Opinion filed August 16, 2018

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals 

__________

No. 11-16-00244-CR

__________

DWAYNE UTERRAL HARDEMAN, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 35th District Court

Brown County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. CR23428

O P I N I O N

The jury convicted Dwayne Uterral Hardeman of assault family violence by 

occlusion. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2)(B) (West Supp. 2017).

After finding two prior felony allegations to be “true” for enhancement purposes, 

the jury assessed his punishment at confinement for life in the Institutional Division 

of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Appellant presents fifteen points of 

error in this appeal. We conclude that Appellant was entitled to a charge on a lesser 

included offense. Accordingly, we reverse and remand. 
2

Background Facts

The victim in this case is Appellant’s stepdaughter, L.A., who was seventeen 

years old at the time of the incident and nineteen years old at the time of trial. The 

indictment charged Appellant with intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing 

bodily injury to L.A., a member of Appellant’s family or household, by applying 

pressure to her throat or neck such that it impeded her normal breathing or circulation 

of the blood. 

Prior to trial, L.A. recanted and signed an affidavit of non-prosecution. L.A. 

told prosecutors that she did not remember what happened as evidenced by the 

prosecutor’s Brady1letter to defense counsel. All of the eyewitnesses to the incident, 

who were members of Appellant’s family, also denied prior to trial that Appellant 

assaulted L.A. L.A.’s mother, M.H., told prosecutors that Appellant did not assault 

L.A. L.A.’s two sisters, D.S. and J.H., told prosecutors that L.A. said that Appellant 

did not assault her. D.S. also told prosecutors that L.A. said she lied to police about 

the assault.

The State relied heavily at trial on L.A.’s initial allegations to police officers. 

On the day of the assault, L.A. told officers that she was arguing with Appellant 

when he grabbed her, placed both of his hands around her neck, and choked her after 

she told Appellant that she wanted to leave. The next day, L.A.’s grandmother

brought her to the police station to talk with Detective Robert Lee of the Brownwood 

Police Department. L.A. told Detective Lee that Appellant told her to get in the 

house and that, when L.A. refused, Appellant grabbed her by the back of the neck 

and started choking her.

At trial, L.A. testified that Appellant is her stepfather, who has raised her since 

she was three. In September 2014, L.A. traveled to Stephenville with her mother, 

 

1Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
3

her mother’s friend, and her sisters to go to a park. While there, L.A. took several 

prescription pills “to get high.” Upon returning home, L.A. and Appellant argued 

over her drug use. L.A. testified that, in her drug-induced state, she was trying to 

run toward the road occupied by moving vehicles and that Appellant tried to stop 

her from running into the road by grabbing the collar of her shirt. L.A. testified that 

Appellant did not choke her and did not put his hand on her chest or neck.2 L.A. 

remembered her mother yelling, “Stop, let her go.” L.A. averted Appellant’s hold 

and took off running down the street.

Jeff Davis, a volunteer firefighter, testified that he drove past a house where 

he saw a male and female arguing outside. Davis and his fiancée, Morgan Wright, 

saw L.A. “sprinting down the sidewalk” and “looking fearful.” After Davis pulled 

over, L.A. ran up to his vehicle frantically crying and out of breath. Davis and 

Wright transported L.A. to the Law Enforcement Center. Davis testified that he saw 

a silver vehicle pull out of the driveway and follow him. Appellant, who was driving 

the silver vehicle, followed closely behind them as they traveled to the Law 

Enforcement Center. 

After L.A. composed herself, she told Davis that Appellant choked her.

Wright testified that L.A. kept touching her neck almost “like something had been 

holding it.” Wright also testified that L.A. kept coughing and saying, “He has 

choked me, and they are going to send me back.” Both Davis and Wright testified 

that L.A. did not appear to be under the influence of drugs.

M.H. (L.A.’s mother and Appellant’s longtime partner) subsequently testified 

that, upon their return from Stephenville, L.A. was acting “vicious” and crazy 

because of the prescription pills. According to M.H., Appellant grabbed L.A.’s shirt 

because L.A. was acting crazy and trying to run out onto the freeway. However, 

 

2L.A. also testified that she was “angry at [her] dad so [she] made some stuff up,” and after getting 

over being upset, she asked the detective not to prosecute Appellant.
4

M.H. testified that Appellant did not touch L.A.’s neck and that she had no idea why 

L.A. would have been coughing or grabbing at her neck. M.H. did not remember 

saying, “Don’t touch my daughter that way.”

Sergeant Troy Carroll with the Brownwood Police Department testified that 

he was dispatched to the Law Enforcement Center in response to Davis’s domestic 

violence call. Upon arrival at the center, Sergeant Carroll separated the drivers and 

spoke with Appellant and M.H. Sergeant Carroll testified that Appellant told him, 

“I didn’t choke her,” and that Appellant admitted to grabbing L.A. by the back of 

the neck and then the shirt. Sergeant Carroll also testified that L.A. did not appear 

to be acting out of control from being high. Based on the information gathered at 

the time, Sergeant Carroll determined that the situation represented a possible 

discipline problem and not a domestic violence problem. 

Sergeant Stephanie Morgan with the Brownwood Police Department assisted 

Sergeant Carroll in responding to the domestic violence call. Sergeant Morgan 

testified that she spoke with L.A. and that L.A. appeared to be upset, frustrated, and 

scared, but did not appear to be intoxicated. Sergeant Morgan testified that she did 

not observe any markings or bruising on L.A.’s neck; however, she had previously 

dealt with strangulations where the victim did not present with any physical marks 

or bruising. L.A. told Sergeant Morgan that she said something to Appellant that 

caused him to put both of his hands around her neck and choke her. Appellant was 

not arrested as a result of these initial interviews.

D.S. (Appellant’s other stepdaughter and L.A.’s younger sister) also testified 

at trial. D.S. corroborated L.A.’s testimony that L.A. took pills. D.S. testified that,

when they arrived back at the house from the park, there was an argument about L.A. 

running out to the road. D.S. testified that she did not see Appellant touch L.A. 

because she was bending down to pick up something. D.S. testified that, later, L.A. 

told her that Appellant had choked her. However, a couple of days after that, L.A. 
5

told her that nothing had happened. D.S. testified that she told officers that L.A. 

could not breathe based on what L.A. had told her. D.S. did not think that L.A. had

gasped for air, and D.S. said that L.A. never appeared to be incapable of breathing.

Detective Doug Hurt with the Brownwood Police Department testified about 

an interview he conducted with D.S. on September 10, 2014. During the interview, 

D.S. told Detective Hurt that Appellant put L.A. in a choke hold, which prompted 

M.H. to respond, “You’re not going to grab my daughter like that.” D.S. stated that 

L.A. told her she could not breathe, but D.S. did not know for sure. D.S. told 

Detective Hurt that L.A. later told D.S. that Appellant did not choke her, but D.S. 

said that she and her mother saw Appellant choke L.A.

During the defense’s case-in-chief, L.A. was recalled to the stand. L.A. 

testified that her breathing was not cut off as a result of anything Appellant did and 

that Appellant did not choke her. L.A. again testified that she was lying when she 

first made the initial allegations and that Appellant did not “deserve this right now.”

Prior to closing arguments, defense counsel requested that the jury be charged 

on the lesser included offense of assault family violence and offensive contact 

assault. See PENAL § 22.01 (a)(1), (a)(3). On appeal, Appellant only complains of 

the omission of the charge on assault family violence. Accordingly, we restrict our 

discussion to the lesser included offense of assault family violence. Defense counsel 

asserted that there was evidence that Appellant “grabbed ahold of [L.A.] by the back 

of the neck, which would not cause occlusion.” The State responded that, under 

Appellant’s claim that he was acting as a parent trying to prevent L.A. from running 

out into a roadway, his conduct could not have constituted a gross deviation from 

the standard of care of an ordinary person under the standard of recklessness. See 

id. § 6.03(c) (West 2011). The State additionally asserted that the instruction on 

accident or mistake was sufficient to address Appellant’s contention because of the 

defense presented at trial, mainly that Appellant was acting as a parent to prevent 
6

L.A. from running out into the roadway.3 The trial court overruled Appellant’s 

request for a charge on the lesser included offense of simple assault. 

Analysis

In his fifteenth4issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his 

request for an instruction on simple assault. See id. § 22.01(a)(1). We employ a 

two-step test to determine whether the trial court was required to give a requested 

charge on a lesser included offense. Bullock v. State, 509 S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2016); see Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535–36 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2007). The first step is to determine whether the requested instruction pertains to an 

offense that is a lesser included offense of the charged offense, which is a matter of 

law. Bullock, 509 S.W.3d at 924 (citing Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535–36). Under this 

first step of the test, an offense is a lesser included offense if it is within the proof 

necessary to establish the offense charged. Id. (citing Sweed v. State, 351 S.W.3d 

63, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)).

The State does not contest that the first prong of the test was satisfied in this 

case. An offense is a lesser included offense of another offense if the indictment for 

the greater offense either (1) alleges all of the elements of the lesser included offense 

or (2) alleges elements plus facts from which all of the elements of the lesser 

included offense may be deduced. State v. Meru, 414 S.W.3d 159, 162 (Tex. Crim. 

 

3The application portion of the charge contained a paragraph that provided as follows: 

If you find from the evidence that on the occasion in question [Appellant], while attempting 

to prevent [L.A.] from running away and possibly getting hit by a car, grabbed her shirt or 

neck with his hand and accidently or by mistake caused bodily injury to [L.A.] or if you 

have a reasonable doubt thereof, you will acquit the defendant of the offense of Assault 

Family Violence – Occlusion, and say by your verdict “not guilty[.]”

See PENAL § 8.02.

4

In his first issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying a motion for mistrial 

concerning a statement of racial bias made by a potential juror during voir dire. Appellant complains about 

the admission of various evidence in his second through fourteenth issues. We do not reach these issues 

because our disposition of the fifteenth issue is dispositive of this appeal. 
7

App. 2013). Section 22.01 of the Texas Penal Code describes assault family 

violence by occlusion as assault with two additional requirements—that it be 

committed against a family member and be committed by occlusion. Assault family 

violence by occlusion is a third-degree felony. See PENAL § 22.01(b)(2)(B). 

Accordingly, simple assault is a lesser included offense because it is included within 

the proof necessary to establish assault family violence by strangulation. See 

Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (recognizing that 

simple assault may be enhanced to a third-degree felony committed against a family 

member by occlusion); Harrison v. State, No. 06-11-00196-CR, 2012 WL 1813519, 

at *5 (Tex. App.—Texarkana May 18, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated 

for publication) (“[A]ssault is established by proof of the same or less than all the 

facts required to establish the commission of assault (family violence) by 

occlusion.”).5 

The second step in the analysis asks whether there is evidence in the record 

that supports giving the instruction to the jury. Bullock, 509 S.W.3d at 924–25 

(citing Sweed, 351 S.W.3d at 68). “The second step is a question of fact and is based 

on the evidence presented at trial.” Cavazos v. State, 382 S.W.3d 377, 383 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2012). Under the second step, a defendant is entitled to an instruction 

on a lesser included offense when there is some evidence in the record that would 

permit a jury to rationally find that, if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the 

lesser included offense. Bullock, 509 S.W.3d at 925 (citing Rice v. State, 333 S.W.3d 

140, 145 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). “The evidence must establish that the lesser

 

5See also Guzman v. State, No. 14-17-00498-CR, 2018 WL 3118593, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] June 26, 2018, no pet. h.); Webb v. State, No. 10-16-00212-CR, 2017 WL 4543660, at *3 (Tex. 

App.—Waco Oct. 11, 2017, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Amaro v. State, No. 08-

14-00052-CR, 2016 WL 3344568, at *8–9 (Tex. App.—El Paso June 14, 2016, no pet.) (not designated for 

publication).
8

included offense is a valid, rational alternative to the charged offense.” Id. As stated 

by the court in Bullock:

More particularly, the second step requires examining all the 

evidence admitted at trial, not just the evidence presented by the 

defendant. Goad v. State, 354 S.W.3d 443, 446 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2011). The entire record is considered; a statement made by the 

defendant cannot be plucked out of the record and examined in a 

vacuum. Enriquez v. State, 21 S.W.3d 277, 278 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2000). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is adequate to entitle 

a defendant to a lesser charge. Sweed, 351 S.W.3d at 68. Although this 

threshold showing is low, it is not enough that the jury may disbelieve 

crucial evidence pertaining to the greater offense, but rather there must 

be some evidence directly germane to the lesser-included offense for 

the finder of fact to consider before an instruction on a lesser-included 

offense is warranted. Id. “However, we may not consider the 

credibility of the evidence and whether it conflicts with other evidence 

or is controverted.” Goad, 354 S.W.3d at 446–47. “Accordingly, we

have stated that the standard may be satisfied if some evidence refutes 

or negates other evidence establishing the greater offense or if the 

evidence presented is subject to different interpretations.” Sweed, 351 

S.W.3d at 68.

509 S.W.3d at 925. 

In considering whether a lesser offense is a valid, rational alternative to the 

charged offense, we must compare the statutory requirements between the greater 

offense and the lesser offense to determine whether evidence exists to support a 

conviction for assault but not assault family violence by occlusion. See id. In this 

case, there is no contention that L.A. was not a family member.6 Accordingly, we 

focus our attention on the occlusion element. Affirmative evidence that is directly 

germane to the existence of the lesser included offense is required. See Hampton v. 

State, 109 S.W.3d 437, 441 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). “Meeting this threshold 

 

6The Austin Court of Appeals addressed the family member element in Leach v. State, No. 03-13-

00784-CR, 2015 WL 8607060, at *5–7 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 9, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated 

for publication).
9

requires more than mere speculation—it requires affirmative evidence that both 

raises the lesser-included offense and rebuts or negates an element of the greater 

offense.” Cavazos, 382 S.W.3d at 385. 

In Harrison, an appeal arising from a conviction for assault family violence 

by occlusion, the Texarkana Court of Appeals determined that the defendant was not 

entitled to a charge on the lesser included offense of assault because there was no 

affirmative evidence that the defendant did not choke the victim. 2012 WL 1813519,

at *6–7. The Fort Worth Court of Appeals employed the same analysis and reached 

the same conclusion in Pratt v. State, No. 02-13-00039-CR, 2013 WL 5675118, at 

*3–4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 17, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for 

publication). The Waco Court of Appeals also employed the same analysis and 

reached the same conclusion in Webb. 2017 WL 4543660, at *4 (“[B]ecause there 

is no affirmative evidence that [the victim] was not choked, the second step of the 

. . . test has not been met.”).

Appellant asserts that he was entitled to an instruction on the lesser included 

offense of simple assault because, among other things, there was testimony that 

Appellant’s actions did not impede L.A.’s breath or circulation. L.A. testified that 

Appellant did not choke her. L.A. also testified that her breathing was not cut off or 

impeded in any manner. M.H. also testified that Appellant did not choke L.A. 

Officer Morgan testified that there were no marks or bruises on L.A.’s neck. Based 

upon this evidence, Appellant contends that a rational jury could have found him 

guilty only of simple assault. We agree. Under the analysis employed by our sister 

courts in Harrison, Pratt, and Webb, the evidence cited by Appellant constitutes 

affirmative evidence that Appellant did not choke or occlude L.A.’s breathing or 

blood flow. 

The State responds that there must also be “a scintilla of evidence that 

Appellant grossly deviated from the standard of care that an ordinary person in his 
10

position would have exercised under all the circumstances in causing that bodily 

injury” as it relates to Appellant’s defensive theory. In this regard, the State contends 

that Appellant’s defensive theory that he grabbed L.A. to prevent her from running 

into the road negates the availability of a lesser-included-offense instruction. The 

State has not cited any authority, and we have found none, mandating that the 

defendant is restricted to his defensive theory in order to obtain a charge on a lesser 

included offense. To the contrary, the Court of Criminal Appeals noted in Goad that 

the second step requires examining all the evidence admitted at trial, not just the 

evidence presented by the defendant. 354 S.W.3d at 446 (citing Rousseau v. State, 

855 S.W.2d 666, 672 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). Accordingly, affirmative evidence 

from any source can fulfill the second step of the analysis.

Moreover, there is evidence that Appellant grabbed L.A. in some manner 

during the argument. L.A. testified that Appellant grabbed her by the bottom of her 

shirt and then by the collar of her shirt. M.H. testified that Appellant grabbed L.A. 

“[f]rom her shirt.” Sergeant Carroll testified that Appellant admitted to grabbing 

L.A. by the back of the neck. Additionally, Sergeant Carroll testified that M.H. 

admitted to him that Appellant grabbed L.A. by the back of the neck.

We conclude that the jury could have rationally believed that Appellant 

caused L.A. bodily injury in the manner that he grabbed her but that he did not 

impede her breath or blood by applying pressure to her throat or neck. Therefore, 

there was more than a scintilla of evidence that Appellant may have intentionally, 

knowingly, or recklessly caused L.A. bodily injury by grabbing her, but did not 

intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly impede her breathing or blood circulation.

Thus, the trial court erred in denying the request for a charge on the lesser included 

offense of simple assault. 

Having found error in the trial court’s denial of the requested instruction on 

the lesser included offense of simple assault, we must determine whether that error 
11

requires reversal. The erroneous refusal to give a requested instruction on a lesser 

included offense is charge error subject to an Almanza7 harm analysis. Saunders v. 

State, 840 S.W.2d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Nangurai v. State, 507 S.W.3d 

229, 234 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d). Under Almanza, when 

jury-charge error has been preserved, as it was in this case, we will reverse if the 

error in the court’s charge resulted in some harm to the accused. Ngo v. State, 175 

S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. “[T]he 

harm from denying a lesser offense instruction stems from the potential to place the 

jury in the dilemma of convicting for a greater offense in which the jury has 

reasonable doubt or releasing entirely from criminal liability a person the jury is 

convinced is a wrongdoer.” Masterson v. State, 155 S.W.3d 167, 171 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2005). Ordinarily, if the absence of a charge on the lesser included offense left 

the jury with the sole option either to convict the defendant of the charged offense 

or to acquit him, some harm exists. Saunders v. State, 913 S.W.2d 564, 571 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1995). 

The State asserts that, because of the inclusion of the defensive instruction on 

accident or mistake, Appellant did not suffer harm. The State contends that this 

instruction “adequately provided the jury with a way to assess [the evidence] in a 

manner that protected Appellant.” We disagree. Without a charge on the lesser 

included offense of simple assault, the jury only had the option to either convict 

Appellant of the charged felony offense or acquit him. In this situation, some harm 

exists, particularly when one considers that the maximum punishment for simple 

assault is one year in jail, whereas Appellant received a life sentence arising from 

his felony conviction for assault family violence by occlusion that was enhanced by 

his prior felony convictions. See PENAL §§ 12.21, 12.43 (confinement as punishment 

 

7Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).
12

for class A misdemeanor may not exceed one year in jail); Bignall v. State, 899 

S.W.2d 282, 284 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no pet.) (holding that the 

imposition of a penalty that is more severe than the potential maximum penalty for 

the requested lesser included offense is evidence of some harm). Accordingly, we 

conclude that Appellant suffered some harm. We sustain Appellant’s fifteenth issue 

on appeal. We do not reach Appellant’s other issues because of our disposition of 

his fifteenth issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. 

This Court’s Ruling

We reverse the judgment of the trial court, and we remand the cause for a new 

trial.

JOHN M. BAILEY 

JUSTICE

August 16, 2018

Publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Panel consists of: Willson, J., Bailey, J.,

and Wright, S.C.J.8

Willson, J., not participating. 

 

8

Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland, 

sitting by assignment.