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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

3 Plaintiff-Appellee,

4 v. NO. 32,773

5 GLENN LOPEZ,

6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF RIO ARRIBA COUNTY

8 Stephen Pfeffer, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General

10 Yvonne M. Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General

11 Santa Fe, NM

12 for Appellee

13 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender

14 Nicole S. Murray, Assistant Appellate Defender

15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Appellant

17 MEMORANDUM OPINION

18 KENNEDY, Judge.
1 18 E.M. testified that she could not remember anything during her blackout,

19 which lasted from the time that she sat down on a couch at the party to the time that

20 she woke up the next morning. 

2

1 {1} Glenn Lopez (Defendant) was convicted of criminal sexual penetration (CSP)

2 and fourth-degree criminal sexual contact (CSC). The CSC instruction given to the

3 jury at trial exactly follows the uniform jury instruction for misdemeanor CSC.

4 Defendant therefore appeals the felony CSC conviction, asserting fundamental error.

5 He argues that the CSC instruction given at trial omitted an essential element of the

6 crime, reflecting only misdemeanor CSC, rather than fourth-degree CSC. We agree,

7 but hold there is no error requiring reversal of his felony conviction. He also contends

8 that conviction for both offenses constitutes a violation of double jeopardy. We

9 disagree and affirm his convictions.

10 I. BACKGROUND

11 A. The Night of the Incident

12 {2} In October 2010, Defendant, Daniel Romero, E.M., Liza Martinez, and Veronica

13 Aguilar attended a Halloween party. These individuals all knew each other to some degree.

14 E.M. arrived at the party around midnight and, after she and the others had been drinking

for some time,she eventually blacked out while sitting in the living room at the party.1 15

16 {3} The contested facts at trial dealt with what occurred during the time E.M. was

17 blacked out. Martinez was the State’s main witness on these facts. At approximately
3

1 4:00 a.m., Defendant, Martinez, E.M., Romero, and Aguilar left the party. At this

2 point, E.M., Romero, and Aguilar were “passed out” and could not walk to or from

3 the car on their own. Everyone except Defendant had planned to spend the night at

4 Romero’s house, but Martinez, who had been designated as the driver of the group,

5 was unsuccessful in her attempts to get driving directions from an incoherent Romero.

6 Defendant was Romero’s neighbor and arranged to give them directions in exchange

7 for a ride home.

8 {4} Either by Defendant’s design or mutual agreement, Martinez drove everyone

9 to what turned out to be Defendant’s house. Martinez and Defendant assisted

10 everyone into the house and left E.M. lying face down on the floor of the living room

11 in case she got sick during the night. Eventually, Defendant retired to his bedroom

12 and Martinez laid down on a couch in the living room.

13 {5} Shortly after Martinez laid down, Defendant came into the living room

14 completely naked. He pulled off E.M.’s bottoms, laid on top of her, and began

15 “humping” her. To stop this, Martinez turned on the light, at which point, Defendant

16 appeared to be asleep. Martinez began kicking Defendant in an attempt to get him

17 away from E.M., and he eventually got up and went back to his bedroom.

18 {6} Martinez fell asleep on the couch and, when she woke up, she saw E.M. in the

19 same position, with Defendant again on top of making humping motions as though he

20 was having sex with her from behind. This time, Martinez’s verbal attempts to intervene and
15 2

Martinez testified that she first left the house in order to get better cell service.

16 Unsuccessful, she then decided to return to the house where the party was and ask for

17 help. The people hosting the party declined to help. She did not approach any other

18 neighbors. 

3 19 Aguilar immediately returned to a couch and fell asleep. 

4

1 get Defendant away from E.M. were unsuccessful. Intending to get help, Martinez left

2 the house and unsuccessfully searched for better cell phone reception or a neighbor

willing to help.2 3 Her efforts were unavailing. 

4 {7} Returning to Defendant’s house, Martinez found that the lights, which she had

5 left on, were turned off, and the front door was locked. Through a window in the front

6 door, however, she could see into the living room. It was through this window that

7 Martinez saw Defendant on top of E.M. Martinez pounded on the door until Aguilar

opened it.3 8 Defendant behaved as though he was asleep while Aguilar opened the

9 door. Martinez warned Defendant, who was still lying next to E.M. and appeared to

10 be asleep, she would stay awake until the others woke up in order to keep him from

11 coming near E.M. again. Defendant subsequently returned to his bedroom. 

12 {8} E.M. woke up the next morning, lying face down on the floor. She was not

13 wearing her bottoms and her bra was unhooked. When she went to the bathroom, she

14 experienced pain when urinating and discovered vaginal bleeding. E.M. also discovered that

15 she had small bruises, commonly referred to as “hickies,” on her neck. When the others
4 15 There was conflicting testimony regarding who woke up first. E.M. and

16 Martinez both testified that they were the first person in the living room to wake up.

5 17 Count 2 of the grand jury indictment charged Defendant with having

18 “unlawfully and intentionally touched[ed] or appl[ied] force, without consent, to the

19 unclothed intimate parts of E.M., . . . by the use of force or coercion which resulted

20 in personal injury . . . contrary to . . . Section 30-9-12C(1).”

5

woke up,4 1 Martinez, E.M., Aguilar, and Romero left Defendant’s house. When E.M.

2 heard Martinez’s account of the night before, E.M. vaguely remembered laying on her

3 right side with her eyes closed and feeling someone behind her touching her butt and

4 breasts, and a male voice whispering “Linda, Linda” and “Baby” in her left ear while

5 rubbing his facial hair against her cheek. In response, she remembered shaking her head,

6 saying “uh-uh” and trying to push someone away from her. E.M. immediately sought

7 medical attention and reported the incident to the police that morning. 

8 B. Procedural History

9 {9} Count 1 of the grand jury indictment charged Defendant with CSP under

10 NMSA 1978, Section 30-9-11(F) (2009), and Count 2 charged him with CSC under

NMSA 1978, Section 30-9-12(C)(1) (1993).5 11 Section 30-9-12(C)(1) provides:

12 “Criminal sexual contact in the fourth degree consists of all criminal sexual contact

13 perpetrated . . . by the use of force or coercion that results in personal injury to the

14 victim[.]” The CSC instruction given to the jury in the case provided: 

15 For you to find the defendant guilty of criminal sexual contact as

16 charged in Count 2, the State must prove to your satisfaction beyond a

17 reasonable doubt each of the following elements of the crime: 
6

1 1. The defendant touched or applied force to the unclothed

2 “buttocks” or “breasts” of [E.M.] without [E.M.’s] consent; 

3 2. [E.M.] was unconscious, asleep or physically helpless;

4 3. [D]efendant knew or had reason to know of the condition

5 of [E.M.];

6

7 4. [E.M.] was 18 years of age or older;

8

9 5. The defendant’s act was unlawful;

10 6. This happened in New Mexico on or about the 31st day of

11 October, 2010.

12 A jury found Defendant guilty of CSP as charged in Count 1 and of CSC as charged

13 in Count 2.

14 II. DISCUSSION

15 A. Jury Instruction

16 {10} Defendant correctly asserts that the instructions given to the jury on CSC

17 omitted the essential element of injury to E.M., which differentiates the fourth- degree

18 felony CSC of which he was convicted from misdemeanor CSC. Defendant failed to

19 preserve this argument for appeal in the trial court or mention it in his first brief in this

20 Court. We therefore review his claim only for fundamental error. See State v. Sosa,

21 1997-NMSC-032, ¶ 23, 123 N.M. 564, 943 P.2d 1017; Rule 12-216 NMRA. 

22 {11} An error is fundamental when it goes to the foundation of the case or takes from

23 the defendant a right which was essential to his or her defense and which no court
7

1 could or ought to permit him or her to waive. State v. Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 8,

2 135 N.M. 621, 92 P.3d 633. Fundamental error can occur when a trial court fails to

3 properly instruct the jury on all essential elements of an offense. State v. Osborne,

4 1991-NMSC-032, ¶ 38, 111 N.M. 654, 808 P.2d 624 (stating that “the failure to

5 instruct the jury on the essential elements of an offense constitutes fundamental

6 error”). In order to constitute reversible fundamental error, an essential element that

7 is omitted from the instructions proffered to the jury must be “factually in issue.” See

8 State v. Orosco, 1992-NMSC-006, ¶ 6, 113 N.M. 780, 833 P.2d 1146. In Orosco, the

9 element omitted from the jury instructions—unlawfulness—was not factually in issue

10 because it was not disputed. There was no claim or evidence that the action was

11 anything other than unlawful, since the conduct alleged was altogether denied. Id. ¶¶

12 9, 11 (stating that there was nothing in the facts to suggest that the illegal touching

13 might have been for some lawful purpose, such as medical care or custodial care).

14 Whether something was factually in issue depends on “whether there was any

15 evidence or suggestion in the facts, however slight, that could have put the element

16 . . . in issue.” Id. ¶ 10. 

17 {12} However, not every failure to instruct on an essential element is fundamental

18 error. Id. ¶ 17. Failure to instruct on an essential element where there can be no

19 dispute that the “missing element was established by the evidence at trial” does not

20 require reversal for fundamental error. See State v. Herrera, 2014-NMCA-007, ¶ 17,
8

1 315 P.3d 343 (clarifying that where “it is clear that the missing element was

2 established by the evidence at trial, the fact that the jury was not instructed on the

3 element is not considered fundamental error”). To evaluate if an element was clearly

4 established by evidence at trial, we look at “the entire record, placing the jury

5 instructions in the context of the individual facts and circumstances of the case[.]” Id.

6 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Fundamental error warrants reversal

7 only “if there has been a miscarriage of justice, if the question of guilt is so doubtful

8 that it would shock the conscience to permit the conviction to stand, or if substantial

9 justice has not been done.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

10 {13} We agree with Defendant that the CSC jury instruction given at trial omitted an

11 essential element of fourth-degree felony CSC. Personal injury resulting from the

12 contact is the sole distinguishing element between misdemeanor and felony CSC.

13 Compare § 30-9-12(D) with § 30-9-12(C)(1). E.M. being injured is therefore an

14 essential element to the fourth-degree CSC charge, ordinarily requiring inclusion in

15 the jury instructions. To assess Defendant’s claim for fundamental error, we ask

16 whether E.M.’s injuries were factually in issue during trial. If they were, we must

17 determine whether her injuries were so clearly proven at trial, there could be no

18 dispute that the element was established. 

19 1. E.M.’s Injuries Were Not Factually in Issue During Trial
9

1 {14} Defendant never disputed the existence of E.M.’s injuries, just whether E.M.

2 had consented to sex and the severity of the injuries themselves. Defendant’s failure

3 to dispute the existence of E.M.’s injuries rendered them not “in issue.” Defendant

4 was aware that he was charged with felony, not misdemeanor, CSC. The grand jury

5 indictment clearly lists injury among the elements for felony CSC and cites to the

6 statutory subsection for felony CSC. As such, Defendant was aware throughout the

7 trial that the State would have to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that E.M.

8 sustained injuries. See UJI 14-908 NMRA. Despite being on notice and presented

9 with evidence of E.M.’s injuries during the State’s case, Defendant chose not to

10 controvert the State’s evidence regarding the existence of E.M.’s injuries. Because

11 the existence of the injuries was not in dispute, they were not “in issue.” See Orosco,

12 1992-NMSC-006, ¶ ¶ 9-11.

13 {15} Defendant “conducted a lengthy cross-examination of Julie Kalan, the Sexual

14 Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) nurse who examined E.M. the morning after the

15 party, specifically as to whether the injuries were consistent with consensual sex, the time

16 during which the injuries could have occurred, and the degree of severity of the injuries.

17 Although Defendant questioned Kalan about the injuries being consistent with

18 consensual sex, her testimony did not waiver from earlier statements that injury had

19 occurred. Similarly, although cross-examined regarding when E.M. could have

20 sustained her injuries, Kalan offered no additional or inconsistent testimony regarding
10

1 the timing of the injuries. She maintained that, although she could not approximate

2 when the bruising on E.M.’s neck occurred, E.M.’s vaginal injuries had occurred

3 recently.

4 {16} Defendant did not object to the State’s proffer of Kalan as an expert, did not

5 object to the State’s tendering exhibits for admission, did not question Kalan as to the

6 extent of her knowledge and training on these types of injuries and, in no way,

7 rebutted the State’s evidence that E.M. sustained injuries. During his closing

8 arguments, Defendant again chose to argue the severity of the injuries and attack

9 Kalan’s credibility, rather than make any assertions regarding the existence of E.M.’s

10 injuries.

11 {17} We recognize that any evidence presented on the issue of injury, however slight

12 it may be, is sufficient to put that element “in issue.” See id. ¶ 10. Although we

13 conclude that the existence of E.M.’s injury was not in issue, we also acknowledge

14 that the severity of E.M.’s injury may have been. However, if E.M.’s injuries were

15 factually in issue during trial based on disputes as to the injuries’ severity, the

16 existence of personal injury was so thoroughly established during trial that no

17 reversible fundamental error could exist.

18 2. The Personal Injury Element Was Established Beyond a Reasonable

19 Doubt
11

1 {18} We affirm a case “in which the trial court failed to instruct the jury on an

2 essential element when, under the facts adduced at trial, that omitted element was

3 ‘undisputed and indisputable,’ and no rational jury could have concluded otherwise.”

4 State v. Lopez, 1996-NMSC-036, ¶ 13, 122 N.M. 63, 920 P.2d 1017. It appears from

5 the record that the existence of E.M.’s injuries was undisputed, and no rational jury

6 could therefore have concluded otherwise. Although the severity of the injuries was

7 a subject of Defendant’s cross-examination of Kalan, any “injury to a sexual or

8 reproductive organ” is sufficient to establish injury under Section 30-9-12(C)(1).

9 NMSA 1978, § 30-9-10(D) (2005) (defining “personal injury”); see also UJI 14-908

10 (referencing Section 30-9-10(D) for list of types of personal injuries). 

11 {19} During trial, the State presented evidence of E.M.’s injuries through the

12 testimony of E.M. herself, as well as the SANE nurse who examined E.M. E.M.

13 testified that, when she woke up the morning after the party, her breasts hurt, she had

14 bruising on her neck, and she experienced vaginal pain and bleeding. Julie Kalan, the

15 SANE nurse who examined E.M. the morning after the party, testified in depth about E.M.’s

16 injuries. She described bruising on E.M.’s neck and abrasions on her back. The State

17 presented photographs of the bruising, which were taken during the examination, to the

18 jury. Kalan opined that the bruising could have been caused by a hand or by a mouth

19 sucking or biting the flesh. Kalan listed E.M.’s vaginal injuries—redness, tissue

20 swelling, slight bleeding, an abrasion, and a torn hymen—and testified that these types of
12

1 injuries were consistent with non-consensual sex. She also characterized E.M.’s injuries as

2 “acute,” meaning recent, and “severe.” The district court also admitted various

3 exhibits documenting the injuries, including Kalan’s written report and photographs

4 of the bruising and abrasions. There was no dispute that such injuries existed; thus,

5 we are satisfied that the State proved injury beyond a reasonable doubt. 

6 {20} Examining the entire record and considering the element missing from the

7 instruction in the context of the facts of the case, we cannot conclude that the omission

8 of the injury element in the jury instruction resulted in any miscarriage of justice.

9 Because the State conclusively established the injury element, we decline to reverse

10 the conviction on the basis of fundamental error and affirm Defendant’s conviction

11 for felony CSC.

12 B. Double Jeopardy

13 {21} We review the constitutional question of whether there has been a double

14 jeopardy violation de novo. State v. Andazola, 2003-NMCA-146, ¶ 14, 134 N.M. 710,

15 82 P.3d 77. “Double jeopardy protects against multiple punishments for the same

16 offense.” State v. Silvas, 2015-NMSC-006, ¶ 8, 343 P.3d 616. In cases involving

17 violations of multiple statutes or “double-description” cases, “the polestar guiding

18 courts is the [L]egislature’s intent to authorize multiple punishments for the same

19 offense.” Swafford v. State, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 9, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223.

20 Because Defendant argues that his convictions under different statutes arise from the
13

1 same conduct, this is a double-description case. We use the two-part test articulated

2 in Swafford in analyzing double-description cases. Id. ¶ 25. Under this test, we first

3 consider whether the defendant’s conduct, for which he was convicted, was unitary.

4 If it is not, then there has been no double jeopardy violation. State v. Swick, 2012-

5 NMSC-018, ¶ 11, 279 P.3d 747. If the conduct is unitary, we consider whether the

6 Legislature intended to punish the two statutory crimes separately. State v.

7 Dominguez, 2014-NMCA-064, ¶ 7, 327 P.3d 1092.

8 {22} Conduct is not unitary when the acts are “separated by sufficient indicia of

9 distinctness.” State v. Mora, 2003-NMCA-072, ¶ 18, 133 N.M. 746, 69 P.3d 256

10 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In analyzing whether there is

11 “sufficient indicia of distinctness,” we consider several factors: 

12 (1) temporal proximity of penetrations (the greater the interval between

13 acts the greater the likelihood of separate offenses); (2) location of the

14 victim during each penetration (movement or repositioning of the victim

15 between penetrations tends to show separate offenses); (3) existence of

16 an intervening event; (4) sequencing of penetrations . . . ; [and] (5) [the]

17 defendant’s intent as evidenced by his conduct and utterances[.]

18 Herron v. State, 1991-NMSC-012, ¶ 15, 111 N.M. 357, 805 P.2d 624; State v. Pisio,

19 1994-NMCA-152, ¶ 33, 119 N.M. 252, 889 P.2d 860 (stating that Herron “provide[s]

20 the proper basis for whether conduct in sex-crime cases is unitary and should be

21 understood as supplementing Swafford’s double jeopardy analysis on such facts).

22 When reviewing the facts of a case to determine if each act is distinct from the others,
14

1 “we must indulge ‘in all presumption in favor of the verdict.’ ” State v. McClendon,

2 2001-NMSC-023, ¶ 5, 130 N.M. 551, 28 P.3d 1092 (quoting Herron, 1991-NMSC3 012, ¶ 20).

4 {23} Using these factors as a guide, Defendant’s encounters with E.M. throughout

5 the night have sufficient indicia of separateness for two convictions and are therefore

6 not unitary. At some point, Defendant stopped “humping” E.M. and moved to a

7 different room before resuming his contact with her. The acts were separated by

8 enough time for Defendant to go to his bedroom, Martinez to fall asleep, and

9 Defendant to come back into the living room and lay down on the floor with E.M.

10 Additionally, from the evidence presented at trial, there was an additional separation

11 between acts that could be inferred: that when Martinez left to get help, Defendant

12 got up from the floor where E.M. was, locked Martinez out of the house, and turned

13 off the lights before resuming his contact with E.M. The acts were also separated by

14 the existence of intervening events, specifically Martinez’s attempts to prevent

15 Defendant’s contact with E.M. by kicking and yelling at Defendant. Although

16 Defendant’s illegal conduct occurred within the confined space of his living room, it

17 was far from constant, and the events spanned several hours. All of this evidence was

18 presented during trial and supports a conclusion that Defendant engaged in several

19 separate acts, at least one of which involved penetration, rather than a single, unitary

20 act directed against E.M.
15

1 {24} Defendant contends that “[t]here is no evidence to establish that these two acts [(CSC

2 and CSP)] did not occur simultaneously.” Even if Defendant’s conduct was unitary, separate

3 convictions for CSC and CSP do not violate double jeopardy because each charge requires

4 proof of an element that the other does not. Cf. State v. Trevino, 1993-NMSC-067, ¶ 6, 116

5 N.M. 528, 865 P.2d 1172 (holding that the Legislature intended the crimes of CSCM and

6 CDM be separately punishable crimes and reasoning that CSCM and CDM each require

7 proof of facts not required to prove the other offense). The CSC conviction did not require

8 that the State prove penetration to any extent, whereas CSP did. Compare § 30-9-12(C)(1)

9 and (D) with § 30-9-11(F). CSC and CSP thus contain distinct elements, and the State

10 offered evidence of Defendant’s conduct that would satisfy each element. The evidence at

11 trial indicates that Defendant humped E.M., while she had on no bottom clothing, on two

12 distinct occasions. Medical evidence indicates penetration occurred. The jury need not have

13 determined during which encounter penetration occurred to conclude that CSP occurred.

14 The remaining encounter, which was not the basis for the CSP conviction, remains and is

15 sufficient to stand as the basis for the CSC conviction.

16 {25} Having determined Defendant’s conduct was not unitary, we need not reach the

17 second step in the Swafford analysis, and we conclude that there was no double

18 jeopardy violation. 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 28 (stating that a finding that the defendant’s

19 conduct was not unitary ends the inquiry); Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 11. We

20 therefore affirm Defendant’s conviction. 

21 {26} IT IS SO ORDERED.
16

1 ____________________________________

2 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge

3 WE CONCUR:

4 ___________________________

5 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge

6 ___________________________

7 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge