# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 6- 21 75

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Mar vi n Orl an do Jo hn so n

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta - St. Pa ul

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Su bm it te d: Apri l 4 , 20 17 Fil ed : M ay

9, 2 01 7 [Un pu bl is he d]

__ __ __ __ __ __ Befo re GRUENDER, MURPHY, an d KELLY, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

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PER CURI AM.

Mar vi n Orla nd o Jo hn so n pl ed gu il ty to us in g, carr y in g, an d br an di sh in g a fir earm du rin g an d in rel at io n to a cri m e of vi ol en ce, 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( c)(1 )( A ) ( i i ),

an d to be in g a fel on in po ss es si on of a fir earm , 18 U.S.C. § 92 2( g) (1 ). At se nt en ci ngth e di st ric t co ur t de te rm in ed th at he ha d fo ur pr io r co nv ic ti on s t h a t q u a l ifi ed as 1
vi ol en t fel on ie s un de r th e Arm ed Care er Cri m in al Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e). The co ur t th en se nt en ced hi m to 26 4 m on th s im pr is on m en t. Jo hn so n ap pe al s, arg ui ng th at hi s p rio r co nv ic ti on s for si m pl e ro bb ery un de r Mi nn

. St at

. § 60 9.2 4 (2 00 1) an d

at te m pt ed se co nd de g r e e a g g rav at ed ro bb ery un de r Mi nn

. St at

. § 60 9.2 45
, su bd

. 2 (2 00 1) do no t q ua li fy

as v io le nt fel on ie s. We affir m

.

W e rev ie w de no vo whe th er a co nv ic ti on qu al ifi es as a vi ol en t fel on y un de r th e ACCA. Uni te d S ta te s v . Head bi rd , 83 2 F .3d 84 4, 84 6 (8 th Ci r. 20 16 ). The ACC A imp o s e s a m an da to ry m in im um fif te en y ear se nt en ce if a de fen da nt ha s be en

co nv ic te d as a fel on in po ss es si o n o f a f ire arm "an d ha s th ree pr ev io us co nv ic ti on s

. . . fo r a vi ol en t fel on y ." 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e)(1 ). The ACCA de fin es "v io le nt fel on y "

to in cl ud e an y fed eral or st at e of fen se pu ni sh ab le b y m or e th an on e y ear im pr is on m en t th at "h as as an el em en t th e us e, at te m pt ed us e, or th reat en ed us e of ph y si cal fo rce ag ai ns t th e pe rs on of an ot he r." Id . § 9 24 (e)( 2) (B)( i). Ph y si cal fo rce "m ean s vi ol en t fo rce— th at is
, fo rce cap ab le of cau si ng ph y si cal pa in o r i nju ry to

an ot he r pe rs on ." Jo hn so n v . Uni te d S ta te s, 5 59 U.S. 13 3, 1 40 (20 10 ).

Jo hn so n arg ue s th at hi s pr io r co nv ic t i o n fo r at te m pt ed se co nd de gr ee
ag gr av at ed ro bb ery is no t a vi ol en t felo ny be cau se in Mi nn es ot a a de fen da nt can be

co nv ic te d o f a tt em

pt wit ho ut em

pl oyin g vi ol en t ph y si cal fo rce. Jo hn so n do es no t
arg ue th at se co nd de gr ee ag gr av at ed ro bb ery is no t a vi ol en t fel on y

. W e th us as su m e fo r pu rp os es of th is ap pe al th at s e c o n d d e gr ee ag gr av at ed ro bb ery qu al ifi es as a vi ol en t fel on y

. See Uni te d S t a t e s v

. Azu re, 53 9 F.3 d 90 4, 91 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 08 ).
Jo hn so n's arg um en t is fo recl os ed by th e te xt of th e AC C A w h i c h de fin es a vi ol en t fel on y to in cl ud e cri m es th at ha ve as an el em en t th e "at te m pt ed us e" of fo rce ag ai ns t

a pe rs on

. 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (i)

. Mo reo ve r, we ha ve pr ev io us ly co nc lu de d th at

The Hon or ab le Pat ric k J. Sch il tz , Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e Dis tri ct 1 of Mi nn es ot a.

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-Mi nn es ot a co nv ic ti on s fo r at te m pt in g to co m

m it a v i o l e n t fel on y qu al ify as ACCA
pr ed ic at e of

fen se s. See, e.g ., Uni te d St at es v. Fo gg , 83 6 F.3 d 95 1, 95 4– 56 (8 th Ci r. 20 16 ) (co nc lu di ng th at at te m pt ed dr iv e by sh oo ti ng un de r Mi nn

. St at

. § 60 9.6 6, su bd

. 1e qu al ifi es as a v i o l e n t fel on y ). The di st ric t co ur t th us di d no t err by de te rm in in g th at Jo hn so n's pr io r co nv ic ti on fo r at te m pt ed se co nd de gr ee ag gr av at ed ro bb ery
qu al ifi ed as a vi ol en t fe lo ny.

Jo hn so n do e s n o t co nt es t th e di st ric t co ur t's de te rm in at io n th at hi s two pr io r

co nv ic ti on s fo r fir st de gr ee ag gr av at ed ro bb ery qu al ifi ed as vi ol en t fel on ie s. The di st ric t co ur t t h u s d i d no t err in it s co nc lu si on th at Jo hn so n is an arm ed care er cri m in al

.

W e aff irm th e jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t.

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