REVERSE and REMAND; and Opinion Filed February 15, 2019.

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-18-00517-CV

MG INTERNATIONAL MENSWEAR, INC., Appellant

V.

ROBERT GRAHAM DESIGNS LLC, Appellee

On Appeal from the 160th Judicial District Court

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DC-17-05323

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Myers, Molberg, and Osborne

Opinion by Justice Molberg

This is a restricted appeal from a default judgment signed by the trial court in favor of 

Robert Graham Designs, LLC (RGD) against MG International Menswear, Inc. (MG) in a suit on 

a sworn account and for breach of contract.1 In its third and fourth issues, MG claims the trial 

court’s judgment must be overturned because the face of the record shows (1) MG was never 

properly served with citation; (2) the district clerk failed to send MG proper notice of the default 

judgment; and (3) RGD failed to establish its claim is liquidated rather than unliquidated.2 

 

1 RGD did not file an appellee’s brief.

2 MG also asserts in its first two issues that the trial court erred by rendering default judgment because MG timely 

filed its notice of restricted appeal, was a party to the lawsuit, did not participate in the final hearing that resulted in 

the default judgment, and did not file any timely post-judgment motions. Based on our resolution of MG’s third and 

fourth issues, we need not address these arguments. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. 
–2–

Because the face of the record shows that RGD failed to establish that its claim is 

liquidated, we reverse the trial court’s default judgment and remand the case for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Background

RGD sued MG on May 5, 2017, on a sworn account and for breach of contract. In its 

original petition, RGD directed service of process to be executed on Mike Ghani, MG’s registered 

agent, at 9100 N. Central Expressway, No. 145, in Dallas, Texas 75231. RGD promptly requested 

issuance of citation. On May 25, 2017, RGD’s private process server returned the citation 

unexecuted, noting on the return that “this suite is vacant and for lease.”

RGD amended its petition on May 30, 2017, to add the following language relating to 

service of citation:

MG INTERNATIONAL MENSWEAR INC. is a Texas corporation and has failed 

to maintain a Registered Agent in this state in that MEHRDAD “Mike” GHANI is 

indicated as the Registered Agent of Defendant in the records of the Secretary of 

State. Defendant’s Registered Agent . . . could not be found at the registered office 

located at 9100 N CENTRAL EXPWY #145, DALLAS, TX 75231, despite the fact 

that the office of a Private Process Server of Dallas County exercised reasonable 

diligence by attempting to personally deliver the citation. Accordingly, the 

Secretary of State is the agent of Defendant for service of citation in this action.

New citation was issued for service on the secretary of state, pursuant to Texas Business 

Organizations Code section 5.251(1)(B) (authorizing service where “the registered agent of the 

entity cannot with reasonable diligence be found at the registered office of the entity”). The 

secretary of state returned its Whitney Certificate3to the district clerk on July 24, 2017, attesting 

 

3

In Whitney v. L & L Realty Corp., 500 S.W.2d 94 (Tex. 1973), the plaintiff took a default judgment against the 

defendants after serving them via the secretary of state. The Texas Supreme Court ruled that the record before the 

trial court must have a certificate from the secretary of state, certifying that it had forwarded a copy of the citation to 

the defendant and, without such a showing, the trial court did not have jurisdiction over the defendant. Id. at 95. Such 

a certificate has become known as a Whitney Certificate.
–3–

that it had received “a copy of the Citation and Plaintiff’s First Amended Original Petition with 

Discovery Attached” on June 14, 2017, and that a copy was forwarded, by certified mail, return 

receipt requested, to MG at its registered agent’s office at 9100 N. Central Expressway, No. 145, 

Dallas, TX 75231, on June 19, 2017.4

Thereafter, the secretary of state returned an additional Whitney Certificate to the district 

clerk, which was filed of record on November 20, 2017, attesting that it had received the identical 

process on September 6, 2017; a copy of the process was forwarded by certified mail, return receipt 

requested, to MG on October 27, 2017, at a specified post office box in Dallas, Texas; and on 

November 10, 2017, the return receipt was received by the office of the secretary of state.5

MG did not file a timely answer, and the trial court signed a default judgment on December 

13, 2017, awarding damages to RGD of $17,131.23, attorney’s fees of $2,500, court costs, and 

post-judgment interest.

The district clerk sent notice of the default judgment to an address other than that set forth 

in RGD’s certificate of last known mailing address, which was filed at the time RGD moved for 

default disposition.

Analysis

Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 30 allows a party challenging a default judgment to 

seek a restricted appeal to overturn the judgment by proving that (1) the party “did not participate 

. . . in the hearing that resulted in the judgment,” and (2) “did not timely file a postjudgment motion 

 

4 The “PROCESS” was returned to the secretary of state’s office on July 12, 2017, with the notation “Returned to 

Sender, Attempted Not Known.”

5 The “RETURN RECEIPT” was returned to the secretary of state’s office on November 10, 2017, “bearing 

signature.”
–4–

or request for findings of fact and conclusions of law, or a notice of appeal” under appellate rule 

26.1(a). Additionally, such an appeal (3) must be filed within six months after the judgment is 

signed, TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1(c), and (4) the error alleged by the appealing party must be apparent 

on the face of the record that existed at the time the default judgment was rendered. Alexander v. 

Lynda’s Boutique, 134 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. 2004). Only element four is implicated in this 

appeal.

Service of Process

In its third issue, MG first complains the record affirmatively shows that RGD failed to 

serve MG in strict compliance with the rules relating to service of process. For a default judgment 

to withstand direct attack by a restricted appeal, strict compliance with the rules governing service 

of process must affirmatively appear on the face of the record. See Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 

884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994) (per curiam). “There are no presumptions in favor of valid 

issuance, service, and return of service.” Id. If the record in a restricted appeal fails to 

affirmatively show strict compliance with the rules of civil procedure governing service of citation, 

the attempted service of process is invalid and of no effect. See Uvalde Country Club v. Martin 

Linen Supply Co., Inc., 690 S.W.2d 884, 885 (Tex. 1985). Any failure to comply with the rules 

renders the attempted service of process invalid, and the trial court acquires no personal 

jurisdiction over the defendant. Lytle v. Cunningham, 261 S.W.3d 837, 839–40 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2008, no pet.). A judgment based on improper service is void. Id. 

When, as here, the defendant’s registered agent cannot be found at its registered office with 

reasonable diligence, the plaintiff is permitted to seek substituted service on the secretary of state. 

See TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 5.251(1)(B). Service of process on the secretary of state is 
–5–

accomplished by delivering duplicate copies of the process and any required fee. See id. § 5.252. 

Thereafter, the secretary of state shall forward the process to the entity’s most recent address on 

file with the secretary of state by certified mail, return receipt requested. See id § 5.253. The 

Secretary may issue a certificate of service known as a Whitney Certificate. See supra at n.3. 

“Absent fraud or mistake, the Secretary of State’s certificate is conclusive evidence that the 

Secretary of State, as agent of [the defendant], received service of process for [the defendant] and 

forwarded the service as required by the statute.” Capital Brick, Inc. v. Fleming Mfg. Co., Inc.,

722 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tex. 1986).

MG argues the secretary of state was required to deliver the citation and petition by 

certified mail, return receipt requested, to the most recent address of the entity on file with the 

secretary of state. See TEX. BUS. & ORG. CODE ANN. ' 5.253(b)(1), (2). There is no indication in 

the record that the secretary of state failed in this respect. MG also claims there is no return of 

service on file showing that the secretary of state was served. To the contrary, the record shows 

Whitney Certificates were issued by the secretary of state and filed in the clerk’s record on two 

separate dates, each more than ten days before the default judgment was entered, as required by 

Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 107(h). Once either Whitney Certificate was filed, it dispensed 

with any further service requirements and was also conclusive proof that citation had been 

forwarded as required by section 5.253 of the Texas Business Organizations Code. Campus Invs., 

Inc. v. Cullever, 144 S.W.3d 464, 466 (Tex. 2004) (citing Capitol Brick, Inc., 722 S.W.2d at 401); 

Bank Repossessed Car Co. v. Who’s Calling, Inc., No. 14-05-01251-CV, 2007 WL 2481168, at 

*2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 4, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op).
–6–

The record affirmatively shows that, at the time default judgment was rendered, citation 

was properly served and returned. See Campus Invs., 144 S.W.3d at 466.

Clerk’s Notice of Default Judgment

MG also complains in its third issue that the default judgment is void and must be set aside 

because the district clerk failed to send appropriate notice of the signing of the judgment to MG’s 

last known mailing address as provided by RDG in its certificate filed at the time it moved for a 

default judgment.

Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 239a requires the clerk to mail written notice of a default 

judgment “to the party against whom the judgment was rendered at the address shown in the 

certificate” that the party taking default judgment must file “[a]t or immediately prior to the time” 

the judgment is rendered. Failure to provide such notice “shall not affect the finality of the 

judgment.” Id. 

Here, the clerk sent notice of the default judgment to an address that was different from 

that contained in the RGD’s rule 239a certificate of last known mailing address. In other words, 

the clerk’s notice was tantamount to no notice at all. While this fact may assist MG in a later-filed 

bill of review proceeding (see, e.g., Grayson Fire Extinguisher Co., Inc. v. Jackson, 566 S.W.2d 

321, 323 (Tex. App.—Dallas, 1978, no writ)), it is of no assistance here. A clerk’s failure to 

comply with rule 239a does not entitle a party to relief on a restricted appeal under Texas Rule of 

Appellate Procedure 30. See, e.g., Campbell v. Fincher, 72 S.W.3d 723, 724–25 (Tex. App.—

Waco 2002, no pet.). 

We resolve MG’s third issue against it.
–7–

Liquidated v. Unliquidated Damages

Finally, in its fourth issue, MG claims that on the face of the record RGD’s claim was not 

liquidated under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 241 because the written instrument provided to 

calculate damages under rule of civil procedure 185 (the sworn account claim) is insufficient, and 

that it is likewise insufficient on RGD’s breach of contract claim. This, MG argues, prevents a 

court from entering a final default judgment.

A claim is liquidated if the amount of damages may be accurately calculated from the

factual, as opposed to the conclusory, allegations in the petition and the written instruments. See 

Argyle Mech., Inc. v. Unigus Steel, Inc., 156 S.W.3d 685, 687 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.). 

See also Sherman Acquisition II LP v. Garcia, 229 S.W.3d 802, 809 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, no 

pet.). When a claim is liquidated, as proved by written instrument, no further proof of damages is 

necessary prior to the entry of a default judgment. TEX. R. CIV. P. 241. In contrast, where such 

proof is lacking, the trial court is required to take evidence on damages. TEX. R. CIV. P. 243.

A suit on a sworn account is governed by rule of civil procedure 185. Rule 185 is not a 

rule of substantive law, but is a rule of procedure with regard to evidence necessary to establish a 

prima facie right of recovery. Rizk v. Fin. Guardian Ins. Agency, Inc., 584 S.W.2d 860, 862 (Tex. 

1979); Abuzaid v. Modjarrad & Assocs., No. 05-16-00777-CV, 2017 WL 5559591, at *7 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas Nov. 14, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 185. To prove a sworn 

account, a plaintiff must show that (1) there was a sale and delivery of merchandise or performance 

of services, (2) the amount or prices were either charged in accordance with an agreement or were 

customary and reasonable, and (3) the amount is unpaid. Parillo v. Kofahl Sheet Metal Works, 

Inc., No. 05-15-01037-CV, 2016 WL 3547965, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 28, 2016, no pet.) 
–8–

(mem. op.); see also Peerless Indem. Ins. Co. v. GLS Masonry, Inc., No. 05-16-00875-CV, 2018 

WL 3491045, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 20, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

Here, RGD’s amended petition states, with respect to its sworn account claim, that a 

contract to purchase products was entered into by the parties, RGD thereafter provided goods to 

MG, and “all of the goods were not paid for.” RGD then cites to Exhibit “A” as a systematic 

record of “an account covering certain products sold by [RGD to MG].” Exhibit “A” contains a 

single page with several entries, none of which clearly identifies the items constituting the account. 

Nor does Exhibit “A” indicate that the amounts listed thereon are unpaid. The accompanying 

“Sworn Account Affidavit,” signed by RGD’s credit manager, merely proves up Exhibit “A” as a 

business record and, without more, avers in conclusory fashion that GM owes RGD “$17,131.23 

plus interest.” Neither a contract nor invoices are attached.

The allegations in both the petition and the written instrument are merely conclusory. The 

information provided by RGD is less than that found insufficient to sustain a judgment in Haecker 

v. Santa Rosa Medical Center, 609 S.W.2d 879, 880 (Tex. App.—San Antonio, 1980, no writ) 

(“account must show upon its face with reasonable certainty the nature of each item sold, the date 

of each sale and the reasonable charges therefor”); and Howard v. Weisberg, 583 S.W.2d 920, 

921–22 (Tex. App.—Dallas, 1979, no writ) (must identify types of services or items sold). RGD’s 

breach of contract claim stumbles on the same analysis. See Collins Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Guerrero, 

No. 05-07-01732-CV, 2009 WL 3032479, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 24, 2009, pet. denied) 

(mem. op.). 

The face of the record at the time the trial court signed the default judgment failed to 

establish RDG’s claim was liquidated. Therefore, the trial court was required to take evidence on 
–9–

the issue of damages before rendering a final default judgment. We resolve MG’s fourth issue in 

its favor.

Conclusion

We reverse the trial court’s default judgment and remand the case to the trial court for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

180517F.P05

/Ken Molberg/

KEN MOLBERG

JUSTICE
Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

MG INTERNATIONAL MENSWEAR, 

INC., Appellant

No. 05-18-00517-CV V.

ROBERT GRAHAM DESIGNS LLC, 

Appellee

On Appeal from the 160th Judicial District 

Court, Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DC-17-05323.

Opinion delivered by Justice Molberg. 

Justices Myers and Osborne participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

REVERSED and this cause is REMANDED to the trial court for further proceedings consistent 

with this opinion.

It is ORDERED that appellant MG INTERNATIONAL MENSWEAR, INC. recover its 

costs of this appeal from appellee ROBERT GRAHAM DESIGNS LLC.

Judgment entered this 15th day of February, 2019.