Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

Holm v. Kodat, 2021 IL App (3d) 200164

Appellate Court 

Caption

ADAM HOLM, DANIEL HOLM, LORETTA HOLM, and NICK 

HOLM, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. PETER KODAT, JAMES BENSON, 

BENSON MARIAN FAMILY TRUST, MARK A. NORTON, 

WILFRED K. ROBINSON, and GRUNDY COUNTY, DefendantsAppellees.

District & No. Third District 

No. 3-20-0164

Filed June 28, 2021

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Grundy County, No. 18-CH-90; the 

Hon. Eugene P. Daugherity, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

Zachary Pollack, of Pollack Law Group, of Joliet, and John V. 

Schrock, of John Schrock Law LLC, of Plainfield, for appellants.

Chad J. Layton and Patrick F. Sullivan, of Segal McCambridge Singer 

& Mahoney, Ltd., and John J. Kohnke, of Hawkins Parnell & Young, 

LLP, both of Chicago, and Mark Rigazio, of Rigazio Law Office, of 

Morris, for appellees Peter Kodat, James Benson, Benson Marian 

Family Trust, Mark A. Norton, and Wilfred K. Robinson.

No brief filed for other appellees.
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Panel JUSTICE WRIGHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Holdridge and Lytton concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Plaintiffs and the individual defendants own separate parcels of property situated along the 

Mazon River in Grundy County, Illinois. Collectively, the individual defendants object to 

plaintiffs’ use of kayaks on the portions of the Mazon River that abut their parcels of property. 

Plaintiffs filed a declaratory action, seeking an order recognizing their right, as riparian owners, 

to kayak along the entire Mazon River. The trial court initially granted summary judgment for 

plaintiffs, then, on reconsideration, granted summary judgment for defendants. Plaintiffs 

appeal.

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 Plaintiffs own parcels of property situated along the Mazon River in Grundy County, 

Illinois. Plaintiffs’ parcels consist of 33 acres of unimproved, landlocked property (landlocked 

property) and 9.2 acres of unimproved, road-accessible property (accessible property). 

Plaintiffs use their parcels of property to operate a fossil hunting business. Plaintiffs routinely 

commute by kayak from the accessible property to the landlocked property, then from the 

landlocked property, past the individual defendants’ parcels of property, to the Pine Bluff Road 

Bridge. Once at the Pine Bluff Road Bridge, plaintiffs remove their kayaks from the Mazon 

River.

¶ 4 Defendant, Peter Kodat, “operates a competing fossil [hunting] business” on his parcel of 

property. Kodat allegedly organized the other individual defendants—James Benson, Benson 

Marian Family Trust, Mark A. Norton, and Wilfred K. Robinson—“to sign written trespass 

notices” for their parcels of property. Kodat, Benson, Benson Marian Family Trust, Norton, 

and Robinson (defendants) objected to plaintiffs kayaking on the portions of the Mazon River 

that abut their parcels of property. On one occasion, Kodat complained to the Grundy County 

Sheriff’s Department about plaintiffs’ kayaking on the Mazon River past his property, resulting 

in the arrest of plaintiffs, Adam and Daniel Holm, for trespass.1

¶ 5 On December 21, 2018, plaintiffs filed a first amended verified complaint for declaratory 

relief, requesting an order declaring plaintiffs’ “right of access to the whole of the Mazon 

River, including the right to kayak from the Access[ible] Property to the Landlocked Property 

and from the Landlocked Property to the Pine Bluff Road Bridge,” free of trespass claims by 

defendants.2

1

Adam and Daniel Holm were never formally charged with trespass.

2

The first amended verified complaint removed John and Douglas Heath as defendants in this 

lawsuit. Therefore, John and Douglas Heath are not parties to this appeal. 
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¶ 6 A. Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment

¶ 7 On June 24, 2019, plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment relating to the 

declaratory relief requested in their verified complaint. On August 28, 2019, defendants filed 

a cross-motion for summary judgment.

¶ 8 In support of their cross-motion for summary judgment, plaintiffs asserted that they are 

riparian owners of property abutting the Mazon River. Therefore, as a matter of law, defendants 

are prohibited from restricting plaintiffs’ reasonable use and enjoyment of the entire Mazon 

River. In response, defendants agreed plaintiffs have the right “to access waters adjoining and 

within and upon [plaintiffs’] property.” Defendants disputed that plaintiffs’ riparian rights 

allowed the unrestricted privilege of “navigating [the] waterways of adjoining landowners.”

¶ 9 In addition, defendants’ cross-motion for summary judgment alleged it was undisputed 

that, together, certain defendants own property on both sides of the portions of the Mazon 

River, a nonnavigable waterway, that plaintiffs use for kayaking. Based on their undisputed 

status as riparian owners on the Mazon River, defendants argued that they could exclusively 

control the water and the property underneath the water that abutted their parcels of private 

property.3 By extension, since each defendant refused to grant plaintiffs permission to use 

those portions of the Mazon River, defendants argued they were entitled to summary judgment.

¶ 10 B. Decisions of the Trial Court

¶ 11 On October 9, 2019, the trial court held a hearing on the parties’ cross-motions for 

summary judgment. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found summary judgment 

for plaintiffs was proper under Beacham v. Lake Zurich Property Owners Ass’n, 123 Ill. 2d 

227 (1988). Consequently, the trial court declared plaintiffs’ right to the “use of the surface 

water only.” The trial court found this right did not allow plaintiffs to leave their kayaks while 

en route for purposes of “digging and scrambling around for fossils or whatever it be.”

¶ 12 On January 6, 2020, defendants timely filed an amended motion to reconsider and vacate 

the trial court’s entry of summary judgment for plaintiffs. Relying on the uncontested fact that 

the Mazon River is a nonnavigable waterway, defendants argued the trial court’s ruling, in 

reliance on Beacham, was contrary to longstanding common law precedent establishing 

defendants’ exclusive right to refuse access to the portions of the Mazon River that abut their 

parcels of property. The trial court held a hearing on the amended motion to reconsider and 

vacate on March 5, 2020. After receiving arguments, the trial court found as follows:

“This court originally had before it the *** Beacham case ***.

And I applied the reasoning in Beacham even though it was *** putting a square 

peg into a round hole *** because of the similarities that were involved.

* * *

And, therefore, I felt that [Beacham] being the Supreme Court of Illinois’ most 

recent expression on the rights of a landowner of the bed of the non-navigable body of 

water, that Beacham should control here ***.

Now it has been presented to me that there’s an entire body of case law that has not 

been overruled and that establishes that the private ownership of a non-navigable body 

3

Plaintiffs have admitted “[t]he Mazon [River] is a non-navigable waterway.”
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of water, like the parties have here, permits the parties who own that property to have 

the exclusive rights to the water in front of the property which they own.

That means that here [plaintiffs] have the exclusive rights to use and keep people 

from using the surface from their property that abuts their ownership of land, and the 

defendants *** would also enjoy those same rights and privileges.

* * * 

I’m going to vacate the summary judgment that I granted for the plaintiffs and 

vacate the order that denied the defendants’ cross motion for summary judgment.

And based on the law that’s been provided to me, I’m going to grant the defendants’ 

motion and deny the plaintiffs’ motion upon reconsideration on the grounds that the 

fact that the Mazon River is factually non-navigable and the fact that there is private 

ownership of the bed of the river, *** [which] carries with it the exclusivity of 

ownership in the water above the property owned by the abutting owners.

And that is supported by the case law that was cited in the brief requesting this court 

to reconsider its previous decision.

And I think that the riparian rights of access are not superior to the rights of private 

ownership.

And I don’t believe that the Beacham case is controlling of the issue before the 

court as I did originally because of the variables that are in the Beacham case [and] 

because of *** the other cases which indicate that the creation of the property line in a 

lake is impossible to develop, whereas in a stream such [as] the Mazon River it is not 

impossible and, therefore, it can be done.”

¶ 13 On March 10, 2020, the trial court signed an order granting defendants’ motion to 

reconsider, vacating its October 9, 2019, order, and granting defendants’ cross-motion for 

summary judgment while denying plaintiffs’ cross-motion for summary judgment. The trial 

court found defendants had “exclusive rights to all property owned by them, including the land, 

water, surface of the water, and any and all substance *** both upon the land and beneath the 

surface of the Mazon River.” The trial court declared plaintiffs were “excluded from using or 

accessing, in any way, the surface of the Mazon River on the portion *** that runs adjacent to 

any property that is owned by” defendants. Plaintiffs were also “precluded from removing 

fossils or any other property that is located on the portion of the Mazon River that runs adjacent 

to any property that is owned by” defendants. Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal on 

March 31, 2020.

¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 15 On appeal, we must decide whether the trial court correctly granted summary judgment for 

defendants. In doing so, our court must determine whether downstream riparian owners of 

property on a nonnavigable river, in this case defendants, may lawfully bar other upstream 

riparian owners of property on that same river, in this case plaintiffs, from traversing the 

various segments of the river that comprise defendants’ private property. Based on wellestablished case law governing riparian rights and the navigability of Illinois rivers and 

streams, we conclude this question must be answered in the affirmative. As a result, the trial 

court’s grant of summary judgment for defendants was correct and must be affirmed.
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¶ 16 Under section 2-1005(c) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code), summary judgment “shall 

be rendered without delay if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with 

the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the 

moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2018). 

When cross-motions for summary judgment are filed, as they were here, the parties “mutually 

concede that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that only a question of law is 

involved.” Gurba v. Community High School District No. 155, 2015 IL 118332, ¶ 10 (citing 

Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 28). Our court reviews decisions on motions for summary 

judgment de novo. Id.

¶ 17 Initially, the parties suggest that the issue subject to our review is one of first impression. 

This might, to some extent, be true. However, the narrow issue of first impression can be 

decided by applying the rationale that has been employed for over a century with respect to 

riparian rights and the navigability of Illinois rivers and streams. 

¶ 18 Generally, riparian rights are “the rights of an owner of land that borders on a body of water 

or watercourse to the use of the water.” Alderson v. Fatlan, 231 Ill. 2d 311, 318 (2008). These 

rights originate by operation of law, “solely because the land abuts the body of water.” Id. The 

riparian rights of property owners, abutting the same body of water, are equal, such that no 

“ ‘property owner may exercise its riparian rights in such a manner so as to prevent the exercise 

of the same rights by other similarly situated property owners.’ [Citation.]” Id. at 318-19.

¶ 19 For rivers and streams, a riparian owner “has the right to the flow of [the river’s] water as 

a natural incident of his estate.” Leitch v. Sanitary District of Chicago, 369 Ill. 469, 473 (1938). 

This right “cannot lawfully be diverted, increased, diminished or polluted” without consent or 

due process. Id.; see also Druley v. Adam, 102 Ill. 177, 193 (1882) (“[R]iparian proprietors 

have precisely the same rights in regard to [water while it passes their property], and, apart 

from the right of consumption for supplying natural wants, neither can, to the injury of the 

other, abstract the water, or divert or arrest its flow.”). If a riparian owner’s land extends to and 

bounds on a river, then the center of the river is the property line. Schulte v. Warren, 218 Ill. 

108, 117 (1905); accord Fuller v. Shedd, 161 Ill. 462, 474-75 (1896); Braxon v. Bressler, 64 

Ill. 488, 489 (1872). If a riparian owner owns land on both sides of a river, then he owns “the 

whole of the bed of the stream to the extent of the length of his lands upon it.” People ex rel. 

Deneen v. Economy Light & Power Co., 241 Ill. 290, 318 (1909); accord Albany R.R. Bridge 

Co. v. People ex rel. Matthews, 197 Ill. 199, 205-06 (1902) (per curiam).

¶ 20 A riparian owner has “rights to the beds of all streams above the flow of the tide whether 

actually navigable or not.” Leitch, 369 Ill. at 474. For rivers or streams, navigable in fact, the 

right “is subject to a public easement to use the river for navigation.” Id. at 475; accord Trustees 

of Schools v. Schroll, 120 Ill. 509, 518-19 (1887) (“[G]rants of land bounded on streams or 

rivers above tide water, carry the exclusive right and title of the grantee to the centre of the 

stream *** subject to the easement of navigation in streams navigable in fact ***.”); Smith v. 

City of Greenville, 115 Ill. App. 3d 39, 42 (1983). That is, “the public have an easement for 

purpose[s] of navigation in waters which are navigable in fact, regardless of the ownership of 

the soil.” DuPont v. Miller, 310 Ill. 140, 145 (1923); accord Schulte, 218 Ill. at 119; see also 

Braxon, 64 Ill. at 489 (“Where the river is navigable, the public have an easement, or a right 

of passage, upon it as a highway, but not the right to remove the rock, gravel or soil, except as 

necessary to the enjoyment of the easement.”); Ensminger v. People ex rel. Trover, 47 Ill. 384, 
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390 (1868) (supreme court stating, when a river or stream is navigable, as to provide the public 

with an easement, that easement “extend[s] alone to the bed of the river”). 

¶ 21 Importantly, a river or stream is navigable in fact if it naturally, by customary modes of 

transportation, is “of sufficient depth to afford a channel for use for commerce.” DuPont, 310 

Ill. at 145 (citing Schulte, 218 Ill. at 119); Economy Light, 241 Ill. at 332-33; see also Hubbard 

v. Bell, 54 Ill. 110, 122 (1870) (supreme court stating “a stream, to be navigable, must furnish 

‘a common passage for the king’s people,’ must be ‘of common or public use for the carriage 

of boats and lighters,’ [and] must be capable of bearing up and floating vessels for the 

transportation of property, conducted by the agency of man”); Central Illinois Public Service 

Co. v. Vollentine, 319 Ill. 66, 67-68 (1925) (supreme court finding, “Sangamon river is a stream 

over which commerce cannot be carried on in the customary modes in which such commerce 

is conducted by water, and is therefore not a navigable stream”). Of vital importance here, 

“[t]he fact that there is water enough in places for rowboats or small launches *** does not 

render the waters navigable.” Schulte, 218 Ill. at 119; accord Economy Light, 241 Ill. at 332. 

When the river is navigable in fact, “[i]t has long been established ‘that the property of a 

riparian owner in the bed of the river *** is subservient to the use of the public as a highway.’ ” 

Perona v. Illini Harbor Services, Inc., 130 Ill. App. 3d 984, 986 (1985) (quoting Ensminger, 

47 Ill. at 391).

¶ 22 However, if the river or stream cannot satisfy this definition of navigability, such that it is 

not navigable in fact, then the river or stream is not subject to an easement in the public for 

navigation and the riparian owner instead owns “the bed of the stream *** absolutely[ ] free 

from any burdens in favor of the public.” See Economy Light, 241 Ill. at 318 (citing Washington 

Ice Co. v. Shortall, 101 Ill. 46 (1881)); accord Middleton v. Pritchard, 4 Ill. 510, 520 (1842) 

(“If it were a stream not navigable [in fact], the rights of the riparian owner extended to the 

centre thread of the current,” meaning “the water, and the soil under it *** [were] exclusively 

in the riparian owner.”). In this situation, the case law provides various examples of the 

exclusivity of the riparian owner’s right. See Schulte, 218 Ill. at 119 (supreme court stating, at 

common law, “the riparian proprietor had the exclusive right to fish in the waters covering the 

soil owned by him, to the center of the stream”); Druley, 102 Ill. at 193 (supreme court stating, 

“[t]he owner of land over which a stream of water flows, has *** a property right in the flow 

of the water at that place for all the beneficial uses that may result from it ***[;] in other words, 

he has a usufruct in the water while it passes”); Braxon, 64 Ill. at 489 (“No individual can 

appropriate to his own use the bed of the stream, without the consent of the adjoining 

proprietor.”); Shortall, 101 Ill. at 52 (supreme court stating, unless clearly denoted, “grants of 

land bounded on rivers or upon their margins, above tide water, carry the exclusive right and 

title of the grantee to the centre of the stream, subject to the easement of navigation,” including 

“the water, the bed, and all islands”); accord Albany, 197 Ill. at 205; Piper v. Connelly, 108 Ill. 

646, 651 (1884).

¶ 23 The trial court relied on the rationale set forth in Beacham when initially granting summary 

judgment for plaintiffs. Now, plaintiffs argue the trial court’s original decision, applying 

Beacham, was correct. Consequently, a brief review of Beacham is in order.

¶ 24 Beacham involved a private, nonnavigable lake, rather than a nonnavigable river. See 

Beacham, 123 Ill. 2d at 228. The plaintiff, who owned 15% to 20% of the lakebed and operated 

a public boat rental business, sought “a declaration that *** [she] and her licensees were 
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entitled to the reasonable use of the entire lake, including the waters overlying those parts of 

the lake bed owned by members of the defendant” homeowners’ association. Id. at 227-28.

¶ 25 In its analysis, our supreme court acknowledged a common law rule and a civil law rule, 

which represented “two conflicting views on the subject.” Id. at 229; see also Alderson, 231 

Ill. 2d at 319 (supreme court discussing Beacham’s identification of the common law and civil 

law rules). Our supreme court observed, on the one hand, the common law rule states “the 

owner of a part of a lake bed has the right to the exclusive use and control of the waters above 

that property.” Beacham, 123 Ill. 2d at 230. This is a corollary of the view that “ownership of 

a parcel of land entitles the owner to the exclusive use and enjoyment of anything above or 

below the property.” Id. at 230-31. Our supreme court recognized, in other states, the common 

law rule allows “the owner of a part of a lake bed [to] exclude from the surface of the overlying 

water all other persons, including those who own other parts of the lake bed.” Id. at 231.

¶ 26 On the other hand, our supreme court observed that, under the civil law rule, which was 

ultimately adopted in Beacham, the ownership of part of the bed of a private, nonnavigable 

lake entitled the owner and the owner’s licensees to the reasonable use and enjoyment of the 

entire lake surface, provided there was no undue interference with the reasonable use of the 

water by other owners and their licensees. Id. at 228-31. Our supreme court reasoned that the 

courts of other states, in the context of lakes, have “noted the difficulties presented by attempts 

to establish and obey definite property lines [citations] and certain other impractical 

consequences of [the common law rule], such as the erection of booms, fences, or barriers.” 

Id. at 231-32. Further, an application of the civil law rule promoted the recreational use and 

enjoyment of lakes. Id. at 232. Thus, “the arguments supporting the civil law rule warrant[ed] 

its adoption in Illinois” because “[r]estricting the use of a lake to the water overlying the 

owner’s lake bed property [could] only frustrate the cooperative and mutually beneficial use 

of that important resource.”4 Id.

¶ 27 Initially, the physical characteristics of the Mazon River, unlike those of the private, 

nonnavigable lake at issue in Beacham, do not involve the difficulties or impracticalities 

related to establishing and obeying “definite property lines.” See id. at 231-32; Smith, 115 Ill. 

App. 3d at 42; Fuller, 161 Ill. at 483. To the contrary, here, the property lines can be 

established, verified, and enforced by public records and centuries-old case law governing 

riparian rights and navigability. Moreover, the public policy of promoting the recreational use 

and enjoyment of an entire lake, by each partial owner of a lakebed and his or her licensees, 

does not necessarily equally apply to a narrow, nonnavigable river, like the Mazon River. See 

Beacham, 123 Ill. 2d at 232. Therefore, we decline to extend the rationale in Beacham to 

resolve the dispute over the rights of the riparian owners along the Mazon River in this appeal.

¶ 28 Here, it is undisputed that both plaintiffs and all defendants have riparian rights attributable 

to their ownership of property along the Mazon River. It is also undisputed that the Mazon 

River is not navigable in fact. That is, the parties agree that the Mazon River is not, in its natural 

state, an avenue for commerce by the customary modes of water transportation. See DuPont, 

310 Ill. at 145 (citing Schulte, 218 Ill. at 119); Economy Light, 241 Ill. at 332-33; Hubbard, 54 

Ill. at 122. Further, it is irrelevant, for purposes of determining navigability in fact, that the 

4

“The question remain[ed]” whether the plaintiff and her licensees’ use of the lake was reasonable 

and not an undue interference with the reasonable use of other owners and their licensees. Beacham, 

123 Ill. 2d at 232. Our supreme court expressed no view on the answer to this question. Id.
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Mazon River can support kayaks. See Schulte, 218 Ill. at 119; accord Economy Light, 241 Ill. 

at 332.

¶ 29 Since the Mazon River is not navigable in fact, a public easement does not exist to allow 

public navigation on the Mazon River. See Leitch, 369 Ill. at 475; Schroll, 120 Ill. at 518-19; 

Smith, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 42; DuPont, 310 Ill. at 145; Schulte, 218 Ill. at 119; Braxon, 64 Ill. 

at 489; Ensminger, 47 Ill. at 390. Instead, defendants own to the center of the bed of the stream 

abutting their respective properties, including the water, “absolutely[ ] free from any burdens 

in favor of the public.” See Economy Light, 241 Ill. at 318 (citing Shortall, 101 Ill. 46); 

Middleton, 4 Ill. at 520; Albany, 197 Ill. at 205-06. Consequently, each defendant may lawfully 

bar any and all trespassers from the segment of the Mazon River that abuts his respective parcel 

of property. For this reason, it behooves property owners along nonnavigable bodies of water 

to maintain good relationships with their neighbors. Those relationships could determine 

whether, by permission or contract, a right of access is granted.

¶ 30 Although it is undisputed, it should be noted that plaintiffs own a landlocked parcel of 

private property situated on the Mazon River. It should also be noted that plaintiffs have not 

asserted the existence of an easement by necessity. Thus, we conclude the landlocked nature 

of this parcel of property will not play a role in the outcome of this particular appeal.

¶ 31 Based on the above-cited case law, we conclude that both plaintiffs and defendants have 

private property rights, attributable to their status as riparian owners, that are superior to the 

interests of the general public. Likewise, plaintiffs and defendants enjoy, based on their status 

as riparian owners, private property rights on their parcels that are superior to the rights of all 

other riparian owners. Therefore, the riparian owner of each individual parcel of private 

property, situated along the Mazon River, may lawfully bar access, within their easily 

ascertainable property lines, to any person, including their riparian neighbor.

¶ 32 Applying these principles on appeal, plaintiffs may not kayak on the portions of the Mazon 

River that abut the property of their riparian neighbors, including defendants, without first 

obtaining the neighbors’ consent. However, this decision should not be construed as providing 

riparian owners with unlimited authority on their private property. Riparian owners may not 

lawfully take any action, within the boundaries of their private property, that diverts, increases, 

diminishes, or pollutes the flow of the water on the Mazon River, as to interfere with the use 

of the Mazon River by other riparian owners on their own property. See Alderson, 231 Ill. 2d 

at 318-19; Leitch, 369 Ill. at 473; Druley, 102 Ill. at 193.

¶ 33 For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court correctly entered summary judgment in 

favor of defendants.

¶ 34 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 35 The judgment of the circuit court of Grundy County is affirmed.

¶ 36 Affirmed.