IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 14-20358

HUMANA HEALTH PLAN, INCORPORATED, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

PATRICK NGUYEN, 

 Defendant - Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

Before JOLLY, WIENER, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.

EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:

Defendant-appellant Patrick Nguyen (“Nguyen”) appeals from the 

district court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiff-appellee 

Humana Health Plan, Inc. (“Humana”). For the reasons explained below, we 

REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Nguyen is a participant in the API Enterprises Employee Benefits Plan 

(the “Plan”), an ERISA-governed employee welfare plan established by API 

Enterprises, Inc. (“API”). API entered into a Plan Management Agreement 

(“PMA”) with Humana, through which Humana agreed to serve as “Plan 

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

May 11, 2015

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 1 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

Manager” and to provide various administrative services to the Plan. Two

features of the PMA are particularly relevant here. 

First, the PMA made clear that API or the Plan’s administrator would 

make all discretionary decisions about the Plan’s administration and 

management, and that Humana “act[ed] as an agent of [API] authorized to 

perform specific actions or conduct specified transactions only as provided in 

this Agreement.” API agreed to give Humana written notice of “the Plan’s 

management policies and practices,” and Humana agreed that it “operat[ed] 

within a framework of the Plan’s management policies and practices 

authorized or established by the Plan Administrator, in accordance with the 

provisions of the Plan.” While the PMA authorized Humana to conduct its 

affairs according to its normal operating procedures, it stated that Humana 

must abandon its normal procedures if “they are inconsistent with the Plan’s 

management policies or practices.”1 The PMA authorized Humana to hire 

“subcontractors and/or counsel” of its choosing to perform certain services. But 

the parties agreed that API would reimburse Humana for fees paid to outside 

counsel only if the “legal fees incurred by [Humana] [were] attributable to a 

request, direction, or demand by [API], the Plan Administrator, or the 

Employer.”

Second, the PMA stated that Humana would provide 

“‘Subrogation/Recovery’ services . . . [for] identifying and obtaining recovery of 

claims payments from all appropriate parties through operation of the 

1 The dissent states that the PMA authorized Humana to follow its own procedures 

when performing subrogation and recovery services. Article II of the PMA expressly stated

that where API and Humana’s policies and procedures conflicted, API’s policies and 

procedures controlled. Unlike the other articles containing general terms, Article II did not 

contain a clause stating that later, specific terms controlled more general terms. Thus even 

the provision cited by the dissent does not show that API relinquished control over Humana 

when Humana performed subrogation and recovery services.

2

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 2 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

subrogation or recovery provisions of the Plan.” The PMA defined subrogation 

and recovery services to include: “(1) Investigation of claims and obtaining 

additional information to determine if a person or entity may be the 

appropriate party for payment”; “(2) Presentation of appropriate claims and 

demands for payment to parties determined to be liable”; “(3) Notification to 

Participants that recovery or subrogation rights will be exercised with respect 

to a claim”; and “(4) Filing and prosecution of legal proceedings against any 

appropriate party for determination of liability and collection of any payments 

for which such appropriate party may be liable.” API agreed to pay Humana 

“30% of all amounts recovered” under the subrogation and recovery services 

provision.

According to the district court’s opinion, Nguyen was injured in an 

automobile accident in April 2012. Between April 2012 and April 2013, the 

Plan paid $274,607.84 to cover Nguyen’s resulting medical expenses. Nguyen 

“recovered from a third party settlement funds of $255,000 for damages 

sustained in the accident.” Nguyen argued, the district court accepted, and 

Humana does not contest that the third party settlement funds were paid by 

Nguyen’s own insurance provider.

The Plan notified Humana that it did not intend to seek reimbursement 

from Nguyen, because the Plan’s governing documents did not allow recovery 

from a beneficiary’s uninsured motorist policy payout. Humana determined 

that it was free to disregard the Plan’s instruction. It sued Nguyen in district 

court, seeking, inter alia, an injunction prohibiting Nguyen from disposing of 

the insurance payout and an “equitable lien to enforce ERISA and the terms of 

the Plan.” Nguyen deposited the disputed funds into the court registry and filed 

3

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 3 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

a counterclaim against Humana.2 The parties then filed cross-motions for 

summary judgment. The district court granted Humana’s motion, denied 

Nguyen’s motion, and entered judgment in favor of Humana. Nguyen appeals 

the district court’s order and judgment.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“Standard summary judgment rules control in ERISA cases.” Green v. 

Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 754 F.3d 324, 329 (5th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation 

marks omitted). “We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de 

novo, applying the same standards as the district court.” Id. (internal quotation 

marks omitted). “Summary judgment is appropriate when ‘there is no genuine 

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).

The decision below turned in part on the district court’s interpretation of 

the PMA.3 “[W]e review de novo the interpretation of a contract, including any 

questions about whether the contract is ambiguous.” Pioneer Exploration, 

L.L.C. v. Steadfast Ins. Co., 767 F.3d 503, 511-12 (5th Cir. 2014).

DISCUSSION

The district court held that Humana was an ERISA fiduciary as a matter 

of law. In its appeal, Nguyen argues that Humana is not an ERISA fiduciary, 

and thus, that Humana does not have the statutory right to seek relief under 

29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3).

2 Humana also brought conversion and tortious interference claims, but these claims 

are not before us on appeal.

3 The provisions of the PMA are not the terms of the Plan per se, but it may “provide 

elements of a plan by setting out rules” through which the Plan will be administered. Pegram 

v. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211, 223 (2000).

4

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 4 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

I.

Section 1132(a)(3) provides that any “participant, beneficiary, or 

fiduciary” has the right to seek an injunction and other “appropriate equitable 

relief” when necessary to stop violations of ERISA’s regulatory provisions or 

the terms of the ERISA plan. As relevant here, a third party service provider 

is an ERISA fiduciary “to the extent . . . [it] exercises any discretionary 

authority or discretionary control respecting management of such plan or 

exercises any authority or control respecting management or disposition of [the 

plan’s] assets,” or it “has any discretionary authority or discretionary 

responsibility in the administration of such plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A)(i), 

(iii). In short, “[a] fiduciary within the meaning of ERISA must be someone 

acting in the capacity of manager [or] administrator.” Pegram, 530 U.S. at 222.

“We give the term fiduciary a liberal construction in keeping with the 

remedial purpose of ERISA.” Reich v. Lancaster, 55 F.3d 1034, 1046 (5th Cir. 

1995) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). But the broad 

definition of fiduciary is still constrained in at least two ways. First, thirdparty service providers can serve as ERISA fiduciaries in one capacity and nonfiduciaries in another. See Pegram, 530 U.S. at 225-26 (explaining that 

“persons who provide services to an ERISA plan” may operate with a conflict 

of interest, so long as they comply with fiduciary duties while acting in 

fiduciary capacity). Thus, when courts evaluate whether a party is an ERISA 

fiduciary, they must focus on the specific role the purported fiduciary played 

as relevant to the claim at hand. See id. at 226 (holding that, “[i]n every case 

charging breach of ERISA fiduciary duty, . . . the threshold question is 

5

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 5 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

. . . whether that person was acting as a fiduciary . . . when taking the action 

subject to complaint”).4

Second, not every act that could be described as “discretionary” in the 

general sense makes the actor a fiduciary under ERISA. For almost forty years, 

the Department of Labor has maintained that “a person who performs purely 

ministerial functions,” such as the “[p]reparation of reports concerning 

participants’ benefits” or “[m]aking recommendations to others for decisions 

with respect to plan administration,” is not an ERISA fiduciary. 29 C.F.R. § 

2509.75-8, at D-2.5 This is because

a person who performs purely ministerial functions . . . for an 

employee benefit plan within a framework of policies, 

interpretations, rules, practices and procedures made by other 

persons . . . does not have discretionary authority or discretionary 

control respecting management of the plan, does not exercise any 

authority or control respecting management or disposition of the 

assets of the plan, . . . and has no authority or responsibility to do 

so.

Id. The distinction between fiduciaries and ministerial agents applies even to 

“an attorney, accountant, actuary or consultant who renders legal, accounting, 

actuarial or consulting services to an employee benefit plan,” even though 

these parties exercise independent, professional judgment when acting on 

behalf of an ERISA plan. Id. § 2509.75-5, at D-1; see also Reich, 55 F.3d at 1049 

(stating that “professionals . . . who provide necessary services to ERISA plans” 

do not become fiduciaries simply by “play[ing] influential roles by virtue of the 

4 We recognize that Pegram addressed whether a defendant was an ERISA fiduciary. 

But ERISA only contains one definition of fiduciary, and nothing in ERISA’s civil 

enforcement provisions suggests that we should apply one fiduciary test when determining 

whether a party is a proper fiduciary-plaintiff, and another when determining whether a 

party is a proper fiduciary-defendant. 5 Interpretive bulletins from the Department of Labor receive “Skidmore deference,” 

see Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944), as described in Christensen v. Harris 

County, 529 U.S. 576, 587 (2000). See Bussian v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 223 F.3d 286, 297 (5th 

Cir. 2000) (applying Skidmore deference to IRS bulletin).

6

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 6 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

expertise that they possess or the capacities in which they act”). “[A]ttorneys, 

accountants, actuaries and consultants performing their usual professional 

functions will ordinarily not be considered fiduciaries, [unless] the factual 

situation in a particular case” shows that the professional serves as a manager 

or administrator of the plan. 29 C.F.R. § 2509.75-5, at D-1.

The Department of Labor’s interpretations of § 1002(21)(A) are even 

more persuasive when one considers their similarity to the common law of 

trusts, which is the “source” of ERISA’s fiduciary duty provisions. See Pegram, 

530 U.S. at 224. Under the common law of trusts, a trustee can delegate 

ministerial acts to third-parties. George Gleason Bogert & George Taylor 

Bogert, The Law of Trusts & Trustees § 555, at 114-15 (rev. 2d ed. 1980). If a 

reasonable businessperson would “employ an outside expert” to perform a 

given function, the courts treats those functions as ministerial. Id. at 116-17. 

“[E]mploy[ing] an attorney to collect choses in action running to the trust,” id. 

§ 556, at 142, is viewed as a ministerial function. See id. § 555-56.6 The trustee 

may entrust such duties “to realtors, lawyers, brokers, and others, not because 

there is a total lack of discretion and judgment involved but because such 

entrustment is common business practice in similar nontrust affairs.” Bogert, 

supra, § 555, at 117.

Under the Department of Labor’s interpretations—as under the common 

law of trusts—the power to collect claims on behalf of the ERISA plan is not 

discretionary per se. There are at least two relevant factors that tip the scales 

between a ministerial employee and a fiduciary. First, the court must consider 

whether the plan administrator has set up “a framework of policies, 

interpretations, rules, practices and procedures” for the third-party to follow. 

6 A “chose in action” is a “proprietary right in personam, such as a debt owed by 

another person.” Black’s Law Dictionary 294 (10th ed. 2014).

7

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 7 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

See 29 C.F.R. § 2509.75-8, at D-2; see also Bogert, supra, § 556, at 142. If the 

plan administrator has established such a framework, the court must consider 

whether the plan administrator is actively supervising the agent’s 

performance of the assigned task. See 29 C.F.R. § 2509.75-8, at D-2; see also

Bogert, supra, § 556, at 142. One hallmark of active supervision is a 

requirement that the third-party submit a recommendation to the plan 

administrator for approval before the third-party takes further action. If the 

plan administrator is actively supervising the claims agent, then the fact that 

the agent is empowered to initiate legal action for the plan does not prove the 

agent is a fiduciary. See 29 C.F.R. § 2509.75-5, at D-1.

Accordingly, in considering whether the district court erred when it 

determined as a matter of law that Humana is an ERISA fiduciary under § 

1132(a)(3), we focus on the specific role that Humana undertook regarding

subrogation and recovery services. And we ask whether API provided a 

framework of policies and procedures to guide Humana, and supervised 

Humana as it executed its task.

II.

A.

The district court erred in determining that Humana is an ERISA 

fiduciary for two reasons. First, the district court’s interpretation of the PMA 

is not persuasive. The district court focused on the subrogation and recovery

clause and determined that its broad language7 gave Humana independent 

power to investigate and prosecute claims, even over the Plan’s objections. But 

the relevant language merely defines the range of potential disputes covered 

by the contract; it says nothing about who has the right to finally decide 

7 The PMA gives Humana responsibility for the “[i]nvestigation of claims,” and for 

“[f]iling and prosecut[ing] . . . legal proceedings against any appropriate party.”

8

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 8 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

whether to investigate or pursue a claim.8 Thus, even considered in isolation, 

the subrogation and recovery services clause does not show that Humana had 

discretion over the Plan or its assets. Reading the subrogation and recovery 

clause as part of the entire PMA raises additional questions about the district 

court’s interpretation. See Indem. Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. W & T Offshore, Inc., 

756 F.3d 347, 351 (5th Cir. 2014) (explaining that courts “examine and consider 

the entire writing in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions 

of the contract so that none will be rendered meaningless”). For example, the 

district court failed to explain how the PMA’s various provisions describing 

Humana as the Plan’s agent, operating under the Plan’s policies and 

procedures, informed its interpretation of the subrogation and recovery 

services clause. 

Second, even if we interpreted the PMA to give Humana broad power, 

the district court failed to explain why Humana is not a ministerial agent. 

Humana’s various duties outlined in the subrogation and recovery clause 

describe the tasks performed by many law firms and collections agencies.9 And 

the mere fact that Humana serves as the Plan’s legal or collections agent is 

insufficient to show that Humana was the Plan’s fiduciary, unless specific facts 

show that Humana exercised discretion as described in § 1002(21)(A)(i) and 

(iii). See 29 C.F.R. § 2509.75-5, at D-1; see also, Nieto v. Ecker, 845 F.2d 868, 

870 (9th Cir. 1988),10 cited with approval in Reich, 55 F.3d at 1049-50

8 By making clear that the contract covers a broad range of potential claims, the PMA 

protects both parties. Without such a broad definition, the Plan could assign lucrative claims 

to other third-parties, while Humana could refuse to pursue unprofitable claims.

9 We list these duties in the “Facts and Proceedings” section above.

10 In Nieto, the plaintiff accused an attorney hired by the plan of “fail[ing] to collect 

. . . plan assets.” Id. at 870. The Ninth Circuit rejected this argument, holding that “[u]nder 

[that] rationale anyone performing services for an ERISA plan—be it an attorney, an 

accountant, a security guard or a janitor—would be rendered a fiduciary insofar as he 

exercised some control over trust assets and through negligence or dishonesty jeopardized 

9

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 9 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

(explaining that “attorney was not fiduciary absent evidence that he exercised 

authority over plan other than by usual professional functions”); cf. Health 

Cost Controls of Ill., Inc. v. Washington, 187 F.3d 703, 709 (7th Cir. 1999) 

(holding that person was ERISA fiduciary because plan had assigned legal 

right to reimbursement, and “[b]y virtue of the assignment,” the attorney

obtained “broader power than that of a lawyer hired to handle a claim, or of an 

ordinary collection agent”). 

We hold that the subrogation and recovery clause does not show that 

Humana is an ERISA fiduciary. Accordingly, we hold that the district court 

erred when it determined that Humana was an ERISA fiduciary based on the 

language of that clause. Because the district court based its decision on its

interpretation of the subrogation and recovery clause, we have not had to 

consider other evidence that might show whether Humana exercised actual, 

decision-making authority over the Plan or its assets. Cf. Musmeci v. 

Schwegmann Giant Super Mkts., Inc., 332 F.3d 339, 351 (5th Cir. 2003) 

(explaining that this court uses “functional approach” to determine whether 

purported fiduciaries exercise discretionary control over ERISA plans); 

Hatteberg v. Red Adair Co. Emps.’ Profit Sharing Plan, 79 F. App’x 709, 716 

(5th Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (explaining that “factual matter” showing alleged 

fiduciary’s actual role are “key”). Because we reverse and remand on statutory 

standing grounds, we do not decide whether the district court erred on the 

merits.

B.

We agree with the dissent that a third-party service provider may be an 

ERISA fiduciary even if the service provider possesses only “some discretionary 

those assets.” Id. at 870-71. The Nieto Panel “[found] no basis for expanding the meaning of 

fiduciary in this fashion[.]” Id. at 871.

10

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 10 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

authority.” But we disagree with the dissent’s suggestion that Reich somehow 

limited the definition of ministerial activities to include only benefits 

determinations. As we noted above, the Department of Labor has stated that 

attorneys “performing their usual professional functions” are not fiduciaries, 

and has described persons “[m]aking recommendations to others for decisions 

with respect to plan administration,” who operate “within a framework of 

policies, interpretations, rules, practices and procedures made by other 

persons,” as “ministerial” employees. 29 C.F.R. § 2509.75-5, at D-1; id. § 

2509.75-8, at D-2. Reading these interpretive guidelines together, we see no 

reason why collections agents cannot be ministerial employees, so long as they 

operate under an ERISA plan’s framework of policies and procedures, and the 

plan administrator supervises the agent’s activities.

We do not hold, as the dissent suggests, that a third-party service 

provider must have final decision-making authority to be an ERISA fiduciary. 

We focused on final decision-making authority because that was a factor the 

district court considered below. Questioning whether a party has final decisionmaking authority is simply one way of asking whether the Plan administrator 

was actively supervising Humana. 

We also disagree with the dissent that our reasoning is circular. It is of 

course true that, by holding that Humana was the Plan’s fiduciary, the district 

court impliedly held that Humana was not a ministerial employee. Our point 

is that, even if the district court interpreted the PMA to give Humana fairly 

broad powers, the proper analysis was not at an end without considering the 

factors, discussed above, which the Department of Labor has stated are 

relevant in determining whether third-party agents are ministerial employees.

Nothing in the district court’s opinion suggests that the court considered those 

factors.

11

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 11 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

Humana may be able to adduce facts showing that API never set out a 

framework of policies and procedures as promised, or that it did not supervise 

Humana’s collection activities. But the PMA alone does not show either failure. 

Until Humana adduces at least some evidence showing that API failed to guide

and supervise its operations, Humana cannot show that it has the right to seek 

relief under § 1132(a)(3).

III.

In his notice of appeal, Nguyen stated that he was appealing both the 

district court’s grant of summary judgment in Humana’s favor, and the district 

court’s denial of summary judgment in his favor. But Nguyen does not 

sufficiently address the district court’s failure to grant his motion for summary 

judgment in his appellate brief. Accordingly, Nguyen has waived that issue. 

See, e.g., Heimlich v. First Bank N.A., 80 F. App’x 947, 949 (5th Cir. 2003) (per 

curiam).

CONCLUSION

For the reasons explained, we REVERSE the judgment of the district

court and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, 

beginning with a reexamination of the issue of Humana’s standing.

12

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 12 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

WIENER, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

I respectfully dissent in the firm conviction that the record evidence, as 

presented to the district court on summary judgment, compels affirmance of 

its holdings that (1) Humana is a fiduciary with statutory standing to bring an 

action under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3) on behalf of the Plan, and (2) Humana 

lawfully exercised its discretion, as authorized by the Plan, to recover the funds 

that Nguyen had received by virtue of underinsured motorists insurance.

I. Standing

As noted in the majority opinion, Humana is designated as the Plan 

Manager for API’s ERISA health benefits plan. The PMA states:

[Humana] will provide ‘Subrogation/Recovery’ services 

(in addition to routine application of the coordination 

of benefits provisions of the Plan) for identifying and 

obtaining recovery of claims payments from all 

appropriate parties through operation of the 

subrogation or recovery provisions of the Plan. 

(a) Subrogation/Recovery services will be provided by 

the Plan Manager following its normal procedures and 

such services may be performed by subcontractors 

and/or counsel selected by [Humana].1

Three points here. First, the PMA distinguishes Humana’s express 

discretionary authority to initiate and conduct subrogation and recovery 

services from its “routine application” of benefits functions—the type of activity 

1 The implication of Footnote 1 to the panel majority’s opinion is based on flawed logic: 

Even if API’s policies and procedures might be deemed to trump those of Humana in the final 

analysis, that does not mean that Humana does not possess discretion—and thus fiduciary 

status—in the normal course of administering subrogation and recovery services under the 

express provisions of the Plan. Moreover, the panel majority fails to acknowledge that 

Section 2.1’s statement that “the Plan Manager operates within a framework of the Plan’s 

management policies and practices” is followed by sections containing limiting language: 

“Accordingly, except as may otherwise be expressly provided herein, [Humana] is not a . . . 

fiduciary . . . .[and] [e]xcept with respect to duties expressly assumed hereunder, [Humana] is 

not responsible for maintaining the Plan in compliance with ERISA . . .”

13

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 13 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

considered “ministerial” and thus insufficient to support a finding of fiduciary 

status.2 Second, the PMA recognizes that in Humana’s performance of 

subrogation and recovery services, it will “follow[] [Humana’s] normal 

procedures”—not those of API—another hallmark of discretion.3 And, third, 

the PMA gives Humana the option—discretion—to select its own 

subcontractors and counsel to assist in performing subrogation and recovery 

services that it conducts on behalf of the Plan. 

Moreover, the PMA contains a descriptive list of discrete activities that 

constitute the “Subrogation/Recovery” services that Humana is authorized to 

provide in its discretion:

(1) Investigation of claims and obtaining additional 

information to determine if a person or entity may be 

the appropriate party for payment, 

(2) Presentation of appropriate claims and demands 

for payment to parties determined to be liable,

(3) Notification to Participants that recovery or 

subrogation rights will be exercised with respect to a 

claim, and 

(4) Filing and prosecution of legal proceedings against 

any appropriate party for determination of liability 

and collection of any payments for which such 

appropriate party may be liable. 

The scope of these services and the discretion inherent in the way that 

Humana may choose to perform them further compels the conclusion that it is 

2 See Reich v. Lancaster, 55 F.3d 1034, 1047 (5th Cir. 1995) (citing Kyle Rys. v. Pac. 

Admin. Servs. Inc., 990 F.2d 513, 516 (9th Cir. 1993)).

3 Cf. id. (recognizing that “[a]n entity which assumes discretionary authority or control 

over plan assets will not be considered a fiduciary if that discretion is sufficiently limited by 

a pre-existing framework of policies, practices, and procedures” (alteration in original) 

(quoting Useden v. Acker, 947 F.2d 1563, 1575 (11th Cir. 1991)) (internal quotation marks 

omitted)).

14

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 14 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

vested with discretionary authority.4 The other plan documents in the record, 

viz., the NCD and SPD—which we review in pari materia with the PMA—lend 

further support to the conclusion that Humana is a fiduciary of the Plan.5 

Examine first the NCD, which only Nguyen contends constitutes the 

Plan.6 The “Claims Cost Management” section of the NCD states: “Humana 

retains a percentage of recovery on all cases they work . . . . Humana will pay 

for any legal expenses we/Humana incur based on Humana’s decision to retain 

legal counsel,” and “[o]nce the Plan pays, we [Humana] have a 

contractual/equitable right to request money back from the responsible 

appropriate party or their insurance carrier.”7 

4 See, e.g., W.E. Aubuchon Co. v. BeneFirst, LLC, 661 F. Supp. 2d 37, 52–53 (D. Mass. 

2009) (listing “investigation of subrogation claims” as an activity requiring “the exercise of 

substantial discretion”). 

5 See, e.g., Cataldo v. U.S. Steel Corp., 676 F.3d 542, 552 (6th Cir. 2012) (reviewing 

plan documents to ascertain whether the union qualified as an ERISA fiduciary); Chi. Dist. 

Council of Carpenters Welfare Fund v. Caremark, Inc., 474 F.3d 463, 472–73 (7th Cir. 2007) 

(reviewing a series of contracts between the client and pharmaceutical benefits manager to 

determine whether the manager’s obligations rendered it an ERISA fiduciary); Bouboulis v. 

Transp. Workers Union of Am., 442 F.3d 55, 64 (2d Cir. 2006) (relying on the summary plan 

description’s allocation of responsibilities to conclude that the plan’s administrator was a 

fiduciary under § 1002(21)(A)(iii)).

6 The NCD is actually nothing more than a questionnaire—a 396-part instrument that 

“Humana [used] to draft the Summary Plan Description for the Plan and to administer 

benefits under the Plan during the period prior to the delivery of a final Summary Plan 

Description.” Like many a questionnaire, the NCD contains check-off boxes that describe a 

number of optional plan provisions from among which API could (and did) pick and choose 

only those that it wanted included in the Plan. Significantly, the record indicates that the 

NCD evanesced when the 2012 SPD became effective, permanently supplanting the NCD.

7 Emphases supplied. The NCD spells out the Subrogation/Recovery provision: 

“Subrogation allows the Plan to ‘stand in the shoes of the covered person and collect money 

from the responsible appropriate party’ . . . . Reimbursement allows the Plan, by a contractual 

right, to recover the money the Plan paid on behalf of the covered person, when benefits are 

paid and the covered person recovered monetary damages from the responsible appropriate 

party. This can be by settlement, judgment or other manner.” Accordingly, Humana seeks 

reimbursement from Nguyen because he has already obtained funds from the responsible 

appropriate party or parties, viz., his insurance company, an underinsured motorist, the 

insurance company or companies covering that motorist, or some combination thereof.

15

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 15 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

Turn next to the SPD, the instrument that Humana insists constitutes 

the Plan. Not surprisingly, the SPD tells the same story as does the NCD, i.e., 

that Humana is accorded discretion to pursue subrogation and reimbursement 

on behalf of the Plan: “This Plan shall be repaid the full amount of the covered 

expenses it pays from any amount received from others for the bodily injuries

or losses which necessitated such covered expenses.” The provisions of the SPD 

that accompany this declaration set out Humana’s “Right to Collect Needed 

Information,” as well as each Plan participant’s “Duty to Cooperate in Good 

Faith”:

You must cooperate with Humana and when asked, 

assist Humana by . . . . [p]roviding information about 

other insurance coverage and benefits, including 

information related to any bodily injury or sickness for 

which another party may be liable . . . . and [] 

[p]roviding information Humana requests to 

administer this Plan.

You are obliged to cooperate with Humana in order to 

protect this Plan’s recovery rights . . . . You will do 

whatever is necessary to enable Humana to enforce 

this Plan’s recovery rights and will do nothing after 

loss to prejudice this Plan’s recovery rights . . . . 

Failure of the covered person to provide Humana such 

notice or cooperation . . . will be a material breach of 

this Plan . . . .8

Read in pari materia, as they must be, the PMA, NCD, and SPD all 

identify Humana as the entity vested with discretionary responsibility to 

pursue subrogation and recovery of claims on behalf of the Plan. 

The majority opinion raises two principal objections to the district court’s 

determination that Humana is a fiduciary to the extent that it is charged with 

conducting subrogation and recovery services on behalf of the Plan: (1) The 

8 Underlining emphases supplied.

16

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 16 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

PMA defines the range of potential disputes covered by the contract, but does 

not make clear that Humana has the ultimate authority to decide whether to 

investigate or pursue a claim; and, (2) the district court failed to explain why 

Humana’s responsibilities as outlined in the subrogation and recovery clause 

are not merely ministerial in nature. 

Consider first the majority opinion’s statement that the PMA “says 

nothing about who has the right to finally decide whether to investigate or 

pursue a claim,”9 leading it to conclude that the district court erred in holding 

that Humana is an ERISA fiduciary. Although final decision-making authority 

can be persuasive evidence that an entity is a fiduciary, neither § 1002(21)(A) 

nor our case law holds that the converse is true, i.e., that an entity must 

possess “final” authority to qualify as a fiduciary of an ERISA plan.10 Rather, 

“[t]o be fiduciaries, such persons must exercise discretionary authority and 

control that amounts to actual decision making power.”11 This principle is 

illustrated by American Federation of Unions Local 102 Health & Welfare 

Fund v. Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, wherein we held 

that “[the Plan Administrator]’s fiduciary status was not diminished by the 

trustees’ final authority to grant or deny claims or approve investments.”12 

9 Emphasis supplied.

10 See Reich, 55 F.3d at 1047 (citing Am. Fed. of Unions Local 102 Health & Welfare 

Fund v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y of the U.S., 841 F.2d 658, 663 (5th Cir. 1988)).

11 Id. at 1049 (emphasis supplied). This does not require a history of decision-making; 

the scienter doctrine is not applicable. Rather, the authority to make actual decisions 

suffices.

12 Am. Fed. of Unions, 841 F.2d at 663 (emphasis supplied). The panel majority makes 

much of the purported similarities between § 1002(21)(A) and ministerial functions as 

defined by the common law of trusts. I urge the district court on remand not to be distracted 

by the panel majority’s smoke screen of resorting to the common law of trust and trustees. 

Several decades of evolving ERISA jurisprudence demonstrate a dramatic divergence from 

that beginning—ERISA fiduciaries and their duties have become sui generis. See Varity 

Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 506 (1996) (“We recognize . . . that we are to apply common-law 

trust standards bearing in mind the special nature and purpose of employee benefits plans.” 

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). More to the point, both common law 

17

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 17 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

“The term fiduciary includes those to whom some discretionary authority 

has been delegated.”13 The record evidence makes clear that, at a minimum, 

the PMA accords Humana some “discretionary authority,” even if not final 

authority, to conduct subrogation and recovery efforts on behalf of the Plan. 

Although the panel majority concludes that “considered in isolation, the 

subrogation and recovery services clause does not show that Humana had 

discretion over the Plan or its assets,” relying on the purported absence of 

language in the PMA assigning Humana final decision-making authority, this 

analysis fails to acknowledge the PMA’s straightforward language that 

Humana “will provide ‘Subrogation/Recovery’ services . . . for identifying and 

obtaining recovery of claims payments from all appropriate parties.”14 And,

although the panel majority defends their position by claiming that 

“[q]uestioning whether a party has final decision-making authority is simply 

one way of asking whether the Plan Administrator was actively supervising 

Humana,” this leads down yet another path: If the determinative factor is 

whether API was “actively supervising” Humana, rather than whether the 

PMA accorded Humana final decision-making authority, the panel majority 

should ground its analysis thusly. And, I must add, Nguyen adduced no 

trustees and ERISA fiduciaries might well employ legal counsel, CPAs, actuaries or the like 

to provide “ministerial functions,” but that is in no way comparable to the relationship 

between API and Humana in this case. It was Humana, one of the largest (if not the largest) 

providers of group healthcare plans in the country—both ERISA and non-ERISA—that 

created and provided the Plan for API from provisions that API selected in a questionnaire, 

expressly reserving, among other things, Humana’s furnishing and performing the most “proactive” subrogation and recovery services—as expressly selected by API. Thus it was 

Humana, not API, that “set up” the framework of policies, interpretations, rules, practices, 

and procedures for it to follow. 

13 Am. Fed. of Unions, 841 F.2d at 663 (emphasis supplied). I do not suggest, as the 

panel majority implies, that Reich limits ministerial functions to benefit determinations; 

rather, my point is that Reich contemplates that a third-party manager need not possess 

absolute or final authority to qualify as an ERISA fiduciary—keeping in mind that our 

precedent requires that we construe the term “liberally.” 

14 Emphasis supplied.

18

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 18 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

credible evidence that API actively supervised Humana’s provision of 

subrogation and reimbursement services on behalf of the Plan.15

Consider next the panel majority’s criticism of the district court for 

failing to explain why the duties outlined in the PMA are not ministerial in 

nature, observing that they resemble the tasks performed by law firms and 

collections agencies. But this criticism is circular and thus self-defeating: By 

ruling that Humana’s responsibilities are discretionary in nature, the district 

court’s inescapable corollary implication is that Humana’s duties were not

ministerial; they cannot be both.16 

One final point. The panel majority states that, on remand, “Humana 

may be able to adduce facts showing that API never set out a framework of 

policies and procedures as promised, or that it did not supervise Humana’s 

collection activities. But the PMA alone does not show either failure.” I 

acknowledge that Humana, as the moving party on summary judgment, had 

the initial burden of adducing evidence that establishes its standing to sue 

15 The panel majority further criticizes the district court for failing to address 

language in the PMA describing Humana as the Plan’s agent. But, this criticism does not 

account for the PMA’s permissive language that “[Humana] may act as an agent of [API] to 

perform specific actions or conduct specific transactions . . . . ” (Emphasis supplied). And, as 

observed in Footnote 1, the panel majority fails to acknowledge that the same article 

providing that Humana “may” act as an agent contains limiting language that “except as may 

otherwise be expressly provided herein, [Humana] is not a . . . fiduciary . . . [and] [e]xcept with 

respect to duties expressly assumed hereunder, [Humana] is not responsible for maintaining 

the Plan in compliance with ERISA . . . .” (Emphases supplied).

16 Although the panel majority defends its reasoning by claiming that it only suggests 

that the district court’s analysis was incomplete because it should have considered the factors 

contained in Department of Labor interpretive bulletin, 29 C.F.R. § 2509.75-5, before ruling 

in favor of Humana, I have located no case law that holds or even suggests that the district 

court is obligated to do so in every instance involving a question of ERISA fiduciary standing. 

Especially when, as here, the relevant plan documents identify Humana as the entity 

responsible for recovering subrogation and reimbursement on behalf of the Plan, and Nguyen 

has adduced no credible evidence suggesting otherwise, working through the factors 

contained in 29 C.F.R. §2509.75-5 is simply repetitive.

19

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 19 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

under § 1132(a)(3).17 But, “once the moving party meets its initial burden of 

pointing out the absence of a genuine issue for trial, the burden is on the 

nonmoving party to come forward with competent summary judgment 

evidence establishing the existence of a material factual dispute.”18 If evidence 

existed that API actively supervised Humana, or that Humana operated solely 

within API’s framework of policies, it was Nguyen’s burden to adduce such 

evidence in his opposition. Instead, Nguyen presented only an affidavit 

prepared by API’s Human Resources Director, Ms. Amy Manuel, in which her 

testimony contradicted the plain terms of the PMA as well as those of the 

Plan.19 Remanding the case for Humana to adduce the absence of evidence 

that would establish its standing represents a fishing expedition with no end.

As the record evidence compels the conclusion that Humana has 

discretion to pursue subrogation and reimbursement on behalf of the Plan, I 

would affirm the district court’s summary judgment that (1) Humana is an 

ERISA fiduciary by virtue of its discretion to seek subrogation and 

reimbursement on behalf of the Plan, and (2) Humana therefore has standing 

to bring this action.20

II. Merits

The merits of this case are not addressed in the majority opinion because 

it remands for further consideration of the threshold issue of standing. As I 

would affirm Humana’s standing, however, I briefly address the merits of the 

17 See Coleman v. Champion Int’l Corp./Champion Forest Prods., 992 F.2d 530, 533 

(5th Cir. 1993) (noting that party seeking to establish standing under § 1132 must satisfy 

statutory definitions).

18 Clark v. America’s Favorite Chicken, 110 F.3d 295, 297 (5th Cir. 1997).

19 It bears noting that Ms. Manuel works under Nguyen’s father, who is the CEO of 

API, a 100% family-owned company.

20 The court may affirm summary judgment on any basis raised in the district court 

that is supported by the record. EEOC v. Simbaki, Ltd., 767 F.3d 475, 481 (5th Cir. 2014) 

(citing City of Alexandria v. Brown, 740 F.3d 339, 350 (5th Cir. 2014)).

20

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 20 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

case. At issue is whether the terms of the Plan support Humana’s efforts to 

recover, on behalf of the Plan, the funds that Nguyen received by virtue of 

underinsured motorists insurance. 

Continuing to rely on the NCD only, Nguyen contends that it shields him 

from Humana’s recovery, pointing to Ms. Manuel’s affidavit. In her affidavit, 

Ms. Manuel, who also serves as Plan Administrator, avers that API interprets 

the Plan to bar recovery of any payment that a Plan participant receives by 

virtue of his own insurance policy. On appeal, Nguyen asserts that Ms. 

Manuel’s interpretation is consistent with the NCD, which, he contends, limits 

the Plan’s right of reimbursement and subrogation to recovering from the 

“responsible appropriate party or his insurance carrier”—who, insists Nguyen,

could never be a Plan participant or his insurance carrier because a participant 

could not be responsible for injuring himself.21 

Although the parties dispute which document constitutes the Plan, 

neither they nor I dispute that Ms. Manuel, as the Plan Administrator, is 

vested with discretionary authority to interpret the Plan. And, when an 

ERISA health benefits plan vests the plan administrator with discretionary 

authority to construe its terms, courts review such administrator’s denial of 

benefits for abuse of discretion.22 The same principle applies to a plan’s 

21 Nguyen’s “logic” suffers from a flawed syllogism: Although the record does not make 

clear whether Nguyen recovered the funds from his underinsured motorists insurance policy 

or from the tortfeasor, or some from each, the verified complaint states that “Nguyen settled 

his claims relating to the April 14, 2012 accident with responsible third parties for 

approximately $275,000.00," and Nguyen admitted to that in his Answer. The parties later 

stipulated and agreed that Nguyen would preserve $255,000 in settlement proceeds that he 

“received in connection with the injuries [he] suffered”; and he states in his appellate brief

that he “secured funds from his underinsured motorist policy provider.” As the 

Reimbursement/Recovery provisions of the Plan expressly cover proceeds received pursuant 

to a Plan participant’s underinsured motorists insurance policy, any inconsistency in the 

summary judgment record on this point is not material.

22 Cooper v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 592 F.3d 645, 652 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing Gosselink 

v. Am. Tel. & Tel., Inc., 272 F.3d 722, 726 (5th Cir. 2001)). As noted in the majority opinion, 

standard summary judgment rules control in ERISA cases, meaning we review a district 

21

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 21 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

assertions of rights to reimbursement and subrogation.23 This means that, 

under de novo review, the plan administrator’s decision is assessed on appeal 

“from the same perspective as did the district court, and we directly review the 

Plan’s decision for an abuse of discretion.”24 

Courts apply a two-step process to determine whether an ERISA plan 

administrator’s interpretation constitutes an abuse of discretion. They first 

consider whether that interpretation is legally correct; if so, the inquiry ends. 

If deemed legally incorrect, the court then considers whether the interpretation 

is also an abuse of discretion and thus reversible. To determine whether an 

administrator’s interpretation is legally correct, the court evaluates several 

factors: (1) whether the administrator gives the plan a uniform construction, 

(2) whether the interpretation is consistent with a fair reading of the plan, and 

(3) whether any unanticipated costs would result from different 

interpretations of the plan.25 As noted, Ms. Manuel’s interpretation would 

prohibit the Plan from seeking reimbursement from Nguyen’s underinsured 

motorist recovery: “The terms of the API Employee Benefits Plan do not allow 

a claim for subrogation or reimbursement from an uninsured or underinsured 

motorist policy, nor any other policy of insurance secured by the Plan 

participant.” 

court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and apply the same standards as the district 

court. 

23 See Sunbeam-Oster Co. Grp. Benefits Plan for Salaried & Non-Bargaining Hourly 

Emps. v. Whitehurst, 102 F.3d 1368, 1373 (5th Cir. 1996).

24 Cooper, 592 F.3d at 651 (quoting Meditrust Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Sterling Chems. Inc., 

168 F.3d 211, 214 (5th Cir. 1999)) (internal quotation mark omitted).

25 Wildbur v. ARCO Chem. Co., 974 F.2d 631, 638 (5th Cir. 1992) (citing Jordan v. 

Cameron Iron Works, Inc., 900 F.2d 53, 56 (5th Cir. 1990)).

22

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 22 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

But, Ms. Manuel’s interpretation is directly contradicted by the plain 

language of the NCD,26 which states: “Reimbursement allows the Plan, by 

contractual right, to recover the money paid on behalf of the covered person, 

when benefits are paid and the covered person recovers monetary damages 

from the responsible appropriate party.” Here, Nguyen recovered monetary 

damages on the basis of underinsured motorists insurance. The NCD does not 

define the term “responsible appropriate party,” but when we give the words 

of that term their plain and ordinary meanings, as we are required to do, only 

one conclusion makes sense: That term includes a Plan participant’s own 

insurers, not just those of third parties.27 

Moreover, even if we were to determine that the term “responsible 

appropriate party” is ambiguous (which I would not), we would be bound to 

construe the term as closely as possible to the SPD,28 which states: 

The Plan shall be repaid the full amount of the covered 

expenses it pays from any amount received from 

others for the bodily injuries or losses which 

necessitated such covered expenses. Without 

limitation, ‘amounts received from others’ specifically 

includes, but is not limited to . . . underinsured 

motorists, ‘no-fault’ and automobile med-pay 

payments or recovery from any identifiable fund 

26 I assume for the sake of argument, as did the district court, that the NCD 

constitutes the Plan despite evidence in the record that the NCD was supplanted by the 2012 

SPD.

27 Courts interpret ERISA plans “in an ordinary and popular sense as would a person 

of average intelligence and experience.” Wegner v. Standard Ins. Co., 129 F.3d 814, 818 (5th 

Cir. 1997) (quoting Todd v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 47 F.3d 1448, 1452 n.1 (5th Cir. 1995)) (internal 

quotation marks omitted); see also U.S. Airways, Inc. v. McCutchen, 133 S. Ct. 1537, 1549 

(2013) (“Courts construe ERISA plans, as they do other contracts, by looking to the terms of 

the plan as well as to other manifestations of the parties’ intent.” (quoting Firestone Tire & 

Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 113 (1989)) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

28 Although the plan text, and not the plan summary, ultimately controls the plan 

administrator’s obligations, our precedent holds that (1) ambiguous plan language be given 

a meaning as close as possible to what is said in the plan summary, and (2) plan summaries 

be interpreted in light of the applicable statutes and regulations. Koehler v. Aetna Health 

Inc., 683 F.3d 182, 189 (5th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted).

23

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 23 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

regardless of whether the beneficiary was made 

whole.29

Thus, the SPD expressly confirms that amounts recoverable from others on 

behalf of the Plan include payments to members of the Plan from underinsured 

motorists insurance—the exact type of payment that Nguyen received but is 

now attempting to shield from recovery by Humana for the benefit of the Plan.

The only conclusion that I can draw from all of this is that, on its face, 

Ms. Manuel’s interpretation directly contradicts the plain terms of the NCD 

(and the other plan documents, including the SPD) and is therefore incorrect 

as a matter of law. And, even though a legally incorrect interpretation like Ms. 

Manuel’s does not automatically constitute an abuse of discretion, when, as 

here, an administrator’s interpretation flies in the face of the express and 

unambiguous terms of the Plan, it does indeed constitute an abuse of 

discretion.30 As such, we must disregard her interpretation entirely. Thus, 

relying on the plain language of the NCD as incorporated in the SPD, I would 

hold that these terms create an equitable lien in favor of the Plan against 

Nguyen’s underinsured motorists recovery.

III. Conclusion

Finally, a few thoughts on the “brooding omnipresence” overarching this 

dispute that we simply cannot ignore. Nguyen is the son of API’s CEO, who is 

Ms. Manuel’s superior. I take judicial notice of the fact that the Nguyen family 

29 Underlining emphasis supplied.

30 See Wildbur, 974 F.2d at 638 (“Although the fact that an administrator’s 

interpretation is not the correct one does not in itself establish that the administrator abused 

his discretion, ‘[w]hen [his] interpretation of a plan is in direct conflict with express language 

in a plan, this action is a very strong indication of arbitrary and capricious behavior.’” 

(alterations in original) (quoting Batchelor v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers Local 861 Pension & 

Ret. Fund, 877 F.2d 441, 445 (5th Cir. 1989))).

24

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 24 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

owns 100% of the stock of API, and employs only around 180 persons.31 The 

Plan covered and paid the medical expenses that Nguyen incurred as a result 

of an automobile accident, to the tune of about a quarter-million dollars. 

Nguyen subsequently received a second, virtually identical payout by virtue of 

underinsured motorists insurance. Despite the plain language of the PMA, the 

NCD, and the SPD—each of which empowers Humana to recover such payouts 

(as well as other types), up to the amount of covered expenses previously paid 

by the Plan—Nguyen, like Ms. Manuel, baldly and self-servingly (but 

incorrectly) denies that Humana, acting on behalf of the Plan, is entitled to do 

so.32 Moreover, relying on the affidavit prepared by Ms. Manuel, Nguyen 

insists that the Plan may not recover funds that he received pursuant to 

underinsured motorists’ insurance.

Stated simply, I am convinced beyond cavil that the record evidence 

compels the conclusion that Humana not only has discretion to pursue 

subrogation and reimbursement on behalf of the Plan and thus has standing, 

but that the Plan is entitled to recover the sums obtained by Nguyen by virtue 

of underinsured motorists insurance, particularly when his retention of that

sum would constitute nepotistic double-dipping at the expense of the Plan.33 I 

am firmly convinced that reversing and remanding today for a redetermination 

of both standing and the merits—with predictably the same results—merely 

prolongs the resolution of this dispute, which I conclude has already been 

31 See FED. R. EVID. 201(b)(2) (“The court may judicially notice a fact that is not subject 

to reasonable dispute because it . . . can be accurately and readily determined from sources 

whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.”).

32 I acknowledge that Humana is entitled to retain a portion of the amounts it recovers 

via subrogation and recovery on behalf of the Plan.

33 That the pater familias who runs the family-owned business would support (if not 

direct) the efforts of his minions to obtain a tax-free windfall of a quarter-million dollars for 

a family member at the expense of his company’s faceless insurers is not surprising. But it 

is nevertheless wrong and—more to the point of this case—violative of both the letter and 

the spirit of the contracts that govern the relationship between the parties.

25

 

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 25 Date Filed: 05/11/2015
No. 14-20358

correctly decided by the district court. These are the reasons why I respectfully 

DISSENT.

26

 Case: 14-20358 Document: 00513037434 Page: 26 Date Filed: 05/11/2015