-1-

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

JOEL RAMOS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

FOR PUBLICATION

January 30, 2018

9:05 a.m.

v No. 335061

Van Buren Circuit Court

INTERCARE COMMUNITY HEALTH 

NETWORK,

LC No. 16-066176-AA

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: HOEKSTRA, P.J., and STEPHENS and SHAPIRO, JJ.

SHAPIRO, J.

In this action involving the wages and fringe benefits act, MCL 408.471 et seq., plaintiff 

Joel Ramos filed an administrative employment wage complaint against his former employer, 

defendant Intercare Community Health Network (ICHN), alleging that he had been illegally 

discharged for engaging in a protected activity under MCL 408.483(1). The Wage and Hour 

Program (WHP) of the Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) ruled against 

him in a determination order, concluding that plaintiff has not been discharged for engaging in 

any of the protected activities listed in the statute. The circuit court affirmed the decision of the 

WHP and plaintiff now appeals to this Court as of right. We affirm the circuit court because we 

are bound by the precedent of Reo v Lane Bryant, Inc., 211 Mich App 364; 536 NW2d 556 

(1995). Were we not bound by that opinion, we would reverse and remand for a new 

determination from the WHP based upon the scope of the statute as discussed herein. 

Accordingly, we call for a conflict panel per MCR 7.215(J)(2).

Plaintiff worked for ICHN for approximately two years. He was discharged from his job 

on June 26, 2015. At the time of his termination, ICHN informed plaintiff that he was being 

discharged because he falsified his timesheet. Plaintiff filed an employment wage complaint 

with the WHP. He maintained that he correctly filled out his timesheet and that, by accurately 

filling out his timesheet, he was exercising a right to receive payment of his wages under the 

wages and fringe benefits act. Based on the assertion that he was exercising a right under the act, 
-2-

plaintiff contended that under MCL 408.483(1), he could not be discharged for correctly filling 

out his timesheet. He sought reinstatement and back pay under MCL 408.483(2).1

MCL 408.483(1) prohibits an employer from discharging or discriminating against an 

employee who engages in certain activities. In particular, the statute provides that:

An employer shall not discharge an employee or discriminate against an 

employee because the employee filed a complaint, instituted or caused to be 

instituted a proceeding under or regulated by this act, testified or is about to 

testify in a proceeding, or because of the exercise by the employee on behalf of an 

employee or others of a right afforded by this act. [MCL 408.483(1).]

The WHP did not make a substantive determination regarding whether plaintiff had falsified his 

timecard. Instead, relying in part on Reo v Lane Bryant, Inc., 211 Mich App 364; 536 NW2d 

556 (1995), the WHP concluded that whether or not plaintiff’s entries were accurate, filling out a 

timecard on one’s own behalf did not constitute a protected activity because exercising a right on 

one’s own behalf does not bring the individual within the purview of MCL 408.483(1).

Plaintiff argues that the WHP and the circuit court2 erred by misinterpreting MCL 

408.483(1); specifically, that they erred by concluding that an employee’s exercise of his own

rights under the wages and fringe benefits act is not protected under the statute. Plaintiff argues 

that under the plain language of the statute, the exercise of his own rights under the act, is the 

exercise of rights on behalf of “an employee” because he is “an employee.”

 1 MCL 408.483(2) provides as follows:

An employee who believes that he or she is discharged or otherwise 

discriminated against by an employer in violation of this section may file a 

complaint with the department alleging the discrimination within 30 days after the 

violation occurs. Upon receipt of the complaint, the department shall cause an 

investigation to be made. If, upon the investigation, the department determines 

that this section was violated, the department shall order the rehiring or 

reinstatement of an employee to his or her former position with back pay. 

2 “This Court’s review of a circuit court’s ruling on an appeal from an administrative decision is 

limited.” Buckley v Prof Plaza Clinic Corp, 281 Mich App 224, 231; 761 NW2d 284 (2008).

“This Court must determine whether the lower court applied correct legal principles and whether 

it misapprehended or grossly misapplied the substantial evidence test to the agency’s factual 

findings.” Id. “This latter standard is indistinguishable from the clearly erroneous standard of 

review that has been widely adopted in Michigan jurisprudence. As defined in numerous other 

contexts, a finding is clearly erroneous when, on review of the whole record, this Court is left 

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Logan v Manpower of 

Lansing, Inc, 304 Mich App 550, 555; 847 NW2d 679 (2014) (quotation marks and citation

omitted).
-3-

Notably, this Court has previously addressed this issue and concluded that to fall within 

the plain meaning of MCL 408.483(1), “an employee must be exercising a right afforded by the 

act on behalf of another employee or other person. Simply exercising a right on one’s own 

behalf would not bring an employee within the purview of [MCL 408.483].” Reo, 211 Mich 

App at 367. Under Reo, plaintiff’s exercise of rights on his own behalf would not be protected 

under MCL 408.483(1).3

While we are bound by the Reo decision, we conclude that it was wrongly decided. MCL 

408.403(1) does not refer to “another” or “a different” employee; it refers to “an employee.” The 

word “another” does not even appear in MCL 408.483(1). This substitution of one word for 

another is inconsistent with the principle that “[t]he statute’s words are the most reliable 

indicator of the Legislature’s intent and should be interpreted based on their ordinary meaning 

and the context within which they are used in the statute.” Burleson v Dep’t of Environmental 

Quality, 292 Mich App 544, 557-558; 808 NW2d 792 (2011) (quotation marks and citation 

omitted). Accordingly, this Court “may not substitute . . . a word chosen by the Legislature or 

mistakenly assume that the Legislature mistaken used one word or phrase instead of another.” 

Id. at 558; Pohutski v City of Allen Park, 465 Mich 675, 683; 641 NW2d 219 (2002) (holding 

that courts “may not assume that the Legislature inadvertently made use of one word or phrase 

instead of another”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

“When a statute does not define a word, we presume the Legislature intended the word to 

have its plain and ordinary meaning, which we may discern by consulting a dictionary.” Denton 

v Dep’t of Treasury, 317 Mich App 303, 312; 894 NW2d 694 (2016). In relevant part, Merriam 

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed) defines “a” as “used as a function word before a 

singular nouns when the referent is unspecified.” The definition of “another,” the word 

substituted in Reo, is defined as “different or distinct from the one first considered.”

We also note that Reo stands alone in its holding. The first Court of Appeals’ case to 

address the question, Cockels v Int’l Business Expositions, Inc, 159 Mich App 30; 406 NW2d 

465 (1987), applied the protections to a situation in which an employee exercised a right under 

the act on behalf of himself. Cockels was decided before the adoption of MCR 7.215(J)(1), and 

so was not precedentially binding on Reo. However, the opinion in Reo offers little basis to have 

rejected Cockels. The entire discussion of the issue in Reo reads:

We believe that in order to fall within the plain meaning of the above 

provision an employee must be exercising a right afforded by the act on behalf of 

 3 We disagree with plaintiff’s argument that Reo’s consideration of this issue amounted to mere 

dicta and should not be given precedential authority. “Dictum” is defined as “[a] judicial 

comment made during the course of delivering a judicial opinion, but one that is unnecessary to 

the decision in the case and therefore not precedential (though it may be considered persuasive).” 

Mount Pleasant Pub Sch v Mich AFSCME Council 25, 302 Mich App 600, 610 n 2; 840 NW2d 

750 (2013) (quotation marks and citation omitted). In Reo, the Court clearly relied on the 

specific language of the statute at issue in this case to conclude that the plaintiff’s claim based 

upon the exercise of his own rights was not protected. 
-4-

another employee or other person. Simply exercising a right on one’s own behalf 

would not bring an employee within the purview of § 13. [Reo, 211 Mich App at 

367.]

As to the decision in Cockel, the Reo Court stated only that “[w]e believe [Cockel’s] 

interpretation to be incorrect.” Id. n 3.

We affirm because Reo is binding precedent, MCR 7.215(C)(2). However, we conclude 

that Reo was wrongly decided and that a conflict panel should evaluate its reasoning and 

conclusions. MCR 7.215(J)(2).

Affirmed.

/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro 

/s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens