# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for high speed activation of oxygen scavenging compositions

## Abstract

The invention is a method, triggering unit, and system for activating an oxygen scavenging composition at high speeds. The triggering unit includes a plurality of UV lamps that can operate at increased temperatures and have high output intensites from about 10 to 35 mW/cm2. The triggering unit can activate films at speeds from about 20 to 100 fps. Mercury amalgam lamps are useful in the practice of the invention. The invention also includes a UV dose management system and film tensioning system that facilitates triggering at high film speeds. The UV dose management system controls the amount of UV exposure that the film receives so that the oxygen scavenging rate of the activated composition can be controlled.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/573,616 filed May 21, 2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates generally to articles that are used in packaging oxygen sensitive materials, and more particularly to the triggering of an oxygen scavenging composition.
Reducing the exposure to oxygen of oxygen sensitive articles maintains and enhances the quality and shelf life of the article. For instance, reducing the oxygen exposure of oxygen sensitive food products in a packaging system maintains the quality of the food product and avoids food spoilage. Reduced oxygen exposure keeps the product in inventory longer, thereby reducing costs incurred from waste and having to restock.
One method of reducing oxygen exposure is to incorporate an oxygen scavenger into the packaging structure. Oxygen scavenging compositions are compositions that consume, deplete, or reduce the amount of oxygen in a given environment. There are a wide variety of different compositions that can be used in oxygen scavenging applications. Exemplary compositions are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,211,875; 5,350,622; 5,399,289; and 5,811,027 to Speer et al. and WO 99/48963 to Cai et al. The oxygen scavenging composition can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted ethylenically unsaturated composition that is capable of scavenging oxygen upon activation or triggering. The oxygen scavenging composition can also include a metal catalyst and photoinitiators that help activate oxygen scavenging, and can be “triggered” by exposing the composition to a radiation source, such as actinic radiation, having sufficient power for a sufficient amount of time to initiate oxygen scavenging. High temperatures can also help trigger the oxygen scavenging composition.
Methods of triggering oxygen scavenging compositions typically use low-pressure mercury germicidal lamps that have an intensity output from about 5 to 10 mW/cm2. These lamps are commonly referred to as germicidal since the principal emission is at 254 nm. During UV light exposure, the compositions can also be heated to further enhance triggering. Heating the composition makes it possible to trigger the oxygen scavenging composition at a lower UV dose.
Low-pressure mercury germicidal lamps have optimal performance at temperatures slightly above room temperature to slightly below room temperature. A disadvantage for triggering oxygen scavenging film that is associated with standard mercury germicidal lamps is their sensitivity to heat. As lamp temperature increases above room temperature the lamp output drops. As a result, a lamp that can be capable of an intensity of about 10 mW/cm2 at room temperature may have an intensity that is about 4 to 6 mW/cm2 at higher operating temperatures. As a practical limitation then, a balance must be struck between warming the film to facilitate triggering and the associated loss in lamp output.
The need to compensate for reduced lamp intensities at higher film temperatures results in a compromise between maximizing lamp intensity and the amount of heat that can be applied to the composition. Reduced lamp intensities can require the composition to be exposed to the lamps for a longer duration or require that a larger number of lamps be used. Although heating the film facilitates triggering, heating the film can also increase lamp temperatures, and thereby further lower intensities. At higher temperatures, a film can curl and become unusable. Current methods are typically limited to a temperature threshold that is below 50° C.
The compromise between lamp intensity and temperature can limit the speed at which the composition can be adequately triggered. Film triggering is limited to about 20 ft/min (fpm) with current methods when using as many as 80 (24 watt) germicidal lamps.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is a method, apparatus, and system of using the apparatus for triggering an oxygen scavenging composition. The invention uses UV lamps combined with improved film tensioning, UV dose management, and temperature regulation to provide an apparatus and method that can be used to trigger oxygen scavenging compositions at speeds in some cases exceeding 100 ft/min. Mercury amalgam lamps are useful in the practice of the invention. Mercury amalgam lamps produce higher lamp intensities and operate at higher temperature. Amalgam lamps have intensities that are from about 10 to 35 mW/cm2 and can operate with surface temperatures ranging from 90° to 150° C. As a result, the present invention can activate oxygen scavenging compositions at higher speeds while sometimes using fewer lamps than are currently used.
The invention includes an improved triggering unit that comprises a plurality of low-pressure mercury amalgam lamp banks, a film shuttle system, and an air circulation system for regulating the temperature of the film and the temperature of the lamps. The film shuttle system includes a series of stationary rolls and moveable shuttle rolls that together define an adjustable length film path through the triggering unit and direct the film into close proximity with the lamp banks. The shuttle rolls are capable of being repositioned so that the amount of UV exposure the film receives can be controlled. As a result, the triggering unit can maintain the UV dose on the film within an optimal range across a wide range of packaging speeds. The shuttle system can also be used to apply tension to the film. Applying tension to the film helps prevent film curl that can be induced at higher operating temperatures.
In another aspect of the invention, the UV lamps can be disposed in a lamp cassette that comprises a housing having openings through which UV light can be transmitted. The lamp cassettes can include a shutter system to control film UV exposure. The shutter system includes shades that can be selectively opened or closed to cover the openings. The cassettes can also be connected to an air circulation system that introduces a cooling air flow over the lamps.
Thus, the invention provides, among other things, a method and apparatus for triggering oxygen scavenging compositions at high speeds. The invention uses a film tensioning, dose management, and temperature regulating systems that can improve activation, help prevent film damage, and prolong bulb life.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)
Having thus described the invention in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a triggering system and triggering unit that are in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a triggering unit that is in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3a is a schematic illustration of a triggering unit having a shuttle system that is in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3b is a schematic illustration depicting a triggering unit and inventory section that are in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration of an air circulation system for cooling the lamps that is in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of a UV lamp cassette that is in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 6a is a graphical illustration of the inner mechanism of the UV cassette depicted in FIG. 5;
FIG. 6b is a graphical illustration of the cassette depicted in FIG. 6a wherein the lamps have been removed;
FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration of a front view of a triggering unit having a bank of UV lamps that are in a horizontal orientation relative to the triggering unit; and
FIG. 8 is a cross-section view of the triggering unit depicted in FIG. 7 having an air circulation system.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
The invention is a method, apparatus, and system of using the apparatus for the high speed triggering of an oxygen scavenging composition. The invention includes an improved triggering unit whereby UV lamps having greater intensities and higher temperatures can be used to activate oxygen scavenging compositions. The triggering unit includes a film tensioning system and dose management system that facilitates film triggering at higher temperatures and increased operational speeds. The triggering unit can also include two separate air circulation systems that can be used to regulate and control the temperature of the film and the lamps.
With reference to FIG. 1, a triggering system that is in accordance with the invention is broadly designated with reference number 1. As shown in FIG. 1, the system includes a triggering unit shown generally at 10 for activating an oxygen scavenging composition, an inventory section 105 for temporarily accumulating activated film, and a packaging system 14 for packaging product or storage. In some embodiments the film 30 can be supplied from a continuous roll 12 of film. The film 30 enters the triggering unit 10 and is exposed to a UV light source of sufficient intensity and for a residence time sufficient to activate the oxygen scavenging composition. The activated film 30 then exits the triggering unit and travels through an inventory section 105. The capacity of the inventory section is expandable so that in the event of a production line stoppage, the inventory section can temporarily store any film that is contained within the triggering unit. After passing through the inventory section the film travels to a packaging device or wind-up roll where it can be stored for later use.
The triggering unit 10 includes at least one UV lamp bank 35, and a film tensioning system and dose management system. The film tensioning system and dose management system shown in FIG. 1 are both integrated into a single system (see reference number 60) that can be used to control the level of UV exposure and maintain adequate film tension. As a result, the system can accommodate a wide range of packaging speeds and be easily adapted for activating a wide variety of films, webs, articles, and the like that contain oxygen scavenging compositions.
The triggering unit in some embodiments includes a plurality of UV lamp banks 35 that are evenly spaced and substantially parallel to each other. The lamp banks have a proximal end 37 and a distal end 39. Each UV lamp bank typically comprises a plurality of UV lamps that are substantially parallel to each other and can be arranged in a side-by-side manner to allow optimal exposure to the film. The lamp bank in some embodiments has from about 5 to 15 UV lamps. The lamp bank can have a wide variety of structures and forms. In one embodiment, the lamp bank can be in the form of an enclosed cassette having a pair of dual windows through which UV light can be transmitted. A form of this embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, which is discussed in greater detail below. The lamp banks can also include a protective UV transparent window pane (see FIG. 6b, reference number 512) or sleeve (not shown) that can protect the film from debris in the event of lamp breakage. The window pane typically comprises quartz or a thin sheet of a fluorocarbon polymer such as FEP-Teflon® that is from about 1 to 7 mils thick. The sleeve can be a shrinkable member or coating that can be applied to the lamps. One type of sleeve comprises FEP-Teflon® that can be heat shrunk around each lamp.
Lamps that are useful in the invention have output intensities at 254 nm that are typically from about 10 to 35 mW/cm2 measured at 2 inches and at air temperatures that can reach up to about 75° C. Somewhat more typical is intensity from about 15 to 35 mW/cm2. UV-C light such as UV light of germicidal wavelengths has been found particularly effective at triggering certain oxygen scavenging compositions. Particularly useful wavelengths are between 200 m and 280 nm, such as 254 nm. The lamps should be able to produce high output intensities at elevated air temperatures. Mercury amalgam lamps are useful in the practice of the invention. Mercury amalgam lamps can have intensities that can be greater than 3 times the output of standard mercury lamps. Low-pressure mercury amalgam lamps are germicidal lamps that produce their highest output at wavelengths that are between 200 to 280 nm. Within this region the lamps can produce intensities that exceed 20 mW/cm2. Typically, the amalgam lamps have intensities at 254 nm that are from about 15 to 35 mW/cm2.
Mercury amalgam lamps also produce heat resulting in lamp surface temperatures that can exceed 50° C. These increased operating temperatures do not typically affect lamp output because amalgam mercury lamps produce their maximum intensities at lamp temperatures that are between 100 to 120° C. Amalgam lamps contain a mercury amalgam that lowers the vapor pressure of mercury and thereby acts like an internal “cooler.” Lowering the vapor pressure of the mercury allows the lamps to continue to operate at high temperatures without sacrificing lamp output. As a result, temperatures within the triggering unit can exceed 75° C. The radiant heat produced by the lamps may also be used to efficiently heat the film. The combination of higher film temperature and greater lamp intensity means that the composition requires significantly less exposure time, and thereby can be triggered at higher speeds. Typical film speeds are from about 20 to 120 fpm or from about 40 to 100 fpm. Films speeds from about 50 to 80 fpm or 60 to 80 fpm are somewhat more typical of a unit like that shown in FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 1, the triggering unit 10 can include a triggering chamber 15 in which the UV lamp banks 35 are disposed. Typically, film tension can be maintained using a first driven roll 45 and a second driven roll 50 in combination with a shuttle system 60. Selectively adjusting the speed of driven rolls 45, 50 can be used to maintain a desired level of tension on the film as it enters and exits the chamber 15. Any slack or reduction in film tension that occurs within the chamber between rolls 45 and 50 can be absorbed by the shuttle system 60 that can apply tensioning force to the film. Maintaining the film at a desired level of tension within the triggering unit helps reduce or eliminate film curl that can occur at higher temperatures. The film should be maintained at a tension that is sufficient to maintain web control and overcome the tendency of the web to curl at higher temperatures. Typically, web or film tension in the chamber is maintained from about 0 to 2.5 pounds per linear inch of web width (PLI). Somewhat more typical, is a tension that is slightly greater than 0 PLI and that is less than 2.5 PLI, for example 0.5 to 1.0 PLI. Excessive tension could result in elongation of the film accompanied by a decrease in the width of the film.
The first driven roll 45 will in some embodiments drive the film forward into the chamber 15 through inlet 20. The second driven roll 50 drives the film out of the chamber through an outlet 25. The speed of driven rolls 45 and 50 can be adjusted to increase or decrease film tension. The driven rolls can be selected from a wide variety of rolls, such as nip rolls, that can be used to drive the film in a desired direction. The driven rolls can be powered with a motorized device, such as an electric or pneumatic motor. The inlet and outlet define openings or slits in the chamber through which the film can enter or exit the chamber. In some embodiments, the triggering unit may include UV deflectors (not shown) disposed adjacent to the inlet and outlet. The UV deflector helps prevent stray UV light from exiting the triggering chamber. The driven rolls 45, 50 can be disposed within the chamber adjacent to the inlet and outlet. It should be recognized that the exact placement of the rolls 45, 50 is not critical to the practice of the invention and that the rolls may be placed at other locations within the chamber or outside of the chamber provided that the driven rolls can maintain a desired level of tension and forward motion on the film. The driven rolls can be used in conjunction with the shuttle system 60 to maintain a desired level of tension on the film.
Upon entering the chamber, the path of the film is directed and defined by the shuttle system. The shuttle system 60 comprises a plurality of stationary guide rolls 66, a shuttle frame 62, and shuttle rolls 64. The guide rolls 66 are in some embodiments disposed adjacent to the proximal end 37 of the lamp banks. The guide rolls can be substantially aligned with the lamp banks. The shuttle rolls 64 are in some embodiments disposed on, and supported by, the shuttle frame 62. Each lamp bank 35 is typically disposed between a pair of shuttle rolls 64. Driven roll 45 drives the film forward into the chamber. The film then passes over a series of guide rolls 66 and shuttle rolls 64. The guide rolls 66 support the film and cooperate with the shuttle rolls 64 to direct the path of the film into close proximity with each of the lamp banks 35. In this regard, FIG. 1 shows the film passing in close proximity to the lamp bank as it travels between each guide roll and each shuttle roll. The distance between the film and the lamps is can be from about 1 to 5 cm, e.g., about 2 cm.
In one embodiment of the invention, the film supports the shuttle frame as the film travels over the guide rolls 66 and about the shuttle rolls 64. In turn, the shuttle frame exerts a downward force on the film, and thereby maintains tension on the film as it travels through the triggering chamber. In this embodiment, movement of the shuttle frame is typically restrained to travel that is parallel to the lamp banks. FIG. 1 shows an arrow in the Z direction representing the axis along which the shuttle frame can travel. The shuttle system can also include a control system that can monitor and control the travel of the shuttle frame.
An exemplary shuttle system 60 is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The shuttle frame 62 can travel along “rod-less” air pistons or air cylinders 68 that can reposition the shuttle frame and can increase or decrease film tension. The shuttle system 60 can have a plurality of air pistons 68. Typically, the shuttle system includes 4 air pistons. Pressurized air can enter the air pistons from above or below the shuttle frame. Tension on the shuttle frame can be reduced to near zero by delivering pressurized air at the base 63 of the air pistons. Tension can be increased by delivering pressurized air into the apex 61 of the air pistons. The pressurized air can be used to exert a force on the shuttle frame to increase or decrease tension on the film. The air pistons can also be used to reposition the shuttle frame.
Alternatively, travel and positioning of the shuttle frame can be controlled by a pneumatic cylinder or motor. In this embodiment, tension can be maintained by using a monitoring system that sends and receives signals to and from a control unit, such as a programmable logic controller (PLC). The control unit can be programmed or automated to maintain a desired level of tension by directing the motor to reposition the shuttle frame.
It should also be recognized that the orientation of the lamp banks and shuttle system are not limited to the z-axis, and the shuttle system and lamp banks can have alternative arrangements, including any suitable physical orientation, provided that the film is directed in close proximity with the lamp banks and that a desired level of film tension can be maintained. For example, the lamp banks 35 and shuttle system could be rotated about 90° so that the lamp banks are stacked one on top of the other and are perpendicular to the z-axis. The shuttle frame would then be limited to movement in the horizontal plane. In this embodiment, a motorized device such as a pneumatic or electric motor could be used to control movement of the shuttle frame. Any physical orientation of the lamp banks 35 and shuttle system 60 in between or intermediate the vertical and horizontal embodiments can alternatively be employed in accordance with the invention.
The shuttle system in conjunction with a PLC can also function as a UV dose management system. It has been found that exposing oxygen scavenging compositions to different doses of UV-C light can affect the scavenging rate of the film after triggering. It is possible to under or over expose the film leading to poor scavenging and/or issues with regulatory compliance. As such, the triggering unit can be advantageously used to control the amount of UV exposure the composition receives, across a range of packaging speeds and thereby control the scavenging rate of the activated article. Current methods and equipment rely on turning off the lamps to prevent overexposure of the film; however, increased on/off cycles result in significantly shorter lamp life. It is therefore desirable to have a dose management system that does not require additional on/off cycles for the lamps.
As described above, the shuttle system can interchangeably go from a relatively fixed position to a moveable position and vice versa. In the moveable position, the shuttle system can travel between the distal end 39 and the proximal end 37 of the UV lamp banks. As a result, the shuttle system can change positions so that the amount of UV exposure that the film receives can be varied. This feature is particularly useful for activating oxygen scavenging films across a range of packaging speeds, including conditions where the packaging speed may routinely vary or be somewhat intermittent. For example, it is common for an operator to start up a packaging line at a low speed until all parameters are operating correctly and then ramp up to higher speeds. Under these conditions a constant UV dose and consistent oxygen scavenging can be maintained with the apparatus of the invention. In addition, a wide variety of films having differing oxygen scavenging compositions, or a given film intended for differing end use applications can be activated by the unit. For instance, if a lower scavenging rate is desired, the shuttle frame can be repositioned to be closer to the proximal ends 37 of the UV lamp banks (see shuttle frame position in FIG. 1). If a faster scavenging rate is desired, the shuttle frame can be repositioned closer to the distal ends of the lamp banks (see shuttle frame position in FIG. 3). Thus, the shuttle system can also be used to control the amount of UV exposure that the film receives.
The shuttle frame can also be repositioned so that UV exposure is substantially eliminated. For instance, the shuttle frame could be repositioned so that the shuttle frame is adjacent to the guide rolls. As a result, the film can travel between driven roll 45 to driven roll 50 without UV exposure. Thus, UV exposure can be eliminated or substantially prevented without having to turn off the lamps. This can be particularly useful when using mercury amalgam lamps. Typically, amalgam lamps have a longer warm up time than standard lamps from a cold start, and are even more detrimentally affected by on/off cycles than standard germicidal lamps.
Movement of the shuttle system can be accomplished in a wide variety of ways. As shown in FIG. 1, the driven nip rolls 45, 50 can be used to reposition the shuttle position by changing the speed on one of the driven rolls, relative to the speed of the other roll. For instance, the speed of first driven roll could be increased while the speed of second driven roll remains constant, resulting in a greater amount of the film being driven into the chamber than the amount of film being driven out of the chamber. This would cause film tension within the chamber to decrease because of the excess slack in the film. As a result, the weight of the shuttle frame would cause the frame to travel downwardly in the direction of the distal ends 39, thus exposing the film to a greater UV exposure. In the same manner, the speed of the second driven roller 50 can be increased so that the amount of UV exposure is decreased. When a desired amount of UV exposure is reached, the speed of the driven rollers can be readjusted so that the speed of the film as it enters and exits the chamber is substantially the same. Thus, the invention can be used to actively control and change the amount of UV exposure the film receives.
The triggering unit can also contain two separate air handling systems. Mercury amalgam lamps produce both UV-C light and heat. The infrared energy from the lamps can be used to heat the film to temperatures that can range from about 35 to 75° C. The film can be heated to temperatures that are greater than 50° C., e.g., from about 60 to 75° C. An air circulation system can be used to help prevent the film from exceeding desired temperatures. FIG. 1 illustrates an air handling system 75 for regulating the temperature of the film. The air handling system is typically an air circulation system that can be used to keep the film and the lamps at a desired temperature. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an air circulation system 75. The air circulation system 75 typically includes an air intake 77, a heat exchanger 79, a fan or blower 81, and a plenum 83. The fan or blower 81 draws heated air from within the triggering chamber 15. The heated air is drawn into the intake 77 where it subsequently passed through a heat exchanger 79. The heat exchanger 79 can be used to cool the air. The heat exchanger may be air or water cooled. The air is then directed by fan 81 through a plenum 83 that directs the now cooled air into contact with the film 30. As a result, the temperature of the film 30 can be maintained at a desired temperature so that triggering is enhanced without damaging or curling the film. The chamber can be operated at a slight negative pressure. Although not illustrated, a vent could be located within the air circulation system 75 that could be used to vent some of the air outside the chamber. The triggering unit could also include an optional infrared heater (not shown) to heat the film before it enters the UV chamber.
A second air handling system can be also used to help maintain lamp temperatures within a desired range. As stated above, the amalgam lamps have their greatest output at lamp temperatures that are from about 100 to 120° C. The lamp air circulation system is similar to the system for regulating the temperature of the film except that it directs cooling air into contact with the lamps. In this regard, FIG. 4 illustrates a lamp air circulation system 400 that can be used to cool the lamps 40. The lamp air circulation system comprises a fan or blower 135, a heat exchanger 136, and a plenum 125. Heated air can be removed from within the triggering chamber by fan 135 and directed into a heat exchanger 136. At the heat exchanger, the air is cooled and then directed into the plenum 125 where it is subsequently directed into contact with the lamps 40. The arrows represent airflow through the system.
In an alternative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the triggering unit 100 includes a dose management system that is incorporated into the UV lamp banks 35a. In this embodiment, the triggering unit does not include a shuttle system for managing UV dose exposure and film tensioning. As shown in FIG. 2, the triggering unit 100 can include a triggering chamber 15. Similar to the embodiment described above, the chamber can include an inlet 20 and an outlet 25. The film is driven forward into the chamber 15 with a first driven roll 45, and is driven outwardly from the chamber with a second driven roll 50. Tension is maintained on the film by using a combination of upper stationary guide rolls 66, lower stationary guide rolls 85, and driven rolls 45, 50. The film 30 is driven into the chamber and directed in close proximity to UV lamp banks 35a using guide rolls 66, 85. A device for measuring film tension, such as a load cell, can be disposed on a stationary guide roll 66, 85. The load cell 87 can be in communication with or send periodic signals to a control unit (PLC) or operator indicating film tension. Increasing or decreasing the speeds of driven rolls 45, 50, can be used to adjust film tension.
The dose management system in FIG. 2 is accomplished by using a shutter system that is built into the UV lamp bank. FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a UV lamp bank that is in the form of a cassette 35a. As shown in FIG. 5, the UV cassette 35a comprises a cassette housing 505 having a plurality of mercury amalgam lamps 40 located therein. The cassette housing can comprise a first panel 532 and second panel 554, which together form an enclosed spaced in which the lamps are disposed. Typically, both panels 532, 554 have a central opening or window 556 exposing the lamps. Light generated by the lamps can pass through the openings. The central openings 556 can be covered with a thin pane 512 (see FIG. 6B) through which UV light can be transmitted. The pane serves dual functions. It encloses the lamps so that in the event of breakage, production contamination is limited, i.e., shattered quartz is prevented from contacting the film, and it encloses the cassette so that a controlled airflow can be introduced across the lamps through opposing side edges 555a and 555b with the air circulation system (see FIG. 4). Suitable materials for the pane should be able to transmit UV-C light and withstand the high temperatures that are produced by the lamps. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to fluorocarbon polymers such as FEP-TEFLON® and quartz glass. Typically, the FEP-TEFLON® pane is from about 1 to 7 mils in thickness, e.g., having a thickness of about 5 mils.
The dose management system can be incorporated into the cassette and act as a double-sided window shade. The shade can be lowered or raised to control the amount of UV exposure. In this regard FIGS. 5, 6a, and 6b illustrate the cassette having front and back shades 510a and 510b, respectively, to cover and enclose the UV lamps. The shades can be constructed of a variety of materials that are UV opaque and substantially prevent UV light from being transmitted from the lamps through the openings 556. The shades will in some embodiments be constructed of a thin flexible material such as a foil. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, stainless steel, aluminum, metallic alloys, UV opaque plastic films, metalized plastic films, KAPTON®, and the like. In one form of the invention, the dual-shades can be closed and opened simultaneously. FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrate an exploded perspective of the cassette in which one of the panels has been removed. As shown in FIG. 6b, the cassette can comprise a front shade 510a and a back shade 510b. One of the shades can contain a winding mechanism 515 whereby the shade can be opened or closed by operation of a motor or other mechanism. FIGS. 6a and 6b depict a winding mechanism 515 that can be used to operate both the front and back shade. The winding mechanism can include a winding shaft that is in communication with a gear drive 535. The shade can be opened or closed by rotation of the winding shaft 520. The shade can be disposed on a roll 530 that can be under spring tension so that when released, the shade can automatically recoil, thereby opening the shade and exposing the UV lamps. A common winding mechanism 515 can be used to open or close both the upper and lower shades simultaneously. A pull chain or cable 540 can connect the recoil roll 530 to the front shade 510a so that as the back shade is opened or closed, the lower shade will likewise be opened or closed. The winding mechanism can also include a wind-up shaft 525 that is connected to the recoil roll 530. The wind-up shaft can be actuated to wind the shade onto the roll and thereby open the shade. The winding mechanism and wind-up shaft can be manually or automatically adjusted to provide a desired level of UV exposure. It should be understood that the cassette is not limited to the use of shades to control UV exposure and that other methods could be used. The dose management system in conjunction with a PLC can provide a consistent UV dose to the film across a wide range of packaging speeds, and can eliminate the need to switch the lamps off to prevent overexposure.
FIG. 6a also illustrates that the UV lamps 40 can be arranged substantially parallel to each other and oriented in a side-by-side manner. The UV lamps can be connected to a plurality of sockets 550 through which energy for powering the lights can be transmitted. The lamps can be in the form of a plurality of linear or U-shaped UV lamps. It should be understood that mercury amalgam lamps can have a variety of different shapes, and that the invention is not limited to any particular lamp shape or form.
In another embodiment, the triggering unit includes at least one lamp cassette that is oriented in a substantially horizontal arrangement. In this regard, FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate a triggering system 700 having a triggering unit 705 with a lamp cassette 35a in a substantially horizontal orientation. As shown, film 30 enters the triggering chamber 706 at inlet 707. The film then passes over a series of rollers 714 and 712 that direct the film in a path that is in close proximity to the UV lamp bank. Tension on the web may be controlled with a first driven roll 710. In some embodiments, roll 712 may also be driven and work in cooperation with driven roll 710 to control the speed and tension of the film. In some embodiments the film will exit the chamber at an outlet (not illustrated) that may be positioned in close proximity to driven roll 710. Film tension can be maintained by selectively adjusting the speed of the driven rolls. As discussed above, each cassette 35a may contain shades that can limit and control the amount of UV light that is transmittable from within the cassette.
In some embodiments the triggering unit 705 may also include a control unit 750, such as a programmable logic controller. Control unit 750 can be used to operatively control film tension, film speed, UV dosage, temperature, and the like. Typically, the control unit may be in communication with driven rolls 710, 712, lamp cassette 35a, an air circulation system, and various sensors disposed within the triggering unit. The control unit can be used to monitor and control film tension and UV dosage.
Triggering system 700 may also include a film inventory section 730. The film inventory section typically includes a support structure (represented by the dashed line) and a plurality of rolls 732, 734 that can be slidably repositioned within slots 732a, 734a, respectively. Rolls 732, 734 may be repositioned to absorb or release excess inventory by moving within the slots. The inventory section 730 may be particularly useful when supplying film to a packaging machine having intermittent motion. Such packaging machines may employ an open tray or formed web that is stepped incrementally in conjunction with a loading cycle. For example, the invention can be used in conjunction with horizontal thermoforming lidding machines made by Multivac Inc., and Tiromat, and tray lidding machines made by Ross Industries, Inc., and G. Mondini S.p.A. The tray or package is subsequently sealed closed, often using a top web that may comprise an oxygen scavenging composition. After exiting the inventory section 730, the film can proceed to a packaging device 720.
As shown in FIG. 8, the triggering unit 705 in some embodiments may also include an air circulation system 760. The air circulation system 760 typically includes an air intake 761, a heat exchanger 79, a fan or blower 81, and a plenum (not illustrated). The fan or blower 81 draws heated air from within the triggering chamber 706. The heated air is drawn into the intake 761 where it subsequently passes through a heat exchanger 79. The heat exchanger 79 can be used to cool the air. The heat exchanger may be air or water cooled. The now cooled air 770 is split into two separate pathways, with air pathway 772 being directed into contact with the film 30, and air pathway 774 being directed through lamp cassette 35a to maintain the lamps at a desired temperature. Arrows 770, 776 represent air flow through the triggering chamber. In some embodiments the chamber can be operated at a slight negative pressure. Although not illustrated, a vent could be located within the air circulation system 760 that could be used to vent some of the air outside the chamber.
With reference to FIGS. 1 through 3, the triggering system 10 may also include a film inventory section that can be used to temporarily store any film contained in the shuttle system. The capacity of the inventory section should be as great as or greater than the capacity of the shuttle system. In this regard, FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate a triggering system that is in accordance with the invention that further includes an activated film inventory section 105. The inventory section 105 can have a structure that is similar to the shuttle system described above. Similar to the shuttle system, the inventory device 105 can contain an expandable inventorying section that can be expanded to contain any excess film that is present in the shuttle system of the triggering unit. The inventory section can include guide rolls 107 and an inventory shuttle 120 having inventory shuttle rolls 112. The inventory shuttle is shown as being disposed between, and supported by, guide rails 114. The inventory shuttle typically includes gears 122 that can intermesh with gear teeth 116 that are disposed on the guide rails 114. The guide rails 114 and gears 122 help to maintain the alignment of the inventory shuttle as it travels between varying states of low capacity to high capacity. Like the shuttle frame, the inventory shuttle is repositioned by controlling tension on the film as it travels about the inventory shuttle roll and guide rolls. The inventory shuttle 120 can be repositioned to expand or decrease capacity of the inventory section 105 by increasing or decreasing the speed of the film as it enters or exits the inventory section. In the event of a line stoppage, such as a stoppage or delay that occurs at the packaging system, second driven roll 50 can transfer film from the shuttle system to the inventory section. As a result, film UV exposure can be stopped without having to turn off the UV lamps.
After the activated film 30 has exited the triggering unit it can be sent to a wind-up roll or other suitable storage means for later use, or it can be sent to a packaging system for immediate use.
Although the invention is described in terms of using it in connection with a film, it should be recognized that the term “film” refers to a variety of different flexible materials that can be used in conjunction with the triggering unit including without limitation, laminates, webs, sheets, coatings, and the like. The invention is particularly useful for activating oxygen scavenging compositions that can be used in packaging articles, such as films that can be used as a component in a rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible product; activated films that can be used as a coupon or insert within a package, films that can be included in an oxygen barrier film, or films that have a relatively high oxygen transmission.
The triggering system can be used in the packaging of a wide variety of oxygen sensitive products including smoked and processed meats such as sliced turkey, ham, pepperoni and bologna, vegetable products such as tomato based products, jams and jellies, other food products, such baby foods and other products including electronic components, limited lifetime optical storage media, pharmaceuticals, and the like. The triggering unit is readily adaptable to various vertical form-fill-and-seal (VFFS) and horizontal form-fill-and-seal (HFFS) packaging lines.
A wide variety of oxygen scavenging compositions can be triggered using the invention. Suitable oxygen scavenging compositions are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,211,875, 5,350,622, 5,498,364, and 5,399,289 to Speer et al., and WO 95/04776 and WO 95/02616 to Ching et al., and WO 99/48963 to Cai et al., which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Oxygen scavenging compositions for use in the invention typically include an oxidizable organic composition that can be combined with a transition metal catalyst, for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,875. Oxygen scavenging compositions include, without limitation, oxidizable organic compositions of substituted or unsubstituted ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon polymers. Typical polymers that are useful in the invention have a molecular weight of at least 1000. Particularly useful organic compositions include, but are not limited to styrene/butadiene copolymer, styrene/isoprene copolymer, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene/methyl acrylate/cyclohexene methyl acrylate, and mixtures thereof. The transition metal catalyst of the oxygen scavenging composition will typically be a transition metal salt of cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron, copper, rhodium, ruthenium, or mixtures thereof.
Additional oxygen scavenging compositions that can be used in the invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,254 to Rooney, U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,145 to Ching et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,248 to Bansleben et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,254 to Gauthier et al, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/746,626, filed Dec. 24, 2003, and PCT patent publication WO 99/48963, which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Other oxygen scavengers which can be used in connection with this invention are disclosed in PCT patent publication WO 94/12590 (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. These oxygen scavengers include at least one reducible organic composition which is reduced under predetermined conditions, the reduced form of the composition being oxidizable by molecular oxygen, wherein the reduction and/or subsequent oxidation of the organic composition occurs independent of the presence of a transition metal catalyst. The reducible organic composition is preferably a quinone, a photoreducible dye, or a carbonyl composition which has absorbance in the UV spectrum.
The oxygen scavenging compositions can also include photoinitiators, diluents, and additives such as fillers, pigments, dyestuffs, antioxidants, stabilizers, processing aids, plasticizers, fire retardants, anti-fog agents, etc.
The amount of exposure that is needed to trigger the oxygen scavenging composition is dependent upon several variables such as the temperature of the film during and after triggering, film formulation, lamp intensity, film path length, proximity to the UV source, etc. Typically, the oxygen scavenging compositions can be triggered by exposure to UV-C light at a desired wavelength, intensity, and residence time to provide the composition with a dose of UV-C light of at least about 50 mJ/cm2. For example, the composition can receive a dose in excess of 150 mJ/cm2, such as from 300 to 1000 mJ/cm2. In some cases, the UV dose may be as high as 1600 mJ/cm2.
As previously described, the invention includes a dose management system that can be used to control the amount of UV exposure a particular oxygen scavenging composition receives. For instance, when the triggered article is to be used in packages having a headspace, such as modified atmosphere packages (MAP), a faster oxygen scavenging rate, preferably with a very short induction period, is preferred. With such packages, the preferred doses of UV-C light are between 300 and 1600 mJ/cm2, such as between 400 and 800 mJ/cm2. As indicated above, the induction period is the period of time before the scavenging composition exhibits useful scavenging properties. Compositions exhibiting lengthy induction times are typically held by an end user in inventory for a sufficient period of time before use. On the other hand, oxygen scavenging compositions having a shorter induction period are typically used within a relatively short period of time so that the oxygen scavenging properties of the material are not prematurely exhausted.
When the oxygen scavenging film is to be used in active oxygen barrier packaging, the scavenging film provides a function of assisting in preventing the influx of oxygen through the package layers. In an active barrier application, lower oxygen scavenging rates are acceptable and preferred so that the oxygen scavenging film enhances the oxygen barrier nature of the package for longer periods of time. Exemplary active oxygen barrier films that can be used in conjunction with the invention are described in PCT patent publication WO 02/18489 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,599,598 to Kuraray, which are both hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Active oxygen barrier films can include one or more layers that provide a physical oxygen barrier and one or more layers that provide active oxygen barrier (scavengers). In some instances, the active oxygen barrier layer may contain a diluent polymer that also provides substantial physical oxygen barrier as well. In some embodiments, the oxygen scavenging formulation may be physically blended into a oxygen barrier layer. For use with barrier packages, especially high barrier long hold packages, the preferred dose of triggering UV-C light is between 50 and 800 mJ/cm2.
It should be apparent from the above discussion that the invention provides a method, apparatus, and system of using the apparatus that can be used to trigger an oxygen scavenging composition at higher speeds than were previously attainable. The invention also provides a triggering unit that can be used to control UV exposure.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustration and should not be considered as limiting the invention in any way.
Example 1
Table 1 illustrates that the triggering unit can be used to activate oxygen scavenging compositions at high rates of speed. In example 1, a film having an oxygen scavenging composition was triggered with a triggering unit that is in accordance with the invention. The triggering unit included four lamp banks having three types of mercury amalgam lamps from three different manufactures. An internal temperature set point of 60° C. was used for the film zone within the unit. The data in Table 1 shows that the triggering unit has excellent triggering capabilities and can trigger films at speeds in excess of 80 fpm. The induction period is the amount of time between exposing the composition to a radiation source and when the scavenging properties of the composition actually begin. An induction period of less than one day is generally preferred for headspace scavenging applications. As is evident from Table 1, the triggering unit had acceptable induction rates for film speeds in excess of 90 fpm.
To determine the oxygen scavenging rate of the films, irradiated films of well-defined area (usually 200 cm2) were vacuum packaged in barrier pouches (P 640BTM, Cryovac division of Sealed Air Corp.) having an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 5 cc/m2/day). The pouches were inflated with 300 cc of nitrogen atmosphere with about 1% residual oxygen. Samples were then stored at 4-5° C. (refrigerated) for the duration of the test unless indicated otherwise. Portions of the headspace were periodically withdrawn and analyzed for oxygen with a Mocon PAC CHECKTM model 400 or 450 oxygen analyzer.
The average oxygen scavenging rate was calculated by considering only the end points, with the following formula: Average Rate=cc O2 scavenged/(m2·day), and in these examples was calculated 4 days after UV triggering. The peak (instantaneous) rate is the highest scavenging rate observed during any sampling period, and is given by: Δ CC O2 scavenged/(m2·Δday), where Δ is the incremental change between two consecutive measurements. Measurements are typically taken on the day of triggering and after 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after triggering. Rates are further reported as the mean of at least three replicates. The number of days after triggering that the peak instantaneous rate occurs is often frequently noted as an indication of the triggering performance.







TABLE 1







High Speed Triggering Capability- Refrigerated Oxygen Scavenging Rates

















Calculated

Average







Speed
Dose
Induction
Rateb

Ins. Rate*


UV Sourcea
(fpm)
(mJ/cm2)
Period
(cc/m2/d)
SD
(cc/m2/d)
SD
Peak Day


















All Lamps
50
438
<1
33.6
0.9
72.0
4.0
1


All Lamps
60
365
<1
33.3
1.0
70.4
4.8
1


All Lamps
70
313
<1
34.0
0.3
73.7
0.3
1


All Lamps
80
274
<1
34.3
0.8
36.2
0.8
1


All Lamps
90
243
<1
33.6
0.4
37.8
0.6
4


All Lamps
100
219
>1 < 4
27.3
5.2
35.8
6.4
4





aHeraeus illuminated path is 100 inches; First Light and UVT path is 58 inches.


bAverage Rate at 4 days


*instantaneous rate






The triggering unit included four lamp banks. Two of the lamp banks were equipped with NNI 82/62 mercury amalgam lamps (12 each) available from Heraeus Noblelight, which is located in Hanau, Germany. A third lamp bank contained mercury amalgam lamps (12 each) available from First Light Technologies, which is located in Poultney, Vt. The final lamp bank contained eleven UVI 200 U mercury amalgam lamps available from UV-Technik Speciallampen, which is located in Wümbach, Germany. The path of the film in proximity to the lamps was about 5.5 m. A triggering unit of the invention can have any suitable number of lamp banks, such as 1 to 4 lamp banks. In a triggering unit of the invention, each lamp bank can have any suitable number of lamps, such as from 10 to 12 UV lamps.
Film Examples
The film exam les hereunder utilized the following materials:















Material
Tradename Or




Code
Designation
Source(s)









AB1
10853
Ampacet



AD1
PLEXAR PX 107A TM
Equistar



NY1
ULTRAMID TM B 35
BASF




NATURAL



NY2
GRIVORY TM G21
EMS



OB1
SOARNOL TM ET
Nippon Gohsei



OS1
OSP500R TM
Chevron Phillips



OSM1
OSP100M TM
Chevron Phillips



MB1
—
Cryovac Inc.



PE01
AFFINITY TM PL 1850
Dow



PE02
PE1042CS15 TM
Huntsman



PET1
HOSTAPHAN
Mitsubishi




2DEF/2DEFN TM



SX1
MB50-313 TM
Dow Corning










AB1 is an antiblock masterbatch in LLDPE containing 19% diatomaceous earth.
AD1 is an anhydride grafted ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), with 10% vinyl acetate monomer, and a melt index of 3.2, used as an adhesive or tie layer during coextrusion.
EV1 is ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer with a vinyl acetate content of 9%.
NY1 is nylon 6 (polycaprolactam).
NY2 is an amorphous copolyamide (6I/6T) derived from hexamethylene diamine, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid.
OB1 is an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer with 38 mole percent ethylene.
OS1 is an oxygen scavenger resin, poly(ethylene/methyl acrylate/cyclohexene methyl acrylate).
OSM1 is a masterbatch from Chevron Phillips produced from a carrier resin (ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer), having 1%, by weight of the masterbatch, of cobalt metal present as cobalt oleate, and 1%, by weight of the masterbatch, of tribenzoyl triphenyl benzene.
MB1 is a masterbatch containing 1% isopropylthioxanthone, 9% ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer in a base of OS1.
PE01 is a single site catalyzed ethylene/1-octene copolymer with a density of 0.902 grams/cc, a melt index of 3.0, and an octene-1 comonomer content of 12%.
PE02 is a low density polyethylene resin with a density of 0.922 grams/cc and a melt index of 2.0.
PET1 is a chemically primed polyethylene terephthalate film.
SX1 is an ultra-high molecular weight polysiloxane masterbatch in an LLDPE carrier resin with a density of 0.94 grams/cc.
The film structure of example 1 is a high-slip barrier laminate. The barrier sealant portion is adhesively laminated to PET.
Example 2
In example 2, a film having a reformulated oxygen scavenging composition was triggered with a triggering unit that is in accordance with the invention. The triggering unit included four lamp banks having three types of mercury amalgam lamps from three different manufactures. In this test, the two banks of Heraeus lamps were used to trigger the film and separately, the one bank of UV Technik (UVT) lamps was used. An internal temperature set point of 60° C. was used for the film zone within the unit. The film structure was:



















Sealant
OS
Tie
Nylon
EVOH
Nylon
Tie
Bulk
Bulk
PET


























88%
PE01
85%
OS1
AD1
NY1/NY2
OB1
NY1/NY2
AD1
PE02
PE02
PET1


8%
AB1
10%
OSM1

(80/20)

(80/20)


4%
SX1
5%
MB1
















0.25
0.75
0.18
0.18
0.25
0.19
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.48


mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil









Oxygen scavenging data was collected as described above.







TABLE 3







High Speed Triggering Capability - Refrigerated Oxygen Scavenging Rates

















Calculated

Average








Dose
Induction
Rateb

Ins. Rate


UV Lampa
Speed
MJ/cm2
Period
(cc/m2/d)
SD
(cc/m2/d)
SD
Peak Day


















Heraeus
40 fpm
246
<1
34.0
0.8
68.5
2.5
1


Heraeus
60 fpm
185
<1
33.4
0.7
38.8
2.2
4


Heraeus
80 fpm
123
>1 < 7
0
—
48.8
0.5
7


UVT
20 fpm
287
<1
34.4
0.3
67.1
0.8
1


UVT
30 fpm
216
<1
34.0
0.7
36.5
1.6
4


UVT
40 fpm
144
>1 < 4
2.1
0.3
44.9
0.4
7





aHeraeus illuminated path is 100 inches; and UVT path is 58 inches.


bAverage Rate at 4 days






The data in Table 3 shows that the triggering unit has excellent triggering capabilities with the reformulated film and as few as 24 lamps can trigger OS Film well at speeds of about 60 fpm. As few as 11 lamps can trigger OS Film well at 30 fpm. It should be noted that the scavenging performance seen at 80 fpm with the Heraeus lamps and 40 fpm with the UVT lamps is useful for some applications. At those triggering speeds, significantly greater scavenging rates would be obtained in a room temperature application.
Example 3
In example 3, a film having a reformulated oxygen scavenging composition was triggered with a triggering unit that is in accordance with the invention. The triggering unit included four lamp banks having three types of mercury amalgam lamps from three different manufactures. In this test, the two banks of Heraeus lamps were used to trigger the film. An internal temperature set point of 60° C. was used for the film zone within the unit. The film structure was:



















Sealant
OS
Tie
Nylon
EVOH
Nylon
Tie
Bulk
Bulk
PET


























88%
PE01
87.5%
OS1
AD1
NY1/NY2
OB1
NY1/NY2
AD1
PE02
PE02
PET1


8%
AB1
10%
OSM1

(80/20)

(80/20)


4%
SX1
2.5%
MB1
















0.25
0.75
0.18
0.18
0.25
0.19
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.48


mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil
mil









Oxygen scavenging data was collected as described above, except that the samples were held at room temperature.







TABLE 4







High Speed Triggering Capability - Room Temperature Oxygen Scavenging Rates

















Calculated

Average








Dose
Induction
Rateb

Ins. Rate


UV Lampa
Speed
MJ/cm2
Period
(cc/m2/d)
SD
(cc/m2/d)
SD
Peak Day


















Heraeus
 50 fpm
197
<1
49.5
0.9
113.0
2.2
1


Heraeus
100 fpm
98.5
>1 < 7
0
—
22.2
2.2
7





aHeraeus illuminated path is 100 inches.


bAverage Rate at 4 days






The data in Table 4 shows that the triggering unit provided beneficial triggering capabilities with the reformulated film and as few as 24 lamps can trigger oxygen scavenging films well at speeds of about 50 fpm. It should be noted that the scavenging performance seen at 100 fpm with the Heraeus lamps is useful for some applications, for example, those primarily requiring an active oxygen barrier rather than rapid headspace scavenging.
Example 4
A multilayered active oxygen barrier film is made by coextrusion with one or more physical oxygen barrier layers such as nylon and/or EVOH and at least one oxygen scavenging layer. One or more active oxygen scavenging layers is formulated with an oxidizable polymer, an optional diluent polymer, one or more photoinitiators, and a cobalt carboxylate catalyst. The apparatus of the current invention is used to provide a dose of UV of at least about 50 mJ/cm2 at a film temperature of greater than about 50° C. The film is used in room temperature or elevated temperature applications such as hot fill, cook-in and retort. The active oxygen barrier film has an oxygen transmission rate (after triggering) that is at least 50% lower than the same structure without the oxygen scavenging layer(s). The resulting active oxygen barrier film has an overall oxygen transmission rate of less than 0.5 cc/m2·day·atm. (measured at 25° C.) for at least 2 days.
Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

## Claims

1. A triggering unit for activating a film having an oxygen scavenging composition comprising:
a UV light source disposed in a UV chamber, wherein the UV light source comprises a lamp cassette having a proximal end a distal end, opposing first and second panels defining an interior space therebetween, and a plurality of UV lamps disposed in said interior space between said first and second panels, said first and second panels each having an opening through which UV light is transmittable;
a series of guide rolls disposed in said UV chamber and defining a film pathway for directing the film in close proximity with the openings in each of the first and second panels so that the film is in close proximity to the UV light source; and
a UV shade disposed between the UV light source and the film pathway for blocking the film from exposure to UV light, the UV shade being moveable between the proximal and distal end of the lamp cassette, between open, partially open, and closed positions so as to control the dosage of UV light to which the film is exposed by adjusting the degree to which the UV shade is open.

2. The triggering unit of claim 1, further including a moveable first UV shade that is adapted to be least partially disposed between the opening of the first panel and the plurality of UV lamps, the first UV shade being moveable between open, partially open, and closed positions so as to control the dosage of UV light to which the film is exposed by adjusting the degree to which the first UV shade is open.

3. The triggering unit of claim 2, further including a moveable second UV shade disposed on a side of the UV lamp bank opposite the first UV shade, the second UV shade being adapted to be least partially disposed between the opening of the second panel and the plurality of UV lamps, the second UV shade being moveable between open, partially open, and closed positions so as to control the dosage of UV light to which the film is exposed by adjusting the degree to which the second UV shade is open.

4. The triggering unit of claim 1, wherein the plurality of UV lamps are arranged substantially parallel to each other.

5. The triggering unit of claim 1, wherein the UV shade is disposed at least partially on a roll from which the shade can be wound or unwound.

6. The triggering unit of claim 1, wherein the triggering unit includes a front shade and a back shade that are disposed on opposite sides of the UV lamp bank.

7. The trigger unit according to claim 1, wherein the cassette includes opposing open side edges through which air is circulatable across a surface of the UV lamps disposed therein.

8. The triggering unit according to claim 1, wherein the UV lamps are mercury amalgam lamps having a surface temperature during operation that exceeds 50° C.

9. The triggering unit according to claim 1, wherein the UV lamps are mercury amalgam lamps having a lamp temperature during operation that is between 100 and 120° C.

10. The triggering unit according to claim 3, wherein the first UV shade is at least partially disposed on a first roll from which it can be wound and unwound, and the second UV shade is at least partially disposed on a second roll from which it can be wound and unwound, the first roll being disposed towards the proximal end of the cassette and the second roll being disposed towards the distal ends of the cassette, and wherein each of the UV first and second UV shades are moved in opposite directions from each other when being moved towards a closed or open position.

11. The triggering unit according to claim 10, wherein the first UV shade is connected to a drive motor for movement of the first UV shade, and the second UV shade is connected to a winding mechanism of the first UV shade so that the first and second shades can be simultaneously moved between open and closed positions.

12. The triggering unit according to claim 11, wherein the second UV shade is connected to a winding mechanism of the first UV shade via a cable or chain.

13. The triggering unit according to claim 1, wherein the UV shade comprises stainless steel, aluminum, metallic alloy, UV opaque plastic, or a metalized plastic film.

14. The triggering unit according to claim 1, wherein each of the openings of the first and second panels is covered with a UV transparent pane.

15. The triggering unit according to claim 14, wherein the UV transparent pane comprises a fluorocarbon polymer.

16. The triggering unit according to claim 14, wherein the UV transparent pane comprises quartz glass.

17. The triggering unit according to claim 14, wherein the UV transparent pane has a thickness between about 1 to 7 mils.

18. The triggering unit according to claim 3, wherein the first UV shade and second UV shade are configured to be opened and closed simultaneously with each other.

19. The triggering unit according to claim 6, wherein the front and back shades are configured to be opened and closed simultaneously with each other.

20. The triggering unit according to claim 6, wherein front and back shades are configured such that the front shade moves towards the distal end of the cassette when being moved into an open position, and the back shade moves towards the proximal end of the cassette when being moved into the closed position.

21. A method for triggering a film having an oxygen scavenging composition comprising:
a) providing a film having an oxygen scavenging composition and introducing the film into the triggering unit of claim 1;
b) heating the film to a temperature that is in excess of 50° C.;
c) applying tension to said film, said tension being greater than 0 PLI and up to about 2.5 PLI; and
c) exposing said film to the UV light source for a residence time sufficient to provide the composition with a dose of UV radiation of at least 50 mJ/cm2, said UV light having an intensity from about 15 to 35 mW/cm2 and a wavelength between 200 and 280 nm.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said UV light source includes at least one mercury amalgam lamp.

23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the film is exposed to a source of UV radiation at a residence time sufficient to provide the film with a dose of UV radiation from about 350 to 1600 mJ/cm2.

24. The method according to claim 21, wherein the temperature of the film is from about 60 to 75° C.

25. A method of controlling the UV dosage to which a film having an oxygen scavenging composition is exposed, the method comprising:
providing a film having an unactivated oxygen scavenging composition;
passing the film through the triggering unit of claim 1
exposing the film to the UV light source for a sufficient amount of time to activate the oxygen scavenger;
controlling the dosage of UV light to which the film is exposed by adjusting the degree to which the shade is disposed between the UV light source and the film; and
supplying the activated film to a packaging system.

26. The method according to claim 25, further comprising the step of adjusting a speed at which the film is traveling to thereby control the dosage of UV light to which the film is exposed.

27. The method according to claim 25, further comprising the step of moving the UV shade into a closed position so that the UV shade substantially prevents UV light from the UV light source from contacting the unactivated film.

28. The system according to claim 27, wherein the UV shade is moved into a closed position in response to an interruption in a packaging operation employing the activated film.

29. The method according to claim 27, further comprising the step of adjusting a rate at which the UV shade is moved into a closed position so the rate approximates a speed at which the film is traveling.

30. The method according to claim 25, further comprising the step of moving the UV shade into a closed position in response to a stoppage of the forward travel of the film.