441 G St. N.W.

Washington, DC 20548

B-336186

April 12, 2024 

The Honorable Sherrod Brown

Chairman

The Honorable Tim Scott

Ranking Member 

Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

United States Senate

The Honorable Patrick McHenry

Chairman

The Honorable Maxine Waters

Ranking Member

Committee on Financial Services

House of Representatives

Subject: Securities and Exchange Commission: The Enhancement and Standardization of ClimateRelated Disclosures for Investors

Pursuant to section 801(a)(2)(A) of title 5, United States Code, this is our report on major final rules

promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC or the Commission) entitled “The 

Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors” (RIN: 3235-AM87). 

We received the rules on March 8, 2024. It was published in the Federal Register as final rules on

March 28, 2024. 89 Fed. Reg. 21668. The effective date is May 28, 2024.

According to SEC, these final rules adopt amendments to its rules under the Securities Act of 1933,

15 U.S.C. §§ 77a–77aa, and Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78a–78rr, that will 

require registrants to provide certain climate-related information in their registration statements and 

annual reports. SEC explained that the rules will require information about a registrant’s 

climate-related risks that have materially impacted, or are reasonably likely to have a material impact 

on, its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. In addition, SEC stated that,

under the rules, certain disclosures related to severe weather events and other natural conditions 

will be required in a registrant’s audited financial statements.

Enclosed is our assessment of SEC’s compliance with the procedural steps required by 

section 801(a)(1)(B)(i) through (iv) of title 5 with respect to the rules. If you have any questions 

about this report or wish to contact GAO officials responsible for the evaluation work relating to the 

subject matter of the rules, please contact Shari Brewster, Assistant General Counsel, at (202) 512-

6398.

Shirley A. Jones

Managing Associate General Counsel
Page 2 B-336186

Enclosure

cc: Vanessa A. Countryman

Secretary

Securities and Exchange Commission
Page 3 B-336186 

ENCLOSURE

REPORT UNDER 5 U.S.C. § 801(a)(2)(A) ON MAJOR RULES 

ISSUED BY THE

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

ENTITLED

“THE ENHANCEMENT AND STANDARDIZATION 

OF CLIMATE-RELATED DISCLOSURES FOR INVESTORS” 

(RIN: 3235-AM87) 

(i) Cost-benefit analysis

In these final rules, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC or the Commission) 

analyzed the expected economic effects that may result from the rules, including the benefits, 

costs, and the effects on efficiency, competition, and capital formation. SEC stated that it has 

analyzed the expected economic effects of the rules relative to the current baseline, which 

consists of the existing regulatory framework of disclosure requirements, the current disclosure 

practices of registrants, and the use of such disclosures by investor and other market 

participants. The Commission’s analysis of the rules included discussions concerning (1) the 

baseline against which the rules’ costs, benefits, and effects on efficiency, competition, and 

capital formation are measured, (2) broad economic considerations, (3) the benefits and costs 

of the rules, (4) other economic effects, (5) the rules’ effects on efficiency, competition, and 

capital formation, and (6) reasonable alternatives to the rules. 

(ii) Agency actions relevant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 603–605, 607, 

and 609

SEC prepared a Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis. The analysis included (1) an explanation 

of the need for and objectives of these final rules, (2) a description of significant issues raised by 

public comments, (3) a description of the small entities subject to the rules, (4) projected 

reporting, recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements, and (5) a description of agency 

actions to minimize effects on small entities.

(iii) Agency actions relevant to sections 202–205 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 

1995, 2 U.S.C. §§ 1532–1535

As an independent regulatory agency, SEC is not subject to the Act.

(iv) Agency actions relevant to the Administrative Pay-As-You-Go-Act of 2023, Pub. L. 

No. 118-5, div. B, title III, 137 Stat 31 (June 3, 2023)

Section 270 of the Administrative Pay-As-You-Go-Act of 2023 amended 5 U.S.C. § 801(a)(2)(A) 

to require GAO to assess agency compliance with the Act, which establishes requirements for 

administrative actions that affect direct spending, in GAO’s major rule reports. In guidance to 

Executive Branch agencies, issued on September 1, 2023, the Office of Management and 

Budget (OMB) instructed that agencies should include a statement explaining that either: “the 

Act does not apply to this rule because it does not increase direct spending; the Act does not 

apply to this rule because it meets one of the Act’s exemptions (and specifying the relevant 

exemption); the OMB Director granted a waiver of the Act’s requirements pursuant to 

section 265(a)(1) or (2) of the Act; or the agency has submitted a notice or written opinion to the 
Page 4 B-336186 

OMB Director as required by section 263(a) or (b) of the Act” in their submissions of rules to 

GAO under the Congressional Review Act. OMB, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive 

Departments and Agencies, Subject: Guidance for Implementation of the Administrative 

Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2023, M-23-21 (Sept. 1, 2023), at 11–12. OMB also states that 

directives in the memorandum that supplement the requirements in the Act do not apply to 

proposed rules that have already been submitted to the Office of Information and Regulatory 

Affairs, however agencies must comply with any applicable requirements of the Act before 

finalizing such rules. 

As an independent regulatory agency, SEC is not subject to the Act.

(v) Other relevant information or requirements under acts and executive orders

Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq.

On April 11, 2022, the Commission published a proposed rule. 87 Fed. Reg. 21334. SEC 

stated that it received over 4,500 unique comment letters on the proposed climate-related 

disclosure rules and over 18,000 form letters. According to SEC, commenters included 

academics, accounting and audit firms, individuals, industry groups, investor groups, law firms, 

non-governmental organizations, pension funds, professional climate advisors, professional 

investment advisers and investment management companies, registrants, standard-setters, 

state government officials, and U.S. Senators and Members of the House of Representatives. 

SEC responded to comments in these final rules. 

Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. §§ 3501–3520

SEC determined that these final rules contain information collection requirements (ICRs) and 

submitted them for review by OMB. SEC estimated the burden of each ICR. SEC listed the 

ICRs as follows: Form S-1 (OMB Control Number. 3235-0065); Form F-1 (OMB Control 

Number 3235-0258); Form S-4 (OMB Control Number 3235-0324); Form F-4 (OMB Control 

Number 3235-0325); Form S-11 (OMB Control Number 3235-0067); Form 10 (OMB Control 

Number 3235-0064); Form 20-F (OMB Control Number 3235-0288); and Form 10-K (OMB 

Control Number 3235-0063).

Statutory authorization for the rules 

SEC promulgated these final rules pursuant to sections 7, 10, 19(a), and 28 of the Securities 

Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. §§ 77a–77aa, as well as sections 3(b), 12, 13, 15, 23(a), and 36 of the 

Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78a–78rr. 

Executive Order No. 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review)

As an independent regulatory agency, SEC is not subject to the Act.

Executive Order No. 13132 (Federalism)

As an independent regulatory agency, SEC is not subject to the Act.