In the United States Court of Federal Claims

No. 22-543C

(Filed Under Seal: September 28, 2022)

(Reissued: October 13, 2022)



FOR PUBLICATION

***************************************

ESIMPLICITY, INC., *

*

Plaintiff, *

*

v. *

*

THE UNITED STATES, *

*

Defendant. *

*

***************************************

Eric A. Valle, PilieroMazza PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Plaintiff. With him 

on the briefs were Isaias “Cy” Alba, IV, Katherine B. Burrows, and Patrick T.

Rothwell, PilieroMazza PLLC, Washington, D.C.

Jana Moses, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, 

United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Defendant, United 

States. With her on briefs were Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant 

Attorney General, Patricia M. McCarthy, Director, Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant 

Director, and Shantay N. Clarke, Senior Assistant Counsel, NAVSUP Fleet Logistics 

Center Norfolk, Philadelphia, PA. 

OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff eSimplicity, Inc. protests the government’s rejection of a proposal it 

submitted in response to a solicitation. The government determined that the proposal 

was untimely; eSimplicity contends that determination rests on legal error and the 

application of an undisclosed evaluation criterion. The parties have filed crossmotions for judgment on the administrative record, and I have heard oral argument.1

For the reasons discussed below, Plaintiff’s motion is GRANTED and Defendant’s 

 Pursuant to the protective order in this case, the Court initially filed this opinion under seal on 

September 28, 2022, for the parties to propose redactions of confidential or proprietary information. 

The parties were directed to propose redactions by October 12, 2022. The parties notified the Court 

that there were no proposed redactions. The Court hereby releases publicly the opinion and order of 

September 28 in full. 

1 Pl.’s Mot. for J. on the Administrative R. (ECF 25) (“Pl.’s MJAR”); Def.’s Cross-Mot. for J. on the 

Administrative R. & Opp. (ECF 27) (“Def.’s MJAR”); Pl.’s Resp. & Reply (ECF 30) (“Pl.’s R&R”); Def.’s 

Reply (ECF 31); Hearing Tr. (ECF 35) (“Tr.”).
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motion is DENIED. The case is REMANDED for further proceedings. The 

government is ENJOINED from certain action inconsistent with this Opinion.

BACKGROUND

Submitting a proposal in response to a government solicitation means 

complying with strict deadlines. This Court sometimes calls that obligation the “‘late 

is late’ rule.” See Insight Systems Corp. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 564, 574 (2013). 

Under the “late is late” rule, submissions received even moments after the deadline 

are disqualified unless they meet certain limited exceptions:

(2)(i) Any offer, modification, revision, or withdrawal of an offer received 

at the Government office designated in the solicitation after the exact 

time specified for receipt of offers is “late” and will not be considered 

unless it is received before award is made, the Contracting Officer 

determines that accepting the late offer would not unduly delay the 

acquisition; and—

(A) If it was transmitted through an electronic commerce method 

authorized by the solicitation, it was received at the initial point of entry 

to the Government infrastructure not later than 5:00 p.m. one working 

day prior to the date specified for receipt of offers; or

(B) There is acceptable evidence to establish that it was received at the 

Government installation designated for receipt of offers and was under 

the Government’s control prior to the time set for receipt of offers; or

(C) If this solicitation is a request for proposals, it was the only proposal 

received. 

See Federal Acquisition Regulations (“FAR”) 52.212-1(f)(2) (codified at 48 C.F.R.); see 

also FAR 52.212-1(f)(4) (tolling deadlines during interruptions of government 

processes); Insight Systems, 110 Fed. Cl. at 575 (exception for lateness caused by the 

government). The first of those exceptions (FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(A)) is sometimes 

called the “electronic commerce” exception. The second (FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(B)) is 

sometimes called the “government control” exception. 

With the basic legal background in mind, the relevant facts are as follows. 

Solicitation No. N0018922RZ011, issued by the Department of the Navy, requested 

technical support for the Navy’s electromagnetic spectrum resources. Administrative 

Record (“AR”) 109. The Solicitation required that proposals be submitted by e-mail 

no later than April 25, 2022, at 5:00 p.m. EST. AR 99, 124. The Solicitation included 

instructions for proposal formatting — e.g., division of proposals into volumes, one of 

which was subject to a 30-page limit — but did not mention a maximum file size. AR 

126.
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eSimplicity e-mailed its proposal before the deadline on April 25, and its e-mail 

application confirmed delivery to the government server. AR 148. A screenshot of the 

submission shows that the e-mail included three files totaling approximately 23 MB. 

AR 158; see also Compl. Exh. A, Attachment 1 (ECF 1-1). But eSimplicity never 

received either a confirmation of receipt or a delivery failure notification. When 

eSimplicity inquired about the proposal’s status, it turned out that the proposal had 

not arrived in the recipient’s e-mail account. 

The Defense Information Systems Agency (“DISA”) performed a forensic 

investigation. The investigation revealed that eSimplicity’s proposal had been 

received by a DISA-managed server and queued for delivery, but that it had been 

“bounced back by the destination server because it exceeded the maximum file size.” 

AR 165. The record is ambiguous as to whether the DISA server contains a copy of 

eSimplicity’s proposal or only a log entry for the submission, but according to the 

technician who performed the investigation, the e-mail containing the proposal was 

31.8 MB. Id.2 Even though the DISA server did not complete delivery, the technician

confirmed that no delivery failure notice was sent to eSimplicity. AR 162.

The Navy then sent eSimplicity a letter explaining that the proposal was late 

and would not be considered. AR 168. The Navy’s stated reason for its determination 

was that the proposal had not been received “by the exact time specified in the 

solicitation” and that the FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(A) “electronic commerce” exception —

for electronic submissions received by 5:00 p.m. the working day before the deadline 

— was unmet. Id.

The present lawsuit and the parties’ cross-motions followed.

DISCUSSION

I. Legal Standards

A. Standing

To reach the merits of the case, I must first determine that the Court has 

jurisdiction over eSimplicity’s claims. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 

U.S. 83, 94 (1998). This Court’s jurisdiction in bid protests rests on the Tucker Act, 

as amended by the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-

320, § 12(a)–(b), 110 Stat. 3870, 3874 (1996) (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)); see 

Dyonyx, L.P. v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 460, 464–65 (2008). The Tucker Act now 

grants this Court jurisdiction “to render judgment on an action by an interested party 

2 The record does not explain the discrepancy in file sizes between eSimplicity’s screenshot and the 

DISA investigation. eSimplicity suggests that the DISA server may modify proposals in some way that 

increases file sizes. Tr. at 38.
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objecting to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed 

contract or to ... the award of a contract or any alleged violation of statute or 

regulation in connection with a procurement[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1).

“[S]tanding is a threshold jurisdictional issue,” Myers Investigative & Sec. 

Servs., Inc. v. United States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2002), and only an 

“interested party” has standing to challenge a solicitation. See Weeks Marine, Inc. v. 

United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1358–59 (Fed. Cir. 2009). In pre-award bid protests, a 

plaintiff establishes that it is an interested party by showing (1) that it is an actual 

or prospective bidder, see Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Employees, AFL-CIO v. United States, 

258 F.3d 1294, 1302 (2001), and (2) that it has a “direct economic interest” in the 

contract’s award, see Weeks Marine, 575 F.3d at 1360, an element that in turn 

requires the bidder to show a “non-trivial competitive injury which can be addressed 

by judicial relief,” id. at 1362.

Here, there is no dispute that eSimplicity is an actual bidder. And the 

government does not disagree that eSimplicity suffered a non-trivial competitive 

injury when its proposal was rejected. This Court has held that rejection of a proposal

without substantive consideration is a non-trivial competitive injury. See T Square 

Logistics Services Corp. v. United States, 134 Fed. Cl. 550, 556 (2017); see also

Distributed Solutions, Inc. v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 368, 380–81 (2012). That 

injury can be redressed by this Court. I therefore conclude that eSimplicity has 

standing.

B. Merits

This Court reviews bid protests “pursuant to the standards set forth in section 

706 of title 5,” i.e., the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4); 

see Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

That standard requires the Court to consider whether the contracting agency’s action 

was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with 

law and, if so, whether the error is prejudicial.” Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. 

v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed. Cir. 2013). There are two bases for setting 

aside government procurements as arbitrary and capricious: “(1) the procurement 

official’s decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved 

a violation of regulation or procedure.” Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi 

v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001); see also Bannum, Inc. v. United 

States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United 

States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057–58 (Fed. Cir. 2000).

The first route involves determining “whether the contracting agency provided 

a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion.” Impresa, 238 F.3d 
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at 1332–33 (quotes omitted) (citing Latecoere Int’l, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of Navy, 

19 F.3d 1342, 1356 (11th Cir. 1994)). To succeed in that way, “the disappointed bidder 

bears a heavy burden of showing that the award decision had no rational basis.” Id.

at 1333 (quotes omitted) (citing Saratoga Dev. Corp. v. United States, 21 F.3d 445, 

456 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). The second route requires the disappointed bidder to “show a 

clear and prejudicial violation of applicable statutes or regulations.” Id. (quotes 

omitted). This Court has denied relief where the violation is not “clear,” but merely 

“colorable.” FirstLine Transp. Sec. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 189, 205 (2012). In 

either case, review is “highly deferential” to agency decision-making. Id. at 196 (citing 

Advanced Data Concepts, 216 F.3d at 1058).

The applicable standards also require a protestor to demonstrate, on the 

merits, that it was prejudiced by the agency’s conduct. 5 U.S.C. § 706; see also, e.g., 

Glenn Def. Marine, 720 F.3d at 907; Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1351.

When resolving motions for judgment on the administrative record under Rule 

52.1(c), this Court proceeds “as if it were conducting a trial on the record.” Bannum, 

404 F.3d at 1354 (addressing former RCFC 56.1); see also Young v. United States, 497 

F. App’x 53, 58–59 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

II. Unstated Evaluation Criteria

The Navy did not specify a file-size limit in the Solicitation. But because of the 

size of eSimplicity’s proposal, the proposal did not reach its destination, so the Navy 

deemed it late and refused to consider it. eSimplicity contends that because the Navy

in effect rejected the proposal because of its size, the Navy applied an unstated 

evaluation criterion that was not included in the Solicitation.3 Pl.’s MJAR at 18. I 

conclude that the file size limitation was an unstated criterion, and that the Navy

therefore acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it rejected eSimplicity’s proposal.

The Navy’s obligation to state the criteria for evaluating proposals is well 

established: Agencies must evaluate proposals “based solely on the factors specified 

in the solicitation.” 41 U.S.C. § 3701(a); see also FAR 15.305(a). That means agencies 

“may not rely upon undisclosed evaluation criteria in evaluating proposals.”4

Banknote Corp. of America, Inc. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 377, 386 (2003) (citing 

Acra, Inc. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl. 288, 293 (1999)), aff’d, 365 F.3d 1345. That

obligation extends to every basis the agency might rely on to accept or reject a bid: 

3 eSimplicity argues in the alternative that because the Solicitation did not mention a file size limit, it

contained a latent ambiguity. See Tr. at 40. I need not reach that characterization of the issue. 

4 This Court has often stated that an agency does not need to identify elements in a solicitation that 

are “intrinsic to the stated factors.” See, e.g., Analytical & Research Tech., Inc. v. United States, 39 

Fed. Cl. 34, 45 (1997). But the file size of proposals does not appear to be intrinsic to any other criterion

in the Solicitation, and the government has not argued that it is.
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“All factors ... that will affect contract award ... shall be stated clearly in the 

solicitation[.]” FAR 15.304(d).

5

To prevail on its claim that the Navy acted arbitrarily and capriciously by 

rejecting eSimplicity’s proposal because of its file size, eSimplicity “must show that 

(i) the [Navy] used a significantly different basis in evaluating the proposals than was 

disclosed; and (ii) [eSimplicity] was prejudiced as a result — that it had a substantial 

chance to receive the contract award but for that error.” Banknote, 56 Fed. Cl. at 387; 

see also Frawner Corp. v. United States, ___ Fed. Cl. ___, No. 22-cv-0078, 2022 WL 

3211218, at *14 (2022). 

Those elements are met. As to the first, the government does not argue that a 

file size limit was specified in the Solicitation in any way, see 41 U.S.C. § 3701(a); see 

also FAR 15.305(a), let alone that it was “stated clearly,” FAR 15.304(d). But file size 

was plainly a “factor[] ... that ... affect[ed] contract award.” Id. The government’s sole 

reason for rejecting eSimplicity’s proposal is its supposed lateness, and the sole 

reason for deeming it late is that it was too large for the destination server to accept 

it from the DISA server. Ergo, the government rejected eSimplicity’s proposal based 

on its size: an unstated factor “significantly different” from the criteria mentioned in 

the Solicitation. Banknote, 56 Fed. Cl. at 387.

The government asserts that the Solicitation’s direction to submit proposals by 

e-mail was “sufficient” to put bidders on notice that “oversized email attachments 

may be rejected as undeliverable by the gateway server.” Def.’s MJAR at 31. That 

argument is not based on facts in the record, but on what the government presumes 

to be common experience with e-mail systems. The problem for the government is 

that even if eSimplicity should have been aware that the government e-mail servers 

had some theoretical limit on the file sizes they can accept and transmit, nothing in 

the record shows eSimplicity had notice of what the actual limit was. The government 

does not argue that eSimplicity was obligated to inquire about a size limit. Tr. at 76.

Moreover, even if eSimplicity should have known that “oversized email 

attachments may be rejected as undeliverable by the gateway server,” Def.’s MJAR 

at 31, the DISA server appears to have accepted eSimplicity’s proposal — it was the 

destination server that rejected it — and never sent eSimplicity a notification of 

delivery failure. AR 162, 165.

6 Rejecting eSimplicity’s proposal when the e-mail was 

5 The word “shall” usually indicates that language is mandatory. Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defs. 

of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 661–62 (2007); Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 241 (2001).

6 The government analogizes this case’s facts to a physical mailing: “A solicitation that accepts 

proposals by mail, for example, need not explain that insufficient postage will result in an undelivered 

mailing.” Def.’s MJAR at 31. If anything, that cuts the other way. Postage rates — unlike the 

government e-mail servers’ file-size limits — are set by regulation and available to the public. See U.S.
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not “rejected as undeliverable by the gateway server,” and where the servers did not 

put eSimplicity on notice that delivery had failed, thus went beyond the criteria email users should have been expected to anticipate. Def.’s MJAR at 31; Banknote, 56 

Fed. Cl. at 387.

The government also argues that a file-size limit is “not a substantive 

requirement for proposals but, instead, an instruction to potentially aid in the 

delivery of a proposal.” Def.’s MJAR at 31. The FAR’s requirement that agencies state 

evaluation criteria in solicitations, though, is not limited to “substantive 

requirement[s].” Id. Rather, it applies to “[a]ll factors ... that will affect contract 

award[.]” FAR 15.304(d).

7 Those terms cover both substantive and non-substantive 

factors. 

As to the second element, eSimplicity was prejudiced by the Navy’s rejection of 

its proposal. Although distinct from a protestor’s burden to show standing, see

Management & Training Corp. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 26, 36 (2014), the test 

for prejudice on the merits in bid protests generally involves the same inquiry.

8 In a 

pre-award protest, that means considering whether the protestor has shown a “nontrivial competitive injury[.]” Savantage Fin. Serv., Inc. v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl. 

307, 317–18 (2020) (quoting Oracle America, Inc. v. United States, 975 F.3d 1279, 

1291 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (itself quoting Labatt Food Serv., Inc. v. United States, 577 F.3d 

1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2009))) (quotes omitted); see also Weeks Marine, 575 F.3d at

1362.

9

Erroneous rejection of an otherwise acceptable proposal without substantive 

consideration generally constitutes a non-trivial competitive injury. Electronic OnPOSTAL SERV., PRICE LIST (2022); U.S. POSTAL SERV., U.S. POSTAL SERV. ANNOUNCES PROPOSED 

TEMPORARY RATE ADJUSTMENTS FOR 2022 PEAK HOLIDAY SEASON (AUG. 10, 2022).

7 In fact, solicitations have stated file-size limits on many recent occasions. See DEP’T OF DEFENSE,

MRR LANDSCAPE AND MAINTENANCE SOLICITATION, H92257-22-Q-0043 (2022) (stating that “[e]mail 

attachments are limited to no more than 10 MB”); DEP’T OF DEFENSE, PROJECT CSC-15761-REPAIR AND 

SEAL FLOORS, SP4702-18-R-0534 (2022) (stating that the “acquisition specialist shall authorize receipt 

of e-mailed proposals only on those solicitations where there is a reasonable expectation the proposal 

will not exceed the maximum size limit of 15 MB”); DEP’T OF INTERIOR, EAST OREGON MANUAL 

HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION, 140L0622R0014 (2022) (stating that “[t]he electronic file must be under 

5 MB total to ensure it can be received by e-mail”).

8 “The difference between the two is that the prejudice determination for purposes of standing assumes 

all non-frivolous allegations to be true, whereas the post-merits prejudice determination is based only 

on those allegations which have been proven true.” L-3 Commc’ns Corp. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 

283, 289 (2011).

9 A higher standard, under which the protestor must show that “but for the error, it would have had a 

substantial chance of securing the contract,” applies where “there is an adequate factual predicate” to 

apply it. Savantage, 150 Fed. Cl. at 317–18 (quoting Oracle America, 975 F.3d at 1291 n.3) (quotes 

omitted). In this case, where the administrative record is silent on the contents of the proposals 

submitted in response to the Solicitation, there is no way to evaluate eSimplicity’s chance of award. 
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Ramp, Inc. v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 151, 158, 169 (2012). Lost opportunity to 

compete in fact constitutes irreparable harm for purposes of injunctive relief. See,

e.g., T Square, 134 Fed. Cl. at 560; RLB Contracting, Inc. v. United States, 118 Fed. 

Cl. 750, 761 (2014), aff’d, 621 F. App’x 1026 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Electronic On-Ramp, 

104 Fed. Cl. at 169. I therefore conclude that eSimplicity has shown prejudice in this 

case. The case shall be remanded to the Navy on the terms set out below. 

III. Government Control Exception

The Navy rejected eSimplicity’s proposal as untimely because it was “received 

at the Government office designated in the solicitation after the exact time specified

for receipt of offers,” FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i), and because the “electronic commerce”

exception — covering proposals “received at the initial point of entry to the 

Government infrastructure not later than 5:00 p.m. one working day prior to the date 

specified for receipt of offers,” FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(A) — was unmet. eSimplicity 

argues that the Navy should also have considered the “government control” exception, 

which applies when “[t]here is acceptable evidence to establish that [a proposal] was 

received at the Government installation designated for receipt of offers and was under 

the Government’s control prior to the time set for receipt of offers.” FAR 52.212-

1(f)(2)(i)(B); see Pl.’s MJAR at 9–17. The Navy responds that when proposals are 

submitted by e-mail, the electronic commerce exception is the sole exception to the 

“late is late” rule, and the government control exception is inapplicable. Def.’s MJAR 

at 9.

I agree with eSimplicity that it was arbitrary and capricious for the Navy to 

fail to consider the government control exception. 

A. This Court’s precedent is split

The Federal Circuit has not resolved whether the government control 

exception applies to electronically submitted proposals. This Court has addressed the 

question several times, with divergent conclusions and reasons. 

This Court held in Conscoop-Consorzia Fra Cooperative Di Prod. E. Lavoro v. 

United States that the government control exception only applies to proposals 

submitted through non-electronic methods. 62 Fed. Cl. 219, 239–40 (2004) (applying 

similar timeliness requirements and exceptions in FAR 52.215–1(c)(3)). The Court 

relied on a GAO opinion concluding that applying the government control exception 

to electronic submissions “would essentially render the first exception [i.e., the 

electronic commerce exception] a nullity,” thus contravening the “fundamental 

principle that statutes and regulations must be read and interpreted as a whole, 
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thereby giving effect to all provisions.” Id. (quoting Sea Box, Inc., B–291056, 2002 

CPD ¶ 181, 2002 WL 31445297, at *2 (Comp. Gen. Oct. 31, 2002)).

10

There are two problems with that reasoning. First — as discussed in more 

detail below — it is not evident that the electronic commerce exception would in fact 

become a “nullity” if the government control exception also applied to electronic 

submissions. Second, and more importantly, the Supreme Court has since made clear 

that giving meaning to each provision in an enacted text is not a “fundamental 

principle,” id., but simply a “clue as to the better interpretation” of a text, for 

“[s]ometimes the better overall reading ... contains some redundancy.” Rimini Street, 

Inc. v. Oracle USA, Inc., 139 S. Ct. 873, 881 (2019);

11 see also Barton v. Barr, 140 S. 

Ct. 1442, 1453 (2020); King v. Burwell, 576 U.S. 473, 491 (2015); Kawashima v. 

Holder, 565 U.S. 478, 487–88 (2012); Lamie v. United States Trustee, 540 U.S. 526, 

536 (2004). Rejecting a reading of a regulation merely because it would render part 

of the regulation redundant, without also considering whether that reading is the 

“better interpretation” of the regulation as a whole, is thus incomplete. Rimini Street, 

139 S. Ct. at 881.

In contrast, several cases after Conscoop-Consorzia have applied the 

government control exception to electronic submissions. Those cases, though, are 

subject to criticisms of their own.

In Watterson Construction Co. v. United States, the Court reviewed the 

regulatory history of the timeliness exceptions and found that the electronic 

commerce exception was originally “targeted ‘to accommodate the use of electronic 

systems which batch-process communications overnight and therefore, require receipt 

of information one day in advance to ensure timely delivery to the designated 

address.’” 98 Fed. Cl. 84, 96 (2011) (quoting Federal Acquisition Regulation Proposed 

Rule, 60 Fed. Reg. 12,384, 12,389 (proposed Mar. 6, 1995)) (applying FAR 52.215–

1(c)(3)). Because batch-processing was “the raison d’être” of the electronic 

communications exception, id., the Court concluded that “in cases of non-batch 

delivered electronic commerce, late proposals may be excused under any of the three 

exceptions” in the regulation, including the government control exception. Id. at 97

(emphasis added). The electronic commerce exception presumably would be the 

exclusive exception for batch-processed e-mails. 

10 The GAO continues to maintain that interpretation of the relevant regulations. Versa Integrated 

Sols., Inc., B-420530, 2022 WL 1165978 at *3 (Comp. Gen. Apr. 13, 2022); People, Technology & 

Processes, LLC, B-419385, 2021 WL 873350 at *7 (Comp. Gen. Feb. 2, 2021).

11 Tesoro Hawaii Corp. v. United States, 405 F.3d 1339, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (noting that a court 

“construe[s] a regulation in the same manner as we construe a statute”).
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That is not consistent with the usual rules of textual interpretation either. The 

electronic commerce exception’s text makes no distinction between batch-processed 

communications and other media. On the contrary, as the Court acknowledged, id. at 

96 n.25, the FAR defines “electronic commerce” as “electronic techniques for 

accomplishing business transactions including electronic mail or messaging, World 

Wide Web technology, electronic bulletin boards, purchase cards, electronic funds 

transfer, and electronic data interchange” — a definition that does not even mention 

batch-processed e-mails and obviously extends to many other electronic 

communication methods. See FAR 2.101. That leaves no textual basis in the 

regulations for the Watterson Construction Court’s reasoning. Concern about batchprocessed e-mails may have been the expressed reason for proposing the electronic 

commerce exception, but pre-enactment considerations expressed in the Federal 

Register do not override a regulation’s text. See Glycine & More, Inc. v. United States, 

880 F.3d 1335, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2018).

The Court revisited the issue in Insight Systems Corp. v. United States, holding 

that the government control exception applies to all electronically submitted 

proposals. 110 Fed. Cl. 564, 576 (2013). After concluding that electronic 

communications could be “received” at an “installation,” as would be necessary to 

satisfy the government control exception, id. at 576–78, the Court addressed the 

government’s argument that applying the government control exception would 

render the electronic commerce exception superfluous. Id. at 578–81.

The Court held that applying the government control exception to electronic 

submissions would not make the electronic commerce exception superfluous, but its 

reasons are difficult to understand. The Court explained that while the electronic 

commerce exception “creates a safe harbor for proposals transmitted using an 

electronic commerce method” by 5:00 p.m. the day before the proposal is due, “the 

other exceptions, however, still apply” if the electronic submission is submitted 

afterward. Id. at 578–79. “Viewed this way,” the Court said, “it is evident that these 

provisions do not have coincident operation,” so applying both to electronic proposals 

would not create surplusage. Id. at 579.

That is hard to square with the applicable canons. Words in an enacted text 

are superfluous if they do not change the text’s practical, operational meaning — or, 

put another way, if the text would have the same practical effect if the words were 

removed. See McFeely v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 296 U.S. 102, 107 (1935); 

cf. Nielsen v. Preap, 139 S. Ct. 954, 969 (2019). The Court’s reasoning thus missed the 

point. What matters is not whether other exceptions might apply when the electronic 

commerce exception does not, let alone whether it could be labeled a “safe harbor,”

but whether there is any set of facts where the electronic commerce exception is the 
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only one that applies. If no such set of facts exists, the electronic commerce exception

could be removed without effect, because other exceptions would cover all of its 

applications. In that circumstance, the electronic commerce exception would be

surplusage — with whatever significance that might have.

The Insight Systems Court did not address the real question in any depth. The 

Court observed in a footnote that because the government control exception “requires 

not only that the proposal be received, but also that it be under the ‘government’s 

control,’” while the electronic commerce exception requires only that a proposal be 

“received,” there might be situations where a proposal is “received” in time for the

electronic commerce exception to apply but is never under government “control.” Id.

at 579 n.20. In such a case, the electronic commerce exception would be satisfied but 

the government control exception would not. The Court suggested that distinction 

might matter if “an electronic transmission is received at the entry point by 5:00 pm 

on the day before submissions are due, but rejected by the initial server in the 

agency’s mail system and returned to the sender,” because “[i]n that instance, the 

transmission might qualify under the safe harbor, even though it was not under the 

government’s control.” Id. Yet the Court did not elaborate on why those facts involve 

“receipt” of an electronic submission but not “control.” 

Two subsequent decisions of this Court follow Watterson Construction and 

Insight Systems, but with little additional analysis. In Federal Acquisition Services

Team, LLC v. United States (“FAST”), where the government did not argue against 

application of the government control exception to electronic communications, this 

Court adopted the incomplete reasoning from the prior cases “without reservation.”

124 Fed. Cl. 690, 703 (2016). And in KGL Food Services WLL v. United States, this 

Court held that the elements of the government control exception were not met 

without reassessing the reasoning of the past cases. 153 Fed. Cl. 497, 509–10 (2021).

In short, the decisions of nearly twenty years of litigation on the precise issue 

the parties present here are of limited use for resolving this case.

B. The government control exception encompasses electronically 

submitted proposals

For several reasons, I conclude that the government control exception 

encompasses electronically submitted proposals.12

12 eSimplicity argues — based on publicly available portions of the record in FAST and KGL — that 

the government should be judicially estopped from arguing that the government control exception is 

inapplicable. Pl.’s R&R at 3. Although there is no authoritative statement of the elements of judicial 

estoppel in this Court, at least two factors are essential. New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750

(2001). “First, a party’s later position must be ‘clearly inconsistent’ with its earlier position.” Id.
- 12 -

As this Court held in Insight Systems, the terms of the government control 

exception are as amenable to electronic submissions as to paper ones. The exception 

applies, again, when a proposal was “received at the Government installation 

designated for receipt of offers and was under the Government’s control prior to the 

time set for receipt of offers.” FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(B). Absent a regulatory definition, 

words in a regulation are controlled by their plain and ordinary meaning. Tesoro 

Hawaii, 405 F.3d at 1346–47 (citing Bowles v. Seminole Rock & Sand Co., 325 U.S. 

410, 414–15 (1945)). The government does not seriously dispute the Insight Systems

Court’s conclusion that an electronic proposal can be “received” and “under [the 

recipient’s] control,” in some sense, even if the nature of receipt and control differ for 

electronic and physical documents. Moreover, the government does not seem to 

disagree that an “installation” can include a government office’s electronic 

components, such as e-mail servers. See Installation, Oxford English Dictionary, 

https://tinyurl.com/bddz6xtn (last visited Sept. 6, 2022) (“[A] mechanical apparatus 

set up or put in position for use.”)

Rather, the government’s argument is that applying the government control 

exception to electronic proposals, in addition to the electronic commerce exception, 

would violate the principle that the specific controls the general, and thereby create 

surplusage.

13 I follow the majority of this Court’s decisions (albeit for somewhat 

different reasons) in rejecting the government’s argument. 

(quoting United States v. Hook, 195 F.3d 299, 306 (7th Cir. 1999). Second, the party must have 

succeeded in persuading the court to adopt its earlier position. Id.

As to FAST, eSimplicity has not shown that the government’s position was clearly inconsistent 

with the government’s position here. The government in FAST declined to argue that the government 

control exception is inapplicable to electronic proposals, but argued instead that the exception was not 

satisfied on the facts. 124 Fed. Cl. at 702. eSimplicity cites no authority for the proposition that waiving 

an argument in one case is clearly inconsistent with asserting the argument in a later case.

In addition, the government did not persuade the Court to adopt its position in either case. In 

FAST, the Court rejected the government’s argument that precedents applying the government control 

exception could be distinguished on their facts. FAST, 124 Fed. Cl. at 704. In KGL, the government 

argued that the government control exception did apply to an emailed proposal, but the Court rejected 

its argument because the record did not show receipt or control. KGL, 153 Fed. Cl. at 509.

13 The government also argues that applying the government control exception would “place[]

contracting officers in the precarious position of making important procurement decisions without any 

certainty regarding the law or how to apply it,” in part because “a contracting officer who becomes 

aware that an offeror attempted to submit a proposal that was delivered late or was never received 

must commence an investigation into the transmission of the proposal, which can be a cumbersome 

process involving third-party systems and agencies.” Def.’s MJAR at 22. Neither consideration 

overrides the regulatory text, and neither is persuasive on its own terms. To the extent contracting 

officers face confusion about the law, it predates this case by more than a decade and only the Federal 

Circuit or Supreme Court (or a revision of the regulations) can resolve it definitively. Likewise, 

investigating compliance with the electronic commerce exception would presumably involve technical 

challenges of its own, challenges that would arise more frequently if bidders felt the need to submit 

electronic proposals a day early in order to avoid the situation presented in this case. 
- 13 -

First, it does not appear that applying both exceptions to electronic proposals 

would in fact turn the electronic commerce exception into surplusage. One of the 

“most basic interpretive canons” is that “a statute or regulation ‘should be construed 

so that effect is given to all its provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or 

superfluous, void, or insignificant[.]’” Baude v. United States, 955 F.3d 1290, 1305 

(Fed. Cir. 2020) (quoting Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 314 (2009)). Yet 

textual differences between the electronic commerce and government control 

exception suggest that the former may have at least some applications where the 

latter does not, meaning that it would not be surplusage even if both exceptions could 

be applied.

As Insight Systems observed, the government control exception requires both 

receipt and “control” of proposals, while the electronic commerce exception requires 

only receipt. 110 Fed. Cl. at 579 n.20. In addition, while the government control 

exception requires that proposals be received “at the Government installation 

designated for receipt of offers,” FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(B), the electronic commerce 

exception requires receipt “at the initial point of entry to the Government 

infrastructure,” FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(A). The phrases presumably have different 

meanings. See Wisconsin Central Ltd. v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2067, 2071 (2018); 

Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., 137 S. Ct. 1718, 1723 (2017); Russello v. 

United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983); Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading 

Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 170 (2012) (“[W]here the document has used 

one term in one place, and a materially different term in another, the presumption is 

that the different term denotes a different idea.”).

Neither party has fully explained those textual differences. Nonetheless,

taking the regulation’s words seriously implies that there are situations where an 

electronic communication will be received at the time needed to satisfy the electronic 

commerce exception, but not at the particular server or with the degree of government 

control needed to satisfy the government control exception. Tr. at 61–63. Because the 

electronic commerce exception would apply in such situations while the government 

control exception would not, the electronic commerce exception changes the 

regulation’s practical effect and therefore is not surplusage. 

The government’s surplusage argument creates problems of its own. The 

premise of the argument — that applying the government control exception to 

electronic submissions would nullify the electronic commerce exception — can only 

be correct if there is no situation where the electronic commerce exception applies 

and the government control exception (assuming it can cover electronic submissions)

would not also apply. After all, unless the government control exception covers every 

case where the electronic commerce exception applies, the electronic commerce 
- 14 -

exception has some independent application that changes the regulation’s practical 

effect. But as shown, the two exceptions have textual differences, and the government 

control exception has at least one requirement that the electronic commerce exception 

omits: the requirement for “control” as well as receipt. FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(B). The 

government’s effort to save the electronic commerce exception from redundancy thus 

implies that the government control exception’s “control” element adds nothing to the 

regulation’s meaning,

14 and is itself surplusage. The government’s argument does not 

solve a surplusage problem; it assumes surplusage, just in a different part of the 

regulation.

That has two related consequences. The rule against surplusage does not apply 

in circumstances where all competing interpretations of a text make terms 

superfluous. See Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 140 S. Ct. 

2183, 2210 (2020); Marx v. General Revenue Corp., 568 U.S. 371, 385 (2013); Microsoft 

Corp. v. i4i L. P., 564 U.S. 91, 106 (2011). Because the government’s own theory leaves 

at least some surplusage, the canon does the government no good. Similarly, where 

the rule against surplusage does apply, its significance is that given the choice, courts 

should adopt interpretations of enacted texts that give meaning to every word over 

interpretations that do not. See Marx, 568 U.S. at 385; Microsoft Corp., 564 U.S. at 

106.

15 This Court can do so by applying the government control exception to electronic 

submissions.

My second reason for rejecting the government’s interpretation is that the 

government misapplies the canon that specific provisions displace general provisions. 

Def.’s MJAR at 16. 

The government’s theory is that because the electronic commerce exception 

applies “[i]f [a proposal] was transmitted through an electronic commerce method 

authorized by the solicitation,” FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(A), it is the exception to the “late 

14 Because it would mean that requiring receipt plus control covers a range of circumstances as wide 

as requiring receipt alone.

15 As noted above, “the rule against surplusage is not absolute[.]” Linda Jellum & David Charles 

Hricik, Modern Statutory Interpretation 147–48 (2006). “[R]edundancies are common in statutory 

drafting — sometimes in a congressional effort to be doubly sure, sometimes because of congressional 

inadvertence or lack of foresight, or sometimes simply because of the shortcomings of human 

communication. The [Supreme] Court has often recognized: ‘Sometimes the better overall reading of 

the statute contains some redundancy.’” Barton, 140 S. Ct. at 1453 (quoting Rimini Street, 139 S. Ct. 

at 881); see also Reading Law 174–79 (“Sometimes drafters do repeat themselves and do include words 

that add nothing of substance, out of a flawed sense of style or to engage in the ill-conceived but 

lamentably common belt-and-suspenders approach.”). The same logic extends to interpreting agency 

regulations. See Glycine & More, 880 F.3d at 1344; Roberto v. Dep’t of Navy, 440 F.3d 1341, 1350 (Fed. 

Cir. 2006). Several aspects of the regulation show that the “better overall reading” is eSimplicity’s. 

Barton, 140 S. Ct. at 1453 (quoting Rimini Street, 139 S. Ct. at 881).
- 15 -

is late” rule applicable specifically to electronic submissions, and therefore displaces 

the government control exception. But the government ignores the third exception, 

which applies when, “[i]f this solicitation is a request for proposals, [a late proposal] 

was the only proposal received.” FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(C). Both exceptions contain a 

condition (“if”) limiting them to specific kinds of submissions. Those conditions should 

ordinarily be read in pari materia. See, e.g., Strategic Hous. Fin. Corp. of Travis 

County v. United States, 608 F.3d 1317, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Branch v. Smith, 538 

U.S. 254, 381 (2003); Erlenbaugh v. United States, 409 U.S. 239, 243 (1972). On the 

government’s logic, then, the third exception should be the only exception applicable 

to responses to requests for proposals. But the conditions for applying the exceptions 

overlap: What to do with an electronic response to a request for proposals? Treating 

the exceptions as exclusive within their domains, as the government contends is 

required by the rule that the specific displaces the general, puts them in conflict. The 

way to avoid the conflict is to treat the exceptions as limited, but not exclusive — in 

which case there is no reason for the electronic commerce exception to displace the 

government control exception.16 See Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 511 (1996).

Although the government control exception can apply to electronically 

submitted proposals, I do not resolve whether its elements are met in this case. For 

it to apply, four elements must be proven: (1) the offer must be “received before award 

is made,” (2) “the Contracting Officer [must] determine[] that accepting the late offer 

would not unduly delay the acquisition”; and “[t]here [must be] acceptable evidence 

to establish [3] that [the offer] was received at the Government installation 

designated for receipt of offers and [4] was under the Government’s control prior to 

the time set for receipt of offers.” FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i). The Navy never made the 

relevant determinations, and the record does not permit findings on those elements 

here. See Tr. at 25–26.17 The Navy should address those matters on remand as 

necessary. See ARKAY USA, Inc. v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 22, 27, 29 (2014);

Nutech Laundry & Textile, Inc. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 588, 594 (2003); see also 

Florida Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 744 (1985).

16 That reading is perfectly consistent with ordinary usage, for it is hardly unnatural for conditional 

language to create a new alternative without displacing other possibilities. “Members of the wedding 

party must arrive by 12:30 p.m. Those staying off-site should make travel plans accordingly. If you tell 

me that you do not have a car, I will arrange a taxi for you.”

17 In other cases addressing similar legal questions, the Court apparently had the benefit of a more 

detailed factual record on the relevant servers, their relationship to each other, and their processing 

of the proposals at issue. FAST, 124 Fed. Cl. at 698–700, 704–05; Insight Systems, 110 Fed. Cl. at 570–

72.
- 16 -

IV. Injunctive Relief is Appropriate

eSimplicity has requested an injunction. Pl.’s MJAR at 20–23. The following 

test applies: 

Once a plaintiff has succeeded on the merits, in determining whether to 

grant a permanent injunction, the court considers three factors: 

(1) whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if the procurement 

is not enjoined; (2) whether the harm suffered by the plaintiff, if the 

procurement action is not enjoined, will outweigh the harm to the 

government and third parties; and (3) whether granting injunctive relief 

serves (or is at least not contrary to) the public interest. 

FAST, 124 Fed. Cl. at 707–08 (citing Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 

1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009); PGBA, LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1228–29 

(Fed. Cir. 2004); and Supreme Foodservice GmbH v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 369, 

383 (2013)). Limited injunctive relief is appropriate to protect eSimplicity’s rights on 

remand.

First, I conclude that injunctive relief is necessary to protect eSimplicity from 

irreparable harm. eSimplicity lost the opportunity to compete for a contract under 

the Solicitation because the Navy erroneously rejected its proposal as untimely. “It is 

well-established that the profits lost by an offeror because of the government’s 

arbitrary or unlawful rejection of an offer constitute irreparable injury for purposes 

of injunctive relief.” FAST, 124 Fed. Cl. at 708; see also, e.g., T Square, 134 Fed. Cl. 

at 560 (“[P]laintiff has shown that absent injunctive relief, it will suffer irreparable 

harm in the form of a lost opportunity to compete for the award at issue.”); RLB 

Contracting, 118 Fed. Cl. at 761 (“[I]n the context of a bid protest, the loss of an 

opportunity to compete for an award for which a party would not otherwise be 

disqualified is sufficient injury to warrant injunctive relief.”); PGBA, LLC v. United 

States, 57 Fed. Cl. 655, 664 (2003) (“[A] lost opportunity to compete may constitute 

an irreparable harm[.]”). If an injunction does not issue, the Navy might consider 

other proposals submitted in response to the Solicitation and award a contract 

without considering eSimplicity’s proposal, a harm that could only be addressed by 

additional bid protest litigation. 

Second, the government has not identified any harm that might result from an 

injunction, except in the most conclusory terms. See Def.’s R&R at 10–11 

(“[I]njunctive relief in this case would be drastic given its effect on the operating 

efficiency of the procurement process[.]”). The record contains no evidence that might 

outweigh the obvious injury to eSimplicity. I therefore conclude that the balance of 

harms favors injunctive relief to protect eSimplicity. T Square, 134 Fed. Cl. at 560.
- 17 -

Third, “[t]he public interest always favors the correct application of law.” RLB 

Contracting, 118 Fed. Cl. at 761. “[W]here, as here, defendant erred, it is both proper 

and in the public interest, for the court to step in and protect the integrity of the 

procurement process.” T Square, 134 Fed. Cl. at 561. Specific to the facts of this case, 

“the public interest is unquestionably served by an injunction requiring an agency to 

accept for evaluation a timely-received proposal.” FAST, 124 Fed. Cl. at 708. Given 

the errors in the Navy’s rejection of eSimplicity’s proposal as untimely, it follows that 

an injunction halting the procurement pending the Navy’s reconsideration would 

serve the public interest.

Because the Navy should have the opportunity to reconsider its decisions on 

remand, I do not consider it in the public interest to enjoin the Navy to accept 

eSimplicity’s proposal. Rather, the Court shall enjoin the Navy not to award a 

contract under the Solicitation until it complies with the terms of the remand, as 

further explained below.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the 

administrative record is GRANTED and Defendant’s cross-motion is DENIED. 

Pursuant to RCFC 52.2, the case is REMANDED for 60 days to the Navy for 

further proceedings. The Navy is ORDERED to reconsider its decision that 

eSimplicity’s proposal was untimely in light of the Court’s conclusion that the Navy’s 

decision involved application of a file-size criterion that was not stated in the 

Solicitation. In the event that the Navy’s reconsideration of that decision does not 

lead to acceptance of eSimplicity’s proposal, the Navy is further ORDERED to 

consider whether the elements of the government control exception render 

eSimplicity’s proposal timely. If the Navy determines that eSimplicity’s proposal was 

timely submitted, the Navy shall accept an identical resubmission of the proposal if 

necessary.

The Navy may, in the alternative, cancel the Solicitation, revise the 

Solicitation to include a file size limit and new proposal deadlines, or take other action 

consistent with this Opinion.

It is further ORDERED that no later than November 28, 2022, the parties 

shall file either a stipulation of dismissal or a joint status report including the Navy’s 

decisions on remand.

It is further ORDERED that if no stipulation of dismissal is filed, the parties 

shall file a joint status report no later than December 27, 2022 proposing further 

proceedings in this case.
- 18 -

This case shall be STAYED pending the Navy’s decision.

The Navy is ENJOINED from making an award under the Solicitation until 

further order of the Court or a joint stipulation of dismissal is filed, whichever comes 

first.

Pursuant to the Court’s May 26, 2022 Protective Order (ECF 16), this Opinion 

has been issued under seal. The transcript of the September 1, 2022 hearing is under 

seal as well. The parties shall have two weeks to propose redactions and, accordingly, 

shall file notice of their proposed redactions no later than October 12, 2022. To aid 

the Court’s evaluation of the proposed redactions and in light of the “presumption of 

public access to judicial records,” Baystate Techs., Inc. v. Bowers, 283 F. App’x 808, 

810 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (per curiam), each party shall file a memorandum (or a joint 

memorandum if the parties agree) explaining why redactions are necessary for each 

item of information for which a redaction is proposed.

The Clerk is directed to serve a certified copy of this order on the Navy via 

Regina Magee, Contracting Officer, Naval Supply Systems Command, Fleet Logistics 

Center Norfolk Contracting Department, Philadelphia Office, 700 Robbins Avenue, 

Building 2B, Philadelphia, PA 19111. See RCFC 52.2(b)(2).

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Stephen S. Schwartz

STEPHEN S. SCHWARTZ

Judge