### R EVISED Augu st 20, 2 015

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 13

- 31078

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , Plaintiff

- Appellant

v. KENNETH BOWEN; ROBERT GISEVIUS; ROBERT FAULCON; ANTHONY VALLAVASO; ARTHUR KAUFMAN,

Defendants

- Appellees

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana

Before JONES, CLEMENT , and PRADO , Circuit Judges. EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge : In the anarchy following Hurricane Katrina, a group of heavily armed New Orleans police officers were dispatched to the Danziger B ridge in response to an emergen cy call reporting shots being fired at police

. There, amid chaos, they shot and killed two unarmed men, one of them developmentally disabled, and wounded four other unarmed civilians. The police then allegedly orchestrated a cover
- up to deny what happene d. Some of those involved were tried by the state, but a mistrial was ordered. The federal government took over the prosecution and has also bungled it. Five former officers have been United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED August 18, 2015

Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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2 convicted of serious crimes and received lengthy sentences. Yet they appear in this court as Appellees, and the federal government as the Appellant, because the district court granted a new tria l. The reasons for granting a new trial are novel and extraordinary. No less than three high

- ranking federal prosecutors are known to have been posting online, anonymous comments to newspaper articles about the case throughout its duration. The government makes no att empt to justify the prosecutors’ ethical lapses, which the court described as having created an

“ online 21 st cen tury carnival atmosphere.” Not only that, but the government inadequately investigated and substantially delayed the ferreting out of information about its in

- house contributors to the anonymous postings. The district court also found that cooperating de fendants called to testify by the government lied, an FBI agent overstepped, defense witnesses were
intimidated from testifying , and inexplicably gross sentencing dispariti es resulted from the government’ s plea bargains and charging practices

. Like the dis tri ct court, we are well aware of our duty normally to affirm convictions that are tainted only by harml ess error. In this extraordinary case , however, harmless error cannot even be evaluated because the full consequences of the federal prosecutors ’ misco nduct remain uncertain after
less

- than

- definitive DOJ internal investigations. The trial, in any event, was permeated by the cumulative effect of the additional irregulariti es found by the district court. We conclude that the grant of a new tria l was n ot an abuse of the district court’ s discretion. The following discussion cannot be fully understood without reference to the district court’s lengthy, comprehensive , and careful opinions in which it evaluated the prosecutorial misconduct as it was revealed to the district court and made significant findings of fact on which we rely. This opinion Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 2 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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3 summarizes only th e highlights of those findings. See United States v. Bowen ( December Order ), No. 10

- 204, 2013 WL 6531577 (E.D. La. Dec. 12, 2013); United States v. Bowen ( September Order ), 969 F. Supp. 2d 546 (E.D. La. 2013); United States v. Bowen , ( November Order ), 969 F. Supp. 2d 518 (E.D. La. 2012). BACKGROUND A federal grand jury returned a 25

- coun t indictment agains t former New Orleans Police Department (“ NOPD”) officers Kenneth Bowen, Robert Gisevius, Robert Faulcon, Anthony Villavaso, and Arthur “ Archie ” Kaufman for their roles in the Danziger Bridge shootings and ensuing alleged cover

- up. The indictment charged defendants with civil rights, firearms, co nspiracy, and ob struction of justice offenses; only Faulcon was indicted for actuall y making a fatal shot. 1 Several other former police officers indicted at the same time pled guilty, and most testifi ed at trial for the government. Despite their egregious behavior at the Danziger Bridge, the cooperating defendants received much lighter sentences because the government agreed not to charge a series of firearms offenses that carry substantial minimum re quired, consecutive
sentences. E motions ran high as the prosecution progressed. Local news coverage of the impending federal indictments was punctuated by press leaks “from unnamed sources” that tended to favor the government. One cooperating defendant, Lehrman n , signed a confidential plea agreement, and a ma gistrate judge seal ed the Information against him. One day before Lehrman n was scheduled to enter the plea in open court, the Associated Press and the New Orleans Times

- Picayune , the local paper of record, published articles

1 Another defendant’ s case was severed and separately tried. See United States v. Dugue , ___F.3d ___. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 3 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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4 announcing that fact. The dis trict court ordered the government to attempt to find the leak, but the order bore no fruit. Concomitantly, commenters on the website for the New Orleans Times Picayune vigorously debated the significance o f the case and the guilt of the individual perpetrators and the entire New Orl eans Po lice Department. The indictments were handed down on July 12, 2010, the trial occurred over a two week period from late June to early July 2011, and the defendants were found guilty on nearly all counts. There is no dispute that the district court conducted a thorough and conscientious jury voir dire based on the information known at the time. 2 During the interim between the verdict and sentenci ng, events reflecting shocking breaches of prosecutorial ethics were r evealed and then compounded by further breaches

. To make a very long story short, the district court was led on a “ legal odyssey ” by the government that began in March 2012 when another target of federal investigation in New Orleans discovered that a high

ranking Assistant United States Attorney , Senior Trial Counsel Sal Perricone, had been posting comments to Nola.com under multiple assumed names. 3 Perricone’ s comments frequently involved other mat ters pending in the United States Attorney’ s O ffice (“USA O”) and were inflammatory, highly opinionated, and pro

- prosecution. Perricone’ s comments were soon also tied to the Danzi ger Bridge prosecutions and were shown to have begun well before the indictment s and continued through trial. He castigated the defendants and their lawyers and repeatedl y chastised the NOPD as a fish “ rotten from the head down. ”

2 Post

- trial, the defendants filed an initial motion for new trial within a month, the issues in which are not relevant here.

3 Perricone ’s and later First United States Attorney and Chief of the Office’s Criminal Division Jan Mann’s identities were uncovered by forensic comparison of their characteristic writing styles in the online comments and in court filings. The forensic exp ert in question had previously assisted the FBI in identifying the Unabomber. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 4 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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5 Within ten days of the March 2012 revelation of Perricone’ s comments , he resigned as an AUSA , and the n
- U nited S tates Attorney Jim Let ten issued a press release attempting to confine any online misconduct to Perricone alone. Prompted by the revelation of Perricone’ s comments , the defendants

move d for a new trial based on the commenting and repeated press leaks that, they contended, had i nflamed public opinion against them. In addition to the prejudicial atmosphere, they charged that the government induced coerced guilty pleas and procured false testimony to secure convi ctions at any cost. The district court’ s first hearing on these alleg ations occurred in June
2012

. At the hearing, U nited S tates Attorney Letten was flanked by his First Assistant U nited S tates Attorney and Chief of the Office’s Criminal Division
Jan Ma nn as he promised “ gospel truth ” that no one else had commented on
stor ies related to pending cases

. 4 Additio nally, the DOJ’ s chief prosecutor in this case, Barbara Bernstein , represented to the district court that no member of “ the trial team” had commented online . The district court acutely observed that its concern about leaks and pu blicity was not limited to the “team” but extended to all of the federal government. The district court repeatedly expressed skepticism that a new trial would be required , but it ordered the USAO to con duct two investigation s. The first asked the government to reveal who had leaked the Lohman guilty plea to the press. The second, respon sive to the defendants’ claims about online activity , was to verify that only Perricone had publicly commented about the case and to catalog the comments chron ologically

.

4 Letten averred: “ In terms of Perricone, Judge, I will tell you right now on the record that . . . neither I, nor Jan Mann, nor people in positions of authority in our office , to my knowledge did not have any knowledge of, nor did we authorize, nor did we procure or have any knowledge of Sal Perricone anonymously posting comments about cases or anything like that whatsoever until we learned about it in th e filing. That is Gosp el truth.” Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 5 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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6 Jan Man n was tasked by Letten to conduct the investigation s within the New Orleans office. S he reported back to the district court with assurances that Perri cone was the sole culprit in the USAO and that the defense was likely responsible fo r press leaks. 5 These incomplete initial reports failed to overcome the district court’ s

concerns . The district court’ s opinion explains several deficiencies , November Order , 969 F. Supp. 2d at 533

- 38 , but it suffices here to note that Perricone,

now a private citizen, had not been questioned under oath by Jan Mann. The catalog of Perricone’s comments obtained by the district court reflected those he composed as “HenryL.Mencken

_ 1951” but did not include comments he submitted under alternative monikers

. Surprisingly , in the first week of August , while the district court’s inquiries were still being pursued, an extensive interview of Perricone was published in New Orleans M agazine . The interview was both revelatory and self

- serving

. Revelatory, inter a lia , was the information that Per ricone had actually posted comments about pending USAO matters under not one but several assumed names. Self

- servingly, he stated his commenting was “my secret,” that he had been motivated to post comments only to defend t he practices of his office , and that no one else in the office, specifically Letten and
Jan Mann, had known of his activity. The district court was pondering a request by the defendants to hold a hearing on their motion for a new trial. While responses from the USAO had up to this point been under seal, the district court identified several categories of emails produced by the government that the district court believed could be

5 In another case being hand led by the New Orleans USAO , Jan Mann as lead counsel also stood silent while the court repeated Letten’s assurances that only Perricone had commented unethically. United States v. Broussard , No. 2:11

- CR

- 299, 2014 W L 3489725 (E.D. La. July 14, 2014), aff ’d , 595 F. App’x 441 (5th Cir. 2015)

. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 6 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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7 relevant to th e extent of possible misconduct. After hearing both sides about whether those documents should be revealed to the defendants, the district
court ordered all but one produced under a protective order. The district court also set a status conference at which Perricone would testify under o ath. At that October 10, 2012 status conference, atten ded by DOJ representatives, Jan Mann, and defense counsel, Perricone testified extensively. F rom the district court’s perspective, Perricone raised further questions about the possible involvement of t he loca l FBI in press leaks and about online monikers that he affirmed he did not use, specifically those of “eweman” and certain variations on “campstblue.” Postings under these additional names had come to th e district court’s attention because their

co ntent implied they might have been written by insiders to the prosecution. Perricone admitted to using several monikers, but he could not recall if he had used others. He also stated that he post ed generally at nights and on weekends, although a handful were written in his office at work. A colloquy toward the end of this hearing led the district court shortly afterward to write
Jan Mann seeking information on whether any personnel associated with the federal courts might also have been posting comments online. Jan Mann

respo nded on October 19 with a letter that included the following statements: Prior to the Perricone incident, I was not a follower of nola.com postings and had no real sense of what was happening there

. . . . In trying to express these thoughts about human failings and flaws, about hypocrisy and hidden agendas, I did not intend to suggest that anyone else in particular was posting. If I was so perceived, I regret it.
Before it could take testimony fr om another former AUSA , 6 as the district court put it “Another Shoe Drops/Another ‘Secret’

— Friday November

6 Defense counsel had identified Michael Magner . Magner, who had left the USAO, suggested that several people in the office had been posting comments or, contrary to Letten’s Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 7 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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8 2, 2012,” a lawsuit was filed alleging that Jan Man n had been comment ing, as “eweman.” About forty i nappropriate comments under this moniker had appeared on the Nola.com website fro m November 2011 until Perricone was exposed in March 2012. The suit alleged that “ approximately 63 percent of the posts by [First AUSA Mann] appear with comments posted by Perricone , and they frequently reply to express consistency with the points of view expre ssed by the other.” November Order , 909 F. Supp. 2d at 530. It took four days, plus a specific request by the district court, be for e Letten informed the district court that indeed, Jan Mann had “much to his surprise” admitted her activity on Nola.c om. The district court’s hearing to take testimony from Magner occurred on November 7 , with Letten ( standing in for Jan Mann ), representatives of the DOJ , and defense counsel. Magner yielded insights into the possible knowledge of other AUSAs and office p ersonnel about Perricone’s comments

. H e specifically insinuated that Mann and her husband , AUSA Jim Mann, as friends of Pe rricone, knew about the commenting . Bernstein from DOJ stated her “surprise” at the origina l allegations against Perricone and that she was “flabbergasted” and incred ulous about Mann’s involvement. Bernstein assured the district court that, having interviewed current and former members of “the prosecution team,” she was told that none of them had been posting comments . She contended that because the postings were anonymous, the district court had conducted a thorough jury voir dire, and Jan Mann’s postings on the Danziger Bridge case apparently post

- dated the trial , “the conduct at issue had no effect on the validity” of the verdict a gainst the defendants. Id . at 533.

statement, had either known about or strongly suspected Perricone was doing so . Magner also stated that Jan Mann’s husband Jim, an other AUSA, was Perricone’s closest professional friend, and the ir offices were next door to each other

. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 8 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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9 The district court’s November 2012 opinion and order summarizing developments to this point culminate s with two overlapping questions: (1) what is the full extent of the misconduct, and what are its institutional ramifi cations; and (2) how does such misconduct, both that which has occurred and what the defendants believe to have occurred, affect the validity of the
verdicts under Fed eral R ule of Criminal Pro cedure 33? Id

. The district court was as yet unable to rule on the motion for a new trial because it was “unfortunately hampered by the inability of the DOJ to provide reliable investigatory answers.” Id . at 537

. The district court’s indecision stemmed from an inadequate investigation into the leak of the Lohman gui lt y plea. Also contributing was Jan Mann’ s conflicted and untrustworthy role in the investigation. She had stood by in open court while Letten proclaimed “gospel truth” that no one else in his office had posted comments and was the sole AUSA responsible for investigating the extent of online commenting . All the while, the district court surmised, she had to be trying to protect herself from Perricone’ s fate. While still indicating skepticism that the government ’ s errors could justify a new trial, the district court made significant preliminary findings: ( 1 ) C ertain members of the USAO monitored and reviewed
N ola.c om articles, in particular the “comment” postings , and shared them wi th other members of the office; ( 2 ) S ome members of the USAO determined that the posts suspiciously seemed to contain confidential, privileged , or sensitive information about a variety of cases in whi ch the office was involved; ( 3 ) C ertain member s of the USAO commented to each other on their suspicions, partic ular ly concerning commenters named Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 9 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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10 “leg acyusa” and “ HenryL.Mencken

_ 1951, ” and linked those p osts possibly to Perricone; ( 4 ) T wo individuals in the office emailed each other only a week before the Lohman plea and f our months before the Danziger
B ridge in dictments, and indicat ed that comments concerning the Danziger B ridge incid ent were written by people “ who know a little b it too much about our office

. . . ” ; and ( 5 ) Jan Mann superv ised the responses to the district court’ s attempts to ascertain the extent of online commenting within the office to that point. The district court quoted a number of the Perricone comments dir ectly relating to the Danziger B ridge prosecution and was worried , particularly in light of the bel ated identification of Jan Mann as “eweman,” whether these were the only unauthorized comments from within the office. The district court reiterated its concern, previously expressed, that at least one cooperating defendant felt coerced into pleading guil ty, that the sentences meted out to defendants were shockingly disparate, that FBI Agent William Bezak had used coercive tactics against a defense witness, and that the defense was deprived of live te stimony by at least three witnesses who refused to testi fy at trial when DOJ targeted them for possible perjury charges. Three years after trial, however , not one of those people had actually been charged with a crime. In sum, the district court ordered DOJ to recommence investigation of
both the Lohman leak and the commenting and to finally answer the questions the court had raised. The district court strongly urged DOJ to appoint impartial investigators. This order was entered on November 26, 2012. Would that this were the end of the story. Two weeks af ter this order , Letten resigned as U nited S tates Attorney, and both Jan Mann and her Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 10 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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11 husband Jim retired with their panoply of federal benefits intact

. 7 The DOJ acted on the district court’ s su ggestion by appointing two attorneys

— FAUSA John Horn and AUSA Charysse Alexander

— from the Northern District of Georgia to conduct an investigation ranging from the New Orleans office of the
U nited S tates Attorney to the Criminal Division of DOJ. 8 From the end of January until July 2013, Horn and Alexander issued a n initial report, followed by four supplemental reports and voluminous supporting material, which are best described as a whir l pool cycling toward and gradually reaching its drainage outlet

. From a starting point of generality and vagueness about the miscon duct within the USAO and DOJ, the district court painstakingly pried more details and startling information by asking questio ns two and three times. 9 For example, the district court ascertained that neither Jan Mann nor her husband had ever been placed un der oath when being interviewed by Horn and OPR, and each had refused to execute affidavits. 10 T he district court

7 At the time, Jim Mann was the supervisor of the USAO’s Financial Crimes and Co mputer Crimes Unit

.

8 Much of the information provided in the “Horn reports” remains under seal, but all of the information has been reviewed by this court on appeal. The Horn investigation was duplicated simultaneously by an OPR internal DOJ inquiry, which had begun in July 2012 and was completed in December 2013, following the district court’s grant of a new trial. The court’s September 2013 opinion granting a new trial refe rs to the otherwise confidential OPR investigation only when certain materials OPR developed had been revealed to the district court.

9 Again, this recitation simply summarizes a 16

- page excerpt from the district court’s new trial order, to which the read er is referred for complete details

. September O rder , 969 F. Supp. 2d at 554

- 67.

10 In fact, Jan Mann had not been asked, because her attorney said she would not answer, whether her answers to the original OPR investigatory questions, which had been posed to the employees of the USAO in July 2012, “ would have changed ,” after the revelation of her online activity

. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 11 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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12 finally gained ac cess to Jan Mann’ s interview, well after it occurred , and found it incomplete. 11 During her OPR interview, s he claimed for in stance, that she had essentially told Letten about her own online comments back in March 2012, and that she assumed that his conduct and carefully worded statements thereafter were influen ced by her confession. Letten, in his interview, denied having been so informed by Ms. Mann. As the district court later queried, who is to be believed? The district court’ s curiosity was further piqued by a carefully worded reference in the initial Horn report to comments about the trial posted by a DOJ Civil Right s Division employee (pseudonym “Dipsos”) “ who had first

- hand knowledge of the Danziger Bridge case but was not a member of the prosecution team.” Answering the district court’s inquiry, the First Supplemental report, filed in late March, stated that this em ployee was, inter alia , “ walled off from the prosecution team and was prohibited from having any substantive discussion about the investigation with any member of the prosecution team or any superv isor over the prosecution team.” The investigators remaine d obviously evasive about this person’ s identity until pointedly questioned by the district court. Not until a May 15 in

- chambers hearing with Horn and Alexander was “Dipsos” revealed to be Ms. Karla Dobinski, a decades

- long Civil Rights Division attorney , who had actually testified before Judge Engelhardt in her capacity as the head of the DOJ’ s internal “taint team” in the Danziger Bridge case. Her responsibility in the course of the prosecution was to protect indicted police officers ’ civil rights. 12

11 The interview was conducted in the presence of an FBI agent, rendering Ms. Mann potentially subject to prosecution under 1 8 U.S.C. § 1001, but as the district court noted, the DOJ had an inherent conflict of interest in selecting this mode of procedure, for DOJ was not likely to prosecute her while attempting to protect the Danziger Bridge verdicts.

12 Officer Bowen testified before a grand jury pursuant to a court order granting him use immunity. Dobinski’s duty was to ensure that during the later federal prosecution, this Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 12 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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13 I n the October 2012 hearing, Bernstein had not mentioned Dobinski as one of the “prosecution team” whom she queried about online commenting . The district court makes no accusation against Bernstein ; we note, however, that her denial of online commenting by the team proved misleading

. Other gaps in the investigation were evident

. Neither Perricone nor Jan Mann has acknowledged that the monikers so far discovered to have been used by them are the only ones under which they posted comments . Dobinski is distur bingly vague in her OPR interview about how many other people in her department were awa re of her commenting and whether “Dipsos” was her only moniker. 13 DOJ simply refused to follow up with the newspaper reporters who had written articles referencing “ two people familiar with the investigation” and “ a source close to the probe ” concerning the Lohman plea leak. And, “ [i]n a truly disappointing and unsettling crucial development, the Second Supplemental Report also indicates that the DOJ could not forens ically recover computer data from the USAO ’ s I nternet portals for years 2010 and 2011 (prior to December 19, 2011) because ‘ it did not retain d ata for the period before that.’” The district court’ s attempt to discover other online prosecutorial misconduct was thus undermined. Because of the indeterminacy about the extent of prosecutorial misconduct, the district court was faced with holding a public hearing on the

order was not violated. Kastigar v. United States , 406 U.S. 441 (1972); Garrity v. New Jersey , 385 U.S. 493 (1967).

13 See the district court’s Order and Reasons dated December 12, 2013 at pp.8

- 12, which quotes Dobinski’s vague answers. Just one example:
Q: But is it correct that um that you’re not saying you’re a hundred perce nt sure there were no other postings? If we found additional postings, it is not going to contradict your position here today?
A: Right. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 13 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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14 new trial motion in which it would sift live testimony about the Lo hma n guil ty plea leak an d prosecutorial remarks about the Danziger Bridge case. Critical testimony woul d have been developed from the conflicting statements by prosecutors themselves, inclu ding Letten, on these subjects. The district court desisted from this potentially embarra ssing course of action in part because of the additional delay, but more so based on its conclusion that a critical mass of unethical and unprofessional deeds supported a new trial. 14 In ninety pages, the district court develops the grounds for granting a new trial. Factually, the order relies on a number o f events. Foremost are the online comments of Perricone and Dobinski, which in tandem tended to create an “ On

- Line 21st Century ‘ Carnival Atmosphere ’ , ” as gr aphically depicted in

14 Of course, were the district court’s decision to be reversed, it could revert to holding an evidentiary hearing to pursue further the details of the misconduct. In its footnote 127, the district court identifies some of the outstanding issues:
As Henry L.Mencken

_ 1951 , Perricone made two very correct statements: “There are NO secrets in New Orleans

. . . . ” [record ci tation] , and “Perhaps the truth will surfac e. God knows, we need more trut h in this city.” [record citation] . Yet the Court, even with the capable assistance of Mr. Horn and Ms. Alexander, remains unaware of: the identity of the source of the “leak” of the Lohman plea, in possible violation of Rule 6(e); the earlier user IDs of Perricone and Jan Mann, and how many other user IDs might be involved; the identities of ten of the eleven user IDs that were the subject of the DOJ administrative subpoena

. . . ; the information which could have been ob tained from a forensic recovery of computer data for years 2010 and 2011 (prior to December 19, 2011) by the DOJ; whether USA Letten agrees with his former First Assistant that she disclosed her online posting acti vity in March 2012, and whether that information was conveyed to others in DOJ over six months prior to its public disclosure in early November 2012; whether Karla Dobinski’s posting was known to others at DOJ; whether “123ac” is an AUSA; whether other gov ernment agency employees posted comments on this case, as d id government agency employee “A ” and whether any of the three defense witnesses who refused to testify at trial will ever be charged with the crimes for which they were threatened prior to this tr ial. These are but a few of the outstanding issues which would be the subject of an evidentiary hearing. It is anticipated that surely others would surface upon learning further information at such a hearing.
September Order , 969 F. Supp. 2d at 624 n. 127. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 14 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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15 the district court’ s q uotation of all of the comments posted by these two. September Order , 969 F. Supp. 2d at 588

- 603

. Secon d is Jan Mann ’s testimony , which includes the implications that Letten was aware of her online posting activity in March 2012 (when Perricone ’s postings were first ‘ outed ’ ); that she suspected and believed Letten had reported up the line to DOJ abo ut the posting; she “ believe[d] in her heart ” that other AUSAs were also comment ing on Nola.com; and she believes that the USAO and DOJ purposefully a voided directly asking its personnel about their online posting while denying that any organized propaganda campaign was occurri ng in the Danziger Bridge case. Third, the district court evinces doubt about the credibility and tactics of FBI Special Agent Bezak, who at one point appeared to have defied a court order prohibiting contact with defendant Villavaso without his attorneys ’ presence. After the government produced a corrected timeline of events, Bezak appeared
to be cleared of direc t misconduct, bu t his critical chronological error in a significant matter troubled the district court. Additionally , Bezak did himself no credit by attempting to excuse the highly questionable testimony of the government ’ s cooperating de fendant Lohman by saying that, “I t is Mike Lohman’s truth,” and “ Every person has their own memory, recolle ction interpretation of events.” Bezak had also threatened a potential defense witness with being sep arated from her three children “for lying , ” yet this witness was never charged. The government’ s tactics extended to the presentation of testimony by cooperating defendant Hunter that was inconsistent and incredible to the point that the district court dismissed Count 10 , the onl y count that depended on Hunter’ s testimony, and the go vernment has not appealed. That the government was familiar with “ problems ” in Hunter’ s testim ony is inferable from the district court’ s finding that the testimony deviated significantly from Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 15 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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16 Agent Bezak’ s handwritten notes of his previous interview with Hunter. Not only this judge heard testimony from Hunter: Chief Judge Sarah Vance heard his testimony and strongly doubted its credibility and his sincerity in accepting responsibility . Denying the government’s request for more lenient treatment, she sentenced him to the maximum eight years imprisonment on charges under a favorable plea agreement for obstructing justice and misprision of a felony. See id . at 612. The disparity between the punishment meted out to cooperating defendants and those wh o went to trial is stark. The cooperating defendants’ participation in the incident and cover

- up seems comparable, yet the government threw the book at those who went to trial by stacking firearms charges. As a result of the charging disparity, those who went to trial have been sentenced from thirty

- eight to sixty

- five years in prison, while the

c ooperating defendants garnered from five to eight years. In addition to Hunter, 15 a nother cooperating defendant, Hills, had f ired at people on the bridge. Hills pled guilty to misprision/obstruction charges and was sentenced to six and a half years in prison , but he had earlier denied his guilt to his supervisor. He explained that h e had to take the plea deal as “the best [he] could get.” A third cooperating de fendant, Barrios, was the only defendant who pled out but was not presented as a witness by the government. Barrios had been present at the bridge and changed his statements about whether he fired on the civilians. Barrios received a five

- year sentence

. W hen he testified for the defense , he had to contradict his wife’ s statements that he had been forced to adm it guilt despite his innocence.

15 Hunter drove the truck to the Danziger Bridge and shot at Ronald and Lance Madison, then testified as a “k ey” government witness. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 16 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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17 Also troubling was the saga of cooperating defendant Jeffrey Lehrman n , who received only a three

- year sentence fo r misprision of a felony. Yet
Lehrman n worked hand in glove with Kaufman, who was charged with

m ultip le felonies and received a six

- year sentence . In crafting false evidence , Lehr man n went so far as t o create a fictitious witness, “Lakeisha Smith,” to fo rtify the defendant officers’ stories about the shooting

. Lehrmann also falsely charged crimes against Lance Madison, the brother of a murdered, disabled victim. Lehrman n received his favorable plea deal even after he had lied to the federal grand jury. Even more surprising, Lehrman n had been hired as a federal ICE agent during the pendency of the Danziger Bridge investigation and worked as a fede ral agent for nearly four years. His federal employment terminated s everal months after his formal guilty plea. Finally, the district court pointed to its understanding that at least three potential defense witnesses refused to testify following prosecution threats to brin g perj ury charges against them. As the district court explained , since these witnesses had earlier testified to the grand jury, their transcripts could be offered at trial, but transcripts are never as powerful as live witnesses. In any event, not one of those people was later charged. In granting the d efendants ’ Rule 33 motion, the district court principally relied on footnote nine of Brecht v. Abrahamson , which reserves the possibility that a new trial can in some egregious circums tances be mandated for ce rtain “trial

- type” errors even without a showing of prejudice to the defendants

. 507 U.S. 619, 638 n.9, 113 St. Ct. 1710, 1722 n.9 (1993). The court also concluded that the defendants were in fact prejudiced. In autumn 2011, well before it ord ered a new trial , the district court dismissed, for insufficient evidence, and alternatively granted a new trial on Count 10 against Bowen only, Count 12 against Bowen, Gisevius, Faulcon and Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 17 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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18 Villavaso, and Count 13 against Bowen and Gisevius. The governme nt did not oppose, and has not appealed, dismissal of Count 10. Count 10 charged that Bowen kicked Ronald Madison as he lay dying and was supported essentially by the testimony of the government’ s discredite d cooperating defendant
Hunter. Counsel for the parties agreed during oral argument that if we affirm the grant of a new trial on all counts other than Count 10, we need not discuss the dismissal of Counts 12 and 13. The district court issued a subsequent order on December 12, 2013 that, in the course of deciding which documents to unseal for public view, r estated and bolstered the district court’ s new trial findings. 16 In January 2014 , the district court stayed further proceedings pending this appeal. DISCUSSION The government’ s appeal, in pertinent part, challenges the district
court ’ s new tri al decision with arguments why “ anonymous online postings by government attorneys do not wa rrant a new trial in this case.” As subsidiary points, the government challenges the ruling that other aspects of the prosecution cumulatively harmed the defendants and supported the new trial grant, and it seeks removal of the district judge from further proceedings. We discuss each issue in turn. In reviewing whether the district court abused its discretion in the grant of a new trial , we review questions of l aw de novo , but the district court’ s findings of fact must be upheld unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v. Mann , 161 F.3d 840, 860 (5th Cir. 1998). The district court’ s lengthy opinions embody hundreds of subsidiary findings, few of which are challenged

16 The court added significant excerpts from OP R materials, plus a caution, with which we agree, that OPR materials still under seal are also revelatory. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 18 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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19 by the government. With only one exception, the governme nt fails to challenge the district court’s findings on the prosecutors’ credibility. 17 The motion for new trial here was g ranted because “the i nterest of justice so requires,” Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(a), and the motion was specifically based on newly discovered evidence. Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(b)(1). Newly discovered evidence need not relate only to guilt or innocence, but may be relevant to any controlling issue of law. C. W RIGHT & S. W ELLING , 3 F ED

. P RACTICE & P ROC

. § 588, at 448 (2011). If a court finds “that a miscarriage of justice may have occurred at trial,

. . . this is classified as such an ‘exceptional case’ as to warrant granting a new trial in the interest of justice.” United States v. Robertson , 110 F.3d 113, 1120 n.11 (5th Cir. 1997) (citations and internal quotation omitted). A miscarriage of justice harms the substantial rights of a defendant, and it may consist of errors and omissions considered for their cumulative effect on the trial proceedings. United States v. Barrett , 496 F.3d 1079, 1121 (10th Cir. 2007); see also United States v. Sipe , 388 F .3d 471, 492 (5th Cir. 2004). The disse nt seems to disconnect Rule 33(b)(1), governing the timing of a new trial for newly discovered evidence, from the overarching principle that for any new trial motion, “the interest of justice” must be considered. Rule 33(a). We disagree with the dissent in two respects. First, the dissent would confine the instant analysis to the strictures on newly discovered evidence stated in the case law, which ordinarily require a demonstration of

17 The government alleges clear error o nly in regard to the district court’ s disbelie f of taint team leader Dobinski’ s explanation why she resorted to Nola.com to be informed about the trial proceedings. Gi ven the nature of her misconduct a nd its online effect, the district court’s finding is lagniappe. The government’ s challenges to the overall significance of the online postings on jury selection, trial tactics, effect on witnesses and defendants are more on the order of mixed questions of fact and law, see United States v. Wall , 389 F.3d 457, 465 (5th Cir. 2004), and are discussed as such infra

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20 prejudice to the verdict. See , e.g. , United States v. Bowler , 252 F.3d 741, 747 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam). We are aware of these strictures, and we note that the other four criteria stated in the case law

-- that the evidence of illicit government online posting was newly discov ered and unknown at the time of trial; the defendants did not lack diligence in discovering the evidence; the evidence is not merely cumulative or impeaching; and the evidence is material

-

- are not challenged by the dissent. Id . The problem with this reas oning is that this court has never had occasion to consider how to respond to the unique set of events pres ented in this case, that is, to online commenting discovered post

verdict and to the inability of the trial court and this court to know even at this point the extent of the prejudicial comme nting because of the government’s dilatory conduct. The Brecht analysis, as will be seen, fits this unprecedented scenario and is but a gloss on current Rule 33 precedent; surely the Federal Rules of Criminal Pro cedure have to accommodate Supreme Court decisions concerning the f undamental fairness of a trial. It is inexplicable hyperbole to predict that this decision renders the Bowler standard “meaningless.” Second, the dissent artificially confines the scope o f newly discovered evidence to “ th e identities of the commenters,” as if (a) Perricone, Jan Mann and Dobinski were th e only commenters, and (b) the “identities” were separable from the inflammatory comment s themselves, and therefore (c) the impact of the comments on the voir dire process, trial jurors, witnesses, a nd defendants are quantifiable. From the state of this record, however, neither we nor the defendants can know who all the commenters were, how many
online comments are attributable to biased an d vindictive federal government employees acting outside the bounds of their ethical duties, and thus the full Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 20 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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21 impact of the misconduct. What is known, at a minimum, is that seven of twelve seated jurors were familiar with nola.com postings. I. The Con sequences of Anonymous Online Postings That three supervisory

- level prosecutors committed misconduct in connection with the Danziger Bridge prosecution is beyond dispute. Perricone’ s comments spanned the entire prosecution and went directly to the guilt of the defendants, the collective guilt of NOPD, and the relative competence and integrity of defense c ounsel versus the USAO . Dobinski ’ s comments stirred the pot by encouraging comme nters who were plainly familiar with the trial proceedings, one of whom was Perricone, to keep doing

a “ public service ” with their biased reports. Mann ’ s commen ts, posted during post

- trial sentencing proceedings , displayed partiality toward the prosecutio n and denigrated the district court and defense counsel in another Danzig er Bridge case. The government acknowledges significant, repeated misconduct by Perricone and Jan Mann and, to a lesser extent, Dobinski. The gove rnment concedes that Perricone “ inte ntionally committed professional misconduct ” violating (a) federal regulations restricting extrajudicial statements by DOJ personnel relating to civil and criminal proceedings , 18 (b) DOJ policies 19 and (c) court and state bar ru les of professional conduct. 20 The government acknowledges that besides his postings in this case, Perricone posted

18 See 28 C.F.R. § 50.2 , e.g. , § 50.2(b)(6)(i), (vi): “O bservations about a defendant’s character” and “[a]ny opinion as to the accuse d’s guilt” will “generally tend [ ] to create dangers of prejudice without serving a significant law enforcement function.”

19 See United States Attorneys’ Manual §§ 1

- 2.401(E), 1

- 7.550(f).

20 See Rules 53.2, 53.3, 53.5, Local Criminal Rules of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana; Rule 8.2, Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct

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22 “thousands” of anonymous comments on various topics over the course of several years. As to Jan Mann, the government admits that her posting s on Nola.com of “ anonymous c omments abou t Department of Justice matters” violated the same rules, although the results of her postings relating to the Danziger Bridge prosecution are mitigated because they allegedly occurred after the trial had concluded. The government also admits that Mann acted dishonestly during the new trial proceedings w hen she misrepresented facts and allowed them to be misrepresented to t he district court. The government reject s Perricone’s and Mann’s repeated asser tions that t heir private, anonymous online commenting could be separated from thei r professional public duties

. As the “ taint ” team leader for the prosecution, the government observes, Dobinski was prohibited from participating anonymously in a public foru m discussing the case, because “ several so urces of authority broadly prohibit Department attorneys from making any extrajudicial statements regarding a pending matter.” 21 Contending , however, that her comments were innocuous and “not intentional” misconduct, the government acknowledges only that D obinski exercised “poor judgment” in posting comments during the trial. What the government nowhere confronts is the incomplet e, dilatory , and evasive nature of its efforts to respond to the district court’s inquiries about the full extent of online activi ty by government employees and the source of the Lohman plea leak. The district court was stymied and frustrated for more than twelve months (June 2012

- July 2013) by t he government’s tactics, while private sources like a local magazine and an individual under federal investigation repeatedly leapfrogged government admissions o f official
misbehavior. T he district court doggedly pursued the truth about these

21 See 28 C.F.R. § 50.2(b)(5); USAM §§1

- 7.401 E, G; Local Rule 53.5

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23 matters, but to this day the government has never fully answered the district court’s legitimate q uestions. Ignoring the procedural deficiencies of its misconduct investigation , t he government’ s defense against a new trial consists of two essential premises : first, only a finding of specific prejudice to the verdict will suffice to support a
new trial ; and second, prejudice was not shown on the record developed in the district court. We disagree that specific prejudice is a necessary prerequisite to a new trial in this sui generis case. But even if required, prejudice here was
shown both from this pat tern of misconduct and evasion and from other abusive prosecutorial actions. A. Brecht The district court concluded that the government’s protracted misconduct required a new trial under Brecht

. 22 In Brecht , the Supreme Court held that to obtain relief on collateral review, a habeas petitioner must establish that the constitutional trial error had a “substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Id. at 637

- 38, 113 S. Ct. at 1722 (quoting Kotteakos v. United States , 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S. Ct. 1239, 1253 (1946)). In other words, the habeas petitioner must establish actual prejudice. The Court distinguished such “trial errors,” which occur during the presentation of a case to the jury, from “structural defects” in the p rosecution, like denial of counsel, that require automatic reversal of a conviction. 507 U.S.
at 629

- 30, 113 S. Ct. at 1717. The Court also stated that its holding: does not foreclose the possibility that in an unusual case, a deliberate and especially e gregious error of the trial type, or one that is combined with a pattern of prosecutorial misconduct , might so infect the integrity of the proceeding as to warrant the grant of

22 The district court also cited its supervisory power

. Th is ground for relief is disputed by the government, and we neither discuss nor rely on it

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24 habeas relief, even if it did not substantially influence the jury’s verdict.

Id. at 638 n.9 , 113 S. Ct. at 1722 n.9 (emphasis added). The district court found that the government’s pervasive misconduct so contaminated every phase of the prosecution that this case, unique “in nature [and] in scope,” fit “squarely within” Brecht ’s prejudice exception. September Order , 969 F. Supp. 2d at 619. The government argues that (1) the Supreme Court did not create an exception to the prejudice requirement in Brecht but merely reserved the possibility for a future decisio n and (2) thus, pr ejudice cannot be presumed but must be proven. These contentions assume that the misconduct in this case

— online commenting , guilty plea leak, and the incomple te investigation of misconduct

— was not sui generis . Yet neither the government’s efforts nor our additional research reveals cases on point or closely analogous. One certainty is t hat the government presents an overly restrictive interpretation of Brecht footnote nine. Contrary to the government’s pos i tion, this court has described the errors contem plated in footnote nine as “hybrid” errors, falling somewhere on a spectrum between structural errors (prejudice presumed) and trial errors (subject to the harmless error standard). See Burgess v. Dretke , 35 0 F.3d 461, 471 (5th Cir. 2003). In Burgess , th is court held that under Brecht , “ if ‘structural’ or ‘hybrid’ error occurs, harmless error review is inappropriate.” Id .; see also Cupit v. Whitley , 28 F.3d 532, 538 (5th Cir. 1994). We interpreted Brecht to create a new category of errors, not simply
to preserve the possibility of doing so in the future. See Burgess , 350 F.3d at 471; Cupit , 28 F.3d at 532. And we have interpreted Brecht to hold that “a federal court in habeas must generally review a state court’s decision using a strict ‘harmless error’ standard, but that cases involving ‘structural’ or ‘hybrid’ Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 24 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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25 error require reversal regardless of harm .” Burgess , 350 F. 3d at 471 (emphas is added). This court’s holdings are in accord with those of the other circuits that have addressed the issue. See United States v. Harbin , 250 F.3d 532, 545 (7th Cir. 2001) (trial errors described in Brecht footnote nine require automatic reversal); Ha rdnett v. Marshall , 25 F.3d 875, 879 (9th Cir. 1994) (hybrid footnote nine error is “assimilated to structural error and declared to be incapable of redemption by actual prejudice analysis”). The Hardnett court added, “[w]e assume that the facts set out i n Footnote Nine are illustrative, not exclusive, and that the key consideration is whether the integrity of the proceeding was so infected that the entire trial was unfair.” Id

. In addition, the Third Circuit, while refusing to recognize f ootnote nine as “truly” establishing an excepti on to harmless error, still did not “foreclose the possibility” that such an exception could exist. Hassine v. Zimmerman , 160 F.3d 941, 959 n.29 (3d Cir. 1998) (quoting Brecht , 507 U.S. at 638 n.9,
113 S. Ct. at 1710 n.9). Most decisions considering the possibility of Brecht footnote nine “hybrid” error have declined to grant relief to defendants, because most of the complaints have involved pure trial error. 23 As the Court noted in Brecht , when the errors occur during the p resentation of the case to the jury , they are amenable to harmless error review “because they may be quantitatively assessed in the context of the evidence as a whole, to determine the effect on the trial.” Harbin , 250 F.3d at 544 (citing Brecht , 507 U.S. at 629, 113 S. Ct.
at 1710 ). But “[n]ot every error

. . . is easily shoe

- horned into one of those neat

23 See, e.g. , Hassine , 160 F.3d at 961 ( Doyle error not egregious enough to warrant footnote nine exception); Hardnett , 25 F.3d at 880

- 81 (“the prosecutor’ s misconduct did not infect the whole trial” ); Cupit , 28 F.3d at 538 (unconstitu tional admission of hearsay is “classic trial error[]” ). Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 25 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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26 categories. The ‘nature, context, and significance of the violation,’ for instance, may determine whether automatic reversal or the harmless error ana lysis is appropriate.” Id . (citation omitted). Courts must therefore decide where, along
t he spectrum of errors, those which are not clearly trial type or structura l may fall. The “unprecedented” Harbin case, 250 F.3d at 539, is instructive. In Harbin , the court allowed the prosecutor to “save” until mid

- trial a peremptory juror challenge, which he exercised to replace one juror with an alternate. The replacement juror was not shown to have been biased, nor could any i mpact on the verdict be proven. Ne vertheless, the Seventh Circuit held that the error was precisely the type that “defies harmless error analysis.” Id. at 545. The defendants had been denied a comparable right to excise a juror during trial not only because they had previously used all o f their peremptory c halleng e s , but also because they were not even informed of the p ossibility of delayed exercise. Harbin held that this error affected the fundamental fairness of the trial and demanded a new trial without harmless error proof, because t he imbalance in peremptory challenges “gave the prosecutor unilateral discretionary control over the composition of the jury mid

- trial.” Id

. at 547

- 48. And it was “simply impossible as a practical matter to assess the impact on the jury of such an error. ” Id. at 548. So too here , t he breadth of the government’s misconduct and continued obfuscation, as the district court found, makes this the “unusual case” contemplated by Brecht. The online commenting alone, which breached all standards of prosecutorial ethics, gave the government a surreptitious advantage in influencing public opinion, the venire panel, and the trial itself.
A nd b y degrees
, the district court was led to conclude that what it had previou sly considered to be isolated misstep s was actually evidence of a pattern Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 26 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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27 of misconduct that permeated every stage of the prosecution. And because the government refused to adequately investigate its errors, covered up what it knew to be misleading omissions, and in some instances lied direc tly to the court, the district court could neither uncover the extent of the prosecution’s transgressions nor determine the severity of the prejudice suffered by the defendants. The government’s unrelenting efforts thus prevented the district court from evaluating the fairness of defendants’ trial and thrust the prosecution into the rare territory of Brecht hybrid error. Trial errors can b e evaluated for harmlessness precisely because the nature and e xtent of the harm is
ascertainabl e from a review of th e record. Brecht , 507 U.S. at 629, 113 S. Ct.
at 1710. Here, the ability of trial and appellate court s to evaluate the effect of the anonymous comments has been thwarted by the government’s subsequent lack of cooperation. There is a fundamental imbalance between the knowledge of the prosecutors, on one hand, and the defendants and courts, on the other, concerning the true extent and sign ificance of the ongoing commenting

. This

case thus presents the unclassifiable and pervasive errors to which the Suprem e Court referred in Brecht when it identified a category of errors capable of infecting the integrity of the prosecution to a degree warranting a

new trial irrespective of prejudice. Our conclusion is reinforced by overarching standards of prosecutorial

co nduct and the nature of their breach. 24 Prosecutors maintain the integrity, fairness and objectivity of the criminal justice system in part by refraining from speaking in public about pending and impending cases except in very limited circumstances. The g overnment’s own list of applicable regulations and ethical

24 This is not a conclusion that our “supervisory duty” supports a new trial, but a reflection on the prosecution’s cynical minimization of its wrongdoing. Cf. Rideau , 373 U.S. at 728, 83 S. Ct. at 1420 (Harlan, J., dissenting). Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 27 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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28 rules demonstrates that the prosecutors’ obligation of silence extends beyond “confidential and grand jury matters” and beyond the “prosecution team” narrowly defined to include only those who part icipate in a particular case. Further, there is no dividing line between the prosecutors’ professional and private lives with respect to these duties. Had Perricone, Mann , or Dobinski frequented a bar or habitually called in to a radio talk show and blown off steam about the Danziger Bridge prosecution in the terms they used online, their misconduct would have been the same as it is with their anonymous online commentary. The reas ons for prosecutorial self

- restraint are manifest. Although ‘[s]tatements to the press may be an integral part of a prosecutor’s job, and

. . . may serve a vital public function,’ that function is strictly limited by the prosecutor’s overarching duty to do justice.’ Those who wield the power to make public statements about criminal cases must ‘be guided solely by their sense of public responsibility for the attainment of justice.’

Aversa v. U nited States , 99 F.3d 1200, 1216 (1st Cir. 1996) (quoting So uza v. Pina , 53 F.3d 423, 427 (1st Cir. 1995)). Insulating the prosecution and trial from bias, prejudice, misinformation , and evidence revealed outside the courtroom are crucial to the fairness of our processes. Equally important, the prosecutor must re spect the presumption of innocence even as he seeks to bring a defendant to justice. Justice Sutherland eloquently captured the prosecutor’s calling. A government prosecutor is the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a sover eignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern at all; and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done. As such he is in a peculiar and ve ry definite sense the servant of the law, the twofold aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer. He may prosecute Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 28 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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29 with earnestness and vigor

— indeed, he should do so. But, while he may strike hard blows, he is not a t liberty to strik e foul ones. It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one.
Berger v. United States , 295 U.S. 78, 88, 55 S. Ct. 629 (1935), overruled o n other grounds by Stirone v. United States , 361 U.S. 212, 80 S. Ct. 270 (1960). In short, th at the prosecutors’ misconduct was so incongruous with their duties buttresses our conclusion that this is the rare case involving Brecht error. The government re jects that conclusion and contends that prejudice must be proven here, citing cases concerning pretrial publicity, jury selection and extraneous influence on impaneled jurors. S ee, e.g. , Skilling v. United States , 561 U.S. 358, 130 S. Ct. 2896 (2010); Shep pard v. Maxwell , 384 U .S. 333, 86 S. Ct. 1507 (1966); Rideau v. Louisiana , 373 U .S. 723, 83 S. Ct. 1417 (1963). Initially, we note that under Fed. R. Crim. Proc. 52(a), the government bore the burden of proving no prejudice. Moreover, the cases cited by the government are of dubious relevance factually and legally. First, the government cannot obstruct the inquiry into online activity and then claim that there is insufficient proof to support the district court’s findings. C f

. United States v. Derrick , 163 F.3d 799, 809 (4th Cir. 1998) (where prosecutorial misconduct largely consisted of discovery violations, and violations had been corrected , any prejudice that might have existed was fully remedied by a new trial order). Second, the true extent of the online misconduct has not yet been fully revealed, and there are strong implications in testimony by Magner and the interviews of Jan Mann and Dobinski and from OPR materials that the online commenting was widely known within the New Orleans USAO and Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 29 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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30 known within DOJ. 25 Third, the DOJ’s sluggish approach to uncovering and revealing the extent of postings to the district court suggest a prosecution insensitive

— at best

— to what it now acknowledges are strict governing legal and ethical standards. Fo urth, contrary to the government’s assertions, the anonymous nature of the comments does not reduce but increases their pernicious influence. Fifth, cases that concern outside pretrial publicity perpetrated by the press, e.g. Sheppard v. Maxwell and Ridea u v. Louisiana , present neither prosecutorial misconduct nor unquantifiable infl uences on the proceedings. Sixth, the online comments could have affected not only the venire panel and actual jurors but also cooperating defendants and defense
witnesses. F inally, the inevitable impression left by the government’s misconduct and ongoing pettifoggery is of a prosecution determined to convict these defendants by any means. In sum, while a demonstration of prejudice is ordinarily a prerequisite for the grant of a new trial, the Supreme Court specifically identified the type of extraordinary errors that will dispense with this burden. 26 Such error s occurred here. P rosecutorial misconduct commenced even before indictments were handed down and continued throughout trial and into the post

- trial proceedings, and that misconduct affected the prosecution and trial in ways that cannot be fully evaluated due to the government’s mishandling

— to put it politely

— of the investigation into cyberbullying. The online anonymous

25 The court also found incredible Perricone’s and Mann’s denials that each knew about the other’s postings. T oo often, each of them posted in reference to the other’s observations and unfailingly reinforced their prejudiced views.

26 Although Brecht itself concerned habeas relief, “similar or even broader exceptions to the harmless error doctrine should logically apply at the district court level or on direct appeal, which do not involve the especially deferential habeas standard of review.” Sonja B. Starr, Sentence Reduction as a Remedy for Prosecutorial Misconduct , 97 G EO

. L.J. 1509, 1561 (2009). Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 30 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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31 postings, whether the product of lone wolf commenters or an informal propaganda campaign, gave the prosecution a tool for public castigation of the defendants that it could not have used against them otherwise, and in so doing deprived them of a fair trial

. The district court’s steady drip of discoveries of misconduct infecting every stage of th is prosecution , combined with the government’s continued obfuscation and deceit , render s this the rare case in which imposition of the Brecht remedy is necessary.
B. P rejudice Proven Alternatively, even if a finding of prejudice is required here , the district

cou rt did not err in finding that the government ’ s misconduct in this

prosecu tion prejudiced the defendants. Although defendants frequently seek mistrials alleging prosecutorial misconduct, their motions are rarely granted. Even when a district court finds that misconduct occurred, it must also normally find that the misconduct in question actually prejudiced th e defense. United States v. Bowler , 252 F.3d 741, 747 (5th Cir. 2001). Prejudice, in turn depends on the extent to which the particular misconduct contributed to a guilty verdict. Id

. The online activities here were viewed by Perricone as a “ public ser vice, ” designed among other things to influence the community and put pressure on the various defendants who were being pursued by the AUSO. Dobinski also characteriz ed her encouragement of other commenters about the ong oing trial as a public service.
Th e district court was unable to capture the extent of prejudice during jury selection or trial because the tainted source of the comments had not yet been revealed. O n reviewing jury questionnaires for the new trial motion, however, the district court foun d that seven of twelve seated jurors had visited the Nola.com website in the months preceding trial. Further, according to the district court’s review, jurors who visited the website appeared to have a lower Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 31 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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32 opinion of NOPD officers ’ honesty

. Cf

. Harbin , 250 F.3d at 545 (prejudice presumed despite no proof of bias by replacement juror). From a practical standpoint, the defendants were prejudiced because the district court found its investigation of jury selection process could not be effectively pursued years later. See , e.g. , District Court’s Order and Reasons, December 12, 2013, at 22

- 23 ( explaining why an inquiry into juror bias so long after trial is unworkable )

. Additionally , the district court believed that the government pressured cooperating defendants to seek plea deals and then to shade thei r testimony against the others. The district court reiterated that government threats of perjury charges against defense witnesses, which had never materialized, prompted several not to testify at the tr ial. If prosecutorial misconduct must spawn prejudice that is shown to be outcome

- determinative, then the congeries of overbearing activities in this trial might not meet that goal. On the other hand, the facts that the government engaged in misconduct, which took place off the record but in public, and that the misconduct was directed at the public but defies investigation because of the government’s tactics , should tip toward a finding of prejudice. On

- the

- record misc onduct can be easily evaluated; the misconduct here cannot. Furtive misconduct should not escape remedy simply because it was furtive. See Sipe , 388 F. 3d at 477 (affirming new trial grant for cumulative prosecutorial errors and omissions)

. A prosecutor’s status, moreover, enhances the cr edibility of public comments and magnifies the adverse consequences of the commenter’s inappropriate remarks. The prosecutor’s comments implicate his or her inside knowledge of prosecutorial activity as they explain the significance of particular events d uring a case. Bias or vindictiveness in the prosecutor’s comments, reflected repeatedly in Perricone’s postings, cast doubt on the integrity of the process, as did Jan’s Mann’s online questioning of the district Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 32 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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33 court’s motives in a related Danziger Bridg e prosecution. Dobinski’s contributions encouraged and approved one

- sided reports about the trial. All of these experienced, high

- level prosecutors were well aware that they were forbidden, legally and ethically, from making in public the statements they communicated online. They all knew that employment sanctions should be imposed for their activities if undertaken publicly. Although the government does not deny the impropriety of online anonymous comments about pending cases, it downplays the ir preju dicial effects in several ways. First, the government argues that anonymity diminishes the cloak of authority that would otherwise surround the prosecutor’s pronouncements. Because the online community does not know that a prosecutor is speaking, it cann ot be adversely influenced by his inflammatory opinions. Second, the extent of the publicity surrounding the anonymous comments is uncertain because no one knows how many people read online comments to the newspaper of record. Third, these comments

amoun ted to no more than voices in a chorus of public opinion on the Danziger Bridge trial and were no more likely to exert an influence than those of any other chorister. These arguments are not insubstantial, but they are outweighed by the insidious nature o f prosecutorial anonymity, the growing influence of online communications to mold public opinion in our society, and the danger of mob reactions. Anonymity provokes irresponsibility in the speaker. A prosecutor may attempt to comment anonymously in a pend ing case, whether in a bar, on a talk radio show, or online. It is hard to cloak one’s experiences, however, and listeners can easily infer, as a number of readers within the New Orleans USAO evidently did, that someone with “insider knowledge” is making the comments. The speaker thus trades on his air of self

- importance and his Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 33 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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3 4 special knowledge, while imparting a biased and dramatic flair to his anonymous commentary. Unlike this court’s recent decision in United States v. McRae , 27 t hat there is no “proof” that members of the venire panel or actual jurors read or were influenced by the online comments exacerbates rather than alleviates prejudice here. Anonymous postings prevent uncovering the extent of improper influence, adding inju ry to the insult of the biased, inflammatory , and improper communications themselves. Had the comments in this case been delivered by the prosecutors without the shield of anonymity, the extent of the harm would have been quantifiable, but their actions e liminated the measurement of harm. Moreover, the government overlooks that potential harm extends not just to jurors but others involved in the case. It is well to assume that the jurors, once impaneled, followed the district court’s

27 In United St ates v. McRae , No. 14

- 30995, 2015 WL 4542651 (5th Cir. July 28, 2015), this court recently denied a new trial request to a former New Orleans police officer convicted of different crimes in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. The court found no actual or presu med prejudice attending online postings about the case by Sal Perricone. Id. at *7. That decision is distinguishable for two reasons. Most important, McRae argued only “that the court should presume prejudice where deliberate and egregious government m isuse of the media is combined with extensive pretrial publicity adverse to the defendant.” He relied principally on the Supreme Court’s decision in Skilling v. United States , 561 U.S. 358, 130 S. Ct. 2896 (2010), which we have distinguished, and not on B recht ’s identification of “hybrid error.” Indeed, the McRae court does not address Brecht . Second, unlike in this case, the McRae court was not tasked with attempting to uncover the extent of press leaks or government online commenting, nor was it obstru cted in doing so by government delays, nor was there cumulative evidence of high

- handed prosecutorial tactics, nor was there evidence that members of the jury may have been exposed to the online commenting before the trial, nor were the court’s ultimate co nclusions founded in grave uncertainty about the extent of government misconduct or the impact on the trial. Finally, McRae and this case share an important characteristic: each decision affirms the trial court's exercise of its discretion to determine whether the “interest of justice” demands a new trial under Rule 33. See United States v. Wall , 389 F.3d 457, 465 (5th Cir. 2004) (appellate review of district courts Rule 33 decision “ is necessarily deferential to the trial court” ). The steady trickle of troubling revelations about the ongoing misconduct here undermined “confidence in the jury verdict” even without an explicit connection between the comments and the jury, or between the prosecutors and the case team, that McRa e view ed as indicative of prejudice. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 34 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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35 instructions not to obtain extrinsic information about the trial

. For defendants, for the cooperating defendants who testified for the government, and for defense witnesses, however, there are no such restrictions. Only a naif would think that these people, and their famili es and friends, were not avidly consuming all available sources of information from the inception of the prosecution through trial

. Inflammatory and biased online comments to news articles must have affected the participants’ approaches to their defense, testimony, or decisions to testify. That there was some influence, although unquantifiable under these circumstances, seems inescapable. Most pernicious, these attorneys’ online comments knowingly contributed to the mob mentality potentially inherent in i nstantaneous, unbridled, passionate online discourse

. These prosecutors created an air of bullying against the defendants whose rights they, especially Dobinski, were sworn to respect. That they were several among dozens of commenters, some of whom may h ave disagreed with their views, does not dissipate the effect of this online cyberbullying. Just as a mob protesting outside the courthouse has the potential to intimidate parties and witnesses, so do streams of adverse online comments. The impact is fel t not only by the defendants but by codefendants pressed to plead guilty or defense witnesses dissuaded from testifying. Preventing mob justice is precisely the goal of prosecutorial ethical constraints. The government here should not be able to shelter under a banner of “no prejudice proved” while the prosecutors acted no better than, and indeed tried to inflame , the public. For all these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not err in finding that the defendants were prejudiced by the government’s misconduct. On this basis, too, the defendants are entitled to a new trial. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 35 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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36 The government also argues that official and professional discipline were adequate to rebuke Perricone, Jan Mann , and Dobinski and should have sufficed in lieu of a n ew trial. Like the district court, we disagree. To begin with, whether those who committed misconduct were disciplined simply does not bear on whether the defendants received a fair trial. It is clear from Perricone, Mann, and Dobinski’s testimony , more over, that none of them is particularly remorseful about the misconduct , and they claimed to believe their individual First Amendment rights were separable from their positions of public trust. Perricone and Jan Mann both resigned from office with benefits as far as the record shows, although they were referred for professional discipline to the State Bar of Louisiana. Dobinski remains in federal employment with only a bare reproof for her online commenting

. The ir misdeeds are compounded by the government ’ s insouciant investigation, which leaves open only three inferences concernin g this prosecutorial breakdown: the government is not serious about controlling extracurricular, employment

related onli ne commenting by its officials; the government feared what it might uncover by a tho rough and timely investigation; or the government’ s investigation was incompetent. Exertin g professional discipline on three individual government lawyers does nothing to solve the sys temic problem, and it is not a sufficient answer to the miscarriage of justice in this case.
II. Rem ove the J udge? The government ’ s final appellate point asks this court to remove Judge Engelhardt from this cas e, whatever its future course. Removal of a judge is a rare and disfavored order. In re McBryde , 117 F.3d 208, 229 (5th Cir. 1997). This court m ust be persuaded that the judge’s conduct “ might reasonably cause an objective observer to question [the j udge’s] impartiality.” Johnson v. Sawyer , 120 F.3d 1307, 1333 (5th Cir. 1997) (quoting United States v. Microsoft Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 36 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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37 Corp. , 56 F.3d 1448 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (per curiam)); Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition Corp. , 486 U.S. 847, 864

- 65, 108 S. Ct. 2194, 2205 (1988); 28 U.S.C. § 455(a) ; 28 U.S.C. § 455(a) . Three considerations go into this decision: whether the original judge would reasonably be able on remand to have substantial difficulty in laying aside his previously expressed views or findings
th at have been declared erroneous; whether reassignment is advisable to

pre serve the appearance of justice; and whether the efficiency costs involved in reassignment outweigh the benefits to the appearance of fairness. In re Daimler Chrysler Corp. , 294 F. 3d 697, 700

- 01 (5th Cir. 2002). Here, t here is no basis for removing Judge Engelhardt for conscientiously responding to these novel events as they unfolded. The district
court was outright skeptical over the defendants’ initial new trial motion predicated on the Perricone revelations. Far fro m being a non

- neutral arbiter, as the government contends, the district court was pushed into novel territory by ongoing revelations

— that Perricone had spoken to the press before he had been questioned by DOJ; that Jan Mann had all owed Letten to lie in the district court’ s f ace, and she had herself been commenting while purporting t o investigate the USAO comment ing; that Perricone and Jan Mann seemed not credible on salient points ; and that Bernstein , chief prosecutor, kept narrowing the scope of misconduct deliberate ly and artificially. The district court’s failed confidence in the DOJ’ s ability to reveal the impact of inappropriate commenting led to the district court’ s strong suggestion for an ind ependent DOJ review of Jan Mann’s “ investigation. ” This a ction was never challenged in the district court as an invasion of constitutional separation of powers, and the special investigator attempte d to cooperate with the district court. The district court carefully preserved the ex parte nature of much of this investigation for several reasons, including the protection of DOJ employees Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 37 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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38 during the pendency of a separate internal OPR inquiry. Finally, beca use we have not found the district court’ s findings erroneous or its conclusions inapt,
it would make little sense to remove Judge Engelhardt for doing what was called for under the circumstances. That Judge Engelhardt expressed his ca ndid views about the government’ s highly disparate charges between cooperating defendants and those who exercised their right to a jury trial does not provide grounds for removal. N or does his use of colorful language in his written opinions merit the severe professional sanction of removal from this prosecution

. Judge Engelhardt ’s stylistic choices were likely induced when wo rds like “incredible” and “novel” and “unprecedented” were no longer enough to describe the ongoin g revelations of the government’ s misconduc t and incomplete investigation. Judge Engelhardt ’s style is far outweighed by his thorough, fact

driven approach. Th e government’s motion is meritless. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we find no abu se of discretion in the district
court's grant of a new trial to these five defendants. AFFIRMED; REMANDED FOR TRIAL. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 38 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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39 EDWARD C. PRADO, Circuit Judge, dissenting: I agree with the majority that the actions of the government attorneys 1 in this case deme an the integrity of the judiciary and merit the most severe sanctions. But we “cannot permit” these considerations “to alter our analysis, for we are not at liberty to ignore the mandate” of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure “in order to obtain ‘opti mal’

. . . results,” Carlisle v. United States , 517 U.S. 416, 430 (1996). Because the majority opinion relies on extraordinary facts to skirt ordinary procedure, I respectfully dissent. Before this Court is an appeal of a new

- trial order granted under Rule 33(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rule 33 contemplates two kinds of motions for new trial: one “grounded on newly discovered evidence,” and one “grounded on any reason other than newly discovered evidence.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(b). The f ormer “must be filed within 3 years after the verdict or finding of guilty,” whereas the latter “must be filed within 14 days after the verdict or finding of guilty.” Id. As the Eleventh Circuit has recognized, “courts apply different standards” depending on whether the motion was filed within fourteen days or after fourteen days. The trial court’s power with respect to a motion made within [fourteen] days is much broader than one made later than [fourteen] days but within [three] years relying on newly discovered evidence. For motions filed within [fourteen] days, a court has very broad discretion in deciding whether there has been a miscarriage of justice. After the [fou rteen] days, a much more stringent standard applies.

1 I use “ the government attorneys” as shorthand for the handful of individuals in the Eastern District of Louisiana U.S. Attorney’s Office a nd in the Department of Justice who violated their ethical obligations and posted pub lic comments about their cases on NOLA.com. I do not mean to include the many diligent and ethical attorneys who worked in the Office and the Department during this prosecution or who do so now. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 39 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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40 United States v. Hall , 854 F.2d 1269, 1270

– 71 (11th Cir. 1988) (alterations, footnotes, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted) (citing, inter alia , United States v. Rachal , 473 F.2d 1338, 1343 (5th Cir. 1973)); 2 see also Herrera v. Collins , 506 U.S. 390, 409 (1993) (“We have strictly construed the Rule 33 time limits.”). A district court is without authority to consider a Rule 33 motion based on anything other than newly discovered evidence unle ss the motion is filed within the fourteen

- day period. See United States v. Brown , 587 F.2d 187, 190

– 91 (5th Cir. 1979); 3 see also United States v. Campa , 459 F.3d 1121, 1154 (11th Cir. 2006) (en banc) (“A court may not consider motions for new trial based on any other argument than newly discovered evidence outside the [fourteen

- day] period.”). Here, the defendants were found guilty on August 5, 2011. Seven days later, the district court granted them additional time to file a Rule 33 motion for a new trial, as contemplated by Rule 45. The defendants’ August 22, 2011, motions for a judgment of acquittal and a new trial were timely. On May 18, 2012, after it was revealed that members of the U.S. Attorney’s office were commenting on NOLA.com, the defendan ts filed a new motion for a new trial under Rule 33. The question, therefore, is whether the district court could have implicitly construed the defendants’ May 18, 2012, Rule 33 motion as a renewal of their August 22, 2011, motions for a new trial in “the interest of justice.”

2 Several cases refer to the seven

- day time period in the pre vious version of the Rule, which was extended to fourteen days in 2009. Fed. R. Crim. P. 33 advisory committee notes.
3 Rule 33’s time limit for many years was considered jurisdictional, see, e.g. , Brown , 587 F.2d at 189

– 90 (“A district court has no jurisd iction to consider a new trial motion filed beyond the . . . time limit contained in Rule 33 . . . .” (footnote omitted)), but in 2005 the Supreme Court clarified that Rule 33 is not a jurisdictional rule but a claim

- processing one, though “one that is adm ittedly inflexible,” Eberhart v. United States , 546 U.S. 12, 17

– 19 (2005) (per curiam). The effect of this change is that the nonmoving party must raise untimeliness as an affirmative defense, id. at 19

— which the Government did in this case, both before th e district court and here. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 40 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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41 Although the Fifth Circuit has not spoken on the matter, a robust circuit

consensus

— encompassing every court to have considered the issue

— supports the conclusion that a later, untimely motion cannot relate back to, amend, or

renew an original, timely motion. See, e.g., United States v. Bramlett , 116 F.3d 1403, 1405 (11th Cir. 1997) (concluding that district courts have no power to construe an untimely motion for a new trial as a renewal of a timely motion); 4 see also Fed. Crim. Rules Handbook pt. II ch. VII, Rule 33 (“A trial court cannot construe a motion for new trial, filed outside the appropriate time period, as a ‘renewal’ of a prior motion . . . [or] consider new arguments raised in [such a motion]. A court may not consider motio ns for new trial based on any other argument than newly discovered evidence outside the time period.” (footnotes and internal quotation marks omitted)). In other words, a defendant cannot rely on the fact of having filed a motion that benefits from the bro ader, “interests of justice” standard when filing a second motion outside the fourteen

- day statutory period; he is left with recourse only to the stricter “newly discovered evidence” standard.

4 See also United States v. Gupta , 363 F.3d 1169, 1175

– 76 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[P]ost

verdict renewed motions filed outside the seven

- day period and any extension granted during that period are untimely.”); United States v. Jones , 45 F. App’x 271, 272 (4th Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (“[A] supplement [that] raised distinct issues from the issues raised in [the defendant’s] original motion . . . cannot relate back to the original motion for timeliness purposes.”); United States v. Hennin g , 198 F.3d 247, at *2 (6th Cir. 1999) (unpublished) (“Untimely ‘renewed’ or ‘supplemental’ motions do not relate back to timely filed motions.”), abrogated on other grounds by Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 (2000), as recognized in United States v. Gonzalez , 420 F.3d 111, 123 (2d Cir. 2005); United States v. Moreno , 181 F.3d 206, 212 (2d Cir. 1999) (“Because this purported motion for a new trial was made far outside the seven

- day time limit, and there is no suggestion that the motion is based on newl y discovered evidence, it was untimely, and we lack jurisdiction to consider the defendants’ argument on appeal.”); United States v. Custodio , 141 F.3d 965, 966 (10th Cir. 1998) (“[A] defendant may not add new arguments in support of a motion for new trial by including them in an amendment filed after the time under Rule 33 has expired.”). But cf. United States v. Cruz

–

Padilla , 227 F.3d 1064, 1067

– 68 (8th Cir. 2000) (treating an untimely amendment as relating back where the written motion filed after the de adline “merely renewed [the defendant’s earlier, timely] oral motion on the same grounds, upon which the district court neglected to rule”). Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 41 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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42 Therefore, in the present case, the district court had authorit y to consider

— and we have authority to review

— only a motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. Neither the district court nor the majority opinion has applied the appropriate standard: In order to warrant a new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence, [the defendant] must demonstrate that (1) the evidence is newly discovered and was unknown to the defendant at the time of trial; (2) failure to detect the evidence was not due to a lack of diligence by the defendant; (3) the evidence is not merely cumulative or impeaching; (4) the evidence is material; and (5) the evidence introduced at a new trial would probably produce an acquittal

. Unless all factors are met, the motion should be denied. United States v. Bowler , 252 F.3d 741, 747 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (emphasis added) (quoting United States v. Lowder , 148 F.3d 548, 551 (5th Cir. 1998)). When the “evidence goes to the fairness of the trial rather than to the question of guilt or innocence,” the standard is more burdensome sti ll: a defendant must show a “ substantial possibility of prejudice.” United States v. Williams , 613 F.2d 572, 573 (5th Cir. 1980) (emphasis added). This is a stringent test, as well it should be: we have consistently stressed that “[m]otions for a new tria l based on newly discovered evidence are disfavored and reviewed with great caution.” Bowler , 252 F.3d at 747 (citing United States v. Gonzalez , 163 F.3d 255, 264 (5th Cir. 1998)). Indeed, we recently observed that we knew of no case “in which an appellate court affirmed the grant of a Rule 33 motion on grounds of prosecutorial misconduct unrelated to confidence in the jury verdict, merely as a way to punish contemptuous prosecutors.” United States v. Poole , 735 F.3d 269, 279 (5th Cir. 2013). We noted that attorney misconduct, even in the face of ineffective punishment, “[does] not give us license to make Rule 33 something it is not. A new trial Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 42 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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43 remedy is inapposite to the harm where the putative ‘wrong’ has no effect on our confidence in the verdict or the fairness of the trial.” Id. at 279 n.24. The majority opinion, the district court’s order, and the defendant’s own briefing all stray far from Rule 33(b)(1)’s narrow standard. Perhaps this is because the defendants advance no credible argument that the newly
discovered evidence in this case

— the i dentity of the commenters on NOLA.com

— would likely produce an acquittal. The defendants devote only six pages of their 105

- page brief to arguing they were actually prejudiced by the government’s conduct; almost none of the contentions in those pages relat e to newly discovered evidence. The defendants advance a “theory of government media manipulation,” leading to an “overriding tenor of guilt in the community long before trial” and a “prejudicial, poisonous atmosphere.” Although they assert that “[t]his ‘p oisonous atmosphere’ and concerted government misconduct had a substantial deleterious effect on the fairness of appellees’ trial,” they fail to point to any indication of actual prejudice resulting from newly discovered evidence, citing
instead to a stude nt note for the proposition that “damaging media spin can . . . be used to manipulate negotiation before trial

— potentially driving individuals to settle or accept a plea where they otherwise would pursue trial on the merits.” Fatally to the defendants’ cla im, these arguments are not grounded in newly discovered evidence

— i.e., the identities of the commenters. Indeed, it is difficult to see how this evidence could possibly have changed the outcome of the proceedings. The district court conducted an extensive voir dire: prospective jurors completed a lengthy questionnaire, and the district court questioned both the venire panel as a whole and individual jurors in chambers. Then, counsel for both parties questioned the jurors based on their answers to Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 43 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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44 the quest ionnaires. Cf. Skilling v. United States , 561 U.S. 358, 387

– 92 (2010). As the government notes, “[n]o defendant moved to strike for cause any juror who actually sat on this case.” Throughout the trial, the district court repeatedly instructed jurors to av oid media coverage. It is well settled that “[a] jury is presumed to follow its instructions,” Weeks v. Angelone , 528 U.S. 225, 234 (2000), and the defendants have produced no evidence to rebut this well

worn presumption. 5 Most importantly, the truth about Perricone’s postings came to light long after judgment was entered in this case. Therefore, even if the jurors had disregarded the court’s instructions and read articles on NOLA.com during the trial (we must presume the contrary); even if they had bothere d to read the

user
- generated comments on this public website; and even if they had paid particular attention to the comments posted under Perricone’s or Mann’s aliases, they still would not have known they were receiving impermissible information from a so urce within the U.S. Attorney’s Office. The post

- verdict discovery of the posters’ identities does not change this conclusion, 6 which proves fatal to the defendants’ claim.

5 After the identities of the posters came to light, the district court decided its voir dire was “flawed and insuf ficient.” The court reached this conclusion primarily because the voir dire questionnaires indicated that seven of the twelve jurors had visited NOLA.com and the jurors who did not visit NOLA.com tended to agree more strongly with the statement “NOPD offic ers tend to be honest” than did jurors who were familiar with the site. Id. This is a thin reed on which to build an argument for a new trial. As the government notes, this is too small a sample to reach a statistical conclusion. See Mayor of Phila. v. Edu c. Equal. League , 415 U.S. 605, 621 (1974). Indeed, the district court did not find this conclusion significant at the outset of the trial. And, as discussed further in note 14, infra , the district court declined to conduct a post

- trial hearing to see whet her any of the jurors read articles about this case, let alone the comments , on NOLA.com.
6 This Court recently reached the same conclusion in a similar case arising from the online misconduct by lawyers in the U.S. Attorney’s Office, United States v. McRa e , No. 14

- 30995, 2015 WL 4542651 (5th Cir. July 28, 2015). In my view, McRae applied an appropriately narrow frame of inquiry. The majority opinion notes the important differences between McRae and the present case. Ante at 41 & n.27. I write only to express that here, as in McRae , we cannot presume prejudice. McRae , 2015 WL 4252651, at *6

– 8, slip op. at. 15

– Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 44 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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45 The majority opinion reaches a contrary holding. 7 It asserts that this case defies Rule 33 harmless

- error analysis because the district court could not possibly conduct a sufficiently thorough investigation into the extent of any prejudice. But this renders the standard meaningless. A party is not exempted from proving prejudice merely b ecause it is difficult. On the contrary, a defendant who fails to show prejudice is simply not entitled to a new trial under Rule 33, regardless of the severity of the underlying misconduct. Courts cannot

18. “Without connecting the online comments to the jury, the new evidence does not call into question the integrity of its verdict.” Id. at *7, slip op. at 15.
7 Although the majority opinion holds in the alternative that there was prejudice in this case, its reasoning sweeps far beyond the scope of Rule 33(b)(1): it addresses allegations that the government “pressured coopera ting defendants to seek plea deals and then to shade their testimony against the others” and made “threats of perjury charges against defense witnesses, which had never materialized.” Ante at 39. It also looks to harm that “extends not just to jurors but o thers involved in the case,” such as cooperating defendants and witnesses. Id. at 42

– 43. But these examples fail to persuade: the district court could have examined the role of plea bargaining, witness tampering, and intimidation had the defendants briefed these matters in their original Rule 33 motions filed shortly after the verdict. They did not. And on the basis of the arguments actually advanced by the defendants, the district court found that a new trial was not warranted. To the extent that the defen dants and the majority opinion cite these practices now as evidence of prejudice, their efforts are unavailing for the simple reason that this evidence is not newly discovered

— the only ground for relief invoked by the defendants under Rule 33(b)(1). The m ajority opinion also finds prejudice based on “the mob mentality potentially inherent in instantaneous, unbridled, passionate online discourse,” ante at 43. It remarks: “That [the government attorneys] were several among dozens of commenters, some of whom may have disagreed with their views, does not dissipate the effect of this online cyberbullying.” Id . The trouble is, the majority opinion fails to show why voir dire was inadequate to insulate the jury from the purported effects of these comments. Nor doe s it point to portions of the record that show how or why a different outcome might obtain on retrial. Invoking the amorphous specter of social media and cyberbullying

— in the district court’s words, an “online 21st century carnival atmosphere,” ante at 2

— i s insufficient to free defendants of their obligation to prove that the verdict would probably be different. In sum, instead of requiring the district court to follow our ordinary procedure for proving prejudice, the majority concludes: “That there was some influence, although unquantifiable under these circumstances, seems inescapable.” Ante at 43. This is not e nough to support a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. See Bowler , 252 F.3d at 747; United States v. Riley , 544 F.2d 237, 241 (5th Cir. 1976) (“The likelihood of changing a jury’s decision must rise considerably above the level of speculation in order to justify a new trial.” (emphasis added)). Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 45 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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46 throw up their hands in dismay at the size of the t ask. 8 Neither we nor the district courts in our circuit may ignore our obligation to apply established rules to the record before us. Rather than engage in ordinary Rule 33 analysis, the majority opinion discards the established standard and opts for the h ybrid

- error formulation in footnote nine of Brecht v. Abrahamson , 507 U.S. 619 (1993). I see why the majority finds the Brecht standard alluring: it allows the court to consider allegations of witness intimidation and disparate sentencing practices walled off from our inquiry under a Rule 33 motion for newly discovered evidence. 9

8 The district court expressly declined to hold an evidentiary hearing to determine the extent of prejudice in this case

— offering instead to do so only on remand. December 12 Order and Reasons, at 21 (“Were the Fifth Circuit to agree [that the motion was granted in error], it might well determine that an evidentiary hearing indeed should be held, as was this Court’s initial inclination.”). In fact, although the district court agreed that “obvious questions r emained unanswered,” it held out further evidentiary proceedings as a sort of threat should the government appeal: “[F]urther pursuit of testimony and other evidence likely would result in more material revelations confirming the aggressive online activity of DOJ personnel in causing this prosecution to become a cause célèbre in this community, and in the DOJ.” Id. at 22. The district court itself acknowledged that a thorough post

- verdict voir dire would help determine the extent of any prejudice, id. , (“[T ]he same type of thorough, searching questions employed during the voir dire process . . . would have to be asked of the jurors and key trial witnesses”), and it even suggested some questions it might ask: [W]hether [the individuals] read particul ar news a rticles and/or the comm ents to the articles on Nola.com during the long timespan pertinent here and, if so, how often; whether they read or were aware of the particular Nola.com postings at issue here; whether they can remember with certainty if they read or were aware of any of the postings at issue here; whether during times relevant they discussed the news articles or comments published on Nola.com even if they did not personally read them; whether they or anyone close to them ever posts or blogs online; and what their opinion is, if any, of persons who do post or blog online. Id. at 22

– 23. Nevertheless, the district court declined to hold such a hearing. See id. Thus, as the majority seems to accept, the record before us is necessarily devoid of evidence of the impact, if any, of the postings on the jury.
9 I do not find the government’s charging practice as outrageous as the majority does: offering a reduced charge or sentence to a collaborating coconspirator is commonplace in the federal system. Rarely, if ever, is it grounds for a new trial. See, e.g. , United States v. Cawley , 481 F.2d 702, 709 (5th Cir. 1973) (declining to grant a new trial where the defendant alleged newly discovered evidence that an indicted coconspirator was never charged despite se lf

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47 But I am not persuaded that the Brecht standard is cognizable in this procedural posture. First, this Court cannot sua sponte apply Brecht and ignore Rule 33: we lack authority to affirm a new trial granted without a proper motion. Brown , 587 F.2d at 189 (noting that a district court “is powerless to order a new trial except on the motion of the defendant”). The only motion presented to the district court and properly before us is one grounded on newly discovered evidence under Rule 33(b)(1). Second, neither the majority opinion nor the district court has sought to harmonize Brecht ’s hybrid

- error formulation with our longstanding five

- prong standard for granting a new trial under Ru le 33(b)(1). The only logical explanation is that the standards are irreconcilable. Rule 33(b)(1) contemplates a limited inquiry: once the defendant has identified the newly discovered evidence and demonstrated due diligence, relevance, and materiality, th e court must look to the prejudicial effect of the omission on the proceedings, as discernible from the record on appeal. See Bowler , 252 F.3d at 747. By contrast, Brecht error was first proposed in a habeas corpus proceeding. See Brecht , 507 U.S. at 622, 638 n.9. Courts engaging in collateral review have authority to conduct hearings and collect additional evidence; they are not limited by the record on appeal nor by the requirement that evidence of prejudice be newly discovered. Although I would not forec lose the possibility that a court could analyze Brecht error on direct appeal via a motion for a new trial grounded on reasons other than newly discovered evidence under Rule 33(b)(2), I am hesitant to be the first court in the country to find Brecht error in this procedural posture.

incriminating testimony at trial and noting that the government “has wide discretion in determining whether a prosecution against a particular individual shall be commenced or maintained”); see also United States v. Scroggins , 379 F.3d 233 (5th Cir. 200 4); cf. United States v. Prout , 526 F.2d 380 (5th Cir. 1976)

. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 47 Date Filed: 08/20/2015No. 13

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48 In sum, I would conclude that the district court abused its discretion in granting a new trial. The district court erred in not applying our established Rule 33(b)(1) standard, and the defendants have not carried their heavy
bu rden to prove that “the evidence introduced at a new trial would probably produce an acquittal,” Bowler , 252 F.3d at 747. In holding otherwise, the majority opinion puts us at odds with binding Fifth Circuit precedent as well as authority from our sister c ircuits. It is a fundamental tenet of our legal system that neutral rules must be applied evenly to all. We do not

— and indeed we cannot

— interpret the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure differently based on the character of the defendant or the circumstan ces surrounding his trial. The government attorneys acted deplorably in this case, and their punishment has been unconscionably mild. But a new trial is not the proper remedy on the record before us. I respectfully dissent. Case: 13-31078 Document: 00513162268 Page: 48 Date Filed: 08/20/2015