Page 1

TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS

This title was enacted by Pub. L. 90–620, §1, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1238

Chap. Sec.

1. Joint Committee on Printing ........... 101

3. Government Publishing Office ........ 301

5. Production and Procurement of

Printing and Binding ..................... 501

7. Congressional Printing and Binding ........................................................ 701

9. Congressional Record ........................ 901

11. Executive and Judiciary Printing

and Binding ...................................... 1101

13. Particular Reports and Documents 1301

15. Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations ............................... 1501

17. Distribution and Sale of Public

Documents ......................................... 1701

19. Depository Library Program ........... 1901

21. National Archives and Records Administration ...................................... 2101

22. Presidential Records .......................... 2201

23. National Archives Trust Fund

Board .................................................. 2301

25. National Historical Publications

and Records Commission .............. 2501

27. Advisory Committee on the Records of Congress .............................. 2701

29. Records Management by the Archivist of the United States ................ 2901

31. Records Management by Federal

Agencies ............................................. 3101

33. Disposal of Records ............................ 3301

35. Coordination of Federal Information Policy ......................................... 3501

36. Management and Promotion of

Electronic Government Services 3601

37. Advertisements by Government

Agencies ............................................. 3701

39. Government Publishing Office: Office of Inspector General ............... 3901

41. Access to Federal Electronic Information ................................................. 4101

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187, §9(f)(2), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat.

2014, struck out ‘‘and by the Administrator of General

Services’’ after ‘‘United States’’ in item 29.

2002—Pub. L. 107–347, title I, §101(b), Dec. 17, 2002, 116

Stat. 2910, added item 36.

1993—Pub. L. 103–40, §2(b), June 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 113,

added item 41.

1990—Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, §1(d)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104

Stat. 1419, added item 27.

1988—Pub. L. 100–504, title II, §204, Oct. 18, 1988, 102

Stat. 2531, added item 39.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §§102(c)(2), 107(b)(18)(B),

Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2283, 2290, substituted ‘‘National

Archives and Records Administration’’ for ‘‘Archival

Administration’’ in item 21, and inserted ‘‘the Archivist of the United States and by the’’ in item 29.

1980—Pub. L. 96–511, §2(b), Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2825,

substituted ‘‘Information Policy’’ for ‘‘Reporting Services’’ in item 35.

1978—Pub. L. 95–591, §2(b)(1), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2528,

added item 22.

Pub. L. 95–378, §2(b), Sept. 22, 1978, 92 Stat. 723, struck

out item 27 ‘‘Federal Records Council’’.

1974—Pub. L. 93–536, §2, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1735,

substituted ‘‘National Historical Publications and

Records Commission’’ for ‘‘National Historical Publications Commission’’ in item 25.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in items 3 and 39 on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title

I, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ALL SECTIONS OF

FORMER TITLE 44

Title 44

Former Sections

Title 44

New Sections

1 .......................................... 101

2 .......................................... 102

4 .......................................... 103

5 .......................................... 509

6 .......................................... 510

7 .......................................... 511

8 .......................................... 512

9 .......................................... 513

10 ........................................ 514

11 ........................................ 515

12 ........................................ 516

13 ........................................ 517

14 ........................................ 504

15, 16 ................................... Rep.

31 ........................................ 301

32 ........................................ 304

33–35 .................................... Rep.

36 ........................................ 508

37, 38 ................................... Rep.

39 ........................................ 302

39a ...................................... 303

40 ........................................ 305

41 ........................................ 306

42 ........................................ 307

43–46 .................................... Rep.

47 ........................................ 316

48 ........................................ Elim.

49 ........................................ 313

50, 51 ................................... Rep.

51a ...................................... Elim.

52 ........................................ Elim.

52a ...................................... 308

53 ........................................ T. 18 §442

54–57 .................................... Rep.

58 ........................................ 505

59 ........................................ 312

60 ........................................ Rep.

61 ........................................ 315

62 ........................................ 314

63 ........................................ 309

63a ...................................... 309

64 ........................................ 311

71 ........................................ 1702

72 ........................................ 1705

72a ...................................... 1708

73 ........................................ 308, 1702

74 ........................................ 1703

75 ........................................ 1704

76 ........................................ 1710

77 ........................................ 1711

78 ........................................ 1720

79 ........................................ 1707

80 ........................................ 1713

81 ........................................ 1712

81a ...................................... 1901

81b ...................................... 1902

81c ....................................... 1914

82 ........................................ 1905
TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 2

TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ALL SECTIONS OF

FORMER TITLE 44—Continued

Title 44

Former Sections

Title 44

New Sections

83 ........................................ 1904

84 ........................................ 1910

84a ...................................... 1912

85 ........................................ 1903, 1906

85a ...................................... 1913

86 ........................................ 1909

87 ........................................ 1907

87a ...................................... Rep.

88 ........................................ 1908

89 ........................................ Elim.

90 ........................................ Rep.

91 ........................................ 1717

91a ...................................... 1716

92 ........................................ 1119, 1911

93 ........................................ 1721

94 ........................................ 1709

95 ........................................ 1701

96 ........................................ 1722

111 ....................................... 501

111a ..................................... 502

111b ..................................... 503

111c ..................................... Elim.

112, 113 ................................ Rep.

114 ....................................... 1706

115 ....................................... 506, 507

116 ....................................... 501, 1123

117 ....................................... 1103

118 ....................................... 1104

119 ....................................... 1120

120 ....................................... Elim.

121 ....................................... 1111

131 ....................................... 701

132 ....................................... 702

133 ....................................... 703

134 ....................................... 702

135 ....................................... 705

136 ....................................... 714

137 ....................................... 704

138 ....................................... 715

139 ....................................... 1718

139a ..................................... 1719

140 ....................................... 716

141 ....................................... 718

142 ....................................... 719

143 ....................................... 738

144 ....................................... 717

145 ....................................... Elim.

146 ....................................... 734

147 ....................................... 713

148 ....................................... 720

149 ....................................... 721

150 ....................................... 722

151 ....................................... 723

152 ....................................... 724

153 ....................................... 725

154 ....................................... 726

155 ....................................... 727

156 ....................................... 1326

157 ....................................... 730

158 ....................................... 731

159 ....................................... 732

160 ....................................... 735

161 ....................................... 736

162 ....................................... 733

163 ....................................... 908

164 ....................................... Rep.

165 ....................................... 739

166 ....................................... 740

167 ....................................... 741

168 ....................................... 737

169 ....................................... Elim.

170 ....................................... 1333

181 ....................................... 901

182 ....................................... 902

182a ..................................... 903

182b ..................................... 904

182c ..................................... 905

183 ....................................... 906

184 ....................................... Rep.

185 ....................................... 907

186 ....................................... Rep.

187 ....................................... 909

188 ....................................... 910

189 ....................................... 706

189a ..................................... 707

190 ....................................... 708

191 ....................................... 709

191a ..................................... 710

192 ....................................... 711

193 ....................................... 712

194–196 ................................. Rep.

196a ..................................... 728

197 ....................................... 729

211 ....................................... 1101

212 (1st sent.) ...................... 1115

212 (2d sent.) ....................... 1114

213 (1st par.) ........................ 1102

213 (2d par., 1st sent.) .......... 1116

213 (2d par., 2d sent., 1st cl.) 1302

TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ALL SECTIONS OF

FORMER TITLE 44—Continued

Title 44

Former Sections

Title 44

New Sections

213 (2d par., 2d, 3d sents.) .... 1308–1310, 1336

213 (3d par.) ......................... 1116

213a ..................................... 1117

214 ....................................... 1107

215 ....................................... 1110

215a ..................................... 1714

216 ....................................... 1105

217 ....................................... 1715

218 ....................................... 1106

219 ....................................... 1102, 1113

219a ..................................... 1118

220 ....................................... 1108

221 ....................................... Rep.

222 ....................................... 1112

223 ....................................... Rep.

224 ....................................... 1109

225 ....................................... 1121

226 ....................................... Rep.

227 ....................................... 1122

228, 229 ................................ Elim.

230 ....................................... 310

241 ....................................... 1301

242 ....................................... Rep.

243 ....................................... 1303

244 ....................................... Rep.

245 ....................................... 1304

246 ....................................... 1307

247 ....................................... Rep.

248 ....................................... 1306

249 ....................................... 1328

250 ....................................... 1317

251, 252 ................................ Rep.

253 ....................................... 1313

254 ....................................... 1314

255, 256 ................................ Rep.

257 ....................................... Elim.

258 ....................................... 1315

259 ....................................... 1316

260 ....................................... 1318

261 ....................................... 1319

262 ....................................... 1320

263 ....................................... 1312

265 ....................................... 1321

266 ....................................... 1322

267 ....................................... Elim.

268 ....................................... Rep.

269 ....................................... 1323

270 ....................................... 1324

271 ....................................... 1325

272 ....................................... 1327

273 ....................................... 1329

274 ....................................... Rep.

275 ....................................... 1331

275a ..................................... Rep.

275b ..................................... 1332

276 ....................................... Rep.

276a ..................................... 1333

277 ....................................... Rep.

278 ....................................... 1334

279 ....................................... 1335

279a ..................................... Rep.

280, 280a .............................. Rep.

281, 282 ................................ Rep.

283 ....................................... 1337

283a ..................................... Rep.

284 ....................................... 1338

285 ....................................... 1339

286, 287 ................................ Rep.

288 ....................................... 1340

289 ....................................... 1341

290 ....................................... 1342

291 ....................................... 1343

292 ....................................... Elim.

293, 294 ................................ Rep.

295 ....................................... 1344

296 ....................................... Rep.

296a ..................................... 1305

297 ....................................... 1311

298 ....................................... 1330

300–300f ................................ Rep.

300f–1 ................................... Rep.

300g, 300h ............................ Rep.

300h–1 .................................. Rep.

300i–300k ............................. Rep.

300aa ................................... Rep.

300bb ................................... 2301

300cc ................................... 2305

300dd ................................... 2306

300ee ................................... 2307

300ff .................................... 2303

300gg ................................... 2308

300hh ................................... 2302

300ii .................................... 2304

300jj .................................... Rep.

301 ....................................... 1502

302 ....................................... 1503

303 ....................................... 1504

304 ....................................... 1501

305 ....................................... 1505
Page 3 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS

TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ALL SECTIONS OF

FORMER TITLE 44—Continued

Title 44

Former Sections

Title 44

New Sections

306 ....................................... 1506

307 ....................................... 1507

308 ....................................... 1508

309 ....................................... 1509

310, 310a .............................. Rep.

311 ....................................... 1510

311a ..................................... Rep.

312 ....................................... 1511

313, 314 ................................ Rep.

321 ....................................... 3701

322 ....................................... 3703

323 ....................................... Rep.

324 ....................................... 3702

325 ....................................... 3703

326 ....................................... Rep.

351–365 ................................. Rep.

366 ....................................... 3301

367 ....................................... 3302

368 ....................................... 3303

369 ....................................... 3304

370 ....................................... 3305

371 ....................................... 3306

372 ....................................... 3307

373 ....................................... 3308

374 ....................................... 3309

375 ....................................... 3310

376 ....................................... 3311

377 ....................................... Rep.

378 ....................................... 3312

379 ....................................... 3313

380 ....................................... 3314

391 ....................................... 1506, 2108, 2301, 2501, 2902

392 ....................................... 2903

393(a) ................................... 2501

393(b) ................................... 2502

393(c) ................................... 2503

393(d) ................................... 2504

393(e) ................................... 2505

393(f) ................................... 2504 nt.

393(g) ................................... 2506

393(h) .................................. 2507

394 ....................................... 2701

395(a) ................................... 2904

395(b) ................................... 2905

395(c) ................................... 2906

395(d) ................................... 2907

395(e) ................................... 2908

395(f) ................................... 2909

396(a) ................................... 3101

396(b) ................................... 3102

396(c) ................................... 3103

396(d) ................................... 3104

396(e) ................................... 3105

396(f) ................................... 3106

396(g) ................................... 3107

396a ..................................... 2910

397(a) ................................... 2103

397(b) ................................... 2104

397(c) ................................... 2105

397(d) ................................... 2106

397(e) ................................... 2107

397(f) ................................... 2108

397(g) ................................... Rep.

397(h) .................................. 2109

397(i) ................................... 2110

397(j) ................................... 2101

398 ....................................... 2111

399 ....................................... 2112

400 ....................................... 2113

401 ....................................... 2901

402 ....................................... 2114

421 ....................................... 3501

422(a) ................................... 3503

422(b) ................................... 3504

422(c) ................................... 3505

422(d) ................................... 3506

422(e) ................................... 3507

423 ....................................... 3508

424 ....................................... 3509

425 ....................................... 3510

426 ....................................... 3502

427 ....................................... 3511

ENACTING CLAUSE

Section 1 of Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1238,

provided in part: ‘‘That the general and permanent

laws relating to public printing and documents are revised, codified, and enacted as title 44, United States

Code, ‘Public Printing and Documents’, and may be

cited as ‘44 U.S.C. §ll’’’.

LEGISLATIVE PURPOSE; INCONSISTENT PROVISIONS

Section 2(a) of Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat.

1305, provided that: ‘‘The legislative purpose in enacting section 1 of this Act is to restate, without substantive change, the laws replaced by those sections on

the effective date of this Act. Laws effective after January 14, 1968, that are inconsistent with this Act are

considered as superseding it to the extent of the inconsistency.’’

REFERENCES TO OTHER LAWS

Section 2(b) of Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat.

1305, provided that: ‘‘A reference to a law replaced by

section 1 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this Act.’’

OUTSTANDING ORDERS, RULES, AND REGULATIONS

Section 2(c) of Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat.

1305, provided that: ‘‘An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by section 1 of this Act shall

continue in effect under the corresponding provision

enacted by this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded.’’

SAVINGS PROVISION

Section 2(d) of Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat.

1305, provided that: ‘‘An action taken or an offense

committed under a law replaced by section 1 of this Act

is deemed to have been taken or committed under the

corresponding provision enacted by this Act.’’

LEGISLATIVE CONSTRUCTION

Section 2(e) of Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat.

1306, provided that: ‘‘An inference of a legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the location

in the United States Code of a provision enacted by this

Act or by reason of its caption or catchline.’’

SEPARABILITY

Section 2(f) of Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat.

1306, provided that: ‘‘If a provision enacted by this Act

is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable

from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in one or more of its applications, the provision remains in effect in all valid

applications that are severable from the invalid application or applications.’’

REPEALS

Pub. L. 107–217, §4, Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1303, repealed title V of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, act June 30, 1949, ch. 288, as

added by act Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, §6(d), 64 Stat. 583,

which was classified to sections 392 to 401 of title 44

prior to the enactment into positive law of Title 44,

Public Printing and Documents, by Pub. L. 90–620, Oct.

22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1238. Section 3 of Pub. L. 90–620 repealed various laws and parts of laws, including section

6(d), but not title V.

Section 3 of Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1306,

repealed the sections or parts thereof of the Revised

Statutes or Statutes at Large codified in this title, except with respect to rights and duties that matured,

penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were

begun, before October 22, 1968, and except as provided

by section 2 of Pub. L. 90–620.

CHAPTER 1—JOINT COMMITTEE ON

PRINTING

Sec.

101. Joint Committee on Printing: membership.

102. Joint Committee on Printing: succession;

powers during recess.

103. Joint Committee on Printing: remedial powers.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management
§ 101 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 4

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 101. Joint Committee on Printing: membership

The Joint Committee on Printing shall consist

of the chairman and four members of the Committee on Rules and Administration of the Senate and the chairman and four members of the

Committee on House Oversight of the House of

Representatives.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1238; Pub.

L. 97–4, Feb. 17, 1981, 95 Stat. 6; Pub. L. 104–186,

title II, §223(1), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1751.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §1 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §1, 28 Stat. 601; Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 753, title II, §222, 60

Stat. 838).

Last seven words in the statute, ‘‘who shall have the

powers hereinafter stated’’, are omitted as unnecessary

since the powers of the Committee are stated in other

sections.

AMENDMENTS

1996—Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘House Oversight’’

for ‘‘House Administration’’.

1981—Pub. L. 97–4 substituted ‘‘four members’’ for

‘‘two members’’ in two places.

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on House Oversight of House of Representatives changed to Committee on House Administration of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 6, 1999.

SHORT TITLE OF 2014 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 113–283, §1, Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 3073, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting subchapter II of chapter 35 of this title, amending sections 143 and 511 of

Title 6, Domestic Security, sections 2222, 2223, and 2315

of Title 10, Armed Forces, and sections 278g–3, 278g–4,

and 7406 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, repealing

subchapters II and III of chapter 35 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3553

and 3554 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014’.’’

Pub. L. 113–187, §1(a), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2003, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 2208, 2209, and

2911 of this title, amending sections 2107, 2111, 2114 to

2116, 2201, 2203 to 2205, 2207, 2901, 2902, 2904 to 2907, 3102

to 3106, 3301 to 3303a, and 3312 of this title, repealing

sections 3315 to 3324 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2108 and 2207 of

this title] may be cited as the ‘Presidential and Federal

Records Act Amendments of 2014’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 2008 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 110–404, §1, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4281, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2120 of this

title, amending sections 2112, 2501, and 2504 of this title,

and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections

2107, 2112, 2120, 2501, 2504, and 2505 of this title] may be

cited as the ‘Presidential Historical Records Preservation Act of 2008’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 2004 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 108–383, §1, Oct. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2218, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2119 of this

title, amending sections 2112, 2504, 2903, 2909, and 3303a

of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note

under section 2901 of this title] may be cited as the ‘National Archives and Records Administration Efficiency

Act of 2004’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 2002 AMENDMENTS

Pub. L. 107–347, §1(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2899, provided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification]

may be cited as the ‘E-Government Act of 2002’.’’

Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116

Stat. 2946, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting subchapter III of chapter 35 of this title, amending sections

3504 to 3506 of this title, section 2224 of Title 10, Armed

Forces, sections 278g–3 and 278g–4 of Title 15, Commerce

and Trade, and section 11331 of Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, repealing section 11332 of

Title 40, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3501 of this title, and repealing provisions set out

as a note under section 3531 of this title] may be cited

as the ‘Federal Information Security Management Act

of 2002’.’’

[For another Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002, see section 1001(a) of Pub. L. 107–296,

title X, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2259, set out as a note

under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.]

Pub. L. 107–198, §1, June 28, 2002, 116 Stat. 729, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 3520 of this

title, amending sections 3504 and 3506 of this title, renumbering former section 3520 of this title as section

3521, and enacting provisions set out as a note under

section 601 of Title 5, Government Organization and

Employees] may be cited as the ‘Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 106–444, §1, Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1929, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 2910 of this

title] may be cited as the ‘Freedmen’s Bureau Records

Preservation Act of 2000’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1995 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 104–13, §1, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 163, provided

that: ‘‘This Act [enacting chapter 35 of this title,

amending section 91 of Title 13, Census, and enacting

provisions set out as a note under section 3501 of this

title] may be cited as the ‘Paperwork Reduction Act of

1995’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1993 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 103–40, §1, June 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 112, provided

that: ‘‘This Act [enacting sections 4101 to 4104 of this

title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4101 and 4103 of this title] may be cited as the

‘Government Printing Office Electronic Information

Access Enhancement Act of 1993’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1988 AMENDMENTS

Pub. L. 100–504, title II, §201, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat.

2530, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 3901

to 3904 of this title and provisions set out as notes

under section 3901 of this title] may be cited as the

‘Government Printing Office Inspector General Act of

1988’.’’

Pub. L. 100–365, §1, July 13, 1988, 102 Stat. 823, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 2501, 2503, and

2504 of this title] may be cited as the ‘National Historical Publications and Records Commission Amendments

of 1988’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1986 AMENDMENTS

Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m) [title VIII, §801], Oct. 18, 1986,

100 Stat. 1783–308, 1783–335, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m)

[title VIII, §801], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308,

3341–335, provided that: ‘‘This title [amending sections

3501 to 3507, 3511, 3514, and 3520 of this title and sections

751, 757, and 759 of former Title 40, Public Buildings,

Property, and Works, enacting provisions set out as

notes under section 3503 of this title and section 757 of

former Title 40, amending provisions set out as a note

under section 3503 of this title, and repealing provisions

set out as a note under section 759 of former Title 40]

may be cited as the ‘Paperwork Reduction Reauthorization Act of 1986’.’’

Pub. L. 99–323, §1, May 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 495, provided:

‘‘That this Act [amending sections 2101 and 2112 of this

title and enacting provisions set out as a note under

section 2112 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Presidential Libraries Act of 1986’.’’
Page 5 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 103

SHORT TITLE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 98–497, §1, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2280, provided:

‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2103 to 2106 of this

title and provisions set out as notes under this section

and section 2102 of this title, redesignating existing sections 2103 to 2114 as sections 2107 to 2118 of this title,

amending sections 710, 711, 729, 1501 to 1503, 1506, 1714,

2101, 2102, 2107 to 2118, 2204, 2205, 2301 to 2305, 2307, 2501,

2504, 2506, 2901 to 2909, 3102 to 3106, 3302 to 3303a, 3308,

3310, 3311, 3504, and 3513 of this title and provisions set

out as a note under section 2111 of this title, sections

106a, 106b, 112, 113, and 201 of Title 1, General Provisions, sections 6 and 11 to 13 of Title 3, The President,

sections 141 to 145 of Title 4, Flag and Seal, Seat of

Government, and the States, sections 552a and 5314 of

Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 199a of Title 25, Indians, and repealing section 2507

of this title] may be cited as the ‘National Archives and

Records Administration Act of 1984’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1980 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 96–511, §1, Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2812, provided:

‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 3501 to 3520 of this

title, amending sections 2904 and 2905 of this title, section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organizations and Employees, section 1221–3 of Title 20, Education, section

1211 of Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining, and section

292h of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, omitting former sections 3501 to 3512 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3501 and

3503 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1978 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 95–591, §1, Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2523, provided:

‘‘That this Act [enacting sections 2201 to 2207 of this

title, amending sections 2111 and 2112 of this title, and

enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2201

of this title] may be cited as the ‘Presidential Records

Act of 1978’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1976 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 94–575, §1, Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2723, provided

that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 2107, 2112, 2115, 2116,

2901, 2902, 2904, 2906, 2907, 3102, 3103, 3107, 3301, and 3302

of this title, repealing section 2910 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2901 of

this title] may be cited as the ‘Federal Records Management Amendments of 1976’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1974 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §201, Dec. 19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1698,

provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting sections 3315 to 3324

of this title] may be cited as the ‘Public Documents

Act’.’’

SHORT TITLE

Chapter 35 of this title is popularly known as the

‘‘Paperwork Reduction Act’’.

§ 102. Joint Committee on Printing: succession;

powers during recess

The members of the Joint Committee on

Printing who are reelected to the succeeding

Congress shall continue as members of the committee until their successors are chosen. The

President of the Senate and the Speaker of the

House of Representatives shall, on the last day

of a Congress, appoint members of their respective Houses who have been elected to the succeeding Congress to fill vacancies which may

then be about to occur on the Committee, and

the appointees and members of the Committee

who have been reelected shall continue until

their successors are chosen.

When Congress is not in session, the Joint

Committee may exercise all its powers and duties as when Congress is in session.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1238.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §2 (Mar. 2, 1895, ch.

189, §1, 28 Stat. 962; Mar. 3, 1917, ch. 163, §6, 39 Stat.

1121).

Changes are made in phraseology.

§ 103. Joint Committee on Printing: remedial

powers

The Joint Committee on Printing may use any

measures it considers necessary to remedy neglect, delay, duplication, or waste in the public

printing and binding and the distribution of

Government publications.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1239.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §4 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §2, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §1, 34 Stat. 1012;

Mar. 1, 1919, ch. 86, §11, 40 Stat. 1270).

Only that portion of section 11 of the 1919 Act that

precedes the proviso is included in this section. The

balance is incorporated in section 501 of this revision.

Changes are made in phraseology.

PROCUREMENT OF SERVICES OF CONSULTANTS

Pub. L. 95–94, title I, Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat. 669, as

amended by Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, provided in part: ‘‘That, effective

October 1, 1977, the Joint Committee is authorized (1)

to procure the temporary or intermittent services of

individual consultants, or organizations thereof, in the

same manner and under the same conditions as a standing committee of the Senate may procure such services

under subsection (i) of section 202 of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, as amended [section 4301(i) of

Title 2, The Congress], and (2) with the prior consent of

the agency concerned, to use on a reimbursable basis

the services of personnel, information, and facilities of

any such agency: Provided further, That, prior to the

employment of any consultants or the procurement of

services by contract relative to any review and analysis

of the operation of the Government Publishing Office,

the Joint Committee shall consult with the Legislative

Branch Appropriations Subcommittees of the House

and Senate; and that periodic reports on the progress of

any such review and analysis be submitted to the Joint

Committee on Printing and the Legislative Branch Appropriations Subcommittees of the House and Senate.’’

Prior similar provisions were contained in Pub. L.

94–303, title I, June 1, 1976, 90 Stat. 616.

CHAPTER 3—GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING

OFFICE

Sec.

301. Director of the Government Publishing Office: appointment.

302. Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office: appointment; duties.

303. Director of the Government Publishing Office

and Deputy Director of the Government

Publishing Office: pay.

304. Director of the Government Publishing Office: vacancy in office.

305. Director of the Government Publishing Office: employees; pay.

306. Director of the Government Publishing Office: employment of skilled workmen; trial

of skill.

307. Director of the Government Publishing Office: night work.

308. Disbursing officer; deputy disbursing officer;

certifying officers and employees.

309. Revolving fund for operation and maintenance of Government Publishing Office:

capitalization; reimbursements and credits;

accounting and budgeting; reports.
§ 301 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 6

Sec.

310. Payments for printing, binding, blank paper,

and supplies.

311. Purchases exempt from subtitle I of title 40

and division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b),

3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title

41; contract negotiation authority; small

purchase threshold.

312. Machinery, material, equipment, or supplies

from other Government agencies.

313. Examining boards: paper; bindery materials;

machinery.

314. Inks, glues, and other supplies furnished to

other Government agencies: payment.

315. Branches of Government Publishing Office;

limitations.

316. Detail of employees of Government Publishing Office to other Government establishments.

317. Special policemen.

318. Transfer of surplus property; acceptance of

voluntary services.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(e)(1), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, substituted ‘‘Deputy Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Deputy Public

Printer’’ in items 302 and 303.

Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537, substituted ‘‘Director of the Government

Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in items 301

and 303 to 307.

2011—Pub. L. 111–350, §5(m)(1), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat.

3853, substituted ‘‘subtitle I of title 40 and division C

(except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of

subtitle I of title 41’’ for ‘‘the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act’’ in item 311.

2003—Pub. L. 108–83, title I, §1302(b), Sept. 30, 2003, 117

Stat. 1034, added item 318.

1999—Pub. L. 106–57, title II, §210(c), Sept. 29, 1999, 113

Stat. 425, inserted ‘‘; small purchase threshold’’ after

‘‘authority’’ in item 311.

1985—Pub. L. 99–151, title III, §305(b)(2), Nov. 13, 1985,

99 Stat. 808, inserted ‘‘; contract negotiation authority’’ in item 311.

1975—Pub. L. 94–82, title II, §204(c)(2), Aug. 9, 1975, 89

Stat. 421, substituted ‘‘pay’’ for ‘‘compensation’’ in

item 303.

1974—Pub. L. 93–459, §1(b), Oct. 20, 1974, 88 Stat. 1385,

substituted ‘‘Disbursing officer; deputy disbursing officer; certifying officers and employees.’’ for ‘‘Disbursing

officer: continuation and settlement of accounts during

vacancy in office; responsibility for accounts; disbursements for Superintendent of Documents.’’ in item 308.

1972—Pub. L. 92–310, title II, §210(a)(3), June 6, 1972, 86

Stat. 204, struck out ‘‘; bond’’ in item 301.

1970—Pub. L. 91–359, §1(b), July 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 668,

added item 317.

CHANGE OF NAME

Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(a), (b), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537, provided that:

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Government Printing Office is

hereby redesignated the Government Publishing Office.

‘‘(b) REFERENCES.—Any reference to the Government

Printing Office in any law, rule, regulation, certificate,

directive, instruction, or other official paper in force

on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 16, 2014] shall

be considered to refer and apply to the Government

Publishing Office.’’

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 301. Director of the Government Publishing Office: appointment

The President of the United States shall nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of

the Senate, appoint a suitable person to take

charge of and manage the Government Publishing Office. The title shall be Director of the Government Publishing Office.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1239; Pub.

L. 92–310, title II, §210(a)(1), (2), June 6, 1972, 86

Stat. 204; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b),

(c), (g), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, 2538.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §31 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §17, 28 Stat. 603; June 12, 1917, ch. 27, §1, 40 Stat. 173;

Feb. 20, 1923, ch. 98, 42 Stat. 1278; Mar. 4, 1925, ch. 549,

§1, 43 Stat. 1299; May 29, 1928, ch. 909, 45 Stat. 1006).

Changes are made in phraseology.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(g), struck out ‘‘, who must

be a practical printer and versed in the art of bookbinding,’’ after ‘‘suitable person’’ and substituted ‘‘The’’ for

‘‘His’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c), substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and text.

1972—Pub. L. 92–310 struck out ‘‘; bond’’ in section

catchline, and provisions from text which required the

Public Printer to give a bond in the sum of $25,000.

CHANGE OF NAME

Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(d), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537, provided that: ‘‘Any reference in any law

other than in title 44, United States Code, or in any

rule, regulation, certificate, directive, instruction, or

other official paper in force on the date of enactment

of this Act [Dec. 16, 2014] to the Public Printer shall be

considered to refer and apply to the Director of the

Government Publishing Office.’’

§ 302. Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office: appointment; duties

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall appoint a suitable person to be the

Deputy Director of the Government Publishing

Office. The Deputy Director of the Government

Publishing Office shall supervise the buildings

occupied by the Government Publishing Office

and perform any other duties required by the Director of the Government Publishing Office.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1239; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c), (e), (h),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, 2538.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §39 (May 27, 1908, ch.

200, §1, 35 Stat. 382).

Phraseology is changed to conform with section 301 of

this revision.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(h), in first sentence,

struck out ‘‘, who must be a practical printer and

versed in the art of bookbinding,’’ after ‘‘suitable person’’ and, in second sentence, substituted ‘‘The Deputy

Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for

‘‘He’’ and ‘‘and perform’’ for ‘‘, and perform’’ and

struck out ‘‘perform the duties formerly required of the

chief clerk,’’ after ‘‘shall’’ and ‘‘of him’’ after ‘‘required’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(e), substituted ‘‘Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Deputy
Page 7 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 304

Public Printer’’ in section catchline and the first place

appearing in text.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(2), which directed amendment

of this section by substituting ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in section

catchline, was not executed to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the subsequent amendment by section 1301(e)(2) of Pub. L. 113–235. See 2014 Amendment

note above.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in two places in text.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(f), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2538, provided that: ‘‘Any reference in any law

other than in title 44, United States Code, or in any

rule, regulation, certificate, directive, instruction, or

other official paper in force on the date of enactment

of this Act [Dec. 16, 2014] to the Deputy Public Printer

shall be considered to refer and apply to the Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office.’’

§ 303. Director of the Government Publishing Office and Deputy Director of the Government

Publishing Office: pay

The annual rate of pay for the Director of the

Government Publishing Office shall be a rate

which is equal to the rate for level II of the Executive Schedule under subchapter II of chapter

53 of title 5. The annual rate of pay for the Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office shall be a rate which is equal to the rate for

level III of such Executive Schedule.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1239; Pub.

L. 94–82, title II, §204(c)(1), Aug. 9, 1975, 89 Stat.

421; Pub. L. 101–520, title II, §209, Nov. 5, 1990, 104

Stat. 2274; Pub. L. 108–83, title I, §1301(a), Sept.

30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1033; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H,

title I, §1301(c), (e), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §39a (Pub. L. 88–426,

title II, §203(c), (d), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 415, as amended Pub. L. 90–206, title II, §219(2), (3), Dec. 16, 1967, 81

Stat. 639.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Levels II and III of the Executive Schedule, referred

to in text, are set out in sections 5313 and 5314, respectively, of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(e), substituted ‘‘Deputy

Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for

‘‘Deputy Public Printer’’ in section catchline and text.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c), substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and text.

2003—Pub. L. 108–83 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to

amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘The annual rate of

pay for the Public Printer shall be a rate which is equal

to the rate for level III of the Executive Schedule of

subchapter II of chapter 53 of Title 5. The annual rate

of pay for the Deputy Public Printer shall be a rate

which is equal to the rate for level IV of such Executive

Schedule.’’

1990—Pub. L. 101–520 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment, section read as follows: ‘‘The annual

rate of pay for the Public Printer shall be a rate which

is equal to the rate for level IV of the Executive Schedule of subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 5. The annual

rate of pay for the Deputy Public Printer shall be a

rate which is equal to the rate for level V of such Executive Schedule.’’

1975—Pub. L. 94–82 substituted ‘‘pay’’ for ‘‘compensation’’ in section catchline, and substituted provisions

setting the rate of pay for the Public Printer at a rate

equal to the rate for level IV of the Executive Schedule

and the rate of pay for Deputy Public Printer at a rate

equal to the rate for level V of such Schedule for provisions setting the compensation of the Public Printer

and the Deputy Public Printer at the rate of $28,750 and

$27,500 per annum, respectively.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2003 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 108–83, title I, §1301(b), Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat.

1033, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the

first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on

or after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 30,

2003].’’

SALARY INCREASES

1987—Salaries of Public Printer and Deputy Public

Printer increased respectively to $77,500 and $72,500 per

annum, on recommendation of the President of the

United States, see note set out under section 358 of

Title 2, The Congress.

1977—Salaries of the Public Printer and Deputy Public Printer increased respectively to $50,000 and $47,500

per annum, on recommendation of the President of the

United States, see note set out under section 358 of

Title 2.

1969—Salaries of the Public Printer and Deputy Public Printer increased respectively from $28,750 and

$27,500 to $38,000 and $36,000 per annum, commencing on

the first day of the pay period which begins after Feb.

14, 1969, on recommendation of the President of the

United States, see note set out under section 358 of

Title 2.

§ 304. Director of the Government Publishing Office: vacancy in office

In case of the death, resignation, absence, or

sickness of the Director of the Government Publishing Office, the Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office shall perform the duties of the Director of the Government Publishing Office until a successor is appointed or the

Director’s absence or sickness ceases; but the

President may direct any other officer of the

Government, whose appointment is vested in the

President by and with the advice and consent of

the Senate, to perform the duties of the vacant

office until a successor is appointed, or the sickness or absence of the Director of the Government Publishing Office ceases. A vacancy occasioned by death or resignation may not be filled

temporarily under this section for longer than

ten days, and a temporary appointment, designation, or assignment of another officer may

not be made except to fill a vacancy happening

during a recess of the Senate.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1239; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c), (e)(1), (i)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, 2538.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §32 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §36, 28 Stat. 606; May 27, 1908, ch. 200, §1, 35 Stat.

382.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(1), substituted ‘‘or the

Director’s’’ for ‘‘or his’’.
§ 305 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 8

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(e)(1), substituted ‘‘Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Deputy Public Printer’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c), substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and wherever appearing in text.

§ 305. Director of the Government Publishing Office: employees; pay

(a) The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may employ journeymen, apprentices, laborers, and other persons necessary for the work

of the Government Publishing Office at rates of

wages and salaries, including compensation for

night and overtime work, the Director considers

for the interest of the Government and just to

the persons employed, except as otherwise provided by this section. The Director of the Government Publishing Office may not employ more

persons than the necessities of the public work

require nor more than four hundred apprentices

at one time. The minimum pay of journeymen

printers, pressmen, and bookbinders employed

in the Government Publishing Office shall be at

the rate of 90 cents an hour for the time actually

employed. Except as provided by the preceding

part of this section the rate of wages, including

compensation for night and overtime work, for

more than ten employees of the same occupation shall be determined by a conference between the Director of the Government Publishing Office and a committee selected by the

trades affected, and the rates and compensation

so agreed upon shall become effective upon approval by the Joint Committee on Printing.

When the Director of the Government Publishing Office and the committee representing the

trade fail to agree as to wages, salaries, and

compensation, either party may appeal to the

Joint Committee on Printing, and the decision

of the Joint Committee is final. The wages, salaries, and compensation so determined are not

subject to change oftener than once a year.

(b) The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may grant an employee paid on an annual

basis compensatory time off from duty instead

of overtime pay for overtime work.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1240; Pub.

L. 91–167, Dec. 26, 1969, 83 Stat. 453; Pub. L.

91–369, July 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 693; Pub. L. 113–235,

div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c), (i)(2), Dec. 16, 2014, 128

Stat. 2537, 2538.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §40 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §§39, 49, 50, 28 Stat. 607, 608; June 6, 1900, ch. 791, §1,

31 Stat. 643; Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 299, §1, 35 Stat. 1021, 1024;

Aug. 24, 1912, ch. 355, §1, 37 Stat. 482; July 8, 1918, ch.

139, §1, 40 Stat. 836; Aug. 2, 1919, ch. 30, 41 Stat. 272; Feb.

20, 1923, ch. 98, 42 Stat. 1278; June 7, 1924, ch. 354, §1, 43

Stat. 658).

Last sentence of this section was deleted as executed.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(2), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(2), substituted

‘‘the Director considers’’ for ‘‘he considers’’ and ‘‘The

Director of the Government Publishing Office may not’’

for ‘‘He may not’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in three places.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted

‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for

‘‘Public Printer’’.

1970—Pub. L. 91–369 designated existing provisions as

subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

1969—Pub. L. 91–167 substituted ‘‘four hundred’’ for

‘‘two hundred’’ as the number of apprentices which the

Public Printer may employ at one time.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in subsec. (a) on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note

preceding section 301 of this title.

REPEALS

General repealer of provisions inconsistent with Pub.

L. 92–392 as not repealing or affecting this section, see

section 13 of Pub. L. 92–392, set out as a note under section 5341 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

VOLUNTARY SEPARATION INCENTIVES

Pub. L. 105–275, title III, §309, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat.

2454, as amended by Pub. L. 107–68, title II, §210(a), Nov.

12, 2001, 115 Stat. 590; Pub. L. 112–10, div. B, title IX,

§1926(a), Apr. 15, 2011, 125 Stat. 172; Pub. L. 113–235, div.

H, title I, §1301(b), (d), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, provided that:

‘‘(a) SEVERANCE PAY.—[Amended section 5595 of Title

5, Government Organization and Employees.]

‘‘(b) EARLY RETIREMENT.—(1) This subsection applies

to an employee of the Government Publishing Office

who—

‘‘(A) voluntarily separates from service on or after

the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998] and

before October 1, 2004; and

‘‘(B) on such date of separation—

‘‘(i) has completed 25 years of service as defined

under section 8331(12) or 8401(26) of title 5, United

States Code; or

‘‘(ii) has completed 20 years of such service and is

at least 50 years of age.

‘‘(2) Notwithstanding any provision of chapter 83 or 84

of title 5, United States Code, an employee described

under paragraph (1) is entitled to an annuity which

shall be computed consistent with the provisions of law

applicable to annuities under section 8336(d) or 8414(b)

of title 5, United States Code.

‘‘(c) VOLUNTARY SEPARATION INCENTIVE PAYMENTS.—

(1) In this subsection, the term ‘employee’ means an

employee of the Government Publishing Office, serving

without limitation, who has been currently employed

for a continuous period of at least 12 months, except

that such term shall not include—

‘‘(A) a reemployed annuitant under subchapter III

of chapter 83 or chapter 84 of title 5, United States

Code, or another retirement system for employees of

the Government;

‘‘(B) an employee having a disability on the basis of

which such employee is or would be eligible for disability retirement under any of the retirement systems referred to in subparagraph (A); or

‘‘(C) an employee who is employed on a temporary

when actually employed basis.

‘‘(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in

order to avoid or minimize the need for involuntary

separations due to a reduction in force, reorganization,

transfer of function, or other similar action affecting

the agency, the Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall establish a program under which voluntary

separation incentive payments may be offered to encourage eligible employees to separate from service

voluntarily (whether by retirement or resignation) during the period beginning on the date of the enactment

of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998] through September 30, 2004.

‘‘(3) Such voluntary separation incentive payments

shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of section 5597(d) of title 5, United States Code. Any such
Page 9 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 307

payment shall not be a basis of payment, and shall not

be included in the computation, of any other type of

Government benefit.

‘‘(4)(A) Not later than January 15, 1999, the Director

of the Government Publishing Office shall submit a

plan described under subparagraph (C) to the Joint

Committee on Printing (or any applicable successor

committees).

‘‘(B) No voluntary separation incentive payment may

be paid under this section unless the Director of the

Government Publishing Office submits a plan described

under subparagraph (C) to the Joint Committee on

Printing (or any applicable successor committees) and

the Joint Committee on Printing approves the plan (or

such successor committees approve the plan).

‘‘(C) The plan referred to under subparagraph (B)

shall include—

‘‘(i) the positions and functions to be reduced or

eliminated, identified by organizational unit, occupational category, and pay or grade level;

‘‘(ii) the number and amounts of voluntary separation incentive payments to be offered; and

‘‘(iii) a description of how the Government Publishing Office will operate without the eliminated positions and functions.

‘‘[(5) Repealed. Pub. L. 112–10, div. B, title IX,

§1926(a), Apr. 15, 2011, 125 Stat. 172.]

‘‘(6)(A) Subject to subparagraph (B), an employee who

has received a voluntary separation incentive payment

under this section and accepts employment with the

Government of the United States within 5 years after

the date of the separation on which the payment is

based shall be required to repay the entire amount of

the incentive payment to the agency that paid the incentive payment.

‘‘(B)(i) If the employment is with an Executive agency (as defined by section 105 of title 5, United States

Code), the Director of the Office of Personnel Management may, at the request of the head of the agency,

waive the repayment if the individual involved possesses unique abilities and is the only qualified applicant available for the position.

‘‘(ii) If the employment is with an entity in the legislative branch, the head of the entity or the appointing

official may waive the repayment if the individual involved possesses unique abilities and is the only qualified applicant available for the position.

‘‘(iii) If the employment is with the judicial branch,

the Director of the Administrative Office of the United

States Courts may waive the repayment if the individual involved possesses unique abilities and is the only

qualified applicant available for the position.

‘‘(C) For purposes of subparagraph (A) (but not subparagraph (B)), the term ‘employment’ includes employment under a personal services contract with the

United States.

‘‘(7) Not later than January 15, 1999, the Director of

the Government Publishing Office shall prescribe regulations to carry out this subsection.

‘‘(d) RETRAINING, JOB PLACEMENT, AND COUNSELING

SERVICES.—(1) In this subsection, the term ‘employee’—

‘‘(A) means an employee of the Government Publishing Office; and

‘‘(B) shall not include—

‘‘(i) a reemployed annuitant under subchapter III

of chapter 83 or chapter 84 of title 5, United States

Code, or another retirement system for employees

of the Government; or

‘‘(ii) an employee who is employed on a temporary when actually employed basis.

‘‘(2) The Director of the Government Publishing Office may establish a program to provide retraining, job

placement, and counseling services to employees and

former employees.

‘‘(3) A former employee may not participate in a program established under this subsection, if—

‘‘(A) the former employee was separated from service with the Government Publishing Office for more

than 1 year; or

‘‘(B) the separation was by removal for cause on

charges of misconduct or delinquency.

‘‘(4) Retraining costs for the program established

under this subsection may not exceed $5,000 for each

employee or former employee.

‘‘(e) ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS.—(1) The Director of

the Government Publishing Office—

‘‘(A) may use employees of the Government Publishing Office to establish and administer programs

and carry out the provisions of this section; and

‘‘(B) may procure temporary and intermittent services under section 3109(b) of title 5, United States

Code, to carry out such provisions—

‘‘(i) not subject to the 1 year of service limitation

under such section 3109(b); and

‘‘(ii) at rates for individuals which do not exceed

the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay

prescribed for level V of the Executive Schedule

under section 5316 of such title.

‘‘(2) Funds to carry out subsections (a) and (c) may be

expended only from funds available for the basic pay of

the employee who is receiving the applicable payment.

‘‘(3) Funds to carry out subsection (d) may be expended from any funds made available to the Director

of the Government Publishing Office.’’

[Pub. L. 112–10, div. B, title IX, §1926(b), Apr. 15, 2011,

125 Stat. 172, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by

subsection (a) [amending section 309 of Pub. L. 105–275,

set out above] shall take effect as if included in the enactment of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act,

1999 [Pub. L. 105–275].’’]

[Pub. L. 107–68, title II, §210(b), Nov. 12, 2001, 115 Stat.

590, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section [amending section 309 of Pub. L. 105–275, set out

above] shall take effect as if included in the enactment

of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1999

[Pub. L. 105–275].’’]

§ 306. Director of the Government Publishing Office: employment of skilled workmen; trial of

skill

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall employ workmen who are thoroughly skilled in their respective branches of industry, as shown by trial of their skill under the

direction of the Director.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1240; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c), (i)(3), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537, 2538.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §41 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §45, 28 Stat. 607).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(3), substituted ‘‘the direction of the Director’’ for ‘‘his direction’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c), substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and text.

§ 307. Director of the Government Publishing Office: night work

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall cause the public printing in the Government Publishing Office to be done at night as

well as through the day, when the exigencies of

the public service require it.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1240; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §42 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §47, 28 Stat. 607).
§ 308 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 10

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c), substituted ‘‘Director

of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ in section catchline and text.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 308. Disbursing officer; deputy disbursing officer; certifying officers and employees

(a) The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall appoint from time to time a disbursing officer of the Government Publishing Office

(including the Office of the Superintendent of

Documents) who shall be under the direction of

the Director of the Government Publishing Office. The disbursing officer shall (1) disburse

moneys of the Government Publishing Office

only upon, and in strict accordance with, vouchers certified by the Director of the Government

Publishing Office or by an officer or employee of

the Government Publishing Office authorized in

writing by the Director of the Government Publishing Office to certify such vouchers, (2) make

such examination of vouchers as may be necessary to ascertain whether they are in proper

form, certified, and approved, and (3) be held accountable accordingly. However, the disbursing

officer shall not be held accountable or responsible for any illegal, improper, or incorrect payment resulting from any false, inaccurate, or

misleading certificate, the responsibility for

which, under subsection (c) of this section, is

imposed upon a certifying officer or employee of

the Government Publishing Office.

(b)(1) Upon the death, resignation, or separation from office of the disbursing officer, the accounts of the disbursing officer may be continued, and payments and collection may be

made in the name of the disbursing officer, by

any individual designated as a deputy disbursing

officer by the Director of the Government Publishing Office, for a period of time not to extend

beyond the last day of the second month following the month in which the death, resignation,

or separation occurred. Accounts and payments

shall be allowed, audited, and settled, and

checks signed in the name of the former disbursing officer by a deputy disbursing officer shall

be honored in the same manner as if the former

disbursing officer had continued in office.

(2) A former disbursing officer of the Government Publishing Office or the estate of the disbursing officer may not be subject to any legal

liability or penalty for the official accounts or

defaults of the deputy disbursing officer acting

in the name or in the place of the former disbursing officer. Each deputy disbursing officer is

responsible for accounts entrusted to the deputy

disbursing officer under paragraph (1) of this

subsection, and the deputy disbursing officer is

liable for any default occurring during the service of the deputy disbursing officer under such

paragraph.

(c)(1) The Director of the Government Publishing Office may designate in writing officers and

employees of the Government Publishing Office

to certify vouchers for payment from appropriations and funds. Such officers and employees

shall (A) be responsible for the existence and

correctness of the facts recited in the certificate

or other voucher or its supporting papers and for

the legality of the proposed payment under the

appropriation or fund involved, (B) be responsible and accountable for the correctness of the

computations of certified vouchers, and (C) be

accountable for, and required to make restitution to, the United States for the amount of any

illegal, improper, or incorrect payment resulting from any false, inaccurate, or misleading

certificate made by such officer or employee, as

well as for any payment prohibited by law or

which did not represent a legal obligation under

the appropriation or fund involved. However, the

Comptroller General of the United States, may,

at the discretion of the Comptroller General, relieve such certifying officer or employee of liability for any payment otherwise proper whenever the Comptroller General finds that (i) the

certification was based on the official records

and that such certifying officer or employee did

not know, and by reasonable diligence and inquiry could not have ascertained, the actual

facts, or (ii) when the obligation was incurred in

good faith, the payment was not contrary to any

statutory provision specifically prohibiting payments of the character involved, and the United

States has received value for such payment. The

Comptroller General shall relieve such certifying officer or employee of liability for an overpayment for transportation services made to

any common carrier covered by section 3726 of

title 31, whenever the Comptroller General finds

that the overpayment occurred solely because

the administrative examination made prior to

payment of the transportation bill did not include a verification of transportation rates,

freight classifications, or land grant deductions.

(2) The liability of such certifying officers or

employees shall be enforced in the same manner

and to the same extent as provided by law with

respect to the enforcement of the liability of

disbursing and other accountable officers. Such

certifying officers and employees shall have the

right to apply for and obtain a decision by the

Comptroller General on any question of law involved in a payment on any vouchers presented

to them for certification.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1240; Pub.

L. 92–310, title II, §210(b), June 6, 1972, 86 Stat.

204; Pub. L. 93–459, §1(a), Oct. 20, 1974, 88 Stat.

1384; Pub. L. 95–473, §2(a)(5), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat.

1466; Pub. L. 97–258, §3(m)(1), Sept. 13, 1982, 96

Stat. 1066; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I,

§1301(b), (c)(1), (i)(4), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537,

2538.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §§52a, 63, 73 (part)

(June 25, 1910, ch. 384, §1, 36 Stat. 770; Feb. 20, 1923, ch.

98, 42 Stat. 1278; Pub. L. 86–31, May 26, 1959, 73 Stat. 60).

The last paragraph of this section is from former section 73; the remainder of that section will be found in

section 1702 of the revision.

Paragraph (a) deleted as executed.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ wherever appearing.
Page 11 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 309

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(4)(A), substituted ‘‘the accounts of the disbursing officer’’ for

‘‘his accounts’’ and ‘‘the name of the disbursing officer’’ for ‘‘his name’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(4)(B), substituted ‘‘the estate of the disbursing officer’’ for ‘‘his

estate’’, ‘‘to the deputy disbursing officer’’ for ‘‘to

him’’, and ‘‘the service of the deputy disbursing officer’’ for ‘‘his service’’.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(4)(C), substituted ‘‘by such officer or employee’’ for ‘‘by him’’,

‘‘the discretion of the Comptroller General’’ for ‘‘his

discretion’’, and in two places ‘‘whenever the Comptroller General’’ for ‘‘whenever he’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1982—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 97–258 substituted ‘‘section 3726 of title 31’’ for ‘‘section 244 of title 31’’.

1978—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 95–473 substituted ‘‘section 244 of title 31’’ for ‘‘section 66 of title 49’’.

1974—Pub. L. 93–459 substituted ‘‘Disbursing officer;

deputy disbursing officer; certifying officers and employees’’ for ‘‘Disbursing officer: continuation and settlement of accounts during vacancy in office; responsibility for accounts; disbursements for Superintendent

of Documents’’ in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–459 added subsec. (a). Former

subsec. (a) redesignated (b)(1).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 93–459 redesignated provisions

of former subsec. (a) as subsec. (b)(1) and substituted

‘‘by any individual designated as a deputy disbursing

officer by the Public Printer’’ for ‘‘by the deputy disbursing officer or officers designated by the Public

Printer’’.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 93–459 redesignated provisions

of former subsec. (b) as subsec. (b)(2) and substituted

‘‘paragraph (1) of this subsection’’ for ‘‘subsection (a) of

this section’’, and ‘‘under such paragraph’’ for ‘‘under

subsection (a) of this section’’.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–459 added subsec. (c). Former

subsec. (c), relating to disbursements on account of salaries or other expenses of the office of the Superintendent of Documents, was struck out.

1972—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 92–310 struck out provisions

which related to sureties on official bonds.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in subsecs. (a), (b)(2),

and (c)(1) on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L.

113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this

title.

§ 309. Revolving fund for operation and maintenance of Government Publishing Office: capitalization; reimbursements and credits; accounting and budgeting; reports

(a) The revolving fund of $1,000,000 established

July 1, 1953, is available without fiscal year limitation, for—

the operation and maintenance of the Government Publishing Office (except for those

programs of the Superintendent of Documents

which are funded by specific appropriations),

including rental of buildings;

attendance at meetings;

maintenance and operation of the emergency room;

uniforms or uniform allowances;

boots, coats, and gloves;

repairs and minor alterations to buildings;

and

expenses authorized in writing by the Joint

Committee on Printing for inspection of Government printing activities.

In addition, the Director of the Government

Publishing Office shall provide capital for the

fund by capitalizing, at fair and reasonable values as jointly determined by the Director and

the Comptroller General, the current inventories, plant, and building appurtenances, except

building structures and land, equipment, and

other assets of the Government Publishing Office.

(b) The fund shall be—

(1) reimbursed for the cost of all services and

supplies furnished, including those furnished

other appropriations of the Government Publishing Office, at rates which include charges

for overhead and related expenses, depreciation of plant and building appurtenances, except building structures and land, and equipment, and accrued leave; and

(2) credited with all receipts including sales

of Government publications, waste, condemned, and surplus property and with payments received for losses or damage to property.

(c) An adequate system of accounts for the

fund shall be maintained on the accrual method,

and financial reports prepared on the basis of

the accounts. The Director of the Government

Publishing Office shall prepare and submit an

annual business-type budget program for the operations under this fund. This budget program

shall be considered and enacted as prescribed by

section 9104 of title 31.

(d) The Inspector General of the Government

Publishing Office shall audit the financial and

operational activities of the Government Publishing Office each year. The audits shall be conducted under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing. For purposes of the audits, the

Inspector General shall have such access to the

records, files, personnel, and facilities of the

Government Publishing Office as the Inspector

General considers appropriate. The Inspector

General shall furnish reports of the audits to the

Congress and the Director of the Government

Publishing Office.

(e) The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall prepare an annual financial statement meeting the requirements of section

3515(b) of title 31, United States Code. Each financial statement shall be audited in accordance with applicable generally accepted Government auditing standards—

(1) by an independent external auditor selected by the Director of the Government Publishing Office, or

(2) at the request of the Joint Committee on

Printing, by the Inspector General of the Government Publishing Office.

(f) The Comptroller General of the United

States may audit the financial statement prepared under subsection (e) at the discretion of

the Comptroller General or at the request of the

Joint Committee on Printing. An audit by the

Comptroller General shall be in lieu of the audit

otherwise required by that subsection.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1241; Pub.

L. 93–604, title VII, §707, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat.

1965; Pub. L. 97–258, §3(m)(2), Sept. 13, 1982, 96

Stat. 1066; Pub. L. 100–458, title III, §310, Oct. 1,

1988, 102 Stat. 2184; Pub. L. 101–163, title III, §309,
§ 310 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 12

Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1065; Pub. L. 101–520, title

II, §207, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2274; Pub. L.

103–69, title II, §207(a), Aug. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 707;

Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §123(a), Oct. 19, 1996, 110

Stat. 3839; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I,

§1301(b), (c)(1), (i)(5), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537,

2538.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §63, 63a (Aug. 1, 1953,

ch. 304, title I, §101, 67 Stat. 330; Aug. 5, 1955, ch. 568,

§101, 69 Stat. 519; June 27, 1956, ch. 453, §101, 70 Stat.

369); §63a (July 28, 1967, Pub. L. 90–57, §101 (part), 81

Stat. 141).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(5)(A), substituted ‘‘by the Director’’ for ‘‘by him’’ in concluding

provisions.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in concluding provisions.

Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(5)(B), substituted

‘‘the discretion of the Comptroller General’’ for ‘‘his or

her discretion’’.

1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–316, §123(a)(1), amended

subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d)

read as follows: ‘‘The Comptroller General shall audit

the activities of the Government Printing Office at

least once every 3 years and shall furnish reports of

such audits to the Congress and the Public Printer. For

these purposes the Comptroller General shall have such

access to the records, files, personnel, and facilities of

the Government Printing Office as he considers necessary.’’

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 104–316, §123(a)(2), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

1993—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–69 substituted ‘‘shall

be—’’ for ‘‘shall be:’’ in introductory provisions, inserted ‘‘and’’ at end of par. (1), substituted a period for

‘‘; and’’ at end of par. (2), and struck out par. (3) which

read as follows: ‘‘charged with payment into miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury of that part of the

receipts from the sales of Government publications required by law.’’

1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–520 substituted ‘‘uniforms or uniform allowances’’ for ‘‘uniforms, or allowances therefor, as authorized by section 5901 of Title 5’’.

1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–163 struck out ‘‘not to

exceed $3,000 in any fiscal year’’ after ‘‘attendance at

meetings’’.

1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–458, §310(a), substituted

in the first sentence ‘‘(except for those programs of the

Superintendent of Documents which are funded by specific appropriations),’’ for ‘‘, except the Office of Superintendent of Documents’’.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–458, §310(b), substituted ‘‘This

budget program shall be considered and enacted as prescribed by section 9104 of title 31.’’ for ‘‘The Comptroller General shall audit the activities of the Government Printing Office at least once in every three years

and shall furnish reports of such audits to the Congress

and the Public Printer. For these purposes the Comptroller General shall have such access to the records,

files, personnel, and facilities of the Government Printing Office as he considers necessary.’’

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–458, §310(c), amended subsec.

(d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as

follows: ‘‘Commencing with the fiscal year 1969, the annual business-type budget for the fund shall be considered and enacted as prescribed by section 9104 of title

31.’’

1982—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97–258 substituted ‘‘section

9104 of title 31’’ for ‘‘section 849 of title 31’’.

1975—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–604 substituted provisions

that the Comptroller General shall audit the activities

of the Government Printing Office at least once in

every three years and furnish reports of the audits to

the Congress and the Public Printer for provisions that

the General Accounting Office shall audit the activities

of the Government Printing Office and furnish an audit

report annually to the Congress and the Public Printer.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in section catchline and

subsecs. (a), (b)(1), (d), and (e)(2) on authority of section

1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding

section 301 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1993 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 103–69, title II, §207(c), Aug. 11, 1993, 107 Stat.

708, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [amending this section and section

1708 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 1993.’’

TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions

of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual,

semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in

House Document No. 103–7 (in which the 23rd item on

page 4 identifies a reporting provision which, as subsequently amended, is contained in subsec. (d) of this section), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set

out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and

Finance.

FEDERAL REGISTER PROGRAM; USE OF REVOLVING

FUND; REIMBURSEMENT

Title II of S. 2939, Ninety-seventh Congress, 2d Session, as reported Sept. 22, 1982, and incorporated by reference in Pub. L. 97–276, §101(e), Oct. 2, 1982, 96 Stat.

1189, to be effective as if enacted into law, provided in

part: ‘‘That hereafter the revolving fund shall be available to finance the costs of printing and binding all

other publications of the Federal Register program and

be reimbursed from appropriated funds available therefor’’.

§ 310. Payments for printing, binding, blank

paper, and supplies

An executive department or independent establishment of the Government ordering printing and binding or blank paper and supplies

from the Government Publishing Office shall

pay promptly by check to the Director of the

Government Publishing Office upon the written

request of the Director, either in advance or

upon completion of the work, all or part of the

estimated or actual cost, as the case may be,

and bills rendered by the Director of the Government Publishing Office are not subject to audit

or certification in advance of payment. Adjustments on the basis of the actual cost of delivered work paid for in advance shall be made

monthly or quarterly and as may be agreed by

the Director of the Government Publishing Office and the department or establishment concerned.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1241; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), (i)(6),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, 2539.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §230 (Aug. 1, 1953, ch.

304, title I, §101, 67 Stat. 331).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(6), substituted ‘‘the

written request of the Director’’ for ‘‘his written request’’.
Page 13 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 313

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ wherever appearing.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 311. Purchases exempt from subtitle I of title 40

and division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b),

3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of

title 41; contract negotiation authority; small

purchase threshold

(a) Purchases may be made from appropriations under the ‘‘Government Publishing Office’’

without reference to subtitle I of title 40 and division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906,

4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41 concerning

purchases for the Federal Government.

(b) In addition to the authority to negotiate

otherwise provided by law, the Director of the

Government Publishing Office may negotiate

purchases and contracts for supplies or services

for which the Director of the Government Publishing Office determines that it is impracticable to secure competition by advertising. The

Director of the Government Publishing Office

may not award a contract under this subsection

unless the Director justifies the use of negotiation in writing and certifies the accuracy and

completeness of the justification. The justification shall set out facts and circumstances that

clearly and convincingly establish that advertising would not be practicable for such contract.

Such a justification is final and a copy thereof

shall be maintained in the Government Publishing Office for at least 6 years after the date of

the determination. The Director of the Government Publishing Office may designate one or

more employees of the Government Publishing

Office to carry out this subsection.

(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of

law, section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41 shall apply

with respect to purchases and contracts for the

Government Publishing Office as if the reference

to ‘‘$25,000’’ in clause (1) of such section were a

reference to ‘‘$100,000’’.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1242; Pub.

L. 99–151, title III, §305(a), (b)(1), Nov. 13, 1985, 99

Stat. 808; Pub. L. 106–57, title II, §210(a), (b),

Sept. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 425; Pub. L. 107–217,

§3(l)(1), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1301; Pub. L.

111–350, §5(m)(2), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3853; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), (i)(7),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, 2539.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §64 (Aug. 1, 1953, ch.

304, title I, §102, 67 Stat. 332).

Reference to Printing Act of 1895 deleted as superseded by section 309.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(7), substituted ‘‘the Director justifies’’ for ‘‘he justifies’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ wherever appearing.

2011—Pub. L. 111–350, §5(m)(2)(A), substituted ‘‘subtitle I of title 40 and division C (except sections 3302,

3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41’’

for ‘‘the Federal Property and Administrative Services

Act’’ in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(m)(2)(B), substituted

‘‘division C (except sections 3302, 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710,

and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41’’ for ‘‘title III of the

Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of

1949 (41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.)’’.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(m)(2)(C), substituted

‘‘section 6101(b) to (d) of title 41’’ for ‘‘section 3709 of

the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)’’.

2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted ‘‘subtitle

I of title 40 and title III of the Federal Property and

Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 251 et

seq.)’’ for ‘‘the Federal Property and Administrative

Services Act, approved June 30, 1949, as amended,’’.

1999—Pub. L. 106–57, §210(b), inserted ‘‘; small purchase threshold’’ after ‘‘authority’’ in section catchline.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–57, §210(a), added subsec. (c).

1985—Pub. L. 99–151, §305(b)(1), inserted ‘‘; contract

negotiation authority’’ in section catchline.

Pub. L. 99–151, §305(a), designated existing provisions

as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ wherever appearing in

text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235,

set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 312. Machinery, material, equipment, or supplies from other Government agencies

An officer of the Government having machinery, material, equipment, or supplies for printing, binding, and blank-book work, including lithography, photolithography, and other processes of reproduction, no longer required or authorized for the service of such officer, shall submit a detailed report of them to the Director of

the Government Publishing Office. The Director

of the Government Publishing Office, with the

approval of the Joint Committee on Printing,

may requisition such articles as are serviceable

in the Government Publishing Office, and they

shall be promptly delivered to that office.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1242; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), (i)(8),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, 2539.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §59 (July 19, 1919, ch.

24, §3, 41 Stat. 233).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(8), substituted ‘‘the

service of such officer’’ for ‘‘his service’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in two places.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 313. Examining boards: paper; bindery materials; machinery

The Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office, the superintendent of printing,

and a person designated by the Joint Committee

on Printing, shall constitute a board to examine

and report in writing on paper delivered under
§ 314 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 14

contract, or by purchase or otherwise, at the

Government Publishing Office.

The Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office, the superintendent of binding,

and a person designated by the Joint Committee

on Printing shall constitute a board to examine

and report in writing on material, except paper,

for the use of the bindery.

The Deputy Director of the Government Publishing Office, the superintendent of printing,

and a person designated by the Joint Committee

on Printing shall constitute a board of condemnation, who, upon the call of the Director of

the Government Publishing Office, shall determine the condition of presses and other machinery and material used in the Government Publishing Office, with a view to condemnation.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1242; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), (e)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §49 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23,

§20, 28 Stat. 603; May 27, 1908, ch. 200, §1, 35 Stat. 382;

June 7, 1924, ch. 303, §1, 43 Stat. 509).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(e)(1), substituted ‘‘Deputy

Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for

‘‘Deputy Public Printer’’ wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 314. Inks, glues, and other supplies furnished to

other Government agencies: payment

Inks, glues, and other supplies manufactured

by the Government Publishing Office in connection with its work may be furnished to departments and other establishments of the Government upon requisition, and payment made from

appropriations available.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1242; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §62 (June 30, 1932, ch.

314; pt. I, §1, 47 Stat. 397).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 315. Branches of Government Publishing Office;

limitations

Money appropriated by any Act may not be

used for maintaining more than one branch of

the Government Publishing Office in any one

building occupied by an executive department of

the Government, and a branch of the Government Publishing Office may not be established

unless specifically authorized by law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1242; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §61 (Aug. 1, 1914, ch.

223, §1, 38 Stat. 673).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in section catchline and

text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235,

set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 316. Detail of employees of Government Publishing Office to other Government establishments

An employee of the Government Publishing

Office may not be detailed to duties not pertaining to the work of public printing and binding in

an executive department or other Government

establishment unless expressly authorized by

law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1242; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §47 (June 25, 1910, ch.

384, §1, 36 Stat. 770).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in section catchline and

text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235,

set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 317. Special policemen

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office or a delegate of the Director may designate employees of the Government Publishing

Office to serve as special policemen to protect

persons and property in premises and adjacent

areas occupied by or under the control of the

Government Publishing Office. Under regulations to be prescribed by the Director of the

Government Publishing Office, employees designated as special policemen are authorized to

bear and use arms in the performance of their

duties; make arrest for violations of laws of the

United States, the several States, and the District of Columbia; and enforce the regulations of

the Director of the Government Publishing Office, including the removal from Government

Publishing Office premises of individuals who

violate such regulations. The jurisdiction of special policemen in premises occupied by or under

the control of the Government Publishing Office

and adjacent areas shall be concurrent with the

jurisdiction of the respective law enforcement

agencies where the premises are located.

(Added Pub. L. 91–359, §1(a), July 31, 1970, 84

Stat. 668; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title

I, §1301(b), (c)(1), (i)(9), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat.

2537, 2539.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(i)(9), substituted ‘‘a delegate of the Director’’ for ‘‘his delegate’’.

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of

the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ wherever appearing.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of
Page 15 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 501

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 318. Transfer of surplus property; acceptance of

voluntary services

(a) The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may—

(1) transfer or donate surplus Government

publications and condemned Government Publishing Office machinery, material, equipment, and supplies to—

(A) other Federal entities;

(B) any organization described under section 501(c)(3) or (4) of the Internal Revenue

Code of 1986 and exempt from taxation under

501(a) of such Code; or

(C) State or local governments; and

(2) accept voluntary and uncompensated

services, notwithstanding section 1342 of title

31.

(b) Individuals providing voluntary and uncompensated services under subsection (a)(2)

shall not be considered Federal employees, except for purposes of chapter 81 of title 5 (relating

to compensation for work injuries) and chapter

171 of title 28 (relating to tort claims).

(Added Pub. L. 108–83, title I, §1302(a), Sept. 30,

2003, 117 Stat. 1033; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div.

H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat.

2537.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in introductory provisions.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in subsec. (a)(1) on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as

a note preceding section 301 of this title.

CHAPTER 5—PRODUCTION AND

PROCUREMENT OF PRINTING AND BINDING

Sec.

501. Government printing, binding, and blankbook work to be done at Government Publishing Office.

502. Procurement of printing, binding, and blankbook work by Director of the Government

Publishing Office.

503. Printing in veterans’ hospitals.

504. Direct purchase of printing, binding, and

blank-book work by Government agencies.

505. Sale of duplicate plates.

506. Time for printing documents or reports which

include illustrations or maps.

507. Orders for printing to be acted upon within

one year.

508. Annual estimates of quantity of paper required for public printing and binding.

509. Standards of paper; advertisements for proposals; samples.

510. Specifications in advertisements for paper.

511. Opening bids; bonds.

512. Approval of paper contracts; time for performance; bonds.

513. Comparison of paper and envelopes with

standard quality.

514. Determination of quality of paper.

515. Default of contractor; new contracts and purchase in open market.

516. Liability of defaulting contractor.

Sec.

517. Purchase of paper in open market.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

item 502.

1976—Pub. L. 94–553, §105(a)(2), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat.

2599, struck out ‘‘; copyright’’ after ‘‘plates’’ in item

505.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in item 501 on authority

of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 501. Government printing, binding, and blankbook work to be done at Government Publishing Office

All printing, binding, and blank-book work for

Congress, the Executive Office, the Judiciary,

other than the Supreme Court of the United

States, and every executive department, independent office and establishment of the Government, shall be done at the Government Publishing Office, except—

(1) classes of work the Joint Committee on

Printing considers to be urgent or necessary

to have done elsewhere; and

(2) printing in field printing plants operated

by an executive department, independent office or establishment, and the procurement of

printing by an executive department, independent office or establishment from allotments for contract field printing, if approved

by the Joint Committee on Printing.

Printing or binding may be done at the Government Publishing Office only when authorized

by law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1243; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §111 and 116 (part)

(Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §§86, 87, 28 Stat. 662; Mar. 1, 1919,

ch. 86, §11, 40 Stat. 1270; July 5, 1949, ch. 296, 63 Stat.

405).

This section incorporates only the first sentence of

former section 116. The balance will be found in section

1123 of the revision.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in section catchline and

text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235,

set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

VEGETABLE INK PRINTING

Pub. L. 103–348, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3133, as amended

by Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (d), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537, provided that:

‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Vegetable Ink Printing Act of 1994’.’’
§ 502 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 16

‘‘SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.

‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds the following:

‘‘(1) More than 95 percent of Federal printing involving documents or publications is performed using

lithographic inks.

‘‘(2) Various types of oil, including petroleum and

vegetable oil, are used in lithographic ink.

‘‘(3) Increasing the amount of vegetable oil used in

a lithographic ink would—

‘‘(A) help reduce the Nation’s use of nonrenewable

energy resources;

‘‘(B) result in the use of products that are less

damaging to the environment;

‘‘(C) result in a reduction of volatile organic compound emissions; and

‘‘(D) increase the use of renewable agricultural

products.

‘‘(4) The technology exists to use vegetable oil in

lithographic ink and, in some applications, to use

lithographic ink that uses no petroleum distillates in

the liquid portion of the ink.

‘‘(5) Some lithographic inks have contained vegetable oils for many years; other lithographic inks have

more recently begun to use vegetable oil.

‘‘(6) According to the Government Publishing Office, using vegetable oil-based ink appears to add little if any additional cost to Government printing.

‘‘(7) Use of vegetable oil-based ink in Federal Government printing should further develop—

‘‘(A) the commercial viability of vegetable oilbased ink, which could result in demand, for domestic use alone, for 2,500,000,000 pounds of vegetable

crops or 500,000,000 pounds of vegetable oil; and

‘‘(B) a product that could help the United States

retain or enlarge its share of the world market for

vegetable oil-ink.

‘‘(b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this Act is to require

that all lithographic printing using ink containing oil

that is performed or procured by a Federal agency shall

use ink containing the maximum amounts of vegetable

oil and materials derived from other renewable resources that—

‘‘(1) are technologically feasible, and

‘‘(2) result in printing costs that are competitive

with printing using petroleum-based inks.

‘‘SEC. 3. FEDERAL PRINTING REQUIREMENTS.

‘‘(a) GENERAL RULE.—Notwithstanding any other law,

and except as provided in subsection (b), a Federal

agency may not perform or procure lithographic printing that uses ink containing oil if the ink contains less

than the following percentage of vegetable oil:

‘‘(1) In the case of news ink, 40 percent.

‘‘(2) In the case of sheet-fed ink, 20 percent.

‘‘(3) In the case of forms ink, 20 percent.

‘‘(4) In the case of heat-set ink, 10 percent.

‘‘(b) EXCEPTIONS.—

‘‘(1) EXCEPTIONS.—Subsection (a) shall not apply to

lithographic printing performed or procured by a Federal agency, if—

‘‘(A) the head of the agency determines, after consultation with the Director of the Government Publishing Office and within the 3-year period ending

on the date of the commencement of the printing or

the date of that procurement, respectively, that

vegetable oil-based ink is not suitable to meet specific, identified requirements of the agency related

to the printing; or

‘‘(B) the Director of the Government Publishing

Office determines—

‘‘(i) within the 3-month period ending on the

date of the commencement of the printing, in the

case of printing of materials that are printed at

intervals of less than 6 months, or

‘‘(ii) before the date of the commencement of

the printing, in the case of printing of materials

that are printed at intervals of 6 months or more;

that the cost of performing the printing using vegetable oil-based ink is significantly greater than the

cost of performing the printing using other available ink.

‘‘(2) NOTICE TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 30 days

after making a determination under paragraph (1)(A),

the head of a Federal agency shall report the determination to the Committee on Government Operations [now Committee on Oversight and Government

Reform] and the Committee on House Administration

of the House of Representatives, and the Committee

on Rules of the Senate.

‘‘(c) FEDERAL AGENCY DEFINED.—In this Act, the term

‘Federal agency’ means—

‘‘(1) an executive department, military department,

Government corporation, Government-controlled corporation, or other establishment in the executive

branch of the Government (including the Executive

Office of the President), or any independent regulatory agency; and

‘‘(2) an establishment or component of the legislative or judicial branch of the Government.’’

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS: PRINTING; GPO PROCUREMENT; EXECUTIVE BRANCH PROCUREMENT OF CERTAIN

KINDS OF PRINTING; ‘‘PRINTING’’ DEFINED

Pub. L. 102–392, title II, §207(a), Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat.

1719, as amended by Pub. L. 103–283, title II, §207, July

22, 1994, 108 Stat. 1440; Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XI,

§1112(e)(1), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2683; Pub. L. 110–417,

[div. A], title IX, §931(b)(4), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4575;

Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (d), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537, provided that:

‘‘(1) None of the funds appropriated for any fiscal

year may be obligated or expended by any entity of the

executive branch for the procurement of any printing

related to the production of Government publications

(including printed forms), unless such procurement is

by or through the Government Publishing Office.

‘‘(2) Paragraph (1) does not apply to (A) individual

printing orders costing not more than $1,000, if the

work is not of a continuing or repetitive nature, and, as

certified by the Director of the Government Publishing

Office, if the work is included in a class of work which

cannot be provided more economically through the

Government Publishing Office, (B) printing for the Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense Intelligence

Agency, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, or

the National Security Agency, or (C) printing from

other sources that is specifically authorized by law.

‘‘(3) As used in this section, the term ‘printing’ includes the processes of composition, platemaking,

presswork, duplicating, silk screen processes, binding,

microform, and the end items of such processes.’’

Similar provisions were contained in the following

prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 101–520, title II, §206, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat.

2274; repealed by Pub. L. 102–392, title II, §207(b), Oct. 6,

1992, 106 Stat. 1720.

Pub. L. 101–163, title III, §308, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat.

1065.

Pub. L. 100–458, title III, §309, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat.

2184.

Pub. L. 100–202, §101(i) [title III, §309], Dec. 22, 1987,

101 Stat. 1329–310.

§ 502. Procurement of printing, binding, and

blank-book work by Director of the Government Publishing Office

Printing, binding, and blank-book work authorized by law, which the Director of the Government Publishing Office is not able or

equipped to do at the Government Publishing

Office, may be produced elsewhere under contracts made by him with the approval of the

Joint Committee on Printing.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1243; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §111a (Feb. 28, 1929, ch.

367, §1, 45 Stat. 1400).
Page 17 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 507

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c), substituted ‘‘Director

of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ in section catchline and text.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

CONTRACT GOAL FOR DISADVANTAGED SMALL

BUSINESSES IN PRINTING-RELATED SERVICES

Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, §843, Sept. 29, 1988,

102 Stat. 2026, as amended by Pub. L. 101–574, title IV,

§401, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2832; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A,

title VIII, §§801(h)(6), 806, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2445,

2448, required the Public Printer to establish and carry

out a test program for increasing its award of contracts

to small and disadvantaged businesses for the printing,

binding, and related services needed by the Department

of Defense for solicitations issued before October 1,

2000.

§ 503. Printing in veterans’ hospitals

(a) Notwithstanding section 501 of this title,

the Secretary of Veterans Affairs may use the

equipment described in subsection (b) for printing and binding that the Secretary finds advisable for the use of the Department of Veterans

Affairs.

(b) The equipment referred to in subsection (a)

is the printing and binding equipment that the

various hospitals and homes of the Department

of Veterans Affairs use for occupational therapy.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1243; Pub.

L. 102–54, §13(r), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 282.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §111b (June 16, 1933,

ch. 101, §1, 48 Stat. 302; Feb. 2, 1935, ch. 3, §1, 49 Stat.

18; Mar. 19, 1936, ch. 156, §1, 49 Stat. 1182).

AMENDMENTS

1991—Pub. L. 102–54 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment, section read as follows: ‘‘Notwithstanding section 501 of this title, the Administrator of Veterans’ Affairs may utilize the printing and binding equipment that the various hospitals and homes of the Veterans’ Administration use for occupational therapy, for

printing and binding which he finds advisable for the

use of the Veterans’ Administration.’’

§ 504. Direct purchase of printing, binding, and

blank-book work by Government agencies

The Joint Committee on Printing may permit

the Director of the Government Publishing Office to authorize an executive department, independent office, or establishment of the Government to purchase direct for its use such printing, binding, and blank-book work, otherwise

authorized by law, as the Government Publishing Office is not able or suitably equipped to

execute or as may be more economically or in

the better interest of the Government executed

elsewhere.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1243; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §14 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §12, 28 Stat. 602; July 8, 1935, ch. 374, §1, 49 Stat. 475;

Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 654, §3(10), 65 Stat. 708).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 505. Sale of duplicate plates

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall sell, under regulations of the Joint

Committee on Printing to persons who may

apply, additional or duplicate stereotype or electrotype plates from which a Government publication is printed, at a price not to exceed the

cost of composition, the metal, and making to

the Government, plus 10 per centum, and the full

amount of the price shall be paid when the order

is filed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1244; Pub.

L. 94–553, §105(a)(1), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2599;

Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §58 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §52, 28 Stat. 608).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1976—Pub. L. 94–553 struck out provision that a publication could not be copyrighted if it was reprinted from

additional or duplicate plates purchased from the Government from which Government publications had been

printed or if it was reprinted from other Government

publications.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 94–553 effective Jan. 1, 1978,

see section 102 of Pub. L. 94–553, set out as an Effective

Date note preceding section 101 of Title 17, Copyrights.

§ 506. Time for printing documents or reports

which include illustrations or maps

A document or report to be illustrated or accompanied by maps may not be printed by the

Director of the Government Publishing Office

until the illustrations or maps designed for it

are ready for publication.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1244; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §115 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §80, 28 Stat. 621).

This section incorporates only the first clause of

former section 115. The balance will be found in section

507 of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 507. Orders for printing to be acted upon within one year

An order for public printing may not be acted

upon by the Director of the Government Pub-
§ 508 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 18

lishing Office after the expiration of one year

unless the entire copy and illustrations for the

work have been furnished within that period.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1244; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §115 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §80, 28 Stat. 621).

This section incorporates only the second clause of

former section 115. The balance will be found in section

506 of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 508. Annual estimates of quantity of paper required for public printing and binding

At the beginning of each session of Congress,

the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall submit to the Joint Committee on

Printing estimates of the quantity of paper of

all descriptions required for the public printing

and binding during the ensuing year.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1244; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §36 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §26, 28 Stat. 604).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 509. Standards of paper; advertisements for

proposals; samples

The Joint Committee on Printing shall fix

upon standards of paper for the different descriptions of public printing and binding, and

the Director of the Government Publishing Office, under their direction, shall advertise in six

newspapers or trade journals, published in different cities, for sealed proposals to furnish the

Government with paper, as specified in the

schedule to be furnished applicants by the Director of the Government Publishing Office, setting

forth in detail the quality and quantities required for the public printing. The Director of

the Government Publishing Office shall furnish

samples of the standard of papers fixed upon to

applicants who desire to bid.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1244; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §5 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §3, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 421, §1, 43 Stat. 1105).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’

wherever appearing.

NATIONAL POLICY ON PERMANENT PAPERS

Pub. L. 101–423, Oct. 12, 1990, 104 Stat. 912, as amended

by Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (d), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537, provided that:

‘‘Whereas it is now widely recognized and scientifically

demonstrated that the acidic papers commonly used

for more than a century in documents, books, and

other publications are self-destructing and will continue to self destruct;

‘‘Whereas Americans are facing the prospect of continuing to lose national, historical, scientific, and

scholarly records, including government records,

faster than salvage efforts can be mounted despite

the dedicated efforts of many libraries, archives, and

agencies, such as the Library of Congress and the National Archives and Records Administration;

‘‘Whereas nationwide hundreds of millions of dollars

will have to be spent by the Federal, State, and local

governments and private institutions to salvage the

most essential books and other materials in the libraries and archives of government, academic, and

private institutions;

‘‘Whereas paper manufacturers can produce a sufficient

supply of acid free permanent papers with a life of

several hundred years, at prices competitive with

acid papers, if publishers would specify the use of

such papers, and some publishers and many university presses are already publishing on acid free permanent papers;

‘‘Whereas most Government agencies do not require the

use of acid free permanent papers for appropriate

Federal records and publications;

‘‘Whereas librarians, publishers, and other professional

groups have urged the use of acid free permanent papers;

‘‘Whereas even when books are printed on acid free permanent paper this fact is often not made known to libraries by notations in the book or by notations in

standard bibliographic listings; and

‘‘Whereas there is an urgent need to prevent the continuance of the acid paper problem in the future:

Now, therefore, be it

‘‘Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of

the United States of America in Congress assembled,

‘‘SECTION 1. It is the policy of the United States that

Federal records, books, and publications of enduring

value be produced on acid free permanent papers.

‘‘SEC. 2. The Congress of the United States urgently

recommends that—

‘‘(1) Federal agencies require the use of acid free

permanent papers for publications of enduring value

produced by the Government Publishing Office or

produced by Federal grant or contract, using the

specifications for such paper established by the Joint

Committee on Printing;

‘‘(2) Federal agencies require the use of archival

quality acid free papers for permanently valuable

Federal records and confer with the National Archives and Records Administration on the requirements for paper quality;

‘‘(3) American publishers and State and local governments use acid free permanent papers for publications of enduring value, in voluntary compliance with

the American National Standard;

‘‘(4) all publishers, private and governmental,

prominently note the use of acid free permanent

paper in books, advertisements, catalogs, and standard bibliographic listings; and

‘‘(5) the Secretary of State, Librarian of Congress,

Archivist of the United States, and other Federal officials make known the national policy regarding

acid free permanent papers to foreign governments

and appropriate international agencies since the acid

paper problem is worldwide and essential foreign materials being imported by our libraries are printed on

acid papers.

‘‘SEC. 3. The Librarian of Congress, the Archivist of

the United States, and the Director of the Government

Publishing Office shall jointly monitor the Federal

Government’s progress in implementing the national

policy declared in section 1 regarding acid free permanent papers and shall report to the Congress regarding

such progress on December 31, 1991, December 31, 1993,

and December 31, 1995. In carrying out the monitoring
Page 19 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 516

1So in original. Probably should be capitalized.

and reporting functions under this section, the Librarian of Congress, the Archivist of the United States, and

the Director of the Government Publishing Office may

consult with the National Endowment for the Humanities, National Agricultural Library, National Library

of Medicine, other Federal and State agencies, international organizations, private publishers, paper manufacturers, and other organizations with an interest in

preservation of books and historical papers.’’

§ 510. Specifications in advertisements for paper

The advertisements for proposals shall specify

the minimum portion of each quality of paper

required for either three months, six months, or

one year, as the Joint Committee on Printing

determines; but when the minimum portion so

specified exceeds, in any case, one thousand

reams, it shall state that proposals will be received for one thousand reams or more.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1244.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1954 ed., §6 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §4, 28 Stat. 601).

§ 511. Opening bids; bonds

The sealed proposals to furnish paper and envelopes shall be opened in the presence of the

Joint Committee on Printing who shall award

the contracts to the lowest and best bidder for

the interest of the Government. The committee 1

may not consider a proposal that is not accompanied by a bond with security or certified

check in the amount of $5,000, guaranteeing that

the bidder if his proposal is accepted, will enter

into a formal contract with the United States to

furnish the paper or envelopes specified. The

Committee may not consider a proposal from a

person unknown to it unless accompanied by

satisfactory evidence that he is a manufacturer

of or dealer in the description of paper or envelopes proposed to be furnished.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1244.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §7 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §5, 28 Stat. 602; June 16, 1938, ch. 477, §3, 52 Stat. 761).

§ 512. Approval of paper contracts; time for performance; bonds

A contract for furnishing paper is not valid

until approved by the Joint Committee on

Printing. The award of a contract for furnishing

paper shall designate a reasonable time for its

performance. The contractor shall give bond in

an amount fixed and approved by the Committee.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1244.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §8 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §6, 28 Stat. 602; Mar. 3, 1917, ch. 163, §6, 39 Stat. 1121).

§ 513. Comparison of paper and envelopes with

standard quality

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall compare every lot of paper and envelopes delivered by a contractor with the standard of quality fixed upon by the Joint Committee on Printing, and may not accept paper or envelopes which do not conform to it in every particular. A lot of delivered paper or envelopes

which does not conform to the standard of quality may be accepted by the Committee at a discount that in its opinion is sufficient to protect

the interests of the Government.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1245; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §9 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §7, 28 Stat. 602; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title VIII, §13,

49 Stat. 1553).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 514. Determination of quality of paper

The Joint Committee on Printing shall determine differences of opinion between the Director

of the Government Publishing Office and a contractor for paper respecting the paper’s quality;

and the decision of the Committee is final as to

the United States.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1245; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §10 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §8, 28 Stat. 602; Mar. 3, 1917, ch. 163, §6, 39 Stat. 1121).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 515. Default of contractor; new contracts and

purchase in open market

If a contractor fails to comply with his contract, the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall report the default to the Joint

Committee on Printing, and under its direction,

enter into a new contract with the lowest, best,

and most responsible bidder for the interest of

the Government among those whose proposals

were rejected at the last opening of bids, or he

shall advertise for new proposals, under the regulations provided by sections 509–517 of this

title. During the interval that may thus occur

he may, under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing, purchase in open market, at

the lowest market price, paper necessary for the

public printing.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1245; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §11 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §9, 28 Stat. 602; Mar. 3, 1917, ch. 163, §6, 39 Stat. 1121).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 516. Liability of defaulting contractor

Upon failure to furnish paper, a contractor and

his sureties shall be responsible for any increase
§ 517 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 20

of cost to the Government in procuring a supply

of the paper consequent upon his default. The

Director of the Government Publishing Office

shall report every default, with a full statement

of all the facts in the case, to the General Counsel for the Department of the Treasury, who

shall prosecute the defaulting contractor and

his sureties upon their bond in the district court

of the United States in the district in which the

defaulting contractor resides.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1245; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §12 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §10, 28 Stat. 602; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, §291, 36 Stat.

1167; May 10, 1934, ch. 277, §512(b), 48 Stat. 759).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 517. Purchase of paper in open market

The Joint Committee on Printing may authorize the Director of the Government Publishing

Office to purchase paper in open market when

they consider the quantity required so small or

the want so immediate as not to justify advertisement for proposals.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1245; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §13 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §11, 28 Stat. 602; Mar. 3, 1917, ch. 163, §6, 39 Stat.

1121).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

CHAPTER 7—CONGRESSIONAL PRINTING

AND BINDING

Sec.

701. ‘‘Usual number’’ of documents and reports;

distribution of House and Senate documents

and reports; binding; reports on private

bills; number of copies printed; distribution.

702. Extra copies of documents and reports.

703. Printing extra copies.

704. Reprinting bills, laws, and reports from committees not exceeding fifty pages.

705. Duplicate orders to print.

706. Bills and resolutions: number and distribution.

707. Bills and resolutions: style and form.

708. Bills and resolutions: binding sets for Congress.

709. Public and private laws, postal conventions,

and treaties.

710. Copies of Acts furnished to Director of the

Government Publishing Office.

711. Printing Acts, joint resolutions, and treaties.

712. Printing of postal conventions.

713. Journals of Houses of Congress.

714. Printing documents for Congress in two or

more editions; printing of full number and

allotment of full quota.

715. Senate and House documents and reports for

Department of State.

716. Printing of documents not provided for by

law.

Sec.

717. Appropriation chargeable for printing of document or report by order of Congress.

718. Lapse of authority to print.

719. Classification and numbering of publications

ordered printed by Congress; designation of

publications of departments; printing of

committee hearings.

720. Senate and House Manuals.

721. Congressional Directory.

722. Congressional Directory: sale.

723. Memorial addresses: preparation; distribution.

724. Memorial addresses: illustrations.

725. Statement of appropriations; ‘‘usual number’’.

726. Printing for committees of Congress.

727. Committee reports: indexing and binding.

728. United States Statutes at Large: distribution.

729. United States Statutes at Large: references

in margins.

730. Distribution of documents to Members of

Congress.

731. Allotments of public documents printed after

expiration of terms of Members of Congress;

rights of retiring Members to documents.

732. Time for distribution of documents by Members of Congress extended.

733. Documents and reports ordered by Members

of Congress; franks and envelopes for Members of Congress.

734. Stationery and blank books for Congress.

735. Binding for Senators.

736. Binding at expense of Members of Congress.

737. Binding for Senate library.

738. Binding of publications for distribution to libraries.

739. Senate and House document rooms; superintendents.

740. Senate Service Department and House Publications Distribution Service; superintendents.

741. Disposition of documents stored at Capitol.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

item 710.

1996—Pub. L. 104–186, title II, §223(4)(B), Aug. 20, 1996,

110 Stat. 1751, substituted ‘‘Senators’’ for ‘‘Members of

Congress’’ in item 735.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 701. ‘‘Usual number’’ of documents and reports;

distribution of House and Senate documents

and reports; binding; reports on private bills;

number of copies printed; distribution

(a) The order by either House of Congress to

print a document or report shall signify the

‘‘usual number’’ of copies for binding and distribution among those entitled to receive them.

A greater number may not be printed unless ordered by either House, or as provided by this

section. When a special number of a document

or report is ordered printed, the usual number

shall also be printed, unless already ordered.

(b) The ‘‘usual number’’ of documents and reports shall be one thousand six hundred and

eighty-two copies, which shall be printed at one

time and distributed as follows:
Page 21 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 701

Of the House documents and reports, unbound—to the Senate document room, one hundred and fifty copies; to the office of the Secretary of the Senate, ten copies; to the House

document room, not to exceed five hundred copies; to the office of the Clerk of the House of

Representatives, twenty copies; to the Library

of Congress, ten copies, as provided by section

1718 of this title.

Of the Senate documents and reports, unbound—to the Senate document room, two hundred and twenty copies; office of the Secretary

of the Senate, ten copies; to the House document room, not to exceed five hundred copies; to

the Clerk’s office of the House of Representatives, ten copies; to the Library of Congress, ten

copies, as provided by section 1718 of this title.

(c) Of the number printed, the Director of the

Government Publishing Office shall bind a sufficient number of copies for distribution as follows:

Of the House documents and reports, bound—

to the Senate library, fifteen copies; to the Library of Congress, not to exceed one hundred

and fifty copies, as provided by section 1718 of

this title; to the House of Representatives library, fifteen copies; to the Superintendent of

Documents, as many copies as are required for

distribution to the State libraries and designated depositories.

Of the Senate documents and reports, bound—

to the Senate library, fifteen copies; to the Library of Congress, copies as provided by sections

1718 and 1719 of this title; to the House of Representatives library, fifteen copies; to the Superintendent of Documents, as many copies as may

be required for distribution to State libraries

and designated depositories. In binding documents the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall give precedence to those that are

to be distributed to libraries and to designated

depositories. But a State library or designated

depository entitled to documents that may prefer to have its documents in unbound form, may

do so by notifying the Superintendent of Documents to that effect prior to the convening of

each Congress.

(d) The usual number of reports on private

bills, concurrent or simple resolutions, may not

be printed. Instead there shall be printed of each

Senate report on a private bill, simple or concurrent resolution, in addition to those required

to be furnished the Library of Congress, three

hundred and forty-five copies, which shall be

distributed as follows: to the Senate document

room, two hundred and twenty copies; to the

Secretary of the Senate, fifteen copies; to the

House document room, one hundred copies; to

the Superintendent of Documents, ten copies;

and of each House report on a private bill, simple or concurrent resolution, in addition to

those for the Library of Congress, two hundred

and sixty copies, which shall be distributed as

follows: to the Senate document room, one hundred and thirty-five copies; to the Secretary of

the Senate, fifteen copies; to the House document room, one hundred copies; to the Superintendent of Documents, ten copies.

This section does not prevent the binding of

all Senate and House reports in the reserve volumes bound for and delivered to the Senate and

House libraries, nor abridge the right of the Vice

President, Senators, Representatives, Resident

Commissioner, Secretary of the Senate, and

Clerk of the House to have bound in half morocco, or material not more expensive, one copy

of every public document to which he may be

entitled. At least twelve copies of each report on

bills for the payment or adjudication of claims

against the Government shall be kept on file in

the Senate document room.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1246; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §131 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §54, 28 Stat. 608; Mar. 2, 1901, No. 16, §§1, 2, 31 Stat.

1464; Jan. 20, 1905, ch. 50, §1, 33 Stat. 610; Mar. 1, 1907,

ch. 2284, §4, 34 Stat. 1014; Jan. 15, 1908, No. 3, §2, 35 Stat.

566; Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 317, 35 Stat. 1067; June 25, 1910, ch.

439, 36 Stat. 868; Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 421, §§6, 7, 43 Stat. 1106;

June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title IV, §6, 49 Stat. 1550; Proc. No.

2695, July 4, 1946, 11 F.R. 7517, 60 Stat. 1352).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ in two places.

CONGRESSIONAL PRINTING AND BINDING SERVICES FOR

THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—APPROPRIATIONS

AND STUDY

Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(2) [title I, §111], Dec. 21, 2000, 114

Stat. 2763, 2763A–110, provided that:

‘‘(a) CONGRESSIONAL PRINTING AND BINDING FOR THE

HOUSE THROUGH CLERK OF HOUSE.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any provision of

title 44, United States Code, or any other law, there

are authorized to be appropriated to the Clerk of the

House of Representatives such sums as may be necessary for congressional printing and binding services

for the House of Representatives.

‘‘(2) PREPARATION OF ESTIMATES.—Estimated expenditures and proposed appropriations for congressional printing and binding services shall be prepared

and submitted by the Clerk of the House of Representatives in accordance with title 31, United

States Code, in the same manner as estimates and requests are prepared for other legislative branch services under such title, except that such requests shall

be based upon the results of the study conducted

under subsection (b) (with respect to any fiscal year

covered by such study).

‘‘(3) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This subsection shall apply

with respect to fiscal year 2003 and each succeeding

fiscal year.

‘‘(b) STUDY.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—During fiscal year 2001, the Clerk

of the House of Representatives shall conduct a comprehensive study of the needs of the House for congressional printing and binding services during fiscal

year 2003 and succeeding fiscal years (including transitional issues during fiscal year 2002), and shall include in the study an analysis of the most cost-effective program or programs for providing printed or

other media-based publications for House uses.

‘‘(2) SUBMISSION TO COMMITTEES.—The Clerk shall

submit the study conducted under paragraph (1) to

the Committee on House Administration of the House

of Representatives, who shall review the study and

prepare such regulations or other materials (including proposals for legislation) as it considers appropriate to enable the Clerk to carry out congressional

printing and binding services for the House in accordance with this section.

‘‘(c) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘congressional printing and binding services’ means the following services:
§ 702 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 22

‘‘(1) Authorized printing and binding for the Congress and the distribution of congressional information in any format.

‘‘(2) Preparing the semimonthly and session index

to the Congressional Record.

‘‘(3) Printing and binding of Government publications authorized by law to be distributed to Members

of Congress.

‘‘(4) Printing, binding, and distribution of Government publications authorized by law to be distributed

without charge to the recipient.’’

§ 702. Extra copies of documents and reports

Copies in addition to the ‘‘usual number’’ of

documents and reports shall be printed promptly when ready for publication, and may be bound

in paper or cloth as the Joint Committee on

Printing directs.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1247.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964, ed., §§132, 134 (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §§2, 73, 28 Stat. 601, 612, Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284,

§1, 34 Stat. 1013).

§ 703. Printing extra copies

Orders for printing copies in addition to the

‘‘usual number’’, otherwise than provided for by

this section, shall be by simple, concurrent, or

joint resolution. Either House may print extra

copies to the amount of $1,200 by simple resolution; if the cost exceeds that sum, the printing

shall be ordered by concurrent resolution, unless

the resolution is self-appropriating, when it

shall be by joint resolution. Resolutions, when

presented to either House, shall be referred to

the Committee on House Oversight of the House

of Representatives or the Committee on Rules

and Administration of the Senate, who, in making their report, shall give the probable cost of

the proposed printing upon the estimate of the

Director of the Government Publishing Office;

and extra copies may not be printed before the

committee has reported. The printing of additional copies may be performed upon orders of

the Joint Committee on Printing within a limit

of $700 in cost in any one instance.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1247; Pub.

L. 104–186, title II, §223(2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat.

1751; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §133 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §2, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §1, 34 Stat. 1013;

Apr. 19, 1949, ch. 72, 63 Stat. 48).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1996—Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘House Oversight’’

for ‘‘House Administration’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on House Oversight of House of Representatives changed to Committee on House Administration of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 6, 1999.

§ 704. Reprinting bills, laws, and reports from

committees not exceeding fifty pages

When the supply is exhausted, the Secretary

of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives may order the reprinting of not

more than one thousand copies of a pending bill,

resolution, or public law, not exceeding fifty

pages, or a report from a committee or congressional commission on pending legislation not accompanied by testimony or exhibits or other appendices and not exceeding fifty pages. The Director of the Government Publishing Office shall

require each requisition for reprinting to cite

the specific authority of law for its execution.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1248; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §137 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §2, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §1, 34 Stat.

1012).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 705. Duplicate orders to print

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall examine the orders of the Senate

and House of Representatives for printing, and

in case of duplication shall print under the first

order received.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1248; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §135 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §53, 28 Stat. 608).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 706. Bills and resolutions: number and distribution

There shall be printed of each Senate and

House public bill and joint resolution six hundred and twenty-five copies, which shall be distributed as follows:

to the Senate document room, two hundred

and twenty-five copies;

to the office of Secretary of Senate, fifteen

copies;

to the House document room, three hundred

and eighty-five copies.

There shall be printed of each Senate private

bill, when introduced, when reported, and when

passed, three hundred copies, which shall be distributed as follows:

to the Senate document room, one hundred

and seventy copies;

to the Secretary of the Senate, fifteen copies;

to the House document room, one hundred

copies;

to the Superintendent of Documents, ten

copies.

There shall be printed of each House private

bill, when introduced, when reported, and when

passed two hundred and sixty copies, which shall

be distributed as follows:

to the Senate document room, one hundred

and thirty-five copies;
Page 23 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 711

to the Secretary of the Senate, fifteen copies;

to the House document room, one hundred

copies;

to the Superintendent of Documents, ten

copies.

Bills and resolutions shall be printed in bill

form, and, unless specially ordered by either

House shall be printed only when referred to a

committee, when favorably reported back, and

after their passage by either House.

Of concurrent and simple resolutions, when reported, and after their passage by either House,

only two hundred and sixty copies shall be printed, except by special order, and shall be distributed as follows:

to the Senate document room, one hundred

and thirty-five copies;

to the Secretary of the Senate, fifteen copies;

to the House document room, one hundred

copies;

to the Superintendent of Documents, ten

copies.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1248.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §189 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §55, 28 Stat. 609; Jan. 20, 1905, ch. 50, §2, 33 Stat. 611).

§ 707. Bills and resolutions: style and form

Subject to sections 205 and 206 of Title 1, the

Joint Committee on Printing may authorize the

printing of a bill or resolution, with index and

ancillaries, in the style and form the Joint Committee on Printing considers most suitable in

the interest of economy and efficiency, and to so

continue until final enactment in both Houses of

Congress. The committee may also curtail the

number of copies of bills or resolutions, including the slip form of a public Act or public resolution.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1248.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §189a (June 13, 1934,

ch. 483, §3, 48 Stat. 948).

§ 708. Bills and resolutions: binding sets for Congress

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall bind four sets of Senate and House

of Representatives bills, joint and concurrent

resolutions of each Congress, two for the Senate

and two for the House, to be furnished him from

the files of the Senate and House document

room, the volumes when bound to be kept there

for reference.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1249; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §190 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §82, 28 Stat. 622).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 709. Public and private laws, postal conventions, and treaties

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall print in slip form copies of public

and private laws, postal conventions, and treaties, to be charged to the congressional allotment for printing and binding. The Joint Committee on Printing shall control the number and

distribution of copies.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1249; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §191 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §56, 28 Stat. 609; July 10, 1952, ch. 632, §7, 66 Stat.

541).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 710. Copies of Acts furnished to Director of the

Government Publishing Office

The Archivist of the United States shall furnish to the Director of the Government Publishing Office a copy of every Act and joint resolution, as soon as possible after its approval by the

President, or after it has become a law under the

Constitution without his approval.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1249; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2286; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §191a (R.S. §210; June

20, 1874, ch. 328, 18 Stat. 88; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, §1,

eff. May 24, 1950; 15 F.R. 3178, 64 Stat. 1272).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and text.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist of the

United States’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 711. Printing Acts, joint resolutions, and treaties

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office, on receiving from the Archivist of the

United States a copy of an Act or joint resolution, or from the Secretary of State, a copy of a

treaty, shall print an accurate copy and transmit it in duplicate to the Archivist of the

United States or to the Secretary of State, as

the case may be, for revision. On the return of

one of the revised duplicates, he shall make the

marked corrections and print the number specified by section 709 of this title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1249; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2286; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)
§ 712 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 24

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §192 (R.S. §3805; Jan.

12, 1895, ch. 23, §56, 28 Stat. 609; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20,

§1, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3178, 64 Stat. 1272).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist of the

United States’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ wherever appearing.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 712. Printing of postal conventions

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office, on receiving from the Postmaster General a copy of a postal convention between the

Postmaster General, on the part of the United

States, and an equivalent officer of a foreign

government, shall print an accurate copy and

transmit it in duplicate to the Postmaster General. On the return of one of the revised duplicates, he shall make the marked corrections and

print the number specified by section 709 of this

title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1249; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §193 (R.S. §3806; June

20, 1874, ch. 328, §1, 18 Stat. 88; Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §56,

28 Stat. 609).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Office of Postmaster General of Post Office Department abolished and functions, powers, and duties of

Postmaster General transferred to United States Postal Service by Pub. L. 91–375, §4(a), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat.

773, set out as a note under section 201 of Title 39, Postal Service.

§ 713. Journals of Houses of Congress

There shall be printed of the Journals of the

Senate and House of Representatives eight hundred and twenty copies, which shall be distributed as follows:

to the Senate document room, ninety copies

for distribution to Senators, and twenty-five

additional copies;

to the Senate library, ten copies;

to the House document room, three hundred

and sixty copies for distribution to Members,

and twenty-five additional copies;

to the Department of State, four copies;

to the Superintendent of Documents, one

hundred and forty-four copies to be distributed

to three libraries in each of the States to be

designated by the Superintendent of Documents; and

to the Library of the House of Representatives, ten copies.

The remaining number of the Journals of the

Senate and House of Representatives, consisting

of twenty-five copies, shall be furnished to the

Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the

House of Representatives, respectively, as the

necessities of their respective offices require, as

rapidly as signatures are completed for distribution.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1249; Pub.

L. 97–164, title I, §158, Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 47.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §147 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §57, 28 Stat. 609; Mar. 2, 1901, No. 16, §§1, 2, 31 Stat.

1464).

AMENDMENTS

1982—Pub. L. 97–164 substituted ‘‘eight hundred and

twenty’’ for ‘‘eight hundred and twenty-two’’ as total

number of Journals printed and struck out provision

that directed that two copies be distributed to the

Court of Claims.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982,

see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under

section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

§ 714. Printing documents for Congress in two or

more editions; printing of full number and

allotment of full quota

The Joint Committee on Printing shall establish rules to be observed by the Director of the

Government Publishing Office, by which public

documents and reports printed for Congress, or

either House, may be printed in two or more editions, to meet the public requirements. The aggregate of the editions may not exceed the number of copies otherwise authorized. This section

does not prevent the printing of the full number

of a document or report, or the allotment of the

full quota to Senators and Representatives, as

otherwise authorized, when a legitimate demand

for the full complement is known to exist.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1250; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §136 (Mar. 30, 1906, No.

14, 34 Stat. 826).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 715. Senate and House documents and reports

for Department of State

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall print, in addition to the usual number, and furnish the Department of State twenty

copies of each Senate and House of Representatives document and report.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1250; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §138 (Feb. 7, 1896, No.

14, 29 Stat. 463).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.
Page 25 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 721

§ 716. Printing of documents not provided for by

law

Either House may order the printing of a document not already provided for by law, when accompanied by an estimate from the Director of

the Government Publishing Office as to the

probable cost. An executive department, bureau,

board, or independent office of the Government

submitting reports or documents in response to

inquiries from Congress shall include an estimate of the probable cost of printing to the

usual number. This section does not apply to reports or documents not exceeding fifty pages.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1250; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §140 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §2, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §1, 34 Stat.

1013).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 717. Appropriation chargeable for printing of

document or report by order of Congress

The cost of the printing of a document or report printed by order of Congress which, under

section 1107 of this title, cannot be properly

charged to another appropriation or allotment

of appropriation already made, upon order of the

Joint Committee on Printing, shall be charged

to the allotment of appropriation for printing

and binding for Congress.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1250.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §144 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §2, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §1, 34 Stat.

1013).

§ 718. Lapse of authority to print

The authority to print a document or report,

or a publication authorized by law to be printed,

for distribution by Congress, shall lapse when

the whole number of copies has not been ordered

within two years from the date of the original

order, except orders for subsequent editions, approved by the Joint Committee on Printing, in

which case the whole number may not exceed

that originally authorized by law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1250.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §141 (Mar. 1, 1907, ch.

2284, §5, 34 Stat. 1014).

§ 719. Classification and numbering of publications ordered printed by Congress; designation of publications of departments; printing

of committee hearings

Publications ordered printed by Congress, or

either House, shall be in four series, namely:

one series of reports made by the committees of the Senate, to be known as Senate reports;

one series of reports made by the committees of the House of Representatives, to be

known as House reports;

one series of documents other than reports

of committees, the orders for printing which

originate in the Senate, to be known as Senate

documents; and

one series of documents other than committee reports, the orders for printing which

originate in the House of Representatives, to

be known as House documents.

The publications in each series shall be consecutively numbered, the numbers in each series

continuing in unbroken sequence throughout

the entire term of a Congress, but these provisions do not apply to the documents printed for

the use of the Senate in executive session. Of

the ‘‘usual number’’, the copies which are intended for distribution to State libraries and

other designated depositories of annual or serial

publications originating in or prepared by an executive department, bureau, office, commission,

or board may not be numbered in the document

or report series of either House of Congress, but

shall be designated by title and bound as provided by section 738 of this title; and the departmental edition, if any, shall be printed concurrently with the ‘‘usual number.’’ Hearings of

committees may be printed as congressional

documents only when specifically ordered by

Congress or either House.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1250.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §142 (Jan. 15, 1908, No.

3, §1, 35 Stat. 565).

§ 720. Senate and House Manuals

Each House may order printed as many copies

as it desires, of the Senate Manual and of the

Rules and Manual of the House of Representatives, even though the cost exceed $500.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1251.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §148 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 617).

§ 721. Congressional Directory

(a) There shall be prepared under the direction

of the Joint Committee on Printing (1) a Congressional Directory, which shall be printed and

distributed as early as practicable during the

first session of each Congress and (2) a supplement to each Congressional Directory, which

shall be printed and distributed as early as practicable during the second regular session of each

Congress. The Joint Committee shall control

the number and distribution of the Congressional Directory and each supplement.

(b) One copy of the Congressional Directory

delivered to Members of the Senate and the

House of Representatives (including Delegates

and the Resident Commissioner) shall be bound

in cloth and imprinted on the cover with the

name of the Member. Copies of the Congressional Directory delivered to depository libraries may be bound in cloth. All other copies of

the Congressional Directory shall be bound in

paper and names shall not be imprinted thereon,

except that copies printed for sale under section

722 may be bound in cloth.
§ 722 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 26

1So in original. See References in Text note below.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1251; Pub.

L. 95–94, title IV, §404, Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat. 682.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §149 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 617; July 1, 1902, ch. 1351, 32 Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

1977—Pub. L. 95–94 designated existing provisions as

subsec. (a), substituted provisions relating to distribution of initial and supplementary Directories for provisions requiring preparation of three editions of the Directory during the first session of each Congress and

two editions during each second regular session of Congress, struck out provisions relating to distribution of

the first edition and provisions relating to cloth binding for copies delivered to Senators and Representatives, and added subsec. (b).

§ 722. Congressional Directory: sale

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office, under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing, may print the current Congressional Directory for sale at a price sufficient to

reimburse the expense of printing. The money

derived from sales shall be paid into the Treasury and accounted for in his annual report to

Congress, and sales may not be made on credit.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1251; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §150 (Jan. 12, 1895 ch.

23, §40, 28 Stat. 607).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 723. Memorial addresses: preparation; distribution

After the final adjournment of each session of

Congress, there shall be compiled, prepared,

printed with illustrations, and bound in cloth in

one volume, in the style, form, and manner directed by the Joint Committee on Printing,

without extra compensation to any employee,

the legislative proceedings of Congress and the

exercises at the general memorial services held

in the House of Representatives during each session relative to the death of a Member of Congress or a former Member of Congress who

served as Speaker, together with all relevant

memorial addresses and eulogies published in

the Congressional Record during the same session of Congress, and any other matter the Joint

Committee considers relevant; and there shall

be printed as many copies as needed to supply

the total quantity provided for by this section,

of which fifty copies, bound in full morocco,

with gilt edges, suitably lettered as may be requested, shall be delivered to the family of the

deceased, and the remaining copies shall be distributed as follows:

of all eulogies on deceased Members of Congress to the Vice President and each Senator,

Representative, and Resident Commissioner in

Congress, one copy;

of the eulogies on deceased Senators there

shall be furnished two hundred and fifty copies

for each Senator of the State represented by

the deceased and twenty copies for each Representative from that State;

of the eulogies on a deceased Representative

and Resident Commissioner two hundred and

fifty copies for his successor in office; twenty

copies for each of the other Representatives,

or Resident Commissioner of the State, or insular possession represented by the deceased;

and twenty copies for each Senator from that

State.

The ‘‘usual number’’ of memorial addresses

may not be printed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1251; Pub.

L. 97–51, §101(c), Oct. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 959.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964, ed., §151 (Aug. 23, 1894, ch.

307, 28 Stat. 447; Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §73, 28 Stat. 616;

June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title I, §1, 49 Stat. 1545).

CODIFICATION

The 1981 amendment by Pub. L. 97–51 is based on section 4 of House Resolution 23, Ninety–seventh Congress,

Mar. 10, 1981, as enacted into permanent law by H.R.

4120, as reported July 9, 1981, and incorporated by reference in section 101(c) of Pub. L. 97–51, to be effective

as if enacted into law.

AMENDMENTS

1981—Pub. L. 97–51 inserted ‘‘or a former Member of

Congress who served as Speaker’’ after ‘‘relative to the

death of a Member of Congress’’.

RESTRICTION ON NUMBER OF BOUND EULOGIES

Pub. L. 94–59, title VIII, July 25, 1975, 89 Stat. 296, provided that: ‘‘Hereafter, appropriations for authorized

printing and binding for Congress shall not be available

under the authority of section 723 of title 44 of the

United States Code for the printing, publication, and

distribution of more than fifty bound eulogies to be delivered to the family of the deceased, and in the case of

a deceased Senator or deceased Representative (including Delegates to Congress and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico), there shall be furnished to

his successor in office two hundred and fifty copies.’’

§ 724. Memorial addresses: illustrations

The illustrations to accompany bound copies

of memorial addresses delivered in Congress

shall be made at the Bureau of Engraving and

Printing and paid for out of the appropriation

for that bureau, or, in the discretion of the Joint

Committee on Printing, shall be obtained elsewhere by the Director of the Government Publishing Office and charged to the allotment for

printing and binding for Congress.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1252; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §152 (Mar. 4, 1921, ch.

161, §1, 41 Stat. 1431).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 725. Statement of appropriations; ‘‘usual number’’

Of the statements of appropriations required

to be prepared by section 105 of Title 2,1 there
Page 27 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 730

shall be printed, after the close of each regular

session of Congress, the usual number of copies.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1252.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §153 (Mar. 2, 1895, ch.

189, §1, 28 Stat. 958).

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 105 of Title 2, referred to in text, was editorially reclassified as section 4303 of Title 2, The Congress.

§ 726. Printing for committees of Congress

A committee of Congress may not procure the

printing of more than one thousand copies of a

hearing, or other document germane thereto, for

its use except by simple, concurrent, or joint

resolution, as provided by section 703 of this

title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1252.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §154 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §2, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §1, 34 Stat.

1012).

§ 727. Committee reports: indexing and binding

The Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of

the House of Representatives shall procure and

file for the use of their respective House copies

of all reports made by committees, and at the

close of each session of Congress shall have the

reports indexed and bound, one copy to be deposited in the library of each House and one copy in

the committee from which the report emanates.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1252.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §155 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §83, 28 Stat. 622).

§ 728. United States Statutes at Large: distribution

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office, after the final adjournment of each regular session of Congress, shall print and bind copies of the United States Statutes at Large, to be

charged to the congressional allotment for

printing and binding. The Joint Committee on

Printing shall control the number and distribution of the copies.

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall print and, after the end of each calendar year, bind and deliver to the Superintendent of Documents a number of copies of the

United States Treaties and Other International

Agreements not exceeding the number of copies

of the United States Statutes at Large required

for distribution in the manner provided by law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1252; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §196a (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 615; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title VI, §9,

49 Stat. 1551; June 16, 1938, ch. 477, §2, 52 Stat. 761; Sept.

23, 1950, ch. 1001, §4, 64 Stat. 980; July 10, 1952, ch. 632,

§2, 66 Stat. 540).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

two places.

WRITTEN REQUESTS FOR COPIES OF UNITED STATES

STATUTES AT LARGE

Pub. L. 94–440, title X, Oct. 1, 1976, 90 Stat. 1459, provided that: ‘‘Hereafter, notwithstanding any other provisions of law, appropriations for the automatic distribution to Senators and Representatives (including

Delegates to Congress and the Resident Commissioner

from Puerto Rico) of copies of the United States Statutes at Large shall not be available with respect to any

Senator or Representative unless such Senator or Representative specifically, in writing, requests that he receive copies of such document.’’

§ 729. United States Statutes at Large: references

in margins

The Archivist of the United States shall include in the references in margins of the United

States Statutes at Large the number of the bill

or joint resolution (designating S. for Senate

bill, H.R. for House bill, S.J. Res. for Senate

joint resolution and H.J. Res. for House joint

resolution, as the case may be) under which

each Act was approved and became a law, the

reference in the margins to be placed within

brackets immediately under the date of the approval of the Act at the beginning of each Act as

printed beginning with Volume 32 of the United

States Statutes at Large.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1252; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §197 (Apr. 12, 1904, No.

20, 33 Stat. 589; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, §1, eff. May 24,

1950, 15 F.R. 3178, 64 Stat. 1272).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist of the

United States’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 730. Distribution of documents to Members of

Congress

When, in the division among Senators, and

Representatives, of documents printed for the

use of Congress there is an apportionment to

each or either House in round numbers, the Director of the Government Publishing Office may

not deliver the full number so accredited at the

Senate Service Department and House of Representatives Publications Distribution Service,

but only the largest multiple of the number constituting the full membership of that House, including the Secretary and Sergeant at Arms of

the Senate and Clerk and Sergeant at Arms of

the House, which is contained in the round numbers thus accredited to that House, so that the

number delivered divides evenly and without remainder among the Members of the House to

which they are delivered; and the remainder of

the documents thus resulting shall be turned
§ 731 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 28

over to the Superintendent of Documents, to be

distributed by him, first, to public and school libraries for the purpose of completing broken

sets; second, to public and school libraries that

have not been supplied with any portions of the

sets, and, lastly, by sale to other persons; the libraries to be named to him by Senators and

Representatives; and in this distribution the Superintendent of Documents, as far as practicable, shall make an equal allowance to each

Senator and Representative.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1253; Pub.

L. 104–186, title II, §223(3), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat.

1751; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §157 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §68, 28 Stat. 612; Apr. 6, 1904, ch. 862, 33 Stat. 159;

July 2, 1954, ch. 455, title I, §101, 68 Stat. 397).

‘‘House of Representatives Publications Distribution

Service’’ is substituted for ‘‘House Folding Room’’ because of the change of name under authority of Public

Law 88–652.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1996—Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘and Sergeant at

Arms’’ for ‘‘, Sergeant at Arms, and Doorkeeper’’.

§ 731. Allotments of public documents printed

after expiration of terms of Members of Congress; rights of retiring Members to documents

The Congressional allotment of public documents, other than the Congressional Record,

printed after the expiration of the term of office

of the Vice President of the United States, or

Senator, Representative, or Resident Commissioner, shall be delivered to his successor in office.

Unless the Vice President of the United

States, a Senator, Representative, or Resident

Commissioner, having public documents to his

credit at the expiration of his term of office

takes them prior to the 30th day of June next

following the date of expiration, he shall forfeit

them to his successor in office.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1253.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §158 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §72, 28 Stat. 612; Mar. 18, 1924, ch. 60, 43 Stat. 24;

June 18, 1934, ch. 606, §1, 48 Stat. 1017).

Words ‘‘or her’’ deleted by authority of Title 1, sec.

1—‘‘words importing masculine gender may be applied

to females’’.

§ 732. Time for distribution of documents by

Members of Congress extended

Reelected Members may distribute public documents to their credit, or the credit of their respective districts in the Interior or other Departments and bureaus, and in the Government

Publishing Office, during their successive terms

and until their right to frank documents ends.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1253; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §159 (June 4, 1897, ch.

2, §1, 30 Stat. 62).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 733. Documents and reports ordered by Members of Congress; franks and envelopes for

Members of Congress

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office on order of a Member of Congress, on prepayment of the cost, may reprint documents and

reports of committees together with the evidence papers submitted, or any part ordered

printed by the Congress.

He may also furnish without cost to Members

and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto

Rico, blank franks printed on sheets and perforated, or singly at their option, for public documents. Franks shall contain in the upper lefthand corner the following words: ‘‘Public document. United States Senate’’ or ‘‘House of Representatives U.S.’’ and in the upper right-hand

corner the letters ‘‘U.S.S.’’ or ‘‘M. C.’’ Franks

may also contain information relating to missing children as provided in section 3220 of title

39. But he may not print any other words except

where it is desirable to affix the official title of

a document. Other words printed on franks shall

be at the personal expense of the Member or

Resident Commissioner ordering them.

At the request of a Member of Congress or

Resident Commissioner the Director of the Government Publishing Office may print upon

franks or envelopes used for mailing public documents the facsimile signature of the Member

or Resident Commissioner and a special request

for return if not called for, and the name of the

State or Commonwealth and county and city.

The Member or Resident Commissioner shall deposit with his order the extra expense involved

in printing these additional words.

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may also, at the request of a Member or

Resident Commissioner, print on envelopes authorized to be furnished, the name of the Member or Resident Commissioner, and State or

Commonwealth, the date, and the topic or subject matter, not exceeding twelve words.

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall deposit moneys accruing under this

section in the Treasury of the United States to

the credit of the appropriation made for the

working capital of the Government Publishing

Office for the year in which the work is done. He

shall account for them in his annual report to

Congress.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1253; Pub.

L. 93–191, §8(a), Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 745; Pub. L.

93–255, §2(b), Mar. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 52; Pub. L.

99–87, §1(c)(2), Aug. 9, 1985, 99 Stat. 291; Pub. L.

113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §162 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §37, 28 Stat. 606; Mar. 2, 1895, ch. 189, §1, 28 Stat. 961;
Page 29 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 737

Jan. 30, 1904, ch. 39, 33 Stat. 9; Mar. 4, 1925, ch. 549, §1,

43 Stat. 1300).

Section 893 of Title 48, U.S. Code, provides that: ‘‘The

Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico shall . . . be allowed the franking privilege granted Members of Congress.’’

By inference he should be included in section 733,

since the franking privilege should include the means

to use it.

Changes have been made in section 733 to include the

Resident Commissioner as to printing of franks.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ wherever appearing.

1985—Pub. L. 99–87 inserted ‘‘Franks may also contain

information relating to missing children as provided in

section 3220 of title 39.’’ before ‘‘But he may not print’’

in second par.

1974—Pub. L. 93–255 struck out ‘‘Postage paid by Congress.’’ after ‘‘Public document.’’ in second par.

1973—Pub. L. 93–191 substituted ‘‘Public document.

Postage paid by Congress.’’ for ‘‘Public document.

Free.’’ in second par.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–191 effective Dec. 18, 1973,

see section 14 of Pub. L. 93–191, set out as a note under

section 3210 of Title 39, Postal Service.

§ 734. Stationery and blank books for Congress

Upon requisition of the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives, respectively, the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall furnish stationery,

blank books, tables, forms, and other necessary

papers preparatory to congressional legislation,

required for the official use of the Senate and

the House of Representatives, or their committees and officers. This does not prevent the purchase by the officers of the Senate and House of

Representatives of stationery and blank books

necessary for sale to Senators and Members in

the stationery rooms of the two Houses as provided by law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1254; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §146 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §2, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §1, 34 Stat.

1013).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

Stationery room of House of Representatives redesignated Office Supply Service.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Certain functions of Officers of House of Representatives transferred to Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services by section 7 of House Resolution No.

423, One Hundred Second Congress, Apr. 9, 1992. Director of Non-legislative and Financial Services replaced

by Chief Administrative Officer of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth

Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.

§ 735. Binding for Senators

Each Senator is entitled to the binding in half

morocco, or material not more expensive, of one

copy of each public document to which he is entitled, an account of which shall be kept by the

Secretary of the Senate.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1254; Pub.

L. 104–186, title II, §223(4)(A), Aug. 20, 1996, 110

Stat. 1751.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §160 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §2, 28 Stat. 601; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §1, 34 Stat.

1013).

AMENDMENTS

1996—Pub. L. 104–186, in section catchline, substituted

‘‘Senators’’ for ‘‘Members of Congress’’, and in text,

substituted ‘‘Senator’’ for ‘‘Member of Congress’’ and

struck out ‘‘and Clerk of the House of Representatives,

respectively’’ after ‘‘Secretary of the Senate’’.

WRITTEN REQUESTS FOR BOUND COPIES OF DOCUMENTS

Pub. L. 94–59, title VIII, July 25, 1975, 89 Stat. 296, provided that: ‘‘Hereafter, notwithstanding any other provisions of law appropriations for the binding of copies

of public documents by Committees for distribution to

Senators and Representatives (including Delegates to

Congress and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto

Rico) shall not be available for a Senator or Representative unless such Senator or Representative specifically, in writing, requests that he receive bound copies

of any such documents.’’

§ 736. Binding at expense of Members of Congress

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may bind at the Government Publishing

Office books, maps, charts, or documents published by authority of Congress, upon application of a Member of Congress, and payment of

the actual cost of binding.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1254; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §171 (Dec. 10, 1877, ch.

6, 20 Stat. 5).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 737. Binding for Senate library

The Secretary of the Senate may make requisition upon the Director of the Government

Publishing Office for the binding for the Senate

library of books he considers necessary, at a

cost not to exceed $200 per year.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1254; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)
§ 738 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 30

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §168 (Mar. 2, 1895, ch.

189, §1, 28 Stat. 958).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 738. Binding of publications for distribution to

libraries

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall supply the Superintendent of Documents with sufficient copies of publications distributed in unbound form, to be bound and distributed to the State libraries and other designated depositories for their permanent files.

Every publication of sufficient size on any one

subject shall be bound separately and receive

the title suggested by the subject of the volume,

and the others shall be distributed in unbound

form as soon as printed. The library edition, as

well as all other bound sets of congressional

numbered documents and reports, shall be arranged in volumes and bound in the manner directed by the Joint Committee on Printing.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1254; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §143 (Jan. 15, 1908, No.

3, §2, 35 Stat. 566).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 739. Senate and House document rooms; superintendents

There shall be one document room of the Senate and one of the House of Representatives, to

be designated, respectively, the ‘‘Senate and

House document room.’’ Each shall be in charge

of a superintendent, who shall be appointed by

the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the

House, respectively, together with the necessary

assistants. The Senate document room shall be

under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the

Senate.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1254; Pub.

L. 104–186, title II, §223(5), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat.

1751.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §165 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §60, 28 Stat. 610; Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 830, §1, 31 Stat. 962).

AMENDMENTS

1996—Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘Clerk’’ for ‘‘Doorkeeper’’.

§ 740. Senate Service Department and House

Publications Distribution Service; superintendents

There shall be a Senate Service Department

and a House of Representatives Publications

Distribution Service in the charge of superintendents, appointed respectively by the Sergeant at Arms of the Senate and Chief Administrative Officer of the House of Representatives,

together with the necessary assistants. Reports

or documents to be distributed for the Senators

and Representatives shall be folded and distributed from the Senate Service Department and

House of Representatives Publications Distribution Service, unless otherwise ordered, and the

respective superintendent shall notify each Senator and Representative in writing once every

sixty days of the number and character of publications on hand and assigned to him for use and

distribution.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1255; Pub.

L. 104–186, title II, §223(6), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat.

1751.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §166 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §71, 28 Stat. 612; July 2, 1954, ch. 455, title I, §101, 68

Stat. 397).

‘‘House of Representatives Publications Distribution

Service’’ is substituted for ‘‘House Folding Room’’ because of the change of name under authority of Public

Law 88–652.

AMENDMENTS

1996—Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘Chief Administrative Officer of the House of Representatives’’ for ‘‘Doorkeeper of the House’’.

§ 741. Disposition of documents stored at Capitol

The Secretary and Sergeant at Arms of the

Senate and the Clerk and Doorkeeper of the

House of Representatives, at the convening in

regular session of each successive Congress shall

cause an invoice to be made of public documents

stored in and about the Capitol, other than

those belonging to the quota of Members of Congress, to the Library of Congress and the Senate

and House libraries and document rooms. The

superintendents of the Senate Service Department and House of Representatives Publications

Distribution Service shall put the documents to

the credit of Senators and Representatives in

quantities equal in the number of volumes and

as nearly as possible in value, to each Member of

Congress, and the documents shall be distributed upon the orders of Senators and Representatives, each of whom shall be supplied by the superintendents of the Senate Service Department

and House of Representatives Publications Distribution Service with a list of the number and

character of the publications thus put to his

credit, but before apportionment is made copies

of any of these documents desired for the use of

a committee of either House shall be delivered

to the chairman of the committee.

Four copies of leather-bound documents shall

be reserved and carefully stored, to be used in

supplying deficiencies in the Senate and House

libraries caused by wear or loss.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1255.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §167 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §63, 28 Stat. 611; July 2, 1954, ch. 455, title I, §101, 68

Stat. 397).

‘‘Senate Service Department and House Folding

Room’’ was substituted for ‘‘Senate and House folding

rooms,’’ and ‘‘superintendents of the Senate Service

Department and House Folding Room’’ was substituted

for ‘‘superintendents of the folding rooms’’ in view of

act July 2, 1954, which redesignated the Senate Folding

Room as the Senate Service Department.
Page 31 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 904

1Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 108–102 without corresponding amendment of analysis.

Act July 2, 1954, provided in part that ‘‘hereafter’’ the

Senate Folding Room should be known as the Senate

Service Department.

‘‘House of Representatives Publications Distribution

Service’’ is substituted for ‘‘House Folding Room’’ because of the change of name under authority of Public

Law 88–652.

ABOLITION OF OFFICE OF DOORKEEPER

Office of Doorkeeper of House of Representatives

abolished and functions transferred generally to Sergeant-at-Arms of House of Representatives by House

Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4,

1995.

CHAPTER 9—CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

Sec.

901. Congressional Record: arrangement, style,

contents, and indexes.

902. Congressional Record: indexes.1

903. Congressional Record: daily and permanent

forms.

904. Congressional Record: maps; diagrams; illustrations.

905. Congressional Record: additional insertions.

906. Congressional Record: gratuitous copies; delivery.

907. Congressional Record: extracts for Members

of Congress; mailing envelopes.

908. Congressional Record: payment for printing

extracts or other documents.

909. Congressional Record: exchange for Parliamentary Hansard.

910. Congressional Record: subscriptions; sale of

current, individual numbers, and bound

sets; postage rate.

AMENDMENTS

1974—Pub. L. 93–314, §1(c), June 8, 1974, 88 Stat. 239,

struck out ‘‘; subscription’’ in item 906, and substituted

‘‘subscriptions; sale of current, individual numbers and

bound sets; postage rate’’ for ‘‘sale of current numbers

and bound sets’’ in item 910.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 901. Congressional Record: arrangement, style,

contents, and indexes

The Joint Committee on Printing shall control the arrangement and style of the Congressional Record, and while providing that it shall

be substantially a verbatim report of proceedings, shall take all needed action for the reduction of unnecessary bulk. It shall provide for the

publication of an index of the Congressional

Record semimonthly during and at the close of

sessions of Congress.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1255.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §181 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §13, 28 Stat. 603).

§ 902. Congressional Record: Indexes

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall prepare the semimonthly and the

session index to the Congressional Record. The

Joint Committee on Printing shall direct the

form and manner of its publication and distribution.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1256; Pub.

L. 108–102, §1(a), Oct. 29, 2003, 117 Stat. 1198; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §182 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §14, 28 Stat. 603; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title II, §2, 49

Stat. 1546).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

2003—Pub. L. 108–102 amended section catchline and

text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘The Joint Committee on Printing shall designate to the Public Printer competent persons to prepare the semimonthly and the session index to the Congressional Record and shall fix the compensation to be

paid by the Public Printer for that work, and direct the

form and manner of its publication and distribution.’’

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2003 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 108–102, §2, Oct. 29, 2003, 117 Stat. 1198, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] and

the amendments made by this Act shall apply with respect to pay periods beginning on or after October 1,

2003 (or, if later, the first day of the first month which

begins after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct.

29, 2003]).’’

TRANSITION RULE FOR TRANSFERRED EMPLOYEES OF

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD INDEX OFFICE

Pub. L. 108–102, §1(b), Oct. 29, 2003, 117 Stat. 1198,

transferred employees of the Congressional Record

Index Office to the Government Printing Office as of

the effective date of Pub. L. 108–102 (see Effective Date

of 2003 Amendment note above) and transferred and

made available accrued annual and sick leave of such

employees to the individuals as an employee of the

Government Printing Office.

§ 903. Congressional Record: daily and permanent forms

The public proceedings of each House of Congress as reported by the Official Reporters, shall

be printed in the Congressional Record, which

shall be issued in daily form during each session

and shall be revised, printed, and bound promptly, as directed by the Joint Committee on Printing, in permanent form, for distribution during

and after the close of each session of Congress.

The daily and the permanent Record shall bear

the same date, which shall be that of the actual

day’s proceedings reported. The ‘‘usual number’’

of the Congressional Record may not be printed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1256.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §182a (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §14, as added June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title II, §2, 49

Stat. 1546).

§ 904. Congressional Record: maps; diagrams; illustrations

Maps, diagrams, or illustrations may not be

inserted in the Record without the approval of

the Joint Committee on Printing.
§ 905 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 32

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1256.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §182b (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §14, as added June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title II, §2, 49

Stat. 1546).

§ 905. Congressional Record: additional insertions

The Joint Committee on Printing shall provide for printing in the daily Record the legislative program for the day together with a list of

congressional committee meetings and hearings,

and the place of meeting and subject matter. It

shall cause a brief resume of congressional activities for the previous day to be incorporated

in the Record, together with an index of its contents prepared under the supervision of the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House

of Representatives, respectively.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1256.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §182c (Aug. 2, 1946, ch.

753, title II, §221, 60 Stat. 837).

§ 906. Congressional Record: gratuitous copies;

delivery

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall furnish the Congressional Record

only as follows:

of the bound edition—

to the Senate Service Department five copies for the Vice President and each Senator;

to the Secretary and Sergeant at Arms of

the Senate, each, two copies;

to the Joint Committee on Printing not to

exceed one hundred copies;

to the House of Representatives Publications Distribution Service, three copies for

each Representative and Resident Commissioner in Congress; and

to the Clerk and the Sergeant at Arms of the

House of Representatives, each, two copies;

of the daily edition—

to the Vice President, one hundred copies;

to each Senator, fifty copies (which may be

transferred only to public agencies and institutions);

to the Secretary and Sergeant at Arms of

the Senate, each, twenty-five copies;

to the Secretary, for official use, not to exceed thirty-five copies; and

to the Sergeant at Arms for use on the floor

of the Senate, not to exceed fifty copies;

to each Member of the House of Representatives, the Resident Commissioner from Puerto

Rico, the Delegate from the District of Columbia, the Delegate from Guam, and the Delegate from the Virgin Islands, thirty-four copies (which may be transferred only to public

agencies and institutions);

to the Clerk and the Sergeant at Arms of the

House of Representatives, each, twenty-five

copies;

to the Clerk, for official use, not to exceed

fifty copies, and to the Clerk for use on the

floor of the House of Representatives, not to

exceed seventy-five copies;

to the Vice President and each Senator, Representative, and Resident Commissioner in

Congress (and not transferable) three copies of

which one shall be delivered at his residence,

one at his office, and one at the Capitol.

In addition to the foregoing the Congressional

Record shall also be furnished as follows:

In unstitched form, and held in reserve by the

Director of the Government Publishing Office,

as many copies of the daily Record as may be required to supply a semimonthly edition, bound

in paper cover together with each semimonthly

index when it is issued, and then be delivered

promptly as follows:

to each committee and commission of Congress, one daily and one semimonthly copy;

to each joint committee and joint commission in Congress, as may be designated by the

Joint Committee on Printing, two copies of

the daily, one semimonthly copy, and one

bound copy;

to the Secretary and the Sergeant at Arms

of the Senate, for office use, each, six semimonthly copies;

to the Clerk and the Sergeant at Arms of the

House, for office use, each, six semimonthly

copies;

to the Joint Committee on Printing, ten

semimonthly copies;

to the Vice President and each Senator, Representative, and Resident Commissioner in

Congress, one semimonthly copy;

to the President of the United States, for the

use of the Executive Office, ten copies of the

daily, two semimonthly copies, and one bound

copy;

to the Chief Justice of the United States and

each of the Associate Justices of the Supreme

Court of the United States, one copy of the

daily;

to the offices of the marshal and clerk of the

Supreme Court of the United States, each, two

copies of the daily and one semimonthly copy;

to each United States circuit and district

judge, and to the chief judge and each associate judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims, the United States Court of International Trade, the Tax Court of the United

States, the United States Court of Appeals for

Veterans Claims, and the United States Court

of Appeals for the Armed Forces, upon request

to a member of Congress and notification by

the Member to the Director of the Government Publishing Office, one copy of the daily,

in addition to those authorized to be furnished

to Members of Congress under the preceding

provisions of this section;

to the offices of the Vice President and the

Speaker of the House of Representatives, each,

six copies of the daily and one semimonthly

copy;

to the Sergeant at Arms, the Chaplain, the

Postmaster, the superintendent and the foreman of the Senate Service Department and of

the House of Representatives Publications

Distribution Service, respectively; and to the

Secretaries to the Majority and the Minority

of the Senate, each, one copy of the daily;

to the office of the Parliamentarian of the

House of Representatives, six copies of the

daily, one semimonthly copy, and two bound

copies;

to the offices of the Official Reporters of Debates of the Senate and House of Representa-
Page 33 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 906

tives, respectively, each, fifteen copies of the

daily, one semimonthly copy, and three bound

copies;

to the office of the stenographers to committees of the House of Representatives, four copies of the daily and one semimonthly copy;

to the office of the Congressional Record

Index, ten copies of the daily and two semimonthly copies;

to the offices of the superintendent of the

Senate and House document rooms, each,

three copies of the daily, one semimonthly

copy, and one bound copy;

to the offices of the superintendents of the

Senate and House press galleries, each, two

copies of the daily, one semimonthly copy, and

one bound copy;

to the offices of the Legislative Counsel of

the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, and the Architect of the Capitol,

each, three copies of the daily, one semimonthly copy, and one bound copy;

to the Library of Congress for official use in

Washington, District of Columbia, and for

international exchange, as provided by sections 1718 and 1719 of this title, not to exceed

one hundred and forty-five copies of the daily,

five semimonthly copies, and one hundred and

fifty bound copies;

to the library of the Senate, three copies of

the daily, two semimonthly copies, and not to

exceed fifteen bound copies;

to the library of the House of Representatives, five copies of the daily, two semimonthly copies, and not to exceed twentyeight bound copies, of which eight copies may

be bound in the style and manner approved by

the Joint Committee on Printing;

to the library of the Supreme Court of the

United States, two copies of the daily, two

semimonthly copies, and not to exceed five

bound copies;

to the library of each United States Court of

Appeals, each United States District Court,

the United States Court of Federal Claims, the

United States Court of International Trade,

the Tax Court of the United States, the United

States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims,

and the United States Court of Appeals for the

Armed Forces, upon request to the Director of

the Government Publishing Office, one copy of

the daily, one semimonthly copy, and one

bound copy;

to the Director of the Government Publishing Office for official use, not to exceed seventy-five copies of the daily, ten semimonthly

copies, and two bound copies;

to the Director of the Botanic Garden, two

copies of the daily and one semimonthly copy;

to the Archivist of the United States, five

copies of the daily, two semimonthly copies,

and two bound copies;

to the library of each executive department,

independent office, and establishment of the

Government in the District of Columbia, except those designated as depository libraries,

and to the libraries of the municipal government of the District of Columbia, the Naval

Observatory, and the Smithsonian Institution,

each, two copies of the daily, one semimonthly

copy, and one bound copy;

to the offices of the Governors of Puerto

Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands, each, five

copies in both daily and bound form;

to the office of the Governor of the Canal

Zone, five copies in both daily and bound form;

to each ex-President and ex-Vice President

of the United States, one copy of the daily;

to each former Senator, Representative, and

Commissioner from Puerto Rico, upon request

to the Director of the Government Publishing

Office, one copy of the daily;

to the Governor of each State, one copy in

both daily and bound form;

to each separate establishment of the Armed

Forces Retirement Home, to each of the National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers,

and to each of the State soldiers’ homes, one

copy of the daily;

to the Superintendent of Documents, as

many daily and bound copies as may be required for distribution to depository libraries;

to the Department of State, not to exceed

one hundred and fifty copies of the daily, for

distribution to each United States embassy

and legation abroad, and to the principal consular offices in the discretion of the Secretary

of State;

to each foreign legation in Washington

whose government extends a like courtesy to

our embassies and legations abroad, one copy

of the daily, to be furnished upon requisition

of and sent through the Secretary of State;

to each newspaper correspondent whose

name appears in the Congressional Directory,

and who makes application, for his personal

use and that of the papers he represents, one

copy of the daily and one copy of the bound,

the same to be sent to the office address of the

member of the press or elsewhere as he directs; not to exceed four copies in all may be

furnished to members of the same press bureau.

Copies of the daily edition, unless otherwise

directed by the Joint Committee on Printing,

shall be supplied and delivered promptly on the

day after the actual day’s proceedings as originally published. Each order for the daily Record

shall begin with the current issue, if previous issues of the same session are not available. The

apportionment specified for daily copies may

not be transferred for the bound form and an allotment of daily copies not used by a Member

during a session shall lapse when the session

ends.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1256; Pub.

L. 91–276, June 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 303; Pub. L.

92–373, Aug. 10, 1972, 86 Stat. 528; Pub. L. 93–314,

§1(b), June 8, 1974, 88 Stat. 239; Pub. L. 95–94,

title IV, §407(a), Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat. 683; Pub. L.

96–417, title VI, §601(11), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat.

1744; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, §164(2), Apr. 2, 1982,

96 Stat. 50; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XV,

§1533(c)(3), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1736; Pub. L.

102–82, §6, Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 377; Pub. L.

102–572, title IX, §902(b)(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat.

4516; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX,

§924(d)(1)(D), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2832; Pub. L.

104–186, title II, §223(7), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat.

1751; Pub. L. 105–368, title V, §512(b)(1)(C), Nov.

11, 1998, 112 Stat. 3342; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H,

title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)
§ 906 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 34

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §183 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 617; June 11, 1896, ch. 420, §1, 29 Stat.

454; Mar. 19, 1896, No. 31, 29 Stat. 468; Feb. 17, 1897, No.

12, 29 Stat. 700; Mar. 26, 1900, No. 15, 31 Stat. 713; Mar.

2, 1901, No. 16, §§1, 2, 31 Stat. 1464; Jan. 30, 1903, ch. 338,

32 Stat. 786; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §4, 34 Stat. 1014; Mar.

4, 1909, ch. 317, 35 Stat. 1067; Mar. 4, 1909, No. 25, 35 Stat.

1169; Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 421, §7, 43 Stat. 1106; June 20, 1936,

ch. 630, title II, §3, 49 Stat. 1547; Proc. No. 2695, July 4,

1946, 11 F.R. 7517, 60 Stat. 1352; June 30, 1949, ch. 288,

title I, §104(a), 63 Stat. 381; Sept. 26, 1950, ch. 1049, §2(b),

64 Stat. 1038; July 2, 1954, ch. 455, title I, §101, 68 Stat.

397; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 852, §20, 70 Stat. 911; June 25, 1959,

Pub. L. 86–70, §33, 73 Stat. 149; July 12, 1960, Pub. L.

86–624, §32, 74 Stat. 421; Mar. 21, 1961, Pub. L. 87–2, 75

Stat. 5; July 11, 1961, Pub. L. 87–85, 75 Stat. 202).

‘‘House of Representatives Publications Distribution

Service’’ is substituted for ‘‘House Folding Room’’ because of the change of name under authority of Public

Law 88–652.

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Provisions respecting National Homes for Disabled

Volunteer Soldiers, referred to in text, were formerly

classified to chapter 3 (section 71 et seq.) of Title 24,

Hospitals and Asylums, and were repealed by Pub. L.

85–857, §14, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1268–1272, and Pub. L.

85–56, title XXII, §2202, June 17, 1957, 71 Stat. 162, 164,

166.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’

wherever appearing.

1998—Pub. L. 105–368 substituted ‘‘Court of Appeals

for Veterans Claims’’ for ‘‘Court of Veterans Appeals’’

in two places.

1996—Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘to the Clerk and

the Sergeant at Arms’’ for ‘‘to the Clerk, Sergeant at

Arms, and Doorkeeper’’ in three places, ‘‘to the Clerk

for use on the floor’’ for ‘‘to the Doorkeeper for use on

the floor’’, and ‘‘and to the Secretaries to the Majority

and the Minority of the Senate’’ for ‘‘to the Secretaries

to the Majority and the Minority of the Senate, and to

the Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives’’.

1994—Pub. L. 103–337 substituted ‘‘Court of Appeals

for the Armed Forces’’ for ‘‘Court of Military Appeals’’

in two places.

1992—Pub. L. 102–572 substituted ‘‘United States

Court of Federal Claims’’ for ‘‘United States Claims

Court’’ in two places.

1991—Pub. L. 102–82 inserted ‘‘the United States Court

of Veterans Appeals,’’ after ‘‘the Tax Court of the

United States,’’ in two places.

1990—Pub. L. 101–510 substituted ‘‘each separate establishment of the Armed Forces Retirement Home,’’

for ‘‘the United States Soldiers’ Home and’’.

1982—Pub. L. 97–164 substituted ‘‘the United States

Claims Court’’ for ‘‘the United States Court of Claims,

the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals’’ in two places.

1980—Pub. L. 96–417 redesignated the United States

Customs Court as the United States Court of International Trade.

1977—Pub. L. 95–94 substituted ‘‘to the Vice President, one hundred copies; to each Senator, fifty copies

(which may be transferred only to public agencies and

institutions);’’ for ‘‘to the Vice President and each Senator, one hundred copies:’’ and ‘‘to each Member of the

House of Representatives, the Resident Commissioner

from Puerto Rico, the Delegate from the District of Columbia, the Delegate from Guam, and the Delegate

from the Virgin Islands, thirty-four copies (which may

be transferred only to public agencies and institutions);’’ for ‘‘to each Representative and Resident Commissioner in Congress, sixty-eight copies’’.

1974—Pub. L. 93–314 struck out subscriptions from

section catchline, and struck out last paragraph which

authorized the Public Printer to furnish the daily

Record to subscribers at a price determined by him to

be based upon the cost of printing and distribution,

with the price to be payable in advance. See section 910

of this title.

1972—Pub. L. 92–373 provided for the furnishing of one

copy of the daily, one semimonthly copy of the Congressional Record to the United States Court of Appeals library and certain other libraries.

1970—Pub. L. 91–276 substituted provision authorizing

the Public Printer to furnish the daily Congressional

Record to subscribers at a price based upon cost of

printing and distribution for prior subscription price of

$1.50 per month.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–368 effective on first day

of first month beginning more than 90 days after Nov.

11, 1998, see section 513 of Pub. L. 105–368, set out as a

note under section 7251 of Title 38, Veterans’ Benefits.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Oct. 29, 1992,

see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note

under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial

Procedure.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–510 effective one year

after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 1541 of Pub. L. 101–510, formerly set out as an Effective Date note under section

401 of Title 24, Hospitals and Asylums.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982,

see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under

section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–417 effective Nov. 1, 1980,

and applicable with respect to civil actions pending on

or commenced on or after such date, see section 701(a)

of Pub. L. 96–417, as amended, set out as a note under

section 251 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1977 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 95–94, title IV, §407(b), Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat.

683, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on

October 1, 1977.’’

ABOLITION OF OFFICE OF POSTMASTER

Office of Postmaster of House of Representatives

abolished by section 2 of House Resolution No. 423, One

Hundred Second Congress, Apr. 9, 1992.

LIMITATION ON BOUND AND BIWEEKLY COPIES TO

SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES

Pub. L. 95–391, title I, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 783, provided that: ‘‘Hereafter, notwithstanding any other provision of law, appropriations for the automatic distribution to Senators and Representatives (including

Delegates to Congress and the Resident Commissioner

from Puerto Rico) of the bound and biweekly Congressional Records shall not be available with respect to

any Senator or Representative unless such Senator or

Representative specifically, in writing, requests that

he or she receive copies of such Records.’’

LIMITATION ON COPIES OF BOUND PERMANENT EDITION

FOR VICE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF SENATE AND

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Pub. L. 93–145, Nov. 1, 1973, 87 Stat. 546, provided that:

‘‘Hereafter, appropriations for authorized printing and

binding for Congress shall not be available under the

authority of the Act of October 22, 1968 (44 U.S.C. 906)
Page 35 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 910

for the printing, publication, and distribution of more

than one copy of the bound permanent editions of the

Congressional Record for the Vice President and each

Member of the Senate and House of Representatives.’’

§ 907. Congressional Record: extracts for Members of Congress; mailing envelopes

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may print and deliver, upon the order of

a Member of Congress and payment of the cost,

extracts from the Congressional Record. The Director of the Government Publishing Office may

furnish without cost to Members and the Resident Commissioner, envelopes, ready for mailing

the Congressional Record or any part of it, or

speeches, or reports in it, if such part, speeches,

or reports are mailable as franked mail under

section 3210 of title 39. Envelopes so furnished

shall contain in the upper left-hand corner the

following words: ‘‘United States Senate’’ or

‘‘House of Representatives, U.S. Part of Congressional Record.’’, and in the upper right-hand corner the letters ‘‘U.S.S.’’ or ‘‘M.C.’’, and the Director of the Government Publishing Office

may, at the request of a Member or Resident

Commissioner, print in addition to the foregoing, his name and State or Commonwealth,

the date, and the topic or subject matter, not

exceeding twelve words. He may not print any

other words on envelopes, except at the personal

expense of the Member or Resident Commissioner ordering the envelopes, except to affix the

official title of a document. The Director of the

Government Publishing Office shall deposit

moneys accruing under this section in the

Treasury of the United States to the credit of

the appropriation made for the working capital

of the Government Publishing Office for the

year in which the work is done, and accounted

for in his annual report to Congress.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1259; Pub.

L. 93–191, §8(b), Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 745; Pub. L.

93–255, §2(c), Mar. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 52; Pub. L.

113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §185 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §37, 28 Stat. 606; Mar. 2, 1895, ch. 189, §1, 28 Stat. 961;

Jan. 30, 1904, ch. 39, 33 Stat. 9; Mar. 4, 1925, ch. 549, 43

Stat. 1300).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ wherever appearing.

1974—Pub. L. 93–255 struck out ‘‘Postage paid by Congress’’ after ‘‘Part of Congressional Record.’’.

1973—Pub. L. 93–191 inserted at end of second sentence

‘‘, if such part, speeches, or reports are mailable as

franked mail under section 3210 of title 39’’ and substituted in third sentence ‘‘Postage paid by Congress’’

for ‘‘Free’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1973 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–191 effective Dec. 18, 1973,

see section 14, of Pub. L. 93–191, set out as a note under

section 3210 of Title 39, Postal Service.

ARCHIVIST OF THE UNITED STATES

References to Archivist of the United States deemed

to refer to Archivist appointed under section 2103 of

this title with respect to functions transferred by Pub.

L. 98–497 or an amendment made by Pub. L. 98–497 and

exercised after Apr. 1, 1985, see sections 106 and 108 of

Pub. L. 98–497, set out as notes under section 2102 of

this title.

§ 908. Congressional Record: payment for printing extracts or other documents

If a Member or Resident Commissioner fails to

pay the cost of printing extracts from the Congressional Record or other documents ordered

by him to be printed, the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall certify the

amount due to the Chief Administrative Officer

of the House of Representatives or the financial

clerk of the Senate, as the case may be, who

shall deduct from any salary due the delinquent

the amount, or as much of it as the salary due

may cover, and pay the amount so obtained to

the Director of the Government Publishing Office, to be applied by him to the satisfaction of

the indebtedness.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1260; Pub.

L. 104–186, title II, §223(8), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat.

1752; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §163 (Mar. 4, 1911, ch.

285, §1, 36 Stat. 1446).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

two places.

1996—Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘Chief Administrative Officer of the House of Representatives’’ for ‘‘Sergeant at Arms of the House’’.

§ 909. Congressional Record: exchange for Parliamentary Hansard

The Librarian of Congress may furnish a copy

of the daily and bound Congressional Record to

the Undersecretary of State for External Affairs

of Canada in exchange for a copy of the Parliamentary Hansard, and the Director of the

Government Publishing Office shall honor the

requisition of the Librarian of Congress for it.

The Parliamentary Hansard so received shall be

the property of the Department of State.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1260; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §187 (Apr. 10, 1912, No.

14, 37 Stat. 632).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 910. Congressional Record: subscriptions; sale

of current, individual numbers, and bound

sets; postage rate

(a) Under the direction of the Joint Committee, the Director of the Government Publishing

Office may sell—
§ 1101 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 36

1So in original. Probably should be ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’s’’.

(1) subscriptions to the daily Record; and

(2) current, individual numbers, and bound

sets of the Congressional Record.

(b) The price of a subscription to the daily

Record and of current, individual numbers, and

bound sets shall be determined by the Director

of the Government Publishing Office based upon

the cost of printing and distribution. Any such

price shall be paid in advance. The money from

any such sale shall be paid into the Treasury

and accounted for in the Public Printer’s 1 annual report to Congress.

(c) The Congressional Record shall be entitled

to be mailed at the same rates of postage at

which any newspaper or other periodical publication, with a legitimate list of paid subscribers,

is entitled to be mailed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1260; Pub.

L. 93–314, §1(a), June 8, 1974, 88 Stat. 239; Pub. L.

113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §188 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §40, 28 Stat. 607).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1974—Pub. L. 93–314 included subscriptions and postage rate in section catchline, and inserted provisions in

text authorizing sale of subscriptions, requiring price

for subscriptions to be paid in advance, and directing

that the Congressional Record shall be entitled to be

mailed at the same rates of postage at which any newspaper or other periodical publication, with a legitimate

list of paid subscribers, is entitled to be mailed.

CHAPTER 11—EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY

PRINTING AND BINDING

Sec.

1101. Printing and binding for the President.

1102. Printing to be authorized by law and necessary to the public business, not in excess

of appropriation, and on special requisition

filed with the Director of the Government

Publishing Office.

1103. Certificate of necessity; estimate of cost.

1104. Restrictions on use of illustrations.

1105. Form and style of work for departments.

1106. Inserting ‘‘compliments’’ forbidden.

1107. Appropriations chargeable for printing and

binding of documents or reports.

1108. Presidential approval required for printing of

periodicals; number printed; sale to public.

1109. Printing documents in two or more editions;

full number and allotment of full quota.

1110. Daily examination of Congressional Record

for immediate ordering of documents for official use; limit; bills and resolutions.

1111. Annual reports: time for furnishing manuscript and proofs to Director of the Government Publishing Office.

1112. Annual reports: type for reports of executive

officers.

1113. Annual reports: exclusion of irrelevant matter.

1114. Annual reports: number of copies for Congress.

1115. Annual reports: time of delivery by Director

of the Government Publishing Office to

Congress.

Sec.

1116. Annual reports: limitation on number of copies printed; reports of bureau chiefs.

1117. Annual reports: discontinuance of printing of

annual or special reports to keep within appropriations.

1118. Documents beyond scope of ordinary departmental business.

1119. Government publications as public property.

1120. Blanks and letterheads for judges and officers

of courts.

1121. Paper and envelopes for Government agencies

in the District of Columbia.

1122. Supplies for Government establishments.

1123. Binding materials; bookbinding for libraries.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

items 1102, 1111, and 1115.

1984—Pub. L. 98–216, §3(d)(1), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 6,

substituted ‘‘Presidential’’ for ‘‘Bureau of Budget’’ in

item 1108.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 1101. Printing and binding for the President

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall execute such printing and binding

for the President as he may order and make requisition for.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §211 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §88, 28 Stat. 622).

CODIFICATION

Section constitutes part of section 88 of act Jan. 12,

1895. Remainder of section is classified to section 1713

of this title.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1102. Printing to be authorized by law and necessary to the public business, not in excess of

appropriation, and on special requisition

filed with the Director of the Government

Publishing Office

(a) A head of an executive department, or of

an independent agency or establishment of the

Government may not cause to be printed, and

the Director of the Government Publishing Office may not print, a document or matter unless

it is authorized by law and necessary to the public business.

(b) Printing may not be done for an executive

department, independent agency or establishment in a fiscal year in excess of the amount of

the appropriation.

(c) Printing may not be done without a special

requisition signed by the chief of the department, independent agency or establishment and

filed with the Director of the Government Publishing Office.
Page 37 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1107

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §§213, 219 (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §89, 94, 28 Stat. 622).

This section incorporates the first paragraph of

former section 213 and the first clause of former section

219. The balance of former section 213 will be found in

sections 1116, 1302, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1336 of the revision;

that of former section 219 in section 1113 of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(2), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ in section catchline.

Subsecs. (a), (c). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1103. Certificate of necessity; estimate of cost

When a department, the Supreme Court, or the

Library of Congress requires printing or binding

to be done, it shall certify that it is necessary

for the public service. The Director of the Government Publishing Office shall then furnish an

estimate of cost by principal items, after which

requisitions may be made upon him for the

printing or binding by the head of the department, the Clerk of the Supreme Court, or the Librarian of Congress, respectively. The Director

of the Government Publishing Office shall place

the cost to the debit of the department in its annual appropriation for printing and binding.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261; Pub.

L. 97–164, title I, §159, Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 48;

Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §117 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §93, 28 Stat. 623; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, §32(a), 62 Stat.

991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, sec. 127, 63 Stat. 107).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

two places.

1982—Pub. L. 97–164 struck out the Court of Claims

from the enumeration of entities for which printing or

binding may be done for the public service and struck

out the chief judge of the Court of Claims from the enumeration of officials who make requisitions upon the

Public Printer for printing or binding.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982,

see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under

section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

§ 1104. Restrictions on use of illustrations

Appropriations made for printing and binding

may not be used for an illustration, engraving,

or photograph in a document or report ordered

printed by Congress unless the order to print expressly authorizes it, nor in a document or report of an executive department, independent office or establishment of the Government until

the head of the executive department or Government establishment certifies in a letter transmitting the report that the illustration, engraving, or photograph is necessary and relates entirely to the transaction of public business.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §118 (Mar. 3, 1905, ch.

1483, §1, 33 Stat. 1213).

The term ‘‘executive department, independent office,

or establishment of the Government’’ is substituted for

‘‘executive department or other Government establishment’’ for uniformity.

§ 1105. Form and style of work for departments

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall determine the form and style in

which the printing or binding ordered by a department is executed, and the material and the

size of type used, having proper regard to economy, workmanship, and the purposes for which

the work is needed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §216 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §51, 28 Stat. 608).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1106. Inserting ‘‘compliments’’ forbidden

A report, document, or publication distributed

by or from an executive department or independent agency or establishment of the Government may not contain a notice that it is sent

with ‘‘the compliments’’ of an officer of the Government, or with a special notice that it is so

sent, except that notice that it has been sent,

with a request for an acknowledgment of its receipt, may be given.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §218 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 620).

§ 1107. Appropriations chargeable for printing

and binding of documents or reports

The cost of printing and binding of documents

or reports emanating from executive departments, independent agencies or establishments

of the Government which, before March 30, 1906,

was charged to appropriations for congressional

printing and binding or to appropriations other

than to executive departments, independent

agencies or establishments, shall be charged as

follows:

(1) the cost of illustrations, composition,

stereotyping, and other work involved in the

actual preparation for printing, apart from the

creation of the manuscript, to the appropriation for printing and binding of the agency in

which the document or report originates.

(2) the balance of cost, to congressional

printing and binding appropriations or to appropriations for printing and binding of the

executive departments, independent agencies
§ 1108 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 38

or establishments in proportion to the number

of copies delivered to each.

(3) the cost of copies distributed other than

through Congress or executive agencies or

independent offices, as otherwise provided.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §214 (Mar. 30, 1906, No.

13, 34 Stat. 825).

A proviso in the 1906 resolution, requiring annual estimates of probable costs for departmental printing is

omitted as obsolete.

§ 1108. Presidential approval required for printing of periodicals; number printed; sale to

public

The head of an executive department, independent agency or establishment of the Government, with the approval of the President, may

use from the appropriations available for printing and binding such sums as are necessary for

the printing of journals, magazines, periodicals,

and similar publications he certifies in writing

to be necessary in the transaction of the public

business required by law of the department, office, or establishment. There may be printed, in

addition to those necessary for the public business, not to exceed two thousand copies for free

distribution by the issuing department, office,

or establishment. The Director of the Government Publishing Office, subject to regulation by

the Joint Committee on Printing, shall print additional copies required for sale to the public by

the Superintendent of Documents; but the printing of these additional copies may not interfere

with the prompt execution of printing for the

Government.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1262; Pub.

L. 98–216, §3(d)(2), (3), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 6;

Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §220 (May 11, 1922, ch.

189, §1, 42 Stat. 541; June 30, 1932, ch. 314, §307, 47 Stat.

409).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–216 substituted ‘‘Presidential’’ for

‘‘Bureau of Budget’’ in section catchline and substituted ‘‘President’’ for ‘‘Director of the Bureau of the

Budget’’ in text.

DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS

Authority of President under this section to approve

use, from appropriations available for printing and

binding, of such sums as are necessary for printing of

journals, magazines, periodicals, and similar publications delegated to Director of Office of Management

and Budget, see section 9(7) of Ex. Ord. No. 11609, July

22, 1971, 36 F.R. 13747, set out as a note under section 301

of Title 3, The President.

§ 1109. Printing documents in two or more editions; full number and allotment of full quota

The number of copies of a public document or

report authorized to be printed for an executive

department, independent agency, or establishment of the Government may be supplied in two

or more editions, instead of one, upon a requisition on the Director of the Government Publishing Office by the head of the department or independent office, but the aggregate of the editions

may not exceed the number of copies otherwise

authorized. This section does not preclude the

printing of the full number of a document or report, or the allotment of the full quota to Senators and Representatives, as otherwise authorized, when a legitimate demand for the full complement is known to exist.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1262; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §224 (Mar. 30, 1906, No.

14, 34 Stat. 826).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1110. Daily examination of Congressional

Record for immediate ordering of documents

for official use; limit; bills and resolutions

The heads of executive departments, independent agencies and establishments, respectively,

shall cause daily examination of the Congressional Record for the purpose of noting documents, reports, and other publications of interest to their departments, and shall cause an immediate order to be sent to the Director of the

Government Publishing Office for the number of

copies of the publications required for official

use, not to exceed, however, the number of bureaus in the department and divisions in the office of the head. The Director of the Government

Publishing Office shall send to each executive

department, independent agency and establishment, as soon as printed, five copies of public

bills and resolutions, except to the State Department, to which he shall send ten copies of

bills and resolutions. When the head of a department, independent agency or establishment desires a greater number of a class of bills or resolutions for official use, the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall furnish them on

requisition promptly made.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1262; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §215 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §90, 28 Stat. 623; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title IX, §14,

49 Stat. 1553).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’

wherever appearing.

§ 1111. Annual reports: time for furnishing manuscript and proofs to Director of the Government Publishing Office

The appropriations made for printing and

binding may not be used for an annual report or

the accompanying documents unless the manuscript and proof is furnished to the Director of

the Government Publishing Office in the following manner:
Page 39 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1115

manuscript of the documents accompanying

annual reports on or before February 1, each

year;

manuscript of the annual report on or before

February 15, each year;

complete revised proofs of the accompanying

documents on March 1, each year, and of the

annual reports on March 10, each year.

Annual reports and accompanying documents

shall be printed, made public, and available for

distribution not later than within the first five

days after the assembling of each regular session of Congress.

This section does not apply to the annual reports of the Smithsonian Institution, the Comptroller of the Currency, or the Secretary of the

Treasury.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1263; Pub.

L. 94–273, §28, Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 380; Pub. L.

106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4732(b)(22)],

Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–585; Pub. L.

113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c), Dec. 16, 2014, 128

Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Supp. II, §121 (July 1,

1916, ch. 209, §3, 39 Stat. 336; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, §8,

49 Stat. 1550).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and introductory provisions of first

undesignated par.

1999—Pub. L. 106–113 struck out ‘‘the Commissioner of

Patents,’’ after ‘‘Smithsonian Institution,’’ in last par.

1976—Pub. L. 94–273 substituted ‘‘February’’ for ‘‘November’’ and ‘‘March’’ for ‘‘December’’ wherever appearing.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1999 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–113 effective 4 months

after Nov. 29, 1999, see section 1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4731]

of Pub. L. 106–113, set out as a note under section 1 of

Title 35, Patents.

§ 1112. Annual reports: type for reports of executive officers

The annual reports of executive officers shall

be printed in the same type and form as the report of the head of the department which it accompanies, unless otherwise ordered by the

Joint Committee on Printing.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1263.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §222 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §91, 28 Stat. 623).

§ 1113. Annual reports: exclusion of irrelevant

matter

Executive officers, before transmitting their

annual reports, shall carefully examine them

and all accompanying documents, and exclude

all matter, including engravings, maps, drawings, and illustrations, except such as they certify in their letters transmitting the reports are

necessary and relate entirely to the transaction

of the public business.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1263.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §219 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §94, 28 Stat. 623).

This section incorporates only the second clause of

former section 219. The balance will be found in section

1102 of the revision.

§ 1114. Annual reports: number of copies for Congress

One thousand copies of the annual reports of

the departments to Congress shall be printed for

the Senate, and two thousand for the House of

Representatives.

The usual number only of the reports of the

Chief of Engineers of the Army, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, the report of the

Chief Signal Officer of the Department of the

Army, and the Chief of Ordnance shall be printed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1263; Pub.

L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title IV,

§4732(b)(23)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536,

1501A–585.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §212 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §73, 28 Stat. 615).

This section incorporates only the second sentence of

former section 212. The balance will be found in section

1115 of this revision.

AMENDMENTS

1999—Pub. L. 106–113 struck out ‘‘the Commissioner of

Patents,’’ after ‘‘Engineers of the Army,’’ in second

par.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1999 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–113 effective 4 months

after Nov. 29, 1999, see section 1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4731]

of Pub. L. 106–113, set out as a note under section 1 of

Title 35, Patents.

ABOLITION OF OFFICES

Positions of Chief Signal Officer and Chief of Ordinance of Army Department abolished, see note set out

under section 3036 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

§ 1115. Annual reports: time of delivery by Director of the Government Publishing Office to

Congress

The annual reports of the Executive Departments and the accompanying documents shall

be delivered by the Director of the Government

Publishing Office to the proper officer of each

House of Congress at its first meeting. Other reports of the Executive Departments shall be so

delivered on or before the third Wednesday next

after the meeting of Congress or as soon after as

may be practicable.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1263; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code 1964 ed., §212 (part) (R.S. 3810).

This section incorporates only the first sentence of

former section 212. The balance will be found in section

1114 of this revision.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and text.
§ 1116 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 40

§ 1116. Annual reports: limitation on number of

copies printed; reports of bureau chiefs

Not to exceed five thousand copies, bound in

pamphlet form, of the annual reports without

appendices of a head of a department may be

printed in a fiscal year. Not to exceed two thousand five hundred copies, bound in pamphlet

form, of the reports without appendices of a

chief of bureau may be printed in a fiscal year.

A head of department shall direct whether reports made to him by a bureau chief and chief of

division may be printed or not.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1263.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §213 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §89, 28 Stat. 622).

This section incorporates only the first sentence of

the second paragraph of former section 213 and the last

paragraph of that section. The balance will be found in

sections 1102, 1302, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1336 of the revision.

§ 1117. Annual reports: discontinuance of printing of annual or special reports to keep within appropriations

In order to keep expenditures for printing and

binding within appropriations, heads of executive departments, independent offices and establishments of the Government may discontinue

the printing of annual or special reports under

their respective jurisdictions. When the printing

of reports is discontinued the original copy shall

be kept on file in the office of the heads of the

respective departments, independent offices or

establishments for public inspection.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1264.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §213a (Aug. 1, 1953, ch.

304, title I, §103, 67 Stat. 332).

The term ‘‘executive departments, independent offices, and establishments of the Government’’ is substituted for ‘‘executive departments, independent agencies, and establishments’’ for uniformity.

§ 1118. Documents beyond scope of ordinary departmental business

A book or document not having to do with the

ordinary business transactions of the executive

departments may not be printed on the requisition of a department unless expressly authorized

by Congress.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1264.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §219a (Mar. 3, 1905, ch.

1484, §1, 33 Stat. 1249).

§ 1119. Government publications as public property

Government publications of a permanent nature furnished by authority of law to officers

other than Members of Congress of the United

States Government, for their official use, shall

be stamped ‘‘Property of the United States Government,’’ and shall be preserved by them and

delivered to their successors in office as a part

of the property of the office.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1264.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §92 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §74, 28 Stat. 620; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title

VII, §11, 49 Stat. 1552; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87–679, §8, 76

Stat. 355).

This section incorporates only the first sentence of

former section 92. The balance will be found in section

1911 of the revision.

§ 1120. Blanks and letterheads for judges and officers of courts

Blanks and letterheads for use by judges and

other officials of the United States courts, other

than those required to be paid for by any of

these officers out of the emoluments of their offices, shall be printed at the Government Publishing Office upon forms prescribed by the Department of Justice, and shall be distributed by

it upon requisition.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1264; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §119 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §97, 28 Stat. 624).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 1121. Paper and envelopes for Government

agencies in the District of Columbia

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may procure, under direction of the Joint

Committee on Printing, as provided by sections

509–516 of this title, and furnish on requisition,

paper and envelopes (not including envelopes

printed in the course of manufacture) in common use by two or more departments, establishments, or services of the Government in the District of Columbia, and reimbursement shall be

made to the Director of the Government Publishing Office from appropriations or funds

available for the purpose. Paper and envelopes

so furnished by the Director of the Government

Publishing Office may not be procured in any

other manner.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1264; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §225 (June 7, 1924, ch.

303, §1, 43 Stat. 592).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’

wherever appearing.

§ 1122. Supplies for Government establishments

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may procure and supply, on the requisition of the head of an executive department,

independent office or establishment of the Government, complete manifold blanks, books, and

forms required in duplicating processes, and

complete patented devices with which to file
Page 41 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1123

1So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

2Section repealed by Pub. L. 104–127 without corresponding

amendment of chapter analysis.

money-order statements, or other uniform official papers, and charge them to the allotment

for printing and binding of the department or

Government establishment requiring them.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1264; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §227 (June 28, 1902, ch.

1301, §1, 32 Stat. 481).

The term ‘‘executive department, independent office,

or establishment of the government’’ is substituted for

‘‘executive department or other government establishment’’ for uniformity.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1123. Binding materials; bookbinding for libraries

Binding for the departments of the Government shall be done in plain sheep or cloth, except that record and account books may be

bound in Russia leather, sheep fleshers, and

skivers, when authorized by the head of a department. The libraries of the several departments, the Library of Congress, the libraries of

the Surgeon General’s Office, and the Naval Observatory may have books for the exclusive use

of these libraries bound in half Turkey, or material no more expensive.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1264; Pub.

L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title IV,

§4732(b)(24)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536,

1501A–585.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §116 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §86, 28 Stat. 622).

This section incorporates all but the first sentence of

former section 116. The balance will be found in section

501 of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

1999—Pub. L. 106–113 struck out ‘‘the Patent Office,’’

after ‘‘the Surgeon General’s Office,’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1999 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–113 effective 4 months

after Nov. 29, 1999, see section 1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4731]

of Pub. L. 106–113, set out as a note under section 1 of

Title 35, Patents.

CHAPTER 13—PARTICULAR REPORTS AND

DOCUMENTS

Sec.

1301. Agriculture, Department of: report of Secretary.

1302. Agriculture, Department of: monthly crop report and other publications.

1303. American Historical Association: report.

1304. Army and Navy registers.

1305. Attorney General: opinions.

1306. Civil Service Commission: report.

1307. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: nautical products, sale and distribution.

1308. Coast Guard: annual report of the Commandant.

1309. Coast Guard: notices to mariners and other

special publications.

Sec.

1310. Commerce Department: navigation and

weather information.

[1311. Repealed.]

1312. Director of Public Health of District of Columbia: report.

1313. Education, Commissioner of: report.

1314. Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac.

1315. Fish and Wildlife Service: bulletins.

1316. Fish and Wildlife Service: report of the Director.

1317. Foreign Relations.

1318. Geological Survey: classes and sizes of publications; report of mineral resources; number of copies; reprints; distribution.

1319. Geological Survey: specific appropriations required for monographs and bulletins.

1320. Geological Survey: distribution of publications to public libraries.

1320A. Historical societies’ publications.

1321. Hydrographic Surveys; foreign surveys.

1322. Immigration and Naturalization Service: report.

1323. Interstate Commerce Commission: report.

1324. Labor Statistics, Bureau of: bulletins.

1325. Labor Statistics, Bureau of: report of Commissioner.

1326. Librarian of Congress: reports.

1327. Mines, Bureau of: publications.

1328. Merchant vessels of the United States.

1329. Mint: reports of Director.

1330. Monthly Summary Statement of Imports and

Exports.

1331. National Academy of Sciences: report.

1332. National encampments of Veterans’ organizations; proceedings printed annually for Congress.

1333. National high school and college debate topics.

1334. Naval Intelligence Office: additional copies of

publications.

1335. Naval Observatory Observations.

1336. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency: special publications.

[1337, 1338. Repealed.]

1339. Printing of the President’s message.1

1340. Director of the Government Publishing Office: annual report.

1341. Smithsonian Institution: report.

1342. Soil area surveys: reports; congressional allotments.2

1343. Statistical Abstract of the United States.

1344. Treasury Department: reports.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

item 1340.

2008—Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title IX, §931(a)(2), Oct.

14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4575, substituted ‘‘National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency’’ for ‘‘National Imagery

and Mapping Agency’’ in item 1336.

2000—Pub. L. 106–181, title VI, §606(d), Apr. 5, 2000, 114

Stat. 154, struck out ‘‘and aeronautical’’ after ‘‘nautical’’ in item 1307.

1999—Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title IV,

§4732(b)(25)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–585,

struck out items 1337 ‘‘Patent Office: publications authorized to be printed’’ and 1338 ‘‘Patent Office: limitations and conditions concerning printing and lithographing’’.

1996—Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §123(b)(2), Oct. 19, 1996,

110 Stat. 3839, struck out item 1311 ‘‘Comptroller General: decisions’’.

Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XI, §1123(b)(2), Sept. 23,

1996, 110 Stat. 2688, substituted ‘‘National Imagery and
§ 1301 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 42

Mapping Agency’’ for ‘‘Naval Oceanographic Office’’ in

item 1336.

1986—Pub. L. 99–272, title VI, §6011(b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100

Stat. 122, substituted ‘‘National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: nautical and aeronautical products, sale and distribution’’ for ‘‘Environmental

Science Service Administration: charts; sale and distribution’’ in item 1307.

1980—Pub. L. 96–536, §101(c), Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3167,

added item 1320A.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 1301. Agriculture, Department of: report of Secretary

The annual report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall be submitted and printed in two

parts, as follows:

part 1, containing purely business and executive matter necessary for the Secretary to

submit to the President and Congress;

part 2, reports from the different bureaus

and divisions, and papers prepared by their

special agents, accompanied by suitable illustrations as are, in the opinion of the Secretary, specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to include a general report of the operations of the

department for their information.

In addition to the usual number, there shall be

printed of part 1, one thousand copies for the

Senate, two thousand copies for the House of

Representatives, and three thousand copies for

the Department of Agriculture; and of part 2,

one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use

of the Senate, three hundred and sixty thousand

copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of

the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations

for part 2 to be subject to the approval of the

Secretary of Agriculture, and executed under

the supervision of the Director of the Government Publishing Office, in accordance with directions of the Joint Committee on Printing,

and the title of each of the parts shall show that

each part is complete in itself.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1265; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §241 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 612).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

last par.

UNAVAILABILITY OF DEPARTMENT FUNDS TO PRODUCE

PART 2 OF ANNUAL REPORT

Funds available to Department of Agriculture not to

be used to produce part 2 of annual report of Secretary

(known as the Yearbook of Agriculture), see title I of

Pub. L. 103–111, 107 Stat. 1048, set out as a note under

section 2207 of Title 7, Agriculture.

§ 1302. Agriculture, Department of: monthly crop

report and other publications

The Secretary of Agriculture may cause to be

printed the number of copies of the monthly

crop report, and of other reports and bulletins of

not more than one hundred octavo pages, he

considers necessary.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1266.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §213 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §89, 28 Stat. 622).

This section incorporates only the first clause of the

second sentence of the second paragraph of former section 213. The balance of section 213 will be found in sections 1102, 1116, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1336.

§ 1303. American Historical Association: report

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the American Historical Association, five

thousand five hundred copies shall be printed:

one thousand for the Senate, two thousand for

the House of Representatives, one thousand five

hundred for distribution by the Association and

the Smithsonian Institution, and one thousand

copies for the use of the Association.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1266.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §243 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 616; May 25, 1900, No. 27, 31 Stat. 717).

§ 1304. Army and Navy registers

In addition to the usual number of the registers of the Army and Navy, fifteen hundred

copies of each shall be printed: five hundred for

the Senate, and one thousand for the House of

Representatives.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, §82 Stat. 1266.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §245 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 616).

§ 1305. Attorney General: opinions

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall from time to time print an edition

of one thousand copies of the opinions of the Attorney General, which shall be, as to size, quality of paper, printing, and binding, of uniform

style and appearance, as nearly as practicable,

with volume 8 of opinions, published in the year

1868. Each volume shall contain proper headnotes, a complete and full index, and such footnotes as the Attorney General approves. The

volumes shall be distributed in the manner the

Attorney General prescribes.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1266; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §296a (R.S. §383).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1306. Civil Service Commission: report

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the Civil Service Commission twenty-three
Page 43 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1307

1See Transfer of Functions note below.

thousand copies shall be printed: one thousand

for the Senate, two thousand for the House of

Representatives, and twenty thousand for distribution by the Civil Service Commission.1

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1266.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §248 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 614).

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

All functions vested by statute in the United States

Civil Service Commission were transferred to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management (except

as otherwise specified) by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978,

§102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783, set out under section

1101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, effective Jan. 1, 1979, as provided by section 1–102

of Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055, set out

under section 1101 of Title 5.

§ 1307. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: nautical products, sale and distribution

(a)(1) All nautical products created or published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration shall be sold at such prices as

the Secretary of Commerce shall establish annually, in accordance with the provisions of this

subsection. The Secretary shall publish annually the prices at which nautical products are

sold to the public.

(2)(A) Subject to subparagraph (B) of this

paragraph, the prices of nautical products may

be increased over a period of not less than three

years after the date of enactment of this section

so as to recover all costs attributable to data

base management, compilation, printing, and

distribution of such products. The prices of such

products may be maintained to recover all such

costs thereafter.

(B) The Secretary, after consultation with the

Secretary of Transportation, shall adjust the

prices of nautical products in such manner as is

necessary to avoid any adverse impact on marine safety attributable to the prices specified in

subparagraph (A) of this paragraph.

(3) This section shall not be construed to require the establishment of any price for a nautical product where, in the judgment of the Secretary, furnishing of that product to a recipient

is a reasonable exchange for voluntary contribution of information by the recipient to a program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration.

(4) Prices established under this section may

not include costs attributable to the acquisition

or processing of nautical data.

(b) Fees collected from the sale of nautical

products under this section and from any licensing of such products which is permitted under

any other provision of law shall be deposited in

the miscellaneous receipts fund of the United

States Treasury.

(c) The Secretary may distribute nautical

products—

(1) without charge to each foreign government or international organization with which

the Secretary or a Federal department or

agency has an agreement for exchange of these

products without cost; and

(2) at prices which the Secretary establishes,

to the departments and officers of the United

States requiring them for official use.

(d) The fees provided for in this section are for

the purpose of reimbursing the United States

Government for the costs of creating, publishing

or distributing nautical products of the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The

collection of fees authorized by this section

shall not alter or expand any duty or liability of

the United States under existing law for the performance of functions for which fees are collected, nor shall the collection of fees constitute

an express or implied undertaking by the United

States to perform any activity in a certain manner.

(e) For purposes of this section, the term

‘‘nautical products’’ includes all nautical charts,

tide and tidal current tables, tidal current

charts, coast pilots, water level products, and

associated data bases which are created or published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1266; Pub.

L. 99–272, title VI, §6011(a), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat.

121; Pub. L. 105–362, title II, §201(a), Nov. 10, 1998,

112 Stat. 3282; Pub. L. 106–181, title VI,

§606(a)–(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 154.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §246 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §76, 28 Stat. 620; Feb. 14, 1903, ch. 552, §§4, 10, 32 Stat.

826, 829; July 1, 1916 ch. 209, §1, 39 Stat. 320; June 5, 1920,

ch. 235, §1, 41 Stat. 929; Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 654, §3(11), 65

Stat. 708; July 9, 1956, ch. 528, 70 Stat. 512; Aug. 14, 1964,

Pub. L. 88–441, 78 Stat. 446).

The reference to the Environmental Science Service

Administration is inserted on the authority of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965.

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in

subsec. (a)(2)(A), probably means the date of enactment

of Pub. L. 99–272, which was approved Apr. 7, 1986.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(1), struck out ‘‘and aeronautical’’ after ‘‘nautical’’ in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1), (2)(A). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck

out ‘‘and aeronautical’’ after ‘‘nautical’’ wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), (b), struck

out ‘‘or aeronautical’’ after ‘‘nautical’’ and ‘‘aviation

and’’ after ‘‘impact on’’.

Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck

out ‘‘or aeronautical’’ after ‘‘nautical’’.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck out ‘‘or

aeronautical’’ after ‘‘nautical’’.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck out ‘‘and

aeronautical’’ after ‘‘nautical’’ in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(c), struck out ‘‘aeronautical and’’ after ‘‘publishing or distributing’’.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck out ‘‘and

aeronautical’’ after ‘‘nautical’’ in two places.

1998—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–362 struck out at

end ‘‘At the end of such period and every three years

thereafter, the Secretary, after consultation with the

Secretary of Transportation, shall report to the Congress on the effect of imposing or maintaining such increased prices, including any impact on aviation and

marine safety.’’
§ 1308 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 44

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–272 amended subsec. (a)

generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: ‘‘The charts published by the Environmental

Science Service Administration shall be sold at cost of

paper and printing as nearly as practicable. The price

to the public shall include all expenses incurred in actual reproduction of the charts after the original cartography, such as photography, opaquing, platemaking,

press time and bindery operations; the full postage

rates, according to the rates for postal services used;

and any additional cost factors considered appropriate

by the Secretary such as overhead and administrative

expenses allocable to the production of the charts and

related reference materials. The costs of basic surveys

and geodetic work done may not be included in the

price of the charts and reference materials. The Secretary of Commerce shall publish the prices at which

charts and reference materials are sold to the public at

least once each calendar year.’’

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–272 amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows:

‘‘There may not be free distribution of charts except to

the departments and officers of the United States requiring them for public use; and a number of copies of

each sheet, not to exceed three hundred, to be presented to such foreign governments, libraries, and scientific associations, and institutions of learning as the

Secretary of Commerce directs; but on the order of

Senators and Representatives not to exceed one hundred copies to each may be distributed through the Environmental Science Service Administration.’’

Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 99–272 added subsecs. (c) to

(e).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of

Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of

Title 49, Transportation.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Functions of Secretary and other officers of Department of Commerce under this section that relate to the

Office of Aeronautical Charting and Cartography to

provide aeronautical charts and related products and

services for safe and efficient navigation of air commerce transferred to Administrator of Federal Aviation

Administration effective Oct. 1, 2000, see section

44721(c)(3) of Title 49, Transportation.

SALE OF AERONAUTICAL CHARTS: DISPOSITION OF

RECEIPTS RESULTING FROM PRICE INCREASE

Pub. L. 103–317, title II, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1741,

provided in part: ‘‘That hereafter all receipts received

from the sale of aeronautical charts that result from an

increase in the price of individual charts above the

level in effect for such charts on September 30, 1993,

shall be deposited in this account [NATIONAL OCEANIC

AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION and OPERATIONS, RESEARCH, AND FACILITIES] as an offsetting collection and

shall be available for obligation.’’

Similar provisions were contained in the following

prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 103–121, title II, Oct. 27, 1993, 107 Stat. 1170.

PRICE FREEZE ON CHARTS AND OTHER PRODUCTS OF

NOAA

Pub. L. 102–567, title IV, §405, Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat.

4292, provided that: ‘‘Notwithstanding section 1307 of

title 44, United States Code, the price of nautical

charts or other nautical products produced or published

by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and sold after the date of the enactment of this

Act [Oct. 29, 1992] shall not exceed the price of that

type of chart or product on the date of enactment of

this Act adjusted for inflation. This section shall not

apply after September 30, 1994.’’

§ 1308. Coast Guard: annual report of the Commandant

The Secretary of the department in which the

Coast Guard is operating may authorize the

printing of the annual report of the Commandant of the Coast Guard in such editions as

the interests of the Government and of the public require.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1267; Pub.

L. 109–241, title IX, §902(d), July 11, 2006, 120

Stat. 567.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §213 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §89, 28 Stat. 622; Mar. 13, 1896, No. 23, 29 Stat. 466;

Feb. 14, 1903, ch. 552, §§4, 10, 32 Stat. 826, 829; Mar. 3,

1925, ch. 421, §4, 43 Stat. 1106; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. II,

§2(a), eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2731, 53 Stat. 1432; Aug. 4,

1949, ch. 393, §§1, 20, 63 Stat. 496, 561; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub.

L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931).

This section incorporates only so much of the third

sentence of the second paragraph of former section 213

as relates to the annual report of the Commandant of

the Coast Guard. The balance will be found in sections

1102, 1116, 1302, 1309, 1310, 1336 of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

2006—Pub. L. 109–241 substituted ‘‘Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating’’ for

‘‘Secretary of the Department of Transportation’’.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and

assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities

and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security,

and for treatment of related references, see sections

468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set

out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

§ 1309. Coast Guard: notices to mariners and

other special publications

The Secretary of the department in which the

Coast Guard is operating may authorize the

printing of notices to mariners and other special

publications of the Coast Guard in such editions

as the interests of the Government and of the

public require.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1267; Pub.

L. 109–241, title IX, §902(d), July 11, 2006, 120

Stat. 567.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §213 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §89, 28 Stat. 622; Mar. 13, 1896, No. 23, 29

Stat. 466; Feb. 14, 1903, ch. 552, §§4, 10, 32 Stat. 826, 829;

Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 421, §4, 43 Stat. 1106; 1939 Reorg. Plan

No. II, §2(a), eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2731, 53 Stat. 1432;

Aug. 4, 1949, ch. 393, §§1, 20, 63 Stat. 496, 561; Oct. 15,

1966, Pub. L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931).

This section incorporates applicable parts of the

third sentence of the second paragraph of former section 213. The balance will be found in sections 1102, 1116,

1302, 1308, 1310, 1336 of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

2006—Pub. L. 109–241 substituted ‘‘Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating’’ for

‘‘Secretary of the Department of Transportation’’.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and

assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities
Page 45 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1315

and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security,

and for treatment of related references, see sections

468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set

out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

§ 1310. Commerce Department: navigation and

weather information

The Secretary of Commerce may cause to be

printed the number of copies of tide tables,

coast pilots, and other special publications relating to the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Weather Bureau maps, charts, bulletins of not more

than one hundred octavo pages, and minor reports of the Weather Bureau, he considers for

the best interest of the Government.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1267.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §213 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §89, 28 Stat. 622; Mar. 13, 1896, No. 23, 29

Stat. 466; Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 421, §4, 43 Stat. 1106; 1940

Reorg. Plan No. IV, §8, eff. June 30, 1940, 54 Stat. 1234;

Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1965, eff. July 13, 1965, 30 F.R. 8819,

79 Stat. 1318).

This section incorporates only parts of former section

213 relating to Coast and Geodetic Survey and Weather

Bureau. The balance will be found in sections 1102, 1116,

1302, 1308, 1309, 1336 of the revision.

CHANGE OF NAME

Weather Bureau of Department of Commerce consolidated with Coast and Geodetic Survey to form a new

agency in Department of Commerce to be known as Environmental Science Services Administration and office of Chief of Weather Bureau abolished by Reorg.

Plan No. 2 of 1965, eff. July 13, 1965, 30 F.R. 8819, 79 Stat.

1318, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. Functions of Bureau and

Chief of Bureau transferred to Secretary of Commerce

by the Plan.

Environmental Science Services Administration

abolished by Reorg. Plan No. 4 of 1970, eff. Oct. 3, 1970,

35 F.R. 15627, 84 Stat. 2090, set out in the Appendix to

Title 5, Government Organization and Employees,

which created National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Department of Commerce. By Department Organization Order 25–5A, republished 39 F.R.

27486, Secretary of Commerce delegated to NOAA his

functions relating to Weather Bureau. By order of Acting Associate Administrator of NOAA, organization

name of Weather Bureau changed to National Weather

Service. By order of Acting Associate Administrator of

NOAA, 35 F.R. 19249, Dec. 19, 1970, Coast and Geodetic

Survey redesignated National Ocean Survey. For further details, see Codification note set out under section

311 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

[§ 1311. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–316, title I,

§ 123(b)(1), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3839]

Section, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1267, related to printing and distribution of decisions and opinions of Comptroller General.

§ 1312. Director of Public Health of District of

Columbia: report

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the Director of Public Health of the District

of Columbia, one thousand five hundred copies

shall be printed: one hundred for the Senate,

three hundred and sixty for the House of Representatives, and one thousand and forty for the

Director of Public Health.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1267.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §263 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 614; Aug. 1, 1950, ch. 513, §1, 64 Stat. 393).

§ 1313. Education, Commissioner of: report

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the Commissioner of Education, thirty-five

thousand copies shall be printed: five thousand

for the Senate, ten thousand for the House of

Representatives, and twenty thousand for distribution by the Commissioner of Education.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1267.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §253 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 614).

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Functions of Commissioner of Education transferred

to Secretary of Education pursuant to section 3441(a)(1)

of Title 20, Education.

§ 1314. Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac

The ‘‘usual number’’ of copies of the American

Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac may not be

printed. Instead, there shall be printed and

bound two thousand five hundred copies, uniform with the editions printed for the Department of the Navy, five hundred of which shall be

for the use of the Senate, one thousand for the

use of the House of Representatives, and one

thousand for distribution or sale by the Department of the Navy. The Secretary of the Navy

may cause to be published of the papers supplementary to the Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, one thousand five hundred copies in addition to the usual number, one hundred copies for

the Senate, four hundred for the House of Representatives, and one thousand for distribution

or sale by the Department of the Navy. The Secretary of the Navy may cause additional copies

of the Nautical Almanacs extracted from the

Ephemeris, to be printed for the public service

and for sale to navigators and others. Moneys

received from sales of the Ephemeris and of the

Nautical Almanacs shall be deposited in the

Treasury and placed to the credit of the general

fund for public printing.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1267.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §254 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 613; May 13, 1902, No. 20, 32 Stat. 740;

July 1, 1902, ch. 1368, 32 Stat. 678).

§ 1315. Fish and Wildlife Service: bulletins

In addition to the usual number of the bulletins of the Fish and Wildlife Service, five

thousand copies shall be printed: one thousand

for the Senate, two thousand for the House of

Representatives, and two thousand for distribution by the Service.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1268.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §258 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 614; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. III, §3, eff.

June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2108, 54 Stat. 1232).
§ 1316 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 46

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Fish and Wildlife Service, created by Reorg. Plan No.

III of 1940, §3, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231,

succeeded by United States Fish and Wildlife Service

established by act Aug. 8, 1956, ch. 1036, §3, 70 Stat. 1119.

See section 742b of Title 16, Conservation.

§ 1316. Fish and Wildlife Service: report of the Director

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service,

eight thousand copies shall be printed: two thousand for the Senate, four thousand for the House

of Representatives, and two thousand for distribution by the Service.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1268.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §259 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 614; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. III, §3, eff.

June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2108, 54 Stat. 1232).

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Fish and Wildlife Service, created by Reorg. Plan No.

III of 1940, §3, eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231,

succeeded by United States Fish and Wildlife Service

established by act Aug. 8, 1956, ch. 1036, §3, 70 Stat. 1119.

See section 742b of Title 16, Conservation.

§ 1317. Foreign Relations

In addition to the usual number of Foreign Relations, three thousand copies of each shall be

printed: one thousand for the Senate and two

thousand for the House of Representatives.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1268.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §250 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 613).

PUBLICATION OF ‘‘FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED

STATES’’ AT CONTINUING HIGH STANDARD OF DOCUMENTATION

Pub. L. 95–426, title I, §120, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 970,

provided that:

‘‘(a) The Congress finds that the Department of State

publication ‘Foreign Relations of the United States’

plays an important role in making the documentary

record of United States foreign relations available to

the Congress and the American public.

‘‘(b) The Secretary of State shall therefore insure

that publication of the ‘Foreign Relations of the United

States’ volumes is continued in such a manner as will

maintain the high standard of comprehensive documentation already established by past volumes.’’

WRITTEN REQUESTS FOR DOCUMENTS

Pub. L. 94–59, title VIII, July 25, 1975, 89 Stat. 296, provided that: ‘‘Hereafter, notwithstanding any other provisions of law, appropriations for the automatic distribution to Senators and Representatives (including

Delegates to Congress and the Resident Commissioner

from Puerto Rico) of copies of the Foreign Relations of

the United States, the United States Treaties and

Other International Agreements, the District of Columbia Code and Supplements, and more than one bound

set of the United States Code and Supplements shall

not be available with respect to any Senator or Representative unless such Senator or Representative specifically, in writing, requests that he receive copies of

such documents.’’

§ 1318. Geological Survey: classes and sizes of

publications; report of mineral resources;

number of copies; reprints; distribution

The publications of the Geological Survey

shall consist of the annual report of the Director, which shall be confined to one volume of

royal octavo size; monographs, of quarto size;

professional papers, of quarto size; bulletins, of

ordinary octavo size; watersupply and irrigation

papers, of ordinary octavo size; and maps, folios,

and atlases required by law.

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the Geological Survey, ten thousand copies

shall be printed: two thousand for the Senate,

four thousand for the House of Representatives,

four thousand for distribution by the Geological

Survey.

The reports of the Geological Survey, except

the annual report of the Director, shall be published in editions recommended in each case by

the Director and approved by the Secretary of

the Interior, but not to exceed ten thousand copies.

When the edition of a report of the Survey is

exhausted, and the demand for it continues,

there may be published, on the requisition of the

Secretary of the Interior, as many additional

copies of the report as the Director of the Survey states will, in his judgment, be necessary to

meet the demand.

The report of the mineral resources of the

United States shall be published in two octavo

volumes and as a distinct publication, the number of copies, printing of separate chapters, and

mode of distribution of which shall be the same

as of the annual report.

Three thousand copies of the monographs and

bulletins of the Geological Survey shall be published.

The bulletins and professional papers shall be

distributed gratuitously and of the number published one thousand copies shall be delivered to

the Senate and two thousand copies to the

House of Representatives, for distribution.

The Director of the Geological Survey shall

transmit to the Library of Congress two copies

of every report of the bureau as soon as the first

delivery to the Survey is made, in addition to

those received by the Library of Congress under

any other law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1268.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §260 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 614; Mar. 2, 1895, ch. 189, §1, 28 Stat. 960;

June 11, 1896, ch. 420, §1, 29 Stat. 453; June 4, 1897, ch.

2, §1, 30 Stat. 61; Mar. 2, 1901, No. 17, 31 Stat. 1465; May

16, 1902, No. 22, 32 Stat. 741; Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 299, §1, 35

Stat. 988).

CHANGE OF NAME

Geological Survey redesignated United States Geological Survey by provision of title I of Pub. L. 102–154,

set out as a note under section 31 of Title 43, Public

Lands.

§ 1319. Geological Survey: specific appropriations

required for monographs and bulletins

The scientific reports known as the monographs and bulletins of the Geological Survey

may not be published until specific and detailed
Page 47 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1324

estimates and specific appropriations based on

these estimates are made for them. Engravings

for the annual reports for monographs and bulletins, or of illustrations, sections, and maps,

may not be made until specific estimates are

submitted and specific appropriations made

based on the estimates.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1269.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §261 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §79, 28 Stat. 621; June 7, 1924, ch. 303, 43 Stat. 592).

CHANGE OF NAME

Geological Survey redesignated United States Geological Survey by provision of title I of Pub. L. 102–154,

set out as a note under section 31 of Title 43, Public

Lands.

§ 1320. Geological Survey: distribution of publications to public libraries

The Director of the Geological Survey shall

distribute to public libraries that have not already received them, copies of sale publications

on hand at the expiration of five years after date

of delivery to the Survey document room, excepting a reserve number not to exceed two hundred copies.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1269.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §262 (Mar. 3, 1903, ch.

1007, §1, 32 Stat. 1146).

CHANGE OF NAME

Geological Survey redesignated United States Geological Survey by provision of title I of Pub. L. 102–154,

set out as a note under section 31 of Title 43, Public

Lands.

§ 1320A. Historical societies’ publications

Notwithstanding any other provision of law,

and with the approval of the Joint Committee

on Printing, the Director of the Government

Publishing Office shall provide for such printing

services and distribution with respect to publications of the United States Capitol Historical

Society, the Supreme Court Historical Society,

or the White House Historical Association as

such Society or Association may request: Provided, That such Society or Association reimburses the Director of the Government Publishing Office for the actual expenses incurred by

him in providing for such services and distribution.

(Added Pub. L. 96–536, §101(c), Dec. 16, 1980, 94

Stat. 3167; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title

I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

CODIFICATION

Section is based on section 304(a) of H.R. 7593, as

passed the House of Representatives, July 21, 1980, and

incorporated by reference in section 101(c) of Pub. L.

96–536, to be effective as if enacted into law.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

two places.

§ 1321. Hydrographic Surveys; foreign surveys

Appropriations made for the preparation or

publication of foreign hydrographic surveys may

be applicable only upon approval by the Secretary of the Navy, after a report from three

competent naval officers that the original data

for proposed charts justify their publication.

The Secretary of the Navy shall order a board of

three naval officers to examine and report upon

the data before he approves an application of

moneys to the preparation or publication of

charts or hydrographic surveys.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1269.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §265 (R.S. §3686; Jan.

12, 1895, ch. 23, §78, 28 Stat. 621).

§ 1322. Immigration and Naturalization Service:

report

The number of copies, not to exceed five thousand, to be printed of the annual reports of the

Immigration and Naturalization Service of the

Department of Justice shall be subject to the

discretion of the Attorney General.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1269.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §266 (Mar. 3, 1905, No.

33, 33 Stat. 1287; Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 141, §3, 37 Stat. 737; Ex.

Ord. No. 6166, §14, June 10, 1933; 1940 Reorg. Plan No. V,

§1, eff. June 14, 1940, 5 F.R. 2223, 54 Stat. 1238).

ABOLITION OF IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION

SERVICE AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization

Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related

references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title

8, Aliens and Nationality.

§ 1323. Interstate Commerce Commission: report

In addition to the usual number of the annual

report of the Interstate Commerce Commission,

three thousand copies shall be printed: one thousand for the Senate, two thousand for the House,

and for the use of the Commission that number

of the report and other documents incident to

interstate commerce for distribution by it as it

considers expedient.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1269.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §269 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 614).

ABOLITION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION AND

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise

provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation

Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49,

Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set

out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References

to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to

Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee

of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a

note under section 1301 of Title 49.

§ 1324. Labor Statistics, Bureau of: bulletins

There shall be printed one edition of fifteen

thousand copies of each issue of the bulletin of

the Bureau of Labor Statistics authorized by

section 5 of Title 29, and extra copies not to ex-
§ 1325 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 48

ceed twenty thousand of any single issue, when

in the opinion of the Commissioner of Labor

Statistics the demand for the bulletin makes an

extra edition necessary.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1269.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §270 (Mar. 2, 1895, ch.

177, §1, 28 Stat. 805; June 4, 1897, ch. 2, §1, 30 Stat. 61;

June 6, 1900, ch. 791, §1, 31 Stat. 644; Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 141,

§3, 37 Stat. 737).

§ 1325. Labor Statistics, Bureau of: report of

Commissioner

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the Commissioner of Labor Statistics, twenty-five thousand copies shall be printed: five

thousand for the Senate, ten thousand for the

House of Representatives, and ten thousand for

distribution by the Commissioner.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1269.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §271 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 614; Mar. 4, 1913, ch. 141, §3, 37 Stat. 737).

§ 1326. Librarian of Congress: reports

Five thousand copies of the annual and special

reports of the Librarian of Congress submitted

to Congress, shall be printed and bound in cloth

for the Library of Congress.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §156 (Feb. 24, 1904, No.

8, 33 Stat. 583).

§ 1327. Mines, Bureau of: publications

The publications of the Bureau of Mines shall

be published in editions recommended by the

Secretary of the Interior, but not to exceed ten

thousand copies for the first edition. When the

edition of a publication of the Bureau of Mines

is exhausted and the demand for it continues,

there may be published, on the requisition of the

Secretary of the Interior, as many additional

copies as the Secretary of the Interior considers

necessary to meet the demand.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §272 (June 25, 1910, No.

36 §§1, 2, 36 Stat. 883; Ex. Ord. No. 6611, Feb. 22, 1934).

CHANGE OF NAME

Bureau of Mines redesignated United States Bureau

of Mines by section 10(b) of Pub. L. 102–285, set out as

a note under section 1 of Title 30, Mineral Lands and

Mining. For provisions relating to closure and transfer

of functions of the United States Bureau of Mines, see

note set out under section 1 of Title 30.

§ 1328. Merchant vessels of the United States

Five thousand copies of the annual list of merchant vessels of the United States may be printed for distribution by the Coast Guard.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §249 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 616; Feb. 14, 1903, ch. 552, §4, 32 Stat. 826;

June 30, 1932, ch. 314, §501, 47 Stat. 415; May 27, 1936, ch.

463, §1, 49 Stat. 1380; 1946 Reorg. Plan No. 3, §§101–104,

eff. July 16, 1946, 11 F.R. 7875, 60 Stat. 1097).

The first paragraph of former section 249, act Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, sec. 73, 28 Stat. 616, was omitted as obsolete. Paragraph related to report on Commerce and

Navigation and on Internal Commerce. These reports

were discontinued.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and

assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities

and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security,

and for treatment of related references, see sections

468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set

out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

§ 1329. Mint: reports of Director

There may be printed, in the discretion of the

Secretary of the Treasury, for distribution by

the Treasury Department, two thousand copies

of the annual report of the Director of the Mint

on the operations of the mint and assay offices

with appendices, and of the annual report of the

Director of the Mint on the production of precious metals.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §273 (Mar. 4, 1907, No.

24, 34 Stat. 1424).

§ 1330. Monthly Summary Statement of Imports

and Exports

There shall be printed monthly by the Director of the Government Publishing Office thirtyfive hundred copies of the Monthly Summary

Statement of Imports and Exports and other

statistical information prepared by the Secretary of Commerce, five hundred for the Senate, one thousand for the House of Representatives, and two thousand for the Department of

Commerce.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §298 (Dec. 18, 1895, No.

1, 29 Stat. 459; Feb. 14, 1903, ch. 552, §4, 32 Stat. 826; Aug.

23, 1912, ch. 350, §1, 37 Stat. 407; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 5,

§§1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3174, 64 Stat. 1263).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1331. National Academy of Sciences: report

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the National Academy of Sciences, two thousand copies shall be printed: five hundred for the

Senate, one thousand for the House of Representatives, and five hundred for distribution

by the National Academy of Sciences.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §275 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 616).
Page 49 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS [§§ 1337, 1338

§ 1332. National encampments of Veterans’ organizations; proceedings printed annually for

Congress

The proceedings of the national encampments

of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United

States, the American Legion, the Military Order

of the Purple Heart, the Veterans of World War

I of the United States of America, Incorporated,

the Disabled American Veterans, and the

AMVETS (American Veterans of World War II),

respectively, shall be printed annually, with accompanying illustrations, as separate House

documents of the session of the Congress to

which they may be submitted.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270; Pub.

L. 105–225, §3, Aug. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 1498.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §275b (Mar. 2, 1931, ch.

378, §1, 46 Stat. 1481; Sept. 18, 1941, ch. 411, 55 Stat. 686;

July 15, 1942, ch. 505, §1, 56 Stat. 659; Aug. 27, 1963, Pub.

L. 88–105, §1, 77 Stat. 130; Dec. 21, 1963, Pub. L. 88–224,

77 Stat. 469).

AMENDMENTS

1998—Pub. L. 105–225 struck out ‘‘the United Spanish

War Veterans,’’ before ‘‘the Veterans of Foreign Wars

of the United States’’.

§ 1333. National high school and college debate

topics

(a) The Librarian of Congress shall prepare

compilations of pertinent excerpts, bibliographical references, and other appropriate materials relating to:

(1) the subject selected annually by the National University Extension Association as the

national high school debate topic and

(2) the subject selected annually by the

American Speech Association as the national

college debate topic.

In preparing the compilations the Librarian

shall include materials which in his judgment

are representative of, and give equal emphasis

to, the opposing points of view on the respective

topics.

(b) The compilations on the high school debate

topics shall be printed as Senate documents and

the compilations on the college debate topics

shall be printed as House of Representatives

documents, the cost of which shall be charged to

the congressional allotment for printing and

binding. Additional copies may be printed in the

quantities and distributed in the manner the

Joint Committee on Printing directs.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., Supp. III, §170 [§276a]

(Dec. 30, 1963, Pub. L. 88–246, §§1, 2, 77 Stat. 802).

§ 1334. Naval Intelligence Office: additional copies of publications

In addition to one thousand copies previously

authorized, the Secretary of the Navy may print

extra copies of the publications of the Office of

Naval Intelligence necessary for distribution to

the naval service and to meet other official demands. The edition of any one publication may

not exceed two thousand copies.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1271.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §278 (Mar. 21, 1900, No.

14, 31 Stat. 713).

§ 1335. Naval Observatory Observations

In addition to the usual number of the Observations of the Naval Observatory, one thousand

eight hundred copies shall be printed: three hundred for the Senate, seven hundred for the House

of Representatives, and eight hundred for distribution by the Naval Observatory; and of the

astronomical appendixes to the Observations,

one thousand two hundred separate copies, and

of the meteorological and magnetic observations

one thousand separate copies, for distribution

by the Naval Observatory.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1271.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §279 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 613).

§ 1336. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency:

special publications

The Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency may authorize the printing of

notices to mariners, light lists, sailing directions, bulletins, and other special publications

of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

in editions the interests of the Government and

of the public may require.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1271; Pub.

L. 104–201, div. A, title XI, §§1112(e)(2), 1123(b)(1),

Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2684, 2688; Pub. L. 110–417,

[div. A], title IX, §931(a)(2), Oct. 14, 2008, 122

Stat. 4575.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §213 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §89, 28 Stat. 622; Mar. 13, 1896, No. 23, 29 Stat. 466;

Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 421, §4, 43, Stat. 1106; July 10, 1962, Pub.

L. 87–533, §§1, 2, 76 Stat. 154).

This section incorporates only part of the third sentence, second paragraph of former section 213. The balance will be found in sections 1102, 1116, 1302, 1308, 1309,

1310, of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

2008—Pub. L. 110–417 substituted ‘‘National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency’’ for ‘‘National Imagery

and Mapping Agency’’ in section catchline and two

places in text.

1996—Pub. L. 104–201, §1123(b)(1), substituted ‘‘National Imagery and Mapping Agency’’ for ‘‘Naval

Oceanographic Office’’ in section catchline.

Pub. L. 104–201, §1112(e)(2), substituted ‘‘Director of

the National Imagery and Mapping Agency’’ for ‘‘Secretary of the Navy’’ and ‘‘National Imagery and Mapping Agency’’ for ‘‘United States Naval Oceanographic

Office’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–201 effective Oct. 1, 1996,

see section 1124 of Pub. L. 104–201, set out as a note

under section 193 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

[§§ 1337, 1338. Repealed. Pub. L. 106–113, div. B,

§ 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(25)], Nov. 29,

1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–585]

Section 1337, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1271,

related to publications authorized to be printed by the

Commissioner of Patents.
§ 1339 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 50

Section 1338, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1272,

related to limitations and conditions concerning printing and lithographing by the Patent Office.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL

Repeal effective 4 months after Nov. 29, 1999, see section 1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4731] of Pub. L. 106–113, set out

as an Effective Date of 1999 Amendment note under section 1 of Title 35, Patents.

§ 1339. Printing of the President’s Message

The message of the President without the accompanying documents and reports shall be

printed in pamphlet form, immediately upon its

receipt by Congress. In addition to the usual

number, fifteen thousand copies shall be printed,

of which five thousand shall be for the Senate,

and ten thousand for the House of Representatives.

In addition to the usual number of the President’s message and accompanying documents,

there shall be printed one thousand copies for

the Senate and two thousand for the House of

Representatives. The President’s message shall

be delivered by the printer to the appropriate officers of each House of Congress on or before the

third Wednesday next after the meeting of Congress, or as soon after as may be practicable.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1272.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §285 (R.S. §3810; Jan.

12, 1895, ch. 23, §73, 28 Stat. 615).

§ 1340. Director of the Government Publishing

Office: annual report

In addition to the usual number of the annual

report of the Director of the Government Publishing Office, one thousand copies shall be

printed to be distributed under his direction.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1272; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §288 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 618).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and text.

§ 1341. Smithsonian Institution: report

In addition to the usual number of the report

of the Smithsonian Institution ten thousand

copies shall be printed: one thousand for the

Senate, two thousand for the House of Representatives, five thousand for distribution by

the Smithsonian Institution, and two thousand

for distribution by the National Museum.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1272.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §289 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 616).

[§ 1342. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–127, title IV, § 384,

Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 1016]

Section, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1272, related to reports and congressional allotments for soil

area surveys.

§ 1343. Statistical Abstract of the United States

In addition to the usual number of the Statistical Abstract of the United States, twelve thousand copies shall be printed: three thousand for

the Senate, six thousand for the House of Representatives, and three thousand for distribution

by the Secretary of Commerce.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1273.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §291 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 616; Aug. 23, 1912, ch. 350, §1, 37 Stat. 407;

1950 Reorg. Plan No. 5, §§1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R.

3174, 64 Stat. 1263).

§ 1344. Treasury Department: reports

In addition to the usual number of the finance

report of the Secretary of the Treasury, one

thousand copies for the Senate and two thousand for the House of Representatives shall be

printed in addition to those published as part of

the departmental report.

In addition to the usual number of the annual

report of the Comptroller of the Currency, thirteen thousand copies shall be printed: one thousand for the Senate, two thousand for the House

of Representatives, and ten thousand for distribution by the Comptroller of the Currency.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1273.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §295 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 616; Mar. 4, 1907, No. 25, 34 Stat. 1425).

CHAPTER 15—FEDERAL REGISTER AND

CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Sec.

1501. Definitions.

1502. Custody and printing of Federal documents;

appointment of Director.

1503. Filing documents with Office; notation of

time; public inspection; transmission for

printing.

1504. ‘‘Federal Register’’; printing; contents; distribution; price.

1505. Documents to be published in Federal Register.

1506. Administrative Committee of the Federal

Register; establishment and composition;

powers and duties.

1507. Filing document as constructive notice; publication in Federal Register as presumption

of validity; judicial notice; citation.

1508. Publication in Federal Register as notice of

hearing.

1509. Costs of publication, etc.

1510. Code of Federal Regulations.

1511. International agreements excluded from provisions of chapter.

AMENDMENTS

1977—Pub. L. 95–94, title IV, §408(a)(2), Aug. 5, 1977, 91

Stat. 683, substituted ‘‘Costs of publication, etc.’’ for

‘‘Cost of publication; appropriations authorized; penalty mail privilege’’ in item 1509.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 1501. Definitions

As used in this chapter, unless the context

otherwise requires—
Page 51 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1503

‘‘document’’ means a Presidential proclamation or Executive order and an order, regulation, rule, certificate, code of fair competition, license, notice, or similar instrument, issued, prescribed, or promulgated by a Federal

agency;

‘‘Federal agency’’ or ‘‘agency’’ means the

President of the United States, or an executive department, independent board, establishment, bureau, agency, institution, commission, or separate office of the administrative

branch of the Government of the United

States but not the legislative or judicial

branches of the Government;

‘‘person’’ means an individual, partnership,

association, or corporation; and

‘‘National Archives of the United States’’

has the same meaning as in section 2901(11) of

this title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1273; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(2), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §304 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §4, 49 Stat. 501).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 inserted definition of ‘‘National

Archives of the United States’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 1502. Custody and printing of Federal documents; appointment of Director

The Archivist of the United States, acting

through the Office of the Federal Register, is

charged with the custody and, together with the

Director of the Government Publishing Office,

with the prompt and uniform printing and distribution of the documents required or authorized to be published by section 1505 of this title.

There shall be at the head of the Office a director, appointed by, and who shall act under the

general direction of, the Archivist of the United

States in carrying out this chapter and the regulations prescribed under it.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1273; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(3), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2287; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §301 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §1, 49 Stat. 500; 1939 Reorg. Plan No. II, §202, eff.

July 1, 1939, 4 F.R. 2732, 53 Stat. 1435; June 30, 1949, ch.

288, title I, §104(a), 63 Stat. 381).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist of the

United States’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ wherever appearing.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 1503. Filing documents with Office; notation of

time; public inspection; transmission for

printing

The original and two duplicate originals or

certified copies of a document required or authorized to be published by section 1505 of this

title shall be filed with the Office of the Federal

Register, which shall be open for that purpose

during all hours of the working days when the

National Archives Building is open for official

business. The Archivist of the United States

shall cause to be noted on the original and duplicate originals or certified copies of each document the day and hour of filing. When the original is issued, prescribed, or promulgated outside

the District of Columbia, and certified copies

are filed before the filing of the original, the notation shall be of the day and hour of filing of

the certified copies. Upon filing, at least one

copy shall be immediately available for public

inspection in the Office. The original shall be retained by the National Archives and Records Administration and shall be available for inspection under regulations prescribed by the Archivist, unless such original is disposed of in accordance with disposal schedules submitted by

the Administrative Committee of the Federal

Register and authorized by the Archivist pursuant to regulations issued under chapter 33 of

this title; however, originals of proclamations of

the President and Executive orders shall be permanently retained by the Administration as

part of the National Archives of the United

States. The Office shall transmit immediately

to the Government Publishing Office for printing, as provided by this chapter, one duplicate

original or certified copy of each document required or authorized to be published by section

1505 of this title. Every Federal agency shall

cause to be transmitted for filing the original

and the duplicate originals or certified copies of

all such documents issued, prescribed, or promulgated by the agency.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1274; Pub.

L. 95–440, §2, Oct. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 1063; Pub. L.

98–497, title I, §107(b)(4), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2287; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §302 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §2, 49 Stat. 500; June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I, §104(a),

63 Stat. 381).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist of the

United States’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’, ‘‘National Archives and Records Administration’’

for ‘‘General Services Administration’’, and ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ wherever appearing.

1978—Pub. L. 95–440 substituted provision for retention of original documents by the General Services Administration for prior provision for retention in the archives of the National Archives and inserted provisions

dispensing with such retention when disposals are made

in accordance with disposal schedules and requiring retention of original proclamations of the President and

Executive orders as part of the National Archives.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of
§ 1504 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 52

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 1504. ‘‘Federal Register’’; printing; contents; distribution; price

Documents required or authorized to be published by section 1505 of this title shall be printed and distributed immediately by the Government Publishing Office in a serial publication

designated the ‘‘Federal Register.’’ The Director

of the Government Publishing Office shall make

available the facilities of the Government Publishing Office for the prompt printing and distribution of the Federal Register in the manner

and at the times required by this chapter and

the regulations prescribed under it. The contents of the daily issues shall be indexed and

shall comprise all documents, required or authorized to be published, filed with the Office of

the Federal Register up to the time of the day

immediately preceding the day of distribution

fixed by regulations under this chapter. There

shall be printed with each document a copy of

the notation, required to be made by section 1503

of this title, of the day and hour when, upon filing with the Office, the document was made

available for public inspection. Distribution

shall be made by delivery or by deposit at a post

office at a time in the morning of the day of distribution fixed by regulations prescribed under

this chapter. The prices to be charged for the

Federal Register may be fixed by the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register established by section 1506 of this title without

reference to the restrictions placed upon and

fixed for the sale of Government publications by

sections 1705 and 1708 of this title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1274; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964, ed., §303 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §3, 49 Stat. 500).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 1505. Documents to be published in Federal

Register

(a) PROCLAMATIONS AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS;

DOCUMENTS HAVING GENERAL APPLICABILITY AND

LEGAL EFFECT; DOCUMENTS REQUIRED TO BE

PUBLISHED BY CONGRESS. There shall be published in the Federal Register—

(1) Presidential proclamations and Executive

orders, except those not having general applicability and legal effect or effective only

against Federal agencies or persons in their

capacity as officers, agents, or employees

thereof;

(2) documents or classes of documents that

the President may determine from time to

time have general applicability and legal effect; and

(3) documents or classes of documents that

may be required so to be published by Act of

Congress.

For the purposes of this chapter every document or order which prescribes a penalty has

general applicability and legal effect.

(b) DOCUMENTS AUTHORIZED TO BE PUBLISHED

BY REGULATIONS; COMMENTS AND NEWS ITEMS EXCLUDED. In addition to the foregoing there shall

also be published in the Federal Register other

documents or classes of documents authorized

to be published by regulations prescribed under

this chapter with the approval of the President,

but comments or news items of any character

may not be published in the Federal Register.

(c) SUSPENSION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR FILING

OF DOCUMENTS; ALTERNATE SYSTEMS FOR PROMULGATING, FILING, OR PUBLISHING DOCUMENTS;

PRESERVATION OF ORIGINALS. In the event of an

attack or threatened attack upon the continental United States and a determination by the

President that as a result of an attack or threatened attack—

(1) publication of the Federal Register or filing of documents with the Office of the Federal Register is impracticable, or

(2) under existing conditions publication in

the Federal Register would not serve to give

appropriate notice to the public of the contents of documents, the President may, without regard to any other provision of law, suspend all or part of the requirements of law or

regulation for filing with the Office or publication in the Federal Register of documents or

classes of documents.

The suspensions shall remain in effect until

revoked by the President, or by concurrent resolution of the Congress. The President shall establish alternate systems for promulgating, filing, or publishing documents or classes of documents affected by such suspensions, including

requirements relating to their effectiveness or

validity, that may be considered under the then

existing circumstances practicable to provide

public notice of the issuance and of the contents

of the documents. The alternate systems may,

without limitation, provide for the use of regional or specialized publications or depositories

for documents, or of the press, the radio, or

similar mediums of general communication.

Compliance with alternate systems of filing or

publication shall have the same effect as filing

with the Office or publication in the Federal

Register under this chapter or other law or regulation. With respect to documents promulgated

under alternate systems, each agency shall preserve the original and two duplicate originals or

two certified copies for filing with the Office

when the President determines that it is practicable.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1274.)
Page 53 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1506

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964, ed., §305 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §5, 49 Stat. 501; June 25, 1956, ch. 444, 70 Stat. 337).

DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS

For delegation of functions vested in President by

section 5(a) of Federal Register Act [now subsec. (a) of

this section], to Attorney General and Archivist of

United States, see section 6(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 10530,

May 10, 1954, 19 F.R. 2709, as amended, set out as a note

under section 301 of Title 3, The President. See, also,

section 103(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note

under section 2102 of this title.

EX. ORD. NO. 11030. PREPARATION, PRESENTATION, FILING, AND PUBLICATION OF EXECUTIVE ORDERS AND

PROCLAMATIONS

Ex. Ord. No. 11030, June 19, 1962, 27 F.R. 5847, as

amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11354, May 23, 1967, 32 F.R.

7695; Ex. Ord. No. 12080, Sept. 18, 1978, 43 F.R. 42235; Ex.

Ord. No. 12608, Sept. 9, 1987, 52 F.R. 34617; Ex. Ord. No.

13403, §1, May 12, 2006, 71 F.R. 28543; Ex. Ord. No. 13683,

§1, Dec. 11, 2014, 79 F.R. 75041, provided:

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Federal Register Act (49 Stat. 500, as amended; 44 U.S.C. 301

et seq.) [now this chapter], and as President of the

United States, I hereby prescribe the following regulations governing the preparation, presentation, filing,

and publication of Executive orders and proclamations:

SECTION 1. Form. Proposed Executive orders and proclamations shall be prepared in accordance with the following requirements:

(a) The order or proclamation shall be given a suitable title.

(b) The order or proclamation shall contain a citation

of the authority under which it is issued.

(c) Punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and other

matters of style shall, in general, conform to the most

recent edition of the Style Manual of the United States

Government Printing Office.

(d) The spelling of geographic names shall conform to

the decisions of the Board on Geographic Names, established by Section 2 of the Act of July 25, 1947, 61 Stat.

456 (43 U.S.C. 364a).

(e) Descriptions of tracts of land shall conform, so far

as practicable, to the most recent edition of the ‘‘Specifications for Descriptions of Tracts of Land for Use in

Executive Orders and Proclamations,’’ prepared by the

Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior.

(f) Proposed Executive orders and proclamations

shall be prepared on paper approximately 8.5 × 14

inches, shall have a left-hand margin of approximately

1 inch and a right-hand margin of approximately 1 inch,

and shall be double-spaced, except that quotations, tabulations, and descriptions of land may be single-spaced.

(g) Proclamations issued by the President shall conclude with the following described recitation—

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my

hand this llllllll day of llllllll, in the

year of our lord llllllll, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the

llllllll.

SEC. 2. Routing and approval of drafts. (a) A proposed

Executive order or proclamation shall first be submitted to the Director of the Office of Management and

Budget, together with a letter, signed by the head or

other properly authorized officer of the originating

Federal agency, explaining the nature, purpose, background, and effect of the proposed Executive order or

proclamation and its relationship, if any, to pertinent

laws and other Executive orders or proclamations.

(b) If the Director of the Office of Management and

Budget approves the proposed Executive order or proclamation, he shall transmit it to the Attorney General

for his consideration as to both form and legality.

(c) If the proposed Executive order or proclamation is

disapproved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget or by the Attorney General, it shall

not thereafter be presented to the President unless it is

accompanied by a statement of the reasons for such

disapproval.

SEC. 3. Routing and certification of originals and copies.

(a) If the order or proclamation is signed by the President, the original and two copies thereof shall be forwarded to the Director of the Office of the Federal Register for publication in the FEDERAL REGISTER.

(b) The Office of the Federal Register shall cause to

be placed upon the copies of all Executive orders and

proclamations forwarded as provided in subsection (a)

of this section the following notation, to be signed by

the Director or by some person authorized by him to

sign such notation: ‘‘Certified to be a true copy of the

original.’’

SEC. 4. Proclamations calling for the observance of special days or events. Except as may be otherwise provided

by law, responsibility for the preparation and presentation of proposed proclamations calling for the observance of special days, or other periods of time, or events

shall be assigned by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to such agencies or offices as the

Director may consider appropriate. Such proposed

proclamations shall be submitted to the Director, or to

an office within the Executive Office of the President

designated by the Director, at least sixty days before

the date of the specified observance. Notwithstanding

the provisions of Section 2, the Director or the head of

such designated office, as appropriate, shall transmit

any approved commemorative proclamations to the

President.

SEC. 5. Trade Proclamations. (a) Proclamations to be

issued under the Trade Act of 1974 or other trade law

(‘‘trade proclamations’’) shall be prepared by the

United States Trade Representative and submitted to

the Attorney General for consideration as to both form

and legality. Section 2 of this order does not apply to

trade proclamations.

SEC. 6. Proclamations of treaties excluded. Consonant

with the provisions of section 1511 of title 44, United

States Code (49 Stat. 503 [sic]; 44 U.S.C. 1511), nothing

in this order shall be construed to apply to treaties,

conventions, protocols, or other international agreements, or proclamations thereof by the President.

SEC. 7. Definition. The term ‘‘Presidential proclamations and Executive orders,’’ as used in subsection

1505(a) of title 44, United States Code (44 U.S.C. 1505(a)),

shall, except as the President or his representative may

hereafter otherwise direct, be deemed to include such

attachments thereto as are referred to in the respective

proclamations or orders.

SEC. 8. Prior order. Upon its publication in the FEDERAL REGISTER, this order shall supersede Executive

Order No. 10006 of October 9, 1948.

The regulations prescribed by this order shall be codified under Title 1 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

§ 1506. Administrative Committee of the Federal

Register; establishment and composition;

powers and duties

The Administrative Committee of the Federal

Register shall consist of the Archivist of the

United States or Acting Archivist, who shall be

chairman, an officer of the Department of Justice designated by the Attorney General, and

the Director of the Government Publishing Office or Acting Director of the Government Publishing Office. The Director of the Federal Register shall act as secretary of the committee.

The committee shall prescribe, with the approval of the President, regulations for carrying

out this chapter. The regulations shall provide,

among other things—

(1) the manner of certification of copies required to be certified under section 1503 of this

title, which certification may be permitted to

be based upon confirmed communications

from outside the District of Columbia;
§ 1507 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 54

(2) the documents which shall be authorized

under section 1505(b) of this title to be published in the Federal Register;

(3) the manner and form in which the Federal Register shall be printed, reprinted, and

compiled, indexed, bound, and distributed;

(4) the number of copies of the Federal Register, which shall be printed, reprinted, and

compiled, the number which shall be distributed without charge to Members of Congress,

officers and employees of the United States, or

Federal agency, for official use, and the number which shall be available for distribution to

the public; and

(5) the prices to be charged for individual

copies of, and subscriptions to, the Federal

Register and reprints and bound volumes of it.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1275; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(5), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2287; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §§306, 391 (part) (July

26, 1935, ch. 417, §6, 49 Stat. 501; June 30, 1949, ch. 288,

title I, §104, 63 Stat. 381).

This section incorporates only the last sentence from

former section 391(b). The remainder of that section

will be found in sections 2102, 2301, 2501, and 2902 of the

revision.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

two places in introductory provisions.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 struck out ‘‘The authority of the

Administrator of General Services, under section 754 of

title 40, to regroup, transfer, and distribute functions

within the General Services Administration, does not

extend to the Committee or its functions.’’

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS

For delegations of functions vested in President by

section 6 of Federal Register Act [now this section], to

Attorney General and Archivist of United States, see

section 6(b) of Ex. Ord. No. 10530, May 10, 1954, 19 F.R.

2709, as amended, set out as a note under section 301 of

Title 3, The President. See, also, section 103(b)(1) of

Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under section 2102 of

this title.

§ 1507. Filing document as constructive notice;

publication in Federal Register as presumption of validity; judicial notice; citation

A document required by section 1505(a) of this

title to be published in the Federal Register is

not valid as against a person who has not had

actual knowledge of it until the duplicate originals or certified copies of the document have

been filed with the Office of the Federal Register

and a copy made available for public inspection

as provided by section 1503 of this title. Unless

otherwise specifically provided by statute, filing

of a document, required or authorized to be published by section 1505 of this title, except in

cases where notice by publication is insufficient

in law, is sufficient to give notice of the contents of the document to a person subject to or

affected by it. The publication in the Federal

Register of a document creates a rebuttable presumption—

(1) that it was duly issued, prescribed, or

promulgated;

(2) that it was filed with the Office of the

Federal Register and made available for public

inspection at the day and hour stated in the

printed notation;

(3) that the copy contained in the Federal

Register is a true copy of the original; and

(4) that all requirements of this chapter and

the regulations prescribed under it relative to

the document have been complied with.

The contents of the Federal Register shall be

judicially noticed and without prejudice to any

other mode of citation, may be cited by volume

and page number.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1276.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §307 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §7, 49 Stat. 502).

§ 1508. Publication in Federal Register as notice

of hearing

A notice of hearing or of opportunity to be

heard, required or authorized to be given by an

Act of Congress, or which may otherwise properly be given, shall be deemed to have been

given to all persons residing within the States of

the Union and the District of Columbia, except

in cases where notice by publication is insufficient in law, when the notice is published in the

Federal Register at such a time that the period

between the publication and the date fixed in

the notice for the hearing or for the termination

of the opportunity to be heard is—

(1) not less than the time specifically prescribed for the publication of the notice by the

appropriate Act of Congress; or

(2) not less than fifteen days when time for

publication is not specifically prescribed by

the Act, without prejudice, however, to the effectiveness of a notice of less than fifteen days

where the shorter period is reasonable.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1276.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §308 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §8, 49 Stat. 502; June 25, 1959, Pub. L. 86–70, §34, 73

Stat. 149; July 12, 1960, Pub. L. 86–624, §33, 74 Stat. 421).

§ 1509. Costs of publication, etc.

(a) The cost of printing, reprinting, wrapping,

binding, and distributing the Federal Register

and the Code of Federal Regulations, and, except

as provided in subsection (b), other expenses incurred by the Government Publishing Office in

carrying out the duties placed upon it by this

chapter shall be charged to the revolving fund

provided in section 309. Reimbursements for

such costs and expenses shall be made by the

Federal agencies and credited, together with all

receipts, as provided in section 309(b).

(b) The cost of printing, reprinting, wrapping,

binding, and distributing all other publications

of the Federal Register program, and other expenses incurred by the Government Publishing

Office in connection with such publications,
Page 55 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1510

shall be borne by the appropriations to the Government Publishing Office and the appropriations are made available, and are authorized to

be increased by additional sums necessary for

the purposes, the increases to be based upon estimates submitted by the Director of the Government Publishing Office.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1277; Pub.

L. 95–94, title IV, §408(a)(1), Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat.

683; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §309 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §9, 49 Stat. 502).

A reference to section 10 of Act June 19, 1934 is deleted because of the repeal of that section by Act June

30, 1949.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

1977—Pub. L. 95–94 substituted ‘‘Costs of publication,

etc.’’ for ‘‘Cost of publication; appropriations authorized; penalty mail privilege’’ in section catchline,

added subsec. (a), designated former first paragraph as

subsec. (b) and inserted provision restricting coverage

to the other publications of the Federal Register program and struck out provision requiring payments for

the Federal Register to be covered into the Treasury as

miscellaneous receipts and former second paragraph relating to penalty mail privileges for the Federal Register.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ wherever appearing in

text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235,

set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1977 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 95–94, title IV, §408(b), Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat.

683, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on

October 1, 1977.’’

§ 1510. Code of Federal Regulations

(a) The Administrative Committee of the Federal Register, with the approval of the President, may require, from time to time as it considers necessary, the preparation and publication in special or supplemental editions of the

Federal Register of complete codifications of

the documents of each agency of the Government having general applicability and legal effect, issued or promulgated by the agency by

publication in the Federal Register or by filing

with the Administrative Committee, and are relied upon by the agency as authority for, or are

invoked or used by it in the discharge of, its activities or functions, and are in effect as to facts

arising on or after dates specified by the Administrative Committee.

(b) A codification published under subsection

(a) of this section shall be printed and bound in

permanent form and shall be designated as the

‘‘Code of Federal Regulations.’’ The Administrative Committee shall regulate the binding of the

printed codifications into separate books with a

view to practical usefulness and economical

manufacture. Each book shall contain an explanation of its coverage and other aids to users

that the Administrative Committee may require. A general index to the entire Code of Federal Regulations shall be separately printed and

bound.

(c) The Administrative Committee shall regulate the supplementation and the collation and

republication of the printed codifications with a

view to keeping the Code of Federal Regulations

as current as practicable. Each book shall be either supplemented or collated and republished

at least once each calendar year.

(d) The Office of the Federal Register shall

prepare and publish the codifications, supplements, collations, and indexes authorized by

this section.

(e) The codified documents of the several

agencies published in the supplemental edition

of the Federal Register under this section, as

amended by documents subsequently filed with

the Office and published in the daily issues of

the Federal Register shall be prima facie evidence of the text of the documents and of the

fact that they are in effect on and after the date

of publication.

(f) The Administrative Committee shall prescribe, with the approval of the President, regulations for carrying out this section.

(g) This section does not require codification

of the text of Presidential documents published

and periodically compiled in supplements to

Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1277.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §311 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §11, 49 Stat. 503; June 19, 1937, ch. 369, 50 Stat. 304;

1939 Reorg. Plan No. II, §202, eff. July 1, 1939, 4 F.R.

2732, 53 Stat. 1435; Dec. 10, 1942, ch. 717, §2, 56 Stat. 1045;

June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I, §104(b), 63 Stat. 381; Aug.

5, 1953, ch. 333, 67 Stat. 388; Dec. 2, 1963, Pub. L. 88–190,

§1, 77 Stat. 343).

RETROACTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE APPLICATION

Pub. L. 88–190, §2, Dec. 2, 1963, 77 Stat. 344, provided

that: ‘‘Section 11 of the Federal Register Act [section

311 of former Title 44, Public Printing and Documents,

now this section], as amended by the first section of

this Act [amending subsecs. (b) to (d) and (g) of such

section 311, now subsecs. (b) to (d) and (g) of this section], shall apply to the Code of Federal Regulations

previously authorized and published as well as to future

publications made pursuant to that section as so

amended.’’

DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS

For delegation of functions vested in President by

section 11(a), (f) of Federal Register Act [now subsecs.

(a) and (f) of this section], to Attorney General and Archivist of United States, see section 6(b) of Ex. Ord. No.

10530, May 10, 1954, 19 F.R. 2709, as amended, set out as

a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President. See,

also, section 103(b)(1) of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note

under section 2102 of this title.

CODIFICATION OF EXECUTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE

DOCUMENTS

Under authority of section 11(d) of the Federal Register Act [now subsec. (d) of this section] the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register issued regulations for the codification of executive and administrative documents, approved by the President Nov. 10,

1937, and set out in F.R. 2849 D.I., 2450 B.V.
§ 1511 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 56

1Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 98–497 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

§ 1511. International agreements excluded from

provisions of chapter

This chapter does not apply to treaties, conventions, protocols, and other international

agreements, or proclamations thereof by the

President.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1278.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §312 (July 26, 1935, ch.

417, §12, 49 Stat. 503).

CHAPTER 17—DISTRIBUTION AND SALE OF

PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

Sec.

1701. Publications for public distribution to be distributed by the Director of the Government

Publishing Office; mailing lists.

1702. Superintendent of Documents; sale of documents.

1703. Superintendent of Documents: assistants,

blanks, printing and binding.

1704. Superintendent of Documents: pay of employees for night, Sunday, holiday, and overtime work.

1705. Printing additional copies for sale to public;

regulations.

1706. Printing and sale of extra copies of documents.

1707. Reprinting of documents required for sale.

1708. Prices for sales copies of publications; crediting of receipts; resale by dealers; sales

agents.

1709. Blank forms: printing and sale to public.

1710. Index of documents: number and distribution.

1711. Catalog of Government publications.

1712. Documents for use of the Director of the Government Publishing Office.

1713. Documents to be delivered to the Executive

Mansion.

1714. Publications for use of General Services Administration.1

1715. Publications for department or officer or for

congressional committees.

1716. Public documents for legations and consulates of United States.

1717. Documents and reports for foreign legations.

1718. Distribution of Government publications to

the Library of Congress.

1719. International exchange of Government publications.

1720. Documents not needed by departments to be

turned over to Superintendent of Documents.

1721. Exchange of documents by heads of departments.

1722. Departmental distribution of publications.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

items 1701 and 1712.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 1701. Publications for public distribution to be

distributed by the Director of the Government Publishing Office; mailing lists

Money appropriated by any Act may not be

used for services in an executive department or

other Government establishment at the District

of Columbia, in the work of addressing, wrapping, mailing, or otherwise dispatching a publication for public distribution, except maps,

weather reports, and weather cards issued by

them or for the purchase of material or supplies

to be used in this work. The Director of the Government Publishing Office shall perform this

work at the Government Publishing Office. The

head of an executive department, independent

office, and establishment of the Government at

the District of Columbia, shall furnish from

time to time to the Director of the Government

Publishing Office mailing lists, in convenient

form, and changes in them, or penalty mail

slips, for use in the public distribution of publications issued by the department or establishment. The Director of the Government Publishing Office may furnish copies of a publication

only in accordance with law or the instruction

of the head of the department or establishment

issuing the publication.

This section does not apply to orders, instructions, directions, notices, or circulars of information printed for and issued by an executive

department or other Government establishment

or to the distribution of public documents by

Senators or Members of the House of Representatives or to the Senate Service Department,

House of Representatives Publications Distribution Service, and document rooms of the Senate

or House of Representatives.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1278; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §95 (Aug. 23, 1912, ch.

350, §8, 37 Stat. 414; July 2, 1954, ch. 455, title I, §101, 68

Stat. 397).

‘‘House of Representatives Publications Distribution

Service’’ is substituted for ‘‘House Folding Room’’ because of the change of name under authority of Public

Law 88–652.

The term ‘‘executive department, independent office,

and establishment of the Government’’ is substituted

for ‘‘executive department and other Government establishment’’ for uniformity.

AMENDMENTS

Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c), substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’

wherever appearing in section catchline and text.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 1702. Superintendent of Documents; sale of documents

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall appoint a competent person to act

as Superintendent of Documents who shall be

under the control of the Director of the Government Publishing Office.
Page 57 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1706

When an officer of the Government having in

his charge documents published for sale desires

to be relieved of them, he may turn them over

to the Superintendent of Documents, who shall

receive and sell them under this section. Moneys

received from the sale of documents shall be returned to the Director of the Government Publishing Office on the first day of each month and

be covered into the Treasury monthly.

The Superintendent of Documents shall also

report monthly to the Director of the Government Publishing Office the number of documents received by him and the disposition made

of them. He shall have general supervision of the

distribution of all public documents, and to his

custody shall be committed all documents subject to distribution, excepting those printed for

the special official use of the executive departments, which shall be delivered to the departments, and those printed for the use of the two

Houses of Congress, which shall be delivered to

the Senate Service Department and House of

Representatives Publications Distribution Service and distributed or delivered ready for distribution to Members upon their order by the

superintendents of the Senate Service Department and House Publications Distribution Service, respectively.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1279; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §§71, 73 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §61, 28 Stat. 610; June 25, 1910, ch. 384, §1,

36 Stat. 770; Aug. 7, 1946, ch. 770, §1(62), 60 Stat. 871).

This section incorporates only part of former section

73. The balance will be found in section 308 of the revision.

‘‘House of Representatives Publications Distribution

Service’’ is substituted for ‘‘House Folding Room’’ because of the change of name under authority of Public

Law 88–652.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’

wherever appearing.

§ 1703. Superintendent of Documents: assistants,

blanks, printing and binding

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office, upon the requisition of the Superintendent of Documents, shall appoint necessary assistants, furnish blanks, and do the printing and

binding required by his office. The Director of

the Government Publishing Office shall provide

convenient office, storage, and distributing

rooms for the use of the Superintendent of Documents.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1279; Pub.

L. 101–520, title II, §208, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat.

2274; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §74 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §66, 28 Stat. 611).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

two places.

1990—Pub. L. 101–520 struck out before period at end

of first sentence ‘‘, the cost to be charged against the

appropriation for printing and binding for Congress’’.

§ 1704. Superintendent of Documents: pay of employees for night, Sunday, holiday, and overtime work

Employees in the office of the Superintendent

of Documents may be paid for night, Sunday,

holiday, and overtime work at rates not in excess of the rates of additional pay for this work

allowed other employees of the Government

Publishing Office under section 305 of this title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1279; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §75 (Mar. 4, 1925, ch.

549, §1, 43 Stat. 1300; May 13, 1926, ch. 294, §1, 44 Stat.

552; Feb. 23, 1927, ch. 166, 44 Stat. 1160).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 1705. Printing additional copies for sale to public; regulations

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall print additional copies of a Government publication, not confidential in character,

required for sale to the public by the Superintendent of Documents, subject to regulation

by the Joint Committee on Printing and without interference with the prompt execution of

printing for the Government.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1279; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §72 (May 11, 1922, ch.

189, §1, 42 Stat. 541; June 30, 1932, ch. 314, §307, 47 Stat.

409).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1706. Printing and sale of extra copies of documents

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall furnish to applicants giving notice

before the matter is put to press, not exceeding

two hundred and fifty to any one applicant, copies of bills, reports, and documents. The applicants shall pay in advance the price of the printing. The printing of these copies for private parties may not interfere with the printing for the

Government.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1279; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §114 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §42, 28 Stat. 607; June 30, 1932, ch. 314, §307, 47 Stat.

409).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.
§ 1707 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 58

§ 1707. Reprinting of documents required for sale

The Superintendent of Documents may order

reprinted, from time to time, public documents

required for sale, subject to the approval of the

Secretary or head of the department in which

the public document originated. The Revolving

Fund shall be reimbursed for the cost of reprints

from the moneys received by the Superintendent

of Documents from the sale of public documents.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1280; Pub.

L. 101–520, title II, §208, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat.

2274.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §79 (Mar. 28, 1904, No.

11, 33 Stat. 584).

AMENDMENTS

1990—Pub. L. 101–520 substituted ‘‘The Revolving

Fund’’ for ‘‘The appropriation for printing and binding’’.

§ 1708. Prices for sales copies of publications;

crediting of receipts; resale by dealers; sales

agents

The price at which additional copies of Government publications are offered for sale to the

public by the Superintendent of Documents

shall be based on the cost as determined by the

Director of the Government Publishing Office

plus 50 percent. A discount may be allowed as

determined by the Superintendent of Documents, but the printing may not interfere with

prompt execution of work for the Government.

The Superintendent of Documents may prescribe terms and conditions under which he authorizes the resale of Government publications

by book dealers, and he may designate any Government officer his agent for the sale of Government publications under regulations agreed

upon by the Superintendent of Documents and

the head of the respective department or establishment of the Government.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1280; Pub.

L. 95–94, title IV, §409(a), Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat.

683; Pub. L. 103–69, title II, §207(b), Aug. 11, 1993,

107 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 108–447, div. G, title I, §1301,

Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3191; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H,

title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §72a (June 30, 1932, ch.

314, §307, 47 Stat. 409).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

first par.

2004—Pub. L. 108–447, in first par., substituted ‘‘may

be allowed as determined by the Superintendent of

Documents’’ for ‘‘of not to exceed 25 percent may be allowed to book dealers and quantity purchasers’’.

1993—Pub. L. 103–69, in first par., struck out at end

‘‘Receipts from general sales of publications in excess

of the total costs and expenses incurred in connection

with the publication and sale thereof, as determined by

the Public Printer, shall be deposited in the Treasury

of the United States to the credit of miscellaneous receipts.’’

1977—Pub. L. 95–94 substituted ‘‘Receipts from general sales of publications in excess of the total costs

and expenses incurred in connection with the publication and sale thereof, as determined by the Public

Printer,’’ for ‘‘Surplus receipts from sales’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1993 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–69 effective Oct. 1, 1993,

see section 207(c) of Pub. L. 103–69, set out as a note

under section 309 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1977 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 95–94, title IV, §409(b), Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat.

683, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on

October 1, 1977.’’

§ 1709. Blank forms: printing and sale to public

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may print for sale by the Superintendent

of Documents to the public, upon prepayment,

additional copies of approved Government blank

forms.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1280; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §94 (June 7, 1924, ch.

303, §1, 43 Stat. 592).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1710. Index of documents: number and distribution

The Superintendent of Documents, at the

close of each regular session of Congress, shall

prepare and publish a comprehensive index of

public documents, upon a plan approved by the

Joint Committee on Printing. The Director of

the Government Publishing Office shall, immediately upon its publication, deliver to him a

copy of every document printed by the Government Publishing Office. The head of each executive department, independent agency and establishment of the Government shall deliver to him

a copy of every document issued or published by

the department, bureau, or office not confidential in character. He shall also prepare and print

in one volume a consolidated index of Congressional documents, and shall index single volumes of documents as the Joint Committee on

Printing directs. Two thousand copies each of

the comprehensive index and of the consolidated

index shall be printed and bound in addition to

the usual number, two hundred for the Senate,

eight hundred for the House of Representatives

and one thousand for distribution by the Superintendent of Documents.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1280; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §76 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §62, 28 Stat. 610).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of
Page 59 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1715

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 1711. Catalog of Government publications

On the first day of each month the Superintendent of Documents shall prepare a catalog

of Government publications which shall show

the documents printed during the preceding

month, where obtainable, and the price. Two

thousand copies of the catalog shall be printed

in pamphlet form for distribution.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1280.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §77 (Jan. 12 1895, ch.

23, §69, 28 Stat. 612).

§ 1712. Documents for use of the Director of the

Government Publishing Office

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office may retain out of all documents, bills,

and resolutions printed the number of copies absolutely needful for the official use of the Government Publishing Office, not exceeding five of

each.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1281; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), (c), Dec. 16,

2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §81 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §73, 28 Stat. 618).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c), substituted ‘‘Director

of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ in section catchline and text.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in text on authority of

section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 1713. Documents to be delivered to the Executive Mansion

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall deliver to the Executive Mansion

two copies of each document, bill, and resolution as soon as printed and ready for distribution.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1281; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §80 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §88, 28 Stat. 622).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1714. Publications for use of National Archives

and Records Administration

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office shall print and deliver to the National Archives and Records Administration for use by

the Archivist of the United States, including use

by the Presidential Library established for the

President during whose term the documents

were issued, which shall be chargeable to Congress three copies each of the following publications:

House documents and public reports, bound;

Senate documents and public reports, bound;

Senate and House journals, bound;

United States Code and Supplements, bound;

United States Statutes at Large, bound;

the United States Reports, bound;

all other documents bearing a congressional

number, or printed upon order of a committee

in either House of Congress, or of a department, independent agency or establishment,

commission, or officer of the Government, except confidential matter, blank forms, and circular letters not of a public character; and

public bills and resolutions in Congress in

each parliamentary stage.

The Superintendent of Documents shall furnish, without cost, copies of publications available for free distribution.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1281; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(6), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2287; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1),

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §215a (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §—, as added June 17, 1935, ch. 267, 49 Stat. 386, and

amended June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I, §104(a), 63 Stat.

381; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–678, 80 Stat. 956.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

introductory provisions.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘National Archives

and Records Administration’’ for ‘‘General Services Administration’’ in section catchline and text.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 1715. Publications for department or officer or

for congressional committees

When printing not bearing a congressional

number, except confidential matter, blank

forms, and circular letters not of a public character, is done for a department or officer of the

Government, or not of a confidential character,

is done for use of congressional committees, two

copies shall be sent, unless withheld by order of

the committee, by the Director of the Government Publishing Office to the Senate and House

of Representatives libraries, respectively, and

one copy each to the document rooms of the

Senate and House of Representatives, for reference; and these copies may not be removed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1281; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §217 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §58, 28 Stat. 610; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §4,

34 Stat. 1014).

The last clause of this section is eliminated, as superseded by former section 85, now found in section 1903 of

the revision.
§ 1716 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 60

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1716. Public documents for legations and consulates of United States

Only books published by the Government, and

usually known by the name of ‘‘Public Documents,’’ may be supplied to a legation or consulate of the United States as are first designated by the Secretary of State, by an order to

be recorded in the State Department, as suitable

for and required by the legation and consulate.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1281.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §91a (R.S. §504).

§ 1717. Documents and reports for foreign legations

Documents and reports may be furnished to

foreign legations to the United States upon request stating those desired and requisition upon

the Director of the Government Publishing Office by the Secretary of State. Gratuitous distribution may only be made to legations whose

Governments furnish to legations from the

United States copies of their printed and legislative documents desired.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1281; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §91 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §75, 28 Stat. 620).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1718. Distribution of Government publications

to the Library of Congress

There shall be printed and furnished to the Library of Congress for official use in the District

of Columbia not to exceed twenty-five copies of:

House documents and reports, bound;

Senate documents and reports, bound;

Senate and House journals, bound;

public bills and resolutions;

the United States Code and supplements,

bound; and

all other publications and maps which are

printed, or otherwise reproduced, under authority of law, upon the requisition of a Congressional committee, executive department,

bureau, independent office, establishment,

commission, or officer of the Government.

Confidential matter, blank forms, and circular

letters not of a public character shall be excepted.

In addition, there shall be delivered as printed

to the Library of Congress:

ten copies of each House document and report, unbound;

ten copies of each Senate document and report, unbound; and

ten copies of each private bill and resolution

and fifty copies of the laws in slip form.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1282; Pub.

L. 97–276, §101(e), Oct. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 1189.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §139 (Jan. 28, 1899, No.

12, 30 Stat. 1388; Mar. 2, 1901, No. 16, §§1, 2, 31 Stat. 1464;

June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title IV, §6, 49 Stat. 1550).

Reference to the Official Register is omitted as obsolete. The authorization for its compilation was repealed by Public Law 88–626.

CODIFICATION

The 1982 amendment by Pub. L. 97–276 is based on section 305(a) of S. 2939, Ninety-seventh Congress, 2d Session, as reported Sept. 22, 1982, and incorporated by reference in section 101(e) of Pub. L. 97–276, to be effective

as if enacted into law.

AMENDMENTS

1982—Pub. L. 97–276 substituted ‘‘not to exceed twenty-five copies of’’ for ‘‘, and for international exchange

as provided by section 1719 of this title, not to exceed

one hundred and fifty copies of’’.

§ 1719. International exchange of Government

publications

For the purpose of more fully carrying into effect the convention concluded at Brussels on

March 15, 1886, and proclaimed by the President

of the United States on January 15, 1889, there

shall be supplied to the Superintendent of Documents not to exceed one hundred and twentyfive copies each of all Government publications,

including the daily and bound copies of the Congressional Record, for distribution to those foreign governments which agree, as indicated by

the Library of Congress, to send to the United

States similar publications of their governments

for delivery to the Library of Congress. Confidential matter, blank forms, circular letters

not of a public character, publications determined by their issuing department, office, or establishment to be required for official use only

or for strictly administrative or operational

purposes which have no public interest or educational value, and publications classified for

reasons of national security shall be exempted

from this requirement. The printing, binding,

and distribution costs of any publications distributed in accordance with this section shall be

charged to appropriations provided the Superintendent of Documents for that purpose.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1282; Pub.

L. 97–276, §101(e), Oct. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 1189; Pub.

L. 99–500, §101(j), Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–287,

and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(j), Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat.

3341–287, as amended Pub. L. 100–71, title I, July

11, 1987, 101 Stat. 425.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964, ed., §139a (Mar. 2, 1901,

No. 16, §3, 31 Stat. 1465; Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 421, §7, 43 Stat.

1106; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title IV, §6, 49 Stat. 1550).

REFERENCES IN TEXT

There were two conventions concluded at Brussels on

Mar. 15, 1886, and proclaimed by the President on Jan.

15, 1889: one was a convention ‘‘for the international exchange of official documents, scientific, and literary

publications’’; the other was ‘‘for the immediate exchange of the official journals, parliamentary annals,

and documents.’’

CODIFICATION

Pub. L. 99–591 is a corrected version of Pub. L. 99–500.
Page 61 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1722

The 1986 amendment is based on section 306 of title

III of H.R. 5203 (see House Report 99–805 as filed in the

House on Aug. 15, 1986), and incorporated by reference

in section 101(j) of Pub. L. 99–500 and 99–591, as amended

by Pub. L. 100–71, to be effective as if enacted into law.

The 1982 amendment by Pub. L. 97–276 is based on section 305(b) of S. 2939, Ninety-seventh Congress, 2d Session, as reported Sept. 22, 1982, and incorporated by reference in section 101(e) of Pub. L. 97–276, to be effective

as if enacted into law.

AMENDMENTS

1986—Pub. L. 99–500 and 99–591, as amended by Pub. L.

100–71, amended last sentence generally, substituting

‘‘charged to appropriations provided the Superintendent of Documents for that purpose’’ for ‘‘chargeable to

the department, office, or establishment issuing the

publication’’. See Codification note above.

1982—Pub. L. 97–276 substituted ‘‘Superintendent of

Documents’’ for first reference to ‘‘Library of Congress’’ and ‘‘for distribution to those foreign governments which agree, as indicated by the Library of Congress, to send to the United States similar publications

of their governments for delivery to the Library of Congress’’ for ‘‘for distribution, through the Smithsonian

Institution, to foreign governments which agree to

send to the United States similar publications of their

governments for delivery to the Library of Congress’’,

and inserted ‘‘Confidential matter, blank forms, circular letters not of a public character, publications determined by their issuing department, office, or establishment to be required for official use only or for

strictly administrative or operational purposes which

have no public interest or educational value, and publications classified for reasons of national security shall

be exempted from this requirement. The printing, binding, and distribution costs of any publication distributed in accordance with this section shall be chargeable to the department, office, or establishment issuing

the publication.’’

§ 1720. Documents not needed by departments to

be turned over to Superintendent of Documents

Public documents accumulating in the several

executive departments, bureaus, and offices, not

needed for official use, shall be turned over to

the Superintendent of Documents annually for

distribution or sale.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1282.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §78 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §67, 28 Stat. 611).

§ 1721. Exchange of documents by heads of departments

Heads of departments may exchange surplus

documents for other documents and books required by them, when it is to the advantage of

the public service.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1282.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §93 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §95, 28 Stat. 623).

§ 1722. Departmental distribution of publications

Government publications printed for or received by the executive departments, whether

for official use or for distribution, except those

required by section 1701 of this title to be distributed by the Director of the Government

Publishing Office, shall be distributed by a competent person detailed to this duty in each department by the head of the department. He

shall prevent duplication and make detailed report to the head of the department.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1282; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §96 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §92, 28 Stat. 623; May 29, 1928, ch. 901, §1(2), 45 Stat.

986).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

CHAPTER 19—DEPOSITORY LIBRARY

PROGRAM

Sec.

1901. Definition of Government publication.

1902. Availability of Government publications

through Superintendent of Documents; lists

of publications not ordered from Government Publishing Office.

1903. Distribution of publications to depositories;

notice to Government components; cost of

printing and binding.

1904. Classified list of Government publications for

selection by depositories.

1905. Distribution to depositories; designation of

additional libraries; justification; authorization for certain designations.

1906. Land-grant colleges constituted depositories.

1907. Libraries of executive departments, service

academies, and independent agencies constituted depositories; certifications of need;

disposal of unwanted publications.

1908. American Antiquarian Society to receive certain publications.

1909. Requirements of depository libraries; reports

on conditions; investigations; termination;

replacement.

1910. Designations of replacement depositories;

limitations on numbers; conditions.

1911. Free use of Government publications in depositories; disposal of unwanted publications.

1912. Regional depositories; designation; functions;

disposal of publications.

1913. Appropriations for supplying depository libraries; restriction.

1914. Implementation of depository library program by Director of the Government Publishing Office.

1915. Highest State appellate court libraries as depository libraries.

1916. Designation of libraries of accredited law

schools as depository libraries.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

item 1914.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in item 1902 on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I,

Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, set out as a note preceding

section 301 of this title.

1978—Pub. L. 95–261, §2, Apr. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 199,

added item 1916.

1972—Pub. L. 92–368, §1(b), Aug. 10, 1972, 86 Stat. 507,

added item 1915.
§ 1901 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 62

1See Transfer of Functions note below.

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON CHAPTER

Authority and responsibilities under chapter not limited or repealed by Federal Records Management

Amendments of 1976, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 94–575,

set out as a note under section 2901 of this title.

§ 1901. Definition of Government publication

‘‘Government publication’’ as used in this

chapter, means informational matter which is

published as an individual document at Government expense, or as required by law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §81a (Pub. L. 87–579,

§1, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 352).

§ 1902. Availability of Government publications

through Superintendent of Documents; lists

of publications not ordered from Government Publishing Office

Government publications, except those determined by their issuing components to be required for official use only or for strictly administrative or operational purposes which have no

public interest or educational value and publications classified for reasons of national security,

shall be made available to depository libraries

through the facilities of the Superintendent of

Documents for public information. Each component of the Government shall furnish the Superintendent of Documents a list of such publications it issued during the previous month, that

were obtained from sources other than the Government Publishing Office.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §81b (Pub. L. 87–579,

§1, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 352).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in section catchline and

text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235,

set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 1903. Distribution of publications to depositories; notice to Government components;

cost of printing and binding

Upon request of the Superintendent of Documents, components of the Government ordering

the printing of publications shall either increase

or decrease the number of copies of publications

furnished for distribution to designated depository libraries and State libraries so that the

number of copies delivered to the Superintendent of Documents is equal to the number of libraries on the list. The number thus delivered

may not be restricted by any statutory limitation in force on August 9, 1962. Copies of publications furnished the Superintendent of Documents for distribution to designated depository

libraries shall include—

the journals of the Senate and House of Representatives;

all publications, not confidential in character, printed upon the requisition of a congressional committee;

Senate and House public bills and resolutions; and

reports on private bills, concurrent or simple resolutions;

but not so-called cooperative publications which

must necessarily be sold in order to be self-sustaining.

The Superintendent of Documents shall currently inform the components of the Government ordering printing of publications as to the

number of copies of their publications required

for distribution to depository libraries. The cost

of printing and binding those publications distributed to depository libraries obtained elsewhere than from the Government Publishing Office, shall be borne by components of the Government responsible for their issuance; those

requisitioned from the Government Publishing

Office shall be charged to appropriations provided the Superintendent of Documents for that

purpose.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1283; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §85 (part) (Mar. 1, 1907,

ch. 2284, §4, 34 Stat. 1014; June 25, 1938, ch. 708, 52 Stat.

1206; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87–579, §5, 76 Stat. 354).

The last paragraph of former section 85 will be found

in section 1906 of the revision.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in second par. on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, set out as

a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 1904. Classified list of Government publications

for selection by depositories

The Superintendent of Documents shall currently issue a classified list of Government publications in suitable form, containing annotations of contents and listed by item identification numbers to facilitate the selection of only

those publications needed by depository libraries. The selected publications shall be distributed to depository libraries in accordance with

regulations of the Superintendent of Documents, as long as they fulfill the conditions provided by law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964, ed. §83 (R.S. §502; Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §§53, 61, 28 Stat. 608, 610; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub.

L. 87–579, §3, 76 Stat. 353).

§ 1905. Distribution to depositories; designation

of additional libraries; justification; authorization for certain designations

The Government publications selected from

lists prepared by the Superintendent of Documents, and when requested from him, shall be

distributed to depository libraries specifically

designated by law and to libraries designated by

Senators, Representatives, and the Resident

Commissioner from Puerto Rico, by the Commissioner of the District of Columbia,1 and by
Page 63 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1907

the Governors of Guam, American Samoa, and

the Virgin Islands, respectively. Additional libraries within areas served by Representatives

or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico

may be designated by them to receive Government publications to the extent that the total

number of libraries designated by them does not

exceed two within each area. Not more than two

additional libraries within a State may be designated by each Senator from the State. Before

an additional library within a State, congressional district or the Commonwealth of Puerto

Rico is designated as a depository for Government publications, the head of that library shall

furnish his Senator, Representative, or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, as the

case may be, with justification of the necessity

for the additional designation. The justification,

which shall also include a certification as to the

need for the additional depository library designation, shall be signed by the head of every existing depository library within the congressional district or the Commonwealth of Puerto

Rico or by the head of the library authority of

the State or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico,

within which the additional depository library

is to be located. The justification for additional

depository library designations shall be transmitted to the Superintendent of Documents by

the Senator, Representative, or the Resident

Commissioner from Puerto Rico, as the case

may be. The Commissioner of the District of Columbia may designate two depository libraries

in the District of Columbia, the Governor of

Guam and the Governor of American Samoa

may each designate one depository library in

Guam and American Samoa, respectively, and

the Governor of the Virgin Islands may designate one depository library on the island of

Saint Thomas and one on the island of Saint

Croix.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §82 (R.S. §501; Mar. 1,

1907, ch. 2284, §4, 34 Stat. 1014; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L.

87–579, §2, 76 Stat. 353).

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Office of Commissioner of District of Columbia, as established under Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1967, eff. Nov. 3,

1967 (in part), 32 F.R. 11669, 81 Stat. 948, abolished as of

noon Jan. 2, 1975, by Pub. L. 93–198, title VII, §711, Dec.

24, 1973, 87 Stat. 818, and replaced by office of Mayor of

District of Columbia by section 421 of Pub. L. 93–198.

NORTHERN MARIANAS COLLEGE AS DEPOSITORY

Pub. L. 101–219, title II, §202, Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat.

1874, provided that: ‘‘The Northern Marianas College is

hereby constituted a depository to receive Government

publications, and the Superintendent of Documents

shall supply to the Northern Marianas College one copy

of each such publication in the same form as supplied

to other designated depositories.’’

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PUBLIC LIBRARY AS DEPOSITORY

Act Sept. 28, 1943, ch. 243, 57 Stat. 568, provided:

‘‘That the Public Library of the District of Columbia is

hereby constituted a designated depository of governmental publications, and the Superintendent of Documents shall supply to such library one copy of each

such publication, in the same form as supplied to other

designated depositories.’’

§ 1906. Land-grant colleges constituted depositories

Land-grant colleges are constituted depositories to receive Government publications subject to the depository laws.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1284.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §85 (part) (Mar. 1, 1907,

ch. 2284, §4, 34 Stat. 1014; June 25, 1938, ch. 708, 52 Stat.

1206; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87–579, 76 Stat. 354).

This section is from the last paragraph of former section 85; the remainder of that section will be found in

section 1903 of the revision.

§ 1907. Libraries of executive departments, service academies, and independent agencies

constituted depositories; certifications of

need; disposal of unwanted publications

The libraries of the executive departments, of

the United States Military Academy, of the

United States Naval Academy, of the United

States Air Force Academy, of the United States

Coast Guard Academy, and of the United States

Merchant Marine Academy are designated depositories of Government publications. A depository library within each independent agency

may be designated upon certification of need by

the head of the independent agency to the Superintendent of Documents. Additional depository libraries within executive departments and

independent agencies may be designated to receive Government publications to the extent

that the number so designated does not exceed

the number of major bureaus or divisions of the

departments and independent agencies. These

designations may be made only after certification by the head of each executive department

or independent agency to the Superintendent of

Documents as to the justifiable need for additional depository libraries. Depository libraries

within executive departments and independent

agencies may dispose of unwanted Government

publications after first offering them to the Library of Congress and the Archivist of the

United States.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1285.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §87 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §98, 28 Stat. 624; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87–579, §7, 76

Stat. 355).

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and

assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities

and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security,

and for treatment of related references, see sections

468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set

out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

ARCHIVIST OF THE UNITED STATES

References to Archivist of the United States deemed

to refer to Archivist appointed under section 2103 of

this title with respect to functions transferred by Pub.

L. 98–497 or an amendment made by Pub. L. 98–497 and

exercised after Apr. 1, 1985, see sections 106 and 108 of

Pub. L. 98–497, set out as notes under section 2102 of

this title.
§ 1908 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 64

1See Transfer of Functions note below.

§ 1908. American Antiquarian Society to receive

certain publications

One copy of the public journals of the Senate

and of the House of Representatives, and of the

documents published under the orders of the

Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, shall be transmitted to the Executive of

the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for the use

and benefit of the American Antiquarian Society of the Commonwealth.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1285.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §88 (Dec. 1, 1814, No.

7, 3 Stat. 248).

§ 1909. Requirements of depository libraries; reports on conditions; investigations; termination; replacement

Only a library able to provide custody and

service for depository materials and located in

an area where it can best serve the public need,

and within an area not already adequately

served by existing depository libraries may be

designated by Senators, Representatives, the

Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, the

Commissioner of the District of Columbia,1 or

the Governors of Guam, American Samoa, or the

Virgin Islands as a depository of Government

publications. The designated depository libraries shall report to the Superintendent of Documents at least every two years concerning their

condition.

The Superintendent of Documents shall make

firsthand investigation of conditions for which

need is indicated and include the results of investigations in his annual report. When he ascertains that the number of books in a depository library is below ten thousand, other than

Government publications, or it has ceased to be

maintained so as to be accessible to the public,

or that the Government publications which have

been furnished the library have not been properly maintained, he shall delete the library from

the list of depository libraries if the library fails

to correct the unsatisfactory conditions within

six months. The Representative or the Resident

Commissioner from Puerto Rico in whose area

the library is located or the Senator who made

the designation, or a successor of the Senator,

and, in the case of a library in the District of

Columbia, the Commissioner of the District of

Columbia, and, in the case of a library in Guam,

American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands, the

Governor, shall be notified and shall then be authorized to designate another library within the

area served by him, which shall meet the conditions herein required, but which may not be in

excess of the number of depository libraries authorized by laws within the State, district, territory, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as

the case may be.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1285.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §86 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch.

23, §70, 28 Stat. 612; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87–579, §6, 76

Stat. 354).

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Office of Commissioner of District of Columbia, as established under Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1967, eff. Nov. 3,

1967 (in part), 32 F.R. 11669, 81 Stat. 948, abolished as of

noon Jan. 2, 1975, by Pub. L. 93–198, title VII, §711, Dec.

24, 1973, 87 Stat. 818, and replaced by office of Mayor of

District of Columbia by section 421 of Pub. L. 93–198.

§ 1910. Designations of replacement depositories;

limitations on numbers; conditions

The designation of a library to replace a depository library, other than a depository library

specifically designated by law, may be made

only within the limitations on total numbers

specified by section 1905 of this title, and only

when the library to be replaced ceases to exist,

or when the library voluntarily relinquishes its

depository status, or when the Superintendent

of Documents determines that it no longer fulfills the conditions provided by law for depository libraries.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §84 (June 23, 1913, ch.

3, §5, 38 Stat. 75; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87–579, §4, 76 Stat.

353).

§ 1911. Free use of Government publications in

depositories; disposal of unwanted publications

Depository libraries shall make Government

publications available for the free use of the

general public, and may dispose of them after

retention for five years under section 1912 of this

title, if the depository library is served by a regional depository library. Depository libraries

not served by a regional depository library, or

that are regional depository libraries themselves, shall retain Government publications

permanently in either printed form or in microfacsimile form, except superseded publications

or those issued later in bound form which may

be discarded as authorized by the Superintendent of Documents.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §92 (part) (Jan. 12,

1895, ch. 23, §74, 28 Stat. 620; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title

VII, §11, 49 Stat. 1552; Aug. 9, 1962, Pub. L. 87–579, §8, 76

Stat. 355).

The first sentence of section 92, is classified to section 1119; the remainder comprises this section of the

revision.

§ 1912. Regional depositories; designation; functions; disposal of publications

Not more than two depository libraries in each

State and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

may be designated as regional depositories, and

shall receive from the Superintendent of Documents copies of all new and revised Government

publications authorized for distribution to depository libraries. Designation of regional depository libraries may be made by a Senator or

the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico

within the areas served by them, after approval

by the head of the library authority of the State

or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as the

case may be, who shall first ascertain from the
Page 65 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 1916

head of the library to be so designated that the

library will, in addition to fulfilling the requirements for depository libraries, retain at least

one copy of all Government publications either

in printed or microfacsimile form (except those

authorized to be discarded by the Superintendent of Documents); and within the region served

will provide interlibrary loan, reference service,

and assistance for depository libraries in the

disposal of unwanted Government publications.

The agreement to function as a regional depository library shall be transmitted to the Superintendent of Documents by the Senator or the

Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico when

the designation is made.

The libraries designated as regional depositories may permit depository libraries, within

the areas served by them, to dispose of Government publications which they have retained for

five years after first offering them to other depository libraries within their area, then to

other libraries.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §84a (Pub. L. 87–579,

§9, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 355.)

§ 1913. Appropriations for supplying depository

libraries; restriction

Appropriations available for the Office of Superintendent of Documents may not be used to

supply depository libraries documents, books, or

other printed matter not requested by them, and

their requests shall be subject to approval by

the Superintendent of Documents.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §85a (June 27, 1956, ch.

453, §101, 70 Stat. 369).

§ 1914. Implementation of depository library program by Director of the Government Publishing Office

The Director of the Government Publishing

Office, with the approval of the Joint Committee on Printing, as provided by section 103 of

this title, may use any measures he considers

necessary for the economical and practical implementation of this chapter.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1287; Pub.

L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c), Dec. 16, 2014,

128 Stat. 2537.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §81c (Pub. L. 87–579,

§10, Aug. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 356).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in

section catchline and text.

§ 1915. Highest State appellate court libraries as

depository libraries

Upon the request of the highest appellate

court of a State, the Director of the Government

Publishing Office is authorized to designate the

library of that court as a depository library. The

provisions of section 1911 of this title shall not

apply to any library so designated.

(Added Pub. L. 92–368, §1(a), Aug. 10, 1972, 86

Stat. 507; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title

I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 1916. Designation of libraries of accredited law

schools as depository libraries

(a) Upon the request of any accredited law

school, the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall designate the library of such law

school as a depository library. The Director of

the Government Publishing Office may not

make such designation unless he determines

that the library involved meets the requirements of this chapter, other than those requirements of the first undesignated paragraph of

section 1909 of this title which relate to the location of such library.

(b) For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘accredited law school’’ means any law school

which is accredited by a nationally recognized

accrediting agency or association approved by

the Commissioner of Education for such purpose

or accredited by the highest appellate court of

the State in which the law school is located.

(Added Pub. L. 95–261, §1, Apr. 17, 1978, 92 Stat.

199; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I,

§1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ in two places.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Pub. L. 95–261, §3, Apr. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 199, provided

that: ‘‘The amendments made by this Act [enacting

this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1978.’’

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Functions of Commissioner of Education transferred

to Secretary of Education pursuant to section 3441(a)(1)

of Title 20, Education.

CHAPTER 21—NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND

RECORDS ADMINISTRATION

Sec.

2101. Definitions.

2102. Establishment.

2103. Officers.

2104. Administrative provisions.

2105. Personnel and services.

2106. Reports to Congress.

2107. Acceptance of records for historical preservation.

2108. Responsibility for custody, use, and withdrawal of records.

2109. Preservation, arrangement, duplication, exhibition of records.

2110. Servicing records.

2111. Material accepted for deposit.

2112. Presidential archival depository.

2113. Depository for agreements between States.

2114. Preservation of audio and visual records.

2115. Reports; correction of violations.

2116. Legal status of reproductions; official seal;

fees for copies and reproductions.

2117. Limitation on liability.
§ 2101 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 66

Sec.

2118. Records of Congress.

2119. Cooperative agreements.

2120. Online access of founding fathers documents.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187, §3(c)(2), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat.

2008, substituted ‘‘Preservation of audio and visual

records’’ for ‘‘Preservation of motion-picture films,

still pictures, and sound recordings’’ in item 2114.

2008—Pub. L. 110–404, §4(c), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4283,

added item 2120.

2004—Pub. L. 108–383, §5(b), Oct. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2219,

added item 2119.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §102(c)(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98

Stat. 2282, amended analysis generally, substituting

‘‘National Archives and Records’’ in chapter heading,

adding items 2102 to 2106 and redesignating former

items 2103 to 2114 as 2107 to 2118, respectively.

§ 2101. Definitions

As used in this chapter—

(1) ‘‘Presidential archival depository’’ means

an institution operated by the United States

to house and preserve the papers and books of

a President or former President of the United

States, together with other historical materials belonging to a President or former President of the United States, or related to his papers or to the events of his official or personal

life, and may include research facilities and

museum facilities in accordance with this

chapter;

(2) ‘‘historical materials’’ including books,

correspondence, documents, papers, pamphlets, works of art, models, pictures, photographs, plats, maps, films, motion pictures,

sound recordings, and other objects or materials having historical or commemorative

value;

(3) ‘‘Archivist’’ means the Archivist of the

United States appointed under section 2103 of

this title; and

(4) ‘‘Administration’’ means the National

Archives and Records Administration established under section 2102 of this title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1287; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §102(b), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2282; Pub. L. 99–323, §2, May 27, 1986, 100 Stat.

495.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §397(j) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583, and amended July 12, 1962, ch. 703,

§1(o), (p), 66 Stat. 594; July 12, 1955, ch. 329, 69 Stat. 297;

Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 859, 69 Stat. 695; July 3, 1956, ch. 513,

§4, 70 Stat. 494; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85–51, 71 Stat. 69;

Mar. 15, 1958, Pub. L. 85–341, §1(1), 72 Stat. 34).

AMENDMENTS

1986—Par. (1). Pub. L. 99–323 inserted ‘‘, and may include research facilities and museum facilities in accordance with this chapter’’ after ‘‘or personal life’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘this chapter’’ for

‘‘sections 2103–2113 of this title’’, designated two existing paragraphs as pars. (1) and (2), respectively, and

added pars. (3) and (4).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2102. Establishment

There shall be an independent establishment

in the executive branch of the Government to be

known as the National Archives and Records Administration. The Administration shall be administered under the supervision and direction

of the Archivist.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1287; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §101, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2280.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §391(a) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title I, §104, 63 Stat. 381).

This section incorporates only the last sentence of

paragraph (a) of former section 391. The balance of that

section will be found in sections 1506, 2301, 2501, and 2902

of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted provisions directing

that there shall be an independent establishment in the

executive branch of the Government to be known as the

National Archives and Records Administration and

that the Administration shall be administered under

the supervision and direction of the Archivist for provisions which had formerly directed only that the Administrator of General Services appoint the Archivist of

the United States.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 98–497, title III, §301, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2295, provided that: ‘‘The provisions of this Act [enacting sections 2103 to 2106 of this title and provisions set

out as notes under this section and section 101 of this

title, redesignating existing sections 2103 to 2114 as sections 2107 to 2118 of this title, amending this section,

sections 710, 711, 729, 1501 to 1503, 1506, 1714, 2101, 2107 to

2118, 2204, 2205, 2301 to 2305, 2307, 2501, 2504, 2506, 2901 to

2909, 3102 to 3106, 3302 to 3303a, 3308, 3310, 3311, 3504, and

3513 of this title, provisions set out as a note under section 2111 of this title, sections 106a, 106b, 112, 113, and

201 of Title 1, General Provisions, sections 6 and 11 to

13 of Title 3, The President, sections 141 to 145 of Title

4, Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States,

sections 552a and 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 199a of Title 25, Indians,

and repealing section 2507 of this title] (including the

amendments made by this Act) shall be effective on

April 1, 1985.’’

SAVINGS PROVISION

Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §105, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2284,

provided that:

‘‘(a) All orders, determinations, rules, regulations,

grants, contracts, agreements, permits, licenses, privileges, and other actions which have been issued, granted, made, undertaken, or entered into in the performance of any function transferred by this Act [Pub. L.

98–497] or the amendments made by this Act shall continue in effect according to their terms until modified,

terminated, superseded, set aside, or revoked in accordance with law by any authorized official, a court of

competent jurisdiction, or by operation of law.

‘‘(b)(1) The transfer of functions by this Act [Pub. L.

98–497] and by the amendments made by this Act shall

not affect any proceedings, including notices of proposed rulemaking, or any application for any license,

permit, certificate, or financial assistance pending on

the effective date of this Act [Apr. 1, 1985] before the

General Services Administration; but such proceedings

and applications, to the extent that they relate to the

functions so transferred, shall be continued. Orders

shall be issued in such proceedings, appeals shall be

taken therefrom, and payments shall be made pursuant

to such orders, as if this Act had not been enacted; and

orders issued in any such proceedings shall continue in

effect until modified, terminated, superseded, or re-
Page 67 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2102

voked by the Archivist, by a court of competent jurisdiction, or by operation of law. Nothing in this subsection shall be deemed to prohibit the discontinuance

or modification of any such proceeding under the same

terms and conditions and to the same extent that such

proceeding could have been discontinued or modified if

this Act had not been enacted.

‘‘(2) The Archivist is authorized to promulgate regulations providing for the orderly transfer of proceedings

continued under paragraph (1) from the General Services Administration to the Administration.

‘‘(c) Except as provided in subsection (e)—

‘‘(1) the provisions of this Act [Pub. L. 98–497] and

of the amendments made by this Act shall not affect

actions commenced prior to the effective date of this

Act [Apr. 1, 1985], and

‘‘(2) in all such actions, proceedings shall be had,

appeals taken, and judgments rendered in the same

manner and effect as if this Act had not been enacted.

‘‘(d) No action or other proceeding lawfully commenced by or against any officer of the United States

acting in the official capacity of such officer shall

abate by reason of any transfer of functions by this Act

[Pub. L. 98–497] or by an amendment made by this Act.

No cause of action by or against the General Services

Administration or by or against any officer thereof in

the official capacity of such officer shall abate by reason of any such transfer of functions.

‘‘(e) If, before the date on which this Act takes effect

[Apr. 1, 1985], the General Services Administration or

any officer thereof in the official capacity of such officer, is a party to an action, and under this Act [Pub. L.

98–497] or the amendments made by this Act any function in connection with such action is transferred to

the Archivist or any other official of the Administration, then such action shall be continued with the Archivist or other appropriate official of the Administration substituted or added as a party.

‘‘(f) Orders and actions of the Archivist in the exercise of functions transferred by this Act [Pub. L. 98–497]

or by amendments made by this Act shall be subject to

judicial review to the same extent and in the same

manner as if such orders and actions had been by the

individual holding the office of Archivist of the United

States on the day before the effective date of this Act

[Apr. 1, 1985] or the Administrator of General Services

in the exercise of such functions immediately preceding

their transfer. Any statutory requirements relating to

notice, hearings, action upon the record, or administrative review that apply to any function transferred by

this Act or by any amendment made by this Act shall

apply to the exercise of such function by the Archivist.’’

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS, PERSONNEL, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, CONTRACTS, PROPERTY, RECORDS, AND UNEXPENDED BALANCES, ETC.

Sections 103, 104 of Pub. L. 98–497 provided that:

‘‘SEC. 103. (a) The National Archives and Records

Service of the General Services Administration is

transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration.

‘‘(b)(1) All functions which were assigned to the Administrator of General Services by section 6 of Executive Order No. 10530 of May 11 [May 10], 1954 (19 Fed.

Reg. 2709 [set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3,

The President]; relating to documents and the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register), and by

Executive Order Nunbered [sic] 11440 of December 11,

1968 (33 Fed. Reg. 18475 [set out as a note under section

2109 of this title]; relating to supplemental use of Federal exhibits and displays), shall be exercised by the Archivist of the United States.

‘‘(2) All functions pertaining to the maintenance, operation, and protection of a Presidential archival depository which were assigned to the Administrator of

General Services by the Act of September 6, 1965 (Public Law 89–169, 79 Stat. 648) [set out as a note under section 2112 of this title], relating to the Lyndon Baines

Johnson Presidential Archival Depository, and by the

Act of August 27, 1966 (Public Law 89–547, 80 Stat. 370)

[set out as a note under section 2112 of this title] and

the Act of May 26, 1977 (Public Law 95–34, 91 Stat. 174),

relating to the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library, shall

be exercised by the Archivist of the United States.

‘‘(c) In the exercise of the functions transferred by

this Act [Pub. L. 98–497] and the amendments made by

this Act, the Archivist shall have the same authority

as had the Administrator of General Services prior to

the transfer of such functions, and the actions of the

Archivist shall have the same force and effect as when

exercised by such Administrator.

‘‘(d) Prior to the appointment and confirmation of an

individual to serve as Archivist of the United States

under section 2103 of title 44, United States Code, the

individual holding the office of Archivist of the United

States on the day before the effective date of this Act

[Apr. 1, 1985] may serve as Archivist under such section,

and while so serving shall be compensated at the rate

provided under subsection (b) of such section.

‘‘SEC. 104. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Act

[Pub. L. 98–497], the personnel employed in connection

with, and the assets, liabilities, contracts, property,

records, and unexpended balances of appropriations, authorizations, allocations, and other funds employed,

held, used, arising from, available to or to be made

available in connection with the functions and agencies

transferred by this Act and the amendments made by

this Act, subject to section 1531 of title 31, United

States Code, are transferred to the Archivist for appropriate allocation. Pursuant to the preceding sentence,

there shall be transferred to the Archivist for appropriate allocation (1) for the remainder of fiscal year

1985, an amount equal to not less than $2,760,000 (adjusted to reflect actual salaries and benefits of transferred employees and other costs) from the unexpended

balances of the fiscal year 1985 funds and appropriations available to the General Services Administration,

and (2) 115.5 full-time equivalent employee positions, of

which not less than 30 percent shall be vacant. Unexpended funds transferred pursuant to this subsection

shall be used only for the purposes for which the funds

were originally authorized and appropriated.

‘‘(b) The transfer pursuant to this title [title I

(§§101–108) of Pub. L. 98–497] of full-time personnel (except special Government employees) and part-time personnel holding permanent positions shall not cause any

such employees to be separated or reduced in grade or

compensation for one year after such transfer or after

the effective date of this Act [Apr. 1, 1985], whichever

is later.’’

ANNUAL CAPITAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR FUNDING OF

REPAIRS AND RESTORATION

Pub. L. 111–8, div. D, title V, Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat.

668, provided that: ‘‘Hereafter, the National Archives

and Records Administration shall include in its annual

budget submission a comprehensive capital needs assessment for funding provided under the ‘Repairs and

Restoration’ appropriations account to be updated

yearly: Provided, That funds proposed under the ‘Repairs and Restoration’ appropriations account for each

fiscal year shall be allocated to projects on a priority

basis established under a comprehensive capital needs

assessment.’’

ESTABLISHMENT OF POSITIONS OF DIRECTOR OF THE

CENTER FOR LEGISLATIVE ARCHIVES AND SPECIALIST

IN CONGRESSIONAL HISTORY

Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, §1(a)–(c), Nov. 5, 1990, 104

Stat. 1416, 1417, as amended by Pub. L. 103–329, title V,

§541, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2415, provided that:

‘‘(a)(1) The Director of the Center for Legislative Archives within the National Archives and Records Administration shall be established without regard to

chapter 51 of title 5 and shall be paid at a rate determined without regard to the provisions of chapter 51

and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5 governing

General Schedule classification and pay rates: Provided,
§ 2103 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 68

That such pay shall be no less than 120 percent of the

rate of pay for GS–15, step 1 of the General Schedule

nor more than the rate of pay in effect for level one of

the Senior Executive Schedule.

‘‘(2) There is established within the Center for Legislative Archives within the National Archives and

Records Administration the position of Specialist in

Congressional History.

‘‘(b) There shall be made available from funds appropriated in each fiscal year to the National Archives and

Records Administration, $20,000 for the administrative

expenses of the Advisory Committee on the Records of

Congress established under section 2701 of title 44,

United States Code.

‘‘(c) There are authorized to be appropriated such

sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of

subsections (a) and (b) of this section.’’

REFERENCES IN OTHER LAWS

Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §106, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2285,

provided that: ‘‘With respect to any functions transferred by this Act [Pub. L. 98–497] or by an amendment

made by this Act and exercised after the effective date

of this Act [Apr. 1, 1985], reference in any other Federal

law to the office of the Archivist of the United States

as in existence on the date before the effective date of

this Act, or the National Archives and Records Service

of the General Services Administration, or any office

or officer thereof, shall be deemed to refer to the Archivist or the Administration.’’

SPENDING AUTHORITY

Pub. L. 98–497, title III, §302, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2295, provided that: ‘‘Any new spending authority

(within the meaning of section 401 of the Congressional

Budget Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 651]) which is provided

under this Act shall be effective for any fiscal year only

to the extent or in such amounts as provided in appropriations Acts.’’

DEFINITIONS

Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §108, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2292,

provided that: ‘‘For purposes of sections 103 through 106

[set out as notes above]—

‘‘(1) the term ‘Archivist’ means the Archivist of the

United States appointed under section 2103 of title 44,

United States Code, as added by section 102(a)(2) of

this Act;

‘‘(2) the term ‘Administration’ means the National

Archives and Records Administration established

under section 2102 of such title (as amended by section 101 of this Act); and

‘‘(3) the term ‘function’ includes any duty, obligation, power, authority, responsibility, right, privilege, activity, or program.’’

§ 2103. Officers

(a) The Archivist of the United States shall be

appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Archivist

shall be appointed without regard to political affiliations and solely on the basis of the professional qualifications required to perform the duties and responsibilities of the office of Archivist. The Archivist may be removed from office

by the President. The President shall communicate the reasons for any such removal to each

House of the Congress.

(b) The Archivist shall be compensated at the

rate provided for level III of the Executive

Schedule under section 5314 of title 5.

(c) There shall be in the Administration a Deputy Archivist of the United States, who shall be

appointed by and who shall serve at the pleasure

of the Archivist. The Deputy Archivist shall be

established as a career reserved position in the

Senior Executive Service within the meaning of

section 3132(a)(8) of title 5. The Deputy Archivist

shall perform such functions as the Archivist

shall designate. During any absence or disability

of the Archivist, the Deputy Archivist shall act

as Archivist. In the event of a vacancy in the office of the Archivist, the Deputy Archivist shall

act as Archivist until an Archivist is appointed

under subsection (a).

(Added Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §102(a)(2), Oct. 19,

1984, 98 Stat. 2280.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2103 was renumbered section 2107 of

this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub.

L. 98–497, set out as an Effective Date of 1984 Amendment note under section 2102 of this title.

§ 2104. Administrative provisions

(a) The Archivist shall prescribe such regulations as the Archivist deems necessary to effectuate the functions of the Archivist, and the

head of each executive agency shall cause to be

issued such orders and directives as such agency

head deems necessary to carry out such regulations.

(b) Except as otherwise expressly provided by

law, the Archivist may delegate any of the functions of the Archivist to such officers and employees of the Administration as the Archivist

may designate, and may authorize such successive redelegations of such functions as the Archivist may deem to be necessary or appropriate. A delegation of functions by the Archivist shall not relieve the Archivist of responsibility for the administration of such functions.

(c) The Archivist may organize the Administration as the Archivist finds necessary or appropriate.

(d) The Archivist is authorized to establish,

maintain, alter, or discontinue such regional,

local, or other field offices as the Archivist finds

necessary or appropriate to perform the functions of the Archivist or the Administration.

(e) The Archivist shall cause a seal of office to

be made for the Administration of such design

as the Archivist shall approve. Judicial notice

shall be taken of such seal.

(f) The Archivist may establish advisory committees to provide advice with respect to any

function of the Archivist or the Administration.

Members of any such committee shall serve

without compensation but shall be entitled to

transportation expenses and per diem in lieu of

subsistence in accordance with section 5703 of

title 5.

(g) The Archivist shall advise and consult with

interested Federal agencies with a view to obtaining their advice and assistance in carrying

out the purposes of this chapter.

(h) If authorized by the Archivist, officers and

employees of the Administration having investigatory functions are empowered, while engaged in the performance of their duties in conducting investigations, to administer oaths.

(Added Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §102(a)(2), Oct. 19,

1984, 98 Stat. 2281.)
Page 69 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2107

1See References in Text note below.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2104 was renumbered section 2108 of

this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub.

L. 98–497, set out as an Effective Date of 1984 Amendment note under section 2102 of this title.

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS FUNCTIONS

For assignment of certain emergency preparedness

functions to Archivist of United States, see Parts 1, 2,

and 20 of Ex. Ord. No. 12656, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47491,

set out as a note under section 5195 of Title 42, The

Public Health and Welfare.

§ 2105. Personnel and services

(a)(1) The Archivist is authorized to select, appoint, employ, and fix the compensation of such

officers and employees, pursuant to part III of

title 5, as are necessary to perform the functions

of the Archivist and the Administration.

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Archivist is authorized to appoint, subject to the consultation requirements set forth in paragraph

(f)(2) of section 2203 of this title,1 a director at

each Presidential archival depository established under section 2112 of this title. The Archivist may appoint a director without regard to

subchapter I and subchapter VIII of chapter 33 of

title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service and the Senior

Executive Service. A director so appointed shall

be responsible for the care and preservation of

the Presidential records and historical materials

deposited in a Presidential archival depository,

shall serve at the pleasure of the Archivist and

shall perform such other functions as the Archivist may specify.

(b) The Archivist is authorized to obtain the

services of experts and consultants under section 3109 of title 5.

(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of section

973 of title 10 or any other provision of law, the

Archivist, in carrying out the functions of the

Archivist or the Administration, is authorized

to utilize in the Administration the services of

officials, officers, and other personnel in other

Federal agencies, including personnel of the

armed services, with the consent of the head of

the agency concerned.

(d) Notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31,

United States Code, the Archivist is authorized

to accept and utilize voluntary and uncompensated services.

(Added Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §102(a)(2), Oct. 19,

1984, 98 Stat. 2281; amended Pub. L. 107–67, title

VI, §649, Nov. 12, 2001, 115 Stat. 556.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Paragraph (f)(2) of section 2203 of this title, referred

to in subsec. (a)(2), was redesignated (g)(2) of section

2203 of this title by Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(3), Nov. 26,

2014, 128 Stat. 2006.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2105 was renumbered section 2109 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

2001—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–67 amended subsec. (a)

generally, designating existing provisions as par. (1)

and adding par. (2).

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub.

L. 98–497, set out as an Effective Date of 1984 Amendment note under section 2102 of this title.

§ 2106. Reports to Congress

The Archivist shall submit to the Congress, in

January of each year and at such other times as

the Archivist finds appropriate, a report concerning the administration of functions of the

Archivist, the Administration, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission,

and the National Archives Trust Fund. Such report shall describe—

(1) program administration and expenditures

of funds, both appropriated and nonappropriated, by the Administration, the Commission,

and the Trust Fund Board;

(2) research projects and publications undertaken by Commission grantees, and by Trust

Fund grantees, including detailed information

concerning the receipt and use of all appropriated and nonappropriated funds;

(3) by account, the moneys, securities, and

other personal property received and held by

the National Archives Trust Fund Board, and

of its operations, including a listing of the

purposes for which funds are transferred to the

National Archives and Records Administration for expenditure to other Federal agencies;

and

(4) the matters specified in section 2904(c)(8)

of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §102(a)(2), Oct. 19,

1984, 98 Stat. 2282.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2106 was renumbered section 2110 of

this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub.

L. 98–497, set out as an Effective Date of 1984 Amendment note under section 2102 of this title.

TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions

in this section relating to the requirement that the Archivist submit a report to Congress in January of each

year, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set

out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and

Finance, and the last item on page 179 of House Document No. 103–7.

§ 2107. Acceptance of records for historical preservation

(a) IN GENERAL.—When it appears to the Archivist to be in the public interest, the Archivist

may—

(1) accept for deposit with the National Archives of the United States the records of a

Federal agency, the Congress, the Architect of

the Capitol, or the Supreme Court determined

by the Archivist to have sufficient historical

or other value to warrant their continued

preservation by the United States Government;
§ 2107 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 70

(2) direct and effect the transfer of records of

a Federal agency determined by the Archivist

to have sufficient historical or other value to

warrant their continued preservation by the

United States Government to the National Archives of the United States, as soon as practicable, and at a time mutually agreed upon

by the Archivist and the head of that Federal

agency not later than thirty years after such

records were created or received by that agency, unless the head of such agency has certified in writing to the Archivist that such

records must be retained in the custody of

such agency for use in the conduct of the regular business of the agency;

(3) direct and effect, with the approval of the

head of the originating Federal agency, or if

the existence of the agency has been terminated, with the approval of the head of that

agency’s successor in function, if any, the

transfer of records, deposited or approved for

deposit with the National Archives of the

United States to public or educational institutions or associations; title to the records to remain vested in the United States unless otherwise authorized by Congress; and

(4) transfer materials from private sources

authorized to be received by the Archivist by

section 2111 of this title.

(b) EARLY TRANSFER OF RECORDS.—The Archivist—

(1) in consultation with the head of the originating Federal agency, is authorized to accept a copy of the records described in subsection (a)(2) that have been in existence for

less than thirty years; and

(2) may not disclose any such records until

the expiration of—

(A) the thirty-year period described in

paragraph (1);

(B) any longer period established by the

Archivist by order; or

(C) any shorter period agreed to by the

originating Federal agency.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1287, §2103;

Pub. L. 94–575, §4(a), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2727;

Pub. L. 95–416, §1(a), Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 915; renumbered §2107 and amended Pub. L. 98–497, title

I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2280,

2285; Pub. L. 113–187, §3(a), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat.

2007.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §397(a) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583; and amended July 12, 1952, ch. 703,

§1(o), (p), 66 Stat. 594; July 12, 1955, ch. 329, 69 Stat. 297;

Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 859, 69 Stat. 695; July 3, 1956, ch. 513,

§4, 70 Stat. 494; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85–51, 71 Stat. 69).

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2107 was renumbered section 2111 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment, section provided for the acceptance of

records by and transfer of records to the National Archives for historical preservation.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(1), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ in provisions preceding par. (1), substituted ‘‘, the Congress,

the Architect of the Capitol, or the Supreme Court’’ for

‘‘or of the Congress’’ in par. (1), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’

for ‘‘Administrator’’ in par. (2), and substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ and ‘‘section 2111’’ for ‘‘section 2107’’ in par. (4).

1978—Par. (2). Pub. L. 95–416 substituted ‘‘thirty

years’’ for ‘‘fifty years’’.

1976—Par. (4). Pub. L. 94–575 substituted reference to

section ‘‘2107’’ for ‘‘3106’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

SHORT TITLE OF 1994 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 103–345, §1, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat. 3128, provided

that: ‘‘This Act [amending provisions set out as a note

below] may be cited as the ‘President John F. Kennedy

Assassination Records Collection Extension Act of

1994’.’’

NATIONAL DATABASE FOR RECORDS OF SERVITUDE,

EMANCIPATION, AND POST–CIVIL WAR RECONSTRUCTION

Pub. L. 110–404, §7, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4285, provided that:

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Archivist of the United States

may preserve relevant records and establish, as part of

the National Archives and Records Administration, an

electronically searchable national database consisting

of historic records of servitude, emancipation, and

post-Civil War reconstruction, including the Refugees,

Freedman, and Abandoned Land Records, Southern

Claims Commission Records, Records of the Freedmen’s Bank, Slave Impressments Records, Slave Payroll Records, Slave Manifest, and others, contained

within the agencies and departments of the Federal

Government to assist African Americans and others in

conducting genealogical and historical research.

‘‘(b) MAINTENANCE.—Any database established under

this section shall be maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration or an entity within

the National Archives and Records Administration designated by the Archivist of the United States.’’

PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS

COLLECTION

Pub. L. 102–526, Oct. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 3443, as amended by Pub. L. 103–345, §§2–5, Oct. 6, 1994, 108 Stat.

3128–3130; Pub. L. 105–25, §1, July 3, 1997, 111 Stat. 240;

Pub. L. 109–313, §2(c)(1), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1735, provided that:

‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘President John F.

Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992’.

‘‘SEC. 2. FINDINGS, DECLARATIONS, AND PURPOSES.

‘‘(a) FINDINGS AND DECLARATIONS.—The Congress

finds and declares that—

‘‘(1) all Government records related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy should be preserved for historical and governmental purposes;

‘‘(2) all Government records concerning the assassination of President John F. Kennedy should carry a

presumption of immediate disclosure, and all records

should be eventually disclosed to enable the public to

become fully informed about the history surrounding

the assassination;

‘‘(3) legislation is necessary to create an enforceable, independent, and accountable process for the

public disclosure of such records;

‘‘(4) legislation is necessary because congressional

records related to the assassination of President John

F. Kennedy would not otherwise be subject to public

disclosure until at least the year 2029;

‘‘(5) legislation is necessary because the Freedom of

Information Act [5 U.S.C. 552], as implemented by the

executive branch, has prevented the timely public
Page 71 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2107

disclosure of records relating to the assassination of

President John F. Kennedy;

‘‘(6) legislation is necessary because [former] Executive Order No. 12356, entitled ‘National Security Information’ has eliminated the declassification and

downgrading schedules relating to classified information across government and has prevented the timely

public disclosure of records relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy; and

‘‘(7) most of the records related to the assassination

of President John F. Kennedy are almost 30 years old,

and only in the rarest cases is there any legitimate

need for continued protection of such records.

‘‘(b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act are—

‘‘(1) to provide for the creation of the President

John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection at

the National Archives and Records Administration;

and

‘‘(2) to require the expeditious public transmission

to the Archivist and public disclosure of such records.

‘‘SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

‘‘In this Act:

‘‘(1) ‘Archivist’ means the Archivist of the United

States.

‘‘(2) ‘Assassination record’ means a record that is

related to the assassination of President John F.

Kennedy, that was created or made available for use

by, obtained by, or otherwise came into the possession of—

‘‘(A) the Commission to Investigate the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (the ‘Warren

Commission’);

‘‘(B) the Commission on Central Intelligence

Agency Activities Within the United States (the

‘Rockefeller Commission’);

‘‘(C) the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence

Activities (the ‘Church Committee’);

‘‘(D) the Select Committee on Intelligence (the

‘Pike Committee’) of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(E) the Select Committee on Assassinations (the

‘House Assassinations Committee’) of the House of

Representatives;

‘‘(F) the Library of Congress;

‘‘(G) the National Archives and Records Administration;

‘‘(H) any Presidential library;

‘‘(I) any Executive agency;

‘‘(J) any independent agency;

‘‘(K) any other office of the Federal Government;

and

‘‘(L) any State or local law enforcement office

that provided support or assistance or performed

work in connection with a Federal inquiry into the

assassination of President John F. Kennedy,

but does not include the autopsy records donated by

the Kennedy family to the National Archives pursuant to a deed of gift regulating access to those

records, or copies and reproductions made from such

records.

‘‘(3) ‘Collection’ means the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection established

under section 4.

‘‘(4) ‘Executive agency’ means an Executive agency

as defined in subsection 552(f) of title 5, United States

Code, and includes any Executive department, military department, Government corporation, Government controlled corporation, or other establishment

in the executive branch of the Government, including

the Executive Office of the President, or any independent regulatory agency.

‘‘(5) ‘Government office’ means any office of the

Federal Government that has possession or control of

assassination records, including—

‘‘(A) the House Committee on Administration

with regard to the Select Committee on Assassinations of the records of the House of Representatives;

‘‘(B) the Select Committee on Intelligence of the

Senate with regard to records of the Senate Select

Committee to Study Governmental Operations with

Respect to Intelligence Activities and other assassination records;

‘‘(C) the Library of Congress;

‘‘(D) the National Archives as custodian of assassination records that it has obtained or possesses,

including the Commission to Investigate the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the

Commission on Central Intelligence Agency Activities in the United States; and

‘‘(E) any other executive branch office or agency,

and any independent agency.

‘‘(6) ‘Identification aid’ means the written description prepared for each record as required in section 4.

‘‘(7) ‘National Archives’ means the National Archives and Records Administration and all components thereof, including Presidential archival depositories established under section 2112 of title 44,

United States Code.

‘‘(8) ‘Official investigation’ means the reviews of

the assassination of President John F. Kennedy conducted by any Presidential commission, any authorized congressional committee, and any Government

agency either independently, at the request of any

Presidential commission or congressional committee,

or at the request of any Government official.

‘‘(9) ‘Originating body’ means the Executive agency, government commission, congressional committee, or other governmental entity that created a

record or particular information within a record.

‘‘(10) ‘Public interest’ means the compelling interest in the prompt public disclosure of assassination

records for historical and governmental purposes and

for the purpose of fully informing the American people about the history surrounding the assassination

of President John F. Kennedy.

‘‘(11) ‘Record’ includes a book, paper, map, photograph, sound or video recording, machine readable

material, computerized, digitized, or electronic information, regardless of the medium on which it is

stored, or other documentary material, regardless of

its physical form or characteristics.

‘‘(12) ‘Review Board’ means the Assassination

Records Review Board established by section 7.

‘‘(13) ‘Third agency’ means a Government agency

that originated an assassination record that is in the

possession of another agency.

‘‘SEC. 4. PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS COLLECTION AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—(1) Not later than 60 days after the

date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26, 1992], the National Archives and Records Administration shall commence establishment of a collection of records to be

known as the President John F. Kennedy Assassination

Records Collection. In so doing, the Archivist shall ensure the physical integrity and original provenance of

all records. The Collection shall consist of record copies of all Government records relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, which shall be

transmitted to the National Archives in accordance

with section 2107 of title 44, United States Code. The

Archivist shall prepare and publish a subject guidebook

and index to the collection.

‘‘(2) The Collection shall include—

‘‘(A) all assassination records—

‘‘(i) that have been transmitted to the National

Archives or disclosed to the public in an unredacted

form prior to the date of enactment of this Act;

‘‘(ii) that are required to be transmitted to the

National Archives; or

‘‘(iii) the disclosure of which is postponed under

this Act;

‘‘(B) a central directory comprised of identification

aids created for each record transmitted to the Archivist under section 5; and

‘‘(C) all Review Board records as required by this

Act.
§ 2107 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 72

‘‘(b) DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS.—All assassination

records transmitted to the National Archives for disclosure to the public shall be included in the Collection

and shall be available to the public for inspection and

copying at the National Archives within 30 days after

their transmission to the National Archives.

‘‘(c) FEES FOR COPYING.—The Archivist shall—

‘‘(1) charge fees for copying assassination records;

and

‘‘(2) grant waivers of such fees pursuant to the

standards established by section 552(a)(4) of title 5,

United States Code.

‘‘(d) ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS.—(1) The Collection

shall be preserved, protected, archived, and made available to the public at the National Archives using appropriations authorized, specified, and restricted for use

under the terms of this Act.

‘‘(2) The National Archives, in consultation with the

Information Security Oversight Office, shall ensure the

security of the postponed assassination records in the

Collection.

‘‘(e) OVERSIGHT.—The Committee on Government Operations [now Committee on Oversight and Government

Reform] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on

Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the

Senate shall have continuing oversight jurisdiction

with respect to the Collection.

‘‘SEC. 5. REVIEW, IDENTIFICATION, TRANSMISSION

TO THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES, AND PUBLIC

DISCLOSURE OF ASSASSINATION RECORDS BY

GOVERNMENT OFFICES.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—(1) As soon as practicable after the

date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26, 1992], each Government office shall identify and organize its records

relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and prepare them for transmission to the Archivist for inclusion in the Collection.

‘‘(2) No assassination record shall be destroyed, altered, or mutilated in any way.

‘‘(3) No assassination record made available or disclosed to the public prior to the date of enactment of

this Act may be withheld, redacted, postponed for public disclosure, or reclassified.

‘‘(4) No assassination record created by a person or

entity outside government (excluding names or identities consistent with the requirements of section 6) shall

be withheld, redacted, postponed for public disclosure,

or reclassified.

‘‘(b) CUSTODY OF ASSASSINATION RECORDS PENDING REVIEW.—During the review by Government offices and

pending review activity by the Review Board, each

Government office shall retain custody of its assassination records for purposes of preservation, security, and

efficiency, unless—

‘‘(1) the Review Board requires the physical transfer of records for purposes of conducting an independent and impartial review;

‘‘(2) transfer is necessary for an administrative

hearing or other Review Board function; or

‘‘(3) it is a third agency record described in subsection (c)(2)(C).

‘‘(c) REVIEW.—(1) Not later than 300 days after the

date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26, 1992], each Government office shall review, identify and organize each

assassination record in its custody or possession for

disclosure to the public, review by the Review Board,

and transmission to the Archivist.

‘‘(2) In carrying out paragraph (1), a Government office shall—

‘‘(A) determine which of its records are assassination records;

‘‘(B) determine which of its assassination records

have been officially disclosed or publicly available in

a complete and unredacted form;

‘‘(C)(i) determine which of its assassination records,

or particular information contained in such a record,

was created by a third agency or by another Government office; and

‘‘(ii) transmit to a third agency or other Government office those records, or particular information

contained in those records, or complete and accurate

copies thereof;

‘‘(D)(i) determine whether its assassination records

or particular information in assassination records are

covered by the standards for postponement of public

disclosure under this Act; and

‘‘(ii) specify on the identification aid required by

subsection (d) the applicable postponement provision

contained in section 6;

‘‘(E) organize and make available to the Review

Board all assassination records identified under subparagraph (D) the public disclosure of which in whole

or in part may be postponed under this Act;

‘‘(F) organize and make available to the Review

Board any record concerning which the office has any

uncertainty as to whether the record is an assassination record governed by this Act;

‘‘(G) give priority to—

‘‘(i) the identification, review, and transmission

of all assassination records publicly available or

disclosed as of the date of enactment of this Act in

a redacted or edited form; and

‘‘(ii) the identification, review, and transmission,

under the standards for postponement set forth in

this Act, of assassination records that on the date

of enactment of this Act are the subject of litigation under section 552 of title 5, United States Code;

and

‘‘(H) make available to the Review Board any additional information and records that the Review Board

has reason to believe it requires for conducting a review under this Act.

‘‘(3) The Director of each archival depository established under section 2112 of title 44, United States Code,

shall have as a priority the expedited review for public

disclosure of assassination records in the possession

and custody of the depository, and shall make such

records available to the Review Board as required by

this Act.

‘‘(d) IDENTIFICATION AIDS.—(1)(A) Not later than 45

days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26,

1992], the Archivist, in consultation with the appropriate Government offices, shall prepare and make

available to all Government offices a standard form of

identification or finding aid for use with each assassination record subject to review under this Act.

‘‘(B) The Archivist shall ensure that the identification aid program is established in such a manner as to

result in the creation of a uniform system of electronic

records by Government offices that are compatible

with each other.

‘‘(2) Upon completion of an identification aid, a Government office shall—

‘‘(A) attach a printed copy to the record it describes;

‘‘(B) transmit to the Review Board a printed copy;

and

‘‘(C) attach a printed copy to each assassination

record it describes when it is transmitted to the Archivist.

‘‘(3) Assassination records which are in the possession

of the National Archives on the date of enactment of

this Act, and which have been publicly available in

their entirety without redaction, shall be made available in the Collection without any additional review by

the Review Board or another authorized office under

this Act, and shall not be required to have such an

identification aid unless required by the Archivist.

‘‘(e) TRANSMISSION TO THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES.—Each

Government office shall—

‘‘(1) transmit to the Archivist, and make immediately available to the public, all assassination

records that can be publicly disclosed, including

those that are publicly available on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26, 1992], without any redaction, adjustment, or withholding under the standards

of this Act; and

‘‘(2) transmit to the Archivist upon approval for

postponement by the Review Board or upon comple-
Page 73 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2107

tion of other action authorized by this Act, all assassination records the public disclosure of which has

been postponed, in whole or in part, under the standards of this Act, to become part of the protected Collection.

‘‘(f) CUSTODY OF POSTPONED ASSASSINATION

RECORDS.—An assassination record the public disclosure of which has been postponed shall, pending transmission to the Archivist, be held for reasons of security

and preservation by the originating body until such

time as the information security program has been established at the National Archives as required in section 4(e)(2).

‘‘(g) PERIODIC REVIEW OF POSTPONED ASSASSINATION

RECORDS.—(1) All postponed or redacted records shall

be reviewed periodically by the originating agency and

the Archivist consistent with the recommendations of

the Review Board under section 9(c)(3)(B).

‘‘(2)(A) A periodic review shall address the public disclosure of additional assassination records in the Collection under the standards of this Act.

‘‘(B) All postponed assassination records determined

to require continued postponement shall require an unclassified written description of the reason for such

continued postponement. Such description shall be provided to the Archivist and published in the Federal

Register upon determination.

‘‘(C) The periodic review of postponed assassination

records shall serve to downgrade and declassify security classified information.

‘‘(D) Each assassination record shall be publicly disclosed in full, and available in the Collection no later

than the date that is 25 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26, 1992], unless the President

certifies, as required by this Act, that—

‘‘(i) continued postponement is made necessary by

an identifiable harm to the military defense, intelligence operations, law enforcement, or conduct of

foreign relations; and

‘‘(ii) the identifiable harm is of such gravity that it

outweighs the public interest in disclosure.

‘‘(h) FEES FOR COPYING.—Executive branch agencies

shall—

‘‘(1) charge fees for copying assassination records;

and

‘‘(2) grant waivers of such fees pursuant to the

standards established by section 552(a)(4) of title 5,

United States Code.

‘‘SEC. 6. GROUNDS FOR POSTPONEMENT OF PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS.

‘‘Disclosure of assassination records or particular information in assassination records to the public may be

postponed subject to the limitations of this Act if there

is clear and convincing evidence that—

‘‘(1) the threat to the military defense, intelligence

operations, or conduct of foreign relations of the

United States posed by the public disclosure of the

assassination record is of such gravity that it outweighs the public interest, and such public disclosure

would reveal—

‘‘(A) an intelligence agent whose identity currently requires protection;

‘‘(B) an intelligence source or method which is

currently utilized, or reasonably expected to be utilized, by the United States Government and which

has not been officially disclosed, the disclosure of

which would interfere with the conduct of intelligence activities; or

‘‘(C) any other matter currently relating to the

military defense, intelligence operations or conduct

of foreign relations of the United States, the disclosure of which would demonstrably impair the national security of the United States;

‘‘(2) the public disclosure of the assassination

record would reveal the name or identity of a living

person who provided confidential information to the

United States and would pose a substantial risk of

harm to that person;

‘‘(3) the public disclosure of the assassination

record could reasonably be expected to constitute an

unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, and that

invasion of privacy is so substantial that it outweighs the public interest;

‘‘(4) the public disclosure of the assassination

record would compromise the existence of an understanding of confidentiality currently requiring protection between a Government agent and a cooperating individual or a foreign government, and public

disclosure would be so harmful that it outweighs the

public interest; or

‘‘(5) the public disclosure of the assassination

record would reveal a security or protective procedure currently utilized, or reasonably expected to be

utilized, by the Secret Service or another Government agency responsible for protecting Government

officials, and public disclosure would be so harmful

that it outweighs the public interest.

‘‘SEC. 7. ESTABLISHMENT AND POWERS OF THE

ASSASSINATION RECORDS REVIEW BOARD.

‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established as an independent agency a board to be known as the Assassinations Records Review Board.

‘‘(b) APPOINTMENT.—(1) The President, by and with

the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint,

without regard to political affiliation, 5 citizens to

serve as members of the Review Board to ensure and facilitate the review, transmission to the Archivist, and

public disclosure of Government records related to the

assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

‘‘(2) The President shall make nominations to the Review Board not later than 90 calendar days after the

date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26, 1992].

‘‘(3) If the Senate votes not to confirm a nomination

to the Review Board, the President shall make an additional nomination not later than 30 days thereafter.

‘‘(4)(A) The President shall make nominations to the

Review Board after considering persons recommended

by the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, the Society of American

Archivists, and the American Bar Association.

‘‘(B) If an organization described in subparagraph (A)

does not recommend at least 2 nominees meeting the

qualifications stated in paragraph (5) by the date that

is 45 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the

President shall consider for nomination the persons

recommended by the other organizations described in

subparagraph (A).

‘‘(C) The President may request an organization described in subparagraph (A) to submit additional nominations.

‘‘(5) Persons nominated to the Review Board—

‘‘(A) shall be impartial private citizens, none of

whom is presently employed by any branch of the

Government, and none of whom shall have had any

previous involvement with any official investigation

or inquiry conducted by a Federal, State, or local

government, relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy;

‘‘(B) shall be distinguished persons of high national

professional reputation in their respective fields who

are capable of exercising the independent and objective judgment necessary to the fulfillment of their

role in ensuring and facilitating the review, transmission to the public, and public disclosure of records

related to the assassination of President John F.

Kennedy and who possess an appreciation of the value

of such material to the public, scholars, and government; and

‘‘(C) shall include at least 1 professional historian

and 1 attorney.

‘‘(c) SECURITY CLEARANCES.—(1) All Review Board

nominees shall be granted the necessary security clearances in an accelerated manner subject to the standard

procedures for granting such clearances.

‘‘(2) All nominees shall qualify for the necessary security clearance prior to being considered for confirmation by the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now

Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental

Affairs] of the Senate.
§ 2107 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 74

‘‘(d) CONFIRMATION HEARINGS.—(1) The Committee on

Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland

Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate shall

hold confirmation hearings within 30 days in which the

Senate is in session after the nomination of 3 Review

Board members.

‘‘(2) The Committee on Governmental Affairs shall

vote on the nominations within 14 days in which the

Senate is in session after the confirmation hearings,

and shall report its results to the full Senate immediately.

‘‘(3) The Senate shall vote on each nominee to confirm or reject within 14 days in which the Senate is in

session after reported by the Committee on Governmental Affairs.

‘‘(e) VACANCY.—A vacancy on the Review Board shall

be filled in the same manner as specified for original

appointment within 30 days of the occurrence of the vacancy.

‘‘(f) CHAIRPERSON.—The Members of the Review Board

shall elect one of its members as chairperson at its initial meeting.

‘‘(g) REMOVAL OF REVIEW BOARD MEMBER.—(1) No

member of the Review Board shall be removed from office, other than—

‘‘(A) by impeachment and conviction; or

‘‘(B) by the action of the President for inefficiency,

neglect of duty, malfeasance in office, physical disability, mental incapacity, or any other condition

that substantially impairs the performance of the

member’s duties.

‘‘(2)(A) If a member of the Review Board is removed

from office, and that removal is by the President, not

later than 10 days after the removal the President shall

submit to the Committee on Government Operations

[now Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]

of the House of Representatives and the Committee on

Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland

Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a report specifying the facts found and the grounds for the

removal.

‘‘(B) The President shall publish in the Federal Register a report submitted under paragraph (2)(A), except

that the President may, if necessary to protect the

rights of a person named in the report or to prevent

undue interference with any pending prosecution, postpone or refrain from publishing any or all of the report

until the completion of such pending cases or pursuant

to privacy protection requirements in law.

‘‘(3)(A) A member of the Review Board removed from

office may obtain judicial review of the removal in a

civil action commenced in the United States District

Court for the District of Columbia.

‘‘(B) The member may be reinstated or granted other

appropriate relief by order of the court.

‘‘(h) COMPENSATION OF MEMBERS.—(1) A member of

the Review Board shall be compensated at a rate equal

to the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay

prescribed for level IV of the Executive Schedule under

section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, for each day

(including travel time) during which the member is engaged in the performance of the duties of the Review

Board.

‘‘(2) A member of the Review Board shall be allowed

reasonable travel expenses, including per diem in lieu

of subsistence, at rates for employees of agencies under

subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States

Code, while away from the member’s home or regular

place of business in the performance of services for the

Review Board.

‘‘(i) DUTIES OF THE REVIEW BOARD.—(1) The Review

Board shall consider and render decisions on a determination by a Government office to seek to postpone

the disclosure of assassination records.

‘‘(2) In carrying out paragraph (1), the Review Board

shall consider and render decisions—

‘‘(A) whether a record constitutes an assassination

record; and

‘‘(B) whether an assassination record or particular

information in a record qualifies for postponement of

disclosure under this Act.

‘‘(j) POWERS.—(1) The Review Board shall have the authority to act in a manner prescribed under this Act including authority to—

‘‘(A) direct Government offices to complete identification aids and organize assassination records;

‘‘(B) direct Government offices to transmit to the

Archivist assassination records as required under this

Act, including segregable portions of assassination

records, and substitutes and summaries of assassination records that can be publicly disclosed to the fullest extent;

‘‘(C)(i) obtain access to assassination records that

have been identified and organized by a Government

office;

‘‘(ii) direct a Government office to make available

to the Review Board, and if necessary investigate the

facts surrounding, additional information, records, or

testimony from individuals, which the Review Board

has reason to believe is required to fulfill its functions and responsibilities under this Act; and

‘‘(iii) request the Attorney General to subpoena private persons to compel testimony, records, and other

information relevant to its responsibilities under this

Act;

‘‘(D) require any Government office to account in

writing for the destruction of any records relating to

the assassination of President John F. Kennedy;

‘‘(E) receive information from the public regarding

the identification and public disclosure of assassination records;

‘‘(F) hold hearings, administer oaths, and subpoena

witnesses and documents; and

‘‘(G) use the Federal Acquisition Service in the

same manner and under the same conditions as other

departments and agencies of the United States; and

‘‘(H) use the United States mails in the same manner and under the same conditions as other departments and agencies of the United States.

‘‘(2) A subpoena issued under paragraph (1)(C)(iii)

may be enforced by any appropriate Federal court acting pursuant to a lawful request of the Review Board.

‘‘(k) WITNESS IMMUNITY.—The Review Board shall be

considered to be an agency of the United States for purposes of section 6001 of title 18, United States Code.

‘‘(l) OVERSIGHT.—(1) The Committee on Government

Operations [now Committee on Oversight and Government Reform] of the House of Representatives and the

Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee

on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of

the Senate shall have continuing oversight jurisdiction

with respect to the official conduct of the Review

Board and the disposition of postponed records after

termination of the Review Board, and shall have access

to any records held or created by the Review Board.

‘‘(2) The Review Board shall have the duty to cooperate with the exercise of such oversight jurisdiction.

‘‘(m) SUPPORT SERVICES.—The Administrator of the

General Services Administration shall provide administrative services for the Review Board on a reimbursable

basis.

‘‘(n) INTERPRETIVE REGULATIONS.—The Review Board

may issue interpretive regulations.

‘‘(o) TERMINATION AND WINDING UP.—(1) The Review

Board and the terms of its members shall terminate

not later than September 30, 1998.

‘‘(2) Upon its termination, the Review Board shall

submit reports to the President and the Congress including a complete and accurate accounting of expenditures during its existence, and shall complete all other

reporting requirements under this Act.

‘‘(3) Upon termination and winding up, the Review

Board shall transfer all of its records to the Archivist

for inclusion in the Collection, and no record of the Review Board shall be destroyed.

‘‘SEC. 8. ASSASSINATION RECORDS REVIEW BOARD

PERSONNEL.

‘‘(a) EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR.—(1) Not later than 45 days

after the initial meeting of the Review Board, the Review Board shall appoint one citizen, without regard to
Page 75 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2107

political affiliation, to the position of Executive Director.

‘‘(2) The person appointed as Executive Director shall

be a private citizen of integrity and impartiality who is

a distinguished professional and who is not a present

employee of any branch of the Government and has had

no previous involvement with any official investigation

or inquiry relating to the assassination of President

John F. Kennedy.

‘‘(3)(A) A candidate for Executive Director shall be

granted the necessary security clearances in an accelerated manner subject to the standard procedures for

granting such clearances.

‘‘(B) A candidate shall qualify for the necessary security clearance prior to being approved by the Review

Board.

‘‘(4) The Executive Director shall—

‘‘(A) serve as principal liaison to Government offices;

‘‘(B) be responsible for the administration and coordination of the Review Board’s review of records;

‘‘(C) be responsible for the administration of all official activities conducted by the Review Board; and

‘‘(D) have no authority to decide or determine

whether any record should be disclosed to the public

or postponed for disclosure.

‘‘(5) The Executive Director shall not be removed for

reasons other than by a majority vote of the Review

Board for cause on the grounds of inefficiency, neglect

of duty, malfeasance in office, physical disability, mental incapacity, or any other condition that substantially impairs the performance of the responsibilities of

the Executive Director or the staff of the Review

Board.

‘‘(b) STAFF.—(1) The Review Board, without regard to

the civil service laws, may appoint and terminate additional personnel as are necessary to enable the Review

Board and its Executive Director to perform the duties

of the Review Board.

‘‘(2)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a person appointed to the staff of the Review Board shall be

a private citizen of integrity and impartiality who is

not a present employee of any branch of the Government and who has had no previous involvement with

any official investigation or inquiry relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

‘‘(B) An individual who is an employee of the Government may be appointed to the staff of the Review

Board if in that position the individual will perform

only administrative functions.

‘‘(3)(A) A candidate for staff shall be granted the necessary security clearances in an accelerated manner

subject to the standard procedures for granting such

clearances.

‘‘(B)(i) The Review Board may offer conditional employment to a candidate for a staff position pending the

completion of security clearance background investigations. During the pendency of such investigations, the

Review Board shall ensure that any such employee does

not have access to, or responsibility involving, classified or otherwise restricted assassination record materials.

‘‘(ii) If a person hired on a conditional basis under

clause (i) is denied or otherwise does not qualify for all

security clearances necessary to carry out the responsibilities of the position for which conditional employment has been offered, the Review Board shall immediately terminate the person’s employment.

‘‘(c) COMPENSATION.—Subject to such rules as may be

adopted by the Review Board, the chairperson, without

regard to the provisions of title 5, United States Code,

governing appointments in the competitive service and

without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of that title relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates, may—

‘‘(1) appoint an Executive Director, who shall be

paid at a rate not to exceed the rate of basic pay for

level V of the Executive Schedule; and

‘‘(2) appoint and fix compensation of such other personnel as may be necessary to carry out this Act.

‘‘(d) ADVISORY COMMITTEES.—(1) The Review Board

shall have the authority to create advisory committees

to assist in fulfilling the responsibilities of the Review

Board under this Act.

‘‘(2) Any advisory committee created by the Review

Board shall be subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.).

‘‘(e) SECURITY CLEARANCE REQUIRED.—An individual

employed in any position by the Review Board (including an individual appointed as Executive Director)

shall be required to qualify for any necessary security

clearance prior to taking office in that position, but

may be employed conditionally in accordance with subsection (b)(3)(B) before qualifying for that clearance.

‘‘SEC. 9. REVIEW OF RECORDS BY THE ASSASSINATION RECORDS REVIEW BOARD.

‘‘(a) CUSTODY OF RECORDS REVIEWED BY BOARD.—

Pending the outcome of the Review Board’s review activity, a Government office shall retain custody of its

assassination records for purposes of preservation, security, and efficiency, unless—

‘‘(1) the Review Board requires the physical transfer of records for reasons of conducting an independent and impartial review; or

‘‘(2) such transfer is necessary for an administrative hearing or other official Review Board function.

‘‘(b) STARTUP REQUIREMENTS.—The Review Board

shall—

‘‘(1) not later than 90 days after the date of its appointment, publish a schedule for review of all assassination records in the Federal Register; and

‘‘(2) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 26, 1992], begin its review of assassination records under this Act.

‘‘(c) DETERMINATIONS OF THE REVIEW BOARD.—(1) The

Review Board shall direct that all assassination records

be transmitted to the Archivist and disclosed to the

public in the Collection in the absence of clear and convincing evidence that—

‘‘(A) a Government record is not an assassination

record; or

‘‘(B) a Government record or particular information

within an assassination record qualifies for postponement of public disclosure under this Act.

‘‘(2) In approving postponement of public disclosure

of an assassination record, the Review Board shall seek

to—

‘‘(A) provide for the disclosure of segregable parts,

substitutes, or summaries of such a record; and

‘‘(B) determine, in consultation with the originating body and consistent with the standards for postponement under this Act, which of the following alternative forms of disclosure shall be made by the

originating body:

‘‘(i) Any reasonably segregable particular information in an assassination record.

‘‘(ii) A substitute record for that information

which is postponed.

‘‘(iii) A summary of an assassination record.

‘‘(3) With respect to each assassination record or particular information in assassination records the public

disclosure of which is postponed pursuant to section 6,

or for which only substitutions or summaries have been

disclosed to the public, the Review Board shall create

and transmit to the Archivist a report containing—

‘‘(A) a description of actions by the Review Board,

the originating body, the President, or any Government office (including a justification of any such action to postpone disclosure of any record or part of

any record) and of any official proceedings conducted

by the Review Board with regard to specific assassination records; and

‘‘(B) a statement, based on a review of the proceedings and in conformity with the decisions reflected

therein, designating a recommended specified time at

which or a specified occurrence following which the

material may be appropriately disclosed to the public

under this Act.

‘‘(4)(A) Following its review and a determination that

an assassination record shall be publicly disclosed in
§ 2107 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 76

the Collection or postponed for disclosure and held in

the protected Collection, the Review Board shall notify

the head of the originating body of its determination

and publish a copy of the determination in the Federal

Register within 14 days after the determination is

made.

‘‘(B) Contemporaneous notice shall be made to the

President for Review Board determinations regarding

executive branch assassination records, and to the

oversight committees designated in this Act in the case

of legislative branch records. Such notice shall contain

a written unclassified justification for public disclosure

or postponement of disclosure, including an explanation of the application of any standards contained in

section 6.

‘‘(d) PRESIDENTIAL AUTHORITY OVER REVIEW BOARD

DETERMINATION.—

‘‘(1) PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OR POSTPONEMENT OF DISCLOSURE.—After the Review Board has made a formal

determination concerning the public disclosure or

postponement of disclosure of an executive branch assassination record or information within such a

record, or of any information contained in an assassination record, obtained or developed solely within

the executive branch, the President shall have the

sole and nondelegable authority to require the disclosure or postponement of such record or information

under the standards set forth in section 6, and the

President shall provide the Review Board with an unclassified written certification specifying the President’s decision within 30 days after the Review

Board’s determination and notice to the executive

branch agency as required under this Act, stating the

justification for the President’s decision, including

the applicable grounds for postponement under section 6, accompanied by a copy of the identification

aid required under section 4.

‘‘(2) PERIODIC REVIEW.—Any executive branch assassination record postponed by the President shall be

subject to the requirements of periodic review, downgrading and declassification of classified information,

and public disclosure in the collection set forth in

section 4.

‘‘(3) RECORD OF PRESIDENTIAL POSTPONEMENT.—The

Review Board shall, upon its receipt, publish in the

Federal Register a copy of any unclassified written

certification, statement, and other materials transmitted by or on behalf of the President with regard

to postponement of assassination records.

‘‘(e) NOTICE TO PUBLIC.—Every 30 calendar days, beginning on the date that is 60 calendar days after the

date on which the Review Board first approves the

postponement of disclosure of an assassination record,

the Review Board shall publish in the Federal Register

a notice that summarizes the postponements approved

by the Review Board or initiated by the President, the

House of Representatives, or the Senate, including a

description of the subject, originating agency, length

or other physical description, and each ground for postponement that is relied upon.

‘‘(f) REPORTS BY THE REVIEW BOARD.—(1) The Review

Board shall report its activities to the leadership of the

Congress, the Committee on Government Operations

[now Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]

of the House of Representatives, the Committee on

Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland

Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate, the

President, the Archivist, and the head of any Government office whose records have been the subject of Review Board activity.

‘‘(2) The first report shall be issued on the date that

is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct.

26, 1992], and subsequent reports every 12 months thereafter until termination of the Review Board.

‘‘(3) A report under paragraph (1) shall include the

following information:

‘‘(A) A financial report of the expenses for all official activities and requirements of the Review Board

and its personnel.

‘‘(B) The progress made on review, transmission to

the Archivist, and public disclosure of assassination

records.

‘‘(C) The estimated time and volume of assassination records involved in the completion of the Review

Board’s performance under this Act.

‘‘(D) Any special problems, including requests and

the level of cooperation of Government offices, with

regard to the ability of the Review Board to operate

as required by this Act.

‘‘(E) A record of review activities, including a

record of postponement decisions by the Review

Board or other related actions authorized by this Act,

and a record of the volume of records reviewed and

postponed.

‘‘(F) Suggestions and requests to Congress for additional legislative authority needs.

‘‘(G) An appendix containing copies of reports of

postponed records to the Archivist required under

section 9(c)(3) made since the date of the preceding

report under this subsection.

‘‘(4) At least 90 calendar days before completing its

work, the Review Board shall provide written notice to

the President and Congress of its intention to terminate its operations at a specified date.

‘‘SEC. 10. DISCLOSURE OF OTHER MATERIALS AND

ADDITIONAL STUDY.

‘‘(a) MATERIALS UNDER SEAL OF COURT.—

‘‘(1) The Review Board may request the Attorney

General to petition any court in the United States or

abroad to release any information relevant to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy that is held

under seal of the court.

‘‘(2)(A) The Review Board may request the Attorney General to petition any court in the United

States to release any information relevant to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy that is held

under the injunction of secrecy of a grand jury.

‘‘(B) A request for disclosure of assassination materials under this Act shall be deemed to constitute a

showing of particularized need under Rule 6 of the

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure [18 U.S.C. App.].

‘‘(b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of the Congress that—

‘‘(1) the Attorney General should assist the Review

Board in good faith to unseal any records that the

Review Board determines to be relevant and held

under seal by a court or under the injunction of secrecy of a grand jury;

‘‘(2) the Secretary of State should contact the Government of the Republic of Russia and seek the disclosure of all records of the government of the former

Soviet Union, including the records of the Komitet

Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB) and the

Glaynoye Razvedyvatelnoye Upravleniye (GRU), relevant to the assassination of President Kennedy, and

contact any other foreign government that may hold

information relevant to the assassination of President Kennedy and seek disclosure of such information; and

‘‘(3) all Executive agencies should cooperate in full

with the Review Board to seek the disclosure of all

information relevant to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy consistent with the public interest.

‘‘SEC. 11. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.

‘‘(a) PRECEDENCE OVER OTHER LAW.—When this Act

requires transmission of a record to the Archivist or

public disclosure, it shall take precedence over any

other law (except section 6103 of the Internal Revenue

Code [26 U.S.C. 6103]), judicial decision construing such

law, or common law doctrine that would otherwise prohibit such transmission or disclosure, with the exception of deeds governing access to or transfer or release

of gifts and donations of records to the United States

Government.

‘‘(b) FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT.—Nothing in this

Act shall be construed to eliminate or limit any right

to file requests with any executive agency or seek judicial review of the decisions pursuant to section 552 of

title 5, United States Code.

‘‘(c) JUDICIAL REVIEW.—Nothing in this Act shall be

construed to preclude judicial review, under chapter 7
Page 77 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2108

1So in original.

of title 5, United States Code, of final actions taken or

required to be taken under this Act.

‘‘(d) EXISTING AUTHORITY.—Nothing in this Act revokes or limits the existing authority of the President,

any executive agency, the Senate, or the House of Representatives, or any other entity of the Government to

publicly disclose records in its possession.

‘‘(e) RULES OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.—To the extent that any provision of this Act

establishes a procedure to be followed in the Senate or

the House of Representatives, such provision is adopted—

‘‘(1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the

Senate and House of Representatives, respectively,

and is deemed to be part of the rules of each House,

respectively, but applicable only with respect to the

procedure to be followed in that House, and it supersedes other rules only to the extent that it is inconsistent with such rules; and

‘‘(2) with full recognition of the constitutional

right of either House to change the rules (so far as

they relate to the procedure of that House) at any

time, in the same manner, and to the same extent as

in the case of any other rule of that House.

‘‘SEC. 12. TERMINATION OF EFFECT OF ACT.

‘‘(a) PROVISIONS PERTAINING TO THE REVIEW BOARD.—

The provisions of this Act that pertain to the appointment and operation of the Review Board shall cease to

be effective when the Review Board and the terms of its

members have terminated pursuant to section 7(o).

‘‘(b) OTHER PROVISIONS.—The remaining provisions of

this Act shall continue in effect until such time as the

Archivist certifies to the President and the Congress

that all assassination records have been made available

to the public in accordance with this Act.

‘‘SEC. 13. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the provisions of this Act $1,600,000

for fiscal year 1998.

‘‘(b) INTERIM FUNDING.—Until such time as funds are

appropriated pursuant to subsection (a), the President

may use such sums as are available for discretionary

use to carry out this Act.

‘‘SEC. 14. SEVERABILITY.

‘‘If any provision of this Act or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of this Act and the application of that provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other

circumstances shall not be affected by the invalidation.’’

[For transfer of the functions, personnel, assets, and

obligations of the United States Secret Service, including the functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security,

and for treatment of related references, see sections

381, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security,

and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as

a note under section 542 of Title 6.]

CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION

For provisions authorizing Archivist to review, downgrade, and declassify information of former Presidents

under control of Archivist pursuant to this section, see

Ex. Ord. No. 13526, §3.5(b), Dec. 29, 2009, 75 F.R. 718, set

out as a note under section 3161 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

§ 2108. Responsibility for custody, use, and withdrawal of records

(a) The Archivist shall be responsible for the

custody, use, and withdrawal of records transferred to him. When records, the use of which is

subject to statutory limitations and restrictions, are so transferred, permissive and restrictive statutory provisions with respect to the examination and use of records applicable to the

head of the agency from which the records were

transferred or to employees of that agency are

applicable to the Archivist and to the employees

of the National Archives and Records Administration, respectively. Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, when the head of a

Federal agency states, in writing, restrictions

that appear to him to be necessary or desirable

in the public interest with respect to the use or

examination of records being considered for

transfer from his custody to the Archivist, the

Archivist shall, if he concurs,,1 impose such restrictions on the records so transferred, and may

not relax or remove such restrictions without

the written concurrence of the head of the agency from which the material was transferred, or

of his successor in function, if any. In the event

that a Federal agency is terminated and there is

no successor in function, the Archivist is authorized to relax, remove, or impose restrictions

on such agency’s records when he determines

that such action is in the public interest. Statutory and other restrictions referred to in this

subsection shall remain in force until the

records have been in existence for thirty years

unless the Archivist by order, having consulted

with the head of the transferring Federal agency

or his successor in function, determines, with

respect to specific bodies of records, that for

reasons consistent with standards established in

relevant statutory law, such restrictions shall

remain in force for a longer period. Restriction

on the use or examination of records deposited

with the National Archives of the United States

imposed by section 3 of the National Archives

Act, approved June 19, 1934, shall continue in

force regardless of the expiration of the tenure

of office of the official who imposed them but

may be removed or relaxed by the Archivist

with the concurrence in writing of the head of

the agency from which material was transferred

or of his successor in function, if any.

(b) With regard to the census and survey records of the Bureau of the Census containing data

identifying individuals enumerated in population censuses, any release pursuant to this

section of such identifying information contained in such records shall be made by the Archivist pursuant to the specifications and agreements set forth in the exchange of correspondence on or about the date of October 10, 1952, between the Director of the Bureau of the Census

and the Archivist of the United States, together

with all amendments thereto, now or hereafter

entered into between the Director of the Bureau

of the Census and the Archivist of the United

States. Such amendments, if any, shall be published in the Register.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1288, §2104;

Pub. L. 95–416, §1(b), Oct. 5, 1978, 92 Stat. 915; renumbered §2108 and amended Pub. L. 98–497, title

I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(2), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2280,

2285.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §397(b) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).
§ 2109 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 78

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 3 of the National Archives Act, approved

June 19, 1934, referred to in subsec. (a), was classified to

section 300c of former Title 44, Public Printing and

Documents, and was repealed by act June 30, 1949, ch.

288, title VI, §602(a)(32), renumbered and added Sept. 5,

1950, ch. 849, §7(d), 64 Stat. 590.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2108 was renumbered section 2112 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(2), substituted ‘‘the Archivist and to the employees of the National Archives and Records Administration’’ for ‘‘the

Administrator, the Archivist of the United States, and

to the employees of the General Services Administration’’, struck out ‘‘and in consultation with the Archivist of the United States’’ before ‘‘impose such restrictions’’ in third sentence, struck out ‘‘the Archivist

and’’ after ‘‘having consulted with’’ in fifth sentence,

substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General

Services’’ wherever appearing, and substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(2)(D), substituted

‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

1978—Pub. L. 95–416 designated existing provisions as

subsec. (a), inserted provisions permitting the Administrator to relax, remove, or impose restrictions in the

public interest of records of agencies which have been

terminated and requiring the Administrator with regard to duration of restrictions to consult with the Archivist and the head of the transferring Federal agency

or his successor in function, and substituted ‘‘thirty

years’’ for ‘‘fifty years’’, and added subsec. (b).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

PROCEDURES TO PREVENT UNAUTHORIZED REMOVAL OF

CLASSIFIED RECORDS FROM NATIONAL ARCHIVES

Pub. L. 113–187, §6, Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2010, provided that:

‘‘(a) CLASSIFIED RECORDS.—Not later than 90 days

after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 26,

2014], the Archivist shall prescribe internal procedures

to prevent the unauthorized removal of classified

records from the National Archives and Records Administration or the destruction or damage of such

records, including when such records are accessed or

searched electronically. Such procedures shall include,

at a minimum, the following prohibitions:

‘‘(1) An individual, other than covered personnel,

may not view classified records in any room that is

not secure, except in the presence of National Archives and Records Administration personnel or

under video surveillance.

‘‘(2) An individual, other than covered personnel,

may not be left alone with classified records, unless

that individual is under video surveillance.

‘‘(3) An individual, other than covered personnel,

may not review classified records while possessing

any cellular phone, electronic personal communication device, or any other devices capable of photographing, recording, or transferring images or content.

‘‘(4) An individual seeking access to review classified records, as a precondition to such access, must

consent to a search of their belongings upon conclusion of their records review.

‘‘(5) All notes and other writings prepared by an individual, other than covered personnel, during the

course of a review of classified records shall be retained by the National Archives and Records Administration in a secure facility until such notes and

other writings are determined to be unclassified, are

declassified, or are securely transferred to another secure facility.

‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:

‘‘(1) COVERED PERSONNEL.—The term ‘covered personnel’ means any individual—

‘‘(A) who has an appropriate and necessary reason

for accessing classified records, as determined by

the Archivist; and

‘‘(B) who is either—

‘‘(i) an officer or employee of the United States

Government with appropriate security clearances; or

‘‘(ii) any personnel with appropriate security

clearances of a Federal contractor authorized in

writing to act for purposes of this section by an

officer or employee of the United States Government.

‘‘(2) RECORDS.—The term ‘records’ has the meaning

given that term under section 3301 of title 44, United

States Code.’’

§ 2109. Preservation, arrangement, duplication,

exhibition of records

The Archivist shall provide for the preservation, arrangement, repair and rehabilitation, duplication and reproduction (including microcopy

publications), description, and exhibition of

records or other documentary material transferred to him as may be needful or appropriate,

including the preparation and publication of inventories, indexes, catalogs, and other finding

aids or guides to facilitate their use. He may

also prepare guides and other finding aids to

Federal records and, when approved by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, publish such historical works and collections of sources as seem appropriate for

printing or otherwise recording at the public expense.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1288, §2105;

renumbered §2109 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(3), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2280, 2285.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §397(c) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583; July 12, 1952, ch. 703, §1(o), 66 Stat.

594).

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2109 was renumbered section 2113 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(3), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ and inserted ‘‘and Records’’ after ‘‘National Historical Publications’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

EX. ORD. NO. 11440. SUPPLEMENTAL USE OF EXHIBITS AND

DISPLAYS CREATED IN FURTHERANCE OF AUTHORIZED

PROGRAMS OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES

Ex. Ord. No. 11440, Dec. 11, 1968, 33 F.R. 18475, as

amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12608, Sept. 9, 1987, 52 F.R.

34617, provided:

WHEREAS the executive departments and agencies of

the Government, in discharging their various responsibilities, create a large volume of materials (including
Page 79 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2111

books, correspondence, documents, papers, pamphlets,

works of art, models, pictures, photographs, plats,

maps, films, motion pictures, sound recordings, and

other objects of historical or commemorative value)

which from time to time are incorporated into or reproduced for use in exhibits or other types of visual displays needed for use in carrying out their programs;

and

WHEREAS under Chapter 21 of Title 44, United

States Code, the Archivist of the United States is authorized to accept for deposit in the National Archives

of the United States the records of any Federal agency

or of the Congress of the United States that are determined by the Archivist to have sufficient historical or

other value to warrant their continued preservation by

the United States Government, as well as the papers

and other historical materials of any official or former

official of the Government, and to make provisions for

the exhibition of materials transferred to him; and.

WHEREAS many of the exhibits and displays so prepared, produced, or otherwise created by the executive

departments and agencies possess historical significance which warrants their preservation and exhibition

as part of the archival and cultural heritage of the

United States:

NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested

in me, as President of the United States, it is hereby

ordered as follows:

SECTION 1. The heads of all executive departments

and agencies are directed—

(a) when initiating plans for the preparation, production, or other creation of exhibits and displays in furtherance of their program missions, to confer with the

Archivist of the United States, or his designee, for the

purpose of assuring that any such exhibits or displays

which the Archivist finds appropriate for supplemental

exhibition as part of the archival and cultural heritage

of the United States are prepared, produced, or otherwise created in a manner which assures, to the maximum possible extent, their appropriateness, after they

have served their primary program purpose, for such

supplemental exhibition, and

(b) to transfer to the Archivist, without reimbursement, such exhibits or displays as he determines are

appropriate for such supplemental exhibition after they

have served their primary program purpose, subject to

such conditions requiring return to the department or

agency of all or any of the materials incorporated in

the exhibits or displays as may be mutually agreeable.

SEC. 2. The Archivist of the United States is directed

to—

(a) provide advice, counsel, and assistance to the

heads of executive departments and agencies in the

preparation, production, or other creation of exhibits

and displays which he finds will have future value for

exhibition as part of the archival and cultural heritage

of the United States; and

(b) accept any such exhibit or display when it has

served its primary program purpose and (1) arrange for

its supplemental exhibition as appropriate, (2) preserve

any such exhibit or display which possesses sufficient

historical or other value to warrant continued preservation, or (3) dispose of any such exhibit or display

when, in his judgment, the reasons for its continued

preservation or exhibition cease to exist, all subject to

the conditions agreed upon incident to transfer to the

Archivist of the United States of the exhibit or display.

§ 2110. Servicing records

The Archivist shall provide and maintain facilities he considers necessary or desirable for

servicing records in his custody that are not exempt from examination by statutory or other

restrictions.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1288, §2106;

renumbered §2110 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(4), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2280, 2286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §397(d) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2110 was renumbered section 2114 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(4), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2111. Material accepted for deposit

(a) IN GENERAL.—When the Archivist considers

it to be in the public interest the Archivist may

accept for deposit—

(1) the papers and other historical materials

of a President or former President of the

United States, or other official or former official of the Government, and other papers relating to and contemporary with a President

or former President of the United States, subject to restrictions agreeable to the Archivist

as to their use; and

(2) recorded information (as such term is defined in section 3301(a)(2) of this title) from

private sources that are appropriate for preservation by the Government as evidence of its

organization, functions, policies, decisions,

procedures, and transactions.

(b) EXCEPTION.—This section shall not apply in

the case of any Presidential records which are

subject to the provisions of chapter 22 of this

title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1288, §2107;

Pub. L. 95–591, §2(b)(2), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2528;

renumbered §2111 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(5), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2280, 2286; Pub. L. 113–187, §3(b), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2008.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code 1964 ed., §397(e) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583; July 12, 1952, ch. 703, §1(p), 66 Stat.

594; July 12, 1955, ch. 329, 69 Stat. 297; Aug. 12, 1955, ch.

859, 69 Stat. 695).

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2111 was renumbered section 2115 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 amended section generally, substituting subsecs. (a) and (b) for similar provisions contained in pars. (1) and (2) and concluding provisions.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(5), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ in provisions preceding par. (1), and substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for

‘‘Administrator’’ in par. (1).

1978—Pub. L. 95–591 inserted provision excluding Presidential records which are subject to provisions of

chapter 22 of this title from application of this section.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.
§ 2111 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 80

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–591 effective with respect

to Presidential records created during a term of office

of President beginning on or after Jan. 20, 1981, see section 3 of Pub. L. 95–591, set out as an Effective Date

note under section 2201 of this title.

PRESIDENTIAL RECORDINGS AND MATERIALS

PRESERVATION ACT

Pub. L. 93–526, title I, §§101–106, Dec. 19, 1974, 88 Stat.

1695–1698, as amended by Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(c),

Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2291; Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title

V, §543(a), Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 346, provided: ‘‘That

this Act [enacting this note, former sections 3315 to

3324 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under

former section 3315 of this title] may be cited as the

‘Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation

Act’.

‘‘TITLE I—PRESERVATION OF PRESIDENTIAL RECORDINGS

AND MATERIALS

‘‘DELIVERY AND RETENTION OF CERTAIN PRESIDENTIAL

MATERIALS

‘‘SEC. 101. (a) Notwithstanding any other law or any

agreement or understanding made pursuant to section

2111 of title 44, United States Code any Federal employee in possession shall deliver, and the Archivist of

the United States (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Archivist’) shall receive, obtain, or retain, complete possession and control of all original tape recordings of conversations which were recorded or caused to be recorded by any officer or employee of the Federal Government and which—

‘‘(1) involve former President Richard M. Nixon or

other individuals who, at the time of the conversation, were employed by the Federal Government;

‘‘(2) were recorded in the White House or in the office of the President in the Executive Office Buildings

located in Washington, District of Columbia; Camp

David, Maryland; Key Biscayne, Florida; or San

Clemente, California; and

‘‘(3) were recorded during the period beginning January 20, 1969, and ending August 9, 1974.

‘‘(b)(1) Notwithstanding any other law or any agreement or understanding made pursuant to section 2111 of

title 44, United States Code, the Archivist shall receive,

retain, or make reasonable efforts to obtain, complete

possession and control of all papers, documents, memorandums, transcripts, and other objects and materials

which constitute the Presidential historical materials

of Richard M. Nixon, covering the period beginning

January 20, 1969, and ending August 9, 1974.

‘‘(2) For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘historical materials’ has the meaning given it by section 2101

of title 44, United States Code.

‘‘AVAILABILITY OF CERTAIN PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS

‘‘SEC. 102. (a) None of the tape recordings or other

materials referred to in section 101 shall be destroyed,

except as hereafter may be provided by law.

‘‘(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this

title, any other law, or any agreement or understanding made pursuant to section 2111 of title 44, United

States Code, the tape recordings and other materials

referred to in section 101 shall, immediately upon the

date of enactment of this title, be made available, subject to any rights, defenses, or privileges which the

Federal Government or any person may invoke, for use

in any judicial proceeding or otherwise subject to court

subpena or other legal process. Any request by the Office of Watergate Special Prosecution Force, whether

by court subpena or other lawful process, for access to

such recordings or materials shall at all times have priority over any other request for such recordings or materials.

‘‘(c) Richard M. Nixon, or any person whom he may

designate in writing, shall at all times have access to

the tape recordings and other materials referred to in

section 101 for any purpose which is consistent with the

provisions of this title, subsequent and subject to the

regulations which the Archivist shall issue pursuant to

section 103.

‘‘(d) Any agency or department in the executive

branch of the Federal Government shall at all times

have access to the tape recordings and other materials

referred to in section 101 for lawful Government use,

subject to the regulations which the Archivist shall

issue pursuant to section 103.

‘‘REGULATIONS TO PROTECT CERTAIN TAPE RECORDINGS

AND OTHER MATERIALS

‘‘SEC. 103. The Archivist shall issue at the earliest

possible date such regulations as may be necessary to

assure the protection of the tape recordings and other

materials referred to in section 101 from loss or destruction, and to prevent access to such recordings and

materials by unauthorized persons. The Archivist may

transfer such recordings and materials to a Presidential archival depository in accordance with section

2112 of title 44, United States Code.

‘‘REGULATIONS RELATING TO PUBLIC ACCESS

‘‘SEC. 104. (a) The Archivist shall, within ninety days

after the date of enactment of this title [Dec. 19, 1974],

submit to each House of the Congress a report proposing and explaining regulations that would provide public access to the tape recordings and other materials referred to in section 101. Such regulations shall take

into account the following factors:

‘‘(1) the need to provide the public with the full

truth, at the earliest reasonable date, of the abuses of

governmental power popularly identified under the

generic term ‘Watergate’;

‘‘(2) the need to make such recordings and materials available for use in judicial proceedings;

‘‘(3) the need to prevent general access, except in

accordance with appropriate procedures established

for use in judicial proceedings to information relating to the Nation’s security;

‘‘(4) the need to protect every individual’s right to

a fair and impartial trial;

‘‘(5) the need to protect any party’s opportunity to

assert any legally or constitutionally based right or

privilege which would prevent or otherwise limit access to such recordings and materials;

‘‘(6) the need to provide public access to those materials which have general historical significance,

and which are not likely to be related to the need described in paragraph (1); and

‘‘(7) the need to give to Richard M. Nixon, or his

heirs, for his sole custody and use, tape recordings

and other materials which are not likely to be related

to the need described in paragraph (1) and are not

otherwise of general historical significance.

‘‘(b) The regulations proposed by the Archivist in the

report required by subsection (a) shall not take effect

until the expiration of the first period of 60 calendar

days of continuous session of the Congress after the

date of the submission of such regulations to each

House of the Congress. For the purposes of this subsection, continuity of session is broken only by an adjournment of Congress sine die, but the days on which

either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than three days to a day certain are excluded.

‘‘(c) The provisions of this title shall not apply, on

and after the date upon which regulations proposed by

the Administrator take effect under subsection (b), to

any tape recordings or other materials given to Richard M. Nixon, or his heirs, pursuant to subsection

(a)(7).

‘‘(d) The provisions of this title shall not in any way

affect the rights, limitations or exemptions applicable

under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. §552 et

seq.

‘‘JUDICIAL REVIEW

‘‘SEC. 105. (a) The United States District Court for the

District of Columbia shall have exclusive jurisdiction
Page 81 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2112

to hear challenges to the legal or constitutional validity of this title or of any regulation issued under the

authority granted by this title, and any action or proceeding involving the question of title, ownership, custody, possession, or control of any tape recording or

material referred to in section 101 or involving payment of any just compensation which may be due in

connection therewith. Any such challenge shall be

treated by the court as a matter requiring immediate

consideration and resolution, and such challenge shall

have priority on the docket of such court over other

cases.

‘‘(b) If, under the procedures established by subsection (a), a judicial decision is rendered that a particular provision of this title, or a particular regulation

issued under the authority granted by this title, is unconstitutional or otherwise invalid, such decision shall

not affect in any way the validity or enforcement of

any other provision of this title or any regulation issued under the authority granted by this title.

‘‘(c) If a final decision of such court holds that any

provision of this title has deprived an individual of private property without just compensation, then there

shall be paid out of the general fund of the Treasury of

the United States such amount or amounts as may be

adjudged just by that Court.

‘‘AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS

‘‘SEC. 106. There is authorized to be appropriated such

sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions

of this title.’’

[Pub. L. 108–199, div. F, title V, §543(b), Jan. 23, 2004,

118 Stat. 346, provided that: ‘‘Nothing in section 103 of

the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation

Act (Public Law 93–526; 44 U.S.C. 2111 note), as amended

by subsection (a), may be construed as affecting public

access to the recordings and materials referred to in

that section as provided in regulations promulgated

pursuant to section 104 of such Act.]’’

CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION

For provisions authorizing Archivist to review, downgrade, and declassify information of former Presidents

under control of Archivist pursuant to this section or

provisions set out as a note under this section, see Ex.

Ord. No. 13526, §3.5(b), Dec. 29, 2009, 75 F.R. 718, set out

as a note under section 3161 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

§ 2112. Presidential archival depository

(a)(1) When the Archivist considers it to be in

the public interest, the Archivist may—

(A)(i) accept, for and in the name of the

United States, land, a facility, and equipment

offered as a gift to the United States for the

purpose of creating a Presidential archival depository;

(ii) take title to the land, facility, and equipment on behalf of the United States; and

(iii) maintain, operate, and protect the land,

facility, and equipment as a Presidential archival depository and as part of the national

archives system;

(B)(i) make agreements, upon terms and conditions the Archivist considers proper, with a

State, political subdivision, university, institution of higher learning, institute, or foundation to use as a Presidential archival depository land, a facility, and equipment of the

State, subdivision, university, or other organization, to be made available by it without

transfer of title to the United States; and

(ii) maintain, operate, and protect the depository as a part of the national archives system; and

(C) accept, for and in the name of the United

States, gifts offered for the purpose of making

any physical or material change or addition to

a Presidential archival depository.

(2) The Archivist shall promulgate architectural and design standards applicable to Presidential archival depositories in order to ensure

that such depositories (A) preserve Presidential

records subject to chapter 22 of this title and papers and other historical materials accepted for

deposit under section 2111 of this title and (B)

contain adequate research facilities.

(3) Prior to accepting and taking title to any

land, facility, or equipment under subparagraph

(A) of paragraph (1), or prior to entering into

any agreement under subparagraph (B) of such

paragraph or any other agreement to accept or

establish a Presidential archival depository, the

Archivist shall submit a written report on the

proposed Presidential archival depository to the

President of the Senate and the Speaker of the

House of Representatives. The report shall include—

(A) a description of the land, facility, and

equipment offered as a gift or to be made

available without transfer of title;

(B) a statement specifying the estimated

total cost of the proposed depository and the

amount of the endowment for the depository

required pursuant to subsection (g) of this section;

(C) a statement of the terms of the proposed

agreement, if any;

(D) a general description of the types of papers, documents, or other historical materials

proposed to be deposited in the depository to

be created, and of the terms of the proposed

deposit;

(E) a statement of any additional improvements and equipment associated with the development and operation of the depository, an

estimate of the costs of such improvements

and equipment, and a statement as to the extent to which such costs will be incurred by

any Federal or State government agency;

(F) an estimate of the total annual cost to

the United States of maintaining, operating,

and protecting the depository; and

(G) a certification that such facility and

equipment (whether offered as a gift or made

available without transfer of title) comply

with standards promulgated by the Archivist

pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection.

(4) Prior to accepting any gift under subparagraph (C) of paragraph (1) for the purpose of

making any physical or material change or addition to a Presidential archival depository, or

prior to implementing any provision of law requiring the making of such a change or addition,

the Archivist shall submit a report in writing on

the proposed change or addition to the President

of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of

Representatives. The report shall include—

(A) a description of such gift;

(B) a statement specifying the estimated

total cost of the proposed physical or material

change or addition and the amount of the deposit in an endowment for the depository required pursuant to subsection (g) of this section in order to meet the cost of such change

or addition;

(C) a statement of the purpose of the proposed change or addition and a general de-
§ 2112 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 82

scription of any papers, documents, or historical materials proposed to be deposited in the

depository as a result of such change or addition;

(D) a statement of any additional improvements or equipment for the depository associated with such change or addition;

(E) an estimate of the increase in the total

annual cost to the United States of maintaining, operating, and protecting the depository

that will result from such change or addition;

and

(F) a certification that the depository, and

the equipment therein will, after such change

or addition, comply with the standards promulgated by the Archivist pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection.

(5) The Archivist may not—

(A) accept or take title to land, a facility, or

equipment under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) for the purpose of creating a Presidential archival depository;

(B) enter into any agreement under subparagraph (B) of such paragraph or any other

agreement to accept or establish a Presidential archival depository; or

(C) accept any gift under subparagraph (C) of

such paragraph for the purpose of making any

physical or material change to a Presidential

archival depository,

until the expiration of a period of 60 days of continuous session of Congress beginning on the

date on which the Archivist transmits the report required under paragraph (3) of this subsection with respect to such Presidential archival depository or the report required under paragraph (4) of this subsection with respect to such

change or addition, as the case may be.

(b) When the Archivist considers it to be in

the public interest, he may deposit in a Presidential archival depository papers, documents,

or other historical materials accepted under section 2111 of this title, or Federal records appropriate for preservation.

(c) When the Archivist considers it to be in the

public interest, he may exercise, with respect to

papers, documents, or other historical materials

deposited under this section, or otherwise, in a

Presidential archival depository, all the functions and responsibilities otherwise vested in

him pertaining to Federal records or other documentary materials in his custody or under his

control. The Archivist, in negotiating for the deposit of Presidential historical materials, shall

take steps to secure to the Government, as far

as possible, the right to have continuous and

permanent possession of the materials. Papers,

documents, or other historical materials accepted and deposited under section 2111 of this title

and this section are subject to restrictions as to

their availability and use stated in writing by

the donors or depositors, including the restriction that they shall be kept in a Presidential archival depository. The restrictions shall be respected for the period stated, or until revoked or

terminated by the donors or depositors or by

persons legally qualified to act on their behalf.

Subject to the restrictions, the Archivist may

dispose by sale, exchange, or otherwise, of papers, documents, or other materials which the

Archivist determines to have no permanent

value or historical interest or to be surplus to

the needs of a Presidential archival depository.

Only the first two sentences of this subsection

shall apply to Presidential records as defined in

section 2201(2) of this title.

(d) When the Archivist considers it to be in

the public interest, he may cooperate with and

assist a university, institution of higher learning, institute, foundation, or other organization

or qualified individual to further or to conduct

study or research in historical materials deposited in a Presidential archival depository.

(e) When the Archivist considers it to be in the

public interest, he may charge and collect reasonable fees for the privilege of visiting and

viewing exhibit rooms or museum space, or for

the occasional, non-official use of rooms and

spaces (and services related to such use), in a

Presidential archival depository.

(f) When the Archivist considers it to be in the

public interest, he may provide reasonable office

space in a Presidential archival depository for

the personal use of a former President of the

United States.

(g)(1) When the Archivist considers it to be in

the public interest, the Archivist may solicit

and accept gifts or bequests of money or other

property for the purpose of maintaining, operating, protecting, or improving a Presidential archival depository. The proceeds of gifts or bequests, together with the proceeds from fees or

from sales of historical materials, copies or reproductions, catalogs, or other items, having to

do with a Presidential archival depository, shall

be paid into an account in the National Archives

Trust Fund and shall be held, administered, and

expended for the benefit and in the interest of

the Presidential archival depository in connection with which they were received, and for the

same purposes and objects, including custodial

and administrative services for which appropriations for the maintenance, operation, protection, or improvement of Presidential archival

depositories might be expended.

(2) The Archivist shall provide for the establishment in such Trust Fund of separate endowments for the maintenance of the land, facility,

and equipment of each Presidential archival depository, to which shall be credited any gifts or

bequests received under paragraph (1) that are

offered for that purpose. Income to each such

endowment shall be available to cover the cost

of facility operations, but shall not be available

for the performance of archival functions under

this title.

(3) The Archivist shall not accept or take title

to any land, facility, or equipment under subparagraph (A) of subsection (a)(1), or enter into

any agreement to use any land, facility, or

equipment under subparagraph (B) of such subsection for the purpose of creating a Presidential archival depository, unless the Archivist

determines that there is available, by gift or bequest for deposit under paragraph (2) of this subsection in an endowment with respect to such

depository, an amount for the purpose of maintaining such land, facility, and equipment equal

to—

(A) the product of—
Page 83 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2112

(i) the total cost of acquiring or constructing such facility and of acquiring and installing such equipment, multiplied by

(ii) 20 percent; plus

(B)(i) if title to the land is to be vested in

the United States, the product of—

(I) the total cost of acquiring the land

upon which such facility is located, or such

other measure of the value of such land as is

mutually agreed upon by the Archivist and

the donor, multiplied by

(II) 20 percent; or

(ii) if title to the land is not to be vested in

the United States, the product of—

(I) the total cost to the donor of any improvements to the land upon which such facility is located (other than such facility

and equipment), multiplied by

(II) 20 percent; plus

(C) if the Presidential archival depository

will exceed 70,000 square feet in area, an

amount equal to the product of—

(i) the sum of—

(I) the total cost described in clause (i)

of subparagraph (A); plus

(II) the total cost described in subclause

(I) or (II) of subparagraph (B)(i), as the

case may be, multiplied by

(ii) the percentage obtained by dividing

the number of square feet by which such depository will exceed 70,000 square feet by

70,000.

(4) If a proposed physical or material change

or addition to a Presidential archival depository

would result in an increase in the costs of facility operations, the Archivist may not accept

any gift under subparagraph (C) of paragraph (1)

for the purpose of making such a change or addition, or may not implement any provision of law

requiring the making of such a change or addition, unless the Archivist determines that there

is available, by gift or bequest for deposit under

paragraph (2) of this subsection in an endowment with respect to such depository, an

amount for the purpose of maintaining the land,

facility, and equipment of such depository equal

to the difference between—

(A) the amount which, pursuant to paragraph (3) of this subsection, would have been

required to have been available for deposit in

such endowment with respect to such depository if such change or addition had been included in such depository on—

(i) the date on which the Archivist took

title to the land, facility, and equipment for

such depository under subparagraph (A) of

subsection (a)(1); or

(ii) the date on which the Archivist entered into an agreement for the creation of

such depository under subparagraph (B) of

such paragraph,

as the case may be; minus

(B) the amount which, pursuant to paragraph (3) of this subsection, was required to be

available for deposit in such endowment with

respect to such depository on the date the Archivist took such title or entered into such

agreement, as the case may be.

(5)(A) Notwithstanding paragraphs (3) and (4)

(to the extent that such paragraphs are inconsistent with this paragraph), this subsection

shall be administered in accordance with this

paragraph with respect to any Presidential archival depository created as a depository for the

papers, documents, and other historical materials and Presidential records pertaining to any

President who takes the oath of office as President for the first time on or after July 1, 2002.

(B) For purposes of subparagraphs (A)(ii),

(B)(i)(II), and (B)(ii)(II) of paragraph (3) the percentage of 60 percent shall apply instead of 20

percent.

(C)(i) In this subparagraph, the term ‘‘base endowment amount’’ means the amount of the endowment required under paragraph (3).

(ii)(I) The Archivist may give credits against

the base endowment amount if the Archivist determines that the proposed Presidential archival

depository will have construction features or

equipment that are expected to result in quantifiable long-term savings to the Government

with respect to the cost of facility operations.

(II) The features and equipment described

under subclause (I) shall comply with the standards promulgated by the Archivist under subsection (a)(2).

(III) The Archivist shall promulgate standards

to be used in calculating the dollar amount of

any credit to be given, and shall consult with all

donors of the endowment before giving any credits. The total dollar amount of credits given

under this paragraph may not exceed 20 percent

of the base endowment amount.

(D)(i) In calculating the additional endowment

amount required under paragraph (4), the Archivist shall take into account credits given under

subparagraph (C), and may also give credits

against the additional endowment amount required under paragraph (4), if the Archivist determines that construction features or equipment used in making or equipping the physical

or material change or addition are expected to

result in quantifiable long-term savings to the

Government with respect to the cost of facility

operations.

(ii) The features and equipment described

under clause (i) shall comply with the standards

promulgated by the Archivist under subsection

(a)(2).

(iii) The Archivist shall promulgate standards

to be used in calculating the dollar amount of

any credit to be given, and shall consult with all

donors of the endowment before giving any credits. The total dollar amount of credits given

under this paragraph may not exceed 20 percent

of the additional endowment amount required

under paragraph (4).

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1289, §2108;

Pub. L. 94–575, §4(a), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2727;

Pub. L. 95–591, §2(b)(3), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2528;

renumbered §2112 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(6), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2280, 2286; Pub. L. 99–323, §3, May 27, 1986, 100

Stat. 495; Pub. L. 108–7, div. J, title V, §513, Feb.

20, 2003, 117 Stat. 462; Pub. L. 108–383, §4(a), Oct.

30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2218; Pub. L. 110–404, §6(b), Oct.

13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4285.)
§ 2112 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 84

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §397(f) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583; and amended July 12, 1952, ch. 703,

§1(o), (p), 66 Stat. 594; July 12, 1955, ch. 329, 69 Stat. 297;

Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 859, 69 Stat. 695).

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2112 was renumbered section 2116 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

2008—Subsec. (g)(5)(B). Pub. L. 110–404 substituted

‘‘60’’ for ‘‘40’’.

2004—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–383 substituted ‘‘space,

or for the occasional, non-official use of rooms and

spaces (and services related to such use),’’ for ‘‘space’’.

2003—Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 108–7 added par. (5).

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–323, §3(a), amended subsec. (a) generally, revising and restating as pars. (1) to

(5) provisions of former undesignated pars. containing

similar subject matter.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99–323, §3(b), amended subsec. (g)

generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows: ‘‘When the Archivist considers it be in the public

interest, he may accept gifts or bequests of money or

other property for the purpose of maintaining, operating, protecting, or improving a Presidential archival

depository. The proceeds of gifts or bequests, together

with the proceeds from fees or from sales of historical

materials, copies or reproductions, catalogs, or other

items, having to do with a Presidential archival depository, shall be paid into the National Archives Trust

Fund to be held, administered, and expended for the

benefit and in the interest of the Presidential archival

depository in connection with which they were received, including administrative and custodial expenses

as the Archivist determines.’’

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(6), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General

Services’’ and ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ wherever appearing.

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(6), substituted

‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ and ‘‘section 2111’’ for

‘‘section 2107’’ wherever appearing.

Subsecs. (d) to (g). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(6), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ wherever appearing.

1978—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–591 limited application of

subsec. (c) when dealing with Presidential records.

1976—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 94–575 substituted reference to section ‘‘2107’’ for ‘‘3106’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT

Section 4 of Pub. L. 99–323 provided that: ‘‘Paragraphs

(3) and (4) of section 2112(g) of title 44, United States

Code (as added by the amendment made by section 3(b)

of this Act) shall apply with respect to any Presidential

archival depository created as a depository for the papers, documents, and other historical materials and

Federal records pertaining to any President who takes

the oath of office as President for the first time on or

after January 20, 1985.’’

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–591 effective with respect

to Presidential records created during a term of office

of President beginning on or after Jan. 20, 1981, see section 3 of Pub. L. 95–591, set out as an Effective Date

note under section 2201 of this title.

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PLAN FOR PRESIDENTIAL

ARCHIVAL DEPOSITORIES

Pub. L. 110–404, §6(a), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4284, provided that:

‘‘(1) PROVISION OF PLAN.—The Archivist of the United

States shall provide to the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives a 10-year capital

improvement plan, in accordance with paragraph (2),

for all Presidential archival depositories (as defined in

section 2101 of title 44, United States Code), which shall

include—

‘‘(A) a prioritization of all capital projects at Presidential archival depositories that cost more than

$1,000,000;

‘‘(B) the current estimate of the cost of each capital

project; and

‘‘(C) the basis upon which each cost estimate was

developed.

‘‘(2) PROVIDED TO CONGRESS.—The capital improvement plan shall be provided to the committees, as described in paragraph (1), at the same time as the first

Budget of the United States Government after the date

of enactment of this Act [Oct. 13, 2008] is submitted to

Congress.

‘‘(3) ANNUAL UPDATES AND EXPLANATION OF CHANGES IN

COST ESTIMATES.—The Archivist of the United States

shall provide to the Committee on Appropriations of

the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations of the

House of Representatives—

‘‘(A) annual updates to the capital improvement

plan described in paragraph (1) at the same time as

each subsequent Budget of the United States Government is submitted to Congress; and

‘‘(B) an explanation for any changes in cost estimates.’’

JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY LIBRARY

Pub. L. 89–547, Aug. 27, 1966, 80 Stat. 370, provided:

‘‘That the Administrator of General Services is hereby

authorized to accept title to the structure or structures

to be erected and equipped at Cambridge, Massachusetts, by the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library, Incorporated, to be transferred to the United States Government, without reimbursement, for use as a Presidential

archival depository to be known as the John Fitzgerald

Kennedy Library, and to maintain, operate, and protect

such depository as a part of the National Archives system. The Administrator may enter into such agreements with the officers of the John Fitzgerald Kennedy

Library, Incorporated, as are necessary to complete the

transfer of title to the United States and may do so

without regard to the provision of section 507(f)(1) of

the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act

of 1949, as amended (44 U.S.C. [former] 397(f)(1) [now

subsec. (a) of this section], that the Administrator

shall not enter into any such agreement until the expiration of the first period of sixty calendar days of continuous session of the Congress following the date on

which a report in writing of any such proposed Presidential archival depository is transmitted by the Administrator to the President of the Senate and the

Speaker of the House of Representatives.’’

[For transfer of certain functions of the Administrator of General Services under Pub. L. 89–547 to the

Archivist of the United States, see section 103(b)(2) of

Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a Transfer of Functions note

under section 2102 of this title.]

LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON PRESIDENTIAL ARCHIVAL

DEPOSITORY

Pub. L. 89–169, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 648, provided:

‘‘That the Administrator of General Services is hereby

authorized to enter into an agreement upon such terms

and conditions as he determines proper with the University of Texas to utilize as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Archival Depository, land, buildings, and equipment of such university to be made available by it

without transfer of title to the United States, and to

maintain, operate and protect such depository as a part

of the National Archives system. Such agreement may

be entered into without regard to the provisions of section 507(f)(1) of the Federal Property and Administra-
Page 85 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2116

tive Services Act of 1949, as amended (44 U.S.C. [former]

397(f)(1)) [now subsec. (a) of this section], that the Administrator shall not enter into any such agreement

until the expiration of the first period of sixty calendar

days of continuous session of the Congress following

the date on which a report in writing of any such proposed Presidential archival depository is transmitted

by the Administrator to the President of the Senate

and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.’’

[For transfer of certain functions of the Administrator of General Services under Pub. L. 89–169 to the

Archivist of the United States, see section 103(b)(2) of

Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a Transfer of Functions note

under section 2102 of this title.]

§ 2113. Depository for agreements between States

The Archivist may receive duplicate originals

or authenticated copies of agreements or compacts entered into under the Constitution and

laws of the United States, between States of the

Union, and take necessary actions for their preservation and servicing.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1290, §2109;

renumbered §2113 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(7), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2280, 2286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §397(h) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583, and amended July 12, 1952, ch. 703,

§1(o), (p), 66 Stat. 594; July 12, 1955, ch. 329, 69 Stat. 297;

Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 859, 69 Stat. 695; July 3, 1956, ch. 513,

§4, 70 Stat. 494; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85–51, 71 Stat. 69;

Mar. 15, 1958, Pub. L. 85–341, §1(1), 72 Stat. 34).

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2113 was renumbered section 2117 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(7), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2114. Preservation of audio and visual records

The Archivist may make and preserve audio

and visual records, including motion-picture

films, still photographs, and sound recordings,

in analog, digital, or any other form, pertaining

to and illustrative of the historical development

of the United States Government and its activities, and provide for preparing, editing, titling,

scoring, processing, duplicating, reproducing,

exhibiting, and releasing for non-profit educational purposes, motion-picture films, still

photographs, and sound recordings in the Archivist’s custody.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1290, §2110;

renumbered §2114 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(7), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2280, 2286; Pub. L. 113–187, §3(c)(1), Nov. 26, 2014,

128 Stat. 2008.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §397(i) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §507, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583; and amended July 12, 1952, ch. 703,

§1(o), (p), 66 Stat. 594; July 12, 1955, ch. 329, 69 Stat. 297;

Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 859, 69 Stat. 695; July 3, 1956, ch. 513,

§4, 70 Stat. 494; June 13, 1957, Pub. L. 85–51, 71 Stat. 69;

Mar. 15, 1958, Pub. L. 85–341, §1(1), 72 Stat. 34).

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2114 was renumbered section 2118 of

this title.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment section related to preservation of motion-picture films, still pictures, and sound recordings.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(7), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2115. Reports; correction of violations

(a) In carrying out the duties and responsibilities under chapters 21, 25, 29, 31, and 33 of this

title, the Archivist may obtain reports from any

Federal agency on such agency’s activities

under such chapters.

(b) When the Archivist finds that a provision

of any such chapter has been or is being violated, the Archivist shall (1) inform in writing

the head of the agency concerned of the violation and make recommendations for its correction; and (2) unless satisfactory corrective measures are demonstrably commenced within a reasonable time, submit a written report of the

matter to the President and the Congress.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1290, §2111;

Pub. L. 94–575, §4(b), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2727;

renumbered §2115 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(8), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2280, 2286; Pub. L. 113–187, §9(e), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2014.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §398 (June 30, 1949, ch.

288, title V, §508, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, §6(d), 64

Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(e)(1), substituted

‘‘the duties’’ for ‘‘their respective duties’’ and struck

out ‘‘and the Administrator’’ after ‘‘the Archivist’’ and

‘‘each’’ before ‘‘obtain reports’’.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(e)(2), struck out ‘‘either’’ after ‘‘When’’, struck out ‘‘or the Administrator’’

after ‘‘the Archivist’’ in two places, and substituted

‘‘demonstrably commenced’’ for ‘‘inaugurated’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(8), amended section generally, inserting reference to Archivist and striking out

reference to chapter 27 of this title.

1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–575 inserted reference to

chapter 33 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2116. Legal status of reproductions; official seal;

fees for copies and reproductions

(a) When records that are required by statute

to be retained indefinitely have been reproduced

by photographic, microphotographic, digital, or

other processes, in accordance with standards
§ 2117 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 86

established by the Archivist the indefinite retention by the photographic, microphotographic, digital, or other reproductions constitutes compliance with the statutory requirement for the indefinite retention of the original

records. The reproductions, as well as reproductions made under regulations to carry out chapter 21, 29, 31, and 33 of this title, shall have the

same legal status as the originals.

(b) There shall be an official seal for the National Archives of the United States which shall

be judicially noticed. When a copy or reproduction, furnished under this section, is authenticated by the official seal and certified by the Archivist, the copy or reproduction shall be admitted in evidence equally with the original from

which it was made.

(c) The Archivist may charge a fee set to recover the costs for making or authenticating

copies or reproductions of materials transferred

to the Archivist’s custody. Such fee shall be

fixed by the Archivist at a level which will recover, so far as practicable, all elements of such

costs, and may, in the Archivist’s discretion, include increments for the estimated replacement

cost of equipment. Such fees shall be paid into,

administered, and expended as a part of the National Archives Trust Fund. The Archivist may

not charge for making or authenticating copies

or reproductions of materials for official use by

the United States Government unless appropriations available to the Archivist for this purpose

are insufficient to cover the cost of performing

the work.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1291, §2112;

Pub. L. 94–575, §4(b), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2727;

renumbered §2116 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(9), title II, §201, Oct. 19,

1984, 98 Stat. 2280, 2286, 2292; Pub. L. 113–187,

§§3(d), 8(1), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2008, 2011.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §399 (June 30, 1949, ch.

288, title V, §509, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, §6(d), 64

Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–187, §3(d), inserted ‘‘digital,’’ after ‘‘microphotographic,’’ in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(1), substituted ‘‘the Archivist’s custody’’ for ‘‘his custody’’.

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(9)(A), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General

Services’’.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(9)(B), substituted

‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–497, §201, substituted provisions transferring functions from Administrator of

General Services to Archivist of the United States, further substituted provisions relating to permissible fee

charges for former provisions which set a fee not in excess of 10 percent above costs and expenses for making

copies, inserted ‘‘unless appropriations available to the

Archivist for this purpose are insufficient to cover the

cost of performing the work’’, and struck out provision

that reimbursement may be accepted to cover cost of

furnishing copies or reproductions that could not

otherwise be furnished.

1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–575 inserted reference to

chapter 33 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2117. Limitation on liability

When letters and other intellectual productions (exclusive of patented material, published

works under copyright protection, and unpublished works for which copyright registration

has been made) come into the custody or possession of the Archivist, the United States or its

agents are not liable for infringement of copyright or analogous rights arising out of use of

the materials for display, inspection, research,

reproduction, or other purposes.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1291, §2113;

Pub. L. 94–553, §105(b), Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2599;

renumbered §2117 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(7), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2280, 2286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §400 (June 30, 1949, ch.

288, title V, §510, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, §6(d), 64

Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(7), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

1976—Pub. L. 94–553 substituted ‘‘productions (exclusive of patented material, published works under copyright protection, and unpublished works for which

copyright registration has been made) come into the

custody or possession of the Administrator of General

Services, the United States or its agents are not liable

for infringement of copyright or analogous rights’’ for

‘‘productions, exclusive of material copyrighted or patented, come into the custody or possession of the Administrator of General Services, the United States or

its agents are not liable for infringement of literary

property rights or analogous rights’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 94–553 effective Jan. 1, 1978,

see section 102 of Pub. L. 94–553, set out as an Effective

Date note preceding section 101 of Title 17, Copyrights.

§ 2118. Records of Congress

The Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of

the House of Representatives, acting jointly,

shall obtain at the close of each Congress all the

noncurrent records of the Congress and of each

congressional committee and transfer them to

the National Archives and Records Administration for preservation, subject to the orders of

the Senate or the House of Representatives, respectively.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1291, §2114;

renumbered §2118 and amended Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §§102(a)(1), 107(a)(10), Oct. 19, 1984, 98

Stat. 2280, 2286.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §402 (Aug. 2, 1946, ch.

753, title I, §140, 60 Stat. 833).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(a)(10)), substituted ‘‘National Archives and Records Administration’’ for ‘‘General Services Administration’’.
Page 87 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2201

1So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

1See References in Text note below.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2119. Cooperative agreements

(a) AUTHORITY.—The Archivist may enter into

cooperative agreements pursuant to section 6305

of title 31 that involve the transfer of funds from

the National Archives and Records Administration to State and local governments, other public entities, educational institutions, or private

nonprofit organizations (including foundations

or institutes organized to support the National

Archives and Records Administration or the

Presidential archival depositories operated by

it) for the public purpose of carrying out programs of the National Archives and Records Administration.

(b) LIMITATIONS.—Not more than $25,000 may

be transferred under a cooperative agreement

entered into as authorized by subsection (a). Not

more than a total of $75,000 may be transferred

under such agreements in any fiscal year.

(c) REPORT.—Not later than December 31st of

each year, the Archivist shall submit to the

Committee on Government Reform of the House

of Representatives and the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate a report on the

provisions, amount, and duration of each cooperative agreement entered into as authorized by

subsection (a) during the preceding fiscal year.

(Added Pub. L. 108–383, §5(a), Oct. 30, 2004, 118

Stat. 2219.)

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and

Government Reform of House of Representatives by

House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress,

Jan. 5, 2007.

Committee on Governmental Affairs of Senate

changed to Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of Senate, effective Jan. 4, 2005, by

Senate Resolution No. 445, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Oct. 9, 2004.

§ 2120. Online access of founding fathers documents

The Archivist may enter into a cooperative

agreement to provide online access to the published volumes of the papers of—

(1) George Washington;

(2) Alexander Hamilton;

(3) Thomas Jefferson;

(4) Benjamin Franklin;

(5) John Adams;

(6) James Madison; and

(7) other prominent historical figures, as determined appropriate by the Archivist of the

United States.

(Added Pub. L. 110–404, §4(a), Oct. 13, 2008, 122

Stat. 4283.)

TRANSFER OF FUNDS

Pub. L. 110–404, §4(b), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4283, provided that:

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Archivist of the United States,

in the role as chairman of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission may enter into cooperative agreements pursuant to section 6305 of title 31,

United States Code, that involve the transfer of funds

from the National Historical Publications and Records

Commission to State and local governments, tribal

governments, other public entities, educational institutions, or private nonprofit organizations for the public

purpose of carrying out section 2120 of title 44, United

States Codes [sic].

‘‘(2) REPORT.—Not later than December 31st of each

year, the Archivist of the United States shall submit to

the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on

Oversight and Government Reform of the House of Representatives a report on the provisions, amount, and

duration of each cooperative agreement entered into as

authorized by paragraph (1) during the preceding fiscal

year.’’

CHAPTER 22—PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS

Sec.

2201. Definitions.

2202. Ownership of Presidential records.

2203. Management and custody of Presidential records.

2204. Restrictions on access to Presidential records.

2205. Exceptions to restriction on access.1

2206. Regulations.

2207. Vice-Presidential records.

2208. Claims of constitutionally based privilege

against disclosure.

2209. Disclosure requirement for official business

conducted using non-official electronic

messaging accounts.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187, §2(a)(3), (e)(2), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2005, 2007, added items 2208 and 2209.

§ 2201. Definitions

As used in this chapter—

(1) The term ‘‘documentary material’’ means

all books, correspondence, memoranda, documents, papers, pamphlets, works of art, models, pictures, photographs, plats, maps, films,

and motion pictures, including, but not limited to, audio and visual records, or other electronic or mechanical recordations, whether in

analog, digital, or any other form.

(2) The term ‘‘Presidential records’’ means

documentary materials, or any reasonably

segregable portion thereof, created or received

by the President, the President’s immediate

staff, or a unit or individual of the Executive

Office of the President whose function is to advise or assist the President, in the course of

conducting activities which relate to or have

an effect upon the carrying out of the constitutional, statutory, or other official or ceremonial duties of the President. Such term—

(A) includes any documentary materials

relating to the political activities of the

President or members of the President’s

staff, but only if such activities relate to or

have a direct effect upon the carrying out of

constitutional, statutory, or other official or

ceremonial duties of the President; but

(B) does not include any documentary materials that are (i) official records of an

agency (as defined in section 552(e) 1 of title

5, United States Code); (ii) personal records;

(iii) stocks of publications and stationery; or
§ 2202 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 88

2So in original. Probably should be ‘‘thereof,’’.

(iv) extra copies of documents produced only

for convenience of reference, when such copies are clearly so identified.

(3) The term ‘‘personal records’’ means all

documentary materials, or any reasonably

segregable portion therof,2 of a purely private

or nonpublic character which do not relate to

or have an effect upon the carrying out of the

constitutional, statutory, or other official or

ceremonial duties of the President. Such term

includes—

(A) diaries, journals, or other personal

notes serving as the functional equivalent of

a diary or journal which are not prepared or

utilized for, or circulated or communicated

in the course of, transacting Government

business;

(B) materials relating to private political

associations, and having no relation to or direct effect upon the carrying out of constitutional, statutory, or other official or ceremonial duties of the President; and

(C) materials relating exclusively to the

President’s own election to the office of the

Presidency; and materials directly relating

to the election of a particular individual or

individuals to Federal, State, or local office,

which have no relation to or direct effect

upon the carrying out of constitutional,

statutory, or other official or ceremonial duties of the President.

(4) The term ‘‘Archivist’’ means the Archivist of the United States.

(5) The term ‘‘former President’’, when used

with respect to Presidential records, means

the former President during whose term or

terms of office such Presidential records were

created.

(Added Pub. L. 95–591, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat.

2523; amended Pub. L. 113–187, §§2(b), 8(2), Nov.

26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2005, 2011.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 552(e) of title 5, referred to in par. (2)(B)(i),

was redesignated section 552(f) of title 5 by section

1802(b) of Pub. L. 99–570.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Par. (1). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(b)(1), substituted

‘‘memoranda’’ for ‘‘memorandums’’ and ‘‘audio and visual records’’ for ‘‘audio, audiovisual’’ and inserted

‘‘, whether in analog, digital, or any other form’’ after

‘‘mechanical recordations’’.

Par. (2). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(2), substituted ‘‘the President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’ in introductory provisions and in subpar. (A).

Pub. L. 113–187, §2(b)(2), substituted ‘‘advise or assist’’

for ‘‘advise and assist’’ in introductory provisions.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Pub. L. 95–591, §3, Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2528, provided

that: ‘‘The amendments made by this Act [enacting

this chapter, amending sections 2111 and 2112 of this

title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under

this section] shall be effective with respect to any Presidential records (as defined in section 2201(2) of title 44,

as amended by section 2 of this Act) created during a

term of office of the President beginning on or after

January 20, 1981.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1978 AMENDMENT

For short title of Pub. L. 95–591, which enacted this

chapter, as the ‘‘Presidential Records Act of 1978’’, see

section 1 of Pub. L. 95–591, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

SEPARABILITY

Pub. L. 95–591, §4, Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2528, provided

that: ‘‘If any provision of this Act [enacting this chapter, amending sections 2107 and 2108 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] is

held invalid for any reason by any court, the validity

and legal effect of the remaining provisions shall not be

affected thereby.’’

§ 2202. Ownership of Presidential records

The United States shall reserve and retain

complete ownership, possession, and control of

Presidential records; and such records shall be

administered in accordance with the provisions

of this chapter.

(Added Pub. L. 95–591, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat.

2524.)

§ 2203. Management and custody of Presidential

records

(a) Through the implementation of records

management controls and other necessary actions, the President shall take all such steps as

may be necessary to assure that the activities,

deliberations, decisions, and policies that reflect

the performance of the President’s constitutional, statutory, or other official or ceremonial

duties are adequately documented and that such

records are preserved and maintained as Presidential records pursuant to the requirements of

this section and other provisions of law.

(b) Documentary materials produced or received by the President, the President’s staff, or

units or individuals in the Executive Office of

the President the function of which is to advise

or assist the President, shall, to the extent practicable, be categorized as Presidential records or

personal records upon their creation or receipt

and be filed separately.

(c) During the President’s term of office, the

President may dispose of those Presidential

records of such President that no longer have

administrative, historical, informational, or evidentiary value if—

(1) the President obtains the views, in writing, of the Archivist concerning the proposed

disposal of such Presidential records; and

(2) the Archivist states that the Archivist

does not intend to take any action under subsection (e) of this section.

(d) In the event the Archivist notifies the

President under subsection (c) that the Archivist does intend to take action under subsection

(e), the President may dispose of such Presidential records if copies of the disposal schedule

are submitted to the appropriate Congressional

Committees at least 60 calendar days of continuous session of Congress in advance of the proposed disposal date. For the purpose of this section, continuity of session is broken only by an

adjournment of Congress sine die, and the days

on which either House is not in session because

of an adjournment of more than three days to a

day certain are excluded in the computation of
Page 89 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2204

the days in which Congress is in continuous session.

(e) The Archivist shall request the advice of

the Committee on Rules and Administration and

the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the

Senate and the Committee on House Oversight

and the Committee on Government Operations

of the House of Representatives with respect to

any proposed disposal of Presidential records

whenever the Archivist considers that—

(1) these particular records may be of special

interest to the Congress; or

(2) consultation with the Congress regarding

the disposal of these particular records is in

the public interest.

(f) During a President’s term of office, the Archivist may maintain and preserve Presidential

records on behalf of the President, including

records in digital or electronic form. The President shall remain exclusively responsible for

custody, control, and access to such Presidential

records. The Archivist may not disclose any

such records, except under direction of the

President, until the conclusion of a President’s

term of office, if a President serves consecutive

terms upon the conclusion of the last term, or

such other period provided for under section 2204

of this title.

(g)(1) Upon the conclusion of a President’s

term of office, or if a President serves consecutive terms upon the conclusion of the last term,

the Archivist of the United States shall assume

responsibility for the custody, control, and preservation of, and access to, the Presidential

records of that President. The Archivist shall

have an affirmative duty to make such records

available to the public as rapidly and completely as possible consistent with the provisions of this chapter.

(2) The Archivist shall deposit all such Presidential records in a Presidential archival depository or another archival facility operated by the

United States. The Archivist is authorized to

designate, after consultation with the former

President, a director at each depository or facility, who shall be responsible for the care and

preservation of such records.

(3) The Archivist is authorized to dispose of

such Presidential records which the Archivist

has appraised and determined to have insufficient administrative, historical, informational,

or evidentiary value to warrant their continued

preservation. Notice of such disposal shall be

published in the Federal Register at least 60

days in advance of the proposed disposal date.

Publication of such notice shall constitute a

final agency action for purposes of review under

chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code.

(Added Pub. L. 95–591, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat.

2524; amended Pub. L. 104–186, title II, §223(9),

Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1752; Pub. L. 113–187,

§§2(c), 8(3), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2006, 2011.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(A), substituted

‘‘the President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(1), substituted ‘‘preserved and

maintained’’ for ‘‘maintained’’.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(B), substituted ‘‘the

President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(2), substituted ‘‘advise or assist’’

for ‘‘advise and assist’’.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(C)(i), substituted

‘‘the President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’ and ‘‘those Presidential

records of such President’’ for ‘‘those of his Presidential records’’ in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(C)(ii), substituted

‘‘the Archivist does’’ for ‘‘he does’’.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(D), substituted ‘‘the

Archivist does’’ for ‘‘he does’’.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(E), substituted ‘‘the

Archivist considers’’ for ‘‘he considers’’ in introductory

provisions.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(4), added subsec. (f).

Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(5), substituted

‘‘this chapter’’ for ‘‘this Act’’.

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(F), substituted

‘‘the Archivist has’’ for ‘‘he has’’.

1996—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘House

Oversight’’ for ‘‘House Administration’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on Governmental Affairs of Senate

changed to Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of Senate, effective Jan. 4, 2005, by

Senate Resolution No. 445, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Oct. 9, 2004.

Committee on House Oversight of House of Representatives changed to Committee on House Administration of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 6, 1999.

Committee on Government Operations of House of

Representatives treated as referring to Committee on

Government Reform and Oversight of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104–14, set out as

a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress.

Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of

House of Representatives changed to Committee on

Government Reform of House of Representatives by

House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Sixth Congress,

Jan. 6, 1999. Committee on Government Reform of

House of Representatives changed to Committee on

Oversight and Government Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred

Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.

CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION

For provisions authorizing Archivist to review, downgrade, and declassify information of former Presidents

under control of Archivist pursuant to this section, see

Ex. Ord. No. 13526, §3.5(b), Dec. 29, 2009, 75 F.R. 718, set

out as a note under section 3161 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

§ 2204. Restrictions on access to Presidential

records

(a) Prior to the conclusion of a President’s

term of office or last consecutive term of office,

as the case may be, the President shall specify

durations, not to exceed 12 years, for which access shall be restricted with respect to information, in a Presidential record, within one or

more of the following categories:

(1)(A) specifically authorized under criteria

established by an Executive order to be kept

secret in the interest of national defense or

foreign policy and (B) in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order;

(2) relating to appointments to Federal office;

(3) specifically exempted from disclosure by

statute (other than sections 552 and 552b of

title 5, United States Code), provided that

such statute (A) requires that the material be

withheld from the public in such a manner as
§ 2204 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 90

1So in original. Probably should be ‘‘2203(g)(1);’’.

to leave no discretion on the issue, or (B) establishes particular criteria for withholding or

refers to particular types of material to be

withheld;

(4) trade secrets and commercial or financial

information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential;

(5) confidential communications requesting

or submitting advice, between the President

and the President’s advisers, or between such

advisers; or

(6) personnel and medical files and similar

files the disclosure of which would constitute

a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal

privacy.

(b)(1) Any Presidential record or reasonably

segregable portion thereof containing information within a category restricted by the President under subsection (a) shall be so designated

by the Archivist and access thereto shall be restricted until the earlier of—

(A)(i) the date on which the former President waives the restriction on disclosure of

such record, or

(ii) the expiration of the duration specified

under subsection (a) for the category of information on the basis of which access to such

record has been restricted; or

(B) upon a determination by the Archivist

that such record or reasonably segregable portion thereof, or of any significant element or

aspect of the information contained in such

record or reasonably segregable portion thereof, has been placed in the public domain

through publication by the former President,

or the President’s agents.

(2) Any such record which does not contain information within a category restricted by the

President under subsection (a), or contains information within such a category for which the

duration of restricted access has expired, shall

be exempt from the provisions of subsection (c)

until the earlier of—

(A) the date which is 5 years after the date

on which the Archivist obtains custody of such

record pursuant to section 2203(d)(1); 1 or

(B) the date on which the Archivist completes the processing and organization of such

records or integral file segment thereof.

(3) During the period of restricted access specified pursuant to subsection (b)(1), the determination whether access to a Presidential

record or reasonably segregable portion thereof

shall be restricted shall be made by the Archivist, in the Archivist’s discretion, after consultation with the former President, and, during

such period, such determinations shall not be

subject to judicial review, except as provided in

subsection (e) of this section. The Archivist

shall establish procedures whereby any person

denied access to a Presidential record because

such record is restricted pursuant to a determination made under this paragraph, may file

an administrative appeal of such determination.

Such procedures shall provide for a written determination by the Archivist or the Archivist’s

designee, within 30 working days after receipt of

such an appeal, setting forth the basis for such

determination.

(c)(1) Subject to the limitations on access imposed pursuant to subsections (a) and (b), Presidential records shall be administered in accordance with section 552 of title 5, United States

Code, except that paragraph (b)(5) of that section shall not be available for purposes of withholding any Presidential record, and for the purposes of such section such records shall be

deemed to be records of the National Archives

and Records Administration. Access to such

records shall be granted on nondiscriminatory

terms.

(2) Nothing in this Act shall be construed to

confirm, limit, or expand any constitutionallybased privilege which may be available to an incumbent or former President.

(d) Upon the death or disability of a President

or former President, any discretion or authority

the President or former President may have had

under this chapter, except section 2208, shall be

exercised by the Archivist unless otherwise previously provided by the President or former

President in a written notice to the Archivist.

(e) The United States District Court for the

District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction over

any action initiated by the former President asserting that a determination made by the Archivist violates the former President’s rights or

privileges.

(f) The Archivist shall not make available any

original Presidential records to any individual

claiming access to any Presidential record as a

designated representative under section 2205(3)

of this title if that individual has been convicted

of a crime relating to the review, retention, removal, or destruction of records of the Archives.

(Added Pub. L. 95–591, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat.

2525; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(7),

Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2287; Pub. L. 113–187,

§§2(a)(2)(A), (d), 8(4), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2005,

2006, 2011.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

This Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), probably means

Pub. L. 95–591, Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2523, known as the

Presidential Records Act of 1978, which enacted this

chapter, amended sections 2107 and 2108 of this title,

and enacted provisions set out as notes under section

2201 of this title. For complete classification of this Act

to the Code, see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note

set out under section 101 of this title and Tables.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(4)(A)(i), substituted ‘‘a President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’ in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(4)(A)(ii), substituted

‘‘the President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(4)(B)(i), substituted ‘‘the President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(4)(B)(ii), substituted

‘‘the Archivist’s discretion’’ for ‘‘his discretion’’ and

‘‘the Archivist’s designee’’ for ‘‘his designee’’.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(a)(2)(A), inserted

‘‘, except section 2208,’’ after ‘‘chapter’’.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(d), added subsec. (f).

1984—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘National Archives and Records Administration’’ for ‘‘National Archives and Records Service of the General

Services Administration’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.
Page 91 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2204

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 12667

Ex. Ord. No. 12667, Jan. 18, 1989, 54 F.R. 3403, which established policies and procedures governing the assertion of Executive privilege by incumbent and former

Presidents in connection with the release of Presidential records by the National Archives and Records

Administration pursuant to this chapter, was revoked

by Ex. Ord. No. 13233, §13, Nov. 1, 2001, 66 F.R. 56029, formerly set out below.

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 13233

Ex. Ord. No. 13233, Nov. 1, 2001, 66 F.R. 56025, which related to further implementation of the Presidential

Records Act, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13489, §6, Jan.

21, 2009, 74 F.R. 4671, set out below.

EX. ORD. NO. 13489. PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS

Ex. Ord. No. 13489, Jan. 21, 2009, 74 F.R. 4669, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the

Constitution and the laws of the United States of

America, and in order to establish policies and procedures governing the assertion of executive privilege by

incumbent and former Presidents in connection with

the release of Presidential records by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) pursuant to

the Presidential Records Act of 1978, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SECTION 1. Definitions. For purposes of this order:

(a) ‘‘Archivist’’ refers to the Archivist of the United

States or his designee.

(b) ‘‘NARA’’ refers to the National Archives and

Records Administration.

(c) ‘‘Presidential Records Act’’ refers to the Presidential Records Act, 44 U.S.C. 2201–2207.

(d) ‘‘NARA regulations’’ refers to the NARA regulations implementing the Presidential Records Act [of

1978], 36 C.F.R. Part 1270.

(e) ‘‘Presidential records’’ refers to those documentary materials maintained by NARA pursuant to the

Presidential Records Act, including Vice Presidential

records.

(f) ‘‘Former President’’ refers to the former President

during whose term or terms of office particular Presidential records were created.

(g) A ‘‘substantial question of executive privilege’’

exists if NARA’s disclosure of Presidential records

might impair national security (including the conduct

of foreign relations), law enforcement, or the deliberative processes of the executive branch.

(h) A ‘‘final court order’’ is a court order from which

no appeal may be taken.

SEC. 2. Notice of Intent to Disclose Presidential Records.

(a) When the Archivist provides notice to the incumbent and former Presidents of his intent to disclose

Presidential records pursuant to section 1270.46 of the

NARA regulations, the Archivist, using any guidelines

provided by the incumbent and former Presidents, shall

identify any specific materials, the disclosure of which

he believes may raise a substantial question of executive privilege. However, nothing in this order is intended to affect the right of the incumbent or former

Presidents to invoke executive privilege with respect

to materials not identified by the Archivist. Copies of

the notice for the incumbent President shall be delivered to the President (through the Counsel to the

President) and the Attorney General (through the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel). The copy of the notice for the former President

shall be delivered to the former President or his designated representative.

(b) Upon the passage of 30 days after receipt by the

incumbent and former Presidents of a notice of intent

to disclose Presidential records, the Archivist may disclose the records covered by the notice, unless during

that time period the Archivist has received a claim of

executive privilege by the incumbent or former President or the Archivist has been instructed by the incumbent President or his designee to extend the time period for a time certain and with reason for the extension of time provided in the notice. If a shorter period

of time is required under the circumstances set forth in

section 1270.44 of the NARA regulations, the Archivist

shall so indicate in the notice.

SEC. 3. Claim of Executive Privilege by Incumbent President. (a) Upon receipt of a notice of intent to disclose

Presidential records, the Attorney General (directly or

through the Assistant Attorney General for the Office

of Legal Counsel) and the Counsel to the President

shall review as they deem appropriate the records covered by the notice and consult with each other, the Archivist, and such other executive agencies as they deem

appropriate concerning whether invocation of executive privilege is justified.

(b) The Attorney General and the Counsel to the

President, in the exercise of their discretion and after

appropriate review and consultation under subsection

(a) of this section, may jointly determine that invocation of executive privilege is not justified. The Archivist shall be notified promptly of any such determination.

(c) If either the Attorney General or the Counsel to

the President believes that the circumstances justify

invocation of executive privilege, the issue shall be presented to the President by the Counsel to the President

and the Attorney General.

(d) If the President decides to invoke executive privilege, the Counsel to the President shall notify the

former President, the Archivist, and the Attorney General in writing of the claim of privilege and the specific

Presidential records to which it relates. After receiving

such notice, the Archivist shall not disclose the privileged records unless directed to do so by an incumbent

President or by a final court order.

SEC. 4. Claim of Executive Privilege by Former President.

(a) Upon receipt of a claim of executive privilege by a

living former President, the Archivist shall consult

with the Attorney General (through the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel), the

Counsel to the President, and such other executive

agencies as the Archivist deems appropriate concerning

the Archivist’s determination as to whether to honor

the former President’s claim of privilege or instead to

disclose the Presidential records notwithstanding the

claim of privilege. Any determination under section 3

of this order that executive privilege shall not be invoked by the incumbent President shall not prejudice

the Archivist’s determination with respect to the

former President’s claim of privilege.

(b) In making the determination referred to in subsection (a) of this section, the Archivist shall abide by

any instructions given him by the incumbent President

or his designee unless otherwise directed by a final

court order. The Archivist shall notify the incumbent

and former Presidents of his determination at least 30

days prior to disclosure of the Presidential records, unless a shorter time period is required in the circumstances set forth in section 1270.44 of the NARA regulations. Copies of the notice for the incumbent President

shall be delivered to the President (through the Counsel to the President) and the Attorney General

(through the Assistant Attorney General for the Office

of Legal Counsel). The copy of the notice for the former

President shall be delivered to the former President or

his designated representative.

SEC. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order

shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) authority granted by law to a department or

agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budget, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with

applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create

any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the

United States, its departments, agencies, or entities,

its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
§ 2205 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 92

1See References in Text note below.

SEC. 6. Revocation. Executive Order 13233 of November

1, 2001, is revoked.

BARACK OBAMA.

§ 2205. Exceptions to restricted access

Notwithstanding any restrictions on access

imposed pursuant to sections 2204 and 2208 of

this title—

(1) the Archivist and persons employed by

the National Archives and Records Administration who are engaged in the performance of

normal archival work shall be permitted access to Presidential records in the custody of

the Archivist;

(2) subject to any rights, defenses, or privileges which the United States or any agency

or person may invoke, Presidential records

shall be made available—

(A) pursuant to subpoena or other judicial

process issued by a court of competent jurisdiction for the purposes of any civil or

criminal investigation or proceeding;

(B) to an incumbent President if such

records contain information that is needed

for the conduct of current business of the incumbent President’s office and that is not

otherwise available; and

(C) to either House of Congress, or, to the

extent of matter within its jurisdiction, to

any committee or subcommittee thereof if

such records contain information that is

needed for the conduct of its business and

that is not otherwise available; and

(3) the Presidential records of a former

President shall be available to such former

President or the former President’s designated

representative.

(Added Pub. L. 95–591, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat.

2527; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(7),

Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2287; Pub. L. 113–187,

§§2(a)(2)(B), 8(5), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2005,

2012.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187, §2(a)(2)(B)(i), substituted ‘‘sections 2204 and 2208 of this title’’ for ‘‘section 2204’’ in introductory provisions.

Par. (2)(A). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(a)(2)(B)(ii), substituted

‘‘subpoena’’ for ‘‘subpena’’.

Par. (2)(B). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(5)(A), substituted ‘‘the

incumbent President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

Par. (3). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(5)(B), substituted ‘‘the

former President’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

1984—Par. (1). Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘National

Archives and Records Administration’’ for ‘‘National

Archives and Records Service of the General Services

Administration’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2206. Regulations

The Archivist shall promulgate in accordance

with section 553 of title 5, United States Code,

regulations necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter. Such regulations shall include—

(1) provisions for advance public notice and

description of any Presidential records scheduled for disposal pursuant to section

2203(f)(3); 1

(2) provisions for providing notice to the

former President when materials to which access would otherwise be restricted pursuant to

section 2204(a) are to be made available in accordance with section 2205(2);

(3) provisions for notice by the Archivist to

the former President when the disclosure of

particular documents may adversely affect

any rights and privileges which the former

President may have; and

(4) provisions for establishing procedures for

consultation between the Archivist and appropriate Federal agencies regarding materials

which may be subject to section 552(b)(7) of

title 5, United States Code.

(Added Pub. L. 95–591, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat.

2527.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 2203(f)(3), referred to in par. (1), was redesignated section 2203(g)(3) of this title by Pub. L. 113–187,

§2(c)(3), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2006.

§ 2207. Vice-Presidential records

Vice-Presidential records shall be subject to

the provisions of this chapter in the same manner as Presidential records. The duties and responsibilities of the Vice President, with respect

to Vice-Presidential records, shall be the same

as the duties and responsibilities of the President under this chapter, except section 2208,

with respect to Presidential records. The authority of the Archivist with respect to VicePresidential records shall be the same as the authority of the Archivist under this chapter with

respect to Presidential records, except that the

Archivist may, when the Archivist determines

that it is in the public interest, enter into an

agreement for the deposit of Vice-Presidential

records in a non-Federal archival depository.

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to authorize the establishment of separate archival

depositories for such Vice-Presidential records.

(Added Pub. L. 95–591, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat.

2527; amended Pub. L. 113–187, §2(a)(2)(C), Nov.

26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2005.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 inserted ‘‘, except section 2208,’’

after ‘‘chapter’’ in second sentence.

CONSTRUCTION

Pub. L. 113–187, §2(a)(4), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2005,

provided that: ‘‘Nothing in the amendment made by

paragraph (2)(C) [amending this section] shall be construed to—

‘‘(A) affect the requirement of section 2207 of title

44, United States Code, that Vice Presidential records

shall be subject to chapter 22 of that title in the same

manner as Presidential records; or

‘‘(B) affect any claim of constitutionally based

privilege by a President or former President with respect to a Vice Presidential record.’’

§ 2208. Claims of constitutionally based privilege

against disclosure

(a)(1) When the Archivist determines under

this chapter to make available to the public any
Page 93 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2209

Presidential record that has not previously been

made available to the public, the Archivist

shall—

(A) promptly provide notice of such determination to—

(i) the former President during whose term

of office the record was created; and

(ii) the incumbent President; and

(B) make the notice available to the public.

(2) The notice under paragraph (1)—

(A) shall be in writing; and

(B) shall include such information as may be

prescribed in regulations issued by the Archivist.

(3)(A) Upon the expiration of the 60-day period

(excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public

holidays) beginning on the date the Archivist

provides notice under paragraph (1)(A), the Archivist shall make available to the public the

Presidential record covered by the notice, except any record (or reasonably segregable part

of a record) with respect to which the Archivist

receives from a former President or the incumbent President notification of a claim of constitutionally based privilege against disclosure

under subsection (b).

(B) A former President or the incumbent

President may extend the period under subparagraph (A) once for not more than 30 additional

days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and legal

public holidays) by filing with the Archivist a

statement that such an extension is necessary

to allow an adequate review of the record.

(C) Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A) and

(B), if the 60-day period under subparagraph (A),

or any extension of that period under subparagraph (B), would otherwise expire during the 6-

month period after the incumbent President

first takes office, then that 60-day period or extension, respectively, shall expire at the end of

that 6-month period.

(b)(1) For purposes of this section, the decision

to assert any claim of constitutionally based

privilege against disclosure of a Presidential

record (or reasonably segregable part of a

record) must be made personally by a former

President or the incumbent President, as applicable.

(2) A former President or the incumbent President shall notify the Archivist, the Committee

on Oversight and Government Reform of the

House of Representatives, and the Committee on

Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of

the Senate of a privilege claim under paragraph

(1) on the same day that the claim is asserted

under such paragraph.

(c)(1) If a claim of constitutionally based

privilege against disclosure of a Presidential

record (or reasonably segregable part of a

record) is asserted under subsection (b) by a

former President, the Archivist shall consult

with the incumbent President, as soon as practicable during the period specified in paragraph

(2)(A), to determine whether the incumbent

President will uphold the claim asserted by the

former President.

(2)(A) Not later than the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date on which the Archivist receives notification from a former President of the assertion of a claim of constitutionally based privilege against disclosure, the

Archivist shall provide notice to the former

President and the public of the decision of the

incumbent President under paragraph (1) regarding the claim.

(B) If the incumbent President upholds the

claim of privilege asserted by the former President, the Archivist shall not make the Presidential record (or reasonably segregable part of

a record) subject to the claim publicly available

unless—

(i) the incumbent President withdraws the

decision upholding the claim of privilege asserted by the former President; or

(ii) the Archivist is otherwise directed by a

final court order that is not subject to appeal.

(C) If the incumbent President determines not

to uphold the claim of privilege asserted by the

former President, or fails to make the determination under paragraph (1) before the end of

the period specified in subparagraph (A), the Archivist shall release the Presidential record subject to the claim at the end of the 90-day period

beginning on the date on which the Archivist received notification of the claim, unless otherwise directed by a court order in an action initiated by the former President under section

2204(e) of this title or by a court order in another action in any Federal court.

(d) The Archivist shall not make publicly

available a Presidential record (or reasonably

segregable part of a record) that is subject to a

privilege claim asserted by the incumbent President unless—

(1) the incumbent President withdraws the

privilege claim; or

(2) the Archivist is otherwise directed by a

final court order that is not subject to appeal.

(e) The Archivist shall adjust any otherwise

applicable time period under this section as necessary to comply with the return date of any

congressional subpoena, judicial subpoena, or judicial process.

(Added Pub. L. 113–187, §2(a)(1), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2003.)

§ 2209. Disclosure requirement for official business conducted using non-official electronic

messaging accounts

(a) IN GENERAL.—The President, the Vice

President, or a covered employee may not create

or send a Presidential or Vice Presidential

record using a non-official electronic message

account unless the President, Vice President, or

covered employee—

(1) copies an official electronic messaging

account of the President, Vice President, or

covered employee in the original creation or

transmission of the Presidential record or

Vice Presidential record; or

(2) forwards a complete copy of the Presidential or Vice Presidential record to an official electronic messaging account of the President, Vice President, or covered employee not

later than 20 days after the original creation

or transmission of the Presidential or Vice

Presidential record.

(b) ADVERSE ACTIONS.—The intentional violation of subsection (a) by a covered employee (in-
§ 2301 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 94

1Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 98–497 without corresponding amendment of analysis.

cluding any rules, regulations, or other implementing guidelines), as determined by the appropriate supervisor, shall be a basis for disciplinary action in accordance with subchapter I, II,

or V of chapter 75 of title 5, as the case may be.

(c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:

(1) COVERED EMPLOYEE.—The term ‘‘covered

employee’’ means—

(A) the immediate staff of the President;

(B) the immediate staff of the Vice President;

(C) a unit or individual of the Executive

Office of the President whose function is to

advise and assist the President; and

(D) a unit or individual of the Office of the

Vice President whose function is to advise

and assist the Vice President.

(2) ELECTRONIC MESSAGES.—The term ‘‘electronic messages’’ means electronic mail and

other electronic messaging systems that are

used for purposes of communicating between

individuals.

(3) ELECTRONIC MESSAGING ACCOUNT.—The

term ‘‘electronic messaging account’’ means

any account that sends electronic messages.

(Added Pub. L. 113–187, §2(e)(1), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2006.)

CHAPTER 23—NATIONAL ARCHIVES TRUST

FUND BOARD

Sec.

2301. Establishment of Board; membership.

2302. Authority of the Board; seal; services; bylaws;

rules; regulations; employees.

2303. Powers and obligations of Board; liability of

members.1

2304. Compensation of members; availability of

trust funds for expenses of Board.1

2305. Acceptance of gifts.

2306. Investment of funds.

2307. Trust fund account; disbursements; sales of

publications and releases.

2308. Tax exemption for gifts.

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, title II, §202(c), Oct. 19, 1984, 98

Stat. 2294, amended item 2302 generally.

§ 2301. Establishment of Board; membership

The National Archives Trust Fund Board shall

consist of the Archivist of the United States, as

Chairman, and the Secretary of the Treasury

and the Chairman of the National Endowment

for the Humanities. Membership on the Board is

not an office within the meaning of the statutes

of the United States.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1292; Pub.

L. 94–391, Aug. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 1192; Pub. L.

95–379, Sept. 22, 1978, 92 Stat. 724; Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §107(b)(8), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2287.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §§300bb, 391 (part)

(July 9, 1941, ch. 284, §2, 55 Stat. 581; Aug. 2, 1946, ch.

753, title I, §§102, 121, 60 Stat. 814, 822; June 30, 1949, ch.

288, title I, §104, 63 Stat. 381).

This section incorporates only the last sentence of

paragraph (b) of former section 391. The balance of that

section will be found in sections 1506, 2102, 2501, and 2902

of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 struck out ‘‘The authority of the

Administrator of General Services under section 754 of

title 40 to regroup, transfer, and distribute functions

within the General Services Administration does not

extend to the Board or its functions.’’

1978—Pub. L. 95–379 substituted references to the Secretary of the Treasury and the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, for references to

the chairman of the House Committee on Government

Operations and the Senate Committee on Post Office

and Civil Service.

1976—Pub. L. 94–391 substituted reference to House

Committee on Government Operations for reference to

House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2302. Authority of the Board; seal; services; bylaws; rules; regulations; employees

In carrying out the purposes of this chapter,

the Board—

(1) may adopt an official seal, which shall be

judicially noticed;

(2) may utilize on a reimbursable basis the

services and personnel of the National Archives and Records Administration necessary

(as determined by the Archivist) to assist the

Board in the administration of the trust fund,

and in the preparation and publication of special works and collections of sources and preparation, duplication, editing, and release of

historical photographic materials and sound

recordings, and may utilize on a reimbursable

basis the services and personnel of other Federal agencies for such purposes;

(3) may adopt bylaws, rules, and regulations

necessary for the administration of its functions under this chapter; and

(4) may, subject to the laws and regulations

governing appointments in the civil service,

appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as may be necessary to carry out its

functions.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1292; Pub.

L. 98–497, title II, §202(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2293.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §300hh (July 9, 1941.

ch. 284, §8, 55 Stat. 582).

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The laws governing appointments in the civil service,

referred to in par. (4), are set out in Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. See, particularly,

section 3301 et seq. of Title 5.

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment, section read as follows: ‘‘In carrying

out the purposes of this chapter, the Board may—

‘‘(1) adopt an official seal, which shall be judicially

noticed;

‘‘(2) appoint, or authorize the Chairman to appoint,

without regard to the civil-service laws, necessary

employees, and fix their duties; and

‘‘(3) adopt bylaws, rules, and regulations necessary

for the administration of its functions under this

chapter.’’
Page 95 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2307

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2303. Powers and obligations of the Board; liability of members

Except as otherwise provided by this chapter,

the Board shall have all the usual powers and

obligations of a trustee with respect to property

and funds administered by it, but the members

of the Board are not personally liable, except for

malfeasance.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1292; Pub.

L. 98–497, title II, §202(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2293.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §300ff (July 9, 1941, ch.

284, §6, 55 Stat. 582).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 amended section generally, inserting ‘‘Except as otherwise provided by this chapter,’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2304. Compensation of members; availability of

trust funds for expenses of the Board

Compensation may not be paid to the members of the Board for their services as members.

Costs incurred by the Board in carrying out its

duties under this chapter, including the obligations necessarily incurred by the members of

the Board in the performance of their duties and

the compensation of persons employed by the

Board, shall be paid by the Archivist of the

United States from trust funds available to the

Board for this purpose. The Board, by resolution, may authorize the transfer of funds (including the principal or interest of a gift or bequest) to the National Archives and Records Administration to be expended on an archival or

records activity approved by the Board or to accomplish the purpose of a gift or bequest.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1292; Pub.

L. 98–497, title II, §202(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2293.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §300ii (July 9, 1941, ch.

284, §9, 55 Stat. 582).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment, section read as follows: ‘‘Compensation

may not be paid to the members of the Board for their

services as members. Costs incurred by the Board in

carrying out its duties under this chapter, including

the expenditures necessarily made by the members of

the Board in the performance of their duties and the

compensation of persons employed by the Board, shall

be paid out of income from trust funds available to the

Board for the purpose. Unless otherwise restricted by

the instrument of gift or bequest, the Board, by resolution, may authorize the Chairman to use for these purposes, or for any other purpose for which funds may be

expended under this chapter, the principal of a gift or

bequest accepted under this chapter.’’

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2305. Acceptance of gifts

The Board may solicit and accept gifts or bequests of money, securities, or other personal

property, for the benefit of or in connection

with the national archival and records activities

administered by the National Archives and

Records Administration. Moneys that are for deposit into the trust fund shall be deposited within 10 working days of the receipt thereof.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1292; Pub.

L. 98–497, title II, §202(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2293.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §300cc (July 9, 1941,

ch. 284, §3, 55 Stat. 581).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment, section read as follows: ‘‘The Board

may accept, receive, hold, and administer gifts or bequests of money, securities, or other personal property,

for the benefit of or in connection with the national archival and records activities administered by the General Services Administration as may be approved by

the Board.’’

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2306. Investment of funds

The Secretary of the Treasury shall receipt for

moneys or securities composing trust funds

given or bequeathed to the Board and shall invest, reinvest, and retain the moneys or securities as the Board from time to time determines.

The Board may not engage in business or exercise a voting privilege which may be incidental

to securities in such trust funds, nor may the

Secretary of the Treasury make investments for

the account of the Board which could not lawfully be made by a trust company in the District

of Columbia, unless directly authorized by the

instrument of gift or bequest under which the

funds to be invested are derived, and may retain

investments accepted by the Board.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1292.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §300dd (July 9, 1941,

ch. 284, §4, 55 Stat. 581).

§ 2307. Trust fund account; disbursements; sales

of publications and releases

The income from trust funds held by the Board

and the proceeds from the sale of securities and

other personal property, as and when collected,

shall be covered into the Treasury of the United

States in a trust fund account to be known as

the National Archives Trust Fund, subject to

disbursement on the basis of certified vouchers

of the Archivist of the United States (or his designee) for activities approved by the Board and

in the interest of the national archival and
§ 2308 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 96

1So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

records activities administered by the National

Archives and Records Administration, including

but not restricted to the preparation and publication of special works, and collections of

sources and the preparation, duplication, editing, and release of historical photographic materials and sound recordings. The Archivist may

sell publications and releases authorized by this

section and paid for out of the income derived

from trust funds at a price which will cover

their cost, plus 10 percent, and moneys received

from these sales shall be paid into, administered, and expended as part of the National Archives Trust Fund.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1293; Pub.

L. 98–497, title II, §202(b), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2294.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §300ee (July 9, 1941,

ch. 284, §5, 55 Stat. 581).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘on the basis of certified vouchers of the Archivist of the United States (or

his designee) for activities approved by the Board and

in the interest of the national archival and records activities administered by the National Archives and

Records Administration’’ for ‘‘by the Division of Disbursement, Treasury Department, on the basis of certified vouchers of the Chairman or his authorized

agent, unless otherwise restricted by the instrument of

gift or bequest, for and in the interest of the national

archival and records activities administered by the

General Services Administration’’ and ‘‘Archivist’’ for

‘‘Chairman’’ in second sentence.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Division of Disbursement of Treasury Department

consolidated into Fiscal Service of Treasury Department by section 1(a)(1) of Reorg. Plan No. III of 1940,

eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231, set out in the

Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. See section 306 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

§ 2308. Tax exemption for gifts

Gifts and bequests received by the Board under

this chapter, and the income from them are exempt from taxes.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1293.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §300gg (July 9, 1941,

ch. 284, §7, 55 Stat. 582).

CHAPTER 25—NATIONAL HISTORICAL

PUBLICATIONS AND RECORDS COMMISSION

Sec.

2501. Creation; composition; appointment and tenure; vacancies; meetings.1

2502. Vacancies.

2503. Executive director; staff; transportation expenses.1

2504. Duties; authorization of grants for historical

publications and records programs; authorization for appropriations.

2505. Special advisory committees; membership;

reimbursement.

2506. Records to be kept by grantees.

[2507. Repealed.]

AMENDMENTS

1988—Pub. L. 100–365, §5, July 13, 1988, 102 Stat. 825,

amended analysis generally, inserting ‘‘; vacancies;

meetings’’ after ‘‘tenure’’ in item 2501, substituted

‘‘staff; transportation expenses’’ for ‘‘editorial and clerical staff; reimbursement of members for transportation expenses; honorarium’’ in item 2503 and ‘‘historical publications and records programs; authorization

for appropriations’’ for ‘‘collection, reproduction, and

publication of documentary historical source material’’

in item 2504, and reenacting items 2502, 2505, and 2506

without change.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(12)(B), Oct. 19,

1984, 98 Stat. 2287, struck out item 2507 ‘‘Report to Congress’’.

1974—Pub. L. 93–536, §1(a), Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1734,

inserted ‘‘AND RECORDS’’ after ‘‘PUBLICATIONS’’ in

chapter heading.

§ 2501. Creation; composition; appointment and

tenure; meetings

(a) The National Historical Publications and

Records Commission shall consist of 15 members

as follows:

(1) the following ex officio members:

(A) the Archivist of the United States, who

shall be chairman;

(B) the Librarian of Congress (or an alternate designated by the Librarian);

(C) one Senator, appointed by the President of the Senate;

(D) one Representative, appointed by the

Speaker of the House of Representatives;

(E) one member of the judicial branch of

the Government, appointed by the Chief Justice of the United States;

(F) one representative of the Department

of State to be appointed by the Secretary of

State; and

(G) one representative of the Department

of Defense to be appointed by the Secretary

of Defense;

(2) one member from each of the following

organizations, appointed by the governing

council or board of the respective organization:

(A) the American Historical Association;

(B) the Organization of American Historians;

(C) the Society of American Archivists;

(D) the American Association for State

and Local History;

(E) the Association for Documentary Editing; and

(F) the National Association for Government Archives and Records Administrators;

and

(3) two other members, outstanding in the

fields of the social or physical sciences, the

arts, or archival or library science, appointed

by the President of the United States.

(b)(1) The members appointed under subsection (a) shall be appointed for not more than

2 terms of 4 years, except that—

(A) a member appointed under subsection

(a)(1)(D) shall be appointed for not more than

4 terms of 2 years; and
Page 97 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2503

(B) the Archivist and the Librarian of Congress are permanent ex officio members.

(2) A member may continue to serve after the

expiration of a term until a successor has been

appointed, but not to exceed one year.

(c) The Commission shall meet at least annually and at call of the Chairman.

(d) RECUSAL.—Members of the Commission

shall recuse themselves from voting on any matter that poses, or could potentially pose, a conflict of interest, including a matter that could

benefit them or an entity they represent.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1293; Pub.

L. 92–546, §1(a), Oct. 25, 1972, 86 Stat. 1155; Pub.

L. 93–536, §1(b), Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1735; Pub.

L. 96–98, §2(b), Nov. 1, 1979, 93 Stat. 731; Pub. L.

98–497, title I, §107(b)(9), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2287; Pub. L. 100–365, §2(a), July 13, 1988, 102 Stat.

823; Pub. L. 110–404, §3(a)(1), (b)(1), Oct. 13, 2008,

122 Stat. 4282.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §§391 (part), 393(a)

(June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I, §104, 63 Stat. 381, and title

V, §503(a) as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, §6(d), 64 Stat.

583).

This section incorporates only the last sentence of

paragraph (b) of former section 391. The balance of that

section will be found in sections 1506, 2102, 2301, and 2902

of the revision.

AMENDMENTS

2008—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–404, §3(a)(1)(A), inserted ‘‘not more than 2’’ after ‘‘subsection (a) shall be

appointed for’’ in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 110–404, §3(a)(1)(B), substituted ‘‘not more than 4 terms’’ for ‘‘a term’’.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–404, §3(b)(1), added subsec. (d).

1988—Pub. L. 100–365 substituted ‘‘appointment and

tenure; meetings’’ for ‘‘appointment and tenure’’ in

section catchline, and amended text generally, revising

and restating as subsecs. (a) to (c) provisions formerly

contained in a single undesignated paragraph.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 struck out ‘‘The authority of the

Administrator of General Services under section 754 of

title 40 to regroup, transfer, and distribute functions

within the General Services Administration does not

extend to the Commission or its functions.’’

1979—Pub. L. 96–98 inserted ‘‘and Records’’ after

‘‘Publications’’.

1974—Pub. L. 93–536 inserted provision relating to appointment and term of two members of Society of

American Archivists, and two members of American

Association for State and Local History.

1972—Pub. L. 92–546 provided for two additional members of the Organization of American Historians to be

appointed for terms of four years by Executive Board of

Organization, one to be appointed for a term of two

years and his successors for a term of four years.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2008 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 110–404, §3(a)(2), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4282,

provided that: ‘‘The restrictions on the terms of members of the National Historical Publications and

Records Commission provided in the amendments made

by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to

members serving on or after the date of enactment of

this Act [Oct. 13, 2008].’’

Pub. L. 110–404, §3(b)(2), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4283,

provided that: ‘‘The requirement of recusal provided in

the amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this

section] shall apply to members of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission serving on

or after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 13,

2008].’’

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 100–365, §2(b), July 13, 1988, 102 Stat. 824, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section

[amending this section] shall be effective on January 1,

1989, and shall apply to the appointment of any member

on the expiration of a predecessor’s term as follows:

‘‘(1) The next two members appointed to such Commission after such date shall be appointed pursuant

to section 2501(a)(2)(E) and (F) of title 44, United

States Code, as amended by this section.

‘‘(2) Notwithstanding section 2501(b)(1), the first

members appointed pursuant to section 2501(a)(2)(B)

and (C) after January 1, 1991, shall be appointed for

terms of one year.’’

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2502. Vacancies

A person appointed to fill a vacancy in the

membership of the Commission shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of the member whom he succeeds, and his appointment

shall be made in the same manner as the appointment of his predecessor.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1294.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §393(b) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §503(b), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

§ 2503. Executive director, staff, transportation

expenses

(a) The Commission may appoint, without reference to chapter 51 of title 5, an executive director. The Chairman may appoint such other

employees as may be necessary to carry out the

purposes of this chapter.

(b) Members of the Commission shall be allowed travel expenses (including per diem allowance in lieu of subsistence) in the same amount

and to the same extent as persons serving intermittently in the Government service are allowed travel expenses under section 5703 of title

5, United States Code.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1294; Pub.

L. 92–546, §1(b), Oct. 25, 1972, 86 Stat. 1155; Pub.

L. 96–98, §2(a), Nov. 1, 1979, 93 Stat. 731; Pub. L.

100–365, §3, July 13, 1988, 102 Stat. 824.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §393(c) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §503(c), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

1988—Pub. L. 100–365 substituted current section

catchline for ‘‘Executive director; editorial and clerical

staff; reimbursement of members for transportation expenses; honorarium’’, and amended text generally, revising and restating as subsecs. (a) and (b) provisions

formerly contained in a single undesignated paragraph.

1979—Pub. L. 96–98 substituted provisions relating to

per diem allowance, instead of subsistence, pursuant to

section 5703 of title 5, for provisions relating to receipt

of a sum, not to exceed $40, instead of subsistence en

route to or from or at place of service.

1972—Pub. L. 92–546 increased daily allowance from

$25 to $40.
§ 2504 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 98

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1979 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 96–98, §2(a), Nov. 1, 1979, 93 Stat. 731, provided

that the amendment made by section 2(a) is effective

Oct. 1, 1979.

§ 2504. Duties; authorization of grants for historical publications and records programs; authorization for appropriations

(a) The Commission shall make plans, estimates, and recommendations for historical

works and collections of sources it considers appropriate for preserving, publishing or otherwise

recording at the public expense. The Chairman

of the Commission shall transmit to the President and the Congress from time to time, and at

least biennially, the plans, estimates, and recommendations developed and approved by the

Commission.

(b) The Commission shall cooperate with, assist and encourage appropriate Federal, State,

and local agencies and nongovernmental institutions, societies, and individuals in collecting

and preserving and, when it considers it desirable, in editing and publishing papers of outstanding citizens of the United States, and other

documents as may be important for an understanding and appreciation of the history of the

United States.

(c) The Commission may conduct institutes,

training and educational programs, and recommend candidates for fellowships related to

the activities of the Commission and may disseminate information about documentary

sources through guides, directories, and other

technical publications.

(d) The Commission may recommend the expenditure of appropriated or donated funds for

the collecting, describing, preserving, compiling

and publishing (including microfilming and

other forms of reproduction) of documentary

sources significant to the history of the United

States and for the activities described in subsection (c).

(e) The Archivist of the United States may,

within the limits of available appropriated and

donated funds, make grants to State and local

agencies and to nonprofit organizations, institutions, and individuals, for those activities in

subsection (d) after considering the advice and

recommendations of the Commission.

(f) GRANTS FOR PRESIDENTIAL CENTERS OF HISTORICAL EXCELLENCE.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Archivist, with the recommendation of the Commission, may make

grants, on a competitive basis and in accordance with this subsection, to eligible entities

to promote the historical preservation of, and

public access to, historical records and documents relating to any former President who

does not have a Presidential archival depository currently managed and maintained by

the Federal Government pursuant to section

2112 (commonly known as the ‘‘Presidential

Libraries Act of 1955’’).

(2) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—For purposes of this

subsection, an eligible entity is—

(A) an organization described under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of

1986 and exempt from taxation under section

501(a) of that Code; or

(B) a State or local government of the

United States.

(3) USE OF FUNDS.—Amounts received by an

eligible entity under paragraph (1) shall be

used to promote the historical preservation of,

and public access to, historical records or historical documents relating to any former

President covered under paragraph (1).

(4) PROHIBITION ON USE OF FUNDS.—Amounts

received by an eligible entity under paragraph

(1) may not be used for the maintenance, operating costs, or construction of any facility to

house the historical records or historical documents relating to any former President covered under paragraph (1).

(5) APPLICATION.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—An eligible entity seeking a grant under this subsection shall submit to the Commission an application at

such time, in such manner, and containing

or accompanied by such information as the

Commission may require, including a description of the activities for which a grant

under this subsection is sought.

(B) APPROVAL OF APPLICATION.—The Commission shall not consider or recommend a

grant application submitted under subparagraph (A) unless an eligible entity establishes that such entity—

(i) possesses, with respect to any former

President covered under paragraph (1), historical works and collections of historical

sources that the Commission considers appropriate for preserving, publishing, or

otherwise recording at the public expense;

(ii) has appropriate facilities and space

for preservation of, and public access to,

the historical works and collections of historical sources;

(iii) shall ensure preservation of, and

public access to, such historical works and

collections of historical sources at no

charge to the public;

(iv) has educational programs that make

the use of such documents part of the mission of such entity;

(v) has raised funds from non-Federal

sources in support of the efforts of the entity to promote the historical preservation

of, and public access to, such historical

works and collections of historical sources

in an amount equal to the amount of the

grant the entity seeks under this subsection;

(vi) shall coordinate with any relevant

Federal program or activity, including

programs and activities relating to Presidential archival depositories;

(vii) shall coordinate with any relevant

non-Federal program or activity, including

programs and activities conducted by

State and local governments and private

educational historical entities; and

(viii) has a workable plan for preserving

and providing public access to such historical works and collections of historical

sources.

(g)(1) For the purposes specified in this section, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the National Historical Publications

and Records Commission—

(A) $6,000,000 for fiscal year 1989;

(B) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 1990;
Page 99 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2505

(C) $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years

1991, 1992, and 1993;

(D) $6,000,000 for fiscal year 1994;

(E) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 1995;

(F) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 1996;

(G) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1997;

(H) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1998;

(I) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1999;

(J) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2000;

(K) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2001;

(L) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002;

(M) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2003;

(N) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2004;

(O) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;

(P) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2006;

(Q) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;

(R) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and

(S) $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2009.

(2) Amounts appropriated under this subsection shall be available until expended when

so provided in appropriation Acts.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1294; Pub.

L. 92–546, §1(c), Oct. 25, 1972, 86 Stat. 1155; Pub.

L. 93–536, §1(c), Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1735; Pub.

L. 96–98, §1, Nov. 1, 1979, 93 Stat. 731; Pub. L.

98–189, Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1323; Pub. L. 98–497,

title I, §107(b)(10), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2287;

Pub. L. 100–365, §4, July 13, 1988, 102 Stat. 824;

Pub. L. 103–262, §1, May 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 706;

Pub. L. 104–274, §1, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3321;

Pub. L. 106–410, Nov. 1, 2000, 114 Stat. 1788; Pub.

L. 108–383, §6, Oct. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2219; Pub. L.

110–404, §2, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4281.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §393(d) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §503(d), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583, and amended July 28, 1964, Pub. L.

88–383, 78 Stat. 335).

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 501 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A), is classified to section 501

of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

AMENDMENTS

2008—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 110–404 added subsec. (f)

and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).

2004—Subsec. (f)(1)(P) to (S). Pub. L. 108–383 added

subpars. (P) to (S).

2000—Subsec. (f)(1)(L) to (O). Pub. L. 106–410 added

subpars. (L) to (O).

1996—Subsec. (f)(1)(H) to (K). Pub. L. 104–274 added

subpars. (H) to (K).

1994—Subsec. (f)(1)(D) to (G). Pub. L. 103–262 added

subpars. (D) to (G).

1988—Pub. L. 100–365 substituted current section

catchline for ‘‘Duties; authorization of grants for collection, reproduction, and publication of documentary

historical source material’’, and amended text generally, revising and restating as subsecs. (a) to (f) provisions of former subsecs. (a) and (b).

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(10)(A)–(D),

substituted ‘‘Archivist of the United States’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ in third sentence, substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ in fourth sentence, inserted ‘‘and Records’’ after ‘‘Historical Preservation’’ in fourth sentence, and substituted ‘‘transmit

to the President and the Congress’’ for ‘‘transmit to the

Administrator’’ in last sentence.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(10)(E), substituted

‘‘National Archives and Records Administration’’ for

‘‘General Services Administration’’.

1983—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–189 substituted provisions authorizing appropriations for fiscal year ending

Sept. 30, 1984, and for each of the four succeeding fiscal

years, for provisions authorizing appropriations for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1981.

1979—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–98 substituted provisions

authorizing appropriations for fiscal year ending Sept.

30, 1981, for provisions authorizing appropriations for

fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, and for each of four

succeeding fiscal years.

1974—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–536 substituted ‘‘1975’’ for

‘‘1973’’ and ‘‘$4,000,000’’ for ‘‘$2,000,000’’.

1972—Pub. L. 92–546 designated existing provisions as

subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions

in subsec. (a) of this section relating to the requirement that the Chairman of the Commission transmit

biennial reports to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L.

104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113

of Title 31, Money and Finance, and the 16th item on

page 183 of House Document No. 103–7.

GRANTS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE AND LOCAL

DATABASES FOR RECORDS OF SERVITUDE, EMANCIPATION, AND POST–CIVIL WAR RECONSTRUCTION

Pub. L. 110–404, §8, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4285, provided that:

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Executive Director of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission

of the National Archives and Records Administration

may make grants to States, colleges and universities,

museums, libraries, and genealogical associations to

preserve records and establish electronically searchable

databases consisting of local records of servitude,

emancipation, and post-Civil War reconstruction.

‘‘(b) MAINTENANCE.—Any database established using a

grant under this section shall be maintained by appropriate agencies or institutions designated by the Executive Director of the National Historical Publications

and Records Commission.’’

§ 2505. Special advisory committees; membership;

reimbursement

The Commission may establish special advisory committees to consult with and make recommendations to it, from among the leading

historians, political scientists, archivists, librarians, and other specialists of the Nation.

Members of special advisory committees shall

be reimbursed for transportation and other expenses on the same basis as members of the

Commission.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1294.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §393(e) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §503, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583, and amended July 28, 1964, Pub. L.

88–383, 78 Stat. 335).

TERMINATION OF ADVISORY COMMITTEES

Advisory committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to

terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year

period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a

committee established by the President or an officer of

the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by

appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-

year period, or in the case of a committee established

by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided by

law. See section 14 of Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86

Stat. 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
§ 2506 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 100

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON FOUNDING FATHERS

EDITORIAL PROJECTS

Pub. L. 110–404, §5, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4283, provided that:

‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Archivist of the United

States may establish an advisory committee to—

‘‘(1) review the progress of the Founding Fathers

editorial projects funded by the National Historical

Publications and Records Commission;

‘‘(2) develop, in consultation with the various

Founding Fathers editorial projects, appropriate

completion goals for the projects described in paragraph (1);

‘‘(3) annually review such goals and report to the

Archivist on the progress of the various projects in

meeting the goals; and

‘‘(4) recommend to the Archivist measures that

would aid or encourage the projects in meeting such

goals.

‘‘(b) REPORTS TO THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE.—Each of

the projects described in subsection (a)(1) shall provide

annually to the advisory committee established under

subsection (a) a report on the progress of the project

toward accomplishing the completion goals and any assistance needed to achieve such goals, including the

following:

‘‘(1) The proportion of total project funding for the

funding year in which the report is submitted from—

‘‘(A) Federal, State, and local government

sources;

‘‘(B) the host institution for the project;

‘‘(C) private or public foundations; and

‘‘(D) individuals.

‘‘(2) Information on all activities carried out using

nongovernmental funding.

‘‘(3) Any and all information related to performance

goals for the funding year in which the report is submitted.

‘‘(c) COMPOSITION; MEETINGS; REPORT; SUNSET; ACTION.—The advisory committee established under subsection (a) shall—

‘‘(1) be comprised of 3 nationally recognized historians appointed for not more than 2 consecutive 4-

year terms;

‘‘(2) meet not less frequently than once a year;

‘‘(3) provide a report on the information obtained

under subsection (b) to the Committee on Homeland

Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and

the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform

of the House of Representatives not later than 1 year

after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 13, 2008]

and annually thereafter;

‘‘(4) terminate on the date that is 8 years after the

date of enactment of this Act; and

‘‘(5) recommend legislative or executive action that

would facilitate completion of the performance goals

for the Founding Fathers editorial projects.’’

§ 2506. Records to be kept by grantees

(a) Each recipient of grant assistance under

section 2504 of this title shall keep such records

as the Archivist of the United States prescribes,

including records which fully disclose the

amount and disposition by the recipient of the

proceeds of the grants, the total cost of the

project or undertaking in connection with which

funds are given or used, and the amount of that

portion of the cost of the project or undertaking

supplied by other sources, and any other records

as will facilitate an effective audit.

(b) The Archivist and the Comptroller General

of the United States or their authorized representatives shall have access for the purposes

of audit and examination to books, documents,

papers, and records of the recipients that are

pertinent to the grants received under section

2504 of this title.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1294; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(11), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2287.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §393(g) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §503, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583, and amended July 28, 1964, Pub. L.

88–383, 78 Stat. 335).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist of the United States’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for

‘‘Administrator’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

[§ 2507. Repealed. Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§ 107(b)(12)(A), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2287]

Section, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1295, related to report that Administrator is required to make

annually to Congress.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL

Repeal effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub. L.

98–497, set out as an Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

note under section 2102 of this title.

CHAPTER 27—ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON

THE RECORDS OF CONGRESS

Sec.

2701. Advisory Committee on the Records of Congress.

2702. Membership; chairman; meetings.

2703. Functions of the Committee.

2704. Powers of the Committee.

2705. Compensation and travel expenses.

2706. Administrative provisions.

§ 2701. Advisory Committee on the Records of

Congress

(a) There is established the Advisory Committee on the Records of Congress (hereafter in this

chapter referred to as the Committee).

(b) The Committee shall be subject to the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act

(5 U.S.C. App.), except that the Committee shall

be of permanent duration, notwithstanding any

provision of section 14 of the Federal Advisory

Committee Act.

(Added Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, §1(d)(1), Nov. 5,

1990, 104 Stat. 1417.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in

subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, as

amended, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5,

Government Organization and Employees.

CODIFICATION

Another section 1 of title IV of Pub. L. 101–509, 104

Stat. 1421, amended section 8902 of Title 5, Government

Organization and Employees.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2701, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1295, established Federal Records Council and set

forth composition, compensation, etc., of such Council,
Page 101 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2706

prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95–378, §2(a), Sept. 22, 1978, 92

Stat. 723. Section 1 of Pub. L. 95–378 abolished the Federal Records Council.

§ 2702. Membership; chairman; meetings

(a)(1) The Committee shall consist of the eleven members including—

(A)(i) the Secretary of the Senate;

(ii) the Clerk of the House of Representatives;

(iii) the Archivist of the United States;

(iv) the Historian of the Senate; and

(v) the Historian of the House of Representatives; and

(B) six members of whom one shall be appointed by each of the following:

(i) the Speaker of the House of Representatives;

(ii) the Minority Leader of the House of

Representatives;

(iii) the Majority Leader of the Senate;

(iv) the Minority Leader of the Senate;

(v) the Secretary of the Senate; and

(vi) the Clerk of the House of Representatives.

(2) Each member appointed under paragraph

(1)(B) shall have knowledge or expertise in

United States history, archival management,

publishing, library science, or use of legislative

records.

(b) The Secretary of the Senate shall serve as

Chairman during the two-year period beginning

on January 1, 1991, and the Clerk of the House of

Representatives shall serve as Chairman during

the two-year period beginning on January 1,

1993. Thereafter, such members shall alternate

serving as Chairman for a term of two years.

(c)(1) Members of the Committee referred to in

subsection (a)(1)(A) shall serve only while holding such offices. Members appointed to the Committee under subsection (a)(1)(B) shall serve for

a term of two years, and may be reappointed

without limitation. The initial appointments for

such terms shall begin on January 1, 1991.

(2) Any vacancy on the Committee shall not

affect the powers of the Committee. Any vacancy in an appointed position on the Committee shall be filled in the same manner in which

the original appointment was made.

(d)(1) No later than thirty days after the date

on which the first session of the 102d Congress

begins, the Committee shall hold its first meeting. Thereafter, the Committee shall meet semiannually or at the call of a majority of its members.

(2) Seven members of the Committee shall

constitute a quorum, but a lesser number may

hold hearings.

(Added Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, §1(d)(1), Nov. 5,

1990, 104 Stat. 1417.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The date on which the first session of the 102d Congress begins, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is Jan. 3, 1991.

§ 2703. Functions of the Committee

The Committee shall—

(1) review the management and preservation

of the records of Congress;

(2) report to and advise the Congress and the

Archivist of the United States on such management and preservation; and

(3)(A) no later than December 31, 1991, conduct a study and submit a report to the Congress on—

(i) the effect any transfer of records of the

National Archives and Records Administration from facilities located in Washington,

D.C., to any location outside of Washington,

D.C., shall have on the management and

preservation of the records of Congress; and

(ii) the five year plan for the management

and preservation of the records of Congress;

and

(B) no later than December 31, 1995, conduct

a study to update the report submitted under

subparagraph (A)(ii), and submit a report to

the Congress.

(Added Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, §1(d)(1), Nov. 5,

1990, 104 Stat. 1418.)

§ 2704. Powers of the Committee

(a) For purposes of carrying out the duties referred to under section 2703, the Committee or,

on the authorization of the Committee, any subcommittee or member thereof, may hold such

hearings, sit and act at such times and places,

take such testimony, and receive such evidence

as is appropriate.

(b) The Committee may secure directly from

any department or agency of the United States

such information as the Committee may require

to carry out the duties referred to under section

2703. Upon request of the Chairman of the Committee, the head of such department or agency

shall furnish such information to the Committee.

(Added Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, §1(d)(1), Nov. 5,

1990, 104 Stat. 1418.)

§ 2705. Compensation and travel expenses

A member of the Committee may not be paid

compensation for service performed as a member of the Committee. However, members of the

Committee shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates

authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States

Code, while away from their homes or regular

places of business in the performance of service

for the Committee.

(Added Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, §1(d)(1), Nov. 5,

1990, 104 Stat. 1418.)

§ 2706. Administrative provisions

(a) Upon request of the Committee, the head of

any Federal agency is authorized to detail to

the Committee, on a nonreimbursable basis, any

of the personnel of such agency to assist the

Committee in carrying out the duties referred to

under section 2703 and such detail shall be without interruption or loss of civil service status or

privilege.

(b) For purposes of supporting the Committee,

the Archivist may obtain the services of experts

and consultants in accordance with the provisions of section 3109 of title 5, United States

Code, but at rates for individuals not to exceed

the daily equivalent of the minimum annual

rate of basic pay payable for GS–16 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of such title.
§ 2901 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 102

1Section catchline amended by Pub. L. 98–497 without corresponding amendment of chapter analysis.

(Added Pub. L. 101–509, title IV, §1(d)(1), Nov. 5,

1990, 104 Stat. 1418.)

REFERENCES IN OTHER LAWS TO GS–16, 17, OR 18 PAY

RATES

References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17,

or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General

Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable

under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, §101(c)(1)]

of Pub. L. 101–509, set out in a note under section 5376

of Title 5.

CHAPTER 29—RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY

THE ARCHIVIST OF THE UNITED STATES

Sec.

2901. Definitions.

2902. Objectives of records management.

2903. Custody and control of property.

2904. General responsibilities of Administrator.1

2905. Establishment of standards for selective retention of records; security measures.

2906. Inspection of agency records.

2907. Records centers and centralized microfilming

or digitization services.

2908. Regulations.

2909. Retention of records.

2910. Preservation of Freedmen’s Bureau records.

2911. Disclosure requirement for official business

conducted using non-official electronic

messaging accounts.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187, §§9(b)(2), (f)(1), 10(b), Nov. 26,

2014, 128 Stat. 2013–2015, struck out ‘‘AND BY THE ADMINISTRATOR OF GENERAL SERVICES’’ after

‘‘UNITED STATES’’ in chapter heading, inserted ‘‘or

digitization’’ after ‘‘microfilming’’ in item 2907, and

added item 2911.

2000—Pub. L. 106–444, §2(b), Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1929,

added item 2910.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(18)(A), Oct. 19,

1984, 98 Stat. 2290, inserted ‘‘THE ARCHIVIST OF THE

UNITED STATES AND BY THE’’ in chapter heading.

1976—Pub. L. 94–575, §2(b), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2726,

substituted ‘‘Objectives of records management’’ for

‘‘Records management, surveys, and reports’’ in item

2902, ‘‘General responsibilities of Administrator’’ for

‘‘Records management by Administrator; duties generally’’ in item 2904, ‘‘Inspection of agency records’’ for

‘‘Personal inspection and survey of records’’ in item

2906, ‘‘Records centers and centralized microfilming

services’’ for ‘‘Records centers for storage, process, and

servicing of records’’ in item 2907, reenacted without

change items 2901, 2903, 2905, 2908, and 2909, and struck

out item 2910 ‘‘Final authority of Administrator in

records practices’’.

§ 2901. Definitions

As used in this chapter, and chapters 21, 25, 31,

and 33 of this title—

(1) the term ‘‘records’’ has the meaning

given it by section 3301 of this title;

(2) the term ‘‘records management’’ means

the planning, controlling, directing, organizing, training, promoting, and other managerial activities involved with respect to records

creation, records maintenance and use, and

records disposition in order to achieve adequate and proper documentation of the policies and transactions of the Federal Government and effective and economical management of agency operations;

(3) the term ‘‘records creation’’ means the

production or reproduction of any record;

(4) the term ‘‘records maintenance and use’’

means any activity involving—

(A) location of records of a Federal agency;

(B) storage, retrieval, and handling of

records kept at office file locations by or for

a Federal agency;

(C) processing of mail by a Federal agency;

or

(D) selection and utilization of equipment

and supplies associated with records and

copying;

(5) the term ‘‘records disposition’’ means any

activity with respect to—

(A) disposal of temporary records no

longer necessary for the conduct of business

by destruction or donation;

(B) transfer of records to Federal agency

storage facilities or records centers;

(C) transfer to the National Archives of

the United States of records determined to

have sufficient historical or other value to

warrant continued preservation; or

(D) transfer of records from one Federal

agency to any other Federal agency;

(6) the term ‘‘records center’’ means an establishment maintained and operated by the

Archivist or by another Federal agency primarily for the storage, servicing, security, and

processing of records which need to be preserved for varying periods of time and need

not be retained in office equipment or space;

(7) the term ‘‘records management study’’

means an investigation and analysis of any

Federal agency records, or records management practices or programs (whether manual

or automated), with a view toward rendering

findings and recommendations with respect

thereto;

(8) the term ‘‘inspection’’ means reviewing

any Federal agency’s records or records management practices or programs with respect to

effectiveness and compliance with records

management laws and making necessary recommendations for correction or improvement

of records management;

(9) the term ‘‘servicing’’ means making

available for use information in records and

other materials in the custody of the Archivist, or in a records center—

(A) by furnishing the records or other materials, or information from them, or copies

or reproductions thereof, to any Federal

agency for official use, or to the public; or

(B) by making and furnishing authenticated or unauthenticated copies or reproductions of the records or other materials;

(10) the term ‘‘unauthenticated copies’’

means exact copies or reproductions of records

or other materials that are not certified as

such under seal and that need not be legally

accepted as evidence;

(11) the term ‘‘National Archives of the

United States’’ means those official records

which have been determined by the Archivist

of the United States to have sufficient historical or other value to warrant their continued

preservation by the Federal Government, and

which have been accepted by the Archivist for

deposit in the Archivist’s custody;
Page 103 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2902

(12) the term ‘‘Archivist’’ means the Archivist of the United States;

(13) the term ‘‘executive agency’’ shall have

the meaning given such term by section 102 of

title 40;

(14) the term ‘‘Federal agency’’ means any

executive agency or any establishment in the

legislative or judicial branch of the Government (except the Supreme Court, the Senate,

the House of Representatives, and the Architect of the Capitol and any activities under

the direction of the Architect of the Capitol);

and

(15) the term ‘‘Administrator’’ means the

Administrator of General Services.

(Added Pub. L. 94–575, §2(a)(1), Oct. 21, 1976, 90

Stat. 2723; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§107(b)(13), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2287; Pub. L.

107–217, §3(l)(2), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1301; Pub.

L. 113–187, §8(6), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2901, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1295, related to definitions, prior to repeal by Pub.

L. 94–575, §2(a)(1).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Par. (11). Pub. L. 113–187 substituted ‘‘the Archivist’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

2002—Par. (13). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted ‘‘section

102 of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 3(a) of the Federal Property

and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C.

472(a))’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(13)(A), struck out reference to chapter 27 in provisions preceding par. (1).

Par. (2). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(13)(B), inserted ‘‘in

order to achieve adequate and proper documentation of

the policies and transactions of the Federal Government and effective and economical management of

agency operations’’.

Pars. (6), (9), (11). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(13)(C), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’.

Par. (12). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(13)(D), substituted

‘‘Archivist’’ and ‘‘Archivist of the United States’’ for

‘‘Administrator’’ and ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’, respectively. See par. (15) of this section.

Par. (13). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(13)(D), struck out references to ‘‘Federal agency’’ and to subsec. (b) of section 3 of the Federal Property and Administrative

Services Act of 1949. See par. (14) of this section.

Pars. (14), (15). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(13)(D), added

pars. (14) and (15).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

RECORDS CENTER REVOLVING FUND

Pub. L. 106–58, title IV, [(a)–(e)], Sept. 29, 1999, 113

Stat. 460, 461, as amended by Pub. L. 108–383, §3, Oct. 30,

2004, 118 Stat. 2218, provided that:

‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF FUND.—There is hereby established in the Treasury a revolving fund to be available

for expenses (including expenses for uniforms or allowances for uniforms as authorized by subchapter I of

chapter 59 of title 5 [United States Code]) and equipment necessary to provide for storage and related services for all temporary and pre-archival Federal records,

which are to be stored or stored at Federal National

and Regional Records Centers by agencies and other instrumentalities of the Federal Government. The Fund

shall be available without fiscal year limitation for expenses necessary for operation of these activities.

‘‘(b) START-UP CAPITAL.—

‘‘(1) There is appropriated $22,000,000 as initial capitalization of the Fund.

‘‘(2) In addition, the initial capital of the Fund

shall include the fair and reasonable value at the

Fund’s inception of the inventories, equipment, receivables, and other assets, less the liabilities, transferred to the Fund. The Archivist of the United

States is authorized to accept inventories, equipment, receivables and other assets from other Federal

entities that were used to provide for storage and related services for temporary and pre-archival Federal

records.

‘‘(c) USER CHARGES.—The Fund shall be credited with

user charges received from other Federal Government

accounts as payment for providing personnel, storage,

materials, supplies, equipment, and services as authorized by subsection (a). Such payments may be made in

advance or by way of reimbursement. The rates

charged will return in full the expenses of operation,

including reserves for accrued annual leave, worker’s

compensation, depreciation of capitalized equipment

and shelving, and amortization of information technology software and systems.

‘‘(d) FUNDS RETURNED TO MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY.—

‘‘(1) In addition to funds appropriated to and assets

transferred to the Fund in subsection (b), an amount

not to exceed 4 percent of the total annual income

may be retained in the Fund as an operating reserve

or for the replacement or acquisition of capital equipment, including shelving, and the improvement and

implementation of the financial management, information technology, and other support systems of the

National Archives and Records Administration.

‘‘(2) Funds in excess of the 4 percent at the close of

each fiscal year shall be returned to the Treasury of

the United States as miscellaneous receipts.

‘‘(e) REPORTING REQUIREMENT.—The National Archives and Records Administration shall provide quarterly reports to the Committees on Appropriations and

Governmental Affairs of the Senate, and the Committees on Appropriations and Government Reform [now

Oversight and Government Reform] of the House of

Representatives on the operation of the Records Center

Revolving Fund.’’

FEDERAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS WITHOUT

EFFECT ON AUTHORITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF

ADMINISTRATOR OF GENERAL SERVICES, JOINT COMMITTEE, OR GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

Pub. L. 94–575, §5, Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2727, as

amended by Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(b), Dec.

16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, provided that:

‘‘(a) The provisions of this Act [see Short Title of 1976

Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title]

relating to the authority of the Administrator of General Services do not limit or repeal additional authorities provided by statute or otherwise recognized by law.

‘‘(b) The provisions of this Act do not limit or repeal

the authority or responsibilities of the Joint Committee on Printing or the Government Publishing Office

under chapters 1 through 19 of title 44, United States

Code.’’

§ 2902. Objectives of records management

It is the purpose of this chapter, and chapters

21, 31, and 33 of this title, to require the establishment of standards and procedures to assure

efficient and effective records management.

Such records management standards and procedures shall seek to implement the following

goals:

(1) Accurate and complete documentation of

the policies and transactions of the Federal

Government.

(2) Control of the quantity and quality of

records produced by the Federal Government.

(3) Establishment and maintenance of mechanisms of control with respect to records cre-
§ 2903 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 104

ation in order to prevent the creation of unnecessary records and with respect to the effective and economical operations of an agency.

(4) Simplification of the activities, systems,

and processes of records creation, maintenance, transfer, and use.

(5) Judicious preservation and disposal of

records.

(6) Direction of continuing attention on

records from their initial creation to their

final disposition, with particular emphasis on

the prevention of unnecessary Federal paperwork and the transfer of records from Federal

agencies to the National Archives of the

United States in digital or electronic form to

the greatest extent possible.

(7) Establishment and maintenance of such

other systems or techniques as the Archivist

considers necessary to carry out the purposes

of this chapter, and chapters 21, 31, and 33 of

this title.

(Added Pub. L. 94–575, §2(a)(1), Oct. 21, 1976, 90

Stat. 2724; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§107(b)(14), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2288; Pub. L.

113–187, §9(a), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2902, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1296, related to activities of the Administrator of

General Services with respect to records management,

surveys, and reports, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–575,

§2(a)(1). See section 2904 of this title.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Par. (4). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(a)(1), substituted

‘‘creation, maintenance, transfer, and use’’ for ‘‘creation and of records maintenance and use’’.

Par. (6). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(a)(2), inserted before period at end ‘‘and the transfer of records from Federal

agencies to the National Archives of the United States

in digital or electronic form to the greatest extent possible’’.

Par. (7). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(a)(3), struck out ‘‘the Administrator or’’ before ‘‘the Archivist’’.

1984—Par. (7). Pub. L. 98–497 inserted ‘‘or the Archivist’’ after ‘‘Administrator’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2903. Custody and control of property

(a) The Archivist shall have immediate custody and control of the National Archives Building and its contents, and may design, construct,

purchase, lease, maintain, operate, protect, and

improve buildings used by him for the storage of

records of Federal agencies in the District of Columbia and elsewhere.

(b) When the Archivist considers it to be in

the public interest, the Archivist may charge

and collect reasonable fees from the public for

the occasional, non-official use of rooms and

spaces, and services related to such use, in the

buildings subject to this section. Fees collected

under this subsection shall be paid into an account in the National Archives Trust Fund and

shall be held, administered, and expended for the

benefit and in the interest of the national archival and records activities administered by the

National Archives and Records Administration,

including educational and public program purposes.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1296; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(15)(A), Oct. 19, 1984, 98

Stat. 2288; Pub. L. 108–383, §4(b), Oct. 30, 2004, 118

Stat. 2218.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §392 (June 30, 1949, ch.

288, title V, §502, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, §6(d), 64

Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

2004—Pub. L. 108–383 designated existing provisions as

subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2904. General responsibilities for records management

(a) The Archivist shall provide guidance and

assistance to Federal agencies with respect to

ensuring adequate and proper documentation of

the policies and transactions of the Federal Government and ensuring proper records disposition.

(b) The Archivist shall provide guidance and

assistance to Federal agencies to ensure economical and effective records management by

such agencies.

(c) In carrying out the responsibilities under

subsections (a) and (b), the Archivist shall have

the responsibility—

(1) to promulgate standards, procedures, and

guidelines with respect to records management and the conduct of records management

studies;

(2) to conduct research with respect to the

improvement of records management practices and programs;

(3) to collect and disseminate information on

training programs, technological developments, and other activities relating to records

management;

(4) to establish such interagency committees

and boards as may be necessary to provide an

exchange of information among Federal agencies with respect to records management;

(5) to direct the continuing attention of Federal agencies and the Congress on the need for

adequate policies governing records management;

(6) to conduct records management studies

and, in the Archivist’s discretion, designate

the heads of executive agencies to conduct

records management studies with respect to

establishing systems and techniques designed

to save time and effort in records management;

(7) to conduct inspections or surveys of the

records and the records management programs

and practices within and between Federal

agencies;

(8) to report to the appropriate oversight and

appropriations committees of the Congress
Page 105 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2905

and to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget in January of each year and

at such other times as the Archivist deems desirable—

(A) on the results of activities conducted

pursuant to paragraphs (1) through (7) of

this section,

(B) on evaluations of responses by Federal

agencies to any recommendations resulting

from inspections or studies conducted under

paragraphs (6) and (7) of this section, and

(C) to the extent practicable, estimates of

costs to the Federal Government resulting

from the failure of agencies to implement

such recommendations.

(d) The Archivist shall promulgate regulations

requiring all Federal agencies to transfer all

digital or electronic records to the National Archives of the United States in digital or electronic form to the greatest extent possible.

(Added Pub. L. 94–575, §2(a)(2), Oct. 21, 1976, 90

Stat. 2725; amended Pub. L. 96–511, §2(c)(1), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2825; Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§107(b)(16), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2288; Pub. L.

113–187, §§8(7), 9(c), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012,

2013.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2904, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1296, contained provisions similar to those comprising pars. (1) and (2) of this section, prior to repeal

by Pub. L. 94–575, §2(a)(2).

Provisions similar to those comprising pars. (8) to

(10) of this section were contained in section 2902, Pub.

L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1296, prior to repeal by

Pub. L. 94–575, §2(a)(1).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(c)(1), substituted

‘‘The Archivist’’ for ‘‘The Administrator’’.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(c)(2)(A), substituted

‘‘the responsibilities under subsections (a) and (b), the

Archivist shall have’’ for ‘‘their responsibilities under

subsection (a) or (b), respectively, the Archivist and the

Administrator shall each have’’ in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(7), substituted ‘‘the

Archivist’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(c)(2)(B), struck out

‘‘or the Administrator (as the case may be)’’ after ‘‘Archivist’’.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(c)(3), amended subsec.

(d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as

follows: ‘‘In addition, the Administrator, in carrying

out subsection (b), shall have the responsibility to promote economy and efficiency in the selection and utilization of space, staff, equipment, and supplies for

records management.’’

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘for records management’’ for ‘‘of Administrator’’ in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–497 designated existing first

sentence as subsec. (a) and substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for

‘‘Administrator’’ and ‘‘ensuring adequate and proper

documentation of the policies and transactions of the

Federal Government and ensuring proper records disposition’’ for ‘‘records creation, records maintenance

and use, and records disposition’’.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–497 added subsec. (b).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–497 designated existing second

sentence as subsec. (c), substituted ‘‘In carrying out

the responsibilities under subsection (a) or (b), respectively’’ for ‘‘In providing such guidance and assistance,’’, and inserted reference to Archivist in text preceding par. (1).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated par. (2) as

(1). Provisions contained in former par. (1) are now contained substantially in subsec. (d).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated par. (3) as

(2). Former par. (2) redesignated (1).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated par. (6) as

(3) and inserted ‘‘to collect and’’, ‘‘training programs’’,

and ‘‘other activities’’. Former par. (3) redesignated (2).

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated par. (5) as

(4). Former par. (4), which read ‘‘serve as a clearinghouse for information with respect to records management and as a central source for reference and training

materials with respect to records management’’, was

struck out.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated par. (7) as

(5) and struck out ‘‘the burden placed on the Federal

Government by unnecessary paperwork’’ after ‘‘Congress on’’, ‘‘creation’’ before ‘‘maintenance’’, and ‘‘and

use, and disposition’’ after ‘‘maintenance’’. Former par.

(5) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated par. (8) as

(6) and struck out ‘‘with particular attention given to

standards and procedures governing records creation’’

at end. Former par. (6) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated par. (9) as

(7) and substituted ‘‘surveys of the records and the

records management programs and practices within

and between Federal agencies’’ for ‘‘records management studies which involve a review of the programs

and practices of more than one Federal agency and

which examine interaction among and relationships between Federal agencies with respect to records and

records management’’. Former par. (7) redesignated (5).

Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated par. (10) as

(8) and inserted ‘‘in January of each year’’, ‘‘the Archivist or’’, and substituted ‘‘(7)’’ for ‘‘(9)’’ and ‘‘(6)’’ and

‘‘(7)’’ for ‘‘(8)’’ and ‘‘(9)’’, respectively, in subpars. (A)

and (B).

Subsec. (c)(9), (10). Pub. L. 98–497 redesignated pars.

(9) and (10) as (7) and (8), respectively.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–497 added subsec. (d).

1980—Par. (10). Pub. L. 96–511 prescribed that the report be to appropriate oversight and appropriations

committees, incorporated existing provisions in cls. (A)

and (B) and added cl. (C).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 96–511, §5, Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2826, provided:

‘‘This Act [enacting chapter 35 of this title, amending

this section, section 2905 of this title, section 5315 of

Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 1221–3 of Title 20, Education, section 1211 of Title

30, Mineral Lands and Mining, and section 292h of Title

42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 101 and 3503 of this

title] shall take effect on April 1, 1981.’’

TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions

of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual,

semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in

House Document No. 103–7 (in which a report to appropriate oversight and appropriations committees of Congress under subsec. (c)(8) of this section is listed as the

9th item on page 173 and as the 5th item on page 180),

see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, and section 1(a)(4) [div. A, §1402(1)] of Pub. L. 106–554, set out

as notes under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

§ 2905. Establishment of standards for selective

retention of records; security measures

(a) The Archivist shall establish standards for

the selective retention of records of continuing

value, and assist Federal agencies in applying

the standards to records in their custody. The
§ 2906 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 106

1So in original.

Archivist shall notify the head of a Federal

agency of any actual, impending, or threatened

unlawful removal, defacing, alteration, or destruction of records in the custody of the agency

that shall come to the Archivist’s attention, and

assist the head of the agency in initiating action

through the Attorney General for the recovery

of records unlawfully removed and for other redress provided by law. In any case in which the

head of the agency does not initiate an action

for such recovery or other redress within a reasonable period of time after being notified of

any such unlawful action, the Archivist shall request the Attorney General to initiate such an

action, and shall notify the Congress when such

a request has been made.

(b) The Archivist shall assist the Administrator for the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in conducting studies and developing standards relating to record retention requirements imposed on the public and on State

and local governments by Federal agencies.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1296; Pub.

L. 96–511, §2(c)(2), Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2825; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(15)(B), title II, §203(a),

Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2288, 2294; Pub. L. 113–187,

§8(8), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §395(b) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §505(b), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–187 substituted ‘‘The Archivist shall notify’’ for ‘‘He shall notify’’ and ‘‘the Archivist’s attention’’ for ‘‘his attention’’.

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(15)(B), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General

Services’’.

Pub. L. 98–497, §203(a), inserted ‘‘In any case in which

the head of the agency does not initiate an action for

such recovery or other redress within a reasonable period of time after being notified of any such unlawful

action, the Archivist shall request the Attorney General to initiate such an action, and shall notify the

Congress when such a request has been made.’’

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(15)(B), substituted

‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

1980—Pub. L. 96–511 designated existing provisions as

subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–511 effective on Apr. 1, 1981,

see section 5 of Pub. L. 96–511, set out as a note under

section 2904 of this title.

§ 2906. Inspection of agency records

(a)(1) In carrying out the duties and responsibilities under this chapter, the Archivist (or

the the 1 Archivist’s designee) may inspect the

records or the records management practices

and programs of any Federal agency for the purpose of rendering recommendations for the improvement of records management practices and

programs and for determining whether the

records of Federal agencies have sufficient value

to warrant continued preservation or lack sufficient value to justify continued preservation.

Officers and employees of such agencies shall cooperate fully in such inspections, subject to the

provisions of paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection.

(2) Records, the use of which is restricted by

law or for reasons of national security or the

public interest, shall be inspected, in accordance

with regulations promulgated by the Archivist,

subject to the approval of the head of the agency

concerned or of the President.

(3) If the Archivist (or the Archivist’s designee) inspects a record, as provided in this subsection, which is contained in a system of

records which is subject to section 552a of title

5, such record shall be—

(A) maintained by the Archivist or such designee as a record contained in a system of

records; or

(B) deemed to be a record contained in a system of records for purposes of subsections (b),

(c), and (i) of section 552a of title 5.

(b) In conducting the inspection of agency

records provided for in subsection (a) of this section, the Archivist (or the Archivist’s designee)

shall, in addition to complying with the provisions of law cited in subsection (a)(3), comply

with all other Federal laws and be subject to the

sanctions provided therein.

(Added Pub. L. 94–575, §2(a)(3), Oct. 21, 1976, 90

Stat. 2725; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§107(b)(17), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2289; Pub. L.

113–187, §9(d), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2013.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2906, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1297, contained provisions similar to those comprising subsec. (a)(1) and (2) of this section, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–575, §2(a)(3).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(d)(1)(A), substituted ‘‘the duties’’ for ‘‘their respective duties’’ and

‘‘the Archivist’s designee’’ for ‘‘designee of either’’,

struck out ‘‘the Administrator of General Services

and’’ before ‘‘the Archivist’’ and ‘‘solely’’ after ‘‘any

Federal agency’’, and inserted ‘‘and for determining

whether the records of Federal agencies have sufficient

value to warrant continued preservation or lack sufficient value to justify continued preservation’’ after

‘‘for the improvement of records management practices

and programs’’.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(d)(1)(B), struck out

‘‘the Administrator and’’ before ‘‘the Archivist’’ and

‘‘The regulations promulgated by the Administrator

and the Archivist under this paragraph shall, to the extent practicable, be identical.’’ at end.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(d)(1)(C), in introductory provisions, struck out ‘‘the Administrator or’’ before ‘‘the Archivist’’ and substituted ‘‘Archivist’s designee’’ for ‘‘designee of either’’ and, in subpar. (A), substituted ‘‘the Archivist’’ for ‘‘the Administrator, the

Archivist,’’.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–187, §9(d)(2), struck out ‘‘the

Administrator and’’ before ‘‘the Archivist’’ and substituted ‘‘Archivist’s designee’’ for ‘‘designee of either’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 inserted reference to Archivist in

four places in subsecs. (a) and (b) and inserted at end of

subsec. (b)(2) ‘‘The regulations promulgated by the Administrator and the Archivist under this paragraph

shall, to the extent practicable, be identical.’’
Page 107 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 2911

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2907. Records centers and centralized microfilming or digitization services

The Archivist may establish, maintain, and

operate records centers and centralized microfilming or digitization services for Federal agencies.

(Added Pub. L. 94–575, §2(a)(3), Oct. 21, 1976, 90

Stat. 2726; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§107(b)(15)(A), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2288; Pub. L.

113–187, §9(b)(1), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2013.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2907, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1297, contained provisions similar to those comprising this section, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–575,

§2(a)(3).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 inserted ‘‘or digitization’’ after

‘‘microfilming’’ in section catchline and text.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2908. Regulations

Subject to applicable law, the Archivist shall

promulgate regulations governing the transfer

of records from the custody of one executive

agency to that of another.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1297; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(15)(B), Oct. 19, 1984, 98

Stat. 2288.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §395(e) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §505(e), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2909. Retention of records

The Archivist may empower a Federal agency

to retain records for a longer period than that

specified in disposal schedules, and may withdraw disposal authorizations covering records

listed in disposal schedules. The Archivist shall

promulgate regulations in accordance with section 2104(a) of this title to implement this section.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1297; Pub.

L. 91–287, §4, June 23, 1970, 84 Stat. 322; Pub. L.

98–497, title I, §107(b)(15)(B), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2288; Pub. L. 108–383, §2(a), Oct. 30, 2004, 118 Stat.

2218.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §395(f) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §505(f), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

2004—Pub. L. 108–383 struck out ‘‘, upon the submission of evidence of need,’’ after ‘‘Federal agency’’, substituted ‘‘, and’’ for ‘‘; and, in accordance with regulations promulgated by him,’’, and inserted at end ‘‘The

Archivist shall promulgate regulations in accordance

with section 2104(a) of this title to implement this section.’’

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

1970—Pub. L. 91–287 struck out ‘‘approved by Congress’’ after ‘‘disposal schedules’’ in two places.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 2910. Preservation of Freedmen’s Bureau

records

The Archivist shall preserve the records of the

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned

Lands, commonly referred to as the ‘‘Freedmen’s Bureau’’, by using—

(1) microfilm technology for preservation of

the documents comprising these records so

that they can be maintained for future generations; and

(2) the results of the pilot project with the

University of Florida to create future partnerships with Howard University and other institutions for the purposes of indexing these

records and making them more easily accessible to the public, including historians, genealogists, and students, and for any other purposes determined by the Archivist.

(Added Pub. L. 106–444, §2(a), Nov. 6, 2000, 114

Stat. 1929.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 2910, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1297, provided for final authority of Administrator in records practices, prior to repeal by Pub. L.

94–575, §2(a)(4), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2726.

§ 2911. Disclosure requirement for official business conducted using non-official electronic

messaging accounts

(a) IN GENERAL.—An officer or employee of an

executive agency may not create or send a

record using a non-official electronic messaging

account unless such officer or employee—

(1) copies an official electronic messaging

account of the officer or employee in the original creation or transmission of the record; or

(2) forwards a complete copy of the record to

an official electronic messaging account of the

officer or employee not later than 20 days

after the original creation or transmission of

the record.

(b) ADVERSE ACTIONS.—The intentional violation of subsection (a) (including any rules, regulations, or other implementing guidelines), as

determined by the appropriate supervisor, shall

be a basis for disciplinary action in accordance

with subchapter I, II, or V of chapter 75 of title

5, as the case may be.
§ 3101 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 108

(c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:

(1) ELECTRONIC MESSAGES.—The term ‘‘electronic messages’’ means electronic mail and

other electronic messaging systems that are

used for purposes of communicating between

individuals.

(2) ELECTRONIC MESSAGING ACCOUNT.—The

term ‘‘electronic messaging account’’ means

any account that sends electronic messages.

(3) EXECUTIVE AGENCY.—The term ‘‘executive

agency’’ has the meaning given that term in

section 105 of title 5.

(Added Pub. L. 113–187, §10(a), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2014.)

CHAPTER 31—RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY

FEDERAL AGENCIES

Sec.

3101. Records management by agency heads; general duties.

3102. Establishment of program of management.

3103. Transfer of records to records centers.

3104. Certifications and determinations on transferred records.

3105. Safeguards.

3106. Unlawful removal, destruction of records.

3107. Authority of Comptroller General.

AMENDMENTS

1976—Pub. L. 94–575, §3(b), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2727,

substituted ‘‘Transfer of records to records centers’’ for

‘‘Storage, processing, and servicing of records’’ in item

3103.

§ 3101. Records management by agency heads;

general duties

The head of each Federal agency shall make

and preserve records containing adequate and

proper documentation of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, and essential transactions of the agency and designed to

furnish the information necessary to protect the

legal and financial rights of the Government and

of persons directly affected by the agency’s activities.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1297.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §396(a) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §506(a), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

MANAGING GOVERNMENT RECORDS

Memorandum of President of the United States, Nov.

28, 2011, 76 F.R. 75423, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

SECTION 1. Purpose. This memorandum begins an executive branch-wide effort to reform records management policies and practices. Improving records management will improve performance and promote openness and accountability by better documenting agency

actions and decisions. Records transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

provide the prism through which future generations

will understand and learn from our actions and decisions. Modernized records management will also help

executive departments and agencies (agencies) minimize costs and operate more efficiently. Improved

records management thus builds on Executive Order

13589 of November 9, 2011 (Promoting Efficient Spending), which directed agencies to reduce spending and

focus on mission-critical functions.

When records are well-managed, agencies can use

them to assess the impact of programs, to reduce redundant efforts, to save money, and to share knowledge

within and across their organizations. In these ways,

proper records management is the backbone of open

Government.

Decades of technological advances have transformed

agency operations, creating challenges and opportunities for agency records management. Greater reliance

on electronic communication and systems has radically

increased the volume and diversity of information that

agencies must manage. With proper planning, technology can make these records less burdensome to

manage and easier to use and share. But if records

management policies and practices are not updated for

a digital age, the surge in information could overwhelm

agency systems, leading to higher costs and lost

records.

We must address these challenges while using the opportunity to develop a 21st-century framework for the

management of Government records. This framework

will provide a foundation for open Government, leverage information to improve agency performance, and

reduce unnecessary costs and burdens.

SEC. 2. Agency Commitments to Records Management Reform. (a) The head of each agency shall:

(i) ensure that the successful implementation of

records management requirements in law, regulation,

and this memorandum is a priority for senior agency

management;

(ii) ensure that proper resources are allocated to the

effective implementation of such requirements; and

(iii) within 30 days of the date of this memorandum,

designate in writing to the Archivist of the United

States (Archivist), a senior agency official to supervise

the review required by subsection (b) of this section, in

coordination with the agency’s Records Officer, Chief

Information Officer, and General Counsel.

(b) Within 120 days of the date of this memorandum,

each agency head shall submit a report to the Archivist

and the Director of the Office of Management and

Budget (OMB) that:

(i) describes the agency’s current plans for improving

or maintaining its records management program, particularly with respect to managing electronic records,

including email and social media, deploying cloudbased services or storage solutions, and meeting other

records challenges;

(ii) identifies any provisions, or omissions, in relevant statutes, regulations, or official NARA guidance

that currently pose an obstacle to the agency’s adoption of sound, cost-effective records management policies and practices; and

(iii) identifies policies or programs that, if included

in the Records Management Directive required by section 3 of this memorandum or adopted or implemented

by NARA, would assist the agency’s efforts to improve

records management.

The reports submitted pursuant to this subsection

should supplement, and therefore need not duplicate,

information provided by agencies to NARA pursuant to

other reporting obligations.

SEC. 3. Records Management Directive. (a) Within 120

days of the deadline for reports submitted pursuant to

section 2(b) of this memorandum, the Director of OMB

and the Archivist, in coordination with the Associate

Attorney General, shall issue a Records Management

Directive that directs agency heads to take specific

steps to reform and improve records management policies and practices within their agency. The directive

shall focus on:

(i) creating a Government-wide records management

framework that is more efficient and cost-effective;

(ii) promoting records management policies and practices that enhance the capability of agencies to fulfill

their statutory missions;

(iii) maintaining accountability through documentation of agency actions;

(iv) increasing open Government and appropriate

public access to Government records;
Page 109 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3104

(v) supporting agency compliance with applicable

legal requirements related to the preservation of information relevant to litigation; and

(vi) transitioning from paper-based records management to electronic records management where feasible.

(b) In the course of developing the directive, the Archivist, in coordination with the Director of OMB and

the Associate Attorney General, shall review relevant

statutes, regulations, and official NARA guidance to

identify opportunities for reforms that would facilitate

improved Government-wide records management practices, particularly with respect to electronic records.

The Archivist, in coordination with the Director of

OMB and the Associate Attorney General, shall present

to the President the results of this review, no later

than the date of the directive’s issuance, to facilitate

potential updates to the laws, regulations, and policies

governing the management of Federal records.

(c) In developing the directive, the Director of OMB

and the Archivist, in coordination with the Associate

Attorney General, shall consult with other affected

agencies, interagency groups, and public stakeholders.

SEC. 4. General Provisions. (a) This memorandum shall

be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(b) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed

to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) authority granted by law to a department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) functions of the Director of OMB relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does

not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party

against the United States, its departments, agencies, or

entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other

person.

SEC. 5. Publication. The Archivist is hereby authorized

and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

BARACK OBAMA.

§ 3102. Establishment of program of management

The head of each Federal agency shall establish and maintain an active, continuing program

for the economical and efficient management of

the records of the agency. The program, among

other things, shall provide for

(1) effective controls over the creation and

over the maintenance and use of records in the

conduct of current business;

(2) cooperation with the Archivist in applying standards, procedures, and techniques designed to improve the management of records,

promote the maintenance and security of

records deemed appropriate for preservation,

and facilitate the segregation and disposal of

records of temporary value; and

(3) compliance with sections 2101–2117,

2501–2507, 2901–2909, and 3101–3107, of this title

and the regulations issued under them.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub.

L. 94–575, §3(a)(1), (2), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2726;

Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(19), Oct. 19, 1984, 98

Stat. 2290; Pub. L. 113–187, §9(g), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2014.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §396(b) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §506(b), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Par. (2). Pub. L. 113–187 struck out ‘‘the Administrator of General Services and’’ before ‘‘the Archivist’’.

1984—Pars. (2), (3). Pub. L. 98–497 inserted ‘‘and the

Archivist’’ after ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’

in par. (2), and substituted ‘‘sections 2101–2117’’ for

‘‘sections 2101–2113’’ and struck out ‘‘2701,’’ before

‘‘2901’’ in par. (3).

1976—Pub. L. 94–575, §3(a)(1), (2), substituted in par.

(1) ‘‘the creation and over the maintenance’’ for ‘‘the

creation, maintenance,’’ and in par. (3) reference to sections ‘‘2901–2909’’ for ‘‘2901, 2903–2909’’ of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3103. Transfer of records to records centers

When the head of a Federal agency determines

that such action may affect substantial economies or increased operating efficiency, the head

of such agency shall provide for the transfer of

records to a records center maintained and operated by the Archivist, or, when approved by the

Archivist, to a center maintained and operated

by the head of the Federal agency.

(Added Pub. L. 94–575, §3(a)(3), Oct. 21, 1976, 90

Stat. 2726; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§107(b)(20), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290; Pub. L.

113–187, §8(9), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3103, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1298, contained provisions similar to those comprising this section, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–575,

§3(a)(3).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 substituted ‘‘the head of such

agency’’ for ‘‘he’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ wherever appearing.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3104. Certifications and determinations on

transferred records

An official of the Government who is authorized to certify to facts on the basis of records in

such official’s custody, may certify to facts on

the basis of records that have been transferred

by such official or such official’s predecessors to

the Archivist, and may authorize the Archivist

to certify to facts and to make administrative

determinations on the basis of records transferred to the Archivist, notwithstanding any

other law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(21), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2290; Pub. L. 113–187, §8(10), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2012.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §396(d) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §506(d), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583, and amended Feb. 5, 1964, Pub. L.

88–265, 78 Stat. 8).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 substituted ‘‘such official’s custody’’ for ‘‘his custody’’ and ‘‘such official or such official’s predecessors’’ for ‘‘him or his predecessors’’.
§ 3105 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 110

1See References in Text note below.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ and ‘‘Archivist’’ for

‘‘Administrator’’ wherever appearing.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3105. Safeguards

The head of each Federal agency shall establish safeguards against the removal or loss of

records the head of such agency determines to

be necessary and required by regulations of the

Archivist. Safeguards shall include making it

known to officials and employees of the agency—

(1) that records in the custody of the agency

are not to be alienated or destroyed except in

accordance with sections 3301–3314 of this title,

and

(2) the penalties provided by law for the unlawful removal or destruction of records.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(22), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2290; Pub. L. 113–187, §8(11), Nov. 26, 2014, 128

Stat. 2012.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Sections 3304 to 3307 of this title, included in the reference in par. (1) to sections 3301 to 3314 of this title,

were repealed by Pub. L. 91–287, §2(c), June 23, 1970, 84

Stat. 321.

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §396(e) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §506(e), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 substituted ‘‘the head of such

agency’’ for ‘‘he’’ in introductory provisions.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3106. Unlawful removal, destruction of records

(a) FEDERAL AGENCY NOTIFICATION.—The head

of each Federal agency shall notify the Archivist of any actual, impending, or threatened unlawful removal, defacing, alteration, corruption,

deletion, erasure, or other destruction of records

in the custody of the agency, and with the assistance of the Archivist shall initiate action

through the Attorney General for the recovery

of records the head of the Federal agency knows

or has reason to believe have been unlawfully removed from that agency, or from another Federal agency whose records have been transferred

to the legal custody of that Federal agency.

(b) ARCHIVIST NOTIFICATION.—In any case in

which the head of a Federal agency does not initiate an action for such recovery or other redress within a reasonable period of time after

being notified of any such unlawful action described in subsection (a), or is participating in,

or believed to be participating in any such unlawful action, the Archivist shall request the

Attorney General to initiate such an action, and

shall notify the Congress when such a request

has been made.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(21), title II, §203(b), Oct.

19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290, 2294; Pub. L. 113–187, §4,

Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2009.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §396(f) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §506(f), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘The head of each

Federal agency shall notify the Archivist of any actual,

impending, or threatened unlawful removal, defacing,

alteration, or destruction of records in the custody of

the agency of which he is the head that shall come to

his attention, and with the assistance of the Archivist

shall initiate action through the Attorney General for

the recovery of records he knows or has reason to believe have been unlawfully removed from his agency, or

from another Federal agency whose records have been

transferred to his legal custody. In any case in which

the head of the agency does not initiate an action for

such recovery or other redress within a reasonable period of time after being notified of any such unlawful

action, the Archivist shall request the Attorney General to initiate such an action, and shall notify the

Congress when such a request has been made.’’

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(21), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ and ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’.

Pub. L. 98–497, §203(b), inserted at end ‘‘In any case in

which the head of the agency does not initiate an action for such recovery or other redress within a reasonable period of time after being notified of any such unlawful action, the Archivist shall request the Attorney

General to initiate such an action, and shall notify the

Congress when such a request has been made.’’

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3107. Authority of Comptroller General

Chapters 21, 25, 27,1 29, and 31 of this title do

not limit the authority of the Comptroller General of the United States with respect to prescribing accounting systems, forms, and procedures, or lessen the responsibility of collecting

and disbursing officers for rendition of their accounts for settlement by the Government Accountability Office.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub.

L. 94–575, §3(a)(4), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2726; Pub.

L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §396(g) (June 30, 1949,

ch. 288, title V, §506(g), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849,

§6(d), 64 Stat. 583).

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Chapter 27 of this title, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 95–378, §2(a), Sept. 22, 1978, 92 Stat.

723.

AMENDMENTS

2004—Pub. L. 108–271 substituted ‘‘Government Accountability Office’’ for ‘‘General Accounting Office’’.
Page 111 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3302

1 Does not conform to section catchline.

1976—Pub. L. 94–575 substituted ‘‘Chapters 21, 25, 27,

29, and 31 of this title’’ for ‘‘Sections 2101–2113,

2501–2507, 2701, 2901, 2904–2910, and 3101–3107, of this

title’’.

CHAPTER 33—DISPOSAL OF RECORDS

Sec.

3301. Definition of records.

3302. Regulations covering lists of records for disposal, procedure for disposal, and standards

for reproduction.

3303. Lists and schedules of records to be submitted

to Archivist by head of each Government

agency.1

3303a. Examination by Archivist of lists and schedules of records lacking preservation value;

disposal of records.

[3304 to 3307. Repealed.]

3308. Disposal of similar records where prior disposal was authorized.

3309. Preservation of claims of Government until

settled in Government Accountability Office; disposal authorized upon written approval of Comptroller General.

3310. Disposal of records constituting menace to

health, life, or property.

3311. Destruction of records outside continental

United States in time of war or when hostile action seems imminent; written report

to Archivist.

3312. Photographs or microphotographs of records

considered as originals; certified reproductions admissible in evidence.

3313. Moneys from sale of records payable into the

Treasury.

3314. Procedures for disposal of records exclusive.

[3315 to 3324. Repealed.]

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187, §7(b), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat.

2011, struck out items 3315 ‘‘Definitions’’, 3316 ‘‘Establishment of Commission’’, 3317 ‘‘Duties of Commission’’, 3318 ‘‘Membership’’, 3319 ‘‘Director and staff; experts and consultants’’, 3320 ‘‘Powers of Commission’’,

3321 ‘‘Support services’’, 3322 ‘‘Report’’, 3323 ‘‘Termination’’, and 3324 ‘‘Authorization of appropriations’’.

2004—Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814,

substituted ‘‘Government Accountability Office’’ for

‘‘General Accounting Office’’ in item 3309.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(25)(D), Oct. 19,

1984, 98 Stat. 2290, substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ in items 3303, 3303a, and

3311.

1976—Pub. L. 94–575, §4(c)(1), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat.

2727, struck out ‘‘; approval by President’’ after ‘‘standards for reproduction’’ in item 3302.

1974—Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §203, Dec. 19, 1974, 88

Stat. 1702, added items 3315 to 3324.

1970—Pub. L. 91–287, §3, June 23, 1970, 84 Stat. 322, inserted item 3303a and struck out items 3304 ‘‘Lists and

schedules of records lacking preservation value; submission to Congress by Administrator of General Services’’, 3305 ‘‘Examination of lists and schedules by joint

congressional committee and report to Congress’’, 3306

‘‘Disposal of records by head of Government agency

upon notification by Administrator of General Services

of action by joint congressional committee’’, and 3307

‘‘Disposal of records upon failure of joint congressional

committee to act’’.

§ 3301. Definition of records

(a) RECORDS DEFINED.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—As used in this chapter, the

term ‘‘records’’—

(A) includes all recorded information, regardless of form or characteristics, made or

received by a Federal agency under Federal

law or in connection with the transaction of

public business and preserved or appropriate

for preservation by that agency or its legitimate successor as evidence of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or other activities of the

United States Government or because of the

informational value of data in them; and

(B) does not include—

(i) library and museum material made or

acquired and preserved solely for reference

or exhibition purposes; or

(ii) duplicate copies of records preserved

only for convenience.

(2) RECORDED INFORMATION DEFINED.—For

purposes of paragraph (1), the term ‘‘recorded

information’’ includes all traditional forms of

records, regardless of physical form or characteristics, including information created, manipulated, communicated, or stored in digital

or electronic form.

(b) DETERMINATION OF DEFINITION.—The Archivist’s determination whether recorded information, regardless of whether it exists in physical,

digital, or electronic form, is a record as defined

in subsection (a) shall be binding on all Federal

agencies.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1299; Pub.

L. 94–575, §4(c)(2), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2727; Pub.

L. 113–187, §5(a), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2009.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §366 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §1, 57 Stat. 380).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 amended section generally. Prior

to amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘As used in this

chapter, ‘records’ includes all books, papers, maps, photographs, machine readable materials, or other documentary materials, regardless of physical form or characteristics, made or received by an agency of the

United States Government under Federal law or in connection with the transaction of public business and preserved or appropriate for preservation by that agency

or its legitimate successor as evidence of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or other activities of the Government or because of the informational value of data in them. Library and museum material made or acquired and preserved solely for reference or exhibition purposes, extra

copies of documents preserved only for convenience of

reference, and stocks of publications and of processed

documents are not included.’’

1976—Pub. L. 94–575 expanded ‘‘records’’ to include

‘‘machine readable materials’’.

§ 3302. Regulations covering lists of records for

disposal, procedure for disposal, and standards for reproduction

The Archivist shall promulgate regulations,

not inconsistent with this chapter, establishing—

(1) procedures for the compiling and submitting to the Archivist of lists and schedules of

records proposed for disposal,

(2) procedures for the disposal of records authorized for disposal, and

(3) standards for the reproduction of records

by photographic, microphotographic, or digital processes with a view to the disposal of the

original records.
§ 3303 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 112

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1299; Pub.

L. 94–575, §4(c)(1), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2727; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(23), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2290; Pub. L. 113–187, §§5(b), 8(12), Nov. 26, 2014,

128 Stat. 2010, 2012.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §367 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §2, 57 Stat. 381; June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I, §104,

63 Stat. 381).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Par. (1). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(12), substituted ‘‘the

Archivist’’ for ‘‘him’’.

Par. (3). Pub. L. 113–187, §5(b), substituted ‘‘photographic, microphotographic, or digital processes’’ for

‘‘photographic or microphotographic processes’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

1976—Pub. L. 94–575 struck out ‘‘; approval by President’’ after ‘‘standards for reproduction’’ in section

catchline.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3303. Lists and schedules of records to be submitted to the Archivist by head of each Government agency

The head of each agency of the United States

Government shall submit to the Archivist,

under regulations promulgated as provided by

section 3302 of this title—

(1) lists of any records in the custody of the

agency that have been photographed, microphotographed, or digitized under the regulations and that, as a consequence, do not appear to have sufficient value to warrant their

further preservation by the Government;

(2) lists of other records in the custody of

the agency not needed by it in the transaction

of its current business and that do not appear

to have sufficient administrative, legal, research, or other value to warrant their further

preservation by the Government; and

(3) schedules proposing the disposal after the

lapse of specified periods of time of records of

a specified form or character that either have

accumulated in the custody of the agency or

may accumulate after the submission of the

schedules and apparently will not after the

lapse of the period specified have sufficient administrative, legal, research, or other value to

warrant their further preservation by the Government.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1299; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(23), (25)(A), Oct. 19, 1984,

98 Stat. 2290; Pub. L. 113–187, §5(c), Nov. 26, 2014,

128 Stat. 2010.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §368 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §3, 57 Stat. 381; June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I, §104(a),

63 Stat. 381).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Par. (1). Pub. L. 113–187 substituted ‘‘photographed, microphotographed, or digitized’’ for ‘‘photographed or microphotographed’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘the Archivist’’ for

‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ in section catchline, and ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General

Services’’ in text.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3303a. Examination by Archivist of lists and

schedules of records lacking preservation

value; disposal of records

(a) The Archivist shall examine the lists and

schedules submitted to the Archivist under section 3303 of this title. If the Archivist determines that any of the records listed in a list or

schedule submitted to the Archivist do not, or

will not after the lapse of the period specified,

have sufficient administrative, legal, research,

or other value to warrant their continued preservation by the Government, the Archivist may,

after publication of notice in the Federal Register and an opportunity for interested persons

to submit comment thereon—

(1) notify the agency to that effect; and

(2) empower the agency to dispose of those

records in accordance with regulations promulgated under section 3302 of this title.

(b) Authorizations granted under lists and

schedules submitted to the Archivist under section 3303 of this title, and schedules promulgated by the Archivist under subsection (d) of

this section, shall be mandatory, subject to section 2909 of this title. As between an authorization granted under lists and schedules submitted

to the Archivist under section 3303 of this title

and an authorization contained in a schedule

promulgated under subsection (d) of this section, application of the authorization providing

for the shorter retention period shall be required, subject to section 2909 of this title.

(c) The Archivist may request advice and

counsel from the Committee on Oversight and

Government Reform of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security

and Governmental Affairs of the Senate with respect to the disposal of any particular records

under this chapter whenever the Archivist considers that—

(1) those particular records may be of special

interest to the Congress; or

(2) consultation with the Congress regarding

the disposal of those particular records is in

the public interest.

However, this subsection does not require the

Archivist to request such advice and counsel as

a regular procedure in the general disposal of

records under this chapter.

(d) The Archivist shall promulgate schedules

authorizing the disposal, after the lapse of specified periods of time, of records of a specified

form or character common to several or all

agencies if such records will not, at the end of

the periods specified, have sufficient administrative, legal, research, or other value to warrant

their further preservation by the United States

Government.

(e) The Archivist may approve and effect the

disposal of records that are in the Archivist’s

legal custody, provided that records that had

been in the custody of another existing agency
Page 113 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3309

may not be disposed of without the written consent of the head of the agency.

(f) The Archivist shall make an annual report

to the Congress concerning the disposal of

records under this chapter, including general descriptions of the types of records disposed of and

such other information as the Archivist considers appropriate to keep the Congress fully informed regarding the disposal of records under

this chapter.

(Added Pub. L. 91–287, §1, June 23, 1970, 84 Stat.

320; amended Pub. L. 95–440, §1, Oct. 10, 1978, 92

Stat. 1063; Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(24),

(25)(B), title II, §204, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290,

2294; Pub. L. 104–186, title II, §223(10), Aug. 20,

1996, 110 Stat. 1752; Pub. L. 108–383, §2(b), Oct. 30,

2004, 118 Stat. 2218; Pub. L. 113–187, §§5(d), 8(13),

Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2010, 2012.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(13)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted ‘‘submitted to the Archivist’’ for ‘‘submitted to him’’ in two places and ‘‘the

Archivist may’’ for ‘‘he may’’.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(13)(B), substituted ‘‘the

Archivist considers’’ for ‘‘he considers’’ in introductory

provisions.

Pub. L. 113–187, §5(d), substituted ‘‘the Committee on

Oversight and Government Reform of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security

and Governmental Affairs of the Senate’’ for ‘‘the Committee on Rules and Administration of the Senate and

the Committee on House Oversight of the House of Representatives’’ in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(13)(C), substituted ‘‘the

Archivist’s’’ for ‘‘his’’.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(13)(D), substituted ‘‘the

Archivist considers’’ for ‘‘he considers’’.

2004—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–383 struck out at end ‘‘A

Federal agency may request changes in such schedules

for its records pursuant to section 2909 of this title.’’

1996—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–186 substituted ‘‘House

Oversight’’ for ‘‘House Administration’’.

1984—Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(25)(B), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ in

section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(24), substituted

‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’

and ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’.

Pub. L. 98–497, §204, inserted ‘‘, after publication of

notice in the Federal Register and an opportunity for

interested persons to submit comment thereon’’ after

‘‘may’’ in second sentence.

Subsecs. (b) to (f). Pub. L. 98–497, §107(b)(24)(B), substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator’’ wherever appearing.

1978—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–440, §1(a), made schedules

promulgated by Administrator under subsec. (d) of this

section mandatory; inserted provision for application

of authorization providing for shorter retention period

as between an authorization granted under lists and

schedules submitted under section 3303 of this title and

an authorization in a schedule promulgated under subsec. (d) of this section; and struck out provision making permissive authorizations granted under subsec. (d)

schedules.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–440, §1(b), (c), substituted

‘‘shall’’ for ‘‘may’’ in first sentence and authorized Federal agencies to request changes in disposal schedules

for its records pursuant to section 2909 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of reporting

provisions in subsec. (f) of this section, see section 3003

of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under

section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and the 7th

item on page 180 of House Document No. 103–7.

[§§ 3304 to 3307. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–287, § 2(c),

June 23, 1970, 84 Stat. 321]

Section 3304, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1300,

related to submission of lists and schedules of records

lacking preservation value by the Administrator of

General Services to Congress. See section 3303a of this

title.

Section 3305, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1300,

related to examination of lists and schedules by joint

congressional committees and report to Congress. See

section 3303a of this title.

Section 3306, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1300,

related to disposal of records by head of Government

agency upon notification by Administrator of action by

joint congressional committee. See section 3303a of this

title.

Section 3307, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1301,

related to disposal of records upon failure of joint congressional committees to act. See section 3303a of this

title.

§ 3308. Disposal of similar records where prior

disposal was authorized

When it appears to the Archivist that an agency has in its custody, or is accumulating,

records of the same form or character as those

of the same agency previously authorized to be

disposed of, he may empower the head of the

agency to dispose of the records, after they have

been in existence a specified period of time, in

accordance with regulations promulgated under

section 3302 of this title and without listing or

scheduling them.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1301; Pub.

L. 91–287, §2(a), June 23, 1970, 84 Stat. 321; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(23), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2290.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §373 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §8, 57 Stat. 382; June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I, §104(a),

63 Stat. 381).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’.

1970—Pub. L. 91–287 struck out ‘‘by Congress’’ after

‘‘authorized’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3309. Preservation of claims of Government

until settled in Government Accountability

Office; disposal authorized upon written approval of Comptroller General

Records pertaining to claims and demands by

or against the Government of the United States

or to accounts in which the Government of the

United States is concerned, either as debtor or

creditor, may not be disposed of by the head of

an agency under authorization granted under

this chapter, until the claims, demands, and accounts have been settled and adjusted in the

Government Accountability Office, except upon

the written approval of the Comptroller General

of the United States.
§ 3310 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 114

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1301; Pub.

L. 91–287, §2(b), June 23, 1970, 84 Stat. 321; Pub.

L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §374 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §9, 57 Stat. 382).

AMENDMENTS

2004—Pub. L. 108–271 substituted ‘‘Government Accountability Office’’ for ‘‘General Accounting Office’’ in

section catchline and text.

1970—Pub. L. 91–287 substituted ‘‘under this chapter’’

for ‘‘under sections 3306–3308 of this title’’.

§ 3310. Disposal of records constituting menace

to health, life, or property

When the Archivist and the head of the agency

that has custody of them jointly determine that

records in the custody of an agency of the

United States Government are a continuing

menace to human health or life or to property,

the Archivist shall eliminate the menace immediately by any method he considers necessary.

When records in the custody of the Archivist are

disposed of under this section, the Archivist

shall report their disposal to the agency from

which they were transferred.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1301; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(24), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat.

2290.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §375 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §10, 57 Stat. 382; June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I,

§104(a), 63 Stat. 381).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ and ‘‘Archivist’’ for

‘‘Administrator’’ wherever appearing.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3311. Destruction of records outside continental

United States in time of war or when hostile

action seems imminent; written report to Archivist

During a state of war between the United

States and another nation, or when hostile action by a foreign power appears imminent, the

head of an agency of the United States Government may authorize the destruction of records

in his legal custody situated in a military or

naval establishment, ship, or other depository

outside the territorial limits of continental

United States—

(1) the retention of which would be prejudicial to the interests of the United States or

(2) which occupy space urgently needed for

military purposes and are, in his opinion,

without sufficient administrative, legal, research, or other value to warrant their continued preservation.

Within six months after their disposal, the official who directed the disposal shall submit a

written report to the Archivist in which he shall

describe the character of the records and state

when and where he disposed of them.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1301; Pub.

L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(23), (25)(C), Oct. 19, 1984,

98 Stat. 2290.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §376 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §11, 57 Stat. 382; June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I,

§104(a), 63 Stat. 381).

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted ‘‘Archivist’’ for ‘‘Administrator of General Services’’ in section catchline

and text.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985,

see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under

section 2102 of this title.

§ 3312. Photographs or microphotographs of

records considered as originals; certified reproductions admissible in evidence

Photographs, microphotographs of records, or

digitized records made in compliance with regulations under section 3302 of this title shall have

the same effect as the originals and shall be

treated as originals for the purpose of their admissibility in evidence. Certified or authenticated reproductions of the photographs, microphotographs, or digitized records shall be admitted in evidence equally with the original photographs, microphotographs, or digitized records.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1302; Pub.

L. 113–187, §5(e), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2010.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §378 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §13, 57 Stat. 382).

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 substituted ‘‘Photographs,

microphotographs of records, or digitized records’’ for

‘‘Photographs or microphotographs of records’’ and

substituted ‘‘photographs, microphotographs, or

digitized records’’ for ‘‘photographs or microphotographs’’ in two places.

§ 3313. Moneys from sale of records payable into

the Treasury

Moneys derived by agencies of the Government from the sale of records disposed of under

this chapter shall be paid into the Treasury of

the United States unless otherwise required by

law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1302.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §379 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §14, 57 Stat. 383).

§ 3314. Procedures for disposal of records exclusive

The procedures prescribed by this chapter are

exclusive, and records of the United States Government may not be alienated or destroyed except under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1302.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §380 (July 7, 1943, ch.

192, §15, 57 Stat. 383).
Page 115 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3501

[§§ 3315 to 3324. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–187, § 7(a),

Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2011]

Section 3315, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1698, related to definitions of certain

terms used in sections 3315 to 3324.

Section 3316, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1699, related to the establishment of

the National Study Commission on Records and Documents of Federal Officials.

Section 3317, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1699, related to the duties of the Commission.

Section 3318, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1699; amended Pub. L. 94–261, §1(a), Apr.

11, 1976, 90 Stat. 326, related to membership of the Commission.

Section 3319, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1701, related to director, staff, experts,

and consultants.

Section 3320, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1701, related to the powers of the Commission.

Section 3321, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1701, related to support services provided to the Commission by the Administrator of General Services and the Archivist of the United States.

Section 3322, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1701; amended Pub. L. 94–261, §1(b), Apr.

11, 1976, 90 Stat. 326, related to the report of the Commission.

Section 3323, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1701, related to termination of the

Commission.

Section 3324, added Pub. L. 93–526, title II, §202, Dec.

19, 1974, 88 Stat. 1701, related to authorization of appropriations.

CHAPTER 35—COORDINATION OF FEDERAL

INFORMATION POLICY

SUBCHAPTER I—FEDERAL INFORMATION POLICY

Sec.

3501. Purposes.

3502. Definitions.

3503. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.

3504. Authority and functions of Director.

3505. Assignment of tasks and deadlines.

3506. Federal agency responsibilities.

3507. Public information collection activities; submission to Director; approval and delegation.

3508. Determination of necessity for information;

hearing.

3509. Designation of central collection agency.

3510. Cooperation of agencies in making information available.

3511. Establishment and operation of Government

Information Locator Service.

3512. Public protection.

3513. Director review of agency activities; reporting; agency response.

3514. Responsiveness to Congress.

3515. Administrative powers.

3516. Rules and regulations.

3517. Consultation with other agencies and the

public.

3518. Effect on existing laws and regulations.

3519. Access to information.

3520. Establishment of task force on information

collection and dissemination.

3521. Authorization of appropriations.

[SUBCHAPTER II—REPEALED]

[3531 to 3538. Repealed.]

[SUBCHAPTER III—REPEALED]

[3541 to 3549. Repealed.]

SUBCHAPTER II—INFORMATION SECURITY

3551. Purposes.

Sec.

3552. Definitions.

3553. Authority and functions of the Director and

the Secretary.

3554. Federal agency responsibilities.

3555. Annual independent evaluation.

3556. Federal information security incident center.

3557. National security systems.

3558. Effect on existing law.

CODIFICATION

This chapter was originally added by Pub. L. 90–620,

Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1302, which act enacted this title,

and was based on act Dec. 24, 1942, ch. 811, 56 Stat. 1078,

known as the Federal Reports Act of 1942, which was

classified to sections 139 to 139f of former Title 5, transferred to chapter 12 (§421 et seq.) of former Title 44, and

repealed by Pub. L. 90–620 upon the enactment of this

title. Subsequent to its original enactment by Pub. L.

90–620, this chapter was amended generally by Pub. L.

96–511 and again by Pub. L. 104–13. As a result, this

chapter is shown herein as having been added beginning

with Pub. L. 104–13 without reference to earlier amendatory laws. See Prior Provisions notes throughout this

chapter.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–283, §2(e)(1), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat.

3086, added heading for subchapter II and items 3551 to

3558 and struck out heading for former subchapter II

and items 3531 to 3538 and heading for subchapter III

and items 3541 to 3549. Prior to amendment, headings

for both subchapters II and III read ‘‘INFORMATION

SECURITY’’ and items under each subchapter were

substantially similar to items 3551 to 3558.

2002—Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(2), Dec. 17, 2002,

116 Stat. 2955, added heading for subchapter III and

items 3541 to 3549.

Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(2), Nov. 25, 2002, 116

Stat. 2267, reenacted items 3531 to 3535 without change,

substituted ‘‘National security systems’’ for ‘‘Expiration’’ in item 3536, and added items 3537 and 3538.

Pub. L. 107–198, §3(b), June 28, 2002, 116 Stat. 732,

added item 3520 and renumbered former item 3520 as

3521.

2000—Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1064(a)(1)],

Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275, inserted subchapters I and II headings and added items 3531 to 3536.

1995—Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 163,

amended chapter heading and analysis generally.

1980—Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2812,

substituted in chapter heading ‘‘INFORMATION POLICY’’ for ‘‘REPORTING SERVICES’’, and amended

analysis generally.

SUBCHAPTER I—FEDERAL INFORMATION

POLICY

AMENDMENTS

2000—Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1064(a)(2)],

Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275, inserted subchapter heading.

§ 3501. Purposes

The purposes of this subchapter are to—

(1) minimize the paperwork burden for individuals, small businesses, educational and

nonprofit institutions, Federal contractors,

State, local and tribal governments, and other

persons resulting from the collection of information by or for the Federal Government;

(2) ensure the greatest possible public benefit from and maximize the utility of information created, collected, maintained, used,

shared and disseminated by or for the Federal

Government;

(3) coordinate, integrate, and to the extent

practicable and appropriate, make uniform
§ 3501 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 116

1See References in Text note below.

Federal information resources management

policies and practices as a means to improve

the productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness

of Government programs, including the reduction of information collection burdens on the

public and the improvement of service delivery to the public;

(4) improve the quality and use of Federal

information to strengthen decisionmaking, accountability, and openness in Government and

society;

(5) minimize the cost to the Federal Government of the creation, collection, maintenance,

use, dissemination, and disposition of information;

(6) strengthen the partnership between the

Federal Government and State, local, and

tribal governments by minimizing the burden

and maximizing the utility of information created, collected, maintained, used, disseminated, and retained by or for the Federal Government;

(7) provide for the dissemination of public

information on a timely basis, on equitable

terms, and in a manner that promotes the

utility of the information to the public and

makes effective use of information technology;

(8) ensure that the creation, collection,

maintenance, use, dissemination, and disposition of information by or for the Federal Government is consistent with applicable laws, including laws relating to—

(A) privacy and confidentiality, including

section 552a of title 5;

(B) security of information, including section 11332 of title 40 1

; and

(C) access to information, including section 552 of title 5;

(9) ensure the integrity, quality, and utility

of the Federal statistical system;

(10) ensure that information technology is

acquired, used, and managed to improve performance of agency missions, including the reduction of information collection burdens on

the public; and

(11) improve the responsibility and accountability of the Office of Management and Budget and all other Federal agencies to Congress

and to the public for implementing the information collection review process, information

resources management, and related policies

and guidelines established under this subchapter.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

163; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275;

Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(3), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat.

1301.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 11332 of title 40, referred to in par. (8)(B), was

repealed by Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1005(a)(1), Nov. 25,

2002, 116 Stat. 2272, and Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §305(a),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2960.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3501, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2812; amended Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m)

[title VIII, §811], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308,

1783–335, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §811],

Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–335, related to purposes of this chapter prior to the general amendment of

this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3501, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1302, related to information for Federal

agencies, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–511.

AMENDMENTS

2002—Par. (8)(B). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted ‘‘section

11332 of title 40’’ for ‘‘the Computer Security Act of 1987

(Public Law 100–235)’’.

2000—Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for

‘‘chapter’’ in introductory provisions and in par. (11).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Pub. L. 104–13, §4, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 185, provided

that:

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as otherwise provided in

this section, this Act [enacting this chapter, amending

section 91 of Title 13, Census, and enacting provisions

set out as a note under section 101 of this title] and the

amendments made by this Act shall take effect on October 1, 1995.

‘‘(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—Section 3520

[now 3521] of title 44, United States Code, as amended

by this Act, shall take effect on the date of enactment

of this Act [May 22, 1995].

‘‘(c) DELAYED APPLICATION.—In the case of a collection of information for which there is in effect on September 30, 1995, a control number issued by the Office

of Management and Budget under chapter 35 of title 44,

United States Code—

‘‘(1) the amendments made by this Act [enacting

this chapter and amending section 91 of Title 13] shall

apply to the collection of information beginning on

the earlier of—

‘‘(A) the first renewal or modification of that collection of information after September 30, 1995; or

‘‘(B) the expiration of its control number after

September 30, 1995.

‘‘(2) prior to such renewal, modification, or expiration, the collection of information shall be subject to

chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, as in effect

on September 30, 1995.’’

SHORT TITLE

This chapter is popularly known as the ‘‘Paperwork

Reduction Act’’.

FEDERAL MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION OF ELECTRONIC

GOVERNMENT SERVICES

Pub. L. 107–347, title II, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2910, as

amended by Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat.

814; Pub. L. 108–281, §1, Aug. 2, 2004, 118 Stat. 889, provided that:

‘‘SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS.

‘‘Except as otherwise provided, in this title the definitions under sections 3502 and 3601 of title 44, United

States Code, shall apply.

‘‘SEC. 202. FEDERAL AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The head of each agency shall be

responsible for—

‘‘(1) complying with the requirements of this Act

[see Tables for classification] (including the amendments made by this Act), the related information resource management policies and guidance established

by the Director of the Office of Management and
Page 117 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3501

Budget, and the related information technology

standards promulgated by the Secretary of Commerce;

‘‘(2) ensuring that the information resource management policies and guidance established under this

Act by the Director, and the related information

technology standards promulgated by the Secretary

of Commerce are communicated promptly and effectively to all relevant officials within their agency;

and

‘‘(3) supporting the efforts of the Director and the

Administrator of the General Services Administration to develop, maintain, and promote an integrated

Internet-based system of delivering Federal Government information and services to the public under

section 204.

‘‘(b) PERFORMANCE INTEGRATION.—

‘‘(1) Agencies shall develop performance measures

that demonstrate how electronic government enables

progress toward agency objectives, strategic goals,

and statutory mandates.

‘‘(2) In measuring performance under this section,

agencies shall rely on existing data collections to the

extent practicable.

‘‘(3) Areas of performance measurement that agencies should consider include—

‘‘(A) customer service;

‘‘(B) agency productivity; and

‘‘(C) adoption of innovative information technology, including the appropriate use of commercial best practices.

‘‘(4) Agencies shall link their performance goals, as

appropriate, to key groups, including citizens, businesses, and other governments, and to internal Federal Government operations.

‘‘(5) As appropriate, agencies shall work collectively in linking their performance goals to groups

identified under paragraph (4) and shall use information technology in delivering Government information and services to those groups.

‘‘(c) AVOIDING DIMINISHED ACCESS.—When promulgating policies and implementing programs regarding the

provision of Government information and services over

the Internet, agency heads shall consider the impact on

persons without access to the Internet, and shall, to

the extent practicable—

‘‘(1) ensure that the availability of Government information and services has not been diminished for

individuals who lack access to the Internet; and

‘‘(2) pursue alternate modes of delivery that make

Government information and services more accessible to individuals who do not own computers or

lack access to the Internet.

‘‘(d) ACCESSIBILITY TO PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES.—All

actions taken by Federal departments and agencies

under this Act [see Tables for classification] shall be in

compliance with section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act

of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794d).

‘‘(e) SPONSORED ACTIVITIES.—Agencies shall sponsor

activities that use information technology to engage

the public in the development and implementation of

policies and programs.

‘‘(f) CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICERS.—The Chief Information Officer of each of the agencies designated under

chapter 36 of title 44, United States Code (as added by

this Act) shall be responsible for—

‘‘(1) participating in the functions of the Chief Information Officers Council; and

‘‘(2) monitoring the implementation, within their

respective agencies, of information technology standards promulgated by the Secretary of Commerce, including common standards for interconnectivity and

interoperability, categorization of Federal Government electronic information, and computer system

efficiency and security.

‘‘(g) E-GOVERNMENT STATUS REPORT.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Each agency shall compile and

submit to the Director an annual E-Government

Status Report on—

‘‘(A) the status of the implementation by the

agency of electronic government initiatives;

‘‘(B) compliance by the agency with this Act [see

Tables for classification]; and

‘‘(C) how electronic Government initiatives of the

agency improve performance in delivering programs to constituencies.

‘‘(2) SUBMISSION.—Each agency shall submit an annual report under this subsection—

‘‘(A) to the Director at such time and in such

manner as the Director requires;

‘‘(B) consistent with related reporting requirements; and

‘‘(C) which addresses any section in this title relevant to that agency.

‘‘(h) USE OF TECHNOLOGY.—Nothing in this Act [see

Tables for classification] supersedes the responsibility

of an agency to use or manage information technology

to deliver Government information and services that

fulfill the statutory mission and programs of the agency.

‘‘(i) NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEMS.—

‘‘(1) INAPPLICABILITY.—Except as provided under

paragraph (2), this title does not apply to national security systems as defined in section 11103 of title 40,

United States Code.

‘‘(2) APPLICABILITY.—This section, section 203, and

section 214 do apply to national security systems to

the extent practicable and consistent with law.

‘‘SEC. 203. COMPATIBILITY OF EXECUTIVE AGENCY

METHODS FOR USE AND ACCEPTANCE OF

ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES.

‘‘(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to

achieve interoperable implementation of electronic signatures for appropriately secure electronic transactions with Government.

‘‘(b) ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES.—In order to fulfill the

objectives of the Government Paperwork Elimination

Act (Public Law 105–277; 112 Stat. 2681–749 through

2681–751) [44 U.S.C. 3504 note], each Executive agency

(as defined under section 105 of title 5, United States

Code) shall ensure that its methods for use and acceptance of electronic signatures are compatible with the

relevant policies and procedures issued by the Director.

‘‘(c) AUTHORITY FOR ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES.—The

Administrator of General Services shall support the Director by establishing a framework to allow efficient

interoperability among Executive agencies when using

electronic signatures, including processing of digital

signatures.

‘‘(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are

authorized to be appropriated to the General Services

Administration, to ensure the development and operation of a Federal bridge certification authority for

digital signature compatibility, and for other activities

consistent with this section, $8,000,000 or such sums as

are necessary in fiscal year 2003, and such sums as are

necessary for each fiscal year thereafter.

‘‘SEC. 204. FEDERAL INTERNET PORTAL.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—

‘‘(1) PUBLIC ACCESS.—The Director shall work with

the Administrator of the General Services Administration and other agencies to maintain and promote

an integrated Internet-based system of providing the

public with access to Government information and

services.

‘‘(2) CRITERIA.—To the extent practicable, the integrated system shall be designed and operated according to the following criteria:

‘‘(A) The provision of Internet-based Government

information and services directed to key groups, including citizens, business, and other governments,

and integrated according to function or topic rather than separated according to the boundaries of

agency jurisdiction.

‘‘(B) An ongoing effort to ensure that Internetbased Government services relevant to a given citizen activity are available from a single point.

‘‘(C) Access to Federal Government information

and services consolidated, as appropriate, with

Internet-based information and services provided

by State, local, and tribal governments.
§ 3501 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 118

‘‘(D) Access to Federal Government information

held by 1 or more agencies shall be made available

in a manner that protects privacy, consistent with

law.

‘‘(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are

authorized to be appropriated to the General Services

Administration $15,000,000 for the maintenance, improvement, and promotion of the integrated Internetbased system for fiscal year 2003, and such sums as are

necessary for fiscal years 2004 through 2007.

‘‘SEC. 205. FEDERAL COURTS.

‘‘(a) INDIVIDUAL COURT WEBSITES.—The Chief Justice

of the United States, the chief judge of each circuit and

district and of the Court of Federal Claims, and the

chief bankruptcy judge of each district shall cause to

be established and maintained, for the court of which

the judge is chief justice or judge, a website that contains the following information or links to websites

with the following information:

‘‘(1) Location and contact information for the

courthouse, including the telephone numbers and

contact names for the clerk’s office and justices’ or

judges’ chambers.

‘‘(2) Local rules and standing or general orders of

the court.

‘‘(3) Individual rules, if in existence, of each justice

or judge in that court.

‘‘(4) Access to docket information for each case.

‘‘(5) Access to the substance of all written opinions

issued by the court, regardless of whether such opinions are to be published in the official court reporter,

in a text searchable format.

‘‘(6) Access to documents filed with the courthouse

in electronic form, to the extent provided under subsection (c).

‘‘(7) Any other information (including forms in a

format that can be downloaded) that the court determines useful to the public.

‘‘(b) MAINTENANCE OF DATA ONLINE.—

‘‘(1) UPDATE OF INFORMATION.—The information and

rules on each website shall be updated regularly and

kept reasonably current.

‘‘(2) CLOSED CASES.—Electronic files and docket information for cases closed for more than 1 year are

not required to be made available online, except all

written opinions with a date of issuance after the effective date of this section [see Effective Date note

set out under section 3601 of this title] shall remain

available online.

‘‘(c) ELECTRONIC FILINGS.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under paragraph (2) or in the rules prescribed under paragraph

(3), each court shall make any document that is filed

electronically publicly available online. A court may

convert any document that is filed in paper form to

electronic form. To the extent such conversions are

made, all such electronic versions of the document

shall be made available online.

‘‘(2) EXCEPTIONS.—Documents that are filed that

are not otherwise available to the public, such as documents filed under seal, shall not be made available

online.

‘‘(3) PRIVACY AND SECURITY CONCERNS.—

‘‘(A)(i) The Supreme Court shall prescribe rules,

in accordance with sections 2072 and 2075 of title 28,

United States Code, to protect privacy and security

concerns relating to electronic filing of documents

and the public availability under this subsection of

documents filed electronically or converted to electronic form.

‘‘(ii) Such rules shall provide to the extent practicable for uniform treatment of privacy and security issues throughout the Federal courts.

‘‘(iii) Such rules shall take into consideration

best practices in Federal and State courts to protect private information or otherwise maintain

necessary information security.

‘‘(iv) Except as provided in clause (v), to the extent that such rules provide for the redaction of

certain categories of information in order to protect privacy and security concerns, such rules shall

provide that a party that wishes to file an otherwise proper document containing such protected information may file an unredacted document under

seal, which shall be retained by the court as part of

the record, and which, at the discretion of the court

and subject to any applicable rules issued in accordance with chapter 131 of title 28, United States

Code, shall be either in lieu of, or in addition to, a

redacted copy in the public file.

‘‘(v) Such rules may require the use of appropriate redacted identifiers in lieu of protected information described in clause (iv) in any pleading,

motion, or other paper filed with the court (except

with respect to a paper that is an exhibit or other

evidentiary matter, or with respect to a reference

list described in this subclause), or in any written

discovery response—

‘‘(I) by authorizing the filing under seal, and

permitting the amendment as of right under seal,

of a reference list that—

‘‘(aa) identifies each item of unredacted protected information that the attorney or, if

there is no attorney, the party, certifies is relevant to the case; and

‘‘(bb) specifies an appropriate redacted identifier that uniquely corresponds to each item of

unredacted protected information listed; and

‘‘(II) by providing that all references in the case

to the redacted identifiers in such reference list

shall be construed, without more, to refer to the

corresponding unredacted item of protected information.

‘‘(B)(i) Subject to clause (ii), the Judicial Conference of the United States may issue interim

rules, and interpretive statements relating to the

application of such rules, which conform to the requirements of this paragraph and which shall cease

to have effect upon the effective date of the rules

required under subparagraph (A).

‘‘(ii) Pending issuance of the rules required under

subparagraph (A), any rule or order of any court, or

of the Judicial Conference, providing for the redaction of certain categories of information in order to

protect privacy and security concerns arising from

electronic filing or electronic conversion shall comply with, and be construed in conformity with, subparagraph (A)(iv).

‘‘(C) Not later than 1 year after the rules prescribed under subparagraph (A) take effect, and

every 2 years thereafter, the Judicial Conference

shall submit to Congress a report on the adequacy

of those rules to protect privacy and security.

‘‘(d) DOCKETS WITH LINKS TO DOCUMENTS.—The Judicial Conference of the United States shall explore the

feasibility of technology to post online dockets with

links allowing all filings, decisions, and rulings in each

case to be obtained from the docket sheet of that case.

‘‘(e) COST OF PROVIDING ELECTRONIC DOCKETING INFORMATION.—[Amended section 303(a) of Pub. L. 102–140, set

out as a note under section 1913 of Title 28, Judiciary

and Judicial Procedure.]

‘‘(f) TIME REQUIREMENTS.—Not later than 2 years

after the effective date of this title [see Effective Date

note set out under section 3601 of this title], the

websites under subsection (a) shall be established, except that access to documents filed in electronic form

shall be established not later than 4 years after that effective date.

‘‘(g) DEFERRAL.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—

‘‘(A) ELECTION.—

‘‘(i) NOTIFICATION.—The Chief Justice of the

United States, a chief judge, or chief bankruptcy

judge may submit a notification to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts to defer

compliance with any requirement of this section

with respect to the Supreme Court, a court of appeals, district, or the bankruptcy court of a district.
Page 119 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3501

‘‘(ii) CONTENTS.—A notification submitted under

this subparagraph shall state—

‘‘(I) the reasons for the deferral; and

‘‘(II) the online methods, if any, or any alternative methods, such court or district is using

to provide greater public access to information.

‘‘(B) EXCEPTION.—To the extent that the Supreme

Court, a court of appeals, district, or bankruptcy

court of a district maintains a website under subsection (a), the Supreme Court or that court of appeals or district shall comply with subsection (b)(1).

‘‘(2) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the effective date of this title [see Effective Date note set out

under section 3601 of this title], and every year thereafter, the Judicial Conference of the United States

shall submit a report to the Committees on Governmental Affairs and the Judiciary of the Senate and

the Committees on Government Reform [now Oversight and Government Reform] and the Judiciary of

the House of Representatives that—

‘‘(A) contains all notifications submitted to the

Administrative Office of the United States Courts

under this subsection; and

‘‘(B) summarizes and evaluates all notifications.

‘‘SEC. 206. REGULATORY AGENCIES.

‘‘(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are to—

‘‘(1) improve performance in the development and

issuance of agency regulations by using information

technology to increase access, accountability, and

transparency; and

‘‘(2) enhance public participation in Government by

electronic means, consistent with requirements under

subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, United States

Code, (commonly referred to as the ‘Administrative

Procedures Act’).

‘‘(b) INFORMATION PROVIDED BY AGENCIES ONLINE.—To

the extent practicable as determined by the agency in

consultation with the Director, each agency (as defined

under section 551 of title 5, United States Code) shall

ensure that a publicly accessible Federal Government

website includes all information about that agency required to be published in the Federal Register under

paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 552(a) of title 5, United

States Code.

‘‘(c) SUBMISSIONS BY ELECTRONIC MEANS.—To the extent practicable, agencies shall accept submissions

under section 553(c) of title 5, United States Code, by

electronic means.

‘‘(d) ELECTRONIC DOCKETING.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—To the extent practicable, as determined by the agency in consultation with the Director, agencies shall ensure that a publicly accessible Federal Government website contains electronic

dockets for rulemakings under section 553 of title 5,

United States Code.

‘‘(2) INFORMATION AVAILABLE.—Agency electronic

dockets shall make publicly available online to the

extent practicable, as determined by the agency in

consultation with the Director—

‘‘(A) all submissions under section 553(c) of title 5,

United States Code; and

‘‘(B) other materials that by agency rule or practice are included in the rulemaking docket under

section 553(c) of title 5, United States Code, whether or not submitted electronically.

‘‘(e) TIME LIMITATION.—Agencies shall implement the

requirements of this section consistent with a timetable established by the Director and reported to Congress in the first annual report under section 3606 of

title 44 (as added by this Act).

‘‘SEC. 207. ACCESSIBILITY, USABILITY, AND PRESERVATION OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION.

‘‘(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to improve the methods by which Government information,

including information on the Internet, is organized,

preserved, and made accessible to the public.

‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section, the term—

‘‘(1) ‘Committee’ means the Interagency Committee

on Government Information established under subsection (c); and

‘‘(2) ‘directory’ means a taxonomy of subjects

linked to websites that—

‘‘(A) organizes Government information on the

Internet according to subject matter; and

‘‘(B) may be created with the participation of

human editors.

‘‘(c) INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE.—

‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 180 days after

the date of enactment of this title [Dec. 17, 2002], the

Director shall establish the Interagency Committee

on Government Information.

‘‘(2) MEMBERSHIP.—The Committee shall be chaired

by the Director or the designee of the Director and—

‘‘(A) shall include representatives from—

‘‘(i) the National Archives and Records Administration;

‘‘(ii) the offices of the Chief Information Officers from Federal agencies; and

‘‘(iii) other relevant officers from the executive

branch; and

‘‘(B) may include representatives from the Federal legislative and judicial branches.

‘‘(3) FUNCTIONS.—The Committee shall—

‘‘(A) engage in public consultation to the maximum extent feasible, including consultation with

interested communities such as public advocacy organizations;

‘‘(B) conduct studies and submit recommendations, as provided under this section, to the Director and Congress; and

‘‘(C) share effective practices for access to, dissemination of, and retention of Federal information.

‘‘(4) TERMINATION.—The Committee may be terminated on a date determined by the Director, except

the Committee may not terminate before the Committee submits all recommendations required under

this section.

‘‘(d) CATEGORIZING OF INFORMATION.—

‘‘(1) COMMITTEE FUNCTIONS.—Not later than 2 years

after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002],

the Committee shall submit recommendations to the

Director on—

‘‘(A) the adoption of standards, which are open to

the maximum extent feasible, to enable the organization and categorization of Government information—

‘‘(i) in a way that is searchable electronically,

including by searchable identifiers; and

‘‘(ii) in ways that are interoperable across agencies;

‘‘(B) the definition of categories of Government

information which should be classified under the

standards; and

‘‘(C) determining priorities and developing schedules for the initial implementation of the standards

by agencies.

‘‘(2) FUNCTIONS OF THE DIRECTOR.—Not later than 1

year after the submission of recommendations under

paragraph (1), the Director shall issue policies—

‘‘(A) requiring that agencies use standards, which

are open to the maximum extent feasible, to enable

the organization and categorization of Government

information—

‘‘(i) in a way that is searchable electronically,

including by searchable identifiers;

‘‘(ii) in ways that are interoperable across agencies; and

‘‘(iii) that are, as appropriate, consistent with

the provisions under section 3602(f)(8) of title 44,

United States Code;

‘‘(B) defining categories of Government information which shall be required to be classified under

the standards; and

‘‘(C) determining priorities and developing schedules for the initial implementation of the standards

by agencies.

‘‘(3) MODIFICATION OF POLICIES.—After the submission of agency reports under paragraph (4), the Director shall modify the policies, as needed, in consultation with the Committee and interested parties.
§ 3501 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 120

‘‘(4) AGENCY FUNCTIONS.—Each agency shall report

annually to the Director, in the report established

under section 202(g), on compliance of that agency

with the policies issued under paragraph (2)(A).

‘‘(e) PUBLIC ACCESS TO ELECTRONIC INFORMATION.—

‘‘(1) COMMITTEE FUNCTIONS.—Not later than 2 years

after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002],

the Committee shall submit recommendations to the

Director and the Archivist of the United States on—

‘‘(A) the adoption by agencies of policies and procedures to ensure that chapters 21, 25, 27, 29, and 31

of title 44, United States Code, are applied effectively and comprehensively to Government information on the Internet and to other electronic

records; and

‘‘(B) the imposition of timetables for the implementation of the policies and procedures by agencies.

‘‘(2) FUNCTIONS OF THE ARCHIVIST.—Not later than 1

year after the submission of recommendations by the

Committee under paragraph (1), the Archivist of the

United States shall issue policies—

‘‘(A) requiring the adoption by agencies of policies and procedures to ensure that chapters 21, 25,

27, 29, and 31 of title 44, United States Code, are applied effectively and comprehensively to Government information on the Internet and to other electronic records; and

‘‘(B) imposing timetables for the implementation

of the policies, procedures, and technologies by

agencies.

‘‘(3) MODIFICATION OF POLICIES.—After the submission of agency reports under paragraph (4), the Archivist of the United States shall modify the policies, as

needed, in consultation with the Committee and interested parties.

‘‘(4) AGENCY FUNCTIONS.—Each agency shall report

annually to the Director, in the report established

under section 202(g), on compliance of that agency

with the policies issued under paragraph (2)(A).

‘‘(f) AGENCY WEBSITES.—

‘‘(1) STANDARDS FOR AGENCY WEBSITES.—Not later

than 2 years after the effective date of this title [see

Effective Date note set out under section 3601 of this

title], the Director shall promulgate guidance for

agency websites that includes—

‘‘(A) requirements that websites include direct

links to—

‘‘(i) descriptions of the mission and statutory

authority of the agency;

‘‘(ii) information made available to the public

under subsections (a)(1) and (b) of section 552 of

title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to

as the ‘Freedom of Information Act’);

‘‘(iii) information about the organizational

structure of the agency; and

‘‘(iv) the strategic plan of the agency developed

under section 306 of title 5, United States Code;

and

‘‘(B) minimum agency goals to assist public users

to navigate agency websites, including—

‘‘(i) speed of retrieval of search results;

‘‘(ii) the relevance of the results;

‘‘(iii) tools to aggregate and disaggregate data;

and

‘‘(iv) security protocols to protect information.

‘‘(2) AGENCY REQUIREMENTS.—(A) Not later than 2

years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17,

2002], each agency shall—

‘‘(i) consult with the Committee and solicit public comment;

‘‘(ii) establish a process for determining which

Government information the agency intends to

make available and accessible to the public on the

Internet and by other means;

‘‘(iii) develop priorities and schedules for making

Government information available and accessible;

‘‘(iv) make such final determinations, priorities,

and schedules available for public comment;

‘‘(v) post such final determinations, priorities,

and schedules on the Internet; and

‘‘(vi) submit such final determinations, priorities,

and schedules to the Director, in the report established under section 202(g).

‘‘(B) Each agency shall update determinations, priorities, and schedules of the agency, as needed, after

consulting with the Committee and soliciting public

comment, if appropriate.

‘‘(3) PUBLIC DOMAIN DIRECTORY OF PUBLIC FEDERAL

GOVERNMENT WEBSITES.—

‘‘(A) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 2 years

after the effective date of this title [see Effective

Date note set out under section 3601 of this title],

the Director and each agency shall—

‘‘(i) develop and establish a public domain directory of public Federal Government websites;

and

‘‘(ii) post the directory on the Internet with a

link to the integrated Internet-based system established under section 204.

‘‘(B) DEVELOPMENT.—With the assistance of each

agency, the Director shall—

‘‘(i) direct the development of the directory

through a collaborative effort, including input

from—

‘‘(I) agency librarians;

‘‘(II) information technology managers;

‘‘(III) program managers;

‘‘(IV) records managers;

‘‘(V) Federal depository librarians; and

‘‘(VI) other interested parties; and

‘‘(ii) develop a public domain taxonomy of subjects used to review and categorize public Federal

Government websites.

‘‘(C) UPDATE.—With the assistance of each agency, the Administrator of the Office of Electronic

Government shall—

‘‘(i) update the directory as necessary, but not

less than every 6 months; and

‘‘(ii) solicit interested persons for improvements to the directory.

‘‘(g) ACCESS TO FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.—

‘‘(1) DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF GOVERNMENTWIDE REPOSITORY AND WEBSITE.—

‘‘(A) REPOSITORY AND WEBSITE.—The Director of

the Office of Management and Budget (or the Director’s delegate), in consultation with the Director of

the Office of Science and Technology Policy and

other relevant agencies, shall ensure the development and maintenance of—

‘‘(i) a repository that fully integrates, to the

maximum extent feasible, information about research and development funded by the Federal

Government, and the repository shall—

‘‘(I) include information about research and

development funded by the Federal Government, consistent with any relevant protections

for the information under section 552 of title 5,

United States Code, and performed by—

‘‘(aa) institutions not a part of the Federal

Government, including State, local, and foreign governments; industrial firms; educational institutions; not-for-profit organizations; federally funded research and development centers; and private individuals; and

‘‘(bb) entities of the Federal Government,

including research and development laboratories, centers, and offices; and

‘‘(II) integrate information about each separate research and development task or award,

including—

‘‘(aa) the dates upon which the task or

award is expected to start and end;

‘‘(bb) a brief summary describing the objective and the scientific and technical focus of

the task or award;

‘‘(cc) the entity or institution performing

the task or award and its contact information;

‘‘(dd) the total amount of Federal funds expected to be provided to the task or award
Page 121 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3501

over its lifetime and the amount of funds expected to be provided in each fiscal year in

which the work of the task or award is ongoing;

‘‘(ee) any restrictions attached to the task

or award that would prevent the sharing with

the general public of any or all of the information required by this subsection, and the

reasons for such restrictions; and

‘‘(ff) such other information as may be determined to be appropriate; and

‘‘(ii) 1 or more websites upon which all or part

of the repository of Federal research and development shall be made available to and searchable

by Federal agencies and non-Federal entities, including the general public, to facilitate—

‘‘(I) the coordination of Federal research and

development activities;

‘‘(II) collaboration among those conducting

Federal research and development;

‘‘(III) the transfer of technology among Federal agencies and between Federal agencies and

non-Federal entities; and

‘‘(IV) access by policymakers and the public

to information concerning Federal research and

development activities.

‘‘(B) OVERSIGHT.—The Director of the Office of

Management and Budget shall issue any guidance

determined necessary to ensure that agencies provide all information requested under this subsection.

‘‘(2) AGENCY FUNCTIONS.—Any agency that funds

Federal research and development under this subsection shall provide the information required to populate the repository in the manner prescribed by the

Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

‘‘(3) COMMITTEE FUNCTIONS.—Not later than 18

months after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec.

17, 2002], working with the Director of the Office of

Science and Technology Policy, and after consultation with interested parties, the Committee shall

submit recommendations to the Director on—

‘‘(A) policies to improve agency reporting of information for the repository established under this

subsection; and

‘‘(B) policies to improve dissemination of the results of research performed by Federal agencies and

federally funded research and development centers.

‘‘(4) FUNCTIONS OF THE DIRECTOR.—After submission

of recommendations by the Committee under paragraph (3), the Director shall report on the recommendations of the Committee and Director to Congress, in the E-Government report under section 3606

of title 44 (as added by this Act).

‘‘(5) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are

authorized to be appropriated for the development,

maintenance, and operation of the Governmentwide

repository and website under this subsection—

‘‘(A) $2,000,000 in each of the fiscal years 2003

through 2005; and

‘‘(B) such sums as are necessary in each of the fiscal years 2006 and 2007.

‘‘SEC. 208. PRIVACY PROVISIONS.

‘‘(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to ensure sufficient protections for the privacy of personal

information as agencies implement citizen-centered

electronic Government.

‘‘(b) PRIVACY IMPACT ASSESSMENTS.—

‘‘(1) RESPONSIBILITIES OF AGENCIES.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—An agency shall take actions

described under subparagraph (B) before—

‘‘(i) developing or procuring information technology that collects, maintains, or disseminates

information that is in an identifiable form; or

‘‘(ii) initiating a new collection of information

that—

‘‘(I) will be collected, maintained, or disseminated using information technology; and

‘‘(II) includes any information in an identifiable form permitting the physical or online contacting of a specific individual, if identical

questions have been posed to, or identical reporting requirements imposed on, 10 or more

persons, other than agencies, instrumentalities,

or employees of the Federal Government.

‘‘(B) AGENCY ACTIVITIES.—To the extent required

under subparagraph (A), each agency shall—

‘‘(i) conduct a privacy impact assessment;

‘‘(ii) ensure the review of the privacy impact assessment by the Chief Information Officer, or

equivalent official, as determined by the head of

the agency; and

‘‘(iii) if practicable, after completion of the review under clause (ii), make the privacy impact

assessment publicly available through the website of the agency, publication in the Federal

Register, or other means.

‘‘(C) SENSITIVE INFORMATION.—Subparagraph

(B)(iii) may be modified or waived for security reasons, or to protect classified, sensitive, or private

information contained in an assessment.

‘‘(D) COPY TO DIRECTOR.—Agencies shall provide

the Director with a copy of the privacy impact assessment for each system for which funding is requested.

‘‘(2) CONTENTS OF A PRIVACY IMPACT ASSESSMENT.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall issue guidance to agencies specifying the required contents of

a privacy impact assessment.

‘‘(B) GUIDANCE.—The guidance shall—

‘‘(i) ensure that a privacy impact assessment is

commensurate with the size of the information

system being assessed, the sensitivity of information that is in an identifiable form in that system, and the risk of harm from unauthorized release of that information; and

‘‘(ii) require that a privacy impact assessment

address—

‘‘(I) what information is to be collected;

‘‘(II) why the information is being collected;

‘‘(III) the intended use of the agency of the information;

‘‘(IV) with whom the information will be

shared;

‘‘(V) what notice or opportunities for consent

would be provided to individuals regarding what

information is collected and how that information is shared;

‘‘(VI) how the information will be secured;

and

‘‘(VII) whether a system of records is being

created under section 552a of title 5, United

States Code, (commonly referred to as the ‘Privacy Act’).

‘‘(3) RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DIRECTOR.—The Director shall—

‘‘(A) develop policies and guidelines for agencies

on the conduct of privacy impact assessments;

‘‘(B) oversee the implementation of the privacy

impact assessment process throughout the Government; and

‘‘(C) require agencies to conduct privacy impact

assessments of existing information systems or ongoing collections of information that is in an identifiable form as the Director determines appropriate.

‘‘(c) PRIVACY PROTECTIONS ON AGENCY WEBSITES.—

‘‘(1) PRIVACY POLICIES ON WEBSITES.—

‘‘(A) GUIDELINES FOR NOTICES.—The Director shall

develop guidance for privacy notices on agency

websites used by the public.

‘‘(B) CONTENTS.—The guidance shall require that

a privacy notice address, consistent with section

552a of title 5, United States Code—

‘‘(i) what information is to be collected;

‘‘(ii) why the information is being collected;

‘‘(iii) the intended use of the agency of the information;

‘‘(iv) with whom the information will be shared;

‘‘(v) what notice or opportunities for consent

would be provided to individuals regarding what
§ 3501 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 122

information is collected and how that information is shared;

‘‘(vi) how the information will be secured; and

‘‘(vii) the rights of the individual under section

552a of title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as the ‘Privacy Act’), and other laws relevant to the protection of the privacy of an individual.

‘‘(2) PRIVACY POLICIES IN MACHINE-READABLE FORMATS.—The Director shall issue guidance requiring

agencies to translate privacy policies into a standardized machine-readable format.

‘‘(d) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘identifiable form’ means any representation of information

that permits the identity of an individual to whom the

information applies to be reasonably inferred by either

direct or indirect means.

‘‘SEC. 209. FEDERAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT.

‘‘(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to improve the skills of the Federal workforce in using information technology to deliver Government information

and services.

‘‘(b) WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In consultation with the Director

of the Office of Management and Budget, the Chief

Information Officers Council, and the Administrator

of General Services, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall—

‘‘(A) analyze, on an ongoing basis, the personnel

needs of the Federal Government related to information technology and information resource management;

‘‘(B) identify where current information technology and information resource management

training do not satisfy the personnel needs described in subparagraph (A);

‘‘(C) oversee the development of curricula, training methods, and training priorities that correspond to the projected personnel needs of the Federal Government related to information technology

and information resource management; and

‘‘(D) assess the training of Federal employees in

information technology disciplines in order to ensure that the information resource management

needs of the Federal Government are addressed.

‘‘(2) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAMS.—The head of each Executive agency, after

consultation with the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, the Chief Information Officers

Council, and the Administrator of General Services,

shall establish and operate information technology

training programs consistent with the requirements

of this subsection. Such programs shall—

‘‘(A) have curricula covering a broad range of information technology disciplines corresponding to

the specific information technology and information resource management needs of the agency involved;

‘‘(B) be developed and applied according to rigorous standards; and

‘‘(C) be designed to maximize efficiency, through

the use of self-paced courses, online courses, on-thejob training, and the use of remote instructors,

wherever such features can be applied without reducing the effectiveness of the training or negatively impacting academic standards.

‘‘(3) GOVERNMENTWIDE POLICIES AND EVALUATION.—

The Director of the Office of Personnel Management,

in coordination with the Director of the Office of

Management and Budget, shall issue policies to promote the development of performance standards for

training and uniform implementation of this subsection by Executive agencies, with due regard for

differences in program requirements among agencies

that may be appropriate and warranted in view of the

agency mission. The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall evaluate the implementation

of the provisions of this subsection by Executive

agencies.

‘‘(4) CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER AUTHORITIES AND

RESPONSIBILITIES.—Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the head of an Executive agency,

the chief information officer of such agency shall

carry out all powers, functions, and duties of the

head of the agency with respect to implementation of

this subsection. The chief information officer shall

ensure that the policies of the agency head established in accordance with this subsection are implemented throughout the agency.

‘‘(5) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING REPORTING.—The Director of the Office of Management and

Budget shall ensure that the heads of Executive agencies collect and maintain standardized information

on the information technology and information resources management workforce related to the implementation of this subsection.

‘‘(6) AUTHORITY TO DETAIL EMPLOYEES TO NON-FEDERAL EMPLOYERS.—In carrying out the preceding provisions of this subsection, the Director of the Office

of Personnel Management may provide for a program

under which a Federal employee may be detailed to

a non-Federal employer. The Director of the Office of

Personnel Management shall prescribe regulations

for such program, including the conditions for service

and duties as the Director considers necessary.

‘‘(7) COORDINATION PROVISION.—An assignment described in section 3703 of title 5, United States Code,

may not be made unless a program under paragraph

(6) is established, and the assignment is made in accordance with the requirements of such program.

‘‘(8) EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION.—Subject to information resource management needs and the limitations

imposed by resource needs in other occupational

areas, and consistent with their overall workforce development strategies, agencies shall encourage employees to participate in occupational information

technology training.

‘‘(9) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are

authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Personnel Management for the implementation of this subsection, $15,000,000 in fiscal year 2003, and such sums

as are necessary for each fiscal year thereafter.

‘‘(10) EXECUTIVE AGENCY DEFINED.—For purposes of

this subsection, the term ‘Executive agency’ has the

meaning given the term ‘agency’ under section 3701 of

title 5, United States Code (as added by subsection

(c)).

‘‘(c) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE PROGRAM.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—[Enacted chapter 37 of Title 5,

Government Organization and Employees.]

‘‘(2) REPORT.—Not later than 4 years after the date

of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Government Accountability Office shall prepare and submit to the Committee on Government Reform [now

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform] of

the House of Representatives and the Committee on

Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland

Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a

report on the operation of chapter 37 of title 5, United

States Code (as added by this subsection). Such report shall include—

‘‘(A) an evaluation of the effectiveness of the program established by such chapter; and

‘‘(B) a recommendation as to whether such program should be continued (with or without modification) or allowed to lapse.

‘‘(3) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—[Amended analysis for

part III of Title 5.]

‘‘(d) ETHICS PROVISIONS.—

‘‘(1) ONE-YEAR RESTRICTION ON CERTAIN COMMUNICATIONS.—[Amended section 207 of Title 18, Crimes and

Criminal Procedure.]

‘‘(2) DISCLOSURE OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION.—

[Amended section 1905 of Title 18.]

‘‘(3) CONTRACT ADVICE.—[Amended section 207 of

Title 18.]

‘‘(4) RESTRICTION ON DISCLOSURE OF PROCUREMENT

INFORMATION.—[Amended section 423 of Title 41, Public Contracts.]
Page 123 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3501

‘‘(e) REPORT ON EXISTING EXCHANGE PROGRAMS.—

‘‘(1) EXCHANGE PROGRAM DEFINED.—For purposes of

this subsection, the term ‘exchange program’ means

an executive exchange program, the program under

subchapter VI of chapter 33 of title 5, United States

Code, and any other program which allows for—

‘‘(A) the assignment of employees of the Federal

Government to non-Federal employers;

‘‘(B) the assignment of employees of non-Federal

employers to the Federal Government; or

‘‘(C) both.

‘‘(2) REPORTING REQUIREMENT.—Not later than 1

year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec.

17, 2002], the Office of Personnel Management shall

prepare and submit to the Committee on Government

Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Government Reform] of the House of Representatives and

the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a report identifying all existing

exchange programs.

‘‘(3) SPECIFIC INFORMATION.—The report shall, for

each such program, include—

‘‘(A) a brief description of the program, including

its size, eligibility requirements, and terms or conditions for participation;

‘‘(B) specific citation to the law or other authority under which the program is established;

‘‘(C) the names of persons to contact for more information, and how they may be reached; and

‘‘(D) any other information which the Office considers appropriate.

‘‘(f) REPORT ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A GOVERNMENTWIDE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later January 1, 2003, the Office of Personnel Management, in consultation with

the Chief Information Officers Council and the Administrator of General Services, shall review and submit to the Committee on Government Reform [now

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform] of

the House of Representatives and the Committee on

Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland

Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a

written report on the following:

‘‘(A) The adequacy of any existing information

technology training programs available to Federal

employees on a Governmentwide basis.

‘‘(B)(i) If one or more such programs already

exist, recommendations as to how they might be

improved.

‘‘(ii) If no such program yet exists, recommendations as to how such a program might be designed

and established.

‘‘(C) With respect to any recommendations under

subparagraph (B), how the program under chapter

37 of title 5, United States Code, might be used to

help carry them out.

‘‘(2) COST ESTIMATE.—The report shall, for any recommended program (or improvements) under paragraph (1)(B), include the estimated costs associated

with the implementation and operation of such program as so established (or estimated difference in

costs of any such program as so improved).

‘‘(g) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—

‘‘(1) AMENDMENTS TO TITLE 5, UNITED STATES CODE.—

[Amended sections 3111, 4108, and 7353 of Title 5.]

‘‘(2) AMENDMENT TO TITLE 18, UNITED STATES CODE.—

[Amended section 209 of Title 18.]

‘‘(3) OTHER AMENDMENTS.—[Amended section

125(c)(1) of Pub. L. 100–238, set out as a note under section 8432 of Title 5.]

‘‘SEC. 210. SHARE-IN-SAVINGS INITIATIVES.

‘‘(a) DEFENSE CONTRACTS.—[Enacted section 2332 of

Title 10, Armed Forces.]

‘‘(b) OTHER CONTRACTS.—[Enacted section 266a of

Title 41.]

‘‘(c) DEVELOPMENT OF INCENTIVES.—The Director of

the Office of Management and Budget shall, in consultation with the Committee on Governmental Affairs

[now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate, the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and

Government Reform] of the House of Representatives,

and executive agencies, develop techniques to permit

an executive agency to retain a portion of the savings

(after payment of the contractor’s share of the savings)

derived from share-in-savings contracts as funds are appropriated to the agency in future fiscal years.

‘‘(d) REGULATIONS.—Not later than 270 days after the

date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the

Federal Acquisition Regulation shall be revised to implement the provisions enacted by this section. Such

revisions shall—

‘‘(1) provide for the use of competitive procedures

in the selection and award of share-in-savings contracts to—

‘‘(A) ensure the contractor’s share of savings reflects the risk involved and market conditions; and

‘‘(B) otherwise yield greatest value to the government; and

‘‘(2) allow appropriate regulatory flexibility to facilitate the use of share-in-savings contracts by executive agencies, including the use of innovative provisions for technology refreshment and nonstandard

Federal Acquisition Regulation contract clauses.

‘‘(e) ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE.—The Administrator of

General Services shall—

‘‘(1) identify potential opportunities for the use of

share-in-savings contracts; and

‘‘(2) in consultation with the Director of the Office

of Management and Budget, provide guidance to executive agencies for determining mutually beneficial

savings share ratios and baselines from which savings

may be measured.

‘‘(f) OMB REPORT TO CONGRESS.—In consultation with

executive agencies, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall, not later than 2 years after

the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002],

submit to Congress a report containing—

‘‘(1) a description of the number of share-in-savings

contracts entered into by each executive agency

under by [sic] this section and the amendments made

by this section, and, for each contract identified—

‘‘(A) the information technology acquired;

‘‘(B) the total amount of payments made to the

contractor; and

‘‘(C) the total amount of savings or other measurable benefits realized;

‘‘(2) a description of the ability of agencies to determine the baseline costs of a project against which

savings can be measured; and

‘‘(3) any recommendations, as the Director deems

appropriate, regarding additional changes in law that

may be necessary to ensure effective use of share-insavings contracts by executive agencies.

‘‘(g) GAO REPORT TO CONGRESS.—The Comptroller

General shall, not later than 6 months after the report

required under subsection (f) is submitted to Congress,

conduct a review of that report and submit to Congress

a report containing—

‘‘(1) the results of the review;

‘‘(2) an independent assessment by the Comptroller

General of the effectiveness of the use of share-insavings contracts in improving the mission-related

and administrative processes of the executive agencies and the achievement of agency missions; and

‘‘(3) a recommendation on whether the authority to

enter into share-in-savings contracts should be continued.

‘‘(h) REPEAL OF SHARE-IN-SAVINGS PILOT PROGRAM.—

‘‘(1) REPEAL.—[Repealed section 11521 of Title 40,

Public Buildings, Property, and Works.]

‘‘(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO PILOT PROGRAM

AUTHORITY.—[Amended sections 11501 to 11505 of Title

40.]

‘‘(3) ADDITIONAL CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.—[Redesignated 11522 of Title 40 as 11521 and amended headings and analysis.]
§ 3501 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 124

‘‘(i) DEFINITIONS.—In this section, the terms ‘contractor’, ‘savings’, and ‘share-in-savings contract’ have the

meanings given those terms in section 317 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949

[former 41 U.S.C. 266a; now 41 U.S.C. note prec. 3901] (as

added by subsection (b)).

‘‘SEC. 211. AUTHORIZATION FOR ACQUISITION OF

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BY STATE AND

LOCAL GOVERNMENTS THROUGH FEDERAL

SUPPLY SCHEDULES.

‘‘(a) AUTHORITY TO USE CERTAIN SUPPLY SCHEDULES.—[Amended section 502 of Title 40.]

‘‘(b) PROCEDURES.—Not later than 30 days after the

date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Administrator of General Services shall establish procedures to implement section 501(c) of title 40, United

States Code (as added by subsection (a)).

‘‘(c) REPORT.—Not later than December 31, 2004, the

Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and

Government Reform] of the House of Representatives

and the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a report on the implementation and

effects of the amendment made by subsection (a).

‘‘SEC. 212. INTEGRATED REPORTING STUDY AND

PILOT PROJECTS.

‘‘(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are to—

‘‘(1) enhance the interoperability of Federal information systems;

‘‘(2) assist the public, including the regulated community, in electronically submitting information to

agencies under Federal requirements, by reducing the

burden of duplicate collection and ensuring the accuracy of submitted information; and

‘‘(3) enable any person to integrate and obtain similar information held by 1 or more agencies under 1 or

more Federal requirements without violating the privacy rights of an individual.

‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section, the term—

‘‘(1) ‘agency’ means an Executive agency as defined

under section 105 of title 5, United States Code; and

‘‘(2) ‘person’ means any individual, trust, firm,

joint stock company, corporation (including a government corporation), partnership, association,

State, municipality, commission, political subdivision of a State, interstate body, or agency or component of the Federal Government.

‘‘(c) REPORT.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 3 years after the

date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Director shall oversee a study, in consultation with

agencies, the regulated community, public interest

organizations, and the public, and submit a report to

the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Government Reform] of the House of Representatives on

progress toward integrating Federal information systems across agencies.

‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—The report under this section

shall—

‘‘(A) address the integration of data elements

used in the electronic collection of information

within databases established under Federal statute

without reducing the quality, accessibility, scope,

or utility of the information contained in each

database;

‘‘(B) address the feasibility of developing, or enabling the development of, software, including

Internet-based tools, for use by reporting persons in

assembling, documenting, and validating the accuracy of information electronically submitted to

agencies under nonvoluntary, statutory, and regulatory requirements;

‘‘(C) address the feasibility of developing a distributed information system involving, on a voluntary basis, at least 2 agencies, that—

‘‘(i) provides consistent, dependable, and timely

public access to the information holdings of 1 or

more agencies, or some portion of such holdings,

without requiring public users to know which

agency holds the information; and

‘‘(ii) allows the integration of public information held by the participating agencies;

‘‘(D) address the feasibility of incorporating other

elements related to the purposes of this section at

the discretion of the Director; and

‘‘(E) make any recommendations that the Director deems appropriate on the use of integrated reporting and information systems, to reduce the burden on reporting and strengthen public access to

databases within and across agencies.

‘‘(d) PILOT PROJECTS TO ENCOURAGE INTEGRATED COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DATA AND INTEROPERABILITY OF FEDERAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In order to provide input to the

study under subsection (c), the Director shall designate, in consultation with agencies, a series of no

more than 5 pilot projects that integrate data elements. The Director shall consult with agencies, the

regulated community, public interest organizations,

and the public on the implementation of the pilot

projects.

‘‘(2) GOALS OF PILOT PROJECTS.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Each goal described under subparagraph (B) shall be addressed by at least 1 pilot

project each.

‘‘(B) GOALS.—The goals under this paragraph are

to—

‘‘(i) reduce information collection burdens by

eliminating duplicative data elements within 2 or

more reporting requirements;

‘‘(ii) create interoperability between or among

public databases managed by 2 or more agencies

using technologies and techniques that facilitate

public access; and

‘‘(iii) develop, or enable the development of,

software to reduce errors in electronically submitted information.

‘‘(3) INPUT.—Each pilot project shall seek input

from users on the utility of the pilot project and

areas for improvement. To the extent practicable, the

Director shall consult with relevant agencies and

State, tribal, and local governments in carrying out

the report and pilot projects under this section.

‘‘(e) PROTECTIONS.—The activities authorized under

this section shall afford protections for—

‘‘(1) confidential business information consistent

with section 552(b)(4) of title 5, United States Code,

and other relevant law;

‘‘(2) personal privacy information under sections

552(b)(6) and (7)(C) and 552a of title 5, United States

Code, and other relevant law;

‘‘(3) other information consistent with section

552(b)(3) of title 5, United States Code, and other relevant law; and

‘‘(4) confidential statistical information collected

under a confidentiality pledge, solely for statistical

purposes, consistent with the Office of Management

and Budget’s Federal Statistical Confidentiality

Order, and other relevant law.

‘‘SEC. 213. COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGY CENTERS.

‘‘(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are to—

‘‘(1) study and enhance the effectiveness of community technology centers, public libraries, and other

institutions that provide computer and Internet access to the public; and

‘‘(2) promote awareness of the availability of online government information and services, to users of

community technology centers, public libraries, and

other public facilities that provide access to computer technology and Internet access to the public.

‘‘(b) STUDY AND REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after

the effective date of this title [see Effective Date note

set out under section 3601 of this title], the Administrator shall—
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‘‘(1) ensure that a study is conducted to evaluate

the best practices of community technology centers

that have received Federal funds; and

‘‘(2) submit a report on the study to—

‘‘(A) the Committee on Governmental Affairs

[now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate;

‘‘(B) the Committee on Health, Education, Labor,

and Pensions of the Senate;

‘‘(C) the Committee on Government Reform [now

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]

of the House of Representatives; and

‘‘(D) the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives.

‘‘(c) CONTENTS.—The report under subsection (b) may

consider—

‘‘(1) an evaluation of the best practices being used

by successful community technology centers;

‘‘(2) a strategy for—

‘‘(A) continuing the evaluation of best practices

used by community technology centers; and

‘‘(B) establishing a network to share information

and resources as community technology centers

evolve;

‘‘(3) the identification of methods to expand the use

of best practices to assist community technology centers, public libraries, and other institutions that provide computer and Internet access to the public;

‘‘(4) a database of all community technology centers that have received Federal funds, including—

‘‘(A) each center’s name, location, services provided, director, other points of contact, number of

individuals served; and

‘‘(B) other relevant information;

‘‘(5) an analysis of whether community technology

centers have been deployed effectively in urban and

rural areas throughout the Nation; and

‘‘(6) recommendations of how to—

‘‘(A) enhance the development of community

technology centers; and

‘‘(B) establish a network to share information and

resources.

‘‘(d) COOPERATION.—All agencies that fund community technology centers shall provide to the Administrator any information and assistance necessary for the

completion of the study and the report under this section.

‘‘(e) ASSISTANCE.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Education, shall work with

other relevant Federal agencies, and other interested

persons in the private and nonprofit sectors to—

‘‘(A) assist in the implementation of recommendations; and

‘‘(B) identify other ways to assist community

technology centers, public libraries, and other institutions that provide computer and Internet access to the public.

‘‘(2) TYPES OF ASSISTANCE.—Assistance under this

subsection may include—

‘‘(A) contribution of funds;

‘‘(B) donations of equipment, and training in the

use and maintenance of the equipment; and

‘‘(C) the provision of basic instruction or training

material in computer skills and Internet usage.

‘‘(f) ONLINE TUTORIAL.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Education, the Director of

the Institute of Museum and Library Services, other

relevant agencies, and the public, shall develop an

online tutorial that—

‘‘(A) explains how to access Government information and services on the Internet; and

‘‘(B) provides a guide to available online resources.

‘‘(2) DISTRIBUTION.—The Administrator, with assistance from the Secretary of Education, shall distribute information on the tutorial to community technology centers, public libraries, and other institutions that afford Internet access to the public.

‘‘(g) PROMOTION OF COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGY CENTERS.—The Administrator, with assistance from the

Department of Education and in consultation with

other agencies and organizations, shall promote the

availability of community technology centers to raise

awareness within each community where such a center

is located.

‘‘(h) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are

authorized to be appropriated for the study of best

practices at community technology centers, for the development and dissemination of the online tutorial,

and for the promotion of community technology centers under this section—

‘‘(1) $2,000,000 in fiscal year 2003;

‘‘(2) $2,000,000 in fiscal year 2004; and

‘‘(3) such sums as are necessary in fiscal years 2005

through 2007.

‘‘SEC. 214. ENHANCING CRISIS MANAGEMENT

THROUGH ADVANCED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.

‘‘(a) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is to improve how information technology is used in coordinating and facilitating information on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery, while ensuring the

availability of such information across multiple access

channels.

‘‘(b) IN GENERAL.—

‘‘(1) STUDY ON ENHANCEMENT OF CRISIS RESPONSE.—

Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of

this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Administrator, in consultation with the Federal Emergency Management

Agency, shall ensure that a study is conducted on

using information technology to enhance crisis preparedness, response, and consequence management of

natural and manmade disasters.

‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—The study under this subsection

shall address—

‘‘(A) a research and implementation strategy for

effective use of information technology in crisis response and consequence management, including the

more effective use of technologies, management of

information technology research initiatives, and

incorporation of research advances into the information and communications systems of—

‘‘(i) the Federal Emergency Management Agency; and

‘‘(ii) other Federal, State, and local agencies responsible for crisis preparedness, response, and

consequence management; and

‘‘(B) opportunities for research and development

on enhanced technologies into areas of potential

improvement as determined during the course of

the study.

‘‘(3) REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after the date

on which a contract is entered into under paragraph

(1), the Administrator shall submit a report on the

study, including findings and recommendations to—

‘‘(A) the Committee on Governmental Affairs

[now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate; and

‘‘(B) the Committee on Government Reform [now

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]

of the House of Representatives.

‘‘(4) INTERAGENCY COOPERATION.—Other Federal departments and agencies with responsibility for disaster relief and emergency assistance shall fully cooperate with the Administrator in carrying out this

section.

‘‘(5) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are

authorized to be appropriated for research under this

subsection, such sums as are necessary for fiscal year

2003.

‘‘(c) PILOT PROJECTS.—Based on the results of the research conducted under subsection (b), the Administrator, in consultation with the Federal Emergency

Management Agency, shall initiate pilot projects or report to Congress on other activities that further the

goal of maximizing the utility of information technology in disaster management. The Administrator
§ 3501 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 126

shall cooperate with other relevant agencies, and, if appropriate, State, local, and tribal governments, in initiating such pilot projects.

‘‘SEC. 215. DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO THE INTERNET.

‘‘(a) STUDY AND REPORT.—

‘‘(1) STUDY.—Not later than 90 days after the date of

enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Administrator of General Services shall request that the National Academy of Sciences, acting through the National Research Council, enter into a contract to conduct a study on disparities in Internet access for online Government services.

‘‘(2) REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after the date

of enactment of this Act, the Administrator of General Services shall submit to the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate and

the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Government Reform] of the

House of Representatives a final report of the study

under this section, which shall set forth the findings,

conclusions, and recommendations of the National

Research Council.

‘‘(b) CONTENTS.—The report under subsection (a) shall

include a study of—

‘‘(1) how disparities in Internet access influence the

effectiveness of online Government services, including a review of—

‘‘(A) the nature of disparities in Internet access;

‘‘(B) the affordability of Internet service;

‘‘(C) the incidence of disparities among different

groups within the population; and

‘‘(D) changes in the nature of personal and public

Internet access that may alleviate or aggravate effective access to online Government services;

‘‘(2) how the increase in online Government services

is influencing the disparities in Internet access and

how technology development or diffusion trends may

offset such adverse influences; and

‘‘(3) related societal effects arising from the interplay of disparities in Internet access and the increase

in online Government services.

‘‘(c) RECOMMENDATIONS.—The report shall include recommendations on actions to ensure that online Government initiatives shall not have the unintended result of

increasing any deficiency in public access to Government services.

‘‘(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are

authorized to be appropriated $950,000 in fiscal year 2003

to carry out this section.

‘‘SEC. 216. COMMON PROTOCOLS FOR GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEMS.

‘‘(a) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this section are to—

‘‘(1) reduce redundant data collection and information; and

‘‘(2) promote collaboration and use of standards for

government geographic information.

‘‘(b) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘geographic information’ means information systems that

involve locational data, such as maps or other geospatial information resources.

‘‘(c) IN GENERAL.—

‘‘(1) COMMON PROTOCOLS.—The Administrator, in

consultation with the Secretary of the Interior,

working with the Director and through an interagency group, and working with private sector experts, State, local, and tribal governments, commercial and international standards groups, and other interested parties, shall facilitate the development of

common protocols for the development, acquisition,

maintenance, distribution, and application of geographic information. If practicable, the Administrator shall incorporate intergovernmental and public private geographic information partnerships into

efforts under this subsection.

‘‘(2) INTERAGENCY GROUP.—The interagency group

referred to under paragraph (1) shall include representatives of the National Institute of Standards

and Technology and other agencies.

‘‘(d) DIRECTOR.—The Director shall oversee—

‘‘(1) the interagency initiative to develop common

protocols;

‘‘(2) the coordination with State, local, and tribal

governments, public private partnerships, and other

interested persons on effective and efficient ways to

align geographic information and develop common

protocols; and

‘‘(3) the adoption of common standards relating to

the protocols.

‘‘(e) COMMON PROTOCOLS.—The common protocols

shall be designed to—

‘‘(1) maximize the degree to which unclassified geographic information from various sources can be

made electronically compatible and accessible; and

‘‘(2) promote the development of interoperable geographic information systems technologies that

shall—

‘‘(A) allow widespread, low-cost use and sharing

of geographic data by Federal agencies, State,

local, and tribal governments, and the public; and

‘‘(B) enable the enhancement of services using geographic data.

‘‘(f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are

authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this section, for each of the fiscal

years 2003 through 2007.’’

INFORMATION SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES OF CERTAIN

AGENCIES

Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(c)(1)(A), Dec. 17, 2002, 116

Stat. 2955, provided that: ‘‘Nothing in this Act [see

Tables for classification] (including any amendment

made by this Act) shall supersede any authority of the

Secretary of Defense, the Director of Central Intelligence, or other agency head, as authorized by law and

as directed by the President, with regard to the operation, control, or management of national security systems, as defined by [former] section 3542(b)(2) of title

44, United States Code [see now 44 U.S.C. 3552(b)(6)].’’

[Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or

the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the

Director’s capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director’s capacity as the head of

the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as

a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National

Defense.]

ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1954

Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(c)(2), Dec. 17, 2002, 116

Stat. 2955, provided that: ‘‘Nothing in this Act [see

Tables for classification] shall supersede any requirement made by or under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954

(42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.). Restricted data or formerly restricted data shall be handled, protected, classified,

downgraded, and declassified in conformity with the

Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.).’’

CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION PROTECTION AND

STATISTICAL EFFICIENCY

Pub. L. 107–347, title V, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2962,

provided that:

‘‘SEC. 501. SHORT TITLE.

‘‘This title may be cited as the ‘Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002’.

‘‘SEC. 502. DEFINITIONS.

‘‘As used in this title:

‘‘(1) The term ‘agency’ means any entity that falls

within the definition of the term ‘executive agency’

as defined in section 102 of title 31, United States

Code, or ‘agency’, as defined in section 3502 of title 44,

United States Code.

‘‘(2) The term ‘agent’ means an individual—
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‘‘(A)(i) who is an employee of a private organization or a researcher affiliated with an institution of

higher learning (including a person granted special

sworn status by the Bureau of the Census under section 23(c) of title 13, United States Code), and with

whom a contract or other agreement is executed,

on a temporary basis, by an executive agency to

perform exclusively statistical activities under the

control and supervision of an officer or employee of

that agency;

‘‘(ii) who is working under the authority of a government entity with which a contract or other

agreement is executed by an executive agency to

perform exclusively statistical activities under the

control of an officer or employee of that agency;

‘‘(iii) who is a self-employed researcher, a consultant, a contractor, or an employee of a contractor, and with whom a contract or other agreement

is executed by an executive agency to perform a

statistical activity under the control of an officer

or employee of that agency; or

‘‘(iv) who is a contractor or an employee of a contractor, and who is engaged by the agency to design

or maintain the systems for handling or storage of

data received under this title; and

‘‘(B) who agrees in writing to comply with all provisions of law that affect information acquired by

that agency.

‘‘(3) The term ‘business data’ means operating and

financial data and information about businesses, taxexempt organizations, and government entities.

‘‘(4) The term ‘identifiable form’ means any representation of information that permits the identity

of the respondent to whom the information applies to

be reasonably inferred by either direct or indirect

means.

‘‘(5) The term ‘nonstatistical purpose’—

‘‘(A) means the use of data in identifiable form

for any purpose that is not a statistical purpose, including any administrative, regulatory, law enforcement, adjudicatory, or other purpose that affects the rights, privileges, or benefits of a particular identifiable respondent; and

‘‘(B) includes the disclosure under section 552 of

title 5, United States Code (popularly known as the

Freedom of Information Act) of data that are acquired for exclusively statistical purposes under a

pledge of confidentiality.

‘‘(6) The term ‘respondent’ means a person who, or

organization that, is requested or required to supply

information to an agency, is the subject of information requested or required to be supplied to an agency, or provides that information to an agency.

‘‘(7) The term ‘statistical activities’—

‘‘(A) means the collection, compilation, processing, or analysis of data for the purpose of describing

or making estimates concerning the whole, or relevant groups or components within, the economy,

society, or the natural environment; and

‘‘(B) includes the development of methods or resources that support those activities, such as measurement methods, models, statistical classifications, or sampling frames.

‘‘(8) The term ‘statistical agency or unit’ means an

agency or organizational unit of the executive branch

whose activities are predominantly the collection,

compilation, processing, or analysis of information

for statistical purposes.

‘‘(9) The term ‘statistical purpose’—

‘‘(A) means the description, estimation, or analysis of the characteristics of groups, without identifying the individuals or organizations that comprise such groups; and

‘‘(B) includes the development, implementation,

or maintenance of methods, technical or administrative procedures, or information resources that

support the purposes described in subparagraph (A).

‘‘SEC. 503. COORDINATION AND OVERSIGHT OF

POLICIES.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall coordinate and oversee the

confidentiality and disclosure policies established by

this title. The Director may promulgate rules or provide other guidance to ensure consistent interpretation

of this title by the affected agencies.

‘‘(b) AGENCY RULES.—Subject to subsection (c), agencies may promulgate rules to implement this title.

Rules governing disclosures of information that are authorized by this title shall be promulgated by the agency that originally collected the information.

‘‘(c) REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF RULES.—The Director

shall review any rules proposed by an agency pursuant

to this title for consistency with the provisions of this

title and chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, and

such rules shall be subject to the approval of the Director.

‘‘(d) REPORTS.—

‘‘(1) The head of each agency shall provide to the

Director of the Office of Management and Budget

such reports and other information as the Director

requests.

‘‘(2) Each Designated Statistical Agency referred to

in section 522 shall report annually to the Director of

the Office of Management and Budget, the Committee

on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight

and Government Reform] of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Governmental Affairs

[now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate on the actions it has

taken to implement sections 523 and 524. The report

shall include copies of each written agreement entered into pursuant to section 524(a) for the applicable year.

‘‘(3) The Director of the Office of Management and

Budget shall include a summary of reports submitted

to the Director under paragraph (2) and actions taken

by the Director to advance the purposes of this title

in the annual report to the Congress on statistical

programs prepared under section 3504(e)(2) of title 44,

United States Code.

‘‘SEC. 504. EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS.

‘‘(a) TITLE 44, UNITED STATES CODE.—This title, including amendments made by this title, does not diminish the authority under section 3510 of title 44,

United States Code, of the Director of the Office of

Management and Budget to direct, and of an agency to

make, disclosures that are not inconsistent with any

applicable law.

‘‘(b) TITLE 13 AND TITLE 44, UNITED STATES CODE.—

This title, including amendments made by this title,

does not diminish the authority of the Bureau of the

Census to provide information in accordance with sections 8, 16, 301, and 401 of title 13, United States Code,

and section 2108 of title 44, United States Code.

‘‘(c) TITLE 13, UNITED STATES CODE.—This title, including amendments made by this title, shall not be

construed as authorizing the disclosure for nonstatistical purposes of demographic data or information collected by the Census Bureau pursuant to section 9 of

title 13, United States Code.

‘‘(d) VARIOUS ENERGY STATUTES.—Data or information acquired by the Energy Information Administration under a pledge of confidentiality and designated

by the Energy Information Administration to be used

for exclusively statistical purposes shall not be disclosed in identifiable form for nonstatistical purposes

under—

‘‘(1) section 12, 20, or 59 of the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 771, 779, 790h);

‘‘(2) section 11 of the Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 796); or

‘‘(3) section 205 or 407 of the Department of the Energy Organization Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7135, 7177).

‘‘(e) SECTION 201 OF CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET ACT OF

1974 [2 U.S.C. 601].—This title, including amendments

made by this title, shall not be construed to limit any

authorities of the Congressional Budget Office to work

(consistent with laws governing the confidentiality of

information the disclosure of which would be a violation of law) with databases of Designated Statistical
§ 3501 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 128

Agencies (as defined in section 522), either separately

or, for data that may be shared pursuant to section 524

of this title or other authority, jointly in order to improve the general utility of these databases for the statistical purpose of analyzing pension and health care financing issues.

‘‘(f) PREEMPTION OF STATE LAW.—Nothing in this title

shall preempt applicable State law regarding the confidentiality of data collected by the States.

‘‘(g) STATUTES REGARDING FALSE STATEMENTS.—Notwithstanding section 512, information collected by an

agency for exclusively statistical purposes under a

pledge of confidentiality may be provided by the collecting agency to a law enforcement agency for the

prosecution of submissions to the collecting agency of

false statistical information under statutes that authorize criminal penalties (such as section 221 of title

13, United States Code) or civil penalties for the provision of false statistical information, unless such disclosure or use would otherwise be prohibited under Federal law.

‘‘(h) CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this title shall be

construed as restricting or diminishing any confidentiality protections or penalties for unauthorized disclosure that otherwise apply to data or information collected for statistical purposes or nonstatistical purposes, including, but not limited to, section 6103 of the

Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 6103).

‘‘(i) AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS.—Nothing in this title

shall be construed to affect the authority of the Congress, including its committees, members, or agents, to

obtain data or information for a statistical purpose, including for oversight of an agency’s statistical activities.

‘‘SUBTITLE A—CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION PROTECTION

‘‘SEC. 511. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.

‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds the following:

‘‘(1) Individuals, businesses, and other organizations have varying degrees of legal protection when

providing information to the agencies for strictly statistical purposes.

‘‘(2) Pledges of confidentiality by agencies provide

assurances to the public that information about individuals or organizations or provided by individuals or

organizations for exclusively statistical purposes will

be held in confidence and will not be used against

such individuals or organizations in any agency action.

‘‘(3) Protecting the confidentiality interests of individuals or organizations who provide information

under a pledge of confidentiality for Federal statistical programs serves both the interests of the public

and the needs of society.

‘‘(4) Declining trust of the public in the protection

of information provided under a pledge of confidentiality to the agencies adversely affects both the accuracy and completeness of statistical analyses.

‘‘(5) Ensuring that information provided under a

pledge of confidentiality for statistical purposes receives protection is essential in continuing public cooperation in statistical programs.

‘‘(b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this subtitle are the

following:

‘‘(1) To ensure that information supplied by individuals or organizations to an agency for statistical purposes under a pledge of confidentiality is used exclusively for statistical purposes.

‘‘(2) To ensure that individuals or organizations

who supply information under a pledge of confidentiality to agencies for statistical purposes will neither have that information disclosed in identifiable

form to anyone not authorized by this title nor have

that information used for any purpose other than a

statistical purpose.

‘‘(3) To safeguard the confidentiality of individually

identifiable information acquired under a pledge of

confidentiality for statistical purposes by controlling

access to, and uses made of, such information.

‘‘SEC. 512. LIMITATIONS ON USE AND DISCLOSURE

OF DATA AND INFORMATION.

‘‘(a) USE OF STATISTICAL DATA OR INFORMATION.—Data

or information acquired by an agency under a pledge of

confidentiality and for exclusively statistical purposes

shall be used by officers, employees, or agents of the

agency exclusively for statistical purposes.

‘‘(b) DISCLOSURE OF STATISTICAL DATA OR INFORMATION.—

‘‘(1) Data or information acquired by an agency

under a pledge of confidentiality for exclusively statistical purposes shall not be disclosed by an agency

in identifiable form, for any use other than an exclusively statistical purpose, except with the informed

consent of the respondent.

‘‘(2) A disclosure pursuant to paragraph (1) is authorized only when the head of the agency approves

such disclosure and the disclosure is not prohibited

by any other law.

‘‘(3) This section does not restrict or diminish any

confidentiality protections in law that otherwise

apply to data or information acquired by an agency

under a pledge of confidentiality for exclusively statistical purposes.

‘‘(c) RULE FOR USE OF DATA OR INFORMATION FOR NONSTATISTICAL PURPOSES.—A statistical agency or unit

shall clearly distinguish any data or information it collects for nonstatistical purposes (as authorized by law)

and provide notice to the public, before the data or information is collected, that the data or information

could be used for nonstatistical purposes.

‘‘(d) DESIGNATION OF AGENTS.—A statistical agency or

unit may designate agents, by contract or by entering

into a special agreement containing the provisions required under section 502(2) for treatment as an agent

under that section, who may perform exclusively statistical activities, subject to the limitations and penalties described in this title.

‘‘SEC. 513. FINES AND PENALTIES.

‘‘Whoever, being an officer, employee, or agent of an

agency acquiring information for exclusively statistical purposes, having taken and subscribed the oath of

office, or having sworn to observe the limitations imposed by section 512, comes into possession of such information by reason of his or her being an officer, employee, or agent and, knowing that the disclosure of

the specific information is prohibited under the provisions of this title, willfully discloses the information in

any manner to a person or agency not entitled to receive it, shall be guilty of a class E felony and imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or fined not more than

$250,000, or both.

‘‘SUBTITLE B—STATISTICAL EFFICIENCY

‘‘SEC. 521. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.

‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds the following:

‘‘(1) Federal statistics are an important source of

information for public and private decision-makers

such as policymakers, consumers, businesses, investors, and workers.

‘‘(2) Federal statistical agencies should continuously seek to improve their efficiency. Statutory

constraints limit the ability of these agencies to

share data and thus to achieve higher efficiency for

Federal statistical programs.

‘‘(3) The quality of Federal statistics depends on

the willingness of businesses to respond to statistical

surveys. Reducing reporting burdens will increase response rates, and therefore lead to more accurate

characterizations of the economy.

‘‘(4) Enhanced sharing of business data among the

Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics for exclusively

statistical purposes will improve their ability to

track more accurately the large and rapidly changing

nature of United States business. In particular, the

statistical agencies will be able to better ensure that

businesses are consistently classified in appropriate

industries, resolve data anomalies, produce statis-
Page 129 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3501

tical samples that are consistently adjusted for the

entry and exit of new businesses in a timely manner,

and correct faulty reporting errors quickly and efficiently.

‘‘(5) The Congress enacted the International Investment and Trade in Services Act of 1990 [probably

means the International Investment and Trade in

Services Survey Act, Pub. L. 94–472, as amended by

Pub. L. 101–533, which is classified to 22 U.S.C. 3101 et

seq.] that allowed the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the Bureau of Labor

Statistics to share data on foreign-owned companies.

The Act not only expanded detailed industry coverage from 135 industries to over 800 industries with

no increase in the data collected from respondents

but also demonstrated how data sharing can result in

the creation of valuable data products.

‘‘(6) With subtitle A of this title, the sharing of

business data among the Bureau of the Census, the

Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the Bureau of

Labor Statistics continues to ensure the highest level

of confidentiality for respondents to statistical surveys.

‘‘(b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this subtitle are the

following:

‘‘(1) To authorize the sharing of business data

among the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics

for exclusively statistical purposes.

‘‘(2) To reduce the paperwork burdens imposed on

businesses that provide requested information to the

Federal Government.

‘‘(3) To improve the comparability and accuracy of

Federal economic statistics by allowing the Bureau

of the Census, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and

the Bureau of Labor Statistics to update sample

frames, develop consistent classifications of establishments and companies into industries, improve

coverage, and reconcile significant differences in data

produced by the three agencies.

‘‘(4) To increase understanding of the United States

economy, especially for key industry and regional

statistics, to develop more accurate measures of the

impact of technology on productivity growth, and to

enhance the reliability of the Nation’s most important economic indicators, such as the National Income and Product Accounts.

‘‘SEC. 522. DESIGNATION OF STATISTICAL AGENCIES.

‘‘For purposes of this subtitle, the term ‘Designated

Statistical Agency’ means each of the following:

‘‘(1) The Bureau of the Census of the Department of

Commerce.

‘‘(2) The Bureau of Economic Analysis of the Department of Commerce.

‘‘(3) The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor.

‘‘SEC. 523. RESPONSIBILITIES OF DESIGNATED

STATISTICAL AGENCIES.

‘‘The head of each of the Designated Statistical Agencies shall—

‘‘(1) identify opportunities to eliminate duplication

and otherwise reduce reporting burden and cost imposed on the public in providing information for statistical purposes;

‘‘(2) enter into joint statistical projects to improve

the quality and reduce the cost of statistical programs; and

‘‘(3) protect the confidentiality of individually identifiable information acquired for statistical purposes

by adhering to safeguard principles, including—

‘‘(A) emphasizing to their officers, employees, and

agents the importance of protecting the confidentiality of information in cases where the identity of

individual respondents can reasonably be inferred

by either direct or indirect means;

‘‘(B) training their officers, employees, and

agents in their legal obligations to protect the confidentiality of individually identifiable information

and in the procedures that must be followed to provide access to such information;

‘‘(C) implementing appropriate measures to assure the physical and electronic security of confidential data;

‘‘(D) establishing a system of records that identifies individuals accessing confidential data and the

project for which the data were required; and

‘‘(E) being prepared to document their compliance with safeguard principles to other agencies authorized by law to monitor such compliance.

‘‘SEC. 524. SHARING OF BUSINESS DATA AMONG

DESIGNATED STATISTICAL AGENCIES.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—A Designated Statistical Agency

may provide business data in an identifiable form to

another Designated Statistical Agency under the terms

of a written agreement among the agencies sharing the

business data that specifies—

‘‘(1) the business data to be shared;

‘‘(2) the statistical purposes for which the business

data are to be used;

‘‘(3) the officers, employees, and agents authorized

to examine the business data to be shared; and

‘‘(4) appropriate security procedures to safeguard

the confidentiality of the business data.

‘‘(b) RESPONSIBILITIES OF AGENCIES UNDER OTHER

LAWS.—The provision of business data by an agency to

a Designated Statistical Agency under this subtitle

shall in no way alter the responsibility of the agency

providing the data under other statutes (including section 552 of title 5, United States Code (popularly known

as the Freedom of Information Act), and section 552b of

title 5, United States Code (popularly known as the Privacy Act of 1974 [Pub. L. 93–579, see Short Title note set

out under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees])) with respect to the provision or

withholding of such information by the agency providing the data.

‘‘(c) RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, AND

AGENTS.—Examination of business data in identifiable

form shall be limited to the officers, employees, and

agents authorized to examine the individual reports in

accordance with written agreements pursuant to this

section. Officers, employees, and agents of a Designated

Statistical Agency who receive data pursuant to this

subtitle shall be subject to all provisions of law, including penalties, that relate—

‘‘(1) to the unlawful provision of the business data

that would apply to the officers, employees, and

agents of the agency that originally obtained the information; and

‘‘(2) to the unlawful disclosure of the business data

that would apply to officers, employees, and agents of

the agency that originally obtained the information.

‘‘(d) NOTICE.—Whenever a written agreement concerns data that respondents were required by law to report and the respondents were not informed that the

data could be shared among the Designated Statistical

Agencies, for exclusively statistical purposes, the

terms of such agreement shall be described in a public

notice issued by the agency that intends to provide the

data. Such notice shall allow a minimum of 60 days for

public comment.

‘‘SEC. 525. LIMITATIONS ON USE OF BUSINESS

DATA PROVIDED BY DESIGNATED STATISTICAL AGENCIES.

‘‘(a) USE, GENERALLY.—Business data provided by a

Designated Statistical Agency pursuant to this subtitle

shall be used exclusively for statistical purposes.

‘‘(b) PUBLICATION.—Publication of business data acquired by a Designated Statistical Agency shall occur

in a manner whereby the data furnished by any particular respondent are not in identifiable form.

‘‘SEC. 526. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.

‘‘(a) DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.—[Amended section

176a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.]

‘‘(b) TITLE 13.—[Enacted section 402 of Title 13, Census.]’’.
§ 3501 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 130

WAIVER OF PAPERWORK REDUCTION

Pub. L. 101–508, title IV, §4711(f), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat.

1388–187, provided that: ‘‘Chapter 35 of title 44, United

States Code, and Executive Order 12291 [formerly set

out as a note under section 601 of Title 5, Government

Organization and Employees] shall not apply to information and regulations required for purposes of carrying out this Act [see Tables for classification] and implementing the amendments made by this Act.’’

EX. ORD. NO. 13556. CONTROLLED UNCLASSIFIED

INFORMATION

Ex. Ord. No. 13556, Nov. 4, 2010, 75 F.R. 68675, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the

Constitution and the laws of the United States of

America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SECTION 1. Purpose. This order establishes an open and

uniform program for managing information that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls pursuant

to and consistent with law, regulations, and Government-wide policies, excluding information that is classified under Executive Order 13526 of December 29, 2009,

or the Atomic Energy Act, as amended.

At present, executive departments and agencies

(agencies) employ ad hoc, agency-specific policies, procedures, and markings to safeguard and control this information, such as information that involves privacy,

security, proprietary business interests, and law enforcement investigations. This inefficient, confusing

patchwork has resulted in inconsistent marking and

safeguarding of documents, led to unclear or unnecessarily restrictive dissemination policies, and created

impediments to authorized information sharing. The

fact that these agency-specific policies are often hidden

from public view has only aggravated these issues.

To address these problems, this order establishes a

program for managing this information, hereinafter described as Controlled Unclassified Information, that

emphasizes the openness and uniformity of Government-wide practice.

SEC. 2. Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI).

(a) The CUI categories and subcategories shall serve

as exclusive designations for identifying unclassified

information throughout the executive branch that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls, pursuant to and consistent with applicable law, regulations,

and Government-wide policies.

(b) The mere fact that information is designated as

CUI shall not have a bearing on determinations pursuant to any law requiring the disclosure of information

or permitting disclosure as a matter of discretion, including disclosures to the legislative or judicial

branches.

(c) The National Archives and Records Administration shall serve as the Executive Agent to implement

this order and oversee agency actions to ensure compliance with this order.

SEC. 3. Review of Current Designations.

(a) Each agency head shall, within 180 days of the

date of this order:

(1) review all categories, subcategories, and markings

used by the agency to designate unclassified information for safeguarding or dissemination controls; and

(2) submit to the Executive Agent a catalogue of proposed categories and subcategories of CUI, and proposed associated markings for information designated

as CUI under section 2(a) of this order. This submission

shall provide definitions for each proposed category

and subcategory and identify the basis in law, regulation, or Government-wide policy for safeguarding or

dissemination controls.

(b) If there is significant doubt about whether information should be designated as CUI, it shall not be so

designated.

SEC. 4. Development of CUI Categories and Policies.

(a) On the basis of the submissions under section 3 of

this order or future proposals, and in consultation with

affected agencies, the Executive Agent shall, in a timely manner, approve categories and subcategories of CUI

and associated markings to be applied uniformly

throughout the executive branch and to become effective upon publication in the registry established under

subsection (d) of this section. No unclassified information meeting the requirements of section 2(a) of this

order shall be disapproved for inclusion as CUI, but the

Executive Agent may resolve conflicts among categories and subcategories of CUI to achieve uniformity

and may determine the markings to be used.

(b) The Executive Agent, in consultation with affected agencies, shall develop and issue such directives

as are necessary to implement this order. Such directives shall be made available to the public and shall

provide policies and procedures concerning marking,

safeguarding, dissemination, and decontrol of CUI that,

to the extent practicable and permitted by law, regulation, and Government-wide policies, shall remain consistent across categories and subcategories of CUI and

throughout the executive branch. In developing such

directives, appropriate consideration should be given to

the report of the interagency Task Force on Controlled

Unclassified Information published in August 2009. The

Executive Agent shall issue initial directives for the

implementation of this order within 180 days of the

date of this order.

(c) The Executive Agent shall convene and chair

interagency meetings to discuss matters pertaining to

the program established by this order.

(d) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Executive Agent shall establish and maintain a public CUI

registry reflecting authorized CUI categories and subcategories, associated markings, and applicable safeguarding, dissemination, and decontrol procedures.

(e) If the Executive Agent and an agency cannot

reach agreement on an issue related to the implementation of this order, that issue may be appealed to the

President through the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

(f) In performing its functions under this order, the

Executive Agent, in accordance with applicable law,

shall consult with representatives of the public and

State, local, tribal, and private sector partners on matters related to approving categories and subcategories

of CUI and developing implementing directives issued

by the Executive Agent pursuant to this order.

SEC. 5. Implementation.

(a) Within 180 days of the issuance of initial policies

and procedures by the Executive Agent in accordance

with section 4(b) of this order, each agency that originates or handles CUI shall provide the Executive Agent

with a proposed plan for compliance with the requirements of this order, including the establishment of interim target dates.

(b) After a review of agency plans, and in consultation with affected agencies and the Office of Management and Budget, the Executive Agent shall establish

deadlines for phased implementation by agencies.

(c) In each of the first 5 years following the date of

this order and biennially thereafter, the Executive

Agent shall publish a report on the status of agency

implementation of this order.

SEC. 6. General Provisions.

(a) This order shall be implemented in a manner consistent with:

(1) applicable law, including protections of confidentiality and privacy rights;

(2) the statutory authority of the heads of agencies,

including authorities related to the protection of information provided by the private sector to the Federal

Government; and

(3) applicable Government-wide standards and guidelines issued by the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, and applicable policies established by the

Office of Management and Budget.

(b) The Director of National Intelligence (Director),

with respect to the Intelligence Community and after

consultation with the heads of affected agencies, may

issue such policy directives and guidelines as the Director deems necessary to implement this order with respect to intelligence and intelligence-related informa-
Page 131 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3501

tion. Procedures or other guidance issued by Intelligence Community element heads shall be in accordance with such policy directives or guidelines issued by

the Director. Any such policy directives or guidelines

issued by the Director shall be in accordance with this

order and directives issued by the Executive Agent.

(c) This order shall not be construed to impair or

otherwise affect the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary,

administrative, and legislative proposals.

(d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create

any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the

United States, its departments, agencies, or entities,

its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(e) This order shall be implemented subject to the

availability of appropriations.

(f) The Attorney General, upon request by the head of

an agency or the Executive Agent, shall render an interpretation of this order with respect to any question

arising in the course of its administration.

(g) The Presidential Memorandum of May 7, 2008, entitled ‘‘Designation and Sharing of Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)’’ is hereby rescinded.

BARACK OBAMA.

MAKING IT EASIER FOR AMERICA’S SMALL BUSINESSES

AND AMERICA’S EXPORTERS TO ACCESS GOVERNMENT

SERVICES TO HELP THEM GROW AND HIRE

Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct.

28, 2011, 76 F.R. 68049, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

As I outlined in my State of the Union address to the

Congress on January 25, 2011, winning the future in the

global economy will require a Government that wisely

allocates its scarce resources to maximize efficiency

and effectiveness so that it can best support American

competitiveness, innovation, and job growth. If we are

to thrive in the global economy, and make America the

best place on Earth to do business, we need to equip our

Government with the tools necessary to support innovation and job growth in the 21st century.

Accordingly, we must make it easier for businesses to

access the full range of Government programs and services without having to waste effort navigating their

way through the Federal bureaucracy. At the same

time, we must further streamline and coordinate Federal programs to reduce costs and provide customeroriented service.

Businesses looking for assistance from the Federal

Government should feel like they are interacting with

one entity, rather than a number of separate, albeit

linked, components. This means adopting a ‘‘No Wrong

Door’’ policy that uses technology to quickly connect

businesses to the services and information relevant to

them, regardless of which agency’s website, call center,

or office they go to for help.

In addition, a business’s interactions with the Federal Government should be individualized and efficient.

If the private sector can allow consumers to customize

interactions so that they receive only the information

they want, in the form they want it, so can the Federal

Government.

Today, I am directing a first wave of changes focused

on both small businesses and businesses of all sizes that

want to begin or increase exporting (exporters), because those businesses help drive economic growth and

have the most to gain from Federal assistance. We plan

to use the resulting improvements as a model for future reforms so that, in time, all businesses and all

citizens receive the highest level of customer service

when they interact with the Federal Government.

Accordingly, I direct the following:

(1) All executive departments and agencies (agencies)

shall work with a Steering Committee co-chaired by

the Federal Chief Information Officer, Assistant to the

President and Chief Technology Officer, and Chief Performance Officer (the Co-Chairs) to carry out the directives in this memorandum within 90 days of the date of

this memorandum, unless a provision of this memorandum expressly states otherwise. The Steering Committee shall include senior policy and technical representatives, appointed by the heads of their respective agencies, from the Departments of State, Defense, Agriculture, Commerce, and Veterans Affairs, the Small

Business Administration (SBA), the General Services

Administration (GSA), the Export-Import Bank, and

other agencies designated by the Co-Chairs. The CoChairs and representatives from the Department of

Commerce and SBA shall serve as the Executive Committee of the Steering Committee, which shall coordinate the strategy, design, development, launch, and operation of BusinessUSA, a common, open, online platform and web service with dedicated resources that

will, as a first step, disseminate core information regarding the Federal Government’s programs and services relevant to small businesses and exporters.

(2) Agencies shall work with the Steering Committee

to develop and launch an introductory version of

BusinessUSA. BusinessUSA shall be designed, tested,

and built with the active feedback of U.S. businesses

and relevant online communities. To the extent appropriate, practicable, and permitted by law, the

BusinessUSA platform shall integrate related State

and local government services as well as those of private sector partners.

(3) Agencies shall make information regarding their

small business and export programs and services accessible through BusinessUSA. To accomplish this in a

uniform fashion, the Steering Committee shall develop

a common set of standards for content available

through BusinessUSA, which shall identify the types of

programs and services to be included initially on

BusinessUSA and a structure for organizing and presenting such information. These standards shall be

used by all agencies in the creation, presentation, and

delivery of information regarding their programs and

services, to the extent practicable and permitted by

law.

(4) Agencies shall also work with the Steering Committee to develop new content for BusinessUSA that

synthesizes information available across agencies to

better serve small businesses and exporters. Among

other things, agencies shall work together to aggregate

on the BusinessUSA platform statistical, demographic,

and other raw Government datasets of particular interest to small businesses and exporters, making Government data more easily accessible and spurring innovative uses of the data through business-oriented web or

mobile applications.

(5) Agencies shall integrate BusinessUSA, including

ready access to the BusinessUSA website, into their

current websites, call centers, and field offices to ensure that small businesses and exporters have access to

the wide range of Government programs and services at

each entry point into the Federal Government. During

the year following the date of this memorandum, agencies shall work with GSA and the Office of Management

and Budget to enhance the centralized call center for

responding to public questions about Federal programs

and services (1–800–FED–INFO) to add expertise with

Government programs and services for small businesses

and exporters.

(6) (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) authority granted by law or Executive Order to

an agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) BusinessUSA shall be operated by a single hosting

agency under the Executive Committee’s coordination.

To the extent permitted by law, agencies shall reimburse the hosting agency for the cost of establishing,

maintaining, and operating BusinessUSA.

(c) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability

of appropriations.
§ 3502 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 132

(d) This memorandum is not intended to, and does

not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party

against the United States, its departments, agencies, or

entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other

person.

(7) The Director of the Office of Management and

Budget is authorized and directed to publish this

memorandum in the Federal Register.

BARACK OBAMA.

§ 3502. Definitions

As used in this subchapter—

(1) the term ‘‘agency’’ means any executive

department, military department, Government corporation, Government controlled corporation, or other establishment in the executive branch of the Government (including the

Executive Office of the President), or any

independent regulatory agency, but does not

include—

(A) the Government Accountability Office;

(B) Federal Election Commission;

(C) the governments of the District of Columbia and of the territories and possessions

of the United States, and their various subdivisions; or

(D) Government-owned contractor-operated facilities, including laboratories engaged in national defense research and production activities;

(2) the term ‘‘burden’’ means time, effort, or

financial resources expended by persons to

generate, maintain, or provide information to

or for a Federal agency, including the resources expended for—

(A) reviewing instructions;

(B) acquiring, installing, and utilizing

technology and systems;

(C) adjusting the existing ways to comply

with any previously applicable instructions

and requirements;

(D) searching data sources;

(E) completing and reviewing the collection of information; and

(F) transmitting, or otherwise disclosing

the information;

(3) the term ‘‘collection of information’’—

(A) means the obtaining, causing to be obtained, soliciting, or requiring the disclosure

to third parties or the public, of facts or

opinions by or for an agency, regardless of

form or format, calling for either—

(i) answers to identical questions posed

to, or identical reporting or recordkeeping

requirements imposed on, ten or more persons, other than agencies, instrumentalities, or employees of the United States; or

(ii) answers to questions posed to agencies, instrumentalities, or employees of

the United States which are to be used for

general statistical purposes; and

(B) shall not include a collection of information described under section 3518(c)(1);

(4) the term ‘‘Director’’ means the Director

of the Office of Management and Budget;

(5) the term ‘‘independent regulatory agency’’ means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Commodity Futures

Trading Commission, the Consumer Product

Safety Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, the Federal Maritime Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the

Interstate Commerce Commission, the Mine

Enforcement Safety and Health Review Commission, the National Labor Relations Board,

the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, the Postal Regulatory Commission, the

Securities and Exchange Commission, the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, the

Office of Financial Research, Office of the

Comptroller of the Currency, and any other

similar agency designated by statute as a Federal independent regulatory agency or commission;

(6) the term ‘‘information resources’’ means

information and related resources, such as

personnel, equipment, funds, and information

technology;

(7) the term ‘‘information resources management’’ means the process of managing information resources to accomplish agency missions and to improve agency performance, including through the reduction of information

collection burdens on the public;

(8) the term ‘‘information system’’ means a

discrete set of information resources organized

for the collection, processing, maintenance,

use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of

information;

(9) the term ‘‘information technology’’ has

the meaning given that term in section 11101

of title 40 but does not include national security systems as defined in section 11103 of title

40;

(10) the term ‘‘person’’ means an individual,

partnership, association, corporation, business

trust, or legal representative, an organized

group of individuals, a State, territorial, tribal, or local government or branch thereof, or a

political subdivision of a State, territory, tribal, or local government or a branch of a political subdivision;

(11) the term ‘‘practical utility’’ means the

ability of an agency to use information, particularly the capability to process such information in a timely and useful fashion;

(12) the term ‘‘public information’’ means

any information, regardless of form or format,

that an agency discloses, disseminates, or

makes available to the public;

(13) the term ‘‘recordkeeping requirement’’

means a requirement imposed by or for an

agency on persons to maintain specified

records, including a requirement to—

(A) retain such records;

(B) notify third parties, the Federal Government, or the public of the existence of

such records;

(C) disclose such records to third parties,

the Federal Government, or the public; or

(D) report to third parties, the Federal

Government, or the public regarding such

records; and

(14) the term ‘‘penalty’’ includes the imposition by an agency or court of a fine or other

punishment; a judgment for monetary dam-
Page 133 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3503

ages or equitable relief; or the revocation, suspension, reduction, or denial of a license,

privilege, right, grant, or benefit.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

164; amended Pub. L. 104–106, div. E, title LVI,

§5605(a), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 700; Pub. L.

105–85, div. A, title X, §1073(h)(5)(A), Nov. 18,

1997, 111 Stat. 1907; Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A],

title X, §1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654,

1654A–275; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(4), Aug. 21, 2002,

116 Stat. 1301; Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004,

118 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 109–435, title VI, §604(e),

Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3242; Pub. L. 110–289, div.

A, title II, §1216(e), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2792;

Pub. L. 111–203, title III, §315, title X, §1100D(a),

July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1524, 2111.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3502, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2813; amended Pub. L. 98–443, §9(h), Oct.

4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1708; Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m) [title VIII,

§812], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308, 1783–335, and Pub.

L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §812], Oct. 30, 1986, 100

Stat. 3341–308, 3341–335; Pub. L. 101–73, title VII, §744(e),

Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 438, defined terms used in this

chapter prior to the general amendment of this chapter

by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3502, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1302; Pub. L. 93–153, title IV, §409(a), Nov.

16, 1973, 87 Stat. 593, defined ‘‘Federal agency’’, ‘‘person’’, and ‘‘information’’, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–511.

AMENDMENTS

2010—Par. (5). Pub. L. 111–203, §1100D(a), which directed amendment of section 2(5) of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3502(5)) by inserting ‘‘the Bureau

of Consumer Financial Protection, the Office of Financial Research,’’ after ‘‘the Securities and Exchange

Commission,’’, was executed to this section to reflect

the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 111–203, §315, inserted ‘‘Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,’’ after ‘‘the Securities and Exchange Commission,’’.

2008—Par. (5). Pub. L. 110–289 substituted ‘‘Federal

Housing Finance Agency’’ for ‘‘Federal Housing Finance Board’’.

2006—Par. (5). Pub. L. 109–435 substituted ‘‘Postal

Regulatory Commission’’ for ‘‘Postal Rate Commission’’.

2004—Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted ‘‘Government Accountability Office’’ for ‘‘General Accounting

Office’’.

2002—Par. (9). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted ‘‘section

11101 of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 5002 of the Clinger-Cohen

Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1401)’’ and ‘‘section 11103 of title

40’’ for ‘‘section 5142 of that Act (40 U.S.C. 1452)’’.

2000—Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for

‘‘chapter’’ in introductory provisions.

1997—Par. (9). Pub. L. 105–85 substituted ‘‘the ClingerCohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1401)’’ for ‘‘the Information

Technology Management Reform Act of 1996’’ and inserted ‘‘(40 U.S.C. 1452)’’ after ‘‘that Act’’.

1996—Par. (9). Pub. L. 104–106 added par. (9) and struck

out former par. (9) which read as follows: ‘‘the term ‘information technology’ has the same meaning as the

term ‘automatic data processing equipment’ as defined

by section 111(a)(2) and (3)(C)(i) through (v) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949

(40 U.S.C. 759(a)(2) and (3)(C)(i) through (v));’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT

Amendment by section 315 of Pub. L. 111–203 effective

1 day after July 21, 2010, except as otherwise provided,

see section 4 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as an Effective

Date note under section 5301 of Title 12, Banks and

Banking.

Amendment by section 1100D(a) of Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section

1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section

552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–106 effective 180 days after

Feb. 10, 1996, see section 5701 of Pub. L. 104–106, Feb. 10,

1996, 110 Stat. 702.

ABOLITION OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION AND

TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

Interstate Commerce Commission abolished and functions of Commission transferred, except as otherwise

provided in Pub. L. 104–88, to Surface Transportation

Board effective Jan. 1, 1996, by section 1302 of Title 49,

Transportation, and section 101 of Pub. L. 104–88, set

out as a note under section 1301 of Title 49. References

to Interstate Commerce Commission deemed to refer to

Surface Transportation Board, a member or employee

of the Board, or Secretary of Transportation, as appropriate, see section 205 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as a

note under section 1301 of Title 49.

§ 3503. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs

(a) There is established in the Office of Management and Budget an office to be known as

the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.

(b) There shall be at the head of the Office an

Administrator who shall be appointed by the

President, by and with the advice and consent of

the Senate. The Director shall delegate to the

Administrator the authority to administer all

functions under this subchapter, except that any

such delegation shall not relieve the Director of

responsibility for the administration of such

functions. The Administrator shall serve as

principal adviser to the Director on Federal information resources management policy.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

166; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3503, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2814; amended Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m)

[title VIII, §813(a)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308,

1783–336, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §813(a)],

Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–336, related to the

establishment of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs prior to the general amendment of this

chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3503, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1303, prescribed duties of Director of Bureau of the Budget, prior to the general amendment of

this chapter by Pub. L. 96–511. See section 3504 of this

title.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for ‘‘chapter’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of
§ 3504 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 134

1So in original. Probably should be followed by ‘‘and’’.

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

DELEGATION OF OTHER FUNCTIONS TO ADMINISTRATOR

Pub. L. 96–511, §3, Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2825, as

amended by Pub. L. 97–258, §5(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat.

1083; Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m) [title VIII, §821(b)(3)], Oct.

18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308, 1783–342, and Pub. L. 99–591,

§101(m) [title VIII, §821(b)(3)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat.

3341–308, 3341–342, provided:

‘‘[(a) Repealed]

‘‘(b) The Director of the Office of Management and

Budget shall delegate to the Administrator for the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs all functions, authority, and responsibility of the Director

under section 552a of title 5, United States Code, under

Executive Order 12046 [Ex. Ord. No. 12046, Mar. 27, 1978,

43 F.R. 14193, set out as a note under section 305 of Title

47, Telecommunications] and Reorganization Plan No. 1

for telecommunications [probably means Reorg. Plan

No. 1 of 1970, 35 F.R. 6421, 84 Stat. 2083, set out in the

Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees], and under sections 110 and 111 of the Federal

Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949

([former 40 U.S.C. 322 and former] 40 U.S.C. 759).’’

[Section 101(m) [title VIII, §833] of Pub. L. 99–500 and

Pub. L. 99–591 provided that: ‘‘This title and the amendments made by this title [amending former sections

3501 to 3507, 3511, 3514, and 3520 of this title and sections

751, 757, and 759 of former Title 40, Public Buildings,

Property, and Works, enacting provisions set out as a

notes under section 101 of this title and former section

3503 of this title, amending provisions set out as a note

above, and repealing provisions set out as a note under

section 759 of former Title 40] shall take effect on the

date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 18, 1986], except as

provided in section 813(b) [set out as a note under

former section 3503 of this title] and except that the

provisions of section 821 and the amendments made by

such section [amending former sections 3503 and 3504 of

this title, sections 757 and 759 of former Title 40, and

provisions set out as a note above] shall take effect on

January 1, 1987.’’]

§ 3504. Authority and functions of Director

(a)(1) The Director shall oversee the use of information resources to improve the efficiency

and effectiveness of governmental operations to

serve agency missions, including burden reduction and service delivery to the public. In performing such oversight, the Director shall—

(A) develop, coordinate and oversee the implementation of Federal information resources

management policies, principles, standards,

and guidelines; and

(B) provide direction and oversee—

(i) the review and approval of the collection of information and the reduction of the

information collection burden;

(ii) agency dissemination of and public access to information;

(iii) statistical activities;

(iv) records management activities;

(v) privacy, confidentiality, security, disclosure, and sharing of information; and

(vi) the acquisition and use of information

technology, including alternative information technologies that provide for electronic

submission, maintenance, or disclosure of

information as a substitute for paper and for

the use and acceptance of electronic signatures.

(2) The authority of the Director under this

subchapter shall be exercised consistent with

applicable law.

(b) With respect to general information resources management policy, the Director shall—

(1) develop and oversee the implementation

of uniform information resources management

policies, principles, standards, and guidelines;

(2) foster greater sharing, dissemination, and

access to public information, including

through—

(A) the use of the Government Information

Locator Service; and

(B) the development and utilization of

common standards for information collection, storage, processing and communication, including standards for security, interconnectivity and interoperability;

(3) initiate and review proposals for changes

in legislation, regulations, and agency procedures to improve information resources management practices;

(4) oversee the development and implementation of best practices in information resources management, including training; and

(5) oversee agency integration of program

and management functions with information

resources management functions.

(c) With respect to the collection of information and the control of paperwork, the Director

shall—

(1) review and approve proposed agency collections of information;

(2) coordinate the review of the collection of

information associated with Federal procurement and acquisition by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs with the Office of

Federal Procurement Policy, with particular

emphasis on applying information technology

to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of

Federal procurement, acquisition and payment, and to reduce information collection

burdens on the public;

(3) minimize the Federal information collection burden, with particular emphasis on those

individuals and entities most adversely affected;

(4) maximize the practical utility of and

public benefit from information collected by

or for the Federal Government;

(5) establish and oversee standards and

guidelines by which agencies are to estimate

the burden to comply with a proposed collection of information; 1

(6) publish in the Federal Register and make

available on the Internet (in consultation with

the Small Business Administration) on an annual basis a list of the compliance assistance

resources available to small businesses, with

the first such publication occurring not later

than 1 year after the date of enactment of the

Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002.

(d) With respect to information dissemination,

the Director shall develop and oversee the implementation of policies, principles, standards,

and guidelines to—

(1) apply to Federal agency dissemination of

public information, regardless of the form or

format in which such information is disseminated; and

(2) promote public access to public information and fulfill the purposes of this sub-
Page 135 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3504

2See References in Text note below.

chapter, including through the effective use of

information technology.

(e) With respect to statistical policy and coordination, the Director shall—

(1) coordinate the activities of the Federal

statistical system to ensure—

(A) the efficiency and effectiveness of the

system; and

(B) the integrity, objectivity, impartiality,

utility, and confidentiality of information

collected for statistical purposes;

(2) ensure that budget proposals of agencies

are consistent with system-wide priorities for

maintaining and improving the quality of Federal statistics and prepare an annual report on

statistical program funding;

(3) develop and oversee the implementation

of Governmentwide policies, principles, standards, and guidelines concerning—

(A) statistical collection procedures and

methods;

(B) statistical data classification;

(C) statistical information presentation

and dissemination;

(D) timely release of statistical data; and

(E) such statistical data sources as may be

required for the administration of Federal

programs;

(4) evaluate statistical program performance

and agency compliance with Governmentwide

policies, principles, standards and guidelines;

(5) promote the sharing of information collected for statistical purposes consistent with

privacy rights and confidentiality pledges;

(6) coordinate the participation of the

United States in international statistical activities, including the development of comparable statistics;

(7) appoint a chief statistician who is a

trained and experienced professional statistician to carry out the functions described

under this subsection;

(8) establish an Interagency Council on Statistical Policy to advise and assist the Director in carrying out the functions under this

subsection that shall—

(A) be headed by the chief statistician; and

(B) consist of—

(i) the heads of the major statistical programs; and

(ii) representatives of other statistical

agencies under rotating membership; and

(9) provide opportunities for training in statistical policy functions to employees of the

Federal Government under which—

(A) each trainee shall be selected at the

discretion of the Director based on agency

requests and shall serve under the chief statistician for at least 6 months and not more

than 1 year; and

(B) all costs of the training shall be paid

by the agency requesting training.

(f) With respect to records management, the

Director shall—

(1) provide advice and assistance to the Archivist of the United States and the Administrator of General Services to promote coordination in the administration of chapters 29, 31,

and 33 of this title with the information resources management policies, principles,

standards, and guidelines established under

this subchapter;

(2) review compliance by agencies with—

(A) the requirements of chapters 29, 31, and

33 of this title; and

(B) regulations promulgated by the Archivist of the United States and the Administrator of General Services; and

(3) oversee the application of records management policies, principles, standards, and

guidelines, including requirements for archiving information maintained in electronic format, in the planning and design of information

systems.

(g) With respect to privacy and security, the

Director shall—

(1) develop and oversee the implementation

of policies, principles, standards, and guidelines on privacy, confidentiality, security, disclosure and sharing of information collected

or maintained by or for agencies; and

(2) oversee and coordinate compliance with

sections 552 and 552a of title 5, sections 20 and

21 of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g–3 and 278g–4),

section 11331 of title 40 and subchapter II of

this chapter, and related information management laws.

(h) With respect to Federal information technology, the Director shall—

(1) in consultation with the Director of the

National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Administrator of General Services—

(A) develop and oversee the implementation of policies, principles, standards, and

guidelines for information technology functions and activities of the Federal Government, including periodic evaluations of

major information systems; and

(B) oversee the development and implementation of standards under section 11331

of title 40;

(2) monitor the effectiveness of, and compliance with, directives issued under subtitle III

of title 40 and directives issued under section

322 2 of title 40;

(3) coordinate the development and review

by the Office of Information and Regulatory

Affairs of policy associated with Federal procurement and acquisition of information technology with the Office of Federal Procurement

Policy;

(4) ensure, through the review of agency

budget proposals, information resources management plans and other means—

(A) agency integration of information resources management plans, program plans

and budgets for acquisition and use of information technology; and

(B) the efficiency and effectiveness of

inter-agency information technology initiatives to improve agency performance and

the accomplishment of agency missions; and

(5) promote the use of information technology by the Federal Government to improve
§ 3504 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 136

the productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness

of Federal programs, including through dissemination of public information and the reduction of information collection burdens on

the public.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

167; amended Pub. L. 104–106, div. E, title LI,

§5131(e)(1), title LVI, §5605(b), (c), Feb. 10, 1996,

110 Stat. 688, 700; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X,

§1073(h)(5)(B), (C), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1907;

Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title XVII, §1702, Oct. 21,

1998, 112 Stat. 2681–749; Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div.

A], title X, §1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654,

1654A–275; Pub. L. 107–198, §2(a), June 28, 2002, 116

Stat. 729; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(5), Aug. 21, 2002,

116 Stat. 1301; Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1005(c)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2272; Pub. L. 107–347, title

III, §305(c)(1), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2960.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The date of enactment of the Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (c)(6), is

the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–198, which was approved June 28, 2002.

Section 322 of title 40, referred to in subsec. (h)(2),

was repealed by Pub. L. 109–313, §3(h)(1), Oct. 6, 2006, 120

Stat. 1736.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3504, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2815; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§107(b)(26), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2291; Pub. L. 99–500,

§101(m) [title VIII, §§814, 821(b)(2)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100

Stat. 1783–308, 1783–336, 1783–342, and Pub. L. 99–591,

§101(m) [title VIII, §§814, 821(b)(2)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100

Stat. 3341–308, 3341–336, 3341–342, related to authority

and functions of Director prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3504, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1303, provided for designation of a central

collection agency, prior to the general amendment of

this chapter by Pub. L. 96–511. See section 3509 of this

title.

AMENDMENTS

2002—Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 107–198 added par. (6).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 107–296, §1005(c)(1)(A), and Pub.

L. 107–347, §305(c)(1)(A), amended par. (1) identically, inserting ‘‘and’’ at end.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 107–347, §305(c)(1)(B), substituted ‘‘section 11331 of title 40 and subchapter II of

this chapter’’ for ‘‘sections 11331 and 11332(b) and (c) of

title 40’’ and a period for ‘‘; and’’ at end.

Pub. L. 107–296, §1005(c)(1)(B), which directed amendment of par. (2) by substituting ‘‘section 11331 of title

40 and subchapter II of this title’’ for ‘‘sections 11331

and 11332(b) and (c) of title 40’’ and a period for the

semicolon, could not be executed because of amendment by Pub. L. 107–347, §305(c)(1)(B). See Amendment

note above and Effective Date of 2002 Amendments

notes below.

Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(5)(A), substituted ‘‘sections 11331

and 11332(b) and (c) of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 5131 of the

Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441), and sections

5 and 6 of the Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C.

759 note)’’.

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 107–296, §1005(c)(1)(C), and Pub.

L. 107–347, §305(c)(1)(C), amended subsec. (g) identically,

striking out par. (3) which read as follows: ‘‘require

Federal agencies, consistent with the standards and

guidelines promulgated under sections 11331 and

11332(b) and (c) of title 40, to identify and afford security protections commensurate with the risk and magnitude of the harm resulting from the loss, misuse, or

unauthorized access to or modification of information

collected or maintained by or on behalf of an agency.’’

Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(5)(B), substituted ‘‘sections 11331

and 11332(b) and (c) of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 5131 of the

Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441) and sections

5 and 6 of the Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C.

759 note)’’.

Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(5)(C), substituted ‘‘section 11331 of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 5131 of

the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441)’’.

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(5)(D), substituted

‘‘subtitle III of title 40’’ for ‘‘division E of the ClingerCohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1401 et seq.)’’ and ‘‘section

322 of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 110 of the Federal Property

and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 757)’’.

2000—Subsecs. (a)(2), (d)(2), (f)(1). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for ‘‘chapter’’.

1998—Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 105–277 amended cl.

(vi) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (vi) read as follows: ‘‘the acquisition and use of information technology.’’

1997—Subsecs. (g)(2), (3), (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–85,

§1073(h)(5)(C), substituted ‘‘Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996

(40 U.S.C. 1441)’’ for ‘‘Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996’’.

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 105–85, §1073(h)(5)(B), substituted ‘‘division E of the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40

U.S.C. 1401 et seq.)’’ for ‘‘the Information Technology

Management Reform Act of 1996’’.

1996—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 104–106, §5131(e)(1)(A),

substituted ‘‘sections 20 and 21 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g–3

and 278g–4), section 5131 of the Information Technology

Management Reform Act of 1996, and sections 5 and 6 of

the Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C. 759 note)’’

for ‘‘the Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C. 759

note)’’.

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 104–106, §5131(e)(1)(B), substituted ‘‘the standards and guidelines promulgated

under section 5131 of the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 and sections 5 and 6 of the

Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C. 759 note)’’ for

‘‘the Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C. 759

note)’’.

Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–106, §5605(b), substituted

‘‘section 5131 of the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996’’ for ‘‘section 111(d) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949

(40 U.S.C. 759(d))’’.

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 104–106, §5605(c), substituted

‘‘the Information Technology Management Reform Act

of 1996 and directives issued under section 110 of the

Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of

1949 (40 U.S.C. 757)’’ for ‘‘sections 110 and 111 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949

(40 U.S.C. 757 and 759)’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENTS

Pub. L. 107–347, title IV, §402(b), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat.

2962, provided that: ‘‘Title III [see Short Title of 2002

Amendments note set out under section 101 of this

title] and this title [enacting provisions set out as a

note under section 3601 of this title] shall take effect on

the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002].’’

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after

Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as

an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–106 effective 180 days after

Feb. 10, 1996, see section 5701 of Pub. L. 104–106, Feb. 10,

1996, 110 Stat. 702.

GOVERNMENT PAPERWORK ELIMINATION

Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title XVII, Oct. 21, 1998, 112

Stat. 2681–749, provided that:
Page 137 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3505

‘‘SEC. 1701. SHORT TITLE.

‘‘This title may be cited as the ‘Government Paperwork Elimination Act’.

‘‘SEC. 1702. AUTHORITY OF OMB TO PROVIDE FOR

ACQUISITION AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES BY EXECUTIVE

AGENCIES.

‘‘[Amended this section.]

‘‘SEC. 1703. PROCEDURES FOR USE AND ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES BY EXECUTIVE AGENCIES.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—In order to fulfill the responsibility to administer the functions assigned under chapter

35 of title 44, United States Code, the provisions of the

Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (divisions D and E of Public

Law 104–106) [see Short Title of 1996 Act note set out

under section 101 of Title 41, Public Contracts] and the

amendments made by that Act, and the provisions of

this title, the Director of the Office of Management and

Budget shall, in consultation with the National Telecommunications and Information Administration and

not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of

this Act [Oct. 21, 1998], develop procedures for the use

and acceptance of electronic signatures by Executive

agencies.

‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS FOR PROCEDURES.—(1) The procedures developed under subsection (a)—

‘‘(A) shall be compatible with standards and technology for electronic signatures that are generally

used in commerce and industry and by State governments;

‘‘(B) may not inappropriately favor one industry or

technology;

‘‘(C) shall ensure that electronic signatures are as

reliable as is appropriate for the purpose in question

and keep intact the information submitted;

‘‘(D) shall provide for the electronic acknowledgment of electronic forms that are successfully submitted; and

‘‘(E) shall, to the extent feasible and appropriate,

require an Executive agency that anticipates receipt

by electronic means of 50,000 or more submittals of a

particular form to take all steps necessary to ensure

that multiple methods of electronic signatures are

available for the submittal of such form.

‘‘(2) The Director shall ensure the compatibility of

the procedures under paragraph (1)(A) in consultation

with appropriate private bodies and State government

entities that set standards for the use and acceptance

of electronic signatures.

‘‘SEC. 1704. DEADLINE FOR IMPLEMENTATION BY

EXECUTIVE AGENCIES OF PROCEDURES FOR

USE AND ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES.

‘‘In order to fulfill the responsibility to administer

the functions assigned under chapter 35 of title 44,

United States Code, the provisions of the Clinger-Cohen

Act of 1996 (divisions D and E of Public Law 104–106)

[see Short Title of 1996 Act note set out under section

101 of Title 41] and the amendments made by that Act,

and the provisions of this title, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall ensure that, commencing not later than five years after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998], Executive agencies

provide—

‘‘(1) for the option of the electronic maintenance,

submission, or disclosure of information, when practicable as a substitute for paper; and

‘‘(2) for the use and acceptance of electronic signatures, when practicable.

‘‘SEC. 1705. ELECTRONIC STORAGE AND FILING OF

EMPLOYMENT FORMS.

‘‘In order to fulfill the responsibility to administer

the functions assigned under chapter 35 of title 44,

United States Code, the provisions of the Clinger-Cohen

Act of 1996 (divisions D and E of Public Law 104–106)

[see Short Title of 1996 Amendment Act set out under

section 101 of Title 41] and the amendments made by

that Act, and the provisions of this title, the Director

of the Office of Management and Budget shall, not later

than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act

[Oct. 21, 1998], develop procedures to permit private employers to store and file electronically with Executive

agencies forms containing information pertaining to

the employees of such employers.

‘‘SEC. 1706. STUDY ON USE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES.

‘‘(a) ONGOING STUDY REQUIRED.—In order to fulfill the

responsibility to administer the functions assigned

under chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, the

provisions of the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (divisions D

and E of Public Law 104–106) [see Short Title of 1996 Act

note set out under section 101 of Title 41] and the

amendments made by that Act, and the provisions of

this title, the Director of the Office of Management and

Budget shall, in cooperation with the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, conduct an ongoing study of the use of electronic signatures under this title on—

‘‘(1) paperwork reduction and electronic commerce;

‘‘(2) individual privacy; and

‘‘(3) the security and authenticity of transactions.

‘‘(b) REPORTS.—The Director shall submit to Congress

on a periodic basis a report describing the results of the

study carried out under subsection (a).

‘‘SEC. 1707. ENFORCEABILITY AND LEGAL EFFECT

OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS.

‘‘Electronic records submitted or maintained in accordance with procedures developed under this title, or

electronic signatures or other forms of electronic authentication used in accordance with such procedures,

shall not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability because such records are in electronic form.

‘‘SEC. 1708. DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION.

‘‘Except as provided by law, information collected in

the provision of electronic signature services for communications with an executive agency, as provided by

this title, shall only be used or disclosed by persons

who obtain, collect, or maintain such information as a

business or government practice, for the purpose of facilitating such communications, or with the prior affirmative consent of the person about whom the information pertains.

‘‘SEC. 1709. APPLICATION WITH INTERNAL REVENUE LAWS.

‘‘No provision of this title shall apply to the Department of the Treasury or the Internal Revenue Service

to the extent that such provision—

‘‘(1) involves the administration of the internal revenue laws; or

‘‘(2) conflicts with any provision of the Internal

Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of

1998 [Pub. L. 105–206, see Tables for classification] or

the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.].

‘‘SEC. 1710. DEFINITIONS.

‘‘For purposes of this title:

‘‘(1) ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE.—The term ‘electronic

signature’ means a method of signing an electronic

message that—

‘‘(A) identifies and authenticates a particular person as the source of the electronic message; and

‘‘(B) indicates such person’s approval of the information contained in the electronic message.

‘‘(2) EXECUTIVE AGENCY.—The term ‘Executive agency’ has the meaning given that term in section 105 of

title 5, United States Code.’’

§ 3505. Assignment of tasks and deadlines

(a) In carrying out the functions under this

subchapter, the Director shall—

(1) in consultation with agency heads, set an

annual Governmentwide goal for the reduction

of information collection burdens by at least
§ 3505 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 138

1So in original. Two subsecs. (c) have been enacted.

10 percent during each of fiscal years 1996 and

1997 and 5 percent during each of fiscal years

1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001, and set annual agency

goals to—

(A) reduce information collection burdens

imposed on the public that—

(i) represent the maximum practicable

opportunity in each agency; and

(ii) are consistent with improving agency management of the process for the review of collections of information established under section 3506(c); and

(B) improve information resources management in ways that increase the productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of Federal programs, including service delivery to

the public;

(2) with selected agencies and non-Federal

entities on a voluntary basis, conduct pilot

projects to test alternative policies, practices,

regulations, and procedures to fulfill the purposes of this subchapter, particularly with regard to minimizing the Federal information

collection burden; and

(3) in consultation with the Administrator of

General Services, the Director of the National

Institute of Standards and Technology, the

Archivist of the United States, and the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, develop and maintain a Governmentwide strategic plan for information resources management, that shall include—

(A) a description of the objectives and the

means by which the Federal Government

shall apply information resources to improve agency and program performance;

(B) plans for—

(i) reducing information burdens on the

public, including reducing such burdens

through the elimination of duplication and

meeting shared data needs with shared resources;

(ii) enhancing public access to and dissemination of, information, using electronic and other formats; and

(iii) meeting the information technology

needs of the Federal Government in accordance with the purposes of this subchapter; and

(C) a description of progress in applying

information resources management to improve agency performance and the accomplishment of missions.

(b) For purposes of any pilot project conducted

under subsection (a)(2), the Director may, after

consultation with the agency head, waive the

application of any administrative directive issued by an agency with which the project is conducted, including any directive requiring a collection of information, after giving timely notice to the public and the Congress regarding

the need for such waiver.

(c) 1 INVENTORY OF MAJOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS.—(1) The head of each agency shall develop

and maintain an inventory of major information

systems (including major national security systems) operated by or under the control of such

agency.

(2) The identification of information systems

in an inventory under this subsection shall include an identification of the interfaces between

each such system and all other systems or networks, including those not operated by or under

the control of the agency.

(3) Such inventory shall be—

(A) updated at least annually;

(B) made available to the Comptroller General; and

(C) used to support information resources

management, including—

(i) preparation and maintenance of the inventory of information resources under section 3506(b)(4);

(ii) information technology planning,

budgeting, acquisition, and management

under section 3506(h), subtitle III of title 40,

and related laws and guidance;

(iii) monitoring, testing, and evaluation of

information security controls under subchapter II;

(iv) preparation of the index of major information systems required under section

552(g) of title 5, United States Code; and

(v) preparation of information system inventories required for records management

under chapters 21, 29, 31, and 33.

(4) The Director shall issue guidance for and

oversee the implementation of the requirements

of this subsection.

(c) 1 INVENTORY OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS.—(1)

The head of each agency shall develop and maintain an inventory of the information systems

(including national security systems) operated

by or under the control of such agency;

(2) The identification of information systems

in an inventory under this subsection shall include an identification of the interfaces between

each such system and all other systems or networks, including those not operated by or under

the control of the agency;

(3) Such inventory shall be—

(A) updated at least annually;

(B) made available to the Comptroller General; and

(C) used to support information resources

management, including—

(i) preparation and maintenance of the inventory of information resources under section 3506(b)(4);

(ii) information technology planning,

budgeting, acquisition, and management

under section 3506(h), subtitle III of title 40,

and related laws and guidance;

(iii) monitoring, testing, and evaluation of

information security controls under subchapter II;

(iv) preparation of the index of major information systems required under section

552(g) of title 5, United States Code; and

(v) preparation of information system inventories required for records management

under chapters 21, 29, 31, and 33.

(4) The Director shall issue guidance for and

oversee the implementation of the requirements

of this subsection.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

170; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,
Page 139 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3506

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275;

Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1005(c)(2), Nov. 25, 2002,

116 Stat. 2272; Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §305(c)(2),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2961.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3505, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2818; amended Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m)

[title VIII, §815], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308,

1783–337, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §815],

Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–337, related to assignment of tasks and deadlines prior to the general

amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3505, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1303, prohibited independent collection by

an agency, prior to the general amendment of this

chapter by Pub. L. 96–511. See section 3509 of this title.

AMENDMENTS

2002—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–347, added subsec. (c) relating to inventory of major information systems.

Pub. L. 107–296 added subsec. (c) relating to inventory

of information systems.

2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for ‘‘chapter’’ in introductory provisions and

pars. (2) and (3)(B)(iii).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–347 effective Dec. 17, 2002,

see section 402(b) of Pub. L. 107–347, set out as a note

under section 3504 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after

Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as

an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

§ 3506. Federal agency responsibilities

(a)(1) The head of each agency shall be responsible for—

(A) carrying out the agency’s information

resources management activities to improve

agency productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness; and

(B) complying with the requirements of this

subchapter and related policies established by

the Director.

(2)(A) Except as provided under subparagraph

(B), the head of each agency shall designate a

Chief Information Officer who shall report directly to such agency head to carry out the responsibilities of the agency under this subchapter.

(B) The Secretary of the Department of Defense and the Secretary of each military department may each designate Chief Information Officers who shall report directly to such Secretary to carry out the responsibilities of the

department under this subchapter. If more than

one Chief Information Officer is designated, the

respective duties of the Chief Information Officers shall be clearly delineated.

(3) The Chief Information Officer designated

under paragraph (2) shall head an office responsible for ensuring agency compliance with and

prompt, efficient, and effective implementation

of the information policies and information resources management responsibilities established

under this subchapter, including the reduction

of information collection burdens on the public.

The Chief Information Officer and employees of

such office shall be selected with special attention to the professional qualifications required

to administer the functions described under this

subchapter.

(4) Each agency program official shall be responsible and accountable for information resources assigned to and supporting the programs

under such official. In consultation with the

Chief Information Officer designated under paragraph (2) and the agency Chief Financial Officer

(or comparable official), each agency program

official shall define program information needs

and develop strategies, systems, and capabilities

to meet those needs.

(b) With respect to general information resources management, each agency shall—

(1) manage information resources to—

(A) reduce information collection burdens

on the public;

(B) increase program efficiency and effectiveness; and

(C) improve the integrity, quality, and

utility of information to all users within and

outside the agency, including capabilities

for ensuring dissemination of public information, public access to government information, and protections for privacy and security;

(2) in accordance with guidance by the Director, develop and maintain a strategic information resources management plan that shall

describe how information resources management activities help accomplish agency missions;

(3) develop and maintain an ongoing process

to—

(A) ensure that information resources

management operations and decisions are

integrated with organizational planning,

budget, financial management, human resources management, and program decisions;

(B) in cooperation with the agency Chief

Financial Officer (or comparable official),

develop a full and accurate accounting of information technology expenditures, related

expenses, and results; and

(C) establish goals for improving information resources management’s contribution

to program productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness, methods for measuring progress

towards those goals, and clear roles and responsibilities for achieving those goals;

(4) in consultation with the Director, the Administrator of General Services, and the Archivist of the United States, maintain a current and complete inventory of the agency’s

information resources, including directories

necessary to fulfill the requirements of section

3511 of this subchapter; and

(5) in consultation with the Director and the

Director of the Office of Personnel Management, conduct formal training programs to

educate agency program and management officials about information resources management.
§ 3506 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 140

(c) With respect to the collection of information and the control of paperwork, each agency

shall—

(1) establish a process within the office headed by the Chief Information Officer designated

under subsection (a), that is sufficiently independent of program responsibility to evaluate

fairly whether proposed collections of information should be approved under this subchapter, to—

(A) review each collection of information

before submission to the Director for review

under this subchapter, including—

(i) an evaluation of the need for the collection of information;

(ii) a functional description of the information to be collected;

(iii) a plan for the collection of the information;

(iv) a specific, objectively supported estimate of burden;

(v) a test of the collection of information

through a pilot program, if appropriate;

and

(vi) a plan for the efficient and effective

management and use of the information to

be collected, including necessary resources;

(B) ensure that each information collection—

(i) is inventoried, displays a control

number and, if appropriate, an expiration

date;

(ii) indicates the collection is in accordance with the clearance requirements of

section 3507; and

(iii) informs the person receiving the collection of information of—

(I) the reasons the information is being

collected;

(II) the way such information is to be

used;

(III) an estimate, to the extent practicable, of the burden of the collection;

(IV) whether responses to the collection of information are voluntary, required to obtain a benefit, or mandatory;

and

(V) the fact that an agency may not

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not

required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid control number; and

(C) assess the information collection burden of proposed legislation affecting the

agency;

(2)(A) except as provided under subparagraph

(B) or section 3507(j), provide 60-day notice in

the Federal Register, and otherwise consult

with members of the public and affected agencies concerning each proposed collection of information, to solicit comment to—

(i) evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the

proper performance of the functions of the

agency, including whether the information

shall have practical utility;

(ii) evaluate the accuracy of the agency’s

estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information;

(iii) enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and

(iv) minimize the burden of the collection

of information on those who are to respond,

including through the use of automated collection techniques or other forms of information technology; and

(B) for any proposed collection of information contained in a proposed rule (to be reviewed by the Director under section 3507(d)),

provide notice and comment through the notice of proposed rulemaking for the proposed

rule and such notice shall have the same purposes specified under subparagraph (A)(i)

through (iv);

(3) certify (and provide a record supporting

such certification, including public comments

received by the agency) that each collection of

information submitted to the Director for review under section 3507—

(A) is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency, including that the information has practical utility;

(B) is not unnecessarily duplicative of information otherwise reasonably accessible

to the agency;

(C) reduces to the extent practicable and

appropriate the burden on persons who shall

provide information to or for the agency, including with respect to small entities, as defined under section 601(6) of title 5, the use of

such techniques as—

(i) establishing differing compliance or

reporting requirements or timetables that

take into account the resources available

to those who are to respond;

(ii) the clarification, consolidation, or

simplification of compliance and reporting

requirements; or

(iii) an exemption from coverage of the

collection of information, or any part

thereof;

(D) is written using plain, coherent, and

unambiguous terminology and is understandable to those who are to respond;

(E) is to be implemented in ways consistent and compatible, to the maximum extent

practicable, with the existing reporting and

recordkeeping practices of those who are to

respond;

(F) indicates for each recordkeeping requirement the length of time persons are required to maintain the records specified;

(G) contains the statement required under

paragraph (1)(B)(iii);

(H) has been developed by an office that

has planned and allocated resources for the

efficient and effective management and use

of the information to be collected, including

the processing of the information in a manner which shall enhance, where appropriate,

the utility of the information to agencies

and the public;

(I) uses effective and efficient statistical

survey methodology appropriate to the purpose for which the information is to be collected; and

(J) to the maximum extent practicable,

uses information technology to reduce bur-
Page 141 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3506

den and improve data quality, agency efficiency and responsiveness to the public; and

(4) in addition to the requirements of this

chapter regarding the reduction of information collection burdens for small business concerns (as defined in section 3 of the Small

Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632)), make efforts to

further reduce the information collection burden for small business concerns with fewer

than 25 employees.

(d) With respect to information dissemination,

each agency shall—

(1) ensure that the public has timely and

equitable access to the agency’s public information, including ensuring such access

through—

(A) encouraging a diversity of public and

private sources for information based on

government public information;

(B) in cases in which the agency provides

public information maintained in electronic

format, providing timely and equitable access to the underlying data (in whole or in

part); and

(C) agency dissemination of public information in an efficient, effective, and economical manner;

(2) regularly solicit and consider public

input on the agency’s information dissemination activities;

(3) provide adequate notice when initiating,

substantially modifying, or terminating significant information dissemination products;

and

(4) not, except where specifically authorized

by statute—

(A) establish an exclusive, restricted, or

other distribution arrangement that interferes with timely and equitable availability

of public information to the public;

(B) restrict or regulate the use, resale, or

redissemination of public information by the

public;

(C) charge fees or royalties for resale or redissemination of public information; or

(D) establish user fees for public information that exceed the cost of dissemination.

(e) With respect to statistical policy and coordination, each agency shall—

(1) ensure the relevance, accuracy, timeliness, integrity, and objectivity of information

collected or created for statistical purposes;

(2) inform respondents fully and accurately

about the sponsors, purposes, and uses of statistical surveys and studies;

(3) protect respondents’ privacy and ensure

that disclosure policies fully honor pledges of

confidentiality;

(4) observe Federal standards and practices

for data collection, analysis, documentation,

sharing, and dissemination of information;

(5) ensure the timely publication of the results of statistical surveys and studies, including information about the quality and limitations of the surveys and studies; and

(6) make data available to statistical agencies and readily accessible to the public.

(f) With respect to records management, each

agency shall implement and enforce applicable

policies and procedures, including requirements

for archiving information maintained in electronic format, particularly in the planning, design and operation of information systems.

(g) With respect to privacy and security, each

agency shall—

(1) implement and enforce applicable policies, procedures, standards, and guidelines on

privacy, confidentiality, security, disclosure

and sharing of information collected or maintained by or for the agency; and

(2) assume responsibility and accountability

for compliance with and coordinated management of sections 552 and 552a of title 5, subchapter II of this chapter, and related information management laws.

(h) With respect to Federal information technology, each agency shall—

(1) implement and enforce applicable Governmentwide and agency information technology management policies, principles,

standards, and guidelines;

(2) assume responsibility and accountability

for information technology investments;

(3) promote the use of information technology by the agency to improve the productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness of agency

programs, including the reduction of information collection burdens on the public and improved dissemination of public information;

(4) propose changes in legislation, regulations, and agency procedures to improve information technology practices, including

changes that improve the ability of the agency

to use technology to reduce burden; and

(5) assume responsibility for maximizing the

value and assessing and managing the risks of

major information systems initiatives through

a process that is—

(A) integrated with budget, financial, and

program management decisions; and

(B) used to select, control, and evaluate

the results of major information systems

initiatives.

(i)(1) In addition to the requirements described

in subsection (c), each agency shall, with respect

to the collection of information and the control

of paperwork, establish 1 point of contact in the

agency to act as a liaison between the agency

and small business concerns (as defined in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632)).

(2) Each point of contact described under paragraph (1) shall be established not later than 1

year after the date of enactment of the Small

Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

171; amended Pub. L. 104–106, div. E, title LI,

§5125(a), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 684; Pub. L.

106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1064(b)], Oct. 30,

2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275; Pub. L. 107–198,

§2(b), (c), June 28, 2002, 116 Stat. 729; Pub. L.

107–217, §3(l)(6), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1302; Pub.

L. 107–296, title X, §1005(c)(3), Nov. 25, 2002, 116

Stat. 2273; Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §305(c)(3),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2961.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The date of enactment of the Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (i)(2), is

the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–198, which was approved June 28, 2002.
§ 3506 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 142

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3506, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2819; amended Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m)

[title VIII, §816], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308,

1783–338, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §816],

Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–338, related to Federal agency responsibilities prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3506, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1303, provided for determination of necessity for information and hearing thereon, prior to the

general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–511.

See section 3508 of this title.

AMENDMENTS

2002—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 107–198, §2(c), added par.

(4).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 107–296, §1005(c)(3)(A), and Pub.

L. 107–347, §305(c)(3)(A), amended par. (1) identically, inserting ‘‘and’’ at end.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 107–296, §1005(c)(3)(B), and Pub.

L. 107–347, §305(c)(3)(B), amended par. (2) identically,

substituting ‘‘subchapter II of this chapter’’ for ‘‘section 11332 of title 40’’ and a period for ‘‘; and’’ at end.

Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(6)(A), substituted ‘‘section 11332

of title 40’’ for ‘‘the Computer Security Act of 1987 (40

U.S.C. 759 note)’’.

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 107–296, §1005(c)(3)(C), and Pub.

L. 107–347, §305(c)(3)(C), amended subsec. (g) identically,

striking out par. (3) which read as follows: ‘‘consistent

with section 11332 of title 40, identify and afford security protections commensurate with the risk and magnitude of the harm resulting from the loss, misuse, or

unauthorized access to or modification of information

collected or maintained by or on behalf of an agency.’’

Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(6)(B), substituted ‘‘section 11332

of title 40’’ for ‘‘the Computer Security Act of 1987 (40

U.S.C. 759 note)’’.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–198, §2(b), added subsec. (i).

2000—Subsecs. (a)(1) to (3), (b)(4), (c)(1). Pub. L. 106–398

substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for ‘‘chapter’’ wherever appearing.

1996—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–106, §5125(a)(1)(A),

substituted ‘‘Chief Information Officer’’ for ‘‘senior official’’.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–106, §5125(a)(1)(B), substituted ‘‘designate Chief Information Officers’’ for

‘‘designate senior officials’’, ‘‘Chief Information Officer’’ for ‘‘official’’, and ‘‘the Chief Information Officers’’ for ‘‘the officials’’.

Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 104–106, §5125(a)(1)(C), substituted ‘‘Chief Information Officer’’ for ‘‘senior official’’ wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–106, §5125(a)(2), substituted

‘‘Chief Information Officer’’ for ‘‘official’’ in introductory provisions.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2002 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–347 effective Dec. 17, 2002,

see section 402(b) of Pub. L. 107–347, set out as a note

under section 3504 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after

Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as

an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–106 effective 180 days after

Feb. 10, 1996, see section 5701 of Pub. L. 104–106, Feb. 10,

1996, 110 Stat. 702.

EX. ORD. NO. 13073. YEAR 2000 CONVERSION

Ex. Ord. No. 13073, Feb. 4, 1998, 63 F.R. 6467, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13127, June 14, 1999, 64 F.R. 32793, provided:

The American people expect reliable service from

their Government and deserve the confidence that critical government functions dependent on electronic systems will be performed accurately and in a timely manner. Because of a design feature in many electronic systems, a large number of activities in the public and private sectors could be at risk beginning in the year 2000.

Some computer systems and other electronic devices

will misinterpret the year ‘‘00’’ as 1900, rather than

2000. Unless appropriate action is taken, this flaw,

known as the ‘‘Y2K problem,’’ can cause systems that

support those functions to compute erroneously or simply not run. Minimizing the Y2K problem will require

a major technological and managerial effort, and it is

critical that the United States Government do its part

in addressing this challenge.

Accordingly, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United

States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SECTION 1. Policy. (a) It shall be the policy of the executive branch that agencies shall:

(1) assure that no critical Federal program experiences disruption because of the Y2K problem;

(2) assist and cooperate with State, local, and tribal

governments to address the Y2K problem where those

governments depend on Federal information or information technology or the Federal Government is dependent on those governments to perform critical missions;

(3) cooperate with the private sector operators of

critical national and local systems, including the banking and financial system, the telecommunications system, the public health system, the transportation system, and the electric power generation system, in addressing the Y2K problem; and

(4) communicate with their foreign counterparts to

raise awareness of and generate cooperative international arrangements to address the Y2K problem.

(b) As used in this order, ‘‘agency’’ and ‘‘agencies’’

refer to Federal agencies that are not in the judicial or

legislative branches.

SEC. 2. Year 2000 Conversion Council. There is hereby

established the President’s Council on Year 2000 Conversion (the ‘‘Council’’).

(a) The Council shall be led by a Chair who shall be

an Assistant to the President, and it shall be composed

of one representative from each of the executive departments and from such other Federal agencies as

may be determined by the Chair of the Council (the

‘‘Chair’’).

(b) The Chair shall appoint a Vice Chair and assign

other responsibilities for operations of the council as

he or she deems necessary.

(c) The Chair shall oversee the activities of agencies

to assure that their systems operate smoothly through

the year 2000, act as chief spokesperson on this issue for

the executive branch in national and international

fora, provide policy coordination of executive branch

activities with State, local, and tribal governments on

the Y2K problem, and promote appropriate Federal

roles with respect to private sector activities in this

area.

(d) The Chair and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall report jointly at least quarterly to me on the progress of agencies in addressing

the Y2K problem.

(e) The Chair shall identify such resources from agencies as the Chair deems necessary for the implementation of the policies set out in this order, consistent

with applicable law.

SEC. 3. Responsibilities of Agency Heads. (a) The head of

each agency shall:

(1) assure that efforts to address the Y2K problem receive the highest priority attention in the agency and

that the policies established in this order are carried

out; and
Page 143 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3507

(2) cooperate to the fullest extent with the Chair by

making available such information, support, and assistance, including personnel, as the Chair may request

to support the accomplishment of the tasks assigned

herein, consistent with applicable law.

(b) The heads of executive departments and the agencies designated by the Chair under section 2(a) of this

order shall identify a responsible official to represent

the head of the executive department or agency on the

Council with sufficient authority and experience to

commit agency resources to address the Y2K problem.

SEC. 4. Responsibilities of Interagency and Executive Office Councils. Interagency councils and councils within

the Executive Office of the President, including the

President’s Management Council, the Chief Information Officers Council, the Chief Financial Officers

Council, the President’s Council on Integrity and Efficiency, the Executive Council on Integrity and Efficiency, the National Science and Technology Council,

the National Performance Review, the National Economic Council, the Domestic Policy Council, and the

National Security Council shall provide assistance and

support to the Chair upon the Chair’s request.

SEC. 5. Information Coordination Center. (a) To assist

the Chair in the Y2K response duties included under

section 2(c) of this order, there shall be established the

Information Coordination Center (ICC) in the General

Services Administration.

(b) At the direction of the Chair, the ICC will assist

in making preparations for information sharing and coordination within the Federal Government and key

components of the public and private sectors, coordinating agency assessments of Y2K emergencies that

could have an adverse affect on U.S. interests at home

and abroad, and, if necessary, assisting Federal agencies and the Chair in reconstitution processes where appropriate.

(c) The ICC will:

(1) consist of officials from executive agencies, designated by agency heads under subsection 3(a)(2) of this

order, who have expertise in important management

and technical areas, computer hardware, software or

security systems, reconstitution and recovery, and of

additional personnel hired directly or by contract, as

required, to carry out the duties described under section 5 of this order;

(2) work with the Council and the Office of Management and Budget to assure that Federal efforts to restore critical systems are coordinated with efforts

managed by Federal agencies acting under existing

emergency response authorities.

(d) The Chair of the President’s Council on Year 2000

Conversion shall designate a Director of the ICC.

SEC. 6. Judicial Review. This Executive order is intended only to improve the internal management of the

executive branch and does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or equity by a party against the United States, its agencies,

or instrumentalities, its officers or employees, or any

other person.

WILLIAM J. CLINTON.

§ 3507. Public information collection activities;

submission to Director; approval and delegation

(a) An agency shall not conduct or sponsor the

collection of information unless in advance of

the adoption or revision of the collection of information—

(1) the agency has—

(A) conducted the review established under

section 3506(c)(1);

(B) evaluated the public comments received under section 3506(c)(2);

(C) submitted to the Director the certification required under section 3506(c)(3), the

proposed collection of information, copies of

pertinent statutory authority, regulations,

and other related materials as the Director

may specify; and

(D) published a notice in the Federal Register—

(i) stating that the agency has made

such submission; and

(ii) setting forth—

(I) a title for the collection of information;

(II) a summary of the collection of information;

(III) a brief description of the need for

the information and the proposed use of

the information;

(IV) a description of the likely respondents and proposed frequency of response to the collection of information;

(V) an estimate of the burden that

shall result from the collection of information; and

(VI) notice that comments may be submitted to the agency and Director;

(2) the Director has approved the proposed

collection of information or approval has been

inferred, under the provisions of this section;

and

(3) the agency has obtained from the Director a control number to be displayed upon the

collection of information.

(b) The Director shall provide at least 30 days

for public comment prior to making a decision

under subsection (c), (d), or (h), except as provided under subsection (j).

(c)(1) For any proposed collection of information not contained in a proposed rule, the Director shall notify the agency involved of the decision to approve or disapprove the proposed collection of information.

(2) The Director shall provide the notification

under paragraph (1), within 60 days after receipt

or publication of the notice under subsection

(a)(1)(D), whichever is later.

(3) If the Director does not notify the agency

of a denial or approval within the 60-day period

described under paragraph (2)—

(A) the approval may be inferred;

(B) a control number shall be assigned without further delay; and

(C) the agency may collect the information

for not more than 1 year.

(d)(1) For any proposed collection of information contained in a proposed rule—

(A) as soon as practicable, but no later than

the date of publication of a notice of proposed

rulemaking in the Federal Register, each

agency shall forward to the Director a copy of

any proposed rule which contains a collection

of information and any information requested

by the Director necessary to make the determination required under this subsection; and

(B) within 60 days after the notice of proposed rulemaking is published in the Federal

Register, the Director may file public comments pursuant to the standards set forth in

section 3508 on the collection of information

contained in the proposed rule;

(2) When a final rule is published in the Federal Register, the agency shall explain—
§ 3507 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 144

(A) how any collection of information contained in the final rule responds to the comments, if any, filed by the Director or the public; or

(B) the reasons such comments were rejected.

(3) If the Director has received notice and

failed to comment on an agency rule within 60

days after the notice of proposed rulemaking,

the Director may not disapprove any collection

of information specifically contained in an agency rule.

(4) No provision in this section shall be construed to prevent the Director, in the Director’s

discretion—

(A) from disapproving any collection of information which was not specifically required

by an agency rule;

(B) from disapproving any collection of information contained in an agency rule, if the

agency failed to comply with the requirements

of paragraph (1) of this subsection;

(C) from disapproving any collection of information contained in a final agency rule, if

the Director finds within 60 days after the publication of the final rule that the agency’s response to the Director’s comments filed under

paragraph (2) of this subsection was unreasonable; or

(D) from disapproving any collection of information contained in a final rule, if—

(i) the Director determines that the agency has substantially modified in the final

rule the collection of information contained

in the proposed rule; and

(ii) the agency has not given the Director

the information required under paragraph (1)

with respect to the modified collection of information, at least 60 days before the issuance of the final rule.

(5) This subsection shall apply only when an

agency publishes a notice of proposed rulemaking and requests public comments.

(6) The decision by the Director to approve or

not act upon a collection of information contained in an agency rule shall not be subject to

judicial review.

(e)(1) Any decision by the Director under subsection (c), (d), (h), or (j) to disapprove a collection of information, or to instruct the agency to

make substantive or material change to a collection of information, shall be publicly available and include an explanation of the reasons

for such decision.

(2) Any written communication between the

Administrator of the Office of Information and

Regulatory Affairs, or any employee of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, and

an agency or person not employed by the Federal Government concerning a proposed collection of information shall be made available to

the public.

(3) This subsection shall not require the disclosure of—

(A) any information which is protected at all

times by procedures established for information which has been specifically authorized

under criteria established by an Executive

order or an Act of Congress to be kept secret

in the interest of national defense or foreign

policy; or

(B) any communication relating to a collection of information which is not approved

under this subchapter, the disclosure of which

could lead to retaliation or discrimination

against the communicator.

(f)(1) An independent regulatory agency which

is administered by 2 or more members of a commission, board, or similar body, may by majority vote void—

(A) any disapproval by the Director, in

whole or in part, of a proposed collection of information of that agency; or

(B) an exercise of authority under subsection

(d) of section 3507 concerning that agency.

(2) The agency shall certify each vote to void

such disapproval or exercise to the Director, and

explain the reasons for such vote. The Director

shall without further delay assign a control

number to such collection of information, and

such vote to void the disapproval or exercise

shall be valid for a period of 3 years.

(g) The Director may not approve a collection

of information for a period in excess of 3 years.

(h)(1) If an agency decides to seek extension of

the Director’s approval granted for a currently

approved collection of information, the agency

shall—

(A) conduct the review established under

section 3506(c), including the seeking of comment from the public on the continued need

for, and burden imposed by the collection of

information; and

(B) after having made a reasonable effort to

seek public comment, but no later than 60

days before the expiration date of the control

number assigned by the Director for the currently approved collection of information, submit the collection of information for review

and approval under this section, which shall

include an explanation of how the agency has

used the information that it has collected.

(2) If under the provisions of this section, the

Director disapproves a collection of information

contained in an existing rule, or recommends or

instructs the agency to make a substantive or

material change to a collection of information

contained in an existing rule, the Director

shall—

(A) publish an explanation thereof in the

Federal Register; and

(B) instruct the agency to undertake a rulemaking within a reasonable time limited to

consideration of changes to the collection of

information contained in the rule and thereafter to submit the collection of information

for approval or disapproval under this subchapter.

(3) An agency may not make a substantive or

material modification to a collection of information after such collection has been approved

by the Director, unless the modification has

been submitted to the Director for review and

approval under this subchapter.

(i)(1) If the Director finds that a senior official

of an agency designated under section 3506(a) is

sufficiently independent of program responsibility to evaluate fairly whether proposed collections of information should be approved and has

sufficient resources to carry out this respon-
Page 145 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3509

sibility effectively, the Director may, by rule in

accordance with the notice and comment provisions of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code,

delegate to such official the authority to approve proposed collections of information in specific program areas, for specific purposes, or for

all agency purposes.

(2) A delegation by the Director under this

section shall not preclude the Director from reviewing individual collections of information if

the Director determines that circumstances

warrant such a review. The Director shall retain

authority to revoke such delegations, both in

general and with regard to any specific matter.

In acting for the Director, any official to whom

approval authority has been delegated under

this section shall comply fully with the rules

and regulations promulgated by the Director.

(j)(1) The agency head may request the Director to authorize a collection of information, if

an agency head determines that—

(A) a collection of information—

(i) is needed prior to the expiration of time

periods established under this subchapter;

and

(ii) is essential to the mission of the agency; and

(B) the agency cannot reasonably comply

with the provisions of this subchapter because—

(i) public harm is reasonably likely to result if normal clearance procedures are followed;

(ii) an unanticipated event has occurred;

or

(iii) the use of normal clearance procedures is reasonably likely to prevent or disrupt the collection of information or is reasonably likely to cause a statutory or court

ordered deadline to be missed.

(2) The Director shall approve or disapprove

any such authorization request within the time

requested by the agency head and, if approved,

shall assign the collection of information a control number. Any collection of information conducted under this subsection may be conducted

without compliance with the provisions of this

subchapter for a maximum of 180 days after the

date on which the Director received the request

to authorize such collection.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

176; amended Pub. L. 104–106, div. E, title LVI,

§5605(d), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 700; Pub. L.

106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1064(b)], Oct. 30,

2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3507, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2819; amended Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m)

[title VIII, §817], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308,

1783–338, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §817],

Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–338, related to submission to Director of public information collection request for an approval or delegation to a senior official

of an agency prior to the general amendment of this

chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3507, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1304, provided for cooperation of agencies

in making information available, prior to the general

amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–511. See section 3510(a) of this title.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Subsecs. (e)(3)(B), (h), (j). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for ‘‘chapter’’ wherever appearing.

1996—Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 104–106 substituted ‘‘180

days’’ for ‘‘90 days’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–106 effective 180 days after

Feb. 10, 1996, see section 5701 of Pub. L. 104–106, Feb. 10,

1996, 110 Stat. 702.

§ 3508. Determination of necessity for information; hearing

Before approving a proposed collection of information, the Director shall determine whether

the collection of information by the agency is

necessary for the proper performance of the

functions of the agency, including whether the

information shall have practical utility. Before

making a determination the Director may give

the agency and other interested persons an opportunity to be heard or to submit statements

in writing. To the extent, if any, that the Director determines that the collection of information by an agency is unnecessary for any reason,

the agency may not engage in the collection of

information.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

179.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3508, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2821, related to determination of

whether collection of information is necessary for proper performance of functions of agency prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3508, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1304, related to unlawful disclosure of information, penalties, and release of information to

other agencies, prior to the general amendment of this

chapter by Pub. L. 96–511. See section 3510(b) of this

title.

§ 3509. Designation of central collection agency

The Director may designate a central collection agency to obtain information for two or

more agencies if the Director determines that

the needs of such agencies for information will

be adequately served by a single collection agency, and such sharing of data is not inconsistent

with applicable law. In such cases the Director

shall prescribe (with reference to the collection

of information) the duties and functions of the

collection agency so designated and of the agencies for which it is to act as agent (including reimbursement for costs). While the designation is

in effect, an agency covered by the designation

may not obtain for itself information for the

agency which is the duty of the collection agency to obtain. The Director may modify the designation from time to time as circumstances require. The authority to designate under this section is subject to the provisions of section 3507(f)

of this subchapter.
§ 3510 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 146

1See References in Text note below.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

180; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3509, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2821, related to designation of central

collection agency prior to the general amendment of

this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3509, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1304, related to plans or forms for collecting information, submission to Director, and his approval, prior to the general amendment of this chapter

by Pub. L. 96–511.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for

‘‘chapter’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

§ 3510. Cooperation of agencies in making information available

(a) The Director may direct an agency to

make available to another agency, or an agency

may make available to another agency, information obtained by a collection of information if

the disclosure is not inconsistent with applicable law.

(b)(1) If information obtained by an agency is

released by that agency to another agency, all

the provisions of law (including penalties) that

relate to the unlawful disclosure of information

apply to the officers and employees of the agency to which information is released to the same

extent and in the same manner as the provisions

apply to the officers and employees of the agency which originally obtained the information.

(2) The officers and employees of the agency to

which the information is released, in addition,

shall be subject to the same provisions of law,

including penalties, relating to the unlawful disclosure of information as if the information had

been collected directly by that agency.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

180.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3510, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2822, related to cooperation of agencies

in making information available prior to the general

amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3510, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1305, authorized promulgation of rules and

regulations, prior to the general amendment of this

chapter by Pub. L. 96–511. See section 3516 of this title.

§ 3511. Establishment and operation of Government Information Locator Service

(a) In order to assist agencies and the public in

locating information and to promote information sharing and equitable access by the public,

the Director shall—

(1) cause to be established and maintained a

distributed agency-based electronic Government Information Locator Service (hereafter

in this section referred to as the ‘‘Service’’),

which shall identify the major information

systems, holdings, and dissemination products

of each agency;

(2) require each agency to establish and

maintain an agency information locator service as a component of, and to support the establishment and operation of the Service;

(3) in cooperation with the Archivist of the

United States, the Administrator of General

Services, the Director of the Government Publishing Office, and the Librarian of Congress,

establish an interagency committee to advise

the Secretary of Commerce on the development of technical standards for the Service to

ensure compatibility, promote information

sharing, and uniform access by the public;

(4) consider public access and other user

needs in the establishment and operation of

the Service;

(5) ensure the security and integrity of the

Service, including measures to ensure that

only information which is intended to be disclosed to the public is disclosed through the

Service; and

(6) periodically review the development and

effectiveness of the Service and make recommendations for improvement, including other

mechanisms for improving public access to

Federal agency public information.

(b) This section shall not apply to operational

files as defined by the Central Intelligence

Agency Information Act (50 U.S.C. 431 et seq.).1

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

180; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I,

§1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Central Intelligence Agency Information Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 98–477, Oct. 15, 1984,

98 Stat. 2209, which was formerly classified principally

to subchapter V (§431 et seq.) of chapter 15 of Title 50,

War and National Defense, prior to editorial reclassification in Title 50, and is now classified principally to

subchapter V (§3141 et seq.) of chapter 44 of Title 50.

For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Tables.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3511, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2822; amended Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m)

[title VIII, §818], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308,

1783–339, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §818],

Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–339, related to establishment and operation of a Federal Information

Locator System prior to the general amendment of this

chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3511, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22,

1968, 82 Stat. 1305, provided for penalty for failure to

furnish information, prior to the general amendment of

this chapter by Pub. L. 96–511.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

§ 3512. Public protection

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of

law, no person shall be subject to any penalty

for failing to comply with a collection of information that is subject to this subchapter if—
Page 147 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3514

(1) the collection of information does not

display a valid control number assigned by the

Director in accordance with this subchapter;

or

(2) the agency fails to inform the person who

is to respond to the collection of information

that such person is not required to respond to

the collection of information unless it displays

a valid control number.

(b) The protection provided by this section

may be raised in the form of a complete defense,

bar, or otherwise at any time during the agency

administrative process or judicial action applicable thereto.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

181; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3512, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2822, related to protection of persons

failing to maintain or provide information if information collection request did not display current control

number prior to the general amendment of this chapter

by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3512, added Pub. L. 93–153, title

IV, §409(b), Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 593, related to information for independent regulatory agencies, prior to

the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L.

96–511.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for ‘‘chapter’’ in introductory provisions and

par. (1).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

§ 3513. Director review of agency activities; reporting; agency response

(a) In consultation with the Administrator of

General Services, the Archivist of the United

States, the Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, and the Director of

the Office of Personnel Management, the Director shall periodically review selected agency information resources management activities to

ascertain the efficiency and effectiveness of

such activities to improve agency performance

and the accomplishment of agency missions.

(b) Each agency having an activity reviewed

under subsection (a) shall, within 60 days after

receipt of a report on the review, provide a written plan to the Director describing steps (including milestones) to—

(1) be taken to address information resources management problems identified in

the report; and

(2) improve agency performance and the accomplishment of agency missions.

(c) COMPARABLE TREATMENT.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Director

shall treat or review a rule or order prescribed

or proposed by the Director of the Bureau of

Consumer Financial Protection on the same

terms and conditions as apply to any rule or

order prescribed or proposed by the Board of

Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

181; amended Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1100D(b),

July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2111.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3513, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2822; amended Pub. L. 98–497, title I,

§107(b)(27), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2291, related to periodic review of agency activities by Director and report

of review and agency response to it prior to the general

amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

AMENDMENTS

2010—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–203 added subsec. (c).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L.

111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5,

Government Organization and Employees.

§ 3514. Responsiveness to Congress

(a)(1) The Director shall—

(A) keep the Congress and congressional

committees fully and currently informed of

the major activities under this subchapter;

and

(B) submit a report on such activities to the

President of the Senate and the Speaker of the

House of Representatives annually and at such

other times as the Director determines necessary.

(2) The Director shall include in any such report a description of the extent to which agencies have—

(A) reduced information collection burdens

on the public, including—

(i) a summary of accomplishments and

planned initiatives to reduce collection of

information burdens;

(ii) a list of all violations of this subchapter and of any rules, guidelines, policies, and procedures issued pursuant to this

subchapter;

(iii) a list of any increase in the collection

of information burden, including the authority for each such collection; and

(iv) a list of agencies that in the preceding

year did not reduce information collection

burdens in accordance with section

3505(a)(1), a list of the programs and statutory responsibilities of those agencies that

precluded that reduction, and recommendations to assist those agencies to reduce information collection burdens in accordance

with that section;

(B) improved the quality and utility of statistical information;

(C) improved public access to Government

information; and

(D) improved program performance and the

accomplishment of agency missions through

information resources management.

(b) The preparation of any report required by

this section shall be based on performance results reported by the agencies and shall not increase the collection of information burden on

persons outside the Federal Government.
§ 3515 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 148

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

181; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3514, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2823, and Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m) [title

VIII, §819], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308, 1783–339, and

Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §819], Oct. 30, 1986, 100

Stat. 3341–308, 3341–339, related to requirement that Director keep Congress fully informed prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Subsec. (a)(1)(A), (2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for ‘‘chapter’’ wherever appearing.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions

of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual,

semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in

House Document No. 103–7 (in which the 8th item on

page 41 identifies an annual reporting requirement

which, as subsequently amended, is contained in subsec. (a) of this section), see section 3003 of Pub. L.

104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113

of Title 31, Money and Finance.

§ 3515. Administrative powers

Upon the request of the Director, each agency

(other than an independent regulatory agency)

shall, to the extent practicable, make its services, personnel, and facilities available to the

Director for the performance of functions under

this subchapter.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

182; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3515, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2824, related to availability of agency

services, personnel, and facilities prior to the general

amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for

‘‘chapter’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

§ 3516. Rules and regulations

The Director shall promulgate rules, regulations, or procedures necessary to exercise the

authority provided by this subchapter.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

182; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3516, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2824, related to rules and regulations

prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub.

L. 104–13.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for

‘‘chapter’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

POLICY AND PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES

Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(3) [title V, §515], Dec. 21, 2000,

114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–153, provided that:

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall, by not later than September

30, 2001, and with public and Federal agency involvement, issue guidelines under sections 3504(d)(1) and 3516

of title 44, United States Code, that provide policy and

procedural guidance to Federal agencies for ensuring

and maximizing the quality, objectivity, utility, and

integrity of information (including statistical information) disseminated by Federal agencies in fulfillment of

the purposes and provisions of chapter 35 of title 44,

United States Code, commonly referred to as the Paperwork Reduction Act.

‘‘(b) CONTENT OF GUIDELINES.—The guidelines under

subsection (a) shall—

‘‘(1) apply to the sharing by Federal agencies of,

and access to, information disseminated by Federal

agencies; and

‘‘(2) require that each Federal agency to which the

guidelines apply—

‘‘(A) issue guidelines ensuring and maximizing

the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of information (including statistical information) disseminated by the agency, by not later than 1 year

after the date of issuance of the guidelines under

subsection (a);

‘‘(B) establish administrative mechanisms allowing affected persons to seek and obtain correction

of information maintained and disseminated by the

agency that does not comply with the guidelines issued under subsection (a); and

‘‘(C) report periodically to the Director—

‘‘(i) the number and nature of complaints received by the agency regarding the accuracy of

information disseminated by the agency; and

‘‘(ii) how such complaints were handled by the

agency.’’

§ 3517. Consultation with other agencies and the

public

(a) In developing information resources management policies, plans, rules, regulations, procedures, and guidelines and in reviewing collections of information, the Director shall provide

interested agencies and persons early and meaningful opportunity to comment.

(b) Any person may request the Director to review any collection of information conducted by

or for an agency to determine, if, under this subchapter, a person shall maintain, provide, or disclose the information to or for the agency. Unless the request is frivolous, the Director shall,

in coordination with the agency responsible for

the collection of information—

(1) respond to the request within 60 days

after receiving the request, unless such period

is extended by the Director to a specified date

and the person making the request is given notice of such extension; and

(2) take appropriate remedial action, if necessary.
Page 149 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3518

1See References in Text note below.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

182; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X,

§1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3517, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2824, related to consultation with other

agencies and the public prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

AMENDMENTS

2000—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for ‘‘chapter’’ in introductory provisions.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

§ 3518. Effect on existing laws and regulations

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, the authority of an agency under any

other law to prescribe policies, rules, regulations, and procedures for Federal information

resources management activities is subject to

the authority of the Director under this subchapter.

(b) Nothing in this subchapter shall be deemed

to affect or reduce the authority of the Secretary of Commerce or the Director of the Office

of Management and Budget pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1977 (as amended) and Executive order, relating to telecommunications

and information policy, procurement and management of telecommunications and information systems, spectrum use, and related matters.

(c)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), this

subchapter shall not apply to the collection of

information—

(A) during the conduct of a Federal criminal

investigation or prosecution, or during the

disposition of a particular criminal matter;

(B) during the conduct of—

(i) a civil action to which the United

States or any official or agency thereof is a

party; or

(ii) an administrative action or investigation involving an agency against specific individuals or entities;

(C) by compulsory process pursuant to the

Antitrust Civil Process Act and section 13 of

the Federal Trade Commission Improvements

Act of 1980; or

(D) during the conduct of intelligence activities as defined in section 3.4(e) of Executive

Order No. 12333, issued December 4, 1981, or

successor orders, or during the conduct of

cryptologic activities that are communications security activities.

(2) This subchapter applies to the collection of

information during the conduct of general investigations (other than information collected in

an antitrust investigation to the extent provided in subparagraph (C) of paragraph (1))

undertaken with reference to a category of individuals or entities such as a class of licensees or

an entire industry.

(d) Nothing in this subchapter shall be interpreted as increasing or decreasing the authority

conferred by sections 11331 and 11332 1 of title 40

on the Secretary of Commerce or the Director of

the Office of Management and Budget.

(e) Nothing in this subchapter shall be interpreted as increasing or decreasing the authority

of the President, the Office of Management and

Budget or the Director thereof, under the laws

of the United States, with respect to the substantive policies and programs of departments,

agencies and offices, including the substantive

authority of any Federal agency to enforce the

civil rights laws.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

183; amended Pub. L. 104–106, div. E, title LI,

§5131(e)(2), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 688; Pub. L.

105–85, div. A, title X, §1073(h)(5)(C), Nov. 18,

1997, 111 Stat. 1907; Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A],

title X, §1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654,

1654A–275; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(7), Aug. 21, 2002,

116 Stat. 1302.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1977, referred to in subsec. (b), is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Executive order, referred to in subsec. (b), probably

means Ex. Ord. No. 12046, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13349,

which is set out as a note under section 305 of Title 47,

Telecommunications.

The Antitrust Civil Process Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(C), is Pub. L. 87–664, Sept. 19, 1962, 76 Stat.

548, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 34 (§1311 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title note set out under section 1311 of Title 15

and Tables.

Section 13 of the Federal Trade Commission Improvements Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (c)(1)(C), is

classified to section 57b–1 of Title 15.

Executive Order No. 12333, referred to in subsec.

(c)(1)(D), is Ex. Ord. No. 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941,

which is set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50,

War and National Defense.

Section 11332 of title 40, referred to in subsec. (d), was

repealed by Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1005(a)(1), Nov. 25,

2002, 116 Stat. 2272, and Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §305(a),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2960.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3518, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2824, related to the effect on existing

laws and regulations prior to the general amendment of

this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

AMENDMENTS

2002—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted ‘‘sections 11331 and 11332 of title 40’’ for ‘‘section 5131 of the

Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441) and the Computer Security Act of 1987 (40 U.S.C. 759 note)’’.

2000—Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for

‘‘chapter’’ wherever appearing.

1997—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–85 substituted ‘‘ClingerCohen Act of 1996 (40 U.S.C. 1441)’’ for ‘‘Information

Technology Management Reform Act of 1996’’.

1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–106 substituted ‘‘section

5131 of the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 and the Computer Security Act of 1987

(40 U.S.C. 759 note) on the Secretary of Commerce or’’

for ‘‘Public Law 89–306 on the Administrator of the

General Services Administration, the Secretary of

Commerce, or’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of
§ 3519 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 150

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–106 effective 180 days after

Feb. 10, 1996, see section 5701 of Pub. L. 104–106, Feb. 10,

1996, 110 Stat. 702.

§ 3519. Access to information

Under the conditions and procedures prescribed in section 716 of title 31, the Director and

personnel in the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs shall furnish such information as

the Comptroller General may require for the discharge of the responsibilities of the Comptroller

General. For the purpose of obtaining such information, the Comptroller General or representatives thereof shall have access to all

books, documents, papers and records, regardless of form or format, of the Office.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

183.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3519, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec.

11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2825; amended Pub. L. 97–258, §3(m)(3),

Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1066, related to access to information prior to the general amendment of this chapter by

Pub. L. 104–13.

§ 3520. Establishment of task force on information collection and dissemination

(a) There is established a task force to study

the feasibility of streamlining requirements

with respect to small business concerns regarding collection of information and strengthening

dissemination of information (in this section referred to as the ‘‘task force’’).

(b)(1) The Director shall determine—

(A) subject to the minimum requirements

under paragraph (2), the number of representatives to be designated under each subparagraph of that paragraph; and

(B) the agencies to be represented under

paragraph (2)(K).

(2) After all determinations are made under

paragraph (1), the members of the task force

shall be designated by the head of each applicable department or agency, and include—

(A) 1 representative of the Director, who

shall convene and chair the task force;

(B) not less than 2 representatives of the Department of Labor, including 1 representative

of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and 1 representative of the Occupational Safety and

Health Administration;

(C) not less than 1 representative of the Environmental Protection Agency;

(D) not less than 1 representative of the Department of Transportation;

(E) not less than 1 representative of the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration;

(F) not less than 1 representative of the Internal Revenue Service;

(G) not less than 2 representatives of the Department of Health and Human Services, including 1 representative of the Centers for

Medicare and Medicaid Services;

(H) not less than 1 representative of the Department of Agriculture;

(I) not less than 1 representative of the Department of the Interior;

(J) not less than 1 representative of the General Services Administration; and

(K) not less than 1 representative of each of

2 agencies not represented by representatives

described under subparagraphs (A) through (J).

(c) The task force shall—

(1) identify ways to integrate the collection

of information across Federal agencies and

programs and examine the feasibility and desirability of requiring each agency to consolidate requirements regarding collections of information with respect to small business concerns within and across agencies, without negatively impacting the effectiveness of underlying laws and regulations regarding such collections of information, in order that each

small business concern may submit all information required by the agency—

(A) to 1 point of contact in the agency;

(B) in a single format, such as a single

electronic reporting system, with respect to

the agency; and

(C) with synchronized reporting for information submissions having the same frequency, such as synchronized quarterly,

semiannual, and annual reporting dates;

(2) examine the feasibility and benefits to

small businesses of publishing a list by the Director of the collections of information applicable to small business concerns (as defined in

section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C.

632)), organized—

(A) by North American Industry Classification System code;

(B) by industrial sector description; or

(C) in another manner by which small

business concerns can more easily identify

requirements with which those small business concerns are expected to comply;

(3) examine the savings, including cost savings, and develop recommendations for implementing—

(A) systems for electronic submissions of

information to the Federal Government; and

(B) interactive reporting systems, including components that provide immediate

feedback to assure that data being submitted—

(i) meet requirements of format; and

(ii) are within the range of acceptable

options for each data field;

(4) make recommendations to improve the

electronic dissemination of information collected under Federal requirements;

(5) recommend a plan for the development of

an interactive Governmentwide system, available through the Internet, to allow each small

business to—

(A) better understand which Federal requirements regarding collection of information (and, when possible, which other Federal regulatory requirements) apply to that

particular business; and

(B) more easily comply with those Federal

requirements; and

(6) in carrying out this section, consider opportunities for the coordination—
Page 151 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS [§§ 3531 to 3549

(A) of Federal and State reporting requirements; and

(B) among the points of contact described

under section 3506(i), such as to enable agencies to provide small business concerns with

contacts for information collection requirements for other agencies.

(d) The task force shall—

(1) by publication in the Federal Register,

provide notice and an opportunity for public

comment on each report in draft form; and

(2) make provision in each report for the inclusion of—

(A) any additional or dissenting views of

task force members; and

(B) a summary of significant public comments.

(e) Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Small Business Paperwork Relief

Act of 2002, the task force shall submit a report

of its findings under subsection (c) (1), (2), and

(3) to—

(1) the Director;

(2) the chairpersons and ranking minority

members of—

(A) the Committee on Governmental Affairs and the Committee on Small Business

and Entrepreneurship of the Senate; and

(B) the Committee on Government Reform

and the Committee on Small Business of the

House of Representatives; and

(3) the Small Business and Agriculture Regulatory Enforcement Ombudsman designated

under section 30(b) of the Small Business Act

(15 U.S.C. 657(b)).

(f) Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Small Business Paperwork Relief

Act of 2002, the task force shall submit a report

of its findings under subsection (c) (4) and (5)

to—

(1) the Director;

(2) the chairpersons and ranking minority

members of—

(A) the Committee on Governmental Affairs and the Committee on Small Business

and Entrepreneurship of the Senate; and

(B) the Committee on Government Reform

and the Committee on Small Business of the

House of Representatives; and

(3) the Small Business and Agriculture Regulatory Enforcement Ombudsman designated

under section 30(b) of the Small Business Act

(15 U.S.C. 657(b)).

(g) The task force shall terminate after completion of its work.

(h) In this section, the term ‘‘small business

concern’’ has the meaning given under section 3

of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632).

(Added Pub. L. 107–198, §3(a)(2), June 28, 2002, 116

Stat. 730.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The date of enactment of the Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002, referred to in subsecs. (e) and

(f), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 107–198, which

was approved June 28, 2002.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

A prior section 3520 was renumbered section 3521 of

this title.

Another prior section 3520, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a),

Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2825; amended Pub. L. 99–500,

§101(m) [title VIII, §820], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308,

1783–340, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §820],

Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–340, related to authorization of appropriations prior to the general

amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on Governmental Affairs of Senate

changed to Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of Senate, effective Jan. 4, 2005, by

Senate Resolution No. 445, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Oct. 9, 2004.

Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and

Government Reform of House of Representatives by

House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress,

Jan. 5, 2007.

§ 3521. Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to the

Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs to

carry out the provisions of this subchapter, and

for no other purpose, $8,000,000 for each of the

fiscal years 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat.

184, §3520; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A],

title X, §1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654,

1654A–275; renumbered §3521, Pub. L. 107–198,

§3(a)(1), June 28, 2002, 116 Stat. 730.)

AMENDMENTS

2002—Pub. L. 107–198 renumbered section 3520 of this

title as this section.

2000—Pub. L. 106–398 substituted ‘‘subchapter’’ for

‘‘chapter’’.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after

Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of

Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set

out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531

of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective May 22, 1995, see section 4 of Pub. L.

104–13, set out as a note under section 3501 of this title.

[§§ 3531 to 3549. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–283, § 2(a),

Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 3073]

Sections 3531 to 3538 comprised subchapter II of this

chapter ‘‘INFORMATION SECURITY’’.

Section 3531, added Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2259, set forth purposes of subchapter II. See section 3551 of this title.

A prior section 3531, added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div.

A], title X, §1061], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–266,

set forth purposes of subchapter II prior to the general

amendment of subchapter II by Pub. L. 107–296.

Section 3532, added Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2260, related to definitions applicable to subchapter II. See section 3552 of this title.

A prior section 3532, added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div.

A], title X, §1061], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–266,

related to definitions applicable to subchapter II prior

to the general amendment of subchapter II by Pub. L.

107–296.

Section 3533, added Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2261, set forth authority and

functions of the Director. See section 3553 of this title.

A prior section 3533, added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div.

A], title X, §1061], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–266,

set forth authority and functions of the Director prior

to the general amendment of subchapter II by Pub. L.

107–296.
§ 3551 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 152

Section 3534, added Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2262, related to Federal agency

responsibilities. See section 3554 of this title.

A prior section 3534, added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div.

A], title X, §1061], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–268,

related to Federal agency responsibilities prior to the

general amendment of subchapter II by Pub. L. 107–296.

Section 3535, added Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2265; amended Pub. L. 108–177,

title III, §377(e), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2631, related to

annual independent evaluation. See section 3555 of this

title.

A prior section 3535, added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div.

A], title X, §1061], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–271,

related to annual independent evaluation prior to the

general amendment of subchapter II by Pub. L. 107–296.

Section 3536, added Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2266, described responsibilities

for the head of each agency operating or exercising

control of a national security system. See section 3557

of this title.

A prior section 3536, added Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div.

A], title X, §1061], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–272;

amended Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title X, §1052(a), Dec.

2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2648, set forth expiration date of subchapter II prior to the general amendment of subchapter II by Pub. L. 107–296.

Section 3537, added Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2267, authorized appropriations

for fiscal years 2003 through 2007.

Section 3538, added Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1001(b)(1),

Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2267, related to effect on existing

law. See section 3558 of this title.

Sections 3541 to 3549 comprised subchapter III of this

chapter ‘‘INFORMATION SECURITY’’.

Section 3541, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2946, set forth purposes of subchapter III. See section 3551 of this title.

Section 3542, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2947, related to definitions applicable to subchapter III. See section 3552 of this title.

Section 3543, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2947, set forth authority and

functions of the Director. See section 3553 of this title.

Section 3544, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2949, related to Federal agency

responsibilities. See section 3554 of this title.

Section 3545, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2952; amended Pub. L. 108–177,

title III, §377(e), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2631, related to

annual independent evaluation. See section 3555 of this

title.

Section 3546, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2954, related to Federal information security incident center. See section 3556 of this

title.

Section 3547, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2954, described responsibilities

for the head of each agency operating or exercising

control of a national security system. See section 3557

of this title.

Section 3548, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2954, authorized appropriations

for fiscal years 2003 through 2007.

Section 3549, added Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(b)(1),

Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2955, related to effect on existing

law and provided that subchapter II was not to apply

while subchapter III was in effect. See section 3558 of

this title.

SUBCHAPTER II—INFORMATION SECURITY

§ 3551. Purposes

The purposes of this subchapter are to—

(1) provide a comprehensive framework for

ensuring the effectiveness of information security controls over information resources that

support Federal operations and assets;

(2) recognize the highly networked nature of

the current Federal computing environment

and provide effective governmentwide management and oversight of the related information security risks, including coordination of

information security efforts throughout the

civilian, national security, and law enforcement communities;

(3) provide for development and maintenance

of minimum controls required to protect Federal information and information systems;

(4) provide a mechanism for improved oversight of Federal agency information security

programs, including through automated security tools to continuously diagnose and improve security;

(5) acknowledge that commercially developed information security products offer advanced, dynamic, robust, and effective information security solutions, reflecting market

solutions for the protection of critical information infrastructures important to the national defense and economic security of the

nation that are designed, built, and operated

by the private sector; and

(6) recognize that the selection of specific

technical hardware and software information

security solutions should be left to individual

agencies from among commercially developed

products.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128

Stat. 3073.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

Provisions similar to this section were contained in

sections 3531 and 3541 of this title prior to repeal by

Pub. L. 113–283.

CYBERSECURITY IMPROVEMENTS TO AGENCY

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Pub. L. 114–4, title V, §547, Mar. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 69,

provided that:

‘‘(a) Of the amounts made available by this Act [Pub.

L. 114–4, see Tables for classification] for ‘National Protection and Programs Directorate, Infrastructure Protection and Information Security’, $140,525,000 for the

Federal Network Security program, project, and activity shall be used to deploy on Federal systems technology to improve the information security of agency

information systems covered by [former] section 3543(a)

of title 44, United States Code [see now 44 U.S.C. 3553]:

Provided, That funds made available under this section

shall be used to assist and support Government-wide

and agency-specific efforts to provide adequate, riskbased, and cost-effective cybersecurity to address escalating and rapidly evolving threats to information security, including the acquisition and operation of a

continuous monitoring and diagnostics program, in collaboration with departments and agencies, that includes equipment, software, and Department of Homeland Security supplied services: Provided further, That

continuous monitoring and diagnostics software procured by the funds made available by this section shall

not transmit to the Department of Homeland Security

any personally identifiable information or content of

network communications of other agencies’ users: Provided further, That such software shall be installed,

maintained, and operated in accordance with all applicable privacy laws and agency-specific policies regarding network content.

‘‘(b) Funds made available under this section may not

be used to supplant funds provided for any such system

within an agency budget.

‘‘(c) Not later than July 1, 2015, the heads of all Federal agencies shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives expenditure plans for necessary cybersecurity im-
Page 153 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3553

provements to address known vulnerabilities to information systems described in subsection (a).

‘‘(d) Not later than October 1, 2015, and semiannually

thereafter, the head of each Federal agency shall submit to the Director of the Office of Management and

Budget a report on the execution of the expenditure

plan for that agency required by subsection (c): Provided, That the Director of the Office of Management

and Budget shall summarize such execution reports and

annually submit such summaries to Congress in conjunction with the annual progress report on implementation of the E-Government Act of 2002 (Public Law

107–347) [see Tables for classification], as required by

section 3606 of title 44, United States Code.

‘‘(e) This section shall not apply to the legislative

and judicial branches of the Federal Government and

shall apply to all Federal agencies within the executive

branch except for the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Office of the Director

of National Intelligence.’’

Similar provisions were contained in the following

prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 113–76, div. F, title V, §554, Jan. 17, 2014, 128

Stat. 278.

Pub. L. 113–6, div. D, title V, §558, Mar. 26, 2013, 127

Stat. 377.

§ 3552. Definitions

(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under

subsection (b), the definitions under section 3502

shall apply to this subchapter.

(b) ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS.—As used in this

subchapter:

(1) The term ‘‘binding operational directive’’

means a compulsory direction to an agency

that—

(A) is for purposes of safeguarding Federal

information and information systems from a

known or reasonably suspected information

security threat, vulnerability, or risk;

(B) shall be in accordance with policies,

principles, standards, and guidelines issued

by the Director; and

(C) may be revised or repealed by the Director if the direction issued on behalf of the

Director is not in accordance with policies

and principles developed by the Director.

(2) The term ‘‘incident’’ means an occurrence that—

(A) actually or imminently jeopardizes,

without lawful authority, the integrity, confidentiality, or availability of information

or an information system; or

(B) constitutes a violation or imminent

threat of violation of law, security policies,

security procedures, or acceptable use policies.

(3) The term ‘‘information security’’ means

protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction

in order to provide—

(A) integrity, which means guarding

against improper information modification

or destruction, and includes ensuring information nonrepudiation and authenticity;

(B) confidentiality, which means preserving authorized restrictions on access and

disclosure, including means for protecting

personal privacy and proprietary information; and

(C) availability, which means ensuring

timely and reliable access to and use of information.

(4) The term ‘‘information technology’’ has

the meaning given that term in section 11101

of title 40.

(5) The term ‘‘intelligence community’’ has

the meaning given that term in section 3(4) of

the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C.

3003(4)).

(6)(A) The term ‘‘national security system’’

means any information system (including any

telecommunications system) used or operated

by an agency or by a contractor of an agency,

or other organization on behalf of an agency—

(i) the function, operation, or use of

which—

(I) involves intelligence activities;

(II) involves cryptologic activities related to national security;

(III) involves command and control of

military forces;

(IV) involves equipment that is an integral part of a weapon or weapons system;

or

(V) subject to subparagraph (B), is critical to the direct fulfillment of military or

intelligence missions; or

(ii) is protected at all times by procedures

established for information that have been

specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order or an Act of

Congress to be kept classified in the interest

of national defense or foreign policy.

(B) Subparagraph (A)(i)(V) does not include

a system that is to be used for routine administrative and business applications (including

payroll, finance, logistics, and personnel management applications).

(7) The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Secretary of Homeland Security.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128

Stat. 3074.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

Provisions similar to this section were contained in

sections 3532 and 3542 of this title prior to repeal by

Pub. L. 113–283.

§ 3553. Authority and functions of the Director

and the Secretary

(a) DIRECTOR.—The Director shall oversee

agency information security policies and practices, including—

(1) developing and overseeing the implementation of policies, principles, standards, and

guidelines on information security, including

through ensuring timely agency adoption of

and compliance with standards promulgated

under section 11331 of title 40;

(2) requiring agencies, consistent with the

standards promulgated under such section

11331 and the requirements of this subchapter,

to identify and provide information security

protections commensurate with the risk and

magnitude of the harm resulting from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,

modification, or destruction of—

(A) information collected or maintained by

or on behalf of an agency; or

(B) information systems used or operated

by an agency or by a contractor of an agency

or other organization on behalf of an agency;
§ 3553 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 154

(3) ensuring that the Secretary carries out

the authorities and functions under subsection

(b);

(4) coordinating the development of standards and guidelines under section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

Act (15 U.S.C. 278g–3) with agencies and offices

operating or exercising control of national security systems (including the National Security Agency) to assure, to the maximum extent feasible, that such standards and guidelines are complementary with standards and

guidelines developed for national security systems;

(5) overseeing agency compliance with the

requirements of this subchapter, including

through any authorized action under section

11303 of title 40, to enforce accountability for

compliance with such requirements; and

(6) coordinating information security policies and procedures with related information

resources management policies and procedures.

(b) SECRETARY.—The Secretary, in consultation with the Director, shall administer the implementation of agency information security

policies and practices for information systems,

except for national security systems and information systems described in paragraph (2) or (3)

of subsection (e), including—

(1) assisting the Director in carrying out the

authorities and functions under paragraphs

(1), (2), (3), (5), and (6) of subsection (a);

(2) developing and overseeing the implementation of binding operational directives to

agencies to implement the policies, principles,

standards, and guidelines developed by the Director under subsection (a)(1) and the requirements of this subchapter, which may be revised or repealed by the Director if the operational directives issued on behalf of the Director are not in accordance with policies,

principles, standards, and guidelines developed

by the Director, including—

(A) requirements for reporting security incidents to the Federal information security

incident center established under section

3556;

(B) requirements for the contents of the

annual reports required to be submitted

under section 3554(c)(1);

(C) requirements for the mitigation of exigent risks to information systems; and

(D) other operational requirements as the

Director or Secretary, in consultation with

the Director, may determine necessary;

(3) monitoring agency implementation of information security policies and practices;

(4) convening meetings with senior agency

officials to help ensure effective implementation of information security policies and practices;

(5) coordinating Government-wide efforts on

information security policies and practices,

including consultation with the Chief Information Officers Council established under section

3603 and the Director of the National Institute

of Standards and Technology;

(6) providing operational and technical assistance to agencies in implementing policies,

principles, standards, and guidelines on information security, including implementation of

standards promulgated under section 11331 of

title 40, including by—

(A) operating the Federal information security incident center established under section 3556;

(B) upon request by an agency, deploying,

operating, and maintaining technology to

assist the agency to continuously diagnose

and mitigate against cyber threats and vulnerabilities, with or without reimbursement;

(C) compiling and analyzing data on agency information security; and

(D) developing and conducting targeted

operational evaluations, including threat

and vulnerability assessments, on the information systems; and

(7) other actions as the Director or the Secretary, in consultation with the Director, may

determine necessary to carry out this subsection.

(c) REPORT.—Not later than March 1 of each

year, the Director, in consultation with the Secretary, shall submit to Congress a report on the

effectiveness of information security policies

and practices during the preceding year, including—

(1) a summary of the incidents described in

the annual reports required to be submitted

under section 3554(c)(1), including a summary

of the information required under section

3554(c)(1)(A)(iii);

(2) a description of the threshold for reporting major information security incidents;

(3) a summary of the results of evaluations

required to be performed under section 3555;

(4) an assessment of agency compliance with

standards promulgated under section 11331 of

title 40; and

(5) an assessment of agency compliance with

data breach notification policies and procedures issued by the Director.

(d) NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEMS.—Except for

the authorities and functions described in subsection (a)(5) and subsection (c), the authorities

and functions of the Director and the Secretary

under this section shall not apply to national security systems.

(e) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND INTELLIGENCE

COMMUNITY SYSTEMS.—(1) The authorities of the

Director described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of

subsection (a) shall be delegated to the Secretary of Defense in the case of systems described in paragraph (2) and to the Director of

National Intelligence in the case of systems described in paragraph (3).

(2) The systems described in this paragraph

are systems that are operated by the Department of Defense, a contractor of the Department

of Defense, or another entity on behalf of the

Department of Defense that processes any information the unauthorized access, use, disclosure,

disruption, modification, or destruction of

which would have a debilitating impact on the

mission of the Department of Defense.

(3) The systems described in this paragraph

are systems that are operated by an element of

the intelligence community, a contractor of an

element of the intelligence community, or an-
Page 155 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3553

other entity on behalf of an element of the intelligence community that processes any information the unauthorized access, use, disclosure,

disruption, modification, or destruction of

which would have a debilitating impact on the

mission of an element of the intelligence community.

(f) CONSIDERATION.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the responsibilities under subsection (b), the Secretary

shall consider any applicable standards or

guidelines developed by the National Institute

of Standards and Technology and issued by the

Secretary of Commerce under section 11331 of

title 40.

(2) DIRECTIVES.—The Secretary shall—

(A) consult with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology regarding any binding operational directive that implements standards and

guidelines developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and

(B) ensure that binding operational directives issued under subsection (b)(2) do not

conflict with the standards and guidelines

issued under section 11331 of title 40.

(3) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this

subchapter shall be construed as authorizing

the Secretary to direct the Secretary of Commerce in the development and promulgation of

standards and guidelines under section 11331 of

title 40.

(g) EXERCISE OF AUTHORITY.—To ensure fiscal

and policy consistency, the Secretary shall exercise the authority under this section subject to

direction by the President, in coordination with

the Director.

(h) DIRECTION TO AGENCIES.—

(1) AUTHORITY.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subparagraph

(B), in response to a known or reasonably

suspected information security threat, vulnerability, or incident that represents a substantial threat to the information security

of an agency, the Secretary may issue an

emergency directive to the head of an agency to take any lawful action with respect to

the operation of the information system, including such systems used or operated by another entity on behalf of an agency, that collects, processes, stores, transmits, disseminates, or otherwise maintains agency information, for the purpose of protecting the information system from, or mitigating, an information security threat.

(B) EXCEPTION.—The authorities of the

Secretary under this subsection shall not

apply to a system described subsection (d) or

to a system described in paragraph (2) or (3)

of subsection (e).

(2) PROCEDURES FOR USE OF AUTHORITY.—The

Secretary shall—

(A) in coordination with the Director, and

in consultation with Federal contractors as

appropriate, establish procedures governing

the circumstances under which a directive

may be issued under this subsection, which

shall include—

(i) thresholds and other criteria;

(ii) privacy and civil liberties protections; and

(iii) providing notice to potentially affected third parties;

(B) specify the reasons for the required action and the duration of the directive;

(C) minimize the impact of a directive

under this subsection by—

(i) adopting the least intrusive means

possible under the circumstances to secure

the agency information systems; and

(ii) limiting directives to the shortest

period practicable;

(D) notify the Director and the head of any

affected agency immediately upon the issuance of a directive under this subsection;

(E) consult with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology regarding any directive under this

subsection that implements standards and

guidelines developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology;

(F) ensure that directives issued under this

subsection do not conflict with the standards and guidelines issued under section

11331 of title 40;

(G) consider any applicable standards or

guidelines developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology issued by

the Secretary of Commerce under section

11331 of title 40; and

(H) not later than February 1 of each year,

submit to the appropriate congressional

committees a report regarding the specific

actions the Secretary has taken pursuant to

paragraph (1)(A).

(3) IMMINENT THREATS.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding section

3554, the Secretary may authorize the use

under this subsection of the intrusion detection and prevention capabilities established

under section 230(b)(1) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 for the purpose of ensuring

the security of agency information systems,

if—

(i) the Secretary determines there is an

imminent threat to agency information

systems;

(ii) the Secretary determines a directive

under subsection (b)(2)(C) or paragraph

(1)(A) is not reasonably likely to result in

a timely response to the threat;

(iii) the Secretary determines the risk

posed by the imminent threat outweighs

any adverse consequences reasonably expected to result from the use of the intrusion detection and prevention capabilities

under the control of the Secretary;

(iv) the Secretary provides prior notice

to the Director, and the head and chief information officer (or equivalent official) of

each agency to which specific actions will

be taken pursuant to this paragraph, and

notifies the appropriate congressional

committees and authorizing committees of

each such agency within 7 days of taking

an action under this paragraph of—

(I) any action taken under this paragraph; and

(II) the reasons for and duration and

nature of the action;

(v) the action of the Secretary is consistent with applicable law; and
§ 3553 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 156

(vi) the Secretary authorizes the use of

the intrusion detection and prevention capabilities in accordance with the advance

procedures established under subparagraph

(C).

(B) LIMITATION ON DELEGATION.—The authority under this paragraph may not be delegated by the Secretary.

(C) ADVANCE PROCEDURES.—The Secretary

shall, in coordination with the Director, and

in consultation with the heads of Federal

agencies, establish procedures governing the

circumstances under which the Secretary

may authorize the use of the intrusion detection and prevention capabilities under

subparagraph (A). The Secretary shall submit the procedures to Congress.

(4) LIMITATION.—The Secretary may direct

or authorize lawful action or the use of the intrusion detection and prevention capabilities

under this subsection only to—

(A) protect agency information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,

modification, or destruction; or

(B) require the remediation of or protect

against identified information security risks

with respect to—

(i) information collected or maintained

by or on behalf of an agency; or

(ii) that portion of an information system used or operated by an agency or by a

contractor of an agency or other organization on behalf of an agency.

(i) ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later

than February 1 of each year, the Director and

the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate

congressional committees a report regarding the

specific actions the Director and the Secretary

have taken pursuant to subsection (a)(5), including any actions taken pursuant to section

11303(b)(5) of title 40.

(j) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES

DEFINED.—In this section, the term ‘‘appropriate

congressional committees’’ means—

(1) the Committee on Appropriations and the

Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; and

(2) the Committee on Appropriations, the

Committee on Homeland Security, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform,

and the Committee on Science, Space, and

Technology of the House of Representatives.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128

Stat. 3075; amended Pub. L. 114–113, div. N, title

II, §§224(e), 229(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2967,

2972.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 230(b)(1) of the Homeland Security Act of

2002, referred to in subsec. (h)(3)(A), is section 230(b)(1)

of title II of Pub. L. 107–296, as added by Pub. L. 114–113,

div. N, title II, §223(a)(6), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2964,

which is classified to section 151(b)(1) of Title 6, Domestic Security.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

Provisions similar to this section were contained in

sections 3533 and 3543 of this title prior to repeal by

Pub. L. 113–283.

AMENDMENTS

2015—Subsec. (b)(6)(B). Pub. L. 114–113, §224(e), inserted ‘‘, operating, and maintaining’’ after ‘‘deploying’’.

Subsecs. (h) to (j). Pub. L. 114–113, §229(a), added subsecs. (h) to (j).

BREACHES

Pub. L. 113–283, §2(d), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 3085, provided that:

‘‘(1) REQUIREMENTS.—The Director of the Office of

Management and Budget shall ensure that data breach

notification policies and guidelines are updated periodically and require—

‘‘(A) except as provided in paragraph (4), notice by

the affected agency to each committee of Congress

described in section 3554(c)(1) of title 44, United

States Code, as added by subsection (a), the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives,

which shall—

‘‘(i) be provided expeditiously and not later than

30 days after the date on which the agency discovered the unauthorized acquisition or access; and

‘‘(ii) include—

‘‘(I) information about the breach, including a

summary of any information that the agency

knows on the date on which notification is provided about how the breach occurred;

‘‘(II) an estimate of the number of individuals

affected by the breach, based on information that

the agency knows on the date on which notification is provided, including an assessment of the

risk of harm to affected individuals;

‘‘(III) a description of any circumstances necessitating a delay in providing notice to affected individuals; and

‘‘(IV) an estimate of whether and when the

agency will provide notice to affected individuals;

and

‘‘(B) notice by the affected agency to affected individuals, pursuant to data breach notification policies

and guidelines, which shall be provided as expeditiously as practicable and without unreasonable

delay after the agency discovers the unauthorized acquisition or access.

‘‘(2) NATIONAL SECURITY; LAW ENFORCEMENT; REMEDIATION.—The Attorney General, the head of an element

of the intelligence community (as such term is defined

under section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947

(50 U.S.C. 3003(4)), or the Secretary of Homeland Security may delay the notice to affected individuals under

paragraph (1)(B) if the notice would disrupt a law enforcement investigation, endanger national security, or

hamper security remediation actions.

‘‘(3) REPORTS.—

‘‘(A) DIRECTOR OF OMB.—During the first 2 years beginning after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec.

18, 2014], the Director of the Office of Management

and Budget shall, on an annual basis—

‘‘(i) assess agency implementation of data breach

notification policies and guidelines in aggregate;

and

‘‘(ii) include the assessment described in clause (i)

in the report required under section 3553(c) of title

44, United States Code.

‘‘(B) SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY.—During

the first 2 years beginning after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security

shall include an assessment of the status of agency

implementation of data breach notification policies

and guidelines in the requirements under section

3553(b)(2)(B) of title 44, United States Code.

‘‘(4) EXCEPTION.—Any element of the intelligence

community (as such term is defined under section 3(4)

of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3003(4))

that is required to provide notice under paragraph

(1)(A) shall only provide such notice to appropriate

committees of Congress.
Page 157 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3554

‘‘(5) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in paragraph (1)

shall be construed to alter any authority of a Federal

agency or department.’’

Similar provisions were contained in Pub. L. 113–282,

§7(b), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 3071.

§ 3554. Federal agency responsibilities

(a) IN GENERAL.—The head of each agency

shall—

(1) be responsible for—

(A) providing information security protections commensurate with the risk and magnitude of the harm resulting from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,

modification, or destruction of—

(i) information collected or maintained

by or on behalf of the agency; and

(ii) information systems used or operated by an agency or by a contractor of an

agency or other organization on behalf of

an agency;

(B) complying with the requirements of

this subchapter and related policies, procedures, standards, and guidelines, including—

(i) information security standards promulgated under section 11331 of title 40;

(ii) operational directives developed by

the Secretary under section 3553(b);

(iii) policies and procedures issued by the

Director;

(iv) information security standards and

guidelines for national security systems

issued in accordance with law and as directed by the President; and

(v) emergency directives issued by the

Secretary under section 3553(h); and

(C) ensuring that information security

management processes are integrated with

agency strategic, operational, and budgetary

planning processes;

(2) ensure that senior agency officials provide information security for the information

and information systems that support the operations and assets under their control, including through—

(A) assessing the risk and magnitude of

the harm that could result from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,

modification, or destruction of such information or information systems;

(B) determining the levels of information

security appropriate to protect such information and information systems in accordance with standards promulgated under section 11331 of title 40, for information security classifications and related requirements;

(C) implementing policies and procedures

to cost-effectively reduce risks to an acceptable level; and

(D) periodically testing and evaluating information security controls and techniques

to ensure that they are effectively implemented;

(3) delegate to the agency Chief Information

Officer established under section 3506 (or comparable official in an agency not covered by

such section) the authority to ensure compliance with the requirements imposed on the

agency under this subchapter, including—

(A) designating a senior agency information security officer who shall—

(i) carry out the Chief Information Officer’s responsibilities under this section;

(ii) possess professional qualifications,

including training and experience, required to administer the functions described under this section;

(iii) have information security duties as

that official’s primary duty; and

(iv) head an office with the mission and

resources to assist in ensuring agency

compliance with this section;

(B) developing and maintaining an agencywide information security program as required by subsection (b);

(C) developing and maintaining information security policies, procedures, and control techniques to address all applicable requirements, including those issued under

section 3553 of this title and section 11331 of

title 40;

(D) training and overseeing personnel with

significant responsibilities for information

security with respect to such responsibilities; and

(E) assisting senior agency officials concerning their responsibilities under paragraph (2);

(4) ensure that the agency has trained personnel sufficient to assist the agency in complying with the requirements of this subchapter and related policies, procedures,

standards, and guidelines;

(5) ensure that the agency Chief Information

Officer, in coordination with other senior

agency officials, reports annually to the agency head on the effectiveness of the agency information security program, including

progress of remedial actions;

(6) ensure that senior agency officials, including chief information officers of component agencies or equivalent officials, carry out

responsibilities under this subchapter as directed by the official delegated authority

under paragraph (3); and

(7) ensure that all personnel are held accountable for complying with the agency-wide

information security program implemented

under subsection (b).

(b) AGENCY PROGRAM.—Each agency shall develop, document, and implement an agency-wide

information security program to provide information security for the information and information systems that support the operations and

assets of the agency, including those provided or

managed by another agency, contractor, or

other source, that includes—

(1) periodic assessments of the risk and magnitude of the harm that could result from the

unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of information and information systems that support the

operations and assets of the agency, which

may include using automated tools consistent

with standards and guidelines promulgated

under section 11331 of title 40;

(2) policies and procedures that—

(A) are based on the risk assessments required by paragraph (1);
§ 3554 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 158

1So in original. Section 3505 contains two subsecs. (c).

(B) cost-effectively reduce information security risks to an acceptable level;

(C) ensure that information security is addressed throughout the life cycle of each

agency information system; and

(D) ensure compliance with—

(i) the requirements of this subchapter;

(ii) policies and procedures as may be

prescribed by the Director, and information security standards promulgated under

section 11331 of title 40;

(iii) minimally acceptable system configuration requirements, as determined by

the agency; and

(iv) any other applicable requirements,

including standards and guidelines for national security systems issued in accordance with law and as directed by the President;

(3) subordinate plans for providing adequate

information security for networks, facilities,

and systems or groups of information systems,

as appropriate;

(4) security awareness training to inform

personnel, including contractors and other

users of information systems that support the

operations and assets of the agency, of—

(A) information security risks associated

with their activities; and

(B) their responsibilities in complying

with agency policies and procedures designed to reduce these risks;

(5) periodic testing and evaluation of the effectiveness of information security policies,

procedures, and practices, to be performed

with a frequency depending on risk, but no

less than annually, of which such testing—

(A) shall include testing of management,

operational, and technical controls of every

information system identified in the inventory required under section 3505(c); 1

(B) may include testing relied on in an

evaluation under section 3555; and

(C) shall include using automated tools,

consistent with standards and guidelines

promulgated under section 11331 of title 40;

(6) a process for planning, implementing,

evaluating, and documenting remedial action

to address any deficiencies in the information

security policies, procedures, and practices of

the agency;

(7) procedures for detecting, reporting, and

responding to security incidents, which—

(A) shall be consistent with the standards

and guidelines described in section 3556(b);

(B) may include using automated tools;

and

(C) shall include—

(i) mitigating risks associated with such

incidents before substantial damage is

done;

(ii) notifying and consulting with the

Federal information security incident center established in section 3556; and

(iii) notifying and consulting with, as appropriate—

(I) law enforcement agencies and relevant Offices of Inspector General and

Offices of General Counsel;

(II) an office designated by the President for any incident involving a national security system;

(III) for a major incident, the committees of Congress described in subsection

(c)(1)—

(aa) not later than 7 days after the

date on which there is a reasonable

basis to conclude that the major incident has occurred; and

(bb) after the initial notification

under item (aa), within a reasonable

period of time after additional information relating to the incident is discovered, including the summary required under subsection (c)(1)(A)(i);

and

(IV) any other agency or office, in accordance with law or as directed by the

President; and

(8) plans and procedures to ensure continuity

of operations for information systems that

support the operations and assets of the agency.

(c) AGENCY REPORTING.—

(1) ANNUAL REPORT.—

(A) IN GENERAL.—Each agency shall submit

to the Director, the Secretary, the Committee on Government Reform, the Committee

on Homeland Security, and the Committee

on Science of the House of Representatives,

the Committee on Homeland Security and

Governmental Affairs and the Committee on

Commerce, Science, and Transportation of

the Senate, the appropriate authorization

and appropriations committees of Congress,

and the Comptroller General a report on the

adequacy and effectiveness of information

security policies, procedures, and practices,

including—

(i) a description of each major information security incident or related sets of incidents, including summaries of—

(I) the threats and threat actors, vulnerabilities, and impacts relating to the

incident;

(II) the risk assessments conducted

under section 3554(a)(2)(A) of the affected

information systems before the date on

which the incident occurred;

(III) the status of compliance of the affected information systems with applicable security requirements at the time of

the incident; and

(IV) the detection, response, and remediation actions;

(ii) the total number of information security incidents, including a description of

incidents resulting in significant compromise of information security, system

impact levels, types of incident, and locations of affected systems;

(iii) a description of each major information security incident that involved a

breach of personally identifiable information, as defined by the Director, including—

(I) the number of individuals whose information was affected by the major information security incident; and
Page 159 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3555

(II) a description of the information

that was breached or exposed; and

(iv) any other information as the Director or the Secretary, in consultation with

the Director, may require.

(B) UNCLASSIFIED REPORT.—

(i) IN GENERAL.—Each report submitted

under subparagraph (A) shall be in unclassified form, but may include a classified

annex.

(ii) ACCESS TO INFORMATION.—The head of

an agency shall ensure that, to the greatest extent practicable, information is included in the unclassified version of the reports submitted by the agency under subparagraph (A).

(2) OTHER PLANS AND REPORTS.—Each agency

shall address the adequacy and effectiveness of

information security policies, procedures, and

practices in management plans and reports.

(d) PERFORMANCE PLAN.—(1) In addition to the

requirements of subsection (c), each agency, in

consultation with the Director, shall include as

part of the performance plan required under section 1115 of title 31 a description of—

(A) the time periods; and

(B) the resources, including budget, staffing,

and training,

that are necessary to implement the program

required under subsection (b).

(2) The description under paragraph (1) shall

be based on the risk assessments required under

subsection (b)(1).

(e) PUBLIC NOTICE AND COMMENT.—Each agency

shall provide the public with timely notice and

opportunities for comment on proposed information security policies and procedures to the extent that such policies and procedures affect

communication with the public.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128

Stat. 3078; amended Pub. L. 114–113, div. N, title

II, §229(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2974.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

Provisions similar to this section were contained in

sections 3534 and 3544 of this title prior to repeal by

Pub. L. 113–283.

AMENDMENTS

2015—Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(v). Pub. L. 114–113 added cl. (v).

MAJOR INCIDENT

Pub. L. 113–283, §2(b), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 3085, provided that: ‘‘The Director of the Office of Management

and Budget shall—

‘‘(1) develop guidance on what constitutes a major

incident for purposes of section 3554(b) of title 44,

United States Code, as added by subsection (a); and

‘‘(2) provide to Congress periodic briefings on the

status of the developing of the guidance until the

date on which the guidance is issued.’’

§ 3555. Annual independent evaluation

(a) IN GENERAL.—(1) Each year each agency

shall have performed an independent evaluation

of the information security program and practices of that agency to determine the effectiveness of such program and practices.

(2) Each evaluation under this section shall include—

(A) testing of the effectiveness of information security policies, procedures, and practices of a representative subset of the agency’s

information systems;

(B) an assessment of the effectiveness of the

information security policies, procedures, and

practices of the agency; and

(C) separate presentations, as appropriate,

regarding information security relating to national security systems.

(b) INDEPENDENT AUDITOR.—Subject to subsection (c)—

(1) for each agency with an Inspector General appointed under the Inspector General

Act of 1978, the annual evaluation required by

this section shall be performed by the Inspector General or by an independent external

auditor, as determined by the Inspector General of the agency; and

(2) for each agency to which paragraph (1)

does not apply, the head of the agency shall

engage an independent external auditor to perform the evaluation.

(c) NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEMS.—For each

agency operating or exercising control of a national security system, that portion of the evaluation required by this section directly relating

to a national security system shall be performed—

(1) only by an entity designated by the agency head; and

(2) in such a manner as to ensure appropriate

protection for information associated with

any information security vulnerability in such

system commensurate with the risk and in accordance with all applicable laws.

(d) EXISTING EVALUATIONS.—The evaluation required by this section may be based in whole or

in part on an audit, evaluation, or report relating to programs or practices of the applicable

agency.

(e) AGENCY REPORTING.—(1) Each year, not

later than such date established by the Director,

the head of each agency shall submit to the Director the results of the evaluation required

under this section.

(2) To the extent an evaluation required under

this section directly relates to a national security system, the evaluation results submitted to

the Director shall contain only a summary and

assessment of that portion of the evaluation directly relating to a national security system.

(f) PROTECTION OF INFORMATION.—Agencies and

evaluators shall take appropriate steps to ensure the protection of information which, if disclosed, may adversely affect information security. Such protections shall be commensurate

with the risk and comply with all applicable

laws and regulations.

(g) OMB REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—(1) The Director shall summarize the results of the evaluations conducted under this section in the report

to Congress required under section 3553(c).

(2) The Director’s report to Congress under

this subsection shall summarize information regarding information security relating to national security systems in such a manner as to

ensure appropriate protection for information

associated with any information security vulnerability in such system commensurate with
§ 3556 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 160

1So in original. Probably should be ‘‘National Institute of

Standards’’.

2So in original. Probably should be ‘‘chapter’’.

the risk and in accordance with all applicable

laws.

(3) Evaluations and any other descriptions of

information systems under the authority and

control of the Director of National Intelligence

or of National Foreign Intelligence Programs

systems under the authority and control of the

Secretary of Defense shall be made available to

Congress only through the appropriate oversight

committees of Congress, in accordance with applicable laws.

(h) COMPTROLLER GENERAL.—The Comptroller

General shall periodically evaluate and report to

Congress on—

(1) the adequacy and effectiveness of agency

information security policies and practices;

and

(2) implementation of the requirements of

this subchapter.

(i) ASSESSMENT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—The

Comptroller General may provide technical assistance to an Inspector General or the head of

an agency, as applicable, to assist the Inspector

General or head of an agency in carrying out the

duties under this section, including by testing

information security controls and procedures.

(j) GUIDANCE.—The Director, in consultation

with the Secretary, the Chief Information Officers Council established under section 3603, the

Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity

and Efficiency, and other interested parties as

appropriate, shall ensure the development of

guidance for evaluating the effectiveness of an

information security program and practices.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128

Stat. 3082.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Inspector General Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 95–452, Oct. 12, 1978, 92 Stat. 1101,

which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government

Organization and Employees.

PRIOR PROVISIONS

Provisions similar to this section were contained in

sections 3535 and 3545 of this title prior to repeal by

Pub. L. 113–283.

§ 3556. Federal information security incident center

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall ensure

the operation of a central Federal information

security incident center to—

(1) provide timely technical assistance to operators of agency information systems regarding security incidents, including guidance on

detecting and handling information security

incidents;

(2) compile and analyze information about

incidents that threaten information security;

(3) inform operators of agency information

systems about current and potential information security threats, and vulnerabilities;

(4) provide, as appropriate, intelligence and

other information about cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and incidents to agencies to assist in

risk assessments conducted under section

3554(b); and

(5) consult with the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, agencies or offices

operating or exercising control of national security systems (including the National Security Agency), and such other agencies or offices in accordance with law and as directed by

the President regarding information security

incidents and related matters.

(b) NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEMS.—Each agency operating or exercising control of a national

security system shall share information about

information security incidents, threats, and vulnerabilities with the Federal information security incident center to the extent consistent

with standards and guidelines for national security systems, issued in accordance with law and

as directed by the President.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128

Stat. 3084.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

Provisions similar to this section were contained in

section 3546 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L.

113–283.

§ 3557. National security systems

The head of each agency operating or exercising control of a national security system shall

be responsible for ensuring that the agency—

(1) provides information security protections

commensurate with the risk and magnitude of

the harm resulting from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification,

or destruction of the information contained in

such system;

(2) implements information security policies

and practices as required by standards and

guidelines for national security systems, issued in accordance with law and as directed by

the President; and

(3) complies with the requirements of this

subchapter.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128

Stat. 3084.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

Provisions similar to this section were contained in

sections 3536 and 3547 of this title prior to repeal by

Pub. L. 113–283.

§ 3558. Effect on existing law

Nothing in this subchapter, section 11331 of

title 40, or section 20 of the National Standards 1

and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g–3) may be

construed as affecting the authority of the

President, the Office of Management and Budget

or the Director thereof, the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, or the head of any

agency, with respect to the authorized use or

disclosure of information, including with regard

to the protection of personal privacy under section 552a of title 5, the disclosure of information

under section 552 of title 5, the management and

disposition of records under chapters 2 29, 31, or

33 of title 44, the management of information resources under subchapter I of chapter 35 of this

title, or the disclosure of information to the
Page 161 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3601

Congress or the Comptroller General of the

United States.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128

Stat. 3084.)

PRIOR PROVISIONS

Provisions similar to this section were contained in

sections 3538 and 3549 of this title prior to repeal by

Pub. L. 113–283.

CHAPTER 36—MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION OF ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT

SERVICES

Sec.

3601. Definitions.

3602. Office of Electronic Government.

3603. Chief Information Officers Council.

3604. E-Government Fund.

3605. Program to encourage innovative solutions to

enhance electronic Government services

and processes.

3606. E-Government report.

§ 3601. Definitions

In this chapter, the definitions under section

3502 shall apply, and the term—

(1) ‘‘Administrator’’ means the Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government

established under section 3602;

(2) ‘‘Council’’ means the Chief Information

Officers Council established under section 3603;

(3) ‘‘electronic Government’’ means the use

by the Government of web-based Internet applications and other information technologies,

combined with processes that implement these

technologies, to—

(A) enhance the access to and delivery of

Government information and services to the

public, other agencies, and other Government entities; or

(B) bring about improvements in Government operations that may include effectiveness, efficiency, service quality, or transformation;

(4) ‘‘enterprise architecture’’—

(A) means—

(i) a strategic information asset base,

which defines the mission;

(ii) the information necessary to perform

the mission;

(iii) the technologies necessary to perform the mission; and

(iv) the transitional processes for implementing new technologies in response to

changing mission needs; and

(B) includes—

(i) a baseline architecture;

(ii) a target architecture; and

(iii) a sequencing plan;

(5) ‘‘Fund’’ means the E-Government Fund

established under section 3604;

(6) ‘‘interoperability’’ means the ability of

different operating and software systems, applications, and services to communicate and

exchange data in an accurate, effective, and

consistent manner;

(7) ‘‘integrated service delivery’’ means the

provision of Internet-based Federal Government information or services integrated according to function or topic rather than separated according to the boundaries of agency

jurisdiction; and

(8) ‘‘tribal government’’ means—

(A) the governing body of any Indian tribe,

band, nation, or other organized group or

community located in the continental

United States (excluding the State of Alaska) that is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the

United States to Indians because of their

status as Indians, and

(B) any Alaska Native regional or village

corporation established pursuant to the

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43

U.S.C. 1601 et seq.).

(Added Pub. L. 107–347, title I, §101(a), Dec. 17,

2002, 116 Stat. 2901.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, referred

to in par. (8)(B), is Pub. L. 92–203, Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat.

688, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 33 (§1601 et seq.) of Title 43, Public Lands. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short

Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 43 and

Tables.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Pub. L. 107–347, title IV, §402(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat.

2961, provided that:

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided under paragraph

(2), titles I [enacting this chapter, section 507 of Title

31, Money and Finance, and section 305 of Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, and amending section 503 of Title 31] and II [enacting chapter 37 of Title

5, Government Organization and Employees, section

2332 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and section 266a of Title

41, Public Contracts, amending sections 3111, 4108, and

7353 of Title 5, sections 207, 209, and 1905 of Title 18,

Crimes and Criminal Procedure, sections 502, 11501 to

11505 of Title 40, and section 423 of Title 41, repealing

section 11521 of Title 40, directing the renumbering of

section 11522 of Title 40 as section 11521, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 3501 of this title,

and amending provisions set out as notes under section

8432 of Title 5 and section 1913 of Title 28, Judiciary and

Judicial Procedure] and the amendments made by such

titles shall take effect 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002].

‘‘(2) IMMEDIATE ENACTMENT.—Sections 207, 214, and 215

[set out in a note under section 3501 of this title] shall

take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec.

17, 2002].’’

FEDERAL DATA CENTER CONSOLIDATION INITIATIVE

Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title VIII, §834, Dec. 19, 2014,

128 Stat. 3444, provided that:

‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:

‘‘(1) ADMINISTRATOR.—The term ‘Administrator’

means the Administrator of the Office of Electronic

Government established under section 3602 of title 44,

United States Code (and also known as the Office of

E-Government and Information Technology), within

the Office of Management and Budget.

‘‘(2) COVERED AGENCY.—The term ‘covered agency’

means the following (including all associated components of the agency):

‘‘(A) Department of Agriculture.

‘‘(B) Department of Commerce.

‘‘(C) Department of Defense.

‘‘(D) Department of Education.

‘‘(E) Department of Energy.

‘‘(F) Department of Health and Human Services.

‘‘(G) Department of Homeland Security.

‘‘(H) Department of Housing and Urban Development.
§ 3601 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 162

‘‘(I) Department of the Interior.

‘‘(J) Department of Justice.

‘‘(K) Department of Labor.

‘‘(L) Department of State.

‘‘(M) Department of Transportation.

‘‘(N) Department of Treasury.

‘‘(O) Department of Veterans Affairs.

‘‘(P) Environmental Protection Agency.

‘‘(Q) General Services Administration.

‘‘(R) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

‘‘(S) National Science Foundation.

‘‘(T) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

‘‘(U) Office of Personnel Management.

‘‘(V) Small Business Administration.

‘‘(W) Social Security Administration.

‘‘(X) United States Agency for International Development.

‘‘(3) FDCCI.—The term ‘FDCCI’ means the Federal

Data Center Consolidation Initiative described in the

Office of Management and Budget Memorandum on

the Federal Data Center Consolidation Initiative,

dated February 26, 2010, or any successor thereto.

‘‘(4) GOVERNMENT-WIDE DATA CENTER CONSOLIDATION

AND OPTIMIZATION METRICS.—The term ‘Governmentwide data center consolidation and optimization

metrics’ means the metrics established by the Administrator under subsection (b)(2)(G).

‘‘(b) FEDERAL DATA CENTER CONSOLIDATION INVENTORIES AND STRATEGIES.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—

‘‘(A) ANNUAL REPORTING.—Except as provided in

subparagraph (C), each year, beginning in the first

fiscal year after the date of the enactment of this

Act [Dec. 19, 2014] and each fiscal year thereafter,

the head of each covered agency, assisted by the

Chief Information Officer of the agency, shall submit to the Administrator—

‘‘(i) a comprehensive inventory of the data centers owned, operated, or maintained by or on behalf of the agency; and

‘‘(ii) a multi-year strategy to achieve the consolidation and optimization of the data centers

inventoried under clause (i), that includes—

‘‘(I) performance metrics—

‘‘(aa) that are consistent with the Government-wide data center consolidation and optimization metrics; and

‘‘(bb) by which the quantitative and qualitative progress of the agency toward the goals

of the FDCCI can be measured;

‘‘(II) a timeline for agency activities to be

completed under the FDCCI, with an emphasis

on benchmarks the agency can achieve by specific dates;

‘‘(III) year-by-year calculations of investment

and cost savings for the period beginning on the

date of the enactment of this Act and ending on

the date set forth in subsection (e), broken

down by each year, including a description of

any initial costs for data center consolidation

and optimization and life cycle cost savings and

other improvements, with an emphasis on—

‘‘(aa) meeting the Government-wide data

center consolidation and optimization

metrics; and

‘‘(bb) demonstrating the amount of agencyspecific cost savings each fiscal year achieved

through the FDCCI; and

‘‘(IV) any additional information required by

the Administrator.

‘‘(B) USE OF OTHER REPORTING STRUCTURES.—The

Administrator may require a covered agency to include the information required to be submitted

under this subsection through reporting structures

determined by the Administrator to be appropriate.

‘‘(C) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE REPORTING.—For

any year that the Department of Defense is required to submit a performance plan for reduction

of resources required for data servers and centers,

as required under section 2867(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 [Pub.

L. 112–81] (10 U.S.C. 2223a note), the Department of

Defense—

‘‘(i) may submit to the Administrator, in lieu of

the multi-year strategy required under subparagraph (A)(ii)—

‘‘(I) the defense-wide plan required under section 2867(b)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (10 U.S.C. 2223a

note); and

‘‘(II) the report on cost savings required under

section 2867(d) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (10 U.S.C. 2223a

note); and

‘‘(ii) shall submit the comprehensive inventory

required under subparagraph (A)(i), unless the defense-wide plan required under section 2867(b)(2)

of the National Defense Authorization Act for

Fiscal Year 2012 (10 U.S.C. 2223a note)—

‘‘(I) contains a comparable comprehensive inventory; and

‘‘(II) is submitted under clause (i).

‘‘(D) STATEMENT.—Each year, beginning in the

first fiscal year after the date of the enactment of

this Act and each fiscal year thereafter, the head of

each covered agency, acting through the Chief Information Officer of the agency, shall—

‘‘(i)(I) submit a statement to the Administrator

stating whether the agency has complied with the

requirements of this section; and

‘‘(II) make the statement submitted under subclause (I) publicly available; and

‘‘(ii) if the agency has not complied with the requirements of this section, submit a statement to

the Administrator explaining the reasons for not

complying with such requirements.

‘‘(E) AGENCY IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES.—

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Each covered agency, under

the direction of the Chief Information Officer of

the agency, shall—

‘‘(I) implement the strategy required under

subparagraph (A)(ii); and

‘‘(II) provide updates to the Administrator, on

a quarterly basis, of—

‘‘(aa) the completion of activities by the

agency under the FDCCI;

‘‘(bb) any progress of the agency towards

meeting the Government-wide data center

consolidation and optimization metrics; and

‘‘(cc) the actual cost savings and other improvements realized through the implementation of the strategy of the agency.

‘‘(ii) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE.—For purposes of

clause (i)(I), implementation of the defense-wide

plan required under section 2867(b)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year

2012 [Pub. L. 112–81] (10 U.S.C. 2223a note) by the

Department of Defense shall be considered implementation of the strategy required under subparagraph (A)(ii).

‘‘(F) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the reporting of information by a covered agency to the Administrator, the Director of the Office of Management

and Budget, or Congress.

‘‘(2) ADMINISTRATOR RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Administrator shall—

‘‘(A) establish the deadline, on an annual basis,

for covered agencies to submit information under

this section;

‘‘(B) establish a list of requirements that the covered agencies must meet to be considered in compliance with paragraph (1);

‘‘(C) ensure that information relating to agency

progress towards meeting the Government-wide

data center consolidation and optimization metrics

is made available in a timely manner to the general

public;

‘‘(D) review the inventories and strategies submitted under paragraph (1) to determine whether

they are comprehensive and complete;
Page 163 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3601

‘‘(E) monitor the implementation of the data center strategy of each covered agency that is required

under paragraph (1)(A)(ii);

‘‘(F) update, on an annual basis, the cumulative

cost savings realized through the implementation

of the FDCCI; and

‘‘(G) establish metrics applicable to the consolidation and optimization of data centers Government-wide, including metrics with respect to—

‘‘(i) costs;

‘‘(ii) efficiencies, including, at a minimum,

server efficiency; and

‘‘(iii) any other factors the Administrator considers appropriate.

‘‘(3) COST SAVING GOAL AND UPDATES FOR CONGRESS.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than one year after

the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall develop, and make publicly available, a

goal, broken down by year, for the amount of

planned cost savings and optimization improvements achieved through the FDCCI during the period beginning on the date of the enactment of this

Act and ending on the date set forth in subsection

(e).

‘‘(B) ANNUAL UPDATE.—

‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—Not later than one year after

the date on which the goal described in subparagraph (A) is made publicly available, and each

year thereafter, the Administrator shall aggregate the reported cost savings of each covered

agency and optimization improvements achieved

to date through the FDCCI and compare the savings to the projected cost savings and optimization improvements developed under subparagraph

(A).

‘‘(ii) UPDATE FOR CONGRESS.—The goal required

to be developed under subparagraph (A) shall be

submitted to Congress and shall be accompanied

by a statement describing—

‘‘(I) the extent to which each covered agency

has developed and submitted a comprehensive

inventory under paragraph (1)(A)(i), including

an analysis of the inventory that details specific numbers, use, and efficiency level of data

centers in each inventory; and

‘‘(II) the extent to which each covered agency

has submitted a comprehensive strategy that

addresses the items listed in paragraph

(1)(A)(ii).

‘‘(4) GAO REVIEW.—

‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than one year after

the date of the enactment of this Act, and each

year thereafter, the Comptroller General of the

United States shall review and verify the quality

and completeness of the inventory and strategy of

each covered agency required under paragraph

(1)(A).

‘‘(B) REPORT.—The Comptroller General of the

United States shall, on an annual basis, publish a

report on each review conducted under subparagraph (A).

‘‘(c) ENSURING CYBERSECURITY STANDARDS FOR DATA

CENTER CONSOLIDATION AND CLOUD COMPUTING.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In implementing a data center

consolidation and optimization strategy under this

section, a covered agency shall do so in a manner

that is consistent with Federal guidelines on cloud

computing security, including—

‘‘(A) applicable provisions found within the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program

(FedRAMP); and

‘‘(B) guidance published by the National Institute

of Standards and Technology.

‘‘(2) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the ability of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to update or modify the Federal guidelines on cloud computing security.

‘‘(d) WAIVER OF REQUIREMENTS.—The Director of National Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense, or

their respective designee, may waive the applicability

to any national security system, as defined in [former]

section 3542 of title 44, United States Code, [see 44

U.S.C. 3552] of any provision of this section if the Director of National Intelligence or the Secretary of Defense, or their respective designee, determines that

such waiver is in the interest of national security. Not

later than 30 days after making a waiver under this

subsection, the Director of National Intelligence or the

Secretary of Defense, or their respective designee, shall

submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and

Governmental Affairs and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives a statement describing the waiver and the

reasons for the waiver.

‘‘(e) SUNSET.—This section is repealed effective on

October 1, 2018.’’

E-GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FUNDING

Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title VII, §737, Dec. 26, 2007, 121

Stat. 2028, provided that:

‘‘(a) For fiscal year 2008, no funds shall be available

for transfers or reimbursements to the E-Government

initiatives sponsored by the Office of Management and

Budget prior to 15 days following submission of a report

to the Committees on Appropriations by the Director

of the Office of Management and Budget and receipt of

approval to transfer funds by the House and Senate

Committees on Appropriations.

‘‘(b) Hereafter, any funding request for a new or ongoing E-Government initiative by any agency or agencies managing the development of an initiative shall

include in justification materials submitted to the

House and Senate Committees on Appropriations the

information in subsection (d).

‘‘(c) Hereafter, any funding request by any agency or

agencies participating in the development of an E-Government initiative and contributing funding for the initiative shall include in justification materials submitted to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations—

‘‘(1) the amount of funding contributed to each initiative by program office, bureau, or activity, as appropriate; and

‘‘(2) the relevance of that use to that department or

agency and each bureau or office within, which is

contributing funds.

‘‘(d) The report in (a) and justification materials in

(b) shall include at a minimum—

‘‘(1) a description of each initiative including but

not limited to its objectives, benefits, development

status, risks, cost effectiveness (including estimated

net costs or savings to the government), and the estimated date of full operational capability;

‘‘(2) the total development cost of each initiative

by fiscal year including costs to date, the estimated

costs to complete its development to full operational

capability, and estimated annual operations and

maintenance costs; and

‘‘(3) the sources and distribution of funding by fiscal year and by agency and bureau for each initiative

including agency contributions to date and estimated

future contributions by agency.

‘‘(e) No funds shall be available for obligation or expenditure for new E-Government initiatives without

the explicit approval of the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations.’’

[Provisions similar to subsecs. (a), (d), and (e) of section 737 of Pub. L. 110–161, set out above, were contained in sections of subsequent appropriations acts

which are not set out in the Code.]

FINDINGS AND PURPOSES

Pub. L. 107–347, §2, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2900, provided that:

‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following:

‘‘(1) The use of computers and the Internet is rapidly transforming societal interactions and the rela-
§ 3601 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 164

tionships among citizens, private businesses, and the

Government.

‘‘(2) The Federal Government has had uneven success in applying advances in information technology

to enhance governmental functions and services,

achieve more efficient performance, increase access

to Government information, and increase citizen participation in Government.

‘‘(3) Most Internet-based services of the Federal

Government are developed and presented separately,

according to the jurisdictional boundaries of an individual department or agency, rather than being integrated cooperatively according to function or topic.

‘‘(4) Internet-based Government services involving

interagency cooperation are especially difficult to develop and promote, in part because of a lack of sufficient funding mechanisms to support such interagency cooperation.

‘‘(5) Electronic Government has its impact through

improved Government performance and outcomes

within and across agencies.

‘‘(6) Electronic Government is a critical element in

the management of Government, to be implemented

as part of a management framework that also addresses finance, procurement, human capital, and

other challenges to improve the performance of Government.

‘‘(7) To take full advantage of the improved Government performance that can be achieved through the

use of Internet-based technology requires strong leadership, better organization, improved interagency

collaboration, and more focused oversight of agency

compliance with statutes related to information resource management.

‘‘(b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act [see Tables

for classification] are the following:

‘‘(1) To provide effective leadership of Federal Government efforts to develop and promote electronic

Government services and processes by establishing an

Administrator of a new Office of Electronic Government within the Office of Management and Budget.

‘‘(2) To promote use of the Internet and other information technologies to provide increased opportunities for citizen participation in Government.

‘‘(3) To promote interagency collaboration in providing electronic Government services, where this

collaboration would improve the service to citizens

by integrating related functions, and in the use of internal electronic Government processes, where this

collaboration would improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes.

‘‘(4) To improve the ability of the Government to

achieve agency missions and program performance

goals.

‘‘(5) To promote the use of the Internet and emerging technologies within and across Government agencies to provide citizen-centric Government information and services.

‘‘(6) To reduce costs and burdens for businesses and

other Government entities.

‘‘(7) To promote better informed decisionmaking by

policy makers.

‘‘(8) To promote access to high quality Government

information and services across multiple channels.

‘‘(9) To make the Federal Government more transparent and accountable.

‘‘(10) To transform agency operations by utilizing,

where appropriate, best practices from public and private sector organizations.

‘‘(11) To provide enhanced access to Government information and services in a manner consistent with

laws regarding protection of personal privacy, national security, records retention, access for persons

with disabilities, and other relevant laws.’’

BUILDING A 21ST CENTURY DIGITAL GOVERNMENT

Memorandum of President of the United States, May

23, 2012, 77 F.R. 32391, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

The innovative use of technology is fundamentally

transforming how the American people do business and

live their daily lives. Exponential increases in computing power, the rise of high-speed networks, and the

growing mobile revolution have put the Internet at our

fingertips, encouraging innovations that are giving rise

to new industries and reshaping existing ones.

Innovators in the private sector and the Federal Government have used these technological advances to fundamentally change how they serve their customers.

However, it is time for the Federal Government to do

more. For far too long, the American people have been

forced to navigate a labyrinth of information across

different Government programs in order to find the

services they need. In addition, at a time when Americans increasingly pay bills and buy tickets on mobile

devices, Government services often are not optimized

for smartphones or tablets, assuming the services are

even available online.

On April 27, 2011, I issued Executive Order 13571

(Streamlining Service Delivery and Improving Customer Service), requiring executive departments and

agencies (agencies) to, among other things, identify

ways to use innovative technologies to streamline their

delivery of services to lower costs, decrease service delivery times, and improve the customer experience. As

the next step toward modernizing the way Government

works, I charged my Federal Chief Information Officer

(CIO) with developing a comprehensive Governmentwide strategy to build a 21st century digital Government that delivers better digital services to the American people.

Today, the CIO is releasing that strategy, entitled

‘‘Digital Government: Building a 21st Century Platform

to Better Serve the American People’’ (Strategy),

which provides agencies with a 12-month roadmap that

focuses on several priority areas. The Strategy will enable more efficient and coordinated digital service delivery by requiring agencies to establish specific, measurable goals for delivering better digital services; encouraging agencies to deliver information in new ways

that fully utilize the power and potential of mobile and

web-based technologies; ensuring the safe and secure

delivery and use of digital services to protect information and privacy; requiring agencies to establish central online resources for outside developers and to

adopt new standards for making applicable Government information open and machine-readable by default; aggregating agencies’ online resource pages for

developers in a centralized catalogue on www.Data.gov;

and requiring agencies to use web performance analytics and customer satisfaction measurement tools on all

‘‘.gov’’ websites.

Ultimately, this Strategy will ensure that agencies

use emerging technologies to serve the public as effectively as possible. As a Government, and as a trusted

provider of services, we must never forget who our customers are—the American people.

In order to ensure that agencies make the best use of

emerging technologies in serving the public, I hereby

direct each agency to take the following actions:

(1) implement the requirements of the Strategy within 12 months of the date of this memorandum and comply with the timeframes for specific actions specified

therein; and

(2) within 90 days of the date of this memorandum,

create a page on its website, located at

www.[agency].gov/digitalstrategy, to publicly report

progress in meeting the requirements of the Strategy

in a machine-readable format.

This memorandum shall be implemented consistent

with applicable law and subject to the availability of

appropriations, and with appropriate protections for

privacy and civil liberties.

The Director of the Office of Management and Budget

is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum

in the Federal Register.

BARACK OBAMA.
Page 165 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3602

§ 3602. Office of Electronic Government

(a) There is established in the Office of Management and Budget an Office of Electronic Government.

(b) There shall be at the head of the Office an

Administrator who shall be appointed by the

President.

(c) The Administrator shall assist the Director

in carrying out—

(1) all functions under this chapter;

(2) all of the functions assigned to the Director under title II of the E-Government Act of

2002; and

(3) other electronic government initiatives,

consistent with other statutes.

(d) The Administrator shall assist the Director

and the Deputy Director for Management and

work with the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in setting

strategic direction for implementing electronic

Government, under relevant statutes, including—

(1) chapter 35;

(2) subtitle III of title 40, United States

Code;

(3) section 552a of title 5 (commonly referred

to as the ‘‘Privacy Act’’);

(4) the Government Paperwork Elimination

Act (44 U.S.C. 3504 note); and

(5) the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002.

(e) The Administrator shall work with the Administrator of the Office of Information and

Regulatory Affairs and with other offices within

the Office of Management and Budget to oversee

implementation of electronic Government under

this chapter, chapter 35, the E-Government Act

of 2002, and other relevant statutes, in a manner

consistent with law, relating to—

(1) capital planning and investment control

for information technology;

(2) the development of enterprise architectures;

(3) information security;

(4) privacy;

(5) access to, dissemination of, and preservation of Government information;

(6) accessibility of information technology

for persons with disabilities; and

(7) other areas of electronic Government.

(f) Subject to requirements of this chapter, the

Administrator shall assist the Director by performing electronic Government functions as follows:

(1) Advise the Director on the resources required to develop and effectively administer

electronic Government initiatives.

(2) Recommend to the Director changes relating to Governmentwide strategies and priorities for electronic Government.

(3) Provide overall leadership and direction

to the executive branch on electronic Government.

(4) Promote innovative uses of information

technology by agencies, particularly initiatives involving multiagency collaboration,

through support of pilot projects, research, experimentation, and the use of innovative technologies.

(5) Oversee the distribution of funds from,

and ensure appropriate administration and coordination of, the E-Government Fund established under section 3604.

(6) Coordinate with the Administrator of

General Services regarding programs undertaken by the General Services Administration

to promote electronic government and the efficient use of information technologies by

agencies.

(7) Lead the activities of the Chief Information Officers Council established under section

3603 on behalf of the Deputy Director for Management, who shall chair the council.

(8) Assist the Director in establishing policies which shall set the framework for information technology standards for the Federal

Government developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and promulgated by the Secretary of Commerce under

section 11331 of title 40, taking into account, if

appropriate, recommendations of the Chief Information Officers Council, experts, and interested parties from the private and nonprofit

sectors and State, local, and tribal governments, and maximizing the use of commercial

standards as appropriate, including the following:

(A) Standards and guidelines for interconnectivity and interoperability as described under section 3504.

(B) Consistent with the process under section 207(d) of the E-Government Act of 2002,

standards and guidelines for categorizing

Federal Government electronic information

to enable efficient use of technologies, such

as through the use of extensible markup language.

(C) Standards and guidelines for Federal

Government computer system efficiency and

security.

(9) Sponsor ongoing dialogue that—

(A) shall be conducted among Federal,

State, local, and tribal government leaders

on electronic Government in the executive,

legislative, and judicial branches, as well as

leaders in the private and nonprofit sectors,

to encourage collaboration and enhance understanding of best practices and innovative

approaches in acquiring, using, and managing information resources;

(B) is intended to improve the performance

of governments in collaborating on the use

of information technology to improve the

delivery of Government information and

services; and

(C) may include—

(i) development of innovative models—

(I) for electronic Government management and Government information technology contracts; and

(II) that may be developed through focused discussions or using separately

sponsored research;

(ii) identification of opportunities for

public-private collaboration in using Internet-based technology to increase the efficiency of Government-to-business transactions;

(iii) identification of mechanisms for

providing incentives to program managers
§ 3603 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 166

and other Government employees to develop and implement innovative uses of information technologies; and

(iv) identification of opportunities for

public, private, and intergovernmental collaboration in addressing the disparities in

access to the Internet and information

technology.

(10) Sponsor activities to engage the general

public in the development and implementation

of policies and programs, particularly activities aimed at fulfilling the goal of using the

most effective citizen-centered strategies and

those activities which engage multiple agencies providing similar or related information

and services.

(11) Oversee the work of the General Services Administration and other agencies in developing the integrated Internet-based system

under section 204 of the E-Government Act of

2002.

(12) Coordinate with the Administrator for

Federal Procurement Policy to ensure effective implementation of electronic procurement initiatives.

(13) Assist Federal agencies, including the

General Services Administration, the Department of Justice, and the United States Access

Board in—

(A) implementing accessibility standards

under section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act

of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794d); and

(B) ensuring compliance with those standards through the budget review process and

other means.

(14) Oversee the development of enterprise

architectures within and across agencies.

(15) Assist the Director and the Deputy Director for Management in overseeing agency

efforts to ensure that electronic Government

activities incorporate adequate, risk-based,

and cost-effective security compatible with

business processes.

(16) Administer the Office of Electronic Government established under this section.

(17) Assist the Director in preparing the EGovernment report established under section

3606.

(g) The Director shall ensure that the Office of

Management and Budget, including the Office of

Electronic Government, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, and other relevant

offices, have adequate staff and resources to

properly fulfill all functions under the E-Government Act of 2002.

(Added Pub. L. 107–347, title I, §101(a), Dec. 17,

2002, 116 Stat. 2902.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The E-Government Act of 2002, referred to in text, is

Pub. L. 107–347, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2899. Title II of

the Act, including sections 204 and 207(d) of the Act, is

set out as a note under section 3501 of this title. For

complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Tables.

The Government Paperwork Elimination Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(4), is title XVII of Pub. L.

105–277, div. C, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–749, which

amended section 3504 of this title and enacted provisions set out as a note under section 3504 of this title.

For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Tables.

The Federal Information Security Management Act

of 2002, referred to in subsec. (d)(5), probably means

title III of Pub. L. 107–347, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2946,

which is classified principally to subchapter III of chapter 35 of this title. For complete classification of this

Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2002 Amendments

note set out under section 101 of this title and Tables.

Another Federal Information Security Management

Act of 2002 is title X of Pub. L. 107–296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat.

2259. For complete classification of this Act to the

Code, see Short Title note set out under section 101 of

Title 6, Domestic Security.

§ 3603. Chief Information Officers Council

(a) There is established in the executive

branch a Chief Information Officers Council.

(b) The members of the Council shall be as follows:

(1) The Deputy Director for Management of

the Office of Management and Budget, who

shall act as chairperson of the Council.

(2) The Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government.

(3) The Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.

(4) The chief information officer of each

agency described under section 901(b) of title

31.

(5) The chief information officer of the Central Intelligence Agency.

(6) The chief information officer of the Department of the Army, the Department of the

Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, if

chief information officers have been designated for such departments under section

3506(a)(2)(B).

(7) Any other officer or employee of the

United States designated by the chairperson.

(c)(1) The Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government shall lead the activities of

the Council on behalf of the Deputy Director for

Management.

(2)(A) The Vice Chairman of the Council shall

be selected by the Council from among its members.

(B) The Vice Chairman shall serve a 1-year

term, and may serve multiple terms.

(3) The Administrator of General Services

shall provide administrative and other support

for the Council.

(d) The Council is designated the principal

interagency forum for improving agency practices related to the design, acquisition, development, modernization, use, operation, sharing,

and performance of Federal Government information resources.

(e) In performing its duties, the Council shall

consult regularly with representatives of State,

local, and tribal governments.

(f) The Council shall perform functions that

include the following:

(1) Develop recommendations for the Director on Government information resources

management policies and requirements.

(2) Share experiences, ideas, best practices,

and innovative approaches related to information resources management.

(3) Assist the Administrator in the identification, development, and coordination of

multiagency projects and other innovative ini-
Page 167 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3604

tiatives to improve Government performance

through the use of information technology.

(4) Promote the development and use of common performance measures for agency information resources management under this

chapter and title II of the E-Government Act

of 2002.

(5) Work as appropriate with the National

Institute of Standards and Technology and the

Administrator to develop recommendations on

information technology standards developed

under section 20 of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C.

278g–3) and promulgated under section 11331 of

title 40, and maximize the use of commercial

standards as appropriate, including the following:

(A) Standards and guidelines for interconnectivity and interoperability as described under section 3504.

(B) Consistent with the process under section 207(d) of the E-Government Act of 2002,

standards and guidelines for categorizing

Federal Government electronic information

to enable efficient use of technologies, such

as through the use of extensible markup language.

(C) Standards and guidelines for Federal

Government computer system efficiency and

security.

(6) Work with the Office of Personnel Management to assess and address the hiring,

training, classification, and professional development needs of the Government related to information resources management.

(7) Work with the Archivist of the United

States to assess how the Federal Records Act

can be addressed effectively by Federal information resources management activities.

(Added Pub. L. 107–347, title I, §101(a), Dec. 17,

2002, 116 Stat. 2905.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The E-Government Act of 2002, referred to in subsec.

(f)(4), is Pub. L. 107–347, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2899.

Title II of the Act, including section 207(d) of the Act,

is set out as a note under section 3501 of this title. For

complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Tables.

No act with the name the ‘‘Federal Records Act’’, referred to in subsec. (f)(7), has been enacted. The Federal

Records Act of 1950, which has a similar name, was title

V of act June 30, 1949, ch. 288, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch.

849, §6(d), 64 Stat. 583, which was classified generally to

sections 392 to 396 and 397 to 401 of former Title 44, Public Printing and Documents. Section 6(d) of act Sept. 5,

1950, was repealed by Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82

Stat. 1238, the first section of which enacted this title.

For disposition of sections of former Title 44, see Table

at the beginning of this title. Title V of act June 30,

1949, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–217, §4, Aug. 21, 2002,

116 Stat. 1303.

§ 3604. E-Government Fund

(a)(1) There is established in the Treasury of

the United States the E-Government Fund.

(2) The Fund shall be administered by the Administrator of the General Services Administration to support projects approved by the Director, assisted by the Administrator of the Office

of Electronic Government, that enable the Federal Government to expand its ability, through

the development and implementation of innovative uses of the Internet or other electronic

methods, to conduct activities electronically.

(3) Projects under this subsection may include

efforts to—

(A) make Federal Government information

and services more readily available to members of the public (including individuals, businesses, grantees, and State and local governments);

(B) make it easier for the public to apply for

benefits, receive services, pursue business opportunities, submit information, and otherwise conduct transactions with the Federal

Government; and

(C) enable Federal agencies to take advantage of information technology in sharing information and conducting transactions with

each other and with State and local governments.

(b)(1) The Administrator shall—

(A) establish procedures for accepting and

reviewing proposals for funding;

(B) consult with interagency councils, including the Chief Information Officers Council, the Chief Financial Officers Council, and

other interagency management councils, in establishing procedures and reviewing proposals;

and

(C) assist the Director in coordinating resources that agencies receive from the Fund

with other resources available to agencies for

similar purposes.

(2) When reviewing proposals and managing

the Fund, the Administrator shall observe and

incorporate the following procedures:

(A) A project requiring substantial involvement or funding from an agency shall be approved by a senior official with agencywide

authority on behalf of the head of the agency,

who shall report directly to the head of the

agency.

(B) Projects shall adhere to fundamental

capital planning and investment control processes.

(C) Agencies shall identify in their proposals

resource commitments from the agencies involved and how these resources would be coordinated with support from the Fund, and include plans for potential continuation of

projects after all funds made available from

the Fund are expended.

(D) After considering the recommendations

of the interagency councils, the Director, assisted by the Administrator, shall have final

authority to determine which of the candidate

projects shall be funded from the Fund.

(E) Agencies shall assess the results of funded projects.

(c) In determining which proposals to recommend for funding, the Administrator—

(1) shall consider criteria that include

whether a proposal—

(A) identifies the group to be served, including citizens, businesses, the Federal

Government, or other governments;

(B) indicates what service or information

the project will provide that meets needs of

groups identified under subparagraph (A);

(C) ensures proper security and protects

privacy;
§ 3605 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 168

(D) is interagency in scope, including

projects implemented by a primary or single

agency that—

(i) could confer benefits on multiple

agencies; and

(ii) have the support of other agencies;

and

(E) has performance objectives that tie to

agency missions and strategic goals, and interim results that relate to the objectives;

and

(2) may also rank proposals based on criteria

that include whether a proposal—

(A) has Governmentwide application or

implications;

(B) has demonstrated support by the public

to be served;

(C) integrates Federal with State, local, or

tribal approaches to service delivery;

(D) identifies resource commitments from

nongovernmental sectors;

(E) identifies resource commitments from

the agencies involved;

(F) uses web-based technologies to achieve

objectives;

(G) identifies records management and

records access strategies;

(H) supports more effective citizen participation in and interaction with agency activities that further progress toward a more

citizen-centered Government;

(I) directly delivers Government information and services to the public or provides

the infrastructure for delivery;

(J) supports integrated service delivery;

(K) describes how business processes across

agencies will reflect appropriate transformation simultaneous to technology implementation; and

(L) is new or innovative and does not supplant existing funding streams within agencies.

(d) The Fund may be used to fund the integrated Internet-based system under section 204

of the E-Government Act of 2002.

(e) None of the funds provided from the Fund

may be transferred to any agency until 15 days

after the Administrator of the General Services

Administration has submitted to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the

House of Representatives, the Committee on

Governmental Affairs of the Senate, the Committee on Government Reform of the House of

Representatives, and the appropriate authorizing committees of the Senate and the House of

Representatives, a notification and description

of how the funds are to be allocated and how the

expenditure will further the purposes of this

chapter.

(f)(1) The Director shall report annually to

Congress on the operation of the Fund, through

the report established under section 3606.

(2) The report under paragraph (1) shall describe—

(A) all projects which the Director has approved for funding from the Fund; and

(B) the results that have been achieved to

date for these funded projects.

(g)(1) There are authorized to be appropriated

to the Fund—

(A) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2003;

(B) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2004;

(C) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;

(D) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; and

(E) such sums as are necessary for fiscal

year 2007.

(2) Funds appropriated under this subsection

shall remain available until expended.

(Added Pub. L. 107–347, title I, §101(a), Dec. 17,

2002, 116 Stat. 2906.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Section 204 of the E-Government Act of 2002, referred

to in subsec. (d), is section 204 of Pub. L. 107–347, which

is set out in a note under section 3501 of this title.

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on Governmental Affairs of Senate

changed to Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of Senate, effective Jan. 4, 2005, by

Senate Resolution No. 445, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Oct. 9, 2004.

Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and

Government Reform of House of Representatives by

House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress,

Jan. 5, 2007.

§ 3605. Program to encourage innovative solutions to enhance electronic Government

services and processes

(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.—The Administrator shall establish and promote a Governmentwide program to encourage contractor innovation and excellence in facilitating the development and enhancement of electronic Government services and processes.

(b) ISSUANCE OF ANNOUNCEMENTS SEEKING INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS.—Under the program, the

Administrator, in consultation with the Council

and the Administrator for Federal Procurement

Policy, shall issue announcements seeking

unique and innovative solutions to facilitate the

development and enhancement of electronic

Government services and processes.

(c) MULTIAGENCY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

TEAM.—(1) The Administrator, in consultation

with the Council and the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy, shall convene a multiagency technical assistance team to assist in

screening proposals submitted to the Administrator to provide unique and innovative solutions to facilitate the development and enhancement of electronic Government services and

processes. The team shall be composed of employees of the agencies represented on the Council who have expertise in scientific and technical disciplines that would facilitate the assessment of the feasibility of the proposals.

(2) The technical assistance team shall—

(A) assess the feasibility, scientific and technical merits, and estimated cost of each proposal; and

(B) submit each proposal, and the assessment of the proposal, to the Administrator.

(3) The technical assistance team shall not

consider or evaluate proposals submitted in response to a solicitation for offers for a pending

procurement or for a specific agency requirement.

(4) After receiving proposals and assessments

from the technical assistance team, the Admin-
Page 169 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 3901

1So in original. Probably should be ‘‘section 202(g)’’.

istrator shall consider recommending appropriate proposals for funding under the E-Government Fund established under section 3604 or, if

appropriate, forward the proposal and the assessment of it to the executive agency whose

mission most coincides with the subject matter

of the proposal.

(Added Pub. L. 107–347, title I, §101(a), Dec. 17,

2002, 116 Stat. 2909.)

§ 3606. E-Government report

(a) Not later than March 1 of each year, the

Director shall submit an E-Government status

report to the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform of the House of Representatives.

(b) The report under subsection (a) shall contain—

(1) a summary of the information reported

by agencies under section 202(f) 1 of the E-Government Act of 2002;

(2) the information required to be reported

by section 3604(f); and

(3) a description of compliance by the Federal Government with other goals and provisions of the E-Government Act of 2002.

(Added Pub. L. 107–347, title I, §101(a), Dec. 17,

2002, 116 Stat. 2909.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The E-Government Act of 2002, referred to in subsec.

(b)(3), is Pub. L. 107–347, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2899.

Section 202 of the Act is set out in a note under section

3501 of this title. For complete classification of this Act

to the Code, see Tables.

CHANGE OF NAME

Committee on Governmental Affairs of Senate

changed to Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of Senate, effective Jan. 4, 2005, by

Senate Resolution No. 445, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Oct. 9, 2004.

Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and

Government Reform of House of Representatives by

House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress,

Jan. 5, 2007.

CHAPTER 37—ADVERTISEMENTS BY

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Sec.

3701. Advertisements for contracts in District of

Columbia.

3702. Advertisements not to be published without

written authority.

3703. Rate of payment for advertisements, notices,

and proposals.

§ 3701. Advertisements for contracts in District of

Columbia

Advertisements for contracts for the public

service may not be published in any newspaper

published and printed in the District of Columbia unless the supplies or labor covered by the

advertisement are to be furnished or performed

in the District of Columbia or in the adjoining

counties of Maryland or Virginia.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1305.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §321 (R.S. §79; June 20,

1874, ch. 328, 18 Stat. 90; Feb. 18, 1875, ch. 80, §1, 18 Stat.

317; July 31, 1876, ch. 246, 19 Stat. 105; Aug. 2, 1946, ch.

744, §17(b), 60 Stat. 811; 1950 Reorg. Plan No. 20, §2(b),

eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3178, 64 Stat. 1272).

§ 3702. Advertisements not to be published without written authority

Advertisements, notices, or proposals for an

executive department of the Government, or for

a bureau or office connected with it, may not be

published in a newspaper except under written

authority from the head of the department; and

a bill for advertising or publication may not be

paid unless there is presented with the bill a

copy of the written authority.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1305.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §324 (R.S. §3828).

§ 3703. Rate of payment for advertisements, notices, and proposals

Advertisements, notices, proposals for contracts, and all forms of advertising required by

law for the several departments of the Government may be paid for at a price not to exceed

the commercial rates charged to private individuals, with the usual discounts. But the heads of

the several departments may secure lower terms

at special rates when the public interest requires it. The rates shall include the furnishing

of lawful evidence, under oath, of publication, to

be made and furnished by the printer or publisher making publication.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1305.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §§322, 325 (R.S. §853;

June 20, 1878, ch. 359, §1, 20 Stat. 216; Sept. 23, 1950, ch.

1010, §5, 64 Stat. 986).

The second sentence of former section 325 was added.

The balance was superseded by former section 322

which will be found in section 3703 of the revision.

CHAPTER 39—GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING

OFFICE: OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL

Sec.

3901. Purpose and establishment of the Office of Inspector General.

3902. Appointment of Inspector General; supervision; removal.

3903. Duties, responsibilities, authority, and reports.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in chapter heading on

authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235, div. H,

title I, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537, set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

§ 3901. Purpose and establishment of the Office

of Inspector General

In order to create an independent and objective office—

(1) to conduct and supervise audits and investigations relating to the Government Publishing Office;

(2) to provide leadership and coordination

and recommend policies to promote economy,

efficiency, and effectiveness; and
§ 3902 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS Page 170

(3) to provide a means of keeping the Director of the Government Publishing Office and

the Congress fully and currently informed

about problems and deficiencies relating to

the administration and operations of the Government Publishing Office;

there is hereby established an Office of Inspector

General in the Government Publishing Office.

(Added Pub. L. 100–504, title II, §202, Oct. 18, 1988,

102 Stat. 2530; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H,

title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat.

2537.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Par. (3). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted

‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for

‘‘Public Printer’’.

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ in pars. (1) and (3) and

concluding provisions on authority of section 1301(b) of

Pub. L. 113–235, set out as a note preceding section 301

of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Pub. L. 100–504, title II, §206, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat.

2532, provided that: ‘‘The provisions of this title and

the amendments made by this title [enacting this chapter and provisions set out as notes under sections 101

and 3901 of this title] shall take effect 180 days after the

date of the enactment of this title [Oct. 18, 1988].’’

SHORT TITLE

For short title of title II of Pub. L. 100–504, which enacted this chapter, as the ‘‘Government Printing Office

Inspector General Act of 1988’’, see section 201 of Pub.

L. 100–504, set out as a Short Title of 1988 Amendment

note under section 101 of this title.

TRANSFER OF OFFICE

Pub. L. 100–504, title II, §203, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat.

2531 transferred the office of the Government Printing

Office referred to as the ‘‘Office of Inspector General’’,

and the functions, powers, duties, and certain personnel

of that office, to the Office of Inspector General in the

Government Printing Office.

PAYMENT AUTHORITY SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATIONS

Pub. L. 100–504, title II, §205, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat.

2531, provided that: ‘‘Any authority to make payments

under this title [enacting this chapter and provisions

set out as notes under sections 101 and 3901 of this title]

shall be effective only to such extent as provided in appropriations Acts.’’

§ 3902. Appointment of Inspector General; supervision; removal

(a) There shall be at the head of the Office of

Inspector General, an Inspector General who

shall be appointed by the Director of the Government Publishing Office without regard to political affiliation and solely on the basis of integrity and demonstrated ability in accounting,

auditing, financial analysis, law, management

analysis, public administration, or investigations. The Inspector General shall report to, and

be under the general supervision of, the Director

of the Government Publishing Office. The Director of the Government Publishing Office shall

have no authority to prevent or prohibit the Inspector General from initiating, carrying out, or

completing any audit or investigation, or from

issuing any subpena during the course of any

audit or investigation.

(b) The Inspector General may be removed

from office by the Director of the Government

Publishing Office. The Director of the Government Publishing Office shall, promptly upon

such removal, communicate in writing the reasons for any such removal to each House of the

Congress.

(Added Pub. L. 100–504, title II, §202, Oct. 18, 1988,

102 Stat. 2530; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H,

title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’

wherever appearing.

§ 3903. Duties, responsibilities, authority, and reports

(a) Sections 4, 5, 6 (other than subsection (a)(7)

and (8) thereof), and 7 of the Inspector General

Act of 1978 (Public Law 95–452; 5 U.S.C. App. 3)

shall apply to the Inspector General of the Government Publishing Office and the Office of such

Inspector General and such sections shall be applied to the Government Publishing Office and

the Director of the Government Publishing Office by substituting—

(1) ‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘establishment’’; and

(2) ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing

Office’’ for ‘‘head of the establishment’’.

(b) The Inspector General, in carrying out the

provisions of this chapter, is authorized to select, appoint, and employ such officers and employees as may be necessary for carrying out the

functions, powers, and duties of the Office of Inspector General subject to the provisions of this

title governing selections, appointments, and

employment in the Government Publishing Office (and any regulations thereunder).

(Added Pub. L. 100–504, title II, §202, Oct. 18, 1988,

102 Stat. 2531; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H,

title I, §1301(b), (c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat.

2537.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Sections 4, 5, 6, and 7 of the Inspector General Act of

1978, referred to in subsec. (a), are sections 4, 5, 6, and

7 of Pub. L. 95–452, which is set out in the Appendix to

Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235, §1301(c)(1), substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’ in introductory provisions

and par. (2).

CHANGE OF NAME

‘‘Government Publishing Office’’ substituted for

‘‘Government Printing Office’’ wherever appearing in

text on authority of section 1301(b) of Pub. L. 113–235,

set out as a note preceding section 301 of this title.

CHAPTER 41—ACCESS TO FEDERAL

ELECTRONIC INFORMATION

Sec.

4101. Electronic directory; online access to publications; electronic storage facility.

4102. Fees.
Page 171 TITLE 44—PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS § 4104

Sec.

4103. Biennial report.

4104. Definition.

§ 4101. Electronic directory; online access to publications; electronic storage facility

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Superintendent of Documents, under the direction of the Director of the

Government Publishing Office, shall—

(1) maintain an electronic directory of Federal electronic information;

(2) provide a system of online access to the

Congressional Record, the Federal Register,

and, as determined by the Superintendent of

Documents, other appropriate publications

distributed by the Superintendent of Documents; and

(3) operate an electronic storage facility for

Federal electronic information to which online access is made available under paragraph

(2).

(b) DEPARTMENTAL REQUESTS.—To the extent

practicable, the Superintendent of Documents

shall accommodate any request by the head of a

department or agency to include in the system

of access referred to in subsection (a)(2) information that is under the control of the department

or agency involved.

(c) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out this section, the Superintendent of Documents shall

consult—

(1) users of the directory and the system of

access provided for under subsection (a); and

(2) other providers of similar information

services.

The purpose of such consultation shall be to assess the quality and value of the directory and

the system, in light of user needs.

(Added Pub. L. 103–40, §2(a), June 8, 1993, 107

Stat. 112; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title

I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’ in introductory provisions.

STATUS REPORT

Pub. L. 103–40, §3, June 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 113, required

the Public Printer to submit a report to Congress on

the status of the directory, the system of access, and

the electronic storage facility referred to in section

4101 of this title by June 30, 1994.

OPERATIONAL DEADLINE

Pub. L. 103–40, §4(a), June 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 113, provided that: ‘‘The directory, the system of access, and

the electronic storage facility referred to in section

4101 of title 44, United States Code, as added by section

2(a), shall be operational not later than one year after

the date of the enactment of this Act [June 8, 1993].’’

§ 4102. Fees

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Superintendent of Documents, under the direction of the Director of the

Government Publishing Office, may charge reasonable fees for use of the directory and the system of access provided for under section 4101, except that use of the directory and the system

shall be made available to depository libraries

without charge. The fees received shall be treated in the same manner as moneys received from

sale of documents under section 1702 of this

title.

(b) COST RECOVERY.—The fees charged under

this section shall be set so as to recover the incremental cost of dissemination of the information involved, with the cost to be computed

without regard to section 1708 of this title.

(Added Pub. L. 103–40, §2(a), June 8, 1993, 107

Stat. 113; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title

I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public

Printer’’.

§ 4103. Biennial report

Not later than December 31 of each odd-numbered year, the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall submit to the Congress, with

respect to the two preceding fiscal years, a report on the directory, the system of access, and

the electronic storage facility referred to in section 4101(a). The report shall include a description of the functions involved, including a statement of cost savings in comparison with traditional forms of information distribution.

(Added Pub. L. 103–40, §2(a), June 8, 1993, 107

Stat. 113; amended Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title

I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

AMENDMENTS

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted ‘‘Director of the

Government Publishing Office’’ for ‘‘Public Printer’’.

FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

Pub. L. 103–40, §4(b), June 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 114, provided that: ‘‘The first report referred to in section 4103

of title 44, United States Code, as added by section 2(a),

shall be submitted not later than December 31, 1995.’’

§ 4104. Definition

As used in this chapter, the term ‘‘Federal

electronic information’’ means Federal public

information stored electronically.

(Added Pub. L. 103–40, §2(a), June 8, 1993, 107

Stat. 113.)