J-A08037-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

ERIE INSURANCE EXCHANGE

v.

LLOYD COLEBANK, JANET COLEBANK 

AND ERIC COLEBANK 

Appellants

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1244 WDA 2021

Appeal from the Order Entered September 22, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Civil Division at No(s): 

1817 of 2019 GD, 

2384 of 2019 GD

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.: FILED: APRIL 20, 2022

Lloyd, Janet, and Eric Colebank (collectively, Appellants) appeal from 

the September 22, 2021, order entered in the Fayette County Court of 

Common Pleas, granting the motion for judgment on the pleadings filed by 

Erie Insurance Exchange (Erie) in this declaratory judgment action. The crux 

of Appellants’ argument is that the trial court erred when it relied upon the 

policy provisions of a separate insurance policy, issued by a separate 

insurance carrier, to determine whether coverage was owed by Erie. Based 

on the following, we affirm.

The underlying facts, which were stipulated by the parties, are as 

follows. Lloyd and Janet are husband and wife, and Eric is their 27-year-old 

son, who resides with them in Fayette County. Stipulation of Parties, 2/17/21, 
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at ¶ 15. On February 2019, Eric was driving his 2016 Jeep Wrangler SUV, 

which he owned, southbound on Brownsville Road, Jefferson Township, 

Fayette County, Pennsylvania. Id. at ¶ 6. At the same time, the tortfeasor, 

Wilbert Brown, was operating his vehicle northbound on the same road when 

he lost control of his vehicle, crossed the center line, and collided with Eric’s 

vehicle. Id. at ¶ 7. As a result of the accident, Eric suffered numerous 

personal injuries, which required several surgeries. Id. at ¶ 8. Eric filed a 

personal injury claim against Brown, who was insured by Allstate Insurance 

under a policy that provided $25,000.00 in bodily injury liability coverage. Id.

at ¶¶ 9-10. On behalf of Brown, Allstate tendered the $25,000.00 liability 

limits to Eric. Id. at ¶ 11. Eric, through his counsel, advised Erie of the 

Allstate tender, and Erie waived subrogation and consented to the settlement 

with Allstate. Id. at ¶ 12. The parties agree that the injuries and damages 

suffered by Eric as a result of the underlying accident exceeded the 

$25,000.00 policy limits. Id. at ¶ 14.

At the time of the accident, Eric’s Jeep was insured under a policy issued 

to Eric by State Farm (the State Farm Policy).1 Id. at ¶ 16. Eric specifically 

____________________________________________

1

 The State Farm Policy also insured one other vehicle that Eric owned. 
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rejected underinsured motorist (UIM) coverage2 under his State Farm Policy. 

Id. at ¶ 17. 

Eric subsequently submitted a claim for UIM coverage to Erie under an 

insurance policy issued to Lloyd and Janet, that provided for, inter alia, UIM 

benefits in specifically defined circumstances (the Erie Policy).3 Id. at ¶ 18. 

The Erie Policy insured two vehicles, neither of which was involved in the 

accident at issue or owned by Eric. Id. at ¶ 19. The Erie Policy provides for 

$100,000.00 of UIM with stacking and two vehicles, for a total of $200,000.00 

____________________________________________

2 UIM coverage “is triggered when a third-party tortfeaser [sic] injures or 

damages an insured and the tortfeasor lacks sufficient insurance coverage to 

compensate the insured in full.” Gallagher v. GEICO Indem. Co., 201 A.3d 

131, 132 n.1 (Pa. 2019). See also Erie Ins. Exch. v. Mione, 253 A.3d 754, 

768 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2021), appeal granted, __ A.3d __, 2021 WL 5576704 

(Pa. Nov. 30, 2021).

3

 Eric sought relief pursuant to Gallagher. In Gallagher, as will be discussed 

in more detail below, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that the household 

vehicle exclusion, contained in the insurance policy, violated the Pennsylvania 

Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Act (MVFRL), 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1701-

1799.7, because the exclusion impermissibly acted as a de facto waiver of 

stacked UIM motorist coverage, and therefore, was not enforceable. 

Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 137-38.

“The basic concept of stacking is the ability to add the coverages

available from different vehicles and/or different policies to provide a greater

amount of coverage available under any one vehicle or policy.” Erie Ins.

Exch. v. Petrie, 242 A.3d 915, 917 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation omitted).

“There are two types of stacking, intra-policy and inter-policy. Intra-policy

stacking is when more than one vehicle is insured under a single policy of

insurance. Inter-policy stacking . . . is the addition of coverages for vehicles 

insured under different policies of insurance.” Id. (citation omitted; emphasis 

omitted). See also Mione, 253 A.3d at 757 n.7.
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in UIM benefits. Id. at ¶ 20. Erie collected premiums from Lloyd and Janet 

for UIM and stacked UIM benefits under their policy. Id. at ¶ 26.

The Erie Policy contained the following household exclusion clause in its 

UIM endorsement:

EXCLUSIONS – What We Do Not Cover

This insurance does not apply to

* * *

4. damages sustained by “anyone we protect” while:

a. “occupying” or being struck by a “motor vehicle” owned or 

leased by “you” or a “relative,” but not insured for Uninsured or 

Underinsured Motorists Coverage under this policy. This exclusion 

does not apply when “anyone we protect” is “occupying” or 

struck by a “motor vehicle” owned or leased by “you” or a 

“relative” that is insured for the Uninsured or Underinsured 

Motorists Coverage under any other Erie Insurance Group policy; 

or

b. “occupying” or being struck by a “motor vehicle” owned or 

leased by “you” or a “relative,” but not insured for Uninsured or 

Underinsured Motorists Coverage under this policy.

Exclusions 4.a. applies only when the STACKED option is selected. 

Exclusion 4.b. applies only when the UNSTACKED option is 

selected.

Response in Opposition to Plaintiff, Erie Insurance Exchange’s Motion for 

Judgment on the Pleadings, 7/23/21, at Exhibit 2, Erie Insurance Auto 

Insurance Policy, Uninsured/Underinsured Motorists Coverage Endorsement –

Pennsylvania at 2-3 (emphasis and italics in original).

Eric also submitted a claim for UIM coverage to the Agency Insurance 

Company individually and t/d/b/a/ AIC and/or Agency Insurance Company of 
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Maryland (the Agency) pursuant to a policy issued to Lloyd that provided for, 

among other coverages, UIM benefits under specifically defined circumstances 

(the Agency Policy). See Stipulation of Parties at ¶ 21. The Agency Policy 

insured a motorcycle that was not involved in the underlying accident and was 

not owned by Eric. Id. at ¶ 22. The Agency Policy provided for $100,000.00 

of UIM coverage. Id. at ¶ 23. Lloyd signed a stacking waiver, thereby 

rejecting stacked limits of UIM coverage under the policy for himself and 

members of his household. Id. at ¶ 24. The Agency collected premiums from 

Lloyd for UIM benefits under his policy. Id. at ¶ 27. The Agency policy also 

contained an exclusionary provision concerning UIM coverage. Id. at ¶ 31.

Eric is considered a “resident relative” within the meaning of the Erie 

and Agency insurance policies. Id. at ¶ 25. Both insurance companies were 

aware that Eric resided with his parents. Id. at ¶¶ 28-29.

In August 2019, Erie instituted a declaratory judgment action against 

Appellants, seeking a determination that it had no duty to provide UIM 

coverage to Eric with respect to the February 2019 accident. In response, 

Appellants filed an answer, new matter, and counterclaims seeking a 

determination that Erie does have the duty to tender UIM coverage to Eric. 

Erie filed a reply to Appellants’ new matter and answer and new matter to 

Appellants’ counterclaims.

Appellants also filed a declaratory judgment action against the Agency 

seeking a determination that the Agency has a duty to tender UIM coverage 
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to Eric. The Agency filed an answer and new matter also requesting a 

determination that it had no duty to provide Eric with UIM coverage.

In February 2020, Appellants filed a motion to consolidate both matters 

concerning Erie and the Agency pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 213. On March 10, 

2020, the court granted their motion and consolidated the two cases.

On July 9, 2021, Erie filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, 

alleging that: (1) Eric was operating a vehicle owned by him and insured 

under a different automobile insurance policy (the State Farm Policy) at the 

time of the underlying accident; (2) Eric knowingly and voluntarily rejected 

UM4/UIM coverage under the State Farm Policy, which insured the Jeep he 

was driving when the accident occurred; and therefore, (3) Erie did not owe a 

duty to tender UIM benefits to Eric under the Erie Policy issued to Lloyd and 

Janet pursuant to applicable Pennsylvania law and the Erie Policy exclusion 

provision. See Erie’s Brief in Support of Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, 

7/9/21, at 6 (unpaginated). Erie further averred that Gallagher was not 

controlling because Eric rejected UIM coverage under the State Farm Policy 

and therefore, stacking was not at issue. See id.

Appellants filed a response in opposition to Erie’s motion for judgment 

on the pleadings. They argued: (1) Eric was entitled to UIM benefits because 

____________________________________________

4 “UM” refers to “uninsured motorist.” “UM coverage applies when an insured 

suffers injury or damage caused by a third-party tortfeasor who is 

uninsured[.]” Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 132 n.1.
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he was injured by an underinsured motorist and stacked UIM benefits were 

purchased under the Erie Policy for Lloyd and Janet as well as their resident 

relatives, including Eric; (2) Erie’s attempt to denying Eric’s claim, which was 

based upon his rejection of UIM benefits under a separate policy of insurance, 

was improper under Pennsylvania law as only the policy provisions pertaining 

to the policy from which coverage was sought were relevant; and (3) the 

household vehicle exclusion upon which Erie relied was contrary to the MVFRL, 

and therefore, was void and unenforceable. See Appellants’ Response in 

Opposition to Plaintiff, Erie Insurance Exchange’s Motion for Judgment on the 

Pleadings, 7/23/21, at ¶ 19.

The court held oral argument regarding the matter on September 21, 

2021. Following the argument, the court entered an order granting Erie’s 

motion. The court also entered judgment in favor of Erie and against 

Appellants, stating that Erie had no obligation to tender UIM benefits under 

its policy to Eric in relation to his car accident. See Order, 9/21/21, at 2 

(unpaginated). Lastly, the court stated: “[It] has applied the persuasive 

reasoning set forth in Erie Insurance Exchange v. Sutherland, [1113 WDA 

2020, 2021 WL 2827321 (Pa. Super. July 7, 2021) (unpub. memo),] and finds 

that Donovan v. State Farm [Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 

256 A.3d 1145 (Pa. 2021),] is distinguishable from the facts of this case since 
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the insured did not waive or reject underinsured motorist benefits as [Eric] 

Colebank did here.” Order at 2. Appellants filed this timely appeal.5

Preliminary, we note the September 21st order and Appellants’ notice 

of appeal include the two captions and trial court docket numbers – relating 

to Erie and the Agency as the cases were consolidated. On November 22, 

2021, this Court issued a rule to show cause (RTSC) order since the notice of 

appeal did not comply with Commonwealth v. Walker, 185 A.3d 969, 977 

(Pa. 2018) (requiring “that when a single order resolves issues arising on more 

than one lower court docket, separate notices of appeal must be filed.”), 

overruled in part, Commonwealth v. Young, 265 A.3d 462 (Pa. 2021) 

(reaffirming that Pa.R.A.P. 341 requires separate notices of appeal when 

single order resolves issues under more than one docket, but holding Pa.R.A.P. 

902 permits appellate court to consider appellant’s request to remediate error 

when notice of appeal is timely filed). The RTSC order did note the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that filing one notice of appeal from a 

single order entered at the lead docket for “consolidated civil matters where 

all record information necessary to adjudication of the appeal exists, and 

which involves identical parties, claims and issues, does not run afoul of 

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5

 The court directed Appellants to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement 

of errors complained of on appeal. Appellants timely complied. The court 

issued a statement in lieu of Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, stating it would rely 

on the reasoning set forth in its September 21, 2021, order.
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Walker, Rule 341, or its Official Note.” Always Busy Consulting, LLC v. 

Babford & Co., Inc., 247 A. 3d 1033, 1043-44 (Pa. 2021). Appellants 

responded on December 1, 2021, arguing that the September 21st order only 

impacted the case involving Erie and not the Agency. Regarding the case 

involving the Agency, Appellants asserted the case was settled and 

discontinued during the pendency of this appeal. See Praecipe to Settle and 

Discontinue, 11/24/21 (Docket No. 2384 of 2019 GD). Appellants further 

argued, inter alia, that, because the September 21st order, only resolved 

issues involving Erie, Walker was inapplicable.6 The RTSC order was 

discharged on December 8, 2021, and the issue was referred to the merits 

panel. Based on the information before us, including the settlement and 

discontinuance of the Agency suit, Appellants’ single notice of appeal does not 

preclude this Court’s appellate jurisdiction, and we now turn to the merits of 

their claims. 

Appellants raise the following two claims on appeal:

1. Whether a rejection of underinsured motorist benefits under a 

separate policy of insurance can be considered and/or relied 

upon when determining whether underinsured motorist 

benefits are available under the policy under which coverage is 

being sought[?]

2. Whether an insurance carrier can enforce the household 

exclusion in an automobile insurance policy to preclude 

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6

 Additionally, on November 4, 2021, Appellants sent correspondence to this 

Court, stating that pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 908, they believed the Agency and 

its related parties have no interest in the outcome of this appeal. 
J-A08037-22

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underinsured motorist benefits to an injured insured when it is 

undisputed that the insurance policy at issue provides stacked 

underinsured motorist benefits[?]

Appellants’ Brief at 5.

“Our standard of review over a decision sustaining a judgment on the

pleadings requires us to determine whether, on the facts averred, the law

makes recovery impossible.” Cagey v. Commonwealth, 179 A.3d 458, 463

(Pa. 2018). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained:

the same principles apply to a judgment on the pleadings as apply 

to a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer:

All material facts set forth in the complaint as well as all 

inferences reasonably deducible therefrom are admitted as 

true for the purpose of this review. The question presented

by the demurrer is whether on the facts averred the law

says with certainty that no recovery is possible. Where a

doubt exists as to whether a demurrer should be sustained,

this doubt should be resolved in favor of overruling it.

Id. at 463 n.2 (citations omitted).

Based on the nature of Appellants’ arguments, we will address them 

together. Appellants first alleges that the court erred when it granted Erie’s 

motion for judgment on the pleadings because it relied upon a provision from 

Eric’s State Farm policy under which coverage is not being sought to determine 

Erie’s obligations under the Erie Policy. Appellants’ Brief at 17. Appellants 

state that pursuant to Craley v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 895 A.2d 

530 (Pa. 2006), and Donovan, supra, the only policy relevant to the matter 

at issue is the Erie Policy. See Appellants’ Brief at 18 - 19. They contend that 

under the terms of the Erie Policy, “Erie promised to pay UIM benefits to the 
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named insureds and their resident relatives if they were injured by an 

underinsured motorist up to the amount of UIM coverage purchased.” 

Appellants’ Brief at 21. Appellants aver that “Eric fits squarely in the definition 

of ‘anyone we protect’ under the Erie Policy[,]” Lloyd and Janet purchased 

stacked UIM benefits in the total amount of $200,000, Eric exhausted all the 

applicable insurance coverage available prior to the Erie Policy, and therefore, 

under the policy’s terms, Erie was obligated to provide Eric with UIM benefits 

for the 2019 accident. See id. at 21-22. Appellants contend that Erie’s 

attempt to rely on Eric’s rejection of UIM benefits under the State Farm Policy 

to deny coverage “defies the fundamental tenets of contract law and is 

inconsistent with Pennsylvania law.” Id. at 22.

Moreover, Appellants note that UIM benefits are optional under the 

MVFRL, but if an insured purchases UIM coverage, they should get the benefit 

for which they paid. See Appellants’ Brief at 22, citing Gallagher, supra. 

Likewise, relying on Nationwide v. Schneider, 960 A.2d 442 (Pa. 2008), 

they state that the MVFRL “does not require that UIM benefits be afforded or 

exhausted under a policy at one level of priority in order to recover UIM 

benefits from a policy on a lower or different level of priority.” Appellant’s 

Brief at 23.

In their second argument, Appellants challenge the household exclusion

provision in the Erie Policy because they assert that it is void and 

unenforceable, and Erie may not use it to avoid providing the stacked UIM 
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benefits that were purchased under the Erie Policy. See Appellants’ Brief at 

27. Appellants note that in rendering its decision on Erie’s motion for 

judgment on the pleadings, the court improperly relied on Erie Insurance 

Exchange v. Sutherland, 260 A.3d 115, 2021 WL 2827321 (Pa. Super. July 

7, 2021) (unpublished memorandum). See Appellants’ Brief at 27-31. As will 

be discussed below, the Sutherland decision relied on Eichelman v. 

Nationwide Ins. Co., 711 A.2d 1006 (Pa. 1998), and Mione, supra. 

Appellants contend there are “fatal flaws” in Eichelman, Mione, and 

Sutherland, stating: (1) “the [c]ourts in those cases relied upon provisions 

of insurance policies that were not at issue, which was improper;” and (2) “the 

rationale behind the decisions presume a requirement under the [ ] MVFRL 

that UIM coverage exist on a host vehicle in order to obtain coverage at a 

different level of priority, which does not exist and is contrary to the holding 

in Schneider. . . .” Appellants’ Brief at 32. Appellants also state that 

Eichelman, supra, was decided before Craley, supra, was issued, and it 

“did not address the validity of the household vehicle exclusion in the context 

of the [ ] MVFRL.” Appellants’ Brief at 32-33. Appellants then point to 

Gallagher, supra, stating that in that decision, the Supreme Court did 

address the validity of the household exclusion in terms of the MVFRL and 

found that the provision was contrary to the statute and not enforceable. See

Appellants’ Brief at 33. Appellants rely on the adage taken from Gallagher

that an insured should receive the coverage for which they paid. See id. at 
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35-36. They reiterate their earlier argument that Lloyd and Janet purchased 

stacked UIM benefits under the Erie Policy, and therefore, Eric should qualify 

as an insured under the policy due to the unenforceable household exclusion 

provision. See id. at 36-37.

Based on the nature of this appeal, it is necessary to explain the relevant 

legal history concerning UIM coverage and the household exclusion. First, we 

will examine Eichelman and Gallagher and their progeny. Then, we will turn

to the applicability of Craley and Donovan.

In Eichelman, the plaintiff insured his motorcycle under a certain 

insurance policy, but he expressly waived UIM coverage. Eichelman, 711 

A.2d at 1007. The plaintiff resided with his mother and her husband, who 

each had an insurance policy, on their respective vehicles, with the defendant, 

Nationwide Insurance Company (Nationwide). Id. at 1007 n.3. Both 

Nationwide policies “provided underinsured motorist coverage for the named 

insured and any relative who resided with the named insured.”

7

 Id. at 1007. 

However, the Nationwide policies also included a household exclusion clause, 

which was similar to the one in the instant case.

While operating his motorcycle, the plaintiff was injured during an 

accident. Eichelman, 711 A.2d at 1007. The plaintiff tried make a claim for 

____________________________________________

7 Nationwide did not dispute that the plaintiff qualified as a “relative” under 

the policies. Eichelman, 711 A.2d at 1007.
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UIM coverage under the Nationwide policies. Id. Nationwide denied the claim 

pursuant to the “household exclusion” clauses in both policies. Id. The 

plaintiff then filed a declaratory judgment action against Nationwide, seeking 

entitlement to UIM benefits under the two policies. Id. The trial court granted 

summary judgment in favor in the plaintiff. Id. On appeal, a panel of this 

Court reversed, concluding the household exclusion was valid. Id. at 1008. 

The Eichelman Court concluded the household exclusion clause at issue 

was consistent with the legislative intent behind the MVFRL. Eichelman, 711 

A.2d at 1010. In support, it provided the following rationale: the purpose of 

UIM coverage, “protecting innocent victims from underinsured motorists who 

cannot adequately compensate” them, does not “overrid[e] every other 

consideration of contract construction.” Id. To this end, the Court pointed 

out the plaintiff voluntarily chose not to purchase UIM coverage in return for 

reduced insurance premiums on his policy, and furthermore, he admitted “he 

was not aware that his mother and her husband had insurance policies which 

could have possibly covered him.” Id. Moreover, the Court noted it was “not 

readily apparent that [Nationwide] knew of [the plaintiff’s] existence when it 

issued the two insurance policies” to his mother and her husband, nor that his 

mother and her husband intended to provide UIM coverage to the plaintiff. 

Id. The Court opined, “[G]iving effect to the ‘household exclusion’ in this case 

furthers the legislative policy behind underinsured motorist coverage in the 
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MVFRL since it will have the effect of holding appellant to his voluntary choice.” 

Id. at 1010.

The Court then held:

[A] person who has voluntarily elected not to carry underinsured 

motorist coverage on his own vehicle is not entitled to recover 

underinsured motorist benefits from separate insurance policies 

issued to family members with whom he resides where clear and 

unambiguous “household exclusion” language explicitly precludes 

underinsured motorist coverage for bodily injury suffered while 

occupying a motor vehicle not insured for underinsured motorist 

coverage.

Id. at 1010.

Approximately twenty years after Eichelman, the Pennsylvania 

Supreme Court rendered its decision in Gallagher. In that case, the plaintiff 

was operating his motorcycle when another driver collided with him and 

caused the plaintiff severe injuries. Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 132. At the time 

of the accident, the plaintiff had two insurance policies with GEICO Indemnity 

Company (GEICO) — one for his motorcycle and one for his automobiles. Id.

at 132-33. The plaintiff specifically “opted and paid for stacked UM and UIM 

coverage when purchasing both policies.” Id. at 133.

Following the accident, the plaintiff “filed claims with GEICO seeking 

stacked UIM benefits under both of his GEICO policies.” Gallagher, 201 A.3d 

at 133. GEICO paid him the policy limits of UIM coverage available under the 

motorcycle policy but denied his claim for stacked UIM benefits under the 

automobile policy. Id. GEICO denied coverage based on the belief that the
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household vehicle exclusion precluded the plaintiff from receiving stacked UIM 

coverage pursuant to that policy. Id.

The plaintiff then commenced a lawsuit, claiming he was entitled to 

coverage because he purchased stacked UIM coverage as part of the 

automobile policy. Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 133. The trial court granted 

summary judgment in favor of GEICO, and on appeal, a panel of this Superior 

Court affirmed. Id. at 135.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court accepted review on the question of 

“whether a ‘household vehicle exclusion’ contained in a motor vehicle 

insurance policy violates Section 1738 of the [MVFRL,] because the exclusion 

impermissibly acts as a de facto waiver of stacked” UIM motorist coverage. 

Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 132.8 

____________________________________________

8 The Court summarized the provisions of Section 1738:

Subsection 1738(a) unambiguously states that the limits of 

coverage for each vehicle owned by an insured “shall be the sum 

of the limits for each motor vehicle as to which the injured person 

is an insured.” 75 Pa.C.S. § 1738(a). This provision specifically 

applies “[w]hen more than one vehicle is insured under one or 

more policies” providing for UM/UIM coverage. Id. In other 

words, stacked UM/UIM coverage is the default coverage available 

to every insured and provides stacked coverage on all vehicles 

and all policies.

Under the MVFRL, insureds can choose to waive stacked 

coverage. [75 Pa.C.S.] § 1738(b). If an insured decides to waive 

stacked coverage, then the insured’s premiums must be reduced 

to reflect the different cost of coverage. [75 Pa.C.S.] § 1738(c). 

Importantly, the MVFRL makes clear that to effectuate a waiver of 
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The Gallagher Court held the household vehicle exclusion, in the 

automobile policy, violated the MVFRL and was not enforceable. Gallagher, 

201 A.3d at 138. The Court reasoned, inter alia, that it was undisputed that 

the plaintiff “did not sign the statutorily-prescribed UIM stacking waiver form 

for either of his GEICO policies[.]” Id. at 137. The Court determined the 

household vehicle exclusion

is inconsistent with the unambiguous requirements Section 1738 

of the MVFRL under the facts of this case insomuch as it acts as a 

de facto waiver of stacked UIM coverage provided for in the 

MVFRL, despite the indisputable reality that [the plaintiff] did not 

sign the statutorily-prescribed UIM coverage waiver form.

Instead, [the plaintiff] decided to purchase stacked UM/UIM 

coverage under both of his policies, and he paid GEICO premiums 

commensurate with that decision. He simply never chose to waive 

formally stacking as is plainly required by the MVFRL.

Id. at 138.

Two years after Gallagher, this Court issued Mione. There, the 

defendant was operating his motorcycle when he was involved in an accident. 

Mione, 253 A.3d at 756. The defendant insured the motorcycle with a policy 

from Progressive, in which he did not pay for stacked UIM coverage. Id. at 

____________________________________________

UM/UIM coverage, an insurer must provide the insured with a 

statutorily-prescribed waiver form, which the named insured must 

sign if he wishes to reject the default provision of stacked 

coverage. [75 Pa.C.S.] § 1738(d). This waiver provision has the 

salutary effect of providing insureds with detailed notice and 

knowledge of their rights to UM/UIM coverage absent such formal 

waiver.

Gallagher, 201 A.3d at 137.
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756-57. The defendant lived with his wife and his daughter. Id. at 756 n.4. 

The husband and wife had an automobile policy with Erie, and the daughter 

had her own separate policy with Erie. Id. at 756. Neither of these Erie 

policies listed the motorcycle as a covered vehicle. Id. However, the family 

paid for stacked UIM coverage on the Erie policies. Id. at 757.

Erie filed a declaratory judgment action, arguing the defendant was 

precluded from recovering UIM benefits under the two Erie policies because: 

(1) the motorcycle was not listed as a covered vehicle under either Erie policy; 

and (2) both Erie policies contained a household exclusion clause that barred 

the defendant “from recovering UIM benefits for injuries arising out of 

operation of a non-listed miscellaneous vehicle.[ ]” Mione, 253 A.3d at 757. 

Erie claimed the issue was governed by Eichelman, in which the plaintiff did 

not pay for UIM coverage on his motorcycle. Id. Furthermore, Erie 

contended, Eichelman was “still good law because Eichelman and 

Gallagher addressed . . . two factually different circumstances.” Id. at 758. 

Erie then asserted Gallagher was not applicable, as the insured in that case 

had paid for stacked UIM coverage on both his motorcycle and auto policies, 

whereas the defendant did not pay for stacked UIM coverage on his 

Progressive motorcycle policy. Id. 

The trial court agreed with Erie that Eichelman governed the matter, 

and that Gallagher was factually distinguishable. Mione, 253 A.3d at 758. 

The court reasoned that the defendant had “rejected UIM benefits on his 
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Progressive Motorcycle Policy, which means that there is no underlying policy 

to ‘stack’ the Erie Auto Policy benefits onto.” Id. The court thus granted Erie’s 

motion for judgment on the pleadings. Id.

The defendant appealed, and this Court affirmed. The Mione Court first 

“acknowledge[d] that this area of the law is not particularly clear and 

straightforward.” Mione, 253 A.3d 760. The Court then examined 

Eichelman, Gallagher, as well as the following decisions issued postGallagher: Petrie, supra, and Erie Insurance Exchange v. King, 246 

A.3d 332 (Pa. Super. 2021).

In Petrie, as summarized in Mione, “an underinsured driver struck and 

killed [the defendant]’s husband while he was riding his motorcycle.” Mione,

253 A.3d at 763 (citation omitted). At the time of the accident, the defendant

and her husband had two insurance policies – one through Foremost Insurance 

(Foremost) on the motorcycle, which provided UIM coverage, and the second 

through Erie which covered four other vehicles and included unstacked UIM 

coverage. Id. The defendant then sought UIM benefits under the Erie policy, 

and was denied. Id. The “trial court granted Erie’s motion for judgment on 

the pleadings, determining that there was no UIM coverage available to [the 

defendant] for the motorcycle accident under the Erie policy[.]” Id.

On appeal, a panel of this Court reversed, “first ascertain[ing] that the 

Erie policy’s stacking waiver, which [the defendant’s] husband had signed, did 

not explicitly provide for inter-policy stacking, so he had not knowingly waived 
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it.” Mione, 253 A.3d at 763. The Petrie Court then rejected Erie’s argument 

that Gallagher did not apply because, unlike in Gallagher, the defendant’s 

two policies were from different companies and the defendant did not 

purchase stacking in either policy. Id. The Court reasoned the fact that the 

defendant “did not purchase stacking or the polices are from two different 

companies is irrelevant because Section 1738 requires a knowing waiver of 

stacking from whom the insurance is being obtained — in this case, Erie.” Id.

at 764. The Court then applied Gallagher and reversed the grant of judgment 

on the pleadings. Id.

The Mione panel next considered King, supra. Mione, 253 A.3d at 

764. There, an uninsured driver struck the defendant’s truck while he was 

driving in it with his paramour’s niece. Id. The defendant owned the truck, 

but it was insured under a commercial policy, which did not name the 

defendant or the niece as insureds. Id. The commercial policy included UM 

coverage. Id. The defendant and his paramour additionally shared an Erie 

policy for a personal vehicle. Id. After the defendant and the niece exhausted 

the UM benefits available under the truck’s commercial policy, they then made 

a UM claim under the Erie policy, which contained a household exclusion and 

an executed stacking waiver. Id. Erie subsequently filed a declaratory 

judgment action, arguing that coverage was barred due to the household 

exclusion and the defendant’s execution of the stacking waiver. Id. The trial 

court granted its motion for judgment on the pleadings. Id.
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The King Court “initially determined that [the defendant’s] execution of 

a stacking waiver is ‘irrelevant’ because [the defendant] and the niece cannot 

‘stack’ benefits they receive from Erie with benefits they received from [the 

truck’s commercial policy], where [they] are not ‘insureds’ under the [truck’s 

commercial] policy.” Mione, 253 A.3d at 764 (citation omitted). The King

Court then reasoned:

[B]ecause [the defendant and the niece] were not “insureds”

under the [truck’s commercial] policy, there is no UM coverage on 

which to “stack” the Erie policy. Thus, the holding in Gallagher

— that a household exclusion cannot circumvent the clear 

requirements of a rejection of stacking set forth in Section 1738 

— [was] not directly applicable here.

Id. at 765 (citation and emphasis omitted).

After considering the above cases, the Mione Court stated: 

Gallagher does not seem to invalidate household exclusions in 

all cases, despite [the defendant’s] suggestions to the contrary. 

Instead, Gallagher has been interpreted by this Court to hold that 

a household exclusion cannot be used to evade Section 1738’s 

explicit requirements for waiving stacking. Thus, the next 

question [was] whether stacking and Section 1738 are implicated 

in this case, which would trigger applying the rule set forth in 

Gallagher.

Mione, 253 A.3d at 765-66 (footnote omitted; emphasis in original). Erie 

argued “that stacking, Section 1738 — and consequently Gallagher — [were]

irrelevant to this matter,” and instead, that Eichelman applied. Id. at 766. 

Erie posited that like Eichelman, there was “no host-vehicle UIM policy ‘to 
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stack’ on top of.” Id. Finally, Erie relied on Dunleavy v. Mid-Century Ins.

Co., 460 F.Supp.3d 602 (W.D. Pa. 2020).

9 See id.

The Mione Court agreed with Erie and the trial court that stacking and 

Section 1738 were not implicated. Mione, 253 A.3d at 768. The panel 

opined:

In Eichelman, King, and Dunleavy, stacking was either not 

discussed or determined to be irrelevant because those individuals

. . . did not have UM/UIM coverage under their host-vehicle 

policies [and thus] did not have the requisite UM/UIM coverage on 

which to stack other household policies with UM/UIM benefits. 

Similarly, here, [the defendant’s motorcycle policy] does not have 

UIM coverage on which to stack the Erie Auto Policies’ UIM 

benefits. Instead, like the people in Eichelman and Dunleavy, 

[the defendant] is using the Erie Auto Policies to procure UIM 

____________________________________________

9

 The facts and arguments presented in Dunleavy were identical to those in 

Mione. See Mione, 253 A.3d at 766; Dunleavy, 460 F. Supp.3d at 605-07. 

The injured parties had two separate insurance policies for their motorcycle 

and automobiles. In Dunleavy, the federal district court agreed with the 

insurance company that Gallagher was inapplicable, stating: 

When a policyholder buys [UIM] coverage for several vehicles,

within or across policies, the law authorizes the policyholder to

stack the per-vehicle limits of all that coverage that the

policyholder bought. An insurer cannot insert an exclusion in the

policy that effectively prevents the stacking of limits of covered

vehicles by saying there is no coverage for some of those vehicles. 

[This] rationale is predicated on the policyholder buying [UIM] 

coverage on every vehicle to stack the benefits. That’s the 

fundamental idea behind stacking — the policyholder stacks limits 

of coverage that he or she paid for. If the vehicle involved in the 

accident doesn’t have [UIM] coverage, then the policyholder can’t 

stack anything on top of it because the policyholder hasn’t paid 

for that privilege.

Dunleavy, 460 F.Supp.3d at 608 (citations and emphasis omitted).
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coverage in the first place. Therefore, this is not a stacking case, 

and the rationale of Gallagher does not apply.

Id. (footnotes omitted). The panel further concluded Eichelman had not 

been overruled and applied “Eichelman’s principle that a clear and 

unambiguous household exclusion is enforceable where the insured was 

operating a vehicle at the time of the accident that was covered by a separate 

policy not providing the insured with UM/UIM coverage because the insured 

had voluntarily, and validly, waived such coverage.” Id.10

At this juncture, we note that in the present matter, the trial court found 

this Court’s unpublished decision in Sutherland11 was persuasive. See Order 

at 2 (unpaginated). There, the defendant was injured while operating his 

motorcycle, which was covered by a Progressive policy. Sutherland, 2021 

WL 2827321, at *1. He waived all UIM coverage under that policy. The 

defendant also had a separate automobile policy with Erie, for which he paid 

premiums consistent with obtaining stacked coverage. See id. The policy 

also contained a household exclusion clause. See id. The defendant 

requested Erie pay UIM benefits for the motorcycle injuries pursuant to the 

____________________________________________

10 The panel also stated that had the defendant “purchased UIM coverage 

under his Progressive Motorcycle Policy, this case would fall squarely within 

the factual scenario addressed in Gallagher[,] but . . . that is not the situation 

before the [c]ourt.” Mione, 253 A.3d at 768 n.13.

11 We point out that the author of the Sutherland decision is the same in this 

memorandum.
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automobile policy. See id. Erie denied the claim and subsequently filed a 

declaratory judgment action. See id. The trial court denied Erie’s motion for 

judgment on the pleadings, rejecting Erie’s reliance on Eichelman. See id.

at 2. It found that case was no longer controlling precedent following 

Gallagher, and Gallagher held that household exclusions violated the MVFRL 

and were unenforceable. See id.

A panel of this Court reversed, opining:

[P]ursuant to Mione, we disagree with the trial court’s conclusion

that Eichelman has been abrogated by Gallagher. Furthermore,

Eichelman and Gallagher are not inconsistent, as they address

different factual scenarios — saliently, whether an insured has

waived or purchased UIM coverage on a vehicle that is involved in

an accident or other incident. Here, like the insured in

Eichelman, [the defendant] did not purchase UIM coverage in his

Progressive policy for his motorcycle. Accordingly, he was not

entitled to stacked UIM coverage under [defendant’s] Erie policy

for the automobiles, as there was no Progressive UIM coverage

for the Erie coverage to stack onto. This result is consistent with

the MVFRL, as [the defendant] voluntarily chose not to purchase

UIM coverage in his motorcycle policy, and in return received

reduced insurance premiums. If [the defendant] had purchased

UIM coverage in his Progressive motorcycle policy, as well as his

Erie automobile policy, then Gallagher would apply. However, 

this is the not the actual scenario presented.

Sutherland, 2021 WL 2827321, at *10 (emphasis and citations omitted).12 

____________________________________________

12 We acknowledge that Sutherland is an unpublished decision, but it may be 

relied upon for its persuasive value. See Pa.R.A.P. 126(b). Therefore, the 

trial court did not err in applying its rationale as the case is substantially 

similar to the instant matter.
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With the above authority guiding us, we now turn to the present matter. 

Contrary to Appellants’ arguments, Eichelman and Mione are, indeed, 

dispositive as both cases are substantially similar in facts and procedural 

posture to this case. In all three cases, the insured suffered injuries while 

operating a vehicle or motorcycle and the individual had explicitly rejected 

UIM coverage on that host policy. Likewise, the injured individual sought 

coverage from a separate policy that included stacked UIM coverage and a 

household exclusion provision. Pursuant to Eichelman and Mione, since Eric 

did not purchase UIM coverage for his own policy (the State Farm Policy), he 

did not have the requisite UIM coverage on which to stack his parents’

household policies with UIM benefit. Moreover, Gallagher is not applicable 

and did not invalidate the household exclusion.

13 See Eichelman, 711 A.2d

at 1010; Mione, 253 A.3d at 768. This outcome is consistent with the MVFRL 

as Eric voluntarily chose not to purchase UIM coverage in his automobile 

policy, and in return received reduced insurance premiums. See Sutherland, 

supra. Accordingly, Appellants’ argument fails under Eichelman and Mione.

We now turn to Craley and Donovan. As noted by Appellants, Craley

stands for the principle that “[i]t is [the policy under which the plaintiff sought 

____________________________________________

13

 Additionally, based on our disposition, Schneider is not applicable because 

Eric did not purchase UIM benefits on his own policy and therefore, the level 

of priority regarding the benefits is of no consequence. See Schneider, 

supra. 
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UIM benefits] and its exclusions that are relevant to the legal issues presented 

in this case.” Craley, 895 A.2d at 533.

In Donovan, the plaintiff was in an accident while riding his motorcycle, 

which was insured by a State Farm policy in which he waived stacked UIM 

coverage. Donovan, 392 F.Supp.3d at 547. The plaintiff lived with his 

mother, who had a separate policy with State Farm for three vehicles. Id. He 

subsequently filed a claim under his mother’s automobile policy. Id. State 

Farm, however, denied this claim on the grounds that both the plaintiff and

his mother waived stacked UIM coverage in their respective policies. Id. at 

548, 550.

The plaintiff filed suit in the federal district court, seeking a declaration 

that he was entitled to UIM benefits under his mother’s policy, or inter-policy 

stacking. Donovan, 392 F.Supp.3d at 548. The Court applied Pennsylvania 

law “[a]s a federal judge sitting in diversity.” See id. at 552. The Court 

repeatedly noted that the plaintiff’s waiver of stacked coverage in his own 

policy was not relevant: “[I]t is [the mother’s] waiver that has legal 

significance; [the plaintiff’s] waiver is irrelevant.” Donovan, 392 F.Supp.3d 

at 549, citing Craley, 895 A.2d at 533. See also Donovan, 392 F.Supp.3d 

at 548 n.2 (“[The plaintiff] rejected stacked limits for his motorcycle policy, 

but . . . the waiver accompanying his policy is irrelevant because he is seeking 

benefits under his mother’s policy.”). The Court applied Gallagher and 
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concluded the plaintiff was entitled to the UIM coverage in his mother’s policy. 

Id. at 552-53.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit filed a petition 

for certification of law with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Our Supreme 

Court granted the petition on July 24, 2020, on the following issues:

1. Is a named insured’s signing of the waiver form set out at 75 

Pa.C.S. § 1738(d) sufficient to waive inter-policy stacking of 

underinsured motorist benefits under [the MVFRL], where the 

policy insures more than one vehicle at the time the form is 

signed?

2. If the answer to Question 1 is no, is a household vehicle 

exclusion contained in a policy in which the named insured did not 

validly waive interpolicy stacking enforceable to bar a claim made 

by a resident relative who is injured while occupying a vehicle 

owned by him and not insured under the policy under which the 

claim is made?

3. If the answers to Questions 1 and 2 are no, is the coordinationof-benefits provision in the Automobile Policy nonetheless 

applicable, such that it limits . . . recovery of underinsured 

motorist benefits under the policy . . ., or does the lack of a valid 

waiver of inter-policy stacking render that provision inapplicable?

Donovan v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 237 A.3d 395 (Pa. 2020).

Although these discrete issues are not raised in the present appeal, we 

note Donovan and Mione differ in the treatment of the policy at issue in each 

case. Donovan, citing Craley, stated that in determining whether the 

plaintiff was entitled to coverage under his mother’s policy, the terms of the 

plaintiff’s own policy were not relevant. Donovan, 392 F.Supp.3d at 548 n.2, 

549, 552. The Mione Court, however, specifically looked to the defendant’s

motorcycle policy to determine whether he had UIM coverage, in turn to 
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ascertain whether there was any coverage for the other policies to “stack” 

onto. Mione, 253 A.3d at 768. Thus, in Mione, the terms of the first policy 

were relevant.

Notwithstanding our discussion of Donovan above, we conclude Mione

governs the factual circumstances and the issue presented. See

Commonwealth v. Ingram, 926 A.2d 470, 476 (Pa. Super. 2007) (Superior 

Court opinions are binding precedent, which this Court must follow unless and 

until they are overruled by an en banc Superior Court panel or a higher court)

(citation omitted).

Nevertheless, we note both Mione and Donovan observed the law in 

this area is not entirely clear. See Donovan, 392 F.Supp.3d at 549 (“There 

is little direct authority on the intricacies of inter-policy stacking under 

Pennsylvania law.”); Mione, 253 A.3d at 760 (“At the outset of our review, 

we acknowledge that this area of the law is not particularly clear and 

straightforward.”). As indicated above, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has 

granted review in Donovan and Mione.14 We suggest the various issues 

____________________________________________

14

 The Supreme Court granted a petition for allowance of appeal in Mione on 

the following issue: 

Did the Superior Court err as a matter of law in determining that 

the seminal decision of the Court in Gallagher v. Geico, 201 A.3d 

131 (Pa. 2019), which invalidated household exclusions in auto 

policies in Pennsylvania, did not apply to the underinsured 

motorist ("UIM[“]) claims of Albert Mione under his Personal Auto 

Policy merely because the policy insuring the motorcycle he was 
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discussed above may be clarified by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court on 

review.

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude Eichelman governs the factual 

circumstances and the issues presented. Pursuant to Eichelman and Mione, 

Appellants are not entitled to UIM benefits under their Erie policy in the case 

sub judice. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order granting Erie’s motion 

for judgment on the pleadings.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 4/20/2022

____________________________________________

operating at the time of the accident did not provide [UIM] 

coverage?

Erie Ins. Exch. v. Mione, __ A.3d __, 2021 WL 5576704 (Pa. Nov. 30, 2021)
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