NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JANINE ANGEL, on behalf of C.A., and

individually, by and through Guardian ad

Litem Dr. Ronald Savage; et al.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.

CINDY MARTEN, in her official capacity

as former Superintendent; et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 23-55625

D.C. No. 

2:21-cv-07333-ODW-PVC

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted May 16, 2024** 

Pasadena, California

Before: N.R. SMITH and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges, and HINDERAKER,

***

District Judge.

 

FILED

MAY 29 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without

oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable John Charles Hinderaker, United States District Judge for the

District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
Janine Angel and other parents of disabled California public school students 

appeal the dismissal of their suit against California Governor Gavin Newsom, the

California Department of Education, several California school districts, and the

school districts’ superintendents. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,

and we affirm the dismissal of the suit without prejudice on jurisdictional grounds.

To invoke the jurisdiction of Article III courts, plaintiffs must show that

their alleged injuries are “likely to be redressed by [their] requested relief.” Fed.

Election Comm’n v. Cruz, 596 U.S. 289, 296 (2022). Plaintiffs must do this “for

each form of relief sought.” Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski, 592 U.S. 279, 141 S. Ct.

792, 801 (2021) (cleaned up). “[N]o federal court has jurisdiction to enter a

judgment unless it provides a remedy that can redress the plaintiff’s injury.” Id.

Angel’s second amended complaint sought declaratory relief, injunctive relief, and

nominal damages.

1 Because none of these forms of relief satisfy the requirement

of redressability in this case, the district court correctly dismissed the suit for lack

of jurisdiction.2

1 To the extent that the complaint requested other relief, Angel does not argue

that it satisfies the Article III requirement of redressability, thus forfeiting any such

argument. See Miller v. City of Scottsdale, 88 F.4th 800, 805 n.4 (9th Cir. 2023).

2 Contrary to Angel’s argument, the district court did not err by failing to

address Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678 (1946), because the district court’s analysis

concerned redressability rather than federal question jurisdiction. 

2
Angel sought judgments declaring that the defendants violated the

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the Americans with

Disabilities Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and the

California Education Code. However, “a declaratory judgment merely

adjudicating past violations . . . is not an appropriate exercise of federal

jurisdiction.” Bayer v. Neiman Marcus Grp., Inc., 861 F.3d 853, 868 (9th Cir.

2017). Angel also sought nominal damages for the alleged IDEA violations. We

agree with the district court that the complaint requested nominal damages under

the IDEA, not other statutory authority, as that interpretation is consistent with the

complaint’s requests for other relief “under” particular statutes. Because the IDEA

does not provide for the award of nominal damages, C.O. v. Portland Pub. Schs.,

679 F.3d 1162, 1167 (9th Cir. 2012), that request also offers no basis for the

court’s exercise of jurisdiction.3 Because none of Angel’s requested relief is

available to redress the past legal violations she alleges, we affirm the district

court’s dismissal of the claims concerning alleged past harms.

3 We note that while “the legal availability of a certain kind of relief” is

generally a merits question, MOAC Mall Holdings LLC v. Transform Holdco LLC,

598 U.S. 288, 296 (2023) (quoting Chafin v. Chafin, 568 U.S. 165, 174 (2013)),

Angel does not challenge the application of C.O., whose holding makes it

unnecessary for us to “plumb[] the . . . depths” of the IDEA “in the first instance to

assure ourselves that . . . no relief remains legally available,” id. 

3
 The district court also lacked jurisdiction to grant the prospective relief

Angel requested. A plaintiff seeking prospective relief must plausibly allege an

ongoing injury or a “real or immediate threat” of harm. Mayfield v. United States,

599 F.3d 964, 970 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S.

95, 111 (1983)). If a threat derives from repealed, amended, or expired legislation,

the plaintiff must identify reason “founded in the record” to conclude “that there is

a reasonable expectation of reenactment.” Bd. of Trs. of Glazing Health & Welfare

Tr. v. Chambers, 941 F.3d 1195, 1199 (9th Cir. 2019) (en banc). Angel has not

identified any basis in the record to conclude that school closures are or were

imminent, or to expect that California will reenact its school closure law. See

Brach v. Newsom, 38 F.4th 6, 14–15 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc); Martinez v.

Newsom, 46 F.4th 965, 973 (9th Cir. 2022). Likewise, Angel has identified no

basis to conclude that any plaintiff student faced or now faces an imminent threat

that could be redressed by a declaration of his or her “then-current educational

placement.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(j). We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal

of the claims seeking prospective relief.

Because the district court lacked jurisdiction over Angel’s federal law

claims, it properly dismissed Angel’s state law claim. See Herklotz v. Parkinson,

848 F.3d 894, 898 (9th Cir. 2017); 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a).

4
AFFIRMED.

5