmed salmon into wild. 

Animal Planet, April 30, 2002, Invasive Marine Animals Travel by Plastic. 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations of the 

Intentional Introductions Policy Review. Report to Congress. August 1993. 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Guidance for State and Interstate Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Management Plans, no date. 

Beeton, Alfred M. et al. Ballast Exchange Study: Consideration of Back-up Exchange Zones and 

Environmental Effects of Ballast Exchange and Ballast Release, a Report to the National 

Sea Grant Program, Washington, DC. November 1998. 

California Native Plant Society, Policy on the Intentional Introduction of Non-Native Species, April 

23, 1999. 

Carlton, James T. Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters, Pews Ocean Commission, 2001. 

Denver Post, Wednesday, June 05, 2002, Golden algae's appearance a mystery, game fish die off 

rapidly. 

Ecological Society of America, Invasive Species Fact Sheet, Summer 1998. 

Eldredge, L.G. and C.M. Smith, editors. A Guidebook of Introduced Marine Species in Hawaii. 

Bishop Museum Technical Report 21, August 2001. 

Elston, Ralph. Pathways and Management of Marine Nonindigenous Species in Shared Waters of 

British Columbia and Washington. January 1997. Prepared for Puget Sound Water Quality 

Authority, US Environmental Protection Agency Region 10, and Department of Fisheries 

and Oceans, Canada. 

Florida Invasive Species Working Group, Statewide Invasive Species Management Plan for 

Florida, public review draft, February 28, 2002. 

Glassner-Shwayder, Katherine. A Model Comprehensive State Management Plan for the 

Prevention and Control of Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Species: Report to the Great 

Lakes States. Environmental Quality and Resource Management Program, Great Lakes 

Commission, January 1996. 

Hanson, Erik and Mark Sytsma. Oregon Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan. Center for 

Lakes and Reservoirs, Portland State University. June 2001. 

Hebert, Michele. Strategic Plan for Noxious and Invasive Plants Management in Alaska: 

Prevention is the Best Tool. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 

December 2001. 

Hines, Anson H. and Gregory M. Ruiz. Biological Invasions of Cold-Water Coastal Ecosystems: 

Ballast-Mediated Introductions in Port Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alaska. March 2000. 

Klironomos, John N. “Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in 

communities.” Nature, Vol. 417, pp. 67-70, 2002. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

38

MacBride, Laurie. Submission to the Leggatt Inquiry on Salmon Aquaculture. October 5, 2001. 

Mack, Richard, et al. “Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences and 

Control.” Issues in Ecology, No. 5, Spring 2000. 

Mack, Richard N., Daniel Simberloff, W. Mark Lonsdale, Harry Evans, Michael Clout, Fakhri A. 

Bazzaz, 2000: “Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences, and 

Control.” Ecological Applications: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 689–710. 

McKnight, Bill N., ed. Biological Pollution: The Control and Impact of Invasive Exotic Species. 

Indiana: Indiana Academy of Science. 1993. 

Meacham, Pamala, coordinator, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington State 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan, October 2001. 

Missoulian, April 20, 2002. Pike for the poor: program provides excellent meals for the needy, 

while helping remove illegal fish from Milltown. 

Morton, Alexandra. Observation on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) captured by sport and 

commercial fisheries on the central coast of British Columbia. Submission to the Leggatt 

Inquiry. No date. 

Mother Jones, November/December 2001, Aquaculture’s Troubled Harvest: raising salmon in 

ocean pens supposed to preserve wild and feed the world but all over the globe, industrialstyle fish farming is threatening native fish and ecosystems that depend on them. 

Nadol, Viki, “Aquatic Invasive Species in the Coastal West: An Analysis of State Regulation 

within a Federal Framework”, Environmental Law, Volume 29, Issue 2, Summer 1999. 

Naylor, Rosamond, “The Economics of Alien Species Invasions,” in: Harold A. Mooney and 

Richard J. Hobbs, eds. Invasive Species in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Island 

Press, 1999. 

Naylor, Rosamond L., Susan L. Williams, and Donald R. Strong. “Aquaculture—a Gateway for 

Exotic Species. Science, Vol. 294, 23 November, 2001, pp. 1655-1656. 

New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish and Wildlife. 

Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Comprehensive Management Plan. November 1993. 

Pacific Ballast Water Group, WORKING DRAFT Report and Recommendations on Voluntary 

Ballast Water Exchange, no date. 

Robilliard, Gordon A. and Andrew Cohen. Potential Introduction of Nonindigenous Species to 

Prince William Sound, Alaska via Discharge of Tanker Ballast Water. Prepared for BP Oil 

Company, December 1996. 

Reuters, March 29, 2002, New Zealand to ban pet ferrets to protect birdlife. 

Risk Assessment and Management Committee, Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Generic 

Nonindigenous Aquatic Organisms Risk Analysis Review Process (For Estimating Risk 

Associated with the Introduction on Nonindigenous Aquatic Organisms and how to Manage 

that Risk). October 21, 1996. 

Sacramento Bee, May 26, 2002, State keeps fishing for an answer to pike. 

San Francisco Chronicle, April 25, 2002, 4 cruise lines sued over ballast dumping: bay area groups 

say water goes untreated. 

Science, News Focus, September 17, 1999, Biological invaders sweep in, Vol. 285, pp. 1834-1843. 

Tacoma News Tribune, June 04, 2002, Stemming a beetle invasion: State wants to clear 1,000 trees 

near Tukwila nursery. 

Union of Concerned Scientists. The Science of Invasive Species. November 2001. 

United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

National Marine Fisheries Service. Review of Potential Impacts of Atlantic Salmon Culture 

on Puget Sound Chinook Salmon and Hood Canal Summer-Run Chum Salmon 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

39 

Evolutionarily Significant Units. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-53, June 

2002. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Aquatic Nuisance Species in Ballast Water 

Discharges: Issues and Options. Draft Report for Public Comment. Washington. September 

2001. 

United States Geological Survey. Summary Report of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service Region 4. Florida. March 2001. 

Van der Putten, Wim H., “How to be Invasive.” Nature, Vol. 417, pp. 32-33, 2002. 

Volpe, John P., Bradley R. Anholt, and Barry W. Glickman. “Competition among juvenile Atlantic 

salmon (Salmo salar) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): relevance to invasion potential 

in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58: 197-207 

(2001). 

Washington Sea Grant Program. Chinese Mitten Crab. Non-Indigenous Species Facts. 2000. May 

24, 2002 http://www.wsg.washington.edu/outreach/mas/nis/mittencrab.html

Washington Sea Grant Program. Green Crab. Non-Indigenous Species Facts. 2001. May 24, 2002. 

http://www.wsg.washington.edu/outreach/mas/aquaculture/crab.html

Washington Sea Grant Program. Bio-invasions: Breaching Natural Barriers. October 2000. 

Washington Sea Grant Program and US Environmental Protection Agency. Protect The 

Environment: Don’t Dump Live Aquarium Pets or Animal Bulletin. no date.

Western Regional Panel on Aquatic Nuisance Species, Annual Report 2000-2001, February 2002. 

Whirling Disease Foundation website, http://www.whirling-disease.org/, June 2002. 

Yamada, Sylvia B. Global Invader: The European Green Crab. Oregon State University. 2001. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

40

Appendix B: Glossary 

ACCIDENTAL INTRODUCTION – An introduction of non-native aquatic species that occurs as 

the result of activities other than the purposeful or intentional introduction of the species 

involved, such as the transport of nonnative species in ballast water or in water used to 

transport fish, mollusks, or crustaceans for aquaculture or other purposes. 

ALIEN SPECIES – With respect to a particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, eggs, 

spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not native to 

that ecosystem. 

AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES – A nonindigenous species that threatens the diversity or 

abundance of native species or the ecological stability of infested waters, or commercial, 

agricultural, aquacultural or recreational activities dependent on such waters. Aquatic nuisance 

species include nonindigenous species that may occur in inland, estuarine and marine waters 

and that presently or potentially threaten ecological processes and natural resources. In 

addition to adversely affecting activities dependent on waters of the United States, aquatic 

nuisance species adversely affect individuals, including health effects. 

AQUATIC SPECIES – All animals and plants as well as pathogens or parasites of aquatic animals 

and plants totally dependent on aquatic ecosystems for at least a portion of their life cycle. 

Bacteria, viruses, parasites and other pathogens of humans are excluded. 

BAIT – Species used as bait for recreational fishing including fish, worms, and other invertebrates. 

BALLAST WATER – Any water and associated sediments used to manipulate the trim and 

stability of a vessel. 

BIOCONTROL – The use of living organisms, such as predators, parasites, and pathogens, to 

control pest insects, weeds, or diseases. 

CONTROL – Activities to eliminate or reduce the effects of aquatic nuisance species, including 

efforts to eradicate infestations, reduce populations of aquatic nuisance species, develop 

means to adapt human activities and facilities to accommodate infestations, and prevent the 

spread of aquatic nuisance species from infested areas. Control may involve activities to 

protect native species likely to be adversely affected by aquatic nuisance species. Preventing 

the spread of aquatic nuisance species is addressed in the Prevention Element of the proposed 

Program; all other control activities are included in the Control Element. 

ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY – The extent to which an ecosystem has been altered by human 

behavior; an ecosystem with minimal impact from human activity has a high level of integrity; 

an ecosystem that has been substantially altered by human activity has a low level of integrity 

ECOSYSTEM – The biological organisms in an ecological community and the non-living factors 

of the environment. 

ENTRY POTENTIAL – The relative ability of an organism to penetrate the borders of a given area 

within a time interval. 

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND – Methods, efforts, actions or programs to prevent introductions or 

control infestations of aquatic nuisance species that minimize adverse impacts to the structure 

and function of an ecosystem and adverse effects on non-target organisms and ecosystems and 

emphasize integrated pest management techniques and nonchemical measures. 

ERADICATE – The act or process of eliminating an aquatic nuisance species. 

ESTABLISHED – An introduced organism with a permanent population(s), i.e., one unlikely to be 

eliminated by man or natural causes (Shafland and Lewis 1984). 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

41 

EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE – The Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States 

established by Proclamation Number 5030 of March 10, 1983, and the equivalent zone of 

Canada. 

EXOTIC – (same as nonnative) An organism introduced from a foreign country (i.e., one whose 

entire native range is outside the country where found) (Shafland and Lewis 1984). A 

subcategory of introduced. 

FEDERAL CONSISTENCY – The requirement under the Coastal Zone Management Act that 

stipulates that federal actions that are reasonably likely to affect land or water use or natural 

resources of the coastal zone be consistent with the enforceable policies of a coastal state’s 

federally approved coastal management program (CMP). A coastal state reviews the federal 

action to determine if the proposed action will be consistent with the CMP. 

INDIGENOUS – Occurring naturally in a particular area or ecosystem; historically occurring in 

geographic range previous to the arrival of the first European settlers; a species that is a 

member of the native natural community (Fuller et al. 1999). Excludes species descended 

from domesticated ancestors. 

INTENTIONAL INTRODUCTION – The knowing import or introduction of nonindigenous 

species into, or transport through, an area or ecosystem where it was not previously 

established. Even when there is no intent to introduce an aquatic organism into an ecosystem, 

escapement, accidental release, improper disposal (e.g., "aquarium dumps") or similar releases 

are the virtual inevitable consequences of an intentional introduction, not an unintentional 

introduction. Synonyms: Purposeful, Deliberate. 

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT – The control of pests utilizing a practical, economical, 

and scientifically based combination of chemical, biological, mechanical or physical, and 

cultural control methods. Coordinated application of non-chemical control methods is 

emphasized in order to reduce or eliminate the need for pesticides. Integrated pest 

management is a balanced approach that considers hazard to the environment, efficacy, costs, 

and vulnerability of the pest. It requires: (1) identification of acceptable thresholds of damage; 

(2) environmental monitoring; and (3) a carefully designed control program to limit damage 

from the pest to a predetermined acceptable level. 

INTRODUCTION – The intentional or unintentional escape, release, dissemination, or placement 

of a species into Alaska ecosystem as a result of human activity. 

INVASIVE SPECIES – A nonindigenous species that has the ability to establish self-sustaining, 

expanding, free-living populations, and may cause economic and/or environmental harm. 

LOCALIZED – A confined, reproducing population of an introduced organism that can be 

eliminated using standard methods (Shafland and Lewis 1984). 

LOCALLY ESTABLISHED – An introduced organism with one or more naturally reproducing 

populations but with a very restricted distribution and no evidence of natural range expansion 

(in general, limited to a relatively confined area, such as a small lake) (Fuller et al. 1999). 

NATIVE SPECIES – A species within its natural range or natural zone of dispersal, i.e., within the 

range it could or would occupy without direct or indirect introduction and/or care by humans. 

It excludes species descended from domesticated ancestors. 

NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES (synonyms: exotic or non-native species) – Means, with respect to a 

particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological 

material capable of propagating that species, which is not native to Alaska. 

ORGANISM – Any active, infective, or dormant stage of life form of an entity characterized as 

living, including vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas, 

viroids, viruses, or any entity characterized as living, related to the foregoing. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

42

PATHWAYS – Natural and human connections that allow movement of species or their 

reproductive propagules from place to place. 

PIONEER INFESTATION – A small ANS colony that has spread to a new area from an 

established colony. 

PREVENTION – Measures to minimize the risk of unintentional introductions of nonindigenous 

aquatic species that are, or could become, aquatic nuisance species into waters of the United 

States. 

PRIORITY SPECIES – An ANS that is considered to be a significant threat to Alaska waters and is 

recommended for immediate or continued management action to minimize or eliminate their 

impact. 

PUBLIC FACILITIES – Federal, state, regional, and local government-owned or controlled 

buildings, structures and other man-made facilities, including water intakes, boat docks, 

electrical power plants, locks and dams, levees, water control structures, and publicly owned 

fish culture facilities. Electric generating stations, water supply systems, and similar facilities 

operated by public utilities or other non-governmental entities are also considered public 

facilities. 

RISK – Is the likelihood and magnitude of an adverse event. 

RISK ANALYSIS – The process that includes both risk assessment and risk management. 

RISK ASSESSMENT – A science-based process to evaluate the economic and/or environmental 

risk(s) of non-indigenous species. 

SPECIES – A group of organisms, all of which have a high degree of physical and genetic 

similarity, can generally interbreed only among themselves, and show persistent differences 

from members of allied species. Species may include subspecies, populations, stocks, or other 

taxonomic classifications less than full species. 

STAKEHOLDERS – Any and all interested parties. 

TRANSFERS – Introductions within the native range of a species (allendorf 1991). 

TRANSPLANTED – An organism moved outside its native range but within a country where it 

occurs naturally6 (i.e., one whose native range includes at least a portion of the country where 

found) (Shafland and Lewis 1984. A subcategory of introduced. 

UNINTENTIONAL INTRODUCTION – An introduction of nonindigenous species that occurs as 

a result of activities other than the purposeful or intentional introduction of the species 

involved, such as the transport of nonindigenous species in ballast or in water used to transport 

fish, mollusks or crustaceans for aquaculture or other purpose. Involved is the release, often 

unknowingly, of nonindigenous organisms without any specific purpose. The virtually 

inevitable escapement, accidental release, improper disposal (e.g., "aquarium dumping") or 

similar releases of intentionally introduced nonindigenous species do not constitute 

unintentional introductions. Synonyms: Accidental, Incidental, Inadvertent. 

VECTOR – A biological pathway for a disease or parasite, i.e., an organism that transmits 

pathogens to various hosts. Not a synonym for Pathways as that term is used in the proposed 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Program. 

WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES – The navigable waters and the territorial sea of the United 

States. Since aquatic nuisance species can move or be transported by currents into navigable 

waters, all internal waters of the United States, including its territories and possessions, are 

included. The Territorial Sea of the United States is that established by Presidential 

Proclamation Number 5928 of December 27, 1988. Synonyms: United States Waters. 

WATERSHED – An entire drainage basin including all living and nonliving components. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

43 

Appendix C. Acronyms 

ADF&G – Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

ANS – Aquatic Nuisance Species 

DEC – Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation 

DNR – Alaska Department of Natural Resources 

EVOS – Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 

NISA – National Invasive Species Act 

NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association 

PBWG – Pacific Ballast Water Group 

PWS – Prince William Sound 

PWS RCAC – Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council 

USCG – United States Coast Guard 

USGS – United States Geological Survey 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

44

Appendix D. Alaska Statutes and Regulations Pertinent to Invasive Species 

DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME 

Title 16. Fish and Game 

Chapter 5. Fish and Game Code 

AS 16.05.010. Commissioner of fish and game. 

The commissioner is the principal executive officer of the Department of Fish and Game. The 

commissioner shall be a qualified executive with knowledge of the requirements for the protection, 

management, conservation, and restoration of the fish and game resources of the state. 

AS 16.05.020. Functions of commissioner.

The commissioner shall 

(1) supervise and control the department, and may appoint and employ division heads, 

enforcement agents, and the technical, clerical, and other assistants necessary for the 

general administration of the department; 

(2) manage, protect, maintain, improve, and extend the fish, game and aquatic plant resources 

of the state in the interest of the economy and general well-being of the state; 

(3) have necessary power to accomplish the foregoing including, but not limited to, the power 

to delegate authority to subordinate officers and employees of the department. 

AS 16.05.251. Regulations of the Board of Fisheries. 

(a) The Board of Fisheries may adopt regulations it considers advisable in accordance with AS 

44.62 (Administrative Procedure Act) for 

(1) setting apart fish reserve areas, refuges, and sanctuaries in the waters of the state over 

which it has jurisdiction, subject to the approval of the legislature; 

(2) establishing open and closed seasons and areas for the taking of fish; if consistent with 

resource conservation and development goals, the board may adopt regulations 

establishing restricted seasons and areas necessary for persons 60 years of age and older to 

participate in sport, personal use, or subsistence fishing; 

(3) setting quotas, bag limits, harvest levels, and sex and size limitations on the taking of fish; 

(4) establishing the means and methods employed in the pursuit, capture, and transport of fish; 

(5) establishing marking and identification requirements for means used in pursuit, capture, 

and transport of fish; 

(6) classifying as commercial fish, sport fish, guided sport fish, personal use fish, subsistence 

fish, or predators or other categories essential for regulatory purposes; 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(7) watershed and habitat improvement, and management, conservation, protection, use, 

disposal, propagation, and stocking of fish; 

(8) investigating and determining the extent and effect of disease, predation, and competition 

among fish in the state, exercising control measures considered necessary to the resources 

of the state; 

(9) prohibiting and regulating the live capture, possession, transport, or release of native 

or exotic fish or their eggs; 

(10) establishing seasons, areas, quotas, and methods of harvest for aquatic plants; 

(11) establishing the times and dates during which the issuance of fishing licenses, permits, and 

registrations and the transfer of permits and registrations between registration areas is 

allowed; however, this paragraph does not apply to permits issued or transferred under AS 

16.43; 

(12) regulating commercial, sport, guided sport, subsistence, and personal use fishing as needed 

for the conservation, development, and utilization of fisheries; 

(13) requiring, in a fishery, observers on board fishing vessels, as defined in AS 16.05.475 (d), 

that are registered under the laws of the state, as defined in AS16.05.475 (c), after making 

a written determination that an on-board observer program 

(A) is the only practical data-gathering or enforcement mechanism for that fishery; 

(B) will not unduly disrupt the fishery; 

(C) can be conducted at a reasonable cost; and 

(D) can be coordinated with observer programs of other agencies, including the National 

Marine Fisheries Service, North Pacific Fishery Management Council, and the 

International Pacific Halibut Commission; 

(14) establishing nonexclusive, exclusive, and super exclusive registration and use areas for 

regulating commercial fishing; 

(15) regulating resident or nonresident sport fishermen as needed for the conservation, 

development, and utilization of fishery resources; 

(16) requiring unlicensed fishing vessels present in or transiting the waters of the state to 

report to the department the quantity, species, and origin of fish on board; in this paragraph, 

"unlicensed fishing vessel" means a fishing vessel that is not licensed under AS 16.05.490 - 

16.05.530. 

(b) [Repealed, Sec. 12 ch 52 SLA 1986]. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(c) If the Board of Fisheries denies a petition or proposal to amend, adopt, or repeal a regulation, 

the board, upon receiving a written request from the sponsor of the petition or proposal, shall in 

addition to the requirements of AS 44.62.230 provide a written explanation for the denial to the 

sponsor not later than 30 days after the board has officially met and denied the sponsor's 

petition or proposal, or 30 days after receiving the request for an explanation, whichever is 

later. 

(d) Regulations adopted under (a) of this section must, consistent with sustained yield and the 

provisions of AS 16.05.258 , provide a fair and reasonable opportunity for the taking of fishery 

resources by personal use, sport, and commercial fishermen. 

(e) The Board of Fisheries may allocate fishery resources among personal use, sport, guided sport, 

and commercial fisheries. The board shall adopt criteria for the allocation of fishery resources 

and shall use the criteria as appropriate to particular allocation decisions. The criteria may 

include factors such as 

(1) the history of each personal use, sport, guided sport, and commercial fishery; 

(2) the number of residents and nonresidents who have participated in each fishery in the past 

and the number of residents and nonresidents who can reasonably be expected to 

participate in the future; 

(3) the importance of each fishery for providing residents the opportunity to obtain fish for 

personal and family consumption; 

(4) the availability of alternative fisheries resources; 

(5) the importance of each fishery to the economy of the state; 

(6) the importance of each fishery to the economy of the region and local area in which the 

fishery is located; 

(7) the importance of each fishery in providing recreational opportunities for residents and 

nonresidents. 

(f) Except as expressly provided in AS 16.40.120 (e) and 16.40.130, the Board of Fisheries may not 

adopt regulations or take action regarding the issuance, denial, or conditioning of a permit 

under AS 16.40.100 or 16.40.120, the construction or operation of a farm or hatchery required 

to have a permit under AS 16.40.100, or a harvest with a permit issued under AS 16.40.120 . 

(g) The Board of Fisheries shall consider a request of the commissioner for approval of a petition to 

the Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission to establish a moratorium on new entrants 

into a commercial fishery under AS 16.43.225 at the board's next regular or special meeting that 

follows the receipt by the board of the request for approval of the petition and that allows time 

for the notice required under this subsection. The board may consider the request of the 

commissioner for approval of the petition only after 15 days' public notice of the board's 

intention to consider approval of the petition. The board shall consider whether the 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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commissioner, in support of the request for approval of the petition, has adequately shown that 

the fishery meets requirements for a moratorium on new entrants under AS 16.05.050. The 

board by a majority vote of its members at the meeting when the petition must be considered 

shall approve or disapprove the petition. 

(h) The Board of Fisheries shall adopt by regulation a policy for the management of mixed stock 

fisheries. The policy shall provide for the management of mixed stock fisheries in a manner that 

is consistent with sustained yield of wild fish stocks.

AS 16.05.255. Regulations of the Board of Game; Management Requirements.

(a) The Board of Game may adopt regulations it considers advisable in accordance with AS 44.62 

(Administrative Procedure Act) for 

(1) setting apart game reserve areas, refuges, and sanctuaries in the water or on the land of the 

state over which it has jurisdiction, subject to the approval of the legislature; 

(2) establishing open and closed seasons and areas for the taking of game; 

(3) establishing the means and methods employed in the pursuit, capture, taking, and transport 

of game, including regulations, consistent with resource conservation and development 

goals, establishing means and methods that may be employed by persons with physical 

disabilities; 

(4) setting quotas, bag limits, harvest levels, and sex, age, and size limitations on the taking of 

game; 

(5) classifying game as game birds, songbirds, big game animals, fur bearing animals, 

predators, or other categories; 

(6) methods, means, and harvest levels necessary to control predation and competition among 

game in the state; 

(7) watershed and habitat improvement, and management, conservation, protection, use, 

disposal, propagation, and stocking of game; 

(8) prohibiting the live capture, possession, transport, or release of native or exotic game or 

their eggs; 

(9) establishing the times and dates during which the issuance of game licenses, permits, and 

registrations and the transfer of permits and registrations between registration areas and 

game management units or subunits is allowed; 

(10) regulating sport hunting and subsistence hunting as needed for the conservation, 

development, and utilization of game; 

(11) taking game to ensure public safety. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(b) [Repealed, Sec. 12 ch 52 SLA 1986]. 

(c) If the Board of Game denies a petition or proposal to amend, adopt, or repeal a regulation, the 

board, upon receiving a written request from the sponsor of the petition or proposal, shall in 

addition to the requirements of AS 44.62.230 provide a written explanation for the denial to the 

sponsor not later than 30 days after the board has officially met and denied the sponsor's 

petition or proposal, or 30 days after receiving the request for an explanation, whichever is 

later. 

(d) Regulations adopted under (a) of this section must provide that, consistent with the provisions 

of AS 16.05.258, the taking of moose, deer, elk, and caribou by residents for personal or family 

consumption has preference over taking by nonresidents. 

(e) The Board of Game shall adopt regulations to provide for intensive management programs to 

restore the abundance or productivity of identified big game prey populations as necessary to 

achieve human consumptive use goals of the board in an area where the board has determined 

that 

(1) consumptive use of the big game prey population is a preferred use; 

(2) depletion of the big game prey population or reduction of the productivity of the big game 

prey population has occurred and may result in a significant reduction in the allowable 

human harvest of the population; and 

(3) enhancement of abundance or productivity of the big game prey population is feasibly 

achievable utilizing recognized and prudent active management techniques. 

(f) The Board of Game may not significantly reduce the taking of an identified big game prey 

population by adopting regulations relating to restrictions on harvest or access to the 

population, or to management of the population by customary adjustments in seasons, bag 

limits, open and closed areas, methods and means, or by other customary means authorized 

under (a) of this section, unless the board has adopted regulations, or has scheduled for 

adoption at the next regularly scheduled meeting of the board regulations, that provide for 

intensive management to increase the take of the population for human harvest consistent with 

(e) of this section. 

This subsection does not apply if the board 

(1) determines that intensive management would be 

(A) ineffective, based on scientific information; 

(B) inappropriate due to land ownership patterns; or 

(C) against the best interest of subsistence uses; or 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(2) declares that a biological emergency exists and takes immediate action to protect or 

maintain the big game prey population in conjunction with the scheduling for adoption of 

those regulations that are necessary to implement (e) of this section. 

(g) The Board of Game shall establish population and harvest goals and seasons for intensive 

management of identified big game prey populations to achieve a high level of human harvest. 

(h) [Repealed, 2000 Ballot Measure No. 6]. 

(i) For the purpose of encouraging adults to take children hunting, the board shall establish annual 

hunting seasons in appropriate areas of the state for big game, other than bison and musk ox, 

that are open before schools start in the fall and before regular hunting seasons begin. Only a 

resident child accompanied by a resident adult or a child accompanied by the child's resident 

parent, resident stepparent, or resident legal guardian may take big game in an area where a 

season established under this subsection is in effect. The adult, parent, stepparent, or legal 

guardian who accompanies the child may only assist the child in taking big game. A big game 

animal taken under this subsection must be counted against the bag limits of both the child and 

the adult, parent, stepparent, or legal guardian who accompanies the child. In this subsection, 

(1) "adult" means an individual who is 21 years of age or older; 

(2) "child" means an individual who is not more than 17 years of age and not younger than 

eight years of age. 

(j) In this section, 

(1) "harvestable surplus" means the number of animals that is estimated to equal the number 

of offspring born in a game population during a year less the number of animals required 

for recruitment for population maintenance and enhancement, when necessary, and the 

number of animals in the population that died from all causes, other than predation or 

human harvest, during that year; 

(2) "high level of human harvest" means the allocation of a sufficient portion of the 

harvestable surplus of a game population to achieve a high probability of success for 

human harvest of the game population based on biological capabilities of the population 

and considering hunter demand; 

(3) "identified big game prey population" means a population of ungulates that is identified by 

the Board of Game and that is important for providing high levels of harvest for human 

consumptive use; 

(4) "intensive management" means management of an identified big game prey population 

consistent with sustained yield through active management measures to enhance, extend, 

and develop the population to maintain high levels or provide for higher levels of human 

harvest, including control of predation and prescribed or planned use of fire and other 

habitat improvement techniques. 
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(5) "sustained yield" means the achievement and maintenance in perpetuity of the ability to 

support a high level of human harvest of game, subject to preferences among beneficial 

uses, on an annual or periodic basis. 

AS 16.05.920. Prohibited Conduct Generally.

(a) Unless permitted by AS 16.05 - AS 16.40 or by regulation adopted under AS 16.05 - AS 

16.40, a person may not take, possess, transport, sell, offer to sell, purchase, or offer to 

purchase fish, game, or marine aquatic plants, or any part of fish, game, or aquatic plants, 

or a nest or egg of fish or game. 

(b) A person may not knowingly disturb, injure, or destroy a notice, signboard, seal, tag, aircraft, 

boat, vessel, automobile, paraphernalia, equipment, building, or other improvement or property 

of the department used in the administration or enforcement of this title except AS 16.51 and 

AS 16.52, or a poster or notice to the public concerning the provisions of this title except AS 

16.51 and AS 16.52, or a regulation adopted under this title except AS 16.51 and AS 16.52, or a 

marker indicating the boundary of an area closed to hunting, trapping, fishing, or other special 

use under this title except AS 16.51 and AS 16.52. A person may not knowingly destroy, 

remove, tamper with, or imitate a seal or tag issued or used by the department or attached under 

its authority to a skin, portion, or specimen of fish or game, or other article for the purpose of 

identification or authentication in accordance with this title except AS 16.51 and AS 16.52 or a 

regulation adopted under this title except AS 16.51 and AS 16.52. 

AS 16.05.921. Venomous Reptiles and Insects or Their Eggs; Prohibited Conduct; Permits. 

(a) A person may not import, possess, transport, or release in the state live venomous reptiles, live 

venomous reptile eggs, live venomous insects, or live venomous insect eggs, except in 

accordance with the terms of a permit issued under (b) of this section. This prohibition does not 

apply to bees as defined in AS 03.47.040. A person who violates this subsection is guilty of a 

misdemeanor and may be cited as set out in AS 16.05.165. 

(b) A permit required under (a) of this section may be granted only if, in the determination of the 

commissioner, the applicant demonstrates a valid educational purpose for seeking the permit. A 

valid educational purpose includes display in educational institutions and in zoos. 

AS 16.05.940 Definitions. 

In AS 16.05-AS 16.40, unless the context otherwise requires, “fish" means any species of aquatic 

finfish, invertebrate, or amphibian, in any stage of its life cycle, found in or introduced into the 

state, and includes any part of such aquatic finfish, invertebrate, or amphibian. 

Chapter 20. Conservation and Protection of Alaskan Wildlife. 

AS 16.20 Conservation and Protection of Alaskan Wildlife. 

Under this statute, the ADF&G manages state legislatively designated refuges, sanctuaries, and 

critical habitat areas with authority over terrestrial and aquatic plant species. Many of the Special 

Area Permits issued by the Habitat and Restoration Division for activities in these special areas 

explicitly prohibit introduction of exotic plant species. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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Chapter 40. Commercial Use of Fish and Game. 

AS 16.40.100. Aquatic Farm and Hatchery Permits. 

(a) A person may not, without a permit from the commissioner, construct or operate 

(1) an aquatic farm; or 

(2) a hatchery for the purpose of supplying aquatic plants or shellfish to an aquatic farm. 

(b) A permit issued under this section authorizes the permittee, subject to the conditions of AS 

16.40.100 - 16.40.199 and AS 17.20, to acquire, purchase, offer to purchase, transfer, possess, 

sell, and offer to sell stock and aquatic farm products that are used or reared at the hatchery or 

aquatic farm. A person who holds a permit under this section may sell or offer to sell shellfish 

stock to the department or to an aquatic farm or related hatchery outside of the state. 

(c) The commissioner may attach conditions to a permit issued under this section that are necessary 

to protect natural fish and wildlife resources. 

(d) Notwithstanding other provisions of law, the commissioner may not issue a permit under this 

section for the farming of, or hatchery operations involving, Atlantic salmon. 

Alaska Administrative Code. 

Title 5. Fish and Game 

Chapter 1. Subsistence Fin Fishing 

05 AAC 01.010. Methods, Means, and General Provisions. 

The use of live nonindigenous fish as bait is prohibited.

Chapter 27. Herring Fishery 

05 AAC 27.334. Harvest Specifications and Operations for the Herring Spawn-On-Kelp 

Pound Fishery in Prince William Sound Area.

A permit issued by the commissioner is not required for the harvest of spawn on kelp in pounds. 

The following provisions apply to the herring spawn-on-kelp pound fishery: 

(1) after fishing commences in a pound, no more than four persons may use that pound at any 

time, except that if the department determines that the maximum number of kelp blades 

that a person may maintain in a pound, established under (5) of this section, will not be 

enough substrate for adequate spawn deposition to produce a commercially valuable 

spawn-on-kelp product, based on kelp blade density and the volume of the pound, the 

department may allow more than four persons to use a pound at any time; if the 

department allows more than four persons to use a pound under this paragraph, the 

department will provide public notice of the number of persons allowed; 
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(2) if more than one person uses a pound, from the time fishing commences in the pound until 

all herring spawn on kelp has been removed from the pound, the pound may not contain 

more than the amount of herring or kelp that all persons using the pound may, in the 

aggregate, legally maintain in it; each person using the pound has a duty to ensure that the 

pound does not, at any time, contain more than the legal amount of herring or kelp; 

(3) for a closed pound, fishing commences when herring are introduced into the pound; once 

herring are introduced into a closed pound, all herring must remain in the pound until the 

department has authorized the release of the herring; 

(4) For an open pound, fishing commences when kelp is placed into the water within the 

pound; before operating an open pound, a person must notify the department of that 

person's intent to operate an open pound for the fishing season; once a person has notified 

the department of that person's intent to operate an open pound under this paragraph, that 

person may not use a closed pound during the remainder of that season; 

(5) before each fishing season the department, consistent with 5 AAC 27.365(d) (2), shall 

establish the maximum amount of herring that a person may take and maintain in a pound, 

and the maximum number of blades of kelp that a person may maintain in a pound after 

fishing commences; the department shall provide public notice of that amount and number; 

a person who notifies the department before April 1 of that person's intent to operate an 

open pound shall receive an increase in the maximum amount of kelp blades established in 

this paragraph that is calculated on the basis of the wild spawn-on-kelp conversion factor 

described in 5 AAC 27.365(d) (1); 

(6) a person may use a closed herring pound only north and east of a line from Porcupine 

Point to Point Freemantle, unless otherwise provided by emergency order; a person may 

use an open herring pound throughout the Prince William Sound Area in areas established 

by emergency order; 

(7) notwithstanding 5 AAC 37.100 and 5 AAC 37.200, a person may take kelp for the herring 

spawn-on-kelp pound fishery anywhere in the Prince William Sound Area unless 

otherwise provided by emergency order; 

(8) for the herring spawn-on-kelp pound fishery, a person may take kelp by hand and may take 

the entire plant including the stipe (stem) and holdfast; 

(9) before a person places kelp in a pound, the person must plainly and legibly mark the 

person's name and five-digit CFEC permit number in characters that are at least two inches 

high and one-half inch wide in a color that contrasts with the pound background and that 

are mounted on the exterior of the pound and are plainly visible and not obscured in any 

way; 

(10) after fishing commences and until the season closes, the CFEC permit number or numbers 

marked on a pound may not change; 
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(11) before the commencement of fishing, a person shall plainly and legibly mark all of that 

person's lines of kelp blades with the person's name and shall indicate on each line of kelp 

blades the number of blades attached to that line; 

(12) at the time fishing commences, during the capture and transfer of herring into the pound, 

and during the harvest of herring spawn on kelp produced in the pound, a person using a 

closed pound must be present at the pound, at a support shelter near the pound, or on a 

fishing vessel while the vessel is being used to harvest herring or transfer herring to the 

pound; 

(13) a person using an open pound must be present at the pound, or near the pound at a structure 

or on a vessel used in support of the operation, when kelp is placed in the water and during 

the harvest of herring spawn on kelp produced in the pound; 

(14) a person using a closed pound shall notify the department before dropping the webbing; 

after the webbing has been dropped, the pound may only be used as an open pound during 

the remainder of that season; 

(15) a person may not place herring in a pound after the fifth day following the day on which 

the person first placed herring in the pound; 

(16) a person may not hold herring in a pound after the seventh day following the day on which 

the person first placed herring into the pound; 

(17) herring that die during capture, transfer, or holding will be counted toward the legal 

amount of herring that may be taken by the person who captured, transferred, or held the 

herring; 

(18) a person using a pound shall weigh the spawn on kelp when the person removes spawn on 

kelp from the pound; 

(19) if more than one person uses a pound, a person removing spawn on kelp from the pound 

shall 

(A) from the time spawn on kelp is removed until it is processed, segregate that spawn on 

kelp from spawn on kelp that is possessed by other persons using the pound; 

(B) weigh the quantity of spawn on kelp that is possessed by that person and provide the 

weight to a buyer for recording on a fish ticket; 

(20) a person may not transfer herring between pounds; 

(21) after release of herring from a pound, a person using the pound shall keep the pound, 

including webbing, at the fishing location not less than four weeks, shall keep egg-covered 

webbing on the pound frame in the original configuration with adequate water circulation 

on all sides to optimize egg hatching, and, not later than six weeks after harvesting the 

spawn on kelp, shall completely remove the pound from the water. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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Authority: 

 AS 16.05.060 

 AS 16.05.251 

05 AAC 27.965. Management Plan for Herring Pound Spawn-On-Kelp Fishery in the Norton 

Sound District.

(a) The purpose of this management plan is to establish criteria for the herring pound spawn-onkelp fishery in the Norton Sound District. 

(b) The commissioner, or the commissioner's designee, shall issue a permit for participation in the 

herring pound spawn-on-kelp fishery if 

(1) an applicant holds a valid Norton Sound herring gillnet or beach seine CFEC interim-use 

permit or limited entry permit; and 

2) an applicant applies for the herring pound spawn-on-kelp permit before April 16 of each 

calendar year. 

(c) A permit holder that participates in the herring pound spawn-on-kelp fishery may not also 

participate in the wild herring spawn-on-kelp fishery or the gillnet or beach seine sac roe 

herring fishery in the Norton Sound District during the same year. 

(d) The herring allocation for the herring pound spawn-on-kelp fishery may not be more than 320 

tons of herring. The department shall deduct this allocation from the total annual herring 

harvest projection before determining the seine harvest allocation under 5 AAC 27.960. 

(e) The herring spawn-on-kelp guideline harvest level may not be more than 90 tons. The herring 

spawn-on-kelp guideline harvest level includes the combined weight of herring eggs and kelp. 

(f) The department shall manage the herring pound spawn-on-kelp fishery to achieve the spawnon-kelp guideline harvest level by restricting the number of blades of kelp that may be 

suspended from a herring pound as follows: 

(1) no more than a total of 75,000 blades of kelp are allowed in the herring pound spawn-onkelp fishery; and 

(2) the maximum number of blades of kelp any permit holder may attach to a herring pound is 

3,000; if more than 25 permits are issued for the herring pound spawn-on-kelp fishery, the 

department shall determine the number of blades of kelp a permit holder may attach to a 

herring pound by dividing 75,000 by the number of permits issued. 

(g) Before a permit holder attaches kelp to a herring pound, the permit holder must plainly and 

legibly mark the permit holder's name and five-digit CFEC permit number in a conspicuous 

place on the herring pound. After fishing commences until the season is closed, the CFEC 

permit number marked on a herring pound may be changed. For purposes of this subsection, 

fishing commences when a permit holder first attaches kelp to the herring pound in the water. 

(h) Only one permit holder may operate a herring pound at a time. 
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(i) The permit holder must be physically present at any time when kelp is being attached to the 

herring pound and when herring spawn on kelp is harvested from the herring pound. The permit 

holder shall weigh the spawn on kelp when it is removed from the herring pound and provide 

that information to a local representative of the department who is designated as a catch 

monitor for the fishery. 

(j) Before the herring pound spawn-on-kelp permits are issued, the commissioner may specify on 

the permits any other criteria that the commissioner determines is necessary for the 

conservation and management of herring and kelp and the herring pound spawn-on-kelp 

fishery. 

(k) After a person removes the spawn-on-kelp from the herring pound, the person shall maintain the 

pound structure at it present fishing location for not less than four weeks in its original 

configuration with adequate water circulation on all sides to optimize egg hatching. Not later 

than six weeks after a person removes the spawn on kelp from a structure, the person shall 

remove the structure and leads from the water. 

(l) Repealed 5/19/99. 

(m) For the purposes of this section, a "herring pound" is a structure or a means of suspending kelp 

in the water to provide spawning substrate for herring to be harvested as spawn on kelp. The 

structure may not have an enclosure, but may have two leads. A lead may not be more than 300 

feet in length measured from shore to a point on the structure. The lead shall consist of a seine 

weight net with meshes of not more than two inches stretched measure, a cork line, a lead line, 

and anchors at either end. 

Authority: 

AS 16.05.251 

Chapter 37. Aquatic Plants 

05 AAC 37.100. Permits. 

A processor, buyer, harvester of aquatic plants, aquatic plant farmer operating under a permit 

authorized by AS 16.40.100, or a person intending to collect and supply wild stock to such an 

aquatic farm must obtain a harvest permit issued by the commissioner, or the commissioner's 

authorized representative, before operating. The permit must include the following provisions: 

(1) the area of operation shall be restricted to one or more fishing districts; 

(2) species to be harvested; 

(3) method of harvest shall be restricted to mechanical cutting or handpicking; 

(4) plants shall be removed from the water at the time of harvesting; 
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(5) aquatic plants where used as a substrate for herring spawn may be harvested only as 

otherwise provided in this title. 

Authority: 

 AS 16.05.251 

05 AAC 37.900. Restrictions. 

The transplanting of aquatic plants is prohibited, except as follows: 

(1) as provided for in 5 AAC 27 for the issuance of permits by the commissioner for the 

purpose of producing herring spawn-on-kelp in pounds; or 

(2) as provided for in 5 AAC 41.001 - 5 AAC 41.400 for the issuance of permits by the 

commissioner for the purpose of aquatic farming; or 

(3) for the issuance of permits by the commissioner for the purposes of scientific research or 

educational purposes. 

Authority: 

 AS 16.05.251 

05 AAC 92.029. Permit For Possessing Live Game. 

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, or in AS 16, no person may possess, import, 

release, export, or assist in importing, releasing, or exporting, live game, unless the person 

holds a possession permit issued by the department. 

(b) The following species, not including a hybrid of a game animal and a species listed in this 

subsection, may be possessed, imported, exported, bought, sold, or traded without a permit 

from the department but may not be released into the wild: 

Common Name Scientific Name 

Chimpanzee Pan spp. 

Dog Canis familiaris 

Cat Felis catus 

Sheep Ovis aries 

Goat Capra hircus 

Cattle Bos taurus 

Oxen Bos spp. 

Horse Equus caballus 

Guinea pig Cavia porcellus 

Reindeer (except feral reindeer) Rangifer tarandus var.

Llama Lama peruana 

Alpaca Lama pacos 

One-humped camel Camelus dromedarius 

Ass Equus asinus var.

Mule Equus asinus x caballus 

Swine Sus scrofa var. 

European ferret Mustela putorius furo 
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European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus var. 

White rat Rattus norvegicus var. albinus 

Mice: white, waltzing, singing, Mus musculus var. shaker, piebald

Fat-tailed gerbil Pachyuromys duprasi 

Gerbil Gerbillus spp.

Hamster (golden) Mesocricetus auratus 

Chinchilla Chinchilla laniger 

Cavy Cavia apera 

Hedgehog, African Pygmy Erinaceus albiventris 

Chicken Gallus gallus var. 

Pigeon Columbia livea var.

Any Turkey species Subfamily Meleagridinae 

Any Pheasant, Junglefowl or Coturnix species Subfamily Phasianinae 

Any Guinea fowl species Subfamily Numidinae 

Canary Serinus canaria var. 

Parrot, parakeet, cockatiel, macaw, and 

other members of the Family Psittacidae 

not prohibited by federal or international law Family Psittacidae 

Toucan Family Ramphastidae 

Any New World Quail species (incl. Bobwhite) Subfamily Odontophorinae 

Mynah Acridotheres spp. 

Any Peafowl species Pavo spp.

Any duck, goose, swan, or other migratory 

waterfowl which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service determines does not require a federal permit 

For private ownership Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar 

Button "quail" Family Turnicidae in the order Gruiformes 

Any nonvenomous reptile 

(crocodile, alligator, snake, turtle, or lizard) Class Reptilia 

Members of the bird families Fringillidae, Turdidae, 

Zosteripidae, Pycnonotidae, Timaliidae, and 

Ploceidae of non-Holarctic origin. 

Members of the bird families Columbidae and 

Trogonidae of non-nearctic origin. 

(c) The department may not issue a permit for the capture, possession, import, or export of any 

game animal, including a hybrid of a game animal and a species listed in (b) of this section, for 

use as a pet. 

(d) Under this section, and in accordance with the definition of "game" in AS 16.05.940 (which 

includes feral domestic animals), a 

(1) European ferret (Mustela putorius furo), swine (Sus scrofa var.), or nonindigenous 

gallinaceous bird is feral if the animal is not under direct control of owner, including being 

confined in a cage or other physical structure, or being restrained on a leash; the 

commissioner may capture, destroy, or dispose of any feral ferret, feral swine, or feral 

nonindigenous gallinaceous bird in an appropriate manner; 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(2) musk oxen, bison, or reindeer that is lawfully owned, or an elk held under a valid game 

mammal farming license, that is not confined or is not under positive control is feral unless 

the animal is a free-ranging animal under a state or federal grazing lease; however, 

(A) a person who can demonstrate ownership of the animal may pursue and capture the 

animal within 48 hours after the animal escapes from confinement, without needing 

to obtain a permit from the department; 

(B) a person who can demonstrate ownership of the animal may pursue and capture the 

animal more than 48 hours after the animal escapes from confinement only if the 

person obtains a permit from the department; 

(C) any free-ranging musk oxen, bison, reindeer, or elk for which ownership cannot be 

demonstrated is presumed to be game; 

(D) for purposes of this paragraph, ownership of an animal can be demonstrated only by 

means of a clearly visible permanent brand, ear tag, or owner's mark on the body of 

the animal. 

(e) Any of the above species of bird, mammal, or reptile that is endangered may not be held in 

private ownership without a permit from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 

(f) Notwithstanding (b) of this section, the following species may be temporarily released for the 

purpose of hunting dog or falcon training, field trials, and tests: 

(1) Pigeon (Columbia livia var.); 

(2) Pheasant, Jungle Fowl, or Coturnix (Subfamily Phasianinae); 

(3) any Guineafowl species (Subfamily Numidinae); 

(4) any New World Quail species (including Colinus) (Subfamily Odontophorinae); 

(5) any duck, goose, swan, or other migratory waterfowl which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service has determined does not require a federal permit for private ownership; 

(6) Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar). 

(g) A person using live game listed in (f) of this section for the purpose of hunting dog or falcon 

training, field trials, or tests 

(1) may release the game only on the day of use and shall make reasonable efforts to capture, 

kill, or recover the temporarily released live game; 

(2) may take the live game in connection with hunting dog or falcon training, field trial, and 

test activities; and 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(3) must legally acquire, hold, and dispose of the live game in accordance with all other 

applicable state statutes and regulations. 

(h) Upon application, the board will add a species to the list in (b) of this section if there is clear 

and convincing evidence that the species 

(1) is not capable of surviving in the wild in Alaska; 

(2) is not capable of causing a genetic alteration of a species that is indigenous to Alaska; 

(3) is not capable of causing a significant reduction in the population of a species that is 

indigenous to Alaska; 

(4) is not capable of transmitting a disease to a species that is indigenous to Alaska; and 

(5) does not otherwise present a threat to the health or population of a species that is indigenous 

to Alaska. 

(i) The board will remove a species from the list in (b) of this section, if there is a 

preponderance of evidence that the species 

(1) is capable of surviving in the wild in Alaska; 

(2) is capable of causing a genetic alteration of a species that is indigenous to Alaska; 

(3) is capable of causing a significant reduction in the population of a species that is 

indigenous to Alaska; 

(4) is capable of transmitting a disease to a species that is indigenous to Alaska; or 

(5) otherwise presents a threat to the health or population of a species that is indigenous to 

Alaska. 

Authority: 

 AS 16.05.255 

 AS 16.05.270 

 AS 16.05.920 

Chapter 41. Transportation, Possession, and Release of Live Fish; Aquatic Farming 

05 AAC 41.005. Permit Required. 

(a) No person may transport, possess, export from the state, or release into the waters of the 

state, any live fish unless the person holds a fish transport permit issued by the 

commissioner or his authorized designee, and the person is in compliance with all conditions of 

the permit and the provisions of this chapter. A fish transport permit will be issued for a fixed 

term subject to the provisions of (c) of this section. 
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(b) A fish transport permit authorizes only that operation specified in the permit. Any change of 

species, brood stock, or location requires a new permit. Any other change requires an 

amendment to the permit. 

(c) The commissioner shall suspend the permit, or particular provisions of the permit including 

amendments, if he finds 

(1) on the basis of new information or changed circumstances, that the permitted activity will 

adversely affect the continued health and perpetuation of native, wild, or hatchery stocks 

of fish; or 

(2) the permittee has failed to comply with permit terms or the provisions of this chapter. 

(d) Notwithstanding the expiration, termination or suspension of a fish transport permit, each 

permittee is responsible for the obligations arising under the terms and conditions of the permit, and 

under the provisions of this chapter. 

05 AAC 41.070. Prohibitions on Importation and Release of Live Fish.

(a) Except as provided in (b) - (d) of this section, no person may import any live fish into the 

state for purposes of stocking or rearing in the waters of the state. 

(b) Live oysters native to and originating from the Pacific Coast of North America may be imported 

for aquaculture purposes, under a permit required by this chapter, and may be released into the 

waters of the state only if the 

(1) brood stock is derived from oysters commercially cultured on the Pacific Coast of North 

America through three or more generations; and 

(2) disease history or an inspection indicates no incidence of disease that is not indigenous to 

Alaska. 

(c) Ornamental fish not raised for human consumption or sport fishing purposes may be imported 

into the state, but may not be reared in or released into the waters of the state. Fish wastes and 

wastewater from ornamental fish may not be released directly into the waters of the state. 

(d) Weathervane scallops originating from wild stocks or cultured stocks in the Southeastern 

Alaska and Yakutat Areas may be imported for aquaculture purposes and may be released only 

into the waters of the Southeastern Alaska and Yakutat Areas under a permit required by this 

chapter only if the 

(1) brood stock was taken under the provisions of a permit issued by the department; 

(2) brood stock was certified by the department's fish pathology section before transport out of 

the state; 

(3) brood stock was held continuously in a department-approved isolation facility; 
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(4) weathervane scallops proposed for import have been held continuously in a departmentapproved isolation facility before import into the state; 

(5) disease history, or an inspection, of the weathervane scallops proposed for import indicates 

no incidence of a disease of transport significance. 

Authority: 

 AS 16.05.251 (a) 

ALASKA COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM HABITAT STANDARDS 

Under the Alaska Coastal Management Program Habitat Standards, the Alaska Department of Fish 

and Game, Division of Habitat Restoration reviews development projects within the coastal zone. 

Such review is used as a tool to request measures to prevent invasions, and could be made more 

effective through refinement of standards and best management practices. 

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 

Title 3. Agriculture and Animals 

AS 03.05.010. Powers and Duties of Commissioner of Natural Resources.

(a) The commissioner of natural resources shall 

(1) direct, administer, and supervise promotional and experimental work, extension services, 

and agricultural projects for the purpose of promoting and developing the agricultural 

industry within the state including such fields as horticulture, dairying, cattle raising, fur 

farming, grain production, vegetable production, and development of other agricultural 

products; 

(2) procure and preserve all information pertaining to the development of the agricultural 

industry and disseminate that information to the public; 

(3) assist prospective settlers and others desiring to engage in the agricultural industry in the 

state with information concerning areas suitable for agriculture and other activities and 

programs essential to the development of the agricultural industry in the state; 

(4) review the marketing, financing, and development of agricultural products inside the state 

including transportation, with special emphasis upon local production, and negotiate for 

the marketing of agricultural products of the state with federal and state agencies operating 

in the state; 

(5) regulate and control the entry into the state and the transportation, sale, or use inside the 

state of plants, seeds, vegetables, shell eggs, fruits and berries, nursery stock, animal feeds, 

remedies and mineral supplements, fertilizers, and agricultural chemicals in order to 

prevent the spread of pests, diseases, or toxic substances injurious to the public interest, 
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and to protect the agricultural industry against fraud, deception, and misrepresentation; in 

this connection the commissioner may require registration, inspection, and testing, and 

establish procedures and fees; and 

(6) regulate the farming of elk in a manner similar to the manner in which the commissioner 

regulates domestic animals and livestock, to the extent that is appropriate. 

(b) To carry out the requirements of this title, the commissioner of natural resources may issue 

orders, regulations, quarantines, and embargoes relating to 

(1) examination and inspection of premises containing products, articles, and commodities 

carrying pests; 

(2) establishment of quarantines for eradication of pests; 

(3) establishment of standards and labeling requirements pertaining to the sale of agricultural 

and vegetable seeds; 

(4) tests and analyses which may be made and hearings which may be held to determine 

whether the commissioner will issue a stop order or quarantine; 

(5) cooperation with federal and other state agencies. 

AS 44.37.030. Duties of Department with Respect to Agriculture. 

The Department of Natural Resources shall 

(1) get and distribute information on subjects connected with agriculture; 

(2) control and regulate the entry and transportation of seeds, plants, and other horticultural 

products; 

(3) control and eradicate the spread of pests injurious to plants, trees, vegetables, livestock, 

poultry; 

(4) aid in developing used and unused agricultural resources; and 

(5) experiment and determine practical methods of growing, processing, soil analysis, 

eradication of obnoxious weeds, control of insects, and cheaper and more satisfactory 

methods of land clearing. 
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ALASKA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 

Title 11. Natural Resources 

Chapter 34. Plant Health and Quarantine 

11 AAC 34.020. 

(a) The following are prohibited noxious weeds: 

Bindweed, field (Convolvulus arvensis); 

Fieldcress, Austrian (Rorippa austriaca); 

Galensoga (Galensoga parviflora); 

Hempnettle (Galeopsis tetrahit); 

Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense); 

Knapweed, Russian (Centaurea repens); 

Lettuce, blue-flowering (Lactuca puichella); 

Quackgrass (Agropyron repens); 

Sowthistle, perennial (Sonchus arvensis); 

Spurge, leafy (Euphorbia esula); 

Thistle, Canada (Cirsium arvense); and 

Whitetops and its varieties (Cardaria drabe, C. pubescens, Lepidium latifolium). 

(b) The following are restricted noxious weeds, with their maximum allowable tolerances: 

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua), 90 seeds per pound; 

Blue burr (Lappula echinatat), 18 seeds per pound; 

Mustard (Brassica kaber, juncea), 36 seeds per pound; 

Oats wild (Avena fatua), seven seeds per pound; 

Plantain, buckhorn (Plantago spp.), 90 seeds per pound; 

Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), 27 seeds per pound; 

Toadflax, yellow (Linaria vulgaris), one seed per pound; 

Vetch, tufted (Vicia cracca), two seeds per pound; and 

Wild Buckwheat (Polygonum convovulus), two seeds per pound. 

11 AAC 34.075. Prohibited Acts. 

(a) No person may sell, offer for sale, expose for sale, or transport for use in planting in the state 

any agricultural or vegetable seed that 

(1) unless exempt under 11 AAC 34.010(h) , has not been labeled as required by 11 AAC 

34.010; 

(2) bears a false or misleading label; 

(3) contains any prohibited noxious weed seed, except as allowed in (g) of this section; 

(4) contains any restricted noxious weed seed in excess of the permissible tolerance per pound 

established under 11 AAC 34.020(b) , except as allowed in (g) of this section; or 
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(5) has not been tested within the 18 months preceding the sale, offering, or exposure for sale, 

or transportation, not including the calendar month in which the test was completed, 

except for hermetically sealed containers under 11 AAC 34.010(g) (3), and except that 

(A) the director will, in his discretion, allow a shorter period for kinds of seed which he 

finds, under ordinary conditions of handling, will not maintain a germination within 

the established limits of tolerance during the prescribed time period, or a longer 

period for kinds of seed which are packaged in a container and under conditions the 

director determines will, during the longer period, maintain the viability of the seed 

under ordinary conditions of handling; 

(B) a person in possession of seed shall keep on file, available for department inspection, 

the original or duplicate copy of the latest test made of the seed which must show, in 

addition to the information required by this chapter, the date and name of the person 

making the test. 

(b) No person may substitute uncertified seed for certified seed. 

(c) No person may use tags or seals indicating certification other than as prescribed by the 

authorized certification agency unless the tuber, horticultural, vegetable, tree, shrub, flower, or 

cereal grain seed has been produced, tested, examined, and labeled in accordance with this 

chapter or the official certification agency of another state, territory, or country. No person may 

(1) sell, offer for sale, expose for sale, advertise, or transport any tuber, plant, or seed, falsely 

representing it to be certified; or 

(2) use in connection with a tuber, plant, or seed any tags or seals similar to those used in 

official certification as established by this chapter. 

(d) No person may hinder or obstruct in any way, any authorized person in the performance of his 

duties under this chapter. 

(e) No person may sell, offer, or expose for sale, plant, transport or process any seed that is under a 

stop sale order issued under 11 AAC 34.045(a) (3) or that is in violation of this chapter, without 

express approval of the director. 

(f) No person may plant in this state any agricultural, vegetable, tree, shrub, or flower seed 

containing any prohibited noxious weeds listed in 11 AAC 34.020(a) or any restricted noxious 

weeds in excess of the maximum allowable tolerances listed in 11 AAC 34.020(b) , except as 

provided in 11 AAC 34.030, without express written approval of the director, or as provided in 

(g) of this section. 

(g) No person may use, sell, offer, expose for sale, give away, or transport for feeding, seeding, or 

mulching purposes any seed or grain screenings containing any prohibited noxious weed seed 

listed in 11 AAC 34.020(a) or any restricted noxious weeds in excess of the maximum 

allowable tolerances listed in 11 AAC 34.020(b), except as provided in 11 AAC 34.030, and 

except that the director may allow sale or transport of screenings for 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(1) complete destruction; 

(2) removal outside of the boundaries of the state; 

(3) recleaning to the point of being in compliance with 11 AAC 34.020(a) and (b); or 

(4) processing to make the weed seed nonviable. 

(h) No person may sell, offer, or expose for sale for seeding purposes, seed containing more than 

one and one-half percent by weight of all weed seed. 

(i) No person may sell, offer, expose for sale or transportation, or transport a container or package 

of seed within this state unless the container or package of seed is labeled with a net contents 

statement, expressed by either weight, volume, or numerical count, except for seed being 

transported from an owner's field to a warehouse for storage, cleaning, or processing. 

(j) No person may sell, offer for sale, or represent potatoes as seed potatoes unless the potatoes 

have been certified by the official seed certifying agency of the state or country of origin. 

Authority: 

 AS 03.05.010 

 AS 03.05.030 

 AS 44.37.030 

11 AAC 34.130. Quarantine Regulations; Inspections. 

(a) The director may establish, maintain and enforce such quarantine regulations as he deems 

necessary to protect the agricultural industry of this state from pests, by establishing quarantine 

at the boundaries of this state or elsewhere within the state. He may make and enforce such 

rules and regulations as are necessary to prevent any plant or thing which is or is liable to be 

infested or infected by or which might act as a carrier of any pest, from passing over any 

quarantine line established and proclaimed pursuant to this chapter. The person conducting the 

inspection shall not permit any such plant or thing to pass over the quarantine line during 

quarantine, except upon a certificate of inspection and release signed by him. 

(b) No person shall conceal from plant quarantine officers any plant or fail to present the same or 

any quarantined article for inspection at the request of such officer. 

Authority: 

 AS 03.05.010 

 AS 03.05.030 

 AS 44.37.030 

11 AAC 34.140. New Pests. 

Upon information received by the director of the existence of any pest not generally distributed 

within this state he shall thoroughly investigate the existence and probability of the spread thereof. 

He may also establish, maintain and enforce quarantine and such other regulations as are in his 

opinion necessary to circumscribe and exterminate or prevent the spread of such pest. The director 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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may disinfect, or take such other action with reference to, any plants or things infested or infected 

with, or which in his opinion may have been exposed to infection or infestation by, any such pest, 

as in his discretion shall seem necessary. 

11 AAC 34.145. Permits for Pest Shipment. 

No pest, live insect or disease may be imported into or shipped or transported within the state 

except for the purpose of identification, unless such shipment or transportation is authorized under 

written permit and the regulations of the director or the United States Department of Agriculture. 

Any unauthorized shipment shall be returned to the point or origin, shipped out of the state, or 

destroyed within 48 hours at the expense of the owner or bailee. 

11 AAC 34.400. Definitions. 

The terms used in this chapter are construed to conform insofar as possible with the terms used in 

the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. 1551 et seq.) and the regulations issued under that Act. Unless the 

context indicates otherwise, in this chapter 

"noxious weed" means any species of plants, either annual, biennial, or perennial, reproduced by 

seed, root, underground stem, or bulblet, which when established is or may become destructive and 

difficult to control by ordinary means of cultivation or other farm practices; or seed of such weeds 

that is considered commercially inseparable from agricultural or vegetable seed; 

"pest" means a form of animal life, plant life, or infectious, transmissible, or contagious disease of 

plants, that is or is liable to be dangerous or detrimental to the agricultural industry of the state; 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 

Chapter 5. Powers and Duties of Commissioners of Natural Resources and Environmental 

Conservation 

AS 03.05.011. Powers and Duties of Commissioner of Environmental Conservation. 

(a) To carry out the requirements of this title, the commissioner of environmental conservation may 

issue orders, regulations, permits, quarantines, and embargoes relating to 

(1) examination and inspection of premises containing products, articles, and commodities 

carrying pests; 

(2) establishment of quarantines for eradication of pests and diseases in livestock; 

(3) tests and analyses that may be made and hearings that may be held to determine whether 

the commissioner will issue a stop order or quarantine; 

(4) cooperation with federal and other state agencies; 

(5) regulation of fur farming; for purposes of this paragraph, "fur farming" means the raising 

of and caring for animals for the purpose of marketing their fur, or animals themselves for 

breeding stock. 
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(b) The commissioner of environmental conservation shall regulate the farming of elk in a manner 

similar to the manner in which the commissioner regulates domestic animals and livestock, to 

the extent that is appropriate. 

Title 46. Water, Air, Energy, and Environmental Conservation 

Chapter 3. Environmental Conservation 

AS 46.03.750. Ballast Water Discharge. 

(a) Except as provided in (b) of this section, a person may not cause or permit the discharge of 

ballast water from a cargo tank of a tank vessel into the waters of the state. A tank vessel may not 

take on petroleum or a petroleum product or by-product as cargo unless it arrives in ports in the 

state without having discharged ballast from cargo tanks into the waters of the state and the master 

of the vessel certifies that fact on forms provided by the department. 

(b) The master of a tank vessel may discharge ballast water from a cargo tank of a tank vessel if it 

is necessary for the safety of the tank vessel and no alternative action is feasible to ensure the safety 

of the tank vessel. 

Water Quality Standards 

The authority for the water quality standards comes from 

AS 46.03.070 Pollution standards: 

"After public hearing, the department may adopt standards and make them public and determine 

what qualities and properties of water indicate a polluted condition actually or potentially 

deleterious, harmful, detrimental, or injurious to the public health, safety, or welfare, to terrestrial 

and aquatic life or their growth and propagation, or to the use of waters for domestic, commercial, 

industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other reasonable purposes." 

The Water Quality Standards regulations in 18 AAC 70 contain the following references to aquatic 

nuisance species. 

18 AAC 70.020(b) temperature criteria for freshwater aquaculture use: 

" ...the weekly average temperature may not exceed site-specific requirements needed to preserve 

normal species diversity or to prevent appearance of nuisance organisms." 

18 AAC 70.250(b) "The department will reduce in size or deny a mixing zone if the department 

finds that available evidence reasonably demonstrates that the pollutants discharged could (1) result 

in undesirable or nuisance aquatic life" 

The following revision to the Water Quality Standards has also been included in the 2002 proposed 

revisions currently out to public notice. 

18 AAC 70.020(b) Toxic and Other Deleterious Substances for Growth and Propagation of Fish, 

Shellfish, Other Aquatic Life, and Wildlife. 

"There may be no concentrations of toxic substances in water or in shoreline or bottom sediments, 

that, singly or in combination, cause, or reasonably can be expected to cause, adverse effects on 

aquatic life or produce undesirable or nuisance aquatic life." 
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Wastewater Discharge Program 

The authority for permitting ballast water treatment comes from 

AS 46.03.100 Waste disposal permit; and 

AS 46.03.750 Ballast water discharge. 

"(a) Except as provided in (b) of this section, a person may not cause or permit the discharge of 

ballast water from a cargo tank of a tank vessel into the waters of the state. A tank vessel may 

not take on petroleum or a petroleum product or by-product as cargo unless it arrives in ports in 

the state without having discharged ballast from cargo tanks into the waters of the state and the 

master of the vessel certifies that fact on forms provided by the department. 

(b) The master of a tank vessel may discharge ballast water from a cargo tank of a tank vessel if it 

is necessary for the safety of the tank vessel and no alternative action is feasible to ensure the 

safety of the tank vessel." 

Commercial Passenger Vessel Environmental Compliance 

The authority to regulate sewage, gray water and other wastewater discharged from commercial 

passenger vessels (cruise ships) comes from AS 46.03.463: 

Sec. 46.03.463. Prohibited discharges; limitations on discharges. 

(a) Except as provided in (h) of this section, a person may not discharge untreated sewage from a 

commercial passenger vessel into the marine waters of the state. 

Pesticide Services Program 

Some of the Pesticide Regulations and program requirements may affect the implementation of the 

“treatment and control” aspects of the ANS Plan discussed in Goal 2 of Section V - Management 

Actions. The use of pesticides as a management tool must comply with state statutes and regulations 

including: 

AS 46.03.320. Regulation of pesticides and broadcast chemicals. 

"(a) The department may 

(1) regulate the transportation, testing, inspection, packaging, labeling, handling, and 

advertising of pesticides and broadcast chemicals offered for sale, or placed in commerce 

for use in the state; 

(2) regulate and supervise the distribution, application, or use of pesticides and broadcast 

chemicals in any state project or program, or by a public agency under the jurisdiction of 

the state; 

(3) regulate or prohibit the use of pesticides and broadcast chemicals. 

(b) The department may provide by regulation for the licensing of private applicators of restricteduse pesticides and for persons engaged in the custom, commercial, or contract spraying or 

application of pesticides and broadcast chemicals. A person engaged in the custom, 

commercial, or contract spraying or application of pesticides and broadcast chemicals may, by 

regulation, be required to secure a surety bond or liability insurance." 
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18 AAC 90.200 Any of the pesticides used must be registered with the Environmental Protection 

Agency and the State of Alaska. 

18 AAC 90. 300. DEC highly recommends that any applicators of pesticides become certified 

pesticide applicators. Many fish toxicants such as Rotenone are Restricted-Use Pesticides; and 

Federal and State law requires an individual to be certified to sell, purchase or use or supervise 

the use of Restricted-Use Pesticides. 

18 AAC 90.300(5). Alaska laws also require certification for individuals “who engage in the custom, 

commercial, or contract use of a pesticide.” If for instance, the Department of Fish and Game 

hired a commercial pest control company, then the individual they hired would have to be 

certified for both restricted-use and general-use pesticides. 

18 AAC 90.620.That company must also provide DEC with proof of liability insurance. 

18 AAC 90.500-505. Permits are required from DEC for certain public pesticide applications and 

more importantly to “direct, conduct, participate in or allow the use of a pesticide to waters of 

the state or by aircraft.” 

18 AAC 90.520. Permitees need to allow for significant time and preparation prior to an actual 

treatment. Applications to water also require public notice and potentially a public hearing. 

Note that many of the pesticide permits issued by DEC also require Alaska Coastal 

Management Program review. 

18 AAC 90.510. The DEC Commissioner may exempt the use of a pesticide from some of the permit 

requirements if an emergency exists, including, significant human health risk, significant risk 

to endangered, threatened species, beneficial organisms or the environment; or significant 

economic loss. 

18 AAC 90.530. Permits are generally issued for one to two years and may be renewed only once for 

one additional year. A permit takes effect no sooner than 40 days after DEC issues a permit. 

18 AAC 90.535. Accurate records must be maintained of all uses of restricted-use pesticides for at 

least two years after each use. 18 AAC 400. A “summary or treatment results” should be 

submitted to DEC 90 days after a permit is issued. 

18 AAC 90.615. Pesticide storage and disposal requirements must be met, which includes proper 

signage. 
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Appendix E. Summary of Research on West Coast Invasive Species Laws: 

Canadian Laws, Program Enabling Legislation, Ballast Water, and Plants 

CANADA’S INVASIVE SPECIES LAWS 

Overall, Canada has comprehensive laws relating to invasive plants. However, Canada’s ballast 

water laws and aquatic nuisance species laws are weak. 

The research process discovered a significant number of high-ranking Canadian officials stating 

that Canada is not adequately addressing the invasive species threat. 

Ballast Water 

The Canadian government adopted voluntary guidelines for the control of ballast water on 

September 1, 2000. The purpose of the guidelines is to protect Canadian waters (Canadian EEZ) 

from nonindigenous aquatic organisms. 

Under the Canadian guidelines, ships should 1) have ballast management plans, 2) submit ballast 

water reports if destined to a Canadian port, 3) not discharge ballast water taken on in areas outside 

Canadian waters, and 4) not dispose of ballast sediments except in mid-ocean outside Canadian 

waters. The guidelines also provide ballast water management options. The Canadian guidelines 

have regional implementation specifications including a West Coast section. 

Vessels arriving from ports in British Columbia, Alaska or the West Coast of the United States 

(north of Cape Mendocino) wishing to discharge ballast water are exempted from these provisions 

if the ballast water to be discharged originated from these waters. 

The major problem with the Canadian ballast water guidelines is that they are voluntary, similar to 

the U.S. national law, and compliance is not at high levels. Therefore, certain parts of Canada have 

chosen to enforce stricter mandatory ballast water laws in their areas, as U.S. West Coast states 

have done. The Port of Vancouver has had mandatory ballast water exchange requirements for 

certain ships, backed up by compliance sampling and testing, in place since 1996. 

Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Canada has not taken a proactive role in preventing aquatic nuisance species. On Canada’s 

Department of Oceans and Fisheries web site, it is acknowledged that aquatic invasive species pose 

a threat but the Department admits that they usually do not do anything about them until the 

problem has already occurred. The site focuses mainly on the case history of the zebra mussel and 

gives little other information. 

“So far our approach to dealing with invading species has been largely reactive. Once we have a 

problem we try to deal with it. The better approach is the proactive one such as that taken with 

ballast water, trying to prevent the problem before it happens.” 38 

Invasive Plants 

Canada has fairly comprehensive noxious weed and plant monitoring. 

 

38 http://www.ncr.dfo.ca/regions/CENTRAL/science/great-grand/ballast-lest/ans-ea_e.htm
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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ACTION PLANS/ ENABLING LEGISLATION 

One problem with invasive species management is that the authorities to control invasive species 

are usually spread among many different agencies. One task an invasive species management 

program should accomplish is filling in the gaps among the various agencies and coordinating their 

efforts. 

There are several ways this task can be accomplished. In Washington and Oregon the authorities 

are spread out, but committees (formed by legislation) are in charge of coordinating the various 

efforts. In Washington, however, only aquatic nuisance species are covered by the committee and 

the committee is comprised primarily of agency representatives. In Oregon, the committee covers 

all invasive species and is comprised primarily of economic interest groups. 

 

A different approach was taken in Minnesota. In that state, the entire system of laws was revamped 

so that all of the laws regarding invasive species were condensed into a single chapter. The 

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has the overarching authority for all of the state’s 

invasive species actions and regulations. 

Alaska could follow any of these approaches. Pam Meacham (Washington Department of Fish and 

Wildlife), who coordinated Washington’s aquatic nuisance species management plan, said that 

many states have followed Washington State’s plan and that she was pleased with its success. 

However, she said ideally Washington would have a plan more like Minnesota’s because it is more 

effective in building a cooperative effort among the agencies. 

WASHINGTON 

State Level Institutional Framework 

The Department of Fish and Wildlife manages non-native animal species. They can authorize the 

release of non-native aquatic animals and may also designate certain non-native animal species as 

deleterious, making it illegal to import or possess them. The agency also prepared a statewide 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan to respond to imminent threats of aquatic nuisance 

species to Washington waters under NISA. Fish and Wildlife administers a ballast water 

management program and will implement treatment standards for ballast water discharged to state 

waters after 2002. Fish and Wildlife also coordinates the statewide Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Coordinating Committee. The committee’s mission is to minimize the unauthorized or accidental 

introduction of non-native aquatic species and to control the spread of aquatic and wetland nuisance 

species already established in the state. Federally recognized tribes, federal agencies, local 

conservation organizations, environmental groups and affected businesses or industry are 

encouraged to participate on the coordinating committee. 

The Noxious Weed Control Board and departments of Agriculture, Ecology, and Natural Resources 

manage non-native aquatic and wetland plant species. The Noxious Weed Control Board lists nonnative noxious plants that adversely affect agricultural and natural areas and oversees the work of 

county noxious weed control boards to control the introduction and spread of these species. The 

Department of Agriculture maintains a plant quarantine list of species that may not be transported, 

bought or sold in the state. The department also coordinates and administers a program to eradicate 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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and control the spread of Spartina spp. and purple loosestrife that invade estuaries and wetlands. 

The Department of Natural Resources manages, controls, and eradicates aquatic nuisance plant and 

animal species on state-owned lands. The Department of Ecology administers financial and 

technical assistance programs to eliminate noxious non-native aquatic plants in Washington’s lakes 

and rivers. The Department of Ecology has no regulatory authority; however, it is responsible for 

water quality management and issues permits and licenses related to pesticide application. Local 

noxious weed control boards work with landowners to prevent and control noxious weeds and 

plants on their properties. 

All state agencies with pest management responsibilities must use an integrated pest management 

approach defined in Chapter 17.15 RCW to prevent, control, contain and eliminate aquatic nuisance 

species. Integrated pest management means a coordinated decision-making process that uses the 

most appropriate pest control methods and strategy in an environmentally and economically sound 

manner to meet agency programmatic pest management objectives. 

The shipping industry also plays an important role in preventing non-native species introductions. 

Through the Pacific Coast Ballast Water Group, the industry seeks to find West Coast solutions to 

non-native species introductions from ballast water discharges, including the use of ballast water 

treatment technologies. 

Washington has an ANS Committee formed by legislation. The Committee is primarily 

responsible for organizing the efforts of all of the different agencies. 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

The purpose of the Washington State Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan is to coordinate 

all ANS management actions currently in progress within Washington, and to identify additional 

ANS management actions, especially those relating to ANS animals. 

The Washington State Plan, published in December 1998, was developed by the Washington State 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Planning Committee. 

The Washington ANS Management Plan is focused on the identification of feasible, cost effective 

management practices to be implemented in partnership with tribes, private, and public interests for 

the environmentally sound prevention and control of ANS. 

The current revision has been developed with the assistance of the Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Committee formed by the 2000 Washington Legislature for the purpose of fostering state, federal, 

tribal and private cooperation to prevent the introduction and spread of ANS. 

Washington’s focus on aquatics might be because of its geography and Puget Sound. In addition, 

the emphasis by states on ANS might also be driven by the fact that federal dollars are available for 

ANS. 

Washington’s plan is considered a model for other states to follow. The Washington ANS program 

was contracted by the Western Governor’s Association to assist other states to develop ANS plans. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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OREGON 

As in Washington, the authorities to manage ANS and other invasive species are spread out among 

many agencies in Oregon. A more detailed discussion of enabling legislation and structure is 

available and provides a list of the agencies that have authority in Oregon and the primary 

programs for which they are responsible.

Invasive Species Council 

Oregon, like Washington, also has an invasive species committee formed by legislation (House Bill 

2181). According to Mark Sytsma, chairmen-elect of the Council, Oregon’s Council differs from 

Washington’s in several significant ways. In Oregon, there are two agencies (Department of 

Agriculture and the Department of Fish and Wildlife) that must be members of the Council, 

according to legislation, and two universities that must be members. Otherwise, the Council is 

made up primarily of members of interest and industry groups, such nurseries, that have an 

economic interest in invasive species, not a governmental interest. However, in Washington, the 

members are primarily government agency representatives. According to Sytsma, agency 

involvement and cooperation has not been very forthcoming in Oregon. Sytsma recommended a 

top-down approach when deciding how to form an invasive species council, with the governor 

mandating participation of certain agencies through legislation or executive order. 

Oregon Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan (June 2001) 

In addition to the Invasive Species Council, Oregon also has an aquatic nuisance species 

management plan. The plan’s main goal is to coordinate ANS management efforts within the state 

and to “ minimize the harmful ecological, economic and social impact of ANS through prevention 

and management of introduction, population growth, and dispersal of ANS into, within, and from 

Oregon.” 

The first objective of the Oregon Plan is to “coordinate and implement a comprehensive 

management plan” because “many state agencies have authority over and regulatory roles in 

managing natural resources. While many agencies have some authority to regulate ANS, no 

centralized authority or management structure exists to coordinate ANS activities in Oregon. The 

lack of coordination, oversight and funding has allowed many nuisance species to become 

established in Oregon, and permits new introductions.” 

Relationship between the Plan and the Council 

An annual report on the plan will be produced by the Invasive Species Council, which will include 

recommendations for updating and modifying management activities and priorities. Sytsma said the 

new revised ANS plan will be a product of the Council. The Plan also says that its goals will be 

achieved by producing “agency collaboration through an invasive species council.” 

 

According to Mark Sytsma, the Invasive Species Council was formed after the Aquatic Nuisance 

Species Management Plan and the Noxious Weed Plans were written. The two plans were written 

at about the same time, and they tried to make the two plans mesh well together. Each plan 

references the other. Oregon borrowed heavily from Washington’s ANS plan. The Council itself is 

very new and its success cannot be measured yet. 
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Overall, coordination of the various agencies and the implementation of the two plans are still 

issues. The ANS plan attempts to coordinate the agencies responsible for ANS management but 

it’s difficult because the ANS plan has no actual authority. The Invasive Species Council cannot 

do much coordination because it’s mostly for public interest groups and not government agencies. 

Up until now, Portland State University has provided most of the coordination between the 

agencies. There are hopes for the programs and agencies to become more interrelated. Symposia 

have been organized to bring the various groups together to improve management efforts. 

MINNESOTA 

Minnesota’s Department of Natural Resources, Division of Ecological Services, has the primary 

responsibility for coordinating the state’s invasive species program. One reason that Minnesota 

may have been able to bring its program under more centralized management is because the 

Department of Natural Resources encompasses Fisheries, Wildlife, Water, and Forestry. 39

However, although the Department of Natural Resources has primary authority over the Exotic 

Species Program, the Department of Agriculture also has considerable involvement with invasive 

species. 

The purpose of the DNR's Exotic Species Program is to curb the spread and minimize the current 

and future harmful effects of exotic species that can naturalize in the state and either cause 

displacement of, or otherwise threaten, native species in their natural communities; or threaten 

natural resources or their use in the state. 

The DNR web site says that the program has three goals: 

1. Prevent introductions of new harmful exotic species into Minnesota. 

2. Prevent the spread of harmful exotic species within Minnesota. 

3. Reduce the impacts caused by harmful exotic species to Minnesota's ecology, society, and 

economy. 

Responsibilities of the Department of Natural Resources 

The DNR is assigned responsibility for preparing a long-term plan for the statewide management of 

harmful exotic species of aquatic plants and wild animals, for coordinating efforts within the state, 

and establishing priorities for prevention, management, research and similar activities. 

Management plans for individual species are also prepared by the DNR. 

The DNR is assigned responsibility for designating infested waters. Water bodies are designated 

infested if they contain certain harmful exotic species that could spread to other waters if lake water 

use and related activities are not regulated and where the risk of spread to an uninfested waterbody 

through such activities is high. 

 

39 http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/ecological_services/exotics/index.html
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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The DNR is also required to adopt rules, which place exotic species into various regulatory 

classifications: prohibited exotic species, regulated exotic species, unregulated exotic species, and 

unlisted exotic species. 

The Department is obligated to spend 20,000 hours each year inspecting boats at public water 

accesses primarily on infested waters. The Watercraft Inspection Program hires a crew of nearly 30 

seasonal watercraft inspectors each year to work at these public water accesses educating boaters 

about harmful aquatic exotic species. 

Funding for the DNR's exotic species activities is derived primarily from the surcharge on 

watercraft licenses. The surcharge for a three-year license period is $5, or $1.67 per year, and 

generates approximately $1,100,000 annually. Additional appropriations, primarily for specific 

research efforts, have come from the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund and 

Minnesota Future Resources Fund. 

BALLAST WATER: NATIONAL AND WEST COAST STANDARDS 

NATIONAL STANDARDS 

The U.S. Coast Guard has a voluntary ballast water exchange program.40 On May 17, 1999, the 

U.S. government started this program in response to the National Invasive Species Act (NISA) of 

1996. These are voluntary guidelines and the recommended practices suggest precautionary 

measures should be taken by every vessel to minimize the uptake and release of harmful aquatic 

organisms, pathogens, or sediments. 

Under NISA, the USCG is required to conduct a National Ballast Water Management Survey and 

report to Congress no later than 30 months (December 2001) after voluntary guidelines are 

implemented as to whether these guidelines are effective in controlling the introduction and spread 

of invasive species. If found not to be effective, the ballast water exchange is to become mandatory, 

similar to ballast water exchange rules in the Great Lakes. Preliminary study results indicate that 

voluntary standards are not effective.41 Whether a voluntary program can be effective is 

questionable.42

As a result of the perceived ineffectiveness of voluntary guidelines, the states of California, 

Oregon, and Washington and the Port of Vancouver, B.C. passed mandatory ballast water rules. 

The state laws are summarized below. 

 

40 Pacific Ballast Water Group WORKING DRAFT Report and Recommendations Obtained online from

http://web.pdx.edu/~sytsmam/pbwg/pbwg%20report1.html under Ballast Water Exchange Programs 41 Pacific Ballast Water Group, WORKING DRAFT Report and Recommendations on Voluntary Ballast Water 

Exchange, no date. http://web.pdx.edu/~sytsmam/pbwg/pbwg%20report1.html 42 Nadol, Viki, “Aquatic Invasive Species in the Coastal West: An Analysis of State Regulation within a Federal 

Framework”, Environmental Law, Volume 29, Issue 2, Summer 1999.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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WASHINGTON 

History 

In 2000, the Washington legislature passed a ballast water management law. The first rule 

implementing the law went into effect in September 2000. 

Key Points 

• The rule made the U.S. coast guard reporting program mandatory in Washington. 

• Discharge into Washington waters is authorized if the vessel has conducted an open sea 

exchange of ballast water. 

• The primary difference between the Washington law and the federal law is that Washington law 

requires vessels involved in coastal trade to report and conduct a ballast water exchange at least 

50 miles offshore 

• Vessels are required to a file a ballast water management report 24 hours prior to discharging 

ballast in state waters. 

• After July 1, 2002, discharge of ballast water into waters of the state is authorized only if there 

has been an open sea exchange or if the vessel has treated its ballast water to meet standards set 

by the department. 

• Washington only requires ships to report if they discharge; however, in other states, like Oregon 

and California, all ships must report whether they discharge or not. 

• Washington’s ballast law is administered by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 

OREGON 

History 

The Oregon Ballast Water Management Bill (Senate Bill 895) passed in the Oregon 2001 

legislature. 

Key Points 

• Prohibits discharge of ballast water into the waters of the state, except under specified 

conditions. 

• A vessel may discharge ballast waters in the waters of the state: 

• If the vessel has conducted an open ocean exchange. 

• If the vessel has conducted a coastal exchange--for vessels traveling to Oregon from a North 

American coastal port south of 40N or north of 50N, an exchange of ballast water at sea is 

required prior to reaching 40N or 50N, respectively. 

• Without performing an exchange, if the exchange would be unsafe or infeasible due to 

vessel design limitations or equipment failure. 

• The bill requires ballast water management reports at least 24 hours prior to entry into Oregon. 

• Establishes a task force to study and recommend to the 2003 Oregon Legislature methods and 

improvements to ballast water management. 

• The bill declares Oregon’s support for international and federal programs and declares the 

state’s intent that its rules be coordinated with related rules and regulations adopted by 

Washington and California and the Province of British Columbia. 

• The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality administers the ballast water discharge 

restrictions.
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CALIFORNIA 

History 

Ballast Water Management for Control of Non-Indigenous Species Assembly Bill 703 

was signed into law in October 1999 and was the first West Coast ballast legislation passed. 

The law became effective on January 1, 2000 and sunsets in January 2004. 

Key Points 

• The act established mandatory statewide, multi-agency ballast water management and control. 

• Under AB703, Ballast Water Management, Ballast Water Report Forms, and Ballast Water 

plans are all mandatory. 

• Establishes mandatory mid-ocean exchange for all qualifying vessels: 

• qualifying vessels means all vessels, U.S. and foreign, carrying ballast water into the waters 

of the state after operating outside the EEZ--- "EEZ" means exclusive economic zone, 

which extends from the baseline of the territorial sea of the United States seaward 200 

miles. 

• mid-ocean exchanges need not be performed in circumstances where executing this practice 

would threaten the safety of the vessel, its crew or its passengers. 

• Establishes mandatory completion and submission of ballast water report form by vessel 

master, owner, operator, agent, or person in charge of vessel 

• Mandatory Compliance with “good housekeeping” practices including among others: 

• avoiding uptake or discharge in or near marine sanctuaries, reserves, parks or coral reefs 

• minimizing or avoiding uptake in areas of known infestations or pathogens, near dredging 

operations, neat sewage outfalls, etc. 

• Establishes maintaining a ballast water management plan prepared specifically for each vessel. 

• Calls for training of vessel master, PIC and crew regarding the application of ballast water and 

sediment management and treatment procedures. 

• Imposes mandatory fee submission to California’s Board of Equalization to pay for the 

program. 

• Random Sampling of Vessels for Compliance. 

• Civil Penalties for failure to comply with any portion of the law. 

CANADA 

As discussed above, the Canadian government adopted voluntary guidelines for the Control of 

Ballast Waters from Ships in Waters under Canadian Jurisdiction on September 1, 2000.
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WEST COAST PLANT AND WEED MANAGEMENT 

WASHINGTON 

Washington State Weed Laws 

Overview: In recognition of the threats caused by invasive exotic plants, a state law was instituted 

to control the introduction and spread of noxious weeds. The original purpose behind Washington’s 

primary noxious weed law, Chapter 17.10 RCW, was to limit economic loss due to the presence 

and spread of noxious weeds on or near agricultural land. In 1987 RCW 17.10 was revised, with an 

expanded focus to control the negative impacts of noxious weeds in all natural areas.43 

Washington’s approach to weed/invasive plant management has improved by moving beyond the 

more singular purpose of controlling weeds on agricultural lands. However, invasive plant 

management still suffers from being spread among agencies with disparate missions and 

authorities. For example the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board declares what is a 

noxious weed and maintains the annually updated noxious weed list. The WSDA Plant Services 

Division has regulatory control over quarantined species that are offered for sale and works with 

nurseries but the quarantined species list is not updated annually and has no relationship with the 

noxious species list. The Department of Fish and Wildlife has authority over non-native plants 

introduced into the wild from the perspective of protecting habitat. The Washington Department of 

Ecology has jurisdiction over invasive species to the extent to which they impact water quality. 

This lack of coordination seems to be common in many states. The Washington invasive species 

coordinating board is limited to aquatic nuisance species, which probably does little to assist in 

remedying this problem. 

Noxious Weed List and Weed Boards 

The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board and the Washington State Department of 

Agriculture (WSDA) work with the county weed boards to carry out the state weed laws. These 

weed control laws assign a primary responsibility for noxious weed control to the landowner, be it 

private, state or county lands. There are civil penalties for failure to control noxious weeds by 

landowners. It is the responsibility of the county, or district, weed boards to ensure weed control 

meets minimum standards. 

Each year, the State Noxious Weed Control Board coordinates and influences noxious weed control 

activities throughout Washington. The board adopts by rule the state noxious weed list. None of the 

weeds on the list are native to the state. 

The list determines which plants will be considered a noxious weed and where in Washington 

control will be required. This approach allows control activities of landowners, public and private, 

to be prioritized toward the protection and enhancement of Washington’s agricultural and natural 

resources in the most cost-effective manner. 

The plan emphasizes prevention, eradication, and containment. 

 

43 www.wa.gov/agr/weedboard/weed_laws/overview.html
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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OREGON 

In contrast, Oregon’s invasive species program and coordinating committee includes both aquatic 

and terrestrial species, which may improve coordination of invasive plant management. 

Oregon Revised Statutes, 1999 Edition 

Chapter 452- Vector and Weed Control 

Chapter 561- State Department of Agriculture 

 561.510-561.600 Quarantine Powers 

 561.650-561.680 State Weed Board 

Chapter 570-Plants: Inspection, Quarantine, Pest and Weed Control 

• In addition to these existing laws, the Oregon Department of Agriculture, Plant Division 

recently developed a Noxious Weed Strategy Plan. 

• The plan’s mission is “to protect Oregon’s natural resources from the invasion and proliferation 

of exotic noxious weeds.” 

• The plan’s mission talks about “natural resources” as opposed to “agriculture.” 

• There are several other parts of the plan that reflect an interest in protecting the state’s ecology 

as well as agricultural industry. The plan seems to have been formulated with ecological 

contexts in mind.

• Overall, the plan “provides a framework and overall strategy for cooperators in noxious weed 

management. It assesses the magnitude of the problem, highlights the importance of current 

weed control activities, and offers recommendations. Implementation of this strategic plan will 

build and expand strong coordinated programs for the future to protect Oregon’s agricultural 

economy and natural resources.”

• However, a lack of adequate funding has impeded goals of the plan.

CALIFORNIA 

California is somewhat unique because it already has a serious weed problem in the form of the 

yellow star thistle. To address the star thistle problem, California has also developed a noxious 

weed plan. California’s agricultural emphasis makes its laws less applicable to Alaska. However, 

similar to Washington and Oregon, California is taking a more ecosystem-based approach to plant 

management as reflected in their noxious weed plan. 

Strategic Plan for the Coordinated Management of Noxious Weeds in California44

California’s strategic plan was written primarily to address the yellow star thistle problem and the 

other invasions of non-native weeds within the state. The goals of California’s plan for the 

coordinated management of its noxious weeds include: (1) Increasing the profitability and value of 

cropland and rangeland; (2) Decreasing the costs of roadside, park, and waterway maintenance; (3) 

Reducing fire hazard and fire control costs in the state; and (4) Protecting and enhancing the 

biodiversity of California ecosystems.” 

 

44 http://wric.ucdavis.edu/yst/plan/rmac.pdf
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COLORADO 

Colorado released in December 2001 a clear and comprehensive weed management plan entitled: 

Colorado’s Plan to Stop the Spread of Noxious Weeds: A Framework for Statewide Coordinated 

and Cost-Effective Action to Protect Agriculture and the Environment.

45 

Colorado decided to develop its plan because compared to other Western states, Colorado is 

relatively weed free, and wants to maintain that status. Colorado also incorporated an 

environmental focus into its plan and stated that it was imperative to weed management efforts to 

continue to protect natural areas of high environmental value. 

Changes in Colorado's weed laws occurred around the time the management plan was being 

written. The Rules and Regulations Pertaining to the Administration and Enforcement of the 

Colorado Weed Management Act became effective in April 2001. In December 2000, the Proposed 

Amendments to the Rules and Regulations pertaining to the Administration and Enforcement of the 

Colorado Weed Management Act went into effect. In 1999 there was an Executive Order by the 

Governor for developing and implementing noxious weed management programs. However, not 

all states that implement noxious weed plans also have a change in laws. In Oregon, the laws were 

not changed when their plan was published. 

 

45 http://www.ag.state.co.us/dpi/publications/strategicPlan.pdf
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Appendix F. Section 1204 of the National Invasive Species Act of 1996 and 

Executive Order 13112 

SEC. 1204. STATE AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES MANAGEMENT PLANS 

(a) STATE OR INTERSTATE INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT PLANS-- 

 

(1) IN GENERAL – After providing notice and opportunity for public comment, the governor of 

each State may prepare and submit, or the Governors of the States and the governments of 

Indian Tribes involved in an interstate organization, may jointly prepare and submit— 

 

(A) a comprehensive management plan to the Task Force for approval which identifies those 

areas or activities within the State or within the interstate region involved, other than 

those related to public facilities, for which technical, enforcement, or financial assistance 

(or any combination thereof) is needed to eliminate or reduce the environmental, public 

health, and safety risk associated with aquatic nuisance species, particularly the zebra 

mussel; and 

(B) a public facility management plan to the Assistant Secretary for approval which is limited 

solely to identifying those public facilities within the State or within the interstate region 

involved for which technical and financial assistance is needed to reduce infestations of 

zebra mussels. 

(2) CONTENT – Each plan shall, to the extent possible, identify the management practices and 

measures that will be undertaken to reduce infestations of aquatic nuisance species. Each 

plan shall -- 

 

(A) identify and describe State and local programs for environmentally sound prevention and 

control of the target aquatic nuisance species; 

(B) identify Federal activities that may be needed for environmentally sound prevention and 

control of aquatic nuisance species and a description of the manner in which those 

activities should be coordinated with State and local government activities; 

(C) identify any authority that the State (or any State or Indian Tribe involved in the interstate 

organization) does not have at the time of the development of the plan that may be 

necessary for the State (or any State or Indian Tribe involved in the interstate 

organization) to protect public health, property, and the environment from harm by 

aquatic nuisance species; and 

(D) a schedule of implementing the plan, including a schedule of annual objectives and 

enabling legislation. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(3) CONSULTATION— 

(A) In developing and implementing a management plan, the State or interstate organization 

should, to the maximum extent practicable, involve local governments and regional 

entities, Indian Tribes, and public and private organizations that have expertise in the 

control of aquatic nuisance species. 

(B) Upon the request of a State or the appropriate official of an interstate organization, the 

Task Force or the Assistant Secretary, as appropriate under paragraph (1), may provide 

technical assistance in developing and implementing a management plan. 

(4) PLAN APPROVAL – Within 90 days after the submission of a management plan, the Task 

Force or the Assistant Secretary in consultation with the Task Force, as appropriate under 

paragraph (1), shall review the proposed plan and approve it if it meets the requirements of 

this subsection or return the plan to the Governor or the interstate organization with 

recommended modifications. 

(b) GRANT PROGRAM – 

(1) STATE GRANTS -- The Director may, at the recommendation of the Task Force, make 

grants to States with management plans approved under subsection (a) for the 

implementation of those plans. 

(2) APPLICATION – An application for a grant under this subsection shall include an 

identification and description of the best management practices and measures which the 

State proposes to utilize in implementing an approved management plan with any Federal 

assistance to be provided under the grant. 

(3) FEDERAL SHARE – 

(A) The Federal share of the cost of each comprehensive management plan implemented 

with Federal assistance under this section in any fiscal year shall not exceed 75 percent 

of the cost incurred by the State in implementing such management program and the 

non-Federal share of such costs shall be provided from non-Federal sources. 

(B) The Federal share of the cost of each public facility management plan implemented 

with Federal assistance under this section in any fiscal year shall not exceed 50 percent 

of the cost incurred by the State in implementing such management program and the 

non-Federal share of such costs shall be provided from non-Federal sources. 

(4) ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS – For the purposes of this section, administrative costs for 

activities and programs carried out with a grant in any fiscal year shall not exceed 5 percent 

of the amount of the grant in that year. 

(5) IN-KIND CONTRIBUTIONS – In addition to cash outlays and payments, in-kind 

contributions of property or personnel services by non-Federal interests for activities under 

this section may be used for the non-Federal share of the cost of those activities. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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(c) ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE –Upon request of a State or Indian Tribe, the Director or 

Under Secretary, to the extent allowable by law and in a manner consistent with section 141 of title 

14, United States Code, may provide assistance to a State or Indian Tribe in enforcing an approved 

State or interstate invasive species management plan. 

Executive Order 13112 of February 3, 1999 

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of 

America, including the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 

seq.), Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, as amended (16 

U.S.C. 4701 et seq.), Lacey Act, as amended (18 U.S.C. 42), Federal Plant Pest Act (7 U.S.C. 

150aa et seq.), Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974, as amended (7 U.S.C. 2801 et seq.), 

Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), and other pertinent statutes, 

to prevent the introduction of invasive species and provide for their control and to minimize the 

economic, ecological, and human health impacts that invasive species cause, it is ordered as 

follows: 

Section 1. Definitions.

(a) "Alien species" means, with respect to a particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, 

eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not native 

to that ecosystem. 

(b) "Control" means, as appropriate, eradicating, suppressing, reducing, or managing invasive 

species populations, preventing spread of invasive species from areas where they are present, 

and taking steps such as restoration of native species and habitats to reduce the effects of 

invasive species and to prevent further invasions. 

(c) "Ecosystem" means the complex of a community of organisms and its environment. 

(d) "Federal agency" means an executive department or agency, but does not include independent 

establishments as defined by 5 U.S.C. 104. 

(e) "Introduction" means the intentional or unintentional escape, release, dissemination, or 

placement of a species into an ecosystem as a result of human activity. 

(f) "Invasive species" means an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause 

economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. 

(g) "Native species" means, with respect to a particular ecosystem, a species that, other than as a 

result of an introduction, historically occurred or currently occurs in that ecosystem. 

(h) "Species" means a group of organisms all of which have a high degree of physical and genetic 

similarity, generally interbreed only among themselves, and show persistent differences from 

members of allied groups of organisms. 

(i) "Stakeholders" means, but is not limited to, State, tribal, and local government agencies, 

academic institutions, the scientific community, nongovernmental entities including 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

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environmental, agricultural, and conservation organizations, trade groups, commercial interests, 

and private landowners. 

(j) "United States" means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and all 

possessions, territories, and the territorial sea of the United States. 

Section 2. Federal Agency Duties.

Each Federal agency whose actions may affect the status of invasive species shall, to the extent 

practicable and permitted by law, identify such actions; 

1) subject to the availability of appropriations, and within Administration budgetary limits, 

use relevant programs and authorities to: (i) prevent the introduction of invasive species; 

(ii) detect and respond rapidly to and control populations of such species in a cost-effective 

and environmentally sound manner; (iii) monitor invasive species populations accurately 

and reliably; (iv) provide for restoration of native species and habitat conditions in 

ecosystems that have been invaded; (v) conduct research on invasive species and develop 

technologies to prevent introduction and provide for environmentally sound control of 

invasive species; and (vi) promote public education on invasive species and the means to 

address them; and 

2) not authorize, fund, or carry out actions that it believes are likely to cause or promote the 

introduction or spread of invasive species in the United States or elsewhere unless, 

pursuant to guidelines that it has prescribed, the agency has determined and made public 

its determination that the benefits of such actions clearly outweigh the potential harm 

caused by invasive species; and that all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of 

harm will be taken in conjunction with the actions. 

(b) Federal agencies shall pursue the duties set forth in this section in consultation with the Invasive 

Species Council, consistent with the Invasive Species Management Plan and in cooperation 

with stakeholders, as appropriate, and, as approved by the Department of State, when Federal 

agencies are working with international organizations and foreign nations. 

Section 3. Invasive Species Council. 

(a) An Invasive Species Council (Council) is hereby established whose members shall include the 

Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the 

Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of 

Transportation, and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. The Council 

shall be co-chaired by the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the 

Secretary of Commerce. The Council may invite additional Federal agency representatives to 

be members, including representatives from subcabinet bureaus or offices with significant 

responsibilities concerning invasive species, and may prescribe special procedures for their 

participation. The Secretary of the Interior shall, with concurrence of the co-chairs, appoint an 

Executive Director of the Council and shall provide the staff and administrative support for the 

Council. 

(b) The Secretary of the Interior shall establish an advisory committee under the Federal Advisory 

Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App., to provide information and advice for consideration by the 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

85 

Council, and shall, after consultation with other members of the Council, appoint members of 

the advisory committee representing stakeholders. Among other things, the advisory committee 

shall recommend plans and actions at local, tribal, State, regional, and ecosystem-based levels 

to achieve the goals and objectives of the Management Plan in section 5 of this order. The 

advisory committee shall act in cooperation with stakeholders and existing organizations 

addressing invasive species. The Department of the Interior shall provide the administrative and 

financial support for the advisory committee. 

Section 4. Duties of the Invasive Species Council. 

The Invasive Species Council shall provide national leadership regarding invasive species, and 

shall: 

(a) oversee the implementation of this order and see that the Federal agency activities concerning 

invasive species are coordinated, complementary, cost-efficient, and effective, relying to the 

extent feasible and appropriate on existing organizations addressing invasive species, such as 

the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force, the Federal Interagency Committee for the 

Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds, and the Committee on Environment and Natural 

Resources; 

(b) encourage planning and action at local, tribal, State, regional, and ecosystem-based levels to 

achieve the goals and objectives of the Management Plan in section 5 of this order, in 

cooperation with stakeholders and existing organizations addressing invasive species; 

(c) develop recommendations for international cooperation in addressing invasive species; 

(d) develop, in consultation with the Council on Environmental Quality, guidance to Federal 

agencies pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act on prevention and control of 

invasive species, including the procurement, use, and maintenance of native species as they 

affect invasive species; 

(e) facilitate development of a coordinated network among Federal agencies to document, evaluate, 

and monitor impacts from invasive species on the economy, the environment, and human 

health; 

(f) facilitate establishment of a coordinated, up-to-date information-sharing system that utilizes, to 

the greatest extent practicable, the Internet; this system shall facilitate access to and exchange 

of information concerning invasive species, including, but not limited to, information on 

distribution and abundance of invasive species; life histories of such species and invasive 

characteristics; economic, environmental, and human health impacts; management techniques, 

and laws and programs for management, research, and public education; and 

(g) prepare and issue a national Invasive Species Management Plan as set forth in section 5 of this 

order. 

Section 5. Invasive Species Management Plan.

(a) Within 18 months after issuance of this order, the Council shall prepare and issue the first 

edition of a National Invasive Species Management Plan (Management Plan), which shall detail 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

86

and recommend performance-oriented goals and objectives and specific measures of success for 

Federal agency efforts concerning invasive species. The Management Plan shall recommend 

specific objectives and measures for carrying out each of the Federal agency duties established 

in section 2(a) of this order and shall set forth steps to be taken by the Council to carry out the 

duties assigned to it under section 4 of this order. The Management Plan shall be developed 

through a public process and in consultation with Federal agencies and stakeholders. 

(b) The first edition of the Management Plan shall include a review of existing and prospective 

approaches and authorities for preventing the introduction and spread of invasive species, 

pathways that may be involved in the introduction of invasive species. If recommended 

measures are not authorized by current law, the Council shall develop and recommend to the 

President through its Co-Chairs legislative proposals for necessary changes in authority. 

(c) The Council shall update the Management Plan biennially and shall concurrently evaluate and 

report on success in achieving the goals and objectives set forth in the Management Plan. The 

Management Plan shall identify the personnel, other resources, and additional levels of 

coordination needed to achieve the Management Plan's identified goals and objectives, and the 

Council shall provide each edition of the Management Plan and each report on it to the Office 

of Management and Budget. Within 18 months after measures have been recommended by the 

Council in any edition of the Management Plan, each Federal agency whose action is required 

to implement such measures shall either take the action recommended or shall provide the 

Council with an explanation of why the action is not feasible. The Council shall assess the 

effectiveness of this order no less than once each 5 years after the order is issued and shall 

report to the Office of Management and Budget on whether the order should be revised. 

Section 6. Judicial Review and Administration.

(a) This order is intended only to improve the internal management of the executive branch and is 

not intended to create any right, benefit, or trust responsibility, substantive or procedural, 

enforceable at law or equity by a party against the United States, its agencies, its officers, or any 

other person. 

(b) Executive Order 11987 of May 24, 1977, is hereby revoked. 

(c) The requirements of this order do not affect the obligations of Federal agencies under 16 U.S.C. 

4713 with respect to ballast water programs. 

(d) The requirements of section 2(a)(3) of this order shall not apply to any action of the Department 

of State or Department of Defense if the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Defense finds 

that exemption from such requirements is necessary for foreign policy or national security 

reasons. 

WILLIAM J. CLINTON 

THE WHITE HOUSE, 

February 3, 1999 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

87 

Appendix G. Public Comments Received and Responses46

1) 

Subject: Re: Invasive species plan 

Date: Wed, 10 Jul 2002 15:16:10 -0800 

From: Ginny Fay <ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

To: "Frackman, Gary" <GFRACKMA@acsalaska.com> 

References: 1 

Gary, thank you very much for your interest. There are no specifics in the plan regarding using 

volunteers for monitoring because a monitoring plan has not been developed yet. That is one of the 

most important initial tasks of the management plan. Washington has developed a successful 

citizen-monitoring program that we will probably investigate more fully in developing Alaska's. If 

you have suggestions regarding a monitoring program, we would be delighted to receive and 

incorporate them. We will start a list of interested people and I will be sure to put your name on it. 

Thanks again! 

"Frackman, Gary" wrote: 

Good day.....Can you provide me with more information on this plan, in particular how Alaskans 

would assist. Will you be looking for volunteers? I have looked at the draft plan and it mentions 

using Alaskan's but does not give specifics. Maybe this kind of information has not yet been 

decided on? Anyway, I am interested in learning more if you can assist here I would appreciate it. 

Thank you for your time..... 

2) 

Subject: Re: invasive species 

Date: Wed, 10 Jul 2002 16:16:46 -0800 

From: Ginny Fay <ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

To: KeexKwaan@starband.net 

CC: Janet E Schempf <janet_schempf@fishgame.state.ak.us>, 

Catherine A Pohl <catherine_pohl@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

References: 1 

Edna, thank you for your comments and observations. Japanese knotweed is definitely an 

increasing problem that we acknowledge in the management plan. The ADF&G Habitat biologists 

and US Forest Service ecologists and botanists are also concerned about its spread. Once we are 

able to implement the plan, it will be an important species for which to develop a cooperative 

control program. I will make sure you are kept informed. 

Edna Jackson wrote: 

Hello, I was looking at the ADFG web page of invasive species. Although we haven't noticed 

anything out of the ordinary regarding the fish, crustaceans & mollusks that you have listed, we 

have a growing problem with Japanese knotweed. Can you pass on any information to get this 

plant either eradicated or under control. Thanks. 

Edna Davis Jackson 

Environmental Coordinator 

Organized Village of Kake 

 

46 State and federal agency comments are available upon request. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

88

P.O. Box 316 

Kake, Alaska 99830 

Telephone 907-785-6471 

KeexKwaan@starband.net 

3) 

Date: Tue, 16 Jul 2002 13:27:48 -0500 

From: "Lynn R. Schlueter" lschluet@state.nd.us 

To: Ginny_Fay@fishgame.state.ak.us 

Ginny: 

Just finished reviewing Alaska's draft ANS Management Plan. 

General comments are 

it was well written 

broke out the areas of concern 

identified the various agencies and entities which need to work together 

listed the appropriate entitles and existing regulations that can be used to control ANS will have a 

risk assessment of potential ANS to focus efforts on likely problem candidates provide a central 

point with information on species (this should include in-depth life histories and descriptions) 

inform the public and state officials how ANS will impact their livelihood and recreation 

(important - as with out the bite-in-the-wallet, most people are not concerned about ANS impacts) 

the goals were listed, the objectives were not as clearly defined, but the management plans calls for 

review and modification as need develops or as needed (pp 28). 

What was very interesting was section VII. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND 

FEEDBACK, this document is one of the few that has included this important point. Entities need 

to know what efforts are successful, which ones are not working and what is changing in the public 

sector. While many agencies use public involvement techniques, few are using up-to-date 

marketing campaigns and then determining if those were met the objectives (that being 

+or - (Q and Q)/T [change in quantity or quality over time]). 

Thank you for the opportunity to read and comment on the report. 

Lynn R Schlueter 

Fisheries Division 

Special Project Biologist 

North Dakota Game and Fish Department 

7928 45th Street NE 

Devils Lake, North Dakota 58301-8501 

e-mail at lschluet@state.nd.us 

work phone --- 701/662-3617 

FAX number --- 701/662-3618 

cell phone --- 701/739-6869 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

89 

4) 

Subject: draft plan comments 

Date: Thu, 18 Jul 2002 15:55:28 -0700 

From: "Stephen Phillips" <stephen_phillips@psmfc.org> 

To: ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us 

 CC: Randy Fisher <randy_fisher@psmfc.org>, 

 rob bosworth <robert_bosworth@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

July 18, 2002 

Ms. Ginny Fay 

ADFG 

1255 W. 8th Street 

Juneau, Alaska 99802-5526 

Dear Ms. Fay: 

Thank you for providing us with a copy of the "Draft Aquatic Nuisance 

Species Management Plan" for the State of Alaska. 

The document provides a good overview of the Aquatic Nuisance Species 

(ANS) problem facing Alaska. Also, the draft plan more than adequately covers the goals and tasks 

necessary for managing the aquatic nuisance species threat in Alaska. We are pleased to see that the 

draft plan contains numerous educational action items. Regarding ANS education, please be aware 

that we have educational resources available here for your use (e.g. Mitten Crab Watch cards, Zap 

the Zebra brochures, etc.). 

As you probably know, the PSMFC was successful in securing federal funds from Congress 

(FY2002) for ANS work in Alaska (administered by Bob Piorkowski) and the West Coast. We also 

hope to amend language to the National Invasive Species Act (currently in reauthorization) that 

would provide a stable source of funding for the member states of the Pacific States Marine 

Fisheries Commission. We will continue to seek resources for our member state's ANS programs in 

the future. 

We look forward to working with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in developing the 

Alaska ANS plan and program. Please call on us anytime you feel that we may be of assistance. 

Sincerely, 

Stephen H. Phillips 

Coordinator, Aquatic Nuisance Species Program 

Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission 

45 SE 82nd Drive 

Suite 100 

Gladstone, Oregon 97027-2522 

503-650-5400 

stephen_phillips@psmfc.org 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

90

5) 

Julie Crawford, Projects Coordinator July 18th, 2002 

Fairbanks Soil & Water Conservation District 

590 University Ave Suite B 

Fairbanks, AK 99709 

Dear Ginny Fay, 

I received in my inbox just yesterday a copy of your draft Aquatic Nuisance Species Management 

Plan. I am happy to give comments on this plan as I have a strong interest in this subject, but given 

the short turn around deadline and my busy schedule I did not review the document thoroughly. 

Having said that, I would like to compliment you on a massive piece of work - a very thorough 

plan. All of my concerns were addressed and I saw few grammatical / spelling / typing errors. I 

have but two suggestions: 

as I am sure you are aware there is already in place a statewide “Committee for Noxious and 

Invasive Plant Management” which could be mentioned directly when inter-agency coordination is 

discussed. This would emphasize the already existing commitment state and federal agencies have 

shown to the invasive species problem. If you have already done this and I just missed it, I 

apologize. 

 I feel that there are other plant species that could be added to you list. When describing the 

impacts of Polygonum cuspidatum, you discuss loss of vegetation, destabilized stream banks, and 

the reduction of woody debris etc. There are many invasive exotics in the state that fit this 

description. For example, here in Fairbanks, Linaria vulgare is an ever-increasing species that can 

invade lakeshores and stream banks such as the Sloughs that pass through town. 

2a) As an aside, you mention Reed canary grass and Foxtail barley, but do not give scientific names 

or any additional information in the appendix on these species. Presumably they are not considered 

a high potential threat and therefore not in the appendix or in the Highest Potential Threats section. 

 

I am sorry for the abbreviated review. I wish you luck (and funding) with implementation of this 

important plan! 

Sincerely, 

Julie Crawford 

6) 

Subject: Re: Ballast water regulations 

Date: Mon, 22 Jul 2002 15:59:37 –0800 

From: Ginny Fay ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us 

To: "Wilson, Stephen" Stephen.Wilson@crowley.com 

CC: Carrie Gombos Carrie_Gombos@law.state.ak.us 

References: 1

Alaska has limited laws/regulations regarding ballast water management. The only statute is 

directed toward managing oily residual in unsegregated ballast tanks in petroleum carrying vessels. 

As such, discharge is governed by national standards. The Alaska state statute text is provided 

below. If you have any additional questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

91 

Ballast Water Discharge Alaska Statutes, Title 46: Water, Air, Energy and Environmental 

Conservation, Section 750 Chapter 03. Environmental Conservation 

Article 7: Prohibited Acts and Penalties 

Sec. 46.03.750. Ballast water discharge. 

Except as provided in (b) of this section, a person may not cause or permit the discharge of ballast 

water from a cargo tank of a tank vessel into the waters of the state. A tank vessel may not take on 

petroleum or a petroleum product or by-product as cargo unless it arrives in ports in the state 

without having discharged ballast from cargo tanks into the waters of the state and the master of the 

vessel certifies that fact on forms provided by the department. 

(b) The master of a tank vessel may discharge ballast water from a cargo tank of a tank vessel if it 

is necessary for the safety of the tank vessel and no alternative action is feasible to ensure the safety 

of the tank vessel. Sec. 46.03.755. Discharge reporting. 

(a) A person in charge of a facility, operation, or vessel, as soon as the person has knowledge of 

any discharge from the facility, operation, or vessel in violation of 

AS 46.03.740 or 46.03.750, shall immediately notify the department of the discharge. 

"Wilson, Stephen" wrote: 

Would you please let me know where I can find the existing regulations for the discharge of ballast 

water in Alaskan waters. Thank you 

Stephen Wilson Director, 

Health, Safety & Environmental Affairs 

Crowley Maritime Corporation 

(206)332-8033 

7) 

Subject: Re: Aquatic Invasive Species Plan 

Date: Wed, 24 Jul 2002 12:54:25 -0800 

From: Ginny Fay <ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

To: ossianla <ossianla@plu.edu> 

References: 1 

Thank you for your thoughtful and positive comments on the report. We will definitely keep you 

informed regarding a citizen monitoring program and implementation of the plan as it progresses. 

Thanks! Ginny 

ossianla wrote: 

Dear Ms. Fay, 

I am writing to comment on the draft invasive species plan for Alaska after 

reviewing the draft on the Alaska Department of Fish and Game website. 

I am very pleased that our state is preparing to proactively confront the challenge of invasive 

species. I have witnessed the prevalence of invasive species, particularly plants, in western 

Washington as a student at Pacific Lutheran University. Coming home to Alaska after graduation, 

where the waters and land are still relatively pristine habitats for native species, I believe in the 

urgency of enacting a plan to protect both the economic interests at stake in aquatic invasive 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

92

species as well as the threat to biodiversity that invaders pose. There are a few points in the draft I 

wished to comment on. 

A policy of mandatory ballast exchange offshore is prudent and wise for Alaska. Our waters are a 

resource that we should take reasonable measures to protect. The factors common to the vast 

majority of incoming vessels (short trip duration and repeated exposure to the same ports) heighten 

the risk to this marine ecosystem. 

Although we can learn a great deal from the lessons learned the hard way by our southern 

neighbors in Washington and British Columbia, Alaskan ecosystems require further basic research. 

There may exist risks or existing invasive species populations that we are not yet aware of that 

more science would illuminate. A strong foundation for public policy ought to be built on 

oceanographic research to the fullest extent possible. When the science is not available, a 

precautionary principle should be applied. 

Another important facet to tackling the challenge of invasive species is public outreach. Alaskans, 

myself included, have a lot to learn about invasive species and how seemingly small actions on our 

part may make a tremendous difference in our environment. The size of Alaska also dictates that 

volunteer effort to monitor and report invasive species is desirable. I hope to assist in invasive 

species projects in my home state. Thank you for spearheading a plan to gather resources to 

prevent and respond to invasive species in Alaska. 

Sincerely, 

Lia Ossiander 

P.O. Box 670772 

Chugiak, AK 99567 

ossianla@plu.edu 

8) 

Subject: Re: Aquatic Nuisance Species Plan 

Date: Wed, 24 Jul 2002 14:23:23 -0800 

From: Ginny Fay <ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

To: Richard@icebergseafood.com 

 References: 1 

Rich, 

Thank you very much for taking the time to review and comment on the draft plan. The plan is a 

first step in the development of an aquatic nuisance species (ANS) and broader invasive species 

program for Alaska. It lays out the first steps for development. Each of the steps will include 

significant opportunity for public and special interest groups participation especially through the 

proposed invasive species council/committee and its subcommittees. The portion of the report 

referring to "restaurants, seafood retail and processing," was briefly and generally referring to 

recognized vectors for ANS introductions. As you noted, ballast water may be a significantly more 

critical pathway for invasive species introduction. As a result, considerably more of the plan is 

dedicated to reviewing the research that has been done on ballast water in Alaska. We will keep 

you informed of the process and hope that you will continue to be involved to improve the 

program. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

93 

Rich Sewell wrote: 

Dear Ginny, 

Invasive species are potentially a big problem for Alaska when viewed in the global context and 

should be addressed systematically. While this is a step in the right direction, the plan development 

seems to lack credible public participation so far. 

In this regard the plan comment period was very short and I only heard about it through one article 

in the newspaper. A plan of this importance and breadth needs much more public input and 

participation than it has received so far. 

My particular concern is with the single sentence reference to "Restaurants, seafood retail and 

processing." These areas encompass a huge portion of the Alaskan businesses and economy. To 

include so many businesses in a sweeping single sentence is troubling. I would hope that 

businesses that would be effected by this plan would be notified directly and formally asked to 

comment on the plan. 

Furthermore, the live seafood section of the problem is such an infantismal [sic] drop in the bucket 

compared with say ballast water, one wonders why it was even included. 

However, I would urge the ADF&G to broaden the public participation in the development of this 

important plan and actively seek out all the affected parties the plan refers to in order to develop 

ideas and cooperation to implement the solutions that are developed in the planning process. 

Sincerely, 

Rich Sewell 

CEO 

9) 

Subject: Re: ANS Plan 

Date: Tue, 23 Jul 2002 09:07:12 -0800 

From: Ginny Fay <ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

To: Adelheid Herrmann <herrmann@gci.net> 

References: 1 

Adelheid, I was out of town until mid-day yesterday, which is why I did not get back to you. 

Thank you for reviewing the report. If you have additional comments, please feel free to submit 

them this week. We will definitely keep you informed. I will call you later today. 

Adelheid Herrmann wrote: 

Hi Ginny, I got to look at the Alaska ANS plan more closely and it looks like my concern for tribes 

is covered. I'm working for the Native American Fish and Wildlife Society now in Anchorage and 

am a member of the Western Regional Panel so would like to be kept informed of the States efforts 

as you move forward. Thank you. Adelheid Ph: 222-6005 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

94

10) 

Subject: Re: Noxious weeds 

Date: Thu, 25 Jul 2002 11:21:35 -0800 

From: Ginny Fay <ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

To: carlson1@gci.net 

CC: Janet E Schempf <janet_schempf@fishgame.state.ak.us>, 

Catherine A Pohl <catherine_pohl@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

References: 1 

Ms Carlson, thank you for taking the time to review the Plan and your concern about the noxious 

weed on your property. I am cc'ing two biologists in the Habitat and Restoration Division who can 

assist you with follow up. 

Thanks again, ginny 

Carlson Family wrote: 

> Dear Ms. Fay: 

> 

I came across this document on the Fish & Game web site last week when trying to identify a plant 

in our yard. I am concerned that we may have several potentially noxious weeds on our property 

which is directly adjacent to the Anchorage Coastal Wildlife Refuge, so I ask your advice: 

Is there a person I can get to make a site visit to let me know if there are things that I should clear 

out? 

While I just skimmed the document and am not a biology professional, I appreciate the appropriate 

agencies taking a proactive stance and protecting the diversity of our wild Alaska. 

Thank you for your time and consideration. 

Barbara Carlson 

11) 

Subject: Draft Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

Date: Mon, 22 Jul 2002 17:52:10 -0700 

From: "Hitchcock, Susan J POA02" <Susan.J.Hitchcock@poa02.usace.army.mil> 

To: "'ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us'" <ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us> 

I reviewed your management plan. It looks like a comprehensive plan and although I am not very 

familiar with aquatic species. Such plans are necessary to protect indigenous species. Thanks for 

the oportunity to comment. Katheryn Judy Hall or Julia Ross University of Alaska (789-9328 hm, 

465-6505 wk) are my plant experts. Best of luck. Susan 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

95 

12) 

July 22, 2002 

Ginny Fay 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

1255 West 8th Street 

P.O. Box 25526 

Juneau, AK 99802-5526 

Dear Dr. Fay: 

Defenders of Wildlife welcomes the opportunity to comment on the Alaska Department of Fish & 

Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan (ANSMP). As a leading conservation 

organization with over 430,000 members nationwide, we view invasive species as one of the 

greatest threats to our nation’s biological diversity. We are pleased that the State has developed a 

plan in accordance with the recommendations of the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force intends 

to coordinate its various aquatic nuisance species management programs, prevent introduction of 

new invaders, establish a monitoring plan and rapid response capabilities, and undertake research, 

public education to keep aquatic invaders out of Alaska. We offer these comments in order to 

further improve the plan and its implementation. 

The Management Plan identifies much that is already being done by Alaska’s agencies to identify, 

exclude, and control invasive aquatic species. However, a number of issues and tools that we 

believe to be important are not addressed explicitly in either the summaries of current agency 

responsibilities or in the recommendations for improving coordination and management. The issues 

and tools described here are drawn from ANS Task Force guidelines and the standards for 

invasives management developed by the Environmental Law Institute and should be included in the 

plan (or, if these actions are already being accomplished by state, federal or other authorities, they 

should be described more explicitly in the management plan). 

Coordination: 

Task 1A1c. Defenders applauds Alaska’s stated intent to hire a full-time ANS coordinator and to 

include state and federal agencies, tribal groups and non-governmental organizations on the 

Coordinating Committee. We recommend inclusion of representatives of local and county 

governments, university researchers and private sector representatives as well. 

Task 1A1d. Defenders recommends inclusion of subcommittees to address aquaculture, nursery and 

aquarium issues as well as Atlantic salmon, shipping, recreational boating, fishing and the others 

listed here. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

96

Prevention of entry of new ANS into Alaska: 

Action 2A3. The Strategic Action, “Prohibit, control or permit the importation of nonnative aquatic 

species based on their invasive potential,” implies that officials will be able to intercept, identify 

and make a determination about all potential invaders. Species-based approaches of this sort have 

failed time and again because larvae or spores pass inspectors unnoticed, the invasive potential of a 

species is not recognized by investigators until it is too late, or for other reasons. We recommend, 

alternatively, that the ANSMP move beyond managing individual species, and develop a pathwaysbased approach that utilizes incentives, regulations and technologies to reduce the likelihood that 

invasive species will enter the state. A pathways-based approach would combine technologies such 

as ballast treatment (e.g. UV, filtration or ozone) for oceanic and coastal ships, dispersal barriers on 

locks and canals, and education and regulations to prevent deliberate release or accidental fouling 

by boaters, fishermen, oil drilling platforms, dry docks, aquaculture facilities and aquarium 

enthusiasts. The pathway-oriented subcommittees described in Task 1A1d, and the research 

objectives defined under Action 5B1 will be helpful in the development of a pathways-based 

approach. 

 

Task 2A3a. The state should, for all taxa, follow the lead of “current law [that] provides that 

except for oysters and scallops, fish and other marine invertebrates cannot be legally imported into 

the state.” Thus, in using the four-category system described in the Task, only species in that are 

likely to have minimal adverse impact should be allowed in the state. This includes any potentially 

harmful aquaculture species, which should not be brought on the pretense they can be managed to 

minimize escape. With respect to introductions of all taxa, we recommend a precautionary 

approach: lack of information about a species should be considered reason for exclusion of a 

species, not an excuse to allow entry. 

Other recommendations for strategic actions and tasks that are not explicitly detailed, but should be 

included under the Prevention goal: 

• Quarantine facilities and import procedures. The Plan does not describe in any detail 

quarantine requirements and procedures for imported live organisms or products that could 

harbor pests. Nor does the Plan appear to contain labeling requirements for imports, mandated 

registration of shippers, or requirements that shippers post bonds to cover the cost of inspection 

and quarantine, or be insured for any damage that might stem from imported pest species. If 

these import and quarantine issues are being handled exclusively through the federal 

government, the Plan should at least state this. 

• Biological control agents. The Plan should include a section on the evaluation, permitting and 

use of biological control agents, which are frequently non-native species, and have, on 

occasion, themselves become invaders. The state should develop and implement uniform 

guidelines across agencies for the import and use of biological control agents. 

Detection and Eradication: 

Defenders applauds the Management Plan’s goals to track and monitor invasive species spread and 

develop reporting systems (Tasks 3A11-d), and implement action plans for the most incipient 

threat species (Task 3B1a-b), and to establish ANS Emergency Fund (Task 3B1c). Defenders 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

97 

suggests, however, that the Fund should be even larger than $100,000. Emergency response efforts 

to eradicate small populations of the invasive seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia have cost $2.46 million 

over the past two years. While this amount pales in comparison to the costs of not eradicating the 

seaweed, it serves as an example of how expensive emergency eradication actions can be, 

Defenders of Wildlife also recommends that the Management Plan should include a restoration 

component. We believe that habitat restoration and good management practices are key to 

improving habitat and preventing re-infestation. Restoration activities can take place across a range 

of agencies, requiring coordination. Restoration activities can also be a way to provide outreach to 

communities and get involvement and buy-in from a wide range of stakeholders. 

Miscellaneous comments: 

We are pleased to see that the ANSMP states that the plan is “a first step in initiating the 

establishment of a coordinated state aquatic and terrestrial invasive species program.” Defenders 

encourages the state to move forward with a management plan for terrestrial invasive species that 

addresses coordination, prevention, rapid response, control, education and research. This plan 

should build on the contents of the ANSMP so that agencies can work seamlessly on all invasive 

species issues, and should identify and close the pathways that expose the state of Alaska to forest 

threats, agricultural pests, noxious weeds, and other exotic invasive species. As Alaska officials 

improve and implement the ANSMP and develop a corresponding plan to deal with terrestrial 

invasives, officials and managers may find the following resources to be useful: 

• The Environmental Law Institute, which has recently completed a comprehensive analysis of 

state laws pertaining to invasive species, including recommendations for comprehensive 

programs, which will allow states to identify gaps and needs in their programs. The report is 

now in press, and will be available soon at http://www.eli.org . 

• The State Environmental Resource Council, a project of Defenders of Wildlife and the Natural 

Resources Defense Council, can assist with the drafting and passage of pro-environmental laws, 

and can be a resource for the development of invasive species law. Http://www.serconline.org 

Thank you for your attention to our comments. 

Sincerely, 

Aimee Delach 

Species Conservation Associate 

13)

Subject: Re: [Fwd: Ragweed is spreading throughout AK] 

Date: Thu, 25 Jul 2002 11:31:54 –0800

From: Ginny Fay ginny_fay@fishgame.state.ak.us 

To: Frances Merrill <frances_merrill@health.state.ak.us>, 

Janet E Schempf <janet_schempf@fishgame.state.ak.us>,

Catherine A Pohl <catherine_pohl@fishgame.state.ak.us>, 

William F Ballard <bill_ballard@dot.state.ak.us>,

Marta Mueller <ftmrm@uaf.edu 

References: 1 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

98

France, thank you for taking the time to review the ANS plan and provide comments. As I 

mentioned on the phone, I am forwarding your comments regarding to ragweed to Habitat and 

Restoration biologists, DOT environmental coordinator and the UAF invasive plant committee 

coordinator. Please let me know if you would like additional information. 

Frances Merrill wrote: 

Subject: Ragweed is spreading throughout AK 

Date: Tue, 23 Jul 2002 09:45:18 –0800 

From: Frances Merrill <frances_merrill@health.state.ak.us 

Organization: Epidemiology 

To: ginny_faye@fishgame.ak.us 

Frances R. Merrill 

1200 W. Dimond Blvd. 

Anchorage, AK 99515 

(907) 344-1327 

akfrancie&gci.net 

Dear Ginny, 

I want to thank you for championing support in such necessary causes as to save our environment 

from non-native encroachments such as mine. 

My concern I called to report to you and have to others in state departments is the last several years 

is the introduction of ragweed from grass seed being planted in road side meridians of newly 

constructed highways, roads and storage lots all around in Mat Su and Anchorage. I don't know 

myself of other areas but am suspect. 

This plant I have seen spread miles in one year as each huge tall 4'-6' plant carries thousands of 

seeds. It's fragrance is stronger than clover, I see it completed overrun all other vegitation 

including our beautiful fireweed's and grass. It is planted in the new Cuddy Family park at the 

Lousace library and found up and down south C street from south on King. I saw it start spreading 

first at the big construction lot back in the Waste Water Management area west on King around the 

100th block. Now I see it everywhere, a single plant here or there and it empty lots used as snow 

dumps. 

I can't forecast stopping this plant from evading all of Alaska. No animals can eat it and our lands 

will be covered entirely if eradication is not started immediately. 

Please keep me advised of what is being done about this matter, who is being notified and results. I 

pray to our Creator this will of immediate concern. 

Thank you, 

Frances R. Merrill 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

99 

Appendix H. Strategic Response Plans

Nonindigenous Northern Pike Populations 

Division of Sport Fish 

Introduction 

Northern pike are native to much of North America. Northern pike were historically found east of 

the continental divide. In Alaska, pike are native north of the Alaska Range. Northern pike are not 

native in the large drainages of the Copper, Susitna, and Kenai rivers as well as the numerous 

smaller drainages in Prince William Sound, Cook Inlet and the Gulf of Alaska Coast. 

Northern pike first appeared in the Susitna River Drainage in the 1950s. It is believed that a wellintentioned angler stocked these fish in a lake via floatplane. Approximately 50 years later, 

northern pike can be found throughout the Susitna River drainage. Northern pike are most 

numerous in those parts of the Susitna River Drainage that correspond to its preferred habitat niche. 

This includes shallow lakes and sloughs and slow clear tributary streams. Northern pike are less 

numerous or absent from those parts of the Susitna River Drainage that are turbid, fast moving or 

having extremely cold water. 

The actual impact of northern pike on the Susitna River Drainage is impossible to measure. 

However, northern pike have had a significant impact in some parts of the drainage. Several lakes 

(Trappers, Alexander, and Red Shirt) that once contained healthy trout and salmon populations are 

now devoid of these species. Pike densities remain high in these systems and it is unlikely trout and 

salmon will ever become reestablished. Other fishes in these systems such as suckers and whitefish 

have been similarly impacted. In addition to lakes, numerous sloughs and small streams have had 

their native fish populations replaced by northern pike. The cumulative impact of northern pike on 

the Susitna River Drainage is probably quite large, particularly for those species (rainbow trout, 

coho salmon, suckers, whitefish, etc.) that have significant overlap of preferred habitat niches. 

The range expansion of northern pike is continuing. Northern pike are being found in many lakes in 

the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, Anchorage urban area, and the Kenai Peninsula. This range 

expansion is thought to be the result of northern pike anglers stocking these fish in lakes where the 

anglers would like to see a pike fishery develop. The potential exists for northern pike to become 

established in most if not all Cook Inlet drainages. 

Problem and Impacts 

Much of the aquatic habitat found in Southcentral Alaska is similar to northern pike habitat found 

in much of its’ native range. However, most Southcentral aquatic systems are much less productive 

than those found in the northern pike native range. The typical course of events when pike are 

introduced into a Southcentral Alaska lake is as follows: the few introduced pike have lots of food 

and they grow fast; the pike produce lots of offspring; the offspring grow fast and they reproduce; 

the lake soon contains thousands of small pike; the pike eat everything in the lake including each 

other; after a period of 5 to 10 years the lake contains nothing but 10 to 20 inch pike that anglers 

don’t pursue because they are too small. The biomass of fish capable of being sustained in a 

Southcentral Alaska lake is small. Once that biomass is eaten by pike, native fish production in the 

lake is essentially lost unless the pike can be removed. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

100

Replacing native fish biomass with northern pike biomass is a loss for Alaskans. Rainbow trout are 

a highly sought after species in Alaska. This species is so prized that highly restrictive regulations 

for this species exist throughout Alaska. Eliminating rainbow trout and replacing it with northern 

pike is unacceptable in the minds of most Alaskan sport anglers. A similar argument can be made 

for salmon. Once established in a lake, northern pike are capable of consuming most if not all 

juvenile salmon originating in that system. The net result is that no adult salmon return. Besides 

being a loss to sport and commercial fishers, there is a large loss of productivity to the system. The 

carcasses of spawned out salmon provide a large nutrient input into most aquatic systems. Loss of 

this input means the systems can support fewer and fewer fish over time. 

Northern pike are showing up in many stocked lakes. These pike compete with the anglers intended 

to benefit from the stocking. If pike densities become high, the anglers are actually out-competed 

and stocking is no longer of any benefit. These lakes are no longer stocked. Some of these lakes are 

in urban areas and heavily utilized. Loss of this fishing opportunity can be devastating to urban 

anglers. 

The potential for northern pike to continue spreading is large and the potential impact is immense. 

Northern pike are still being found in new locations, particularly stocked lakes. This means that 

people are still moving them around. The potential for damage is immense in 2 critical river 

systems. The Kenai River system is heavily utilized by sport and commercial fishers as well as 

personal use and subsistence fishers. Northern pike are present in some subdrainages of the Kenai. 

Permitting these populations of pike to spread could jeopardize some or all of the Kenai River 

fisheries. The Copper River Delta contains a tremendous amount of potential northern pike habitat. 

Introduction of northern pike into the Copper River Delta is not beyond belief. Once established, 

northern pike could again have a large impact on commercial, sport, personal use and subsistence 

fishers. 

The unchecked spread of northern pike into waterbodies where they previously weren’t found is 

unacceptable. Once established, northern pike are difficult to eliminate or control. However, there 

are actions that can be taken to eliminate or control the growth of northern pike populations in a 

variety of circumstances. A strategic response plan has been developed using the following criteria 

to make decisions; lake type and size, potential northern pike spawning area, and the likely 

northern pike prognosis if left unchecked. 

Goal Statement 

The ADF&G will control and prevent the spread of nonindigenous or non-native populations of 

northern pike in order to ensure sustained yield of indigenous stocks, preserve diverse and 

dependable fishing opportunity, and maintain wild populations of desired fish species. 

Objectives 

1. Document and characterize the presence of northern pike outside their native range. 

2. Prevent the spread of northern pike into new areas. 

3. Eliminate or reduce northern pike predation on indigenous fish populations. 

4. Eliminate or reduce northern pike predation on high use/ value stocked fisheries. 

5. Control northern pike in areas where they have impacted fisheries and cannot be eliminated. 

6. Restore, where feasible, fish populations that have been eradicated or severely impacted by pike 

predation. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

101 

Strategic Response Plan 

The ADF&G will monitor the spread of northern pike populations into new areas through several 

venues. Routine sampling of fish populations occurs throughout the State and documentation of 

northern pike will occur through the routine sampling. Reports of northern pike presence in a 

waterbody are also received from the general public. These reports are and will continue to be 

verified through further sampling. Status of the northern pike population will be ascertained from 

this sampling. The attached matrix will be used to classify the waterbody, perform a northern pike 

risk assessment, and determine the appropriate level of strategic response. Selecting the response 

will include economic, political, social and biological considerations. Regardless of what response 

is selected, a public process will be used to educate and inform the public of the appropriate action 

for a particular situation. All control measures are regulated processes that may involve 

involvement from the Board of Fisheries, Department of Environmental Conservation, Department 

of Natural Resources, or other State and Federal agencies. The strategic response plan will address 

the involvement of other agencies and the control measures that need to be addressed. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

102

Appendix I. Species Information on High Priority Threats and USGS Database List 

of Alaska ANS47

Fish 

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): http://nas.er.usgs.gov/fishes/accounts/salmonid/sa_salar.html

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): http://nas.er.usgs.gov/fishes/accounts/salmonid/sa_fonti.html

Northern pike (Esox lucius): http://nas.er.usgs.gov/fishes/accounts/esocidae/es_luciu.html

Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus): http://nas.er.usgs.gov/fishes/accounts/cichlida/as_ocell.html

Yellow perch (Perca flavescens): http://nas.er.usgs.gov/fishes/accounts/percidae/pe_flave.html

Crustaceans 

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis): http://www.gsmfc.org/nis/nis/Eriocheir_sinensis.html

Green crab (Carcinus maenas): http://www.wa.gov/wdfw/fish/ans/greencrab.htm

Signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) distribution map: 

http://nas.er.usgs.gov/crustaceans/maps/pa_leniusculus.gif

Mollusks 

New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum): 

http://www.fcsc.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/New_Zealand_Mudsnail/new_zealand_mudsnail.html

Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): http://nas.er.usgs.gov/zebra.mussel/docs/sp_account.html

Plants 

Hydrilla verticillata, hydrilla, water thyme: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/plants/docs/hy_verti.html

Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata, dotted duckweed: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/plants/docs/la_punct.html

Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife: (General) 

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/purple_loosestrife.html

(Technical) http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua009.html

Myriophyllum spicatum, Eurasian water-milfoil: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/plants/docs/my_spica.html

Phalaris arundinacea, reed canarygrass: 

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua011.html

Polygonum cuspidatum, Japanese knotweed: 

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua015.html

Spartina alterniflora, saltmarsh cordgrass: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/plants/docs/sp_alter.html

Utricularia inflate, swollen bladderwort: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/plants/docs/utric_in.html

Other 

Whirling disease, Myxobolus cerebralis: http://www.whirling-disease.org/

 

47 This information is from the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) information database for the United States 

Geological Survey. Located at the Florida Caribbean Science Center, this site was established as a central repository for 

accurate and spatially referenced biogeographic accounts of nonindigenous aquatic species. The USGS definition of 

nonindigenous used to construct this database is an aquatic species located in a location in which it is not a native or 

indigenous species. As a result, species moved from areas where they are naturally occurring to areas where they are 

not, are listed in this database. 
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

103

LOGO.GIF 

 

 

Query Results for All Taxonomic Groups 

 

Group Scientific Name Common Name Exotic 

Amphibians-Frogs Pseudacris regilla Pacific chorus frog 

Annelids-Polychaetes Manayunkia speciosa a sabellid worm 

CoelenteratesHydrozoans Ectopleura crocea tubularian hydroid 

Crustaceans-Crayfish Pacifastacus 

leniusculus signal crayfish 

Fishes Alosa sapidissima American shad 

Fishes Dallia pectoralis Alaska blackfish 

Fishes Esox lucius northern pike 

Fishes Gambusia affinis mosquitofish 

Fishes Gasterosteus 

aculeatus 

threespine 

stickleback 

Fishes Oncorhynchus kisutch coho salmon 

Fishes Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout 

Fishes Perca flavescens yellow perch 

Fishes Salmo salar Atlantic salmon 

Fishes Salmo salar salar Atlantic salmon 

Fishes Salvelinus fontinalis brook trout 

Fishes Thymallus arcticus Arctic grayling Exotic 

Mollusks-Bivalves Mya arenaria softshell clam 

Plants-Dicots Cotula coronopifolia brassbuttons Exotic 

 

Source: This information is from the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) 

information database for the United States Geological Survey. Located at the 

Florida Caribbean Science Center, this web accessible site was established as a 

central repository for accurate and spatially referenced biogeographic accounts of 

nonindigenous aquatic species. The USGS definition of nonindigenous used to 

construct this database is an aquatic species located in a location in which it is not a 

native or indigenous species. As a result, species moved from areas where they are 

naturally occurring to areas where they are not, are listed in this database.