# United States Court of Appeals **For the Eighth Circuit**

___________________________ No. 14-1725

___________________________ United States of America
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

v.
Joe Louis Mendoza
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant

____________ Appeal from United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas - Fayetteville

____________ Submitted: January 12, 2015 Filed: April 14, 2015 [Published]

____________ Before LOKEN, MURPHY, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

____________ PER CURIAM. Joe Louis Mendoza began a five-year term of supervised release in December 2012 after serving a 200-month prison sentence for possessing methamphetamine with intent to distribute. In November 2013, Texas State Trooper Max Honesto stopped Mendoza for a routine traffic violation wh ile he was driving a rental car from California to his home in Arkansas. The st op led to a probable cau se search of the carand to Mendoza’s arrest wh en seventy vacuum-sealed bundles containing eighty-five pounds of high-grade marijuana were found in five duffle bags in the trunk of the car. Mendoza’s probation officer petitioned the di strict court to commence revocation proceedings. Following an evidentiary hearing, the district court 1 imposed a 37-month revocation sentence. Mendoza appeals, ar guing the court committed plain procedural error in determining the advisory gui delines range sentence. We affirm.
The probation officer charged Mendoza with violating four conditions of supervised release -- committing another crime, 2illegally possessing a controlled substance, leaving the district without pe rmission, and failing to notify the probation officer within 72 hours of an arrest. At the revocation hearing, Mendoza denied the first two charges. Trooper Hone sto testified at length. Th e Government argued: “this is a clear case of drug-trafficking” b ecause Mendoza “went to jail for . . . drugtrafficking -- gets out, and with in less than a year, is stopped outside of his [designated district] . . . in a rental vehicle with 85 pounds of marijuana that is . . . vacuum sealed.” Defense counsel argued the government failed to prove the bundles contained marijuana or that Mendoza possessed the duffle bags found in the trunk of his car. The district court found that Mendoza violated all four conditions of supervised release. Regarding the contested violations , the court stated, “I think the proof is sufficient under the preponderance of the evid ence test to convince me that [Mendoza] was in possession of the -- of marijuana at th at time and, therefore, that both of these violations are made out.”

1 The Honorable Jimm Larry Hendren, United States District Judge for the Western District of Arkansas.

2 The revocation Petition recited that Texas authorities had charged Mendoza “with possession of marijuana, less than or equal to 2000 lbs, but greater then 50 lbs; case no. 9148086266.” See Tex. Health & Safety Code § 481.121(b)(5).
-2-Turning to the question of the sentence if supervised release was revoked, the district court began by determining the advisory guidelines range recommended by USSG § 7B1.4(a). The court asked counsel if they agreed that Mendoza was on supervised release for a Class A offense; th at “the most serious [supervised release] violation that has been found is an A-2 violation,” seeUSSG § 7B1.1(a)(1)(ii); and that Mendoza was in criminal history category five, resulting in an advisory range of 46 to 57 months in prison. Government counsel agreed. Defense counsel objected that Mendoza should be in criminal history category four, resulting in an advisory range of 37 to 46 months for a Grade A(2) violation by a Class A felony offender. The district court agreed, determined the advisory range was 37 to 46 months in prison, revoked Mendoza’s supervised releas e, and sentenced him to 37 months, the bottom of the guidelines range, noting that se ntence “represents a bit of a break” given the quantity of marijuana involved.
Mendoza raises one issue on appeal -- that the district court committed plain procedural sentencing error by calculating the advisory guidelines range based on a Grade A supervised release violation w ithout making a specific finding that Mendoza possessed the marijuana with intent to distribute. The Guidelines define a Grade A violation as including a “controlled subs tance offense” punishable by a prison term exceeding one year. USSG § 7B1.1. A “controlled substance offense” is limited to offenses involving the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance, or possession with intent to do so. USSG § 4B1.2(b), incorporated by reference in § 7B1.1, comment. (n.3).
The “grade of violation does not depe nd upon the conduct that is the subject of criminal charges” but rather is to be“based on the defendant’s actual conduct.” United States v. Schwab , 85 F.3d 326, 327 (8th Cir. 1996). Thus, the fact that Texas authorities charged Mendoza with possession of marijuana does not preclude a finding that he possessed the marijuana with intent to distribute and thus committed a Grade A “controlled substance offense” violation. See USSG § 7B1.1, comment (n.1).

-3-Mendoza argues, however, that the district court did not find that he possessed marijuana with intent to distribute, only that he possessed the marijuana found in the trunk of his car. Mere possession of mariju ana is a Grade B violation, which would reduce his advisory guidelines range to 12 to 18 months in prison.
Arguably, defense counsel’s failure to object when the court asked if Mendoza agreed it was a Grade A(2) violation waived th is issue. But even if the issue was only forfeited, our review is for plain error because Mendoza failed to raise this objection in the district court. See United States v. Nissen , 666 F.3d 486, 490 (8th Cir. 2012). Under plain error review, the defendant must show an error that is plain and that affects substantial rights. If a defendant makes that showing, we may exercise our discretion to correct a forfeited error only if it seriously affects th e fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id

. Mendoza cannot show plain error. The focus of the revocation hearing was on whether he possessed the se venty vacuum-sealed bundles found in the trunk of his car and whether they contained marijuana, a c ontrolled substance. Possession was all the government needed to prove to establis h the two contested supervised release violations, committing another crime and ille gally possessing a controlled substance. The district court’s finding explicitly reso lved that issue. Whether the unlawful possession constituted a Grade A violation was a distinct issue. The quantity of controlled substance found -- eighty-five pounds of high grade marijuana wrapped in seventy bundles -- by itself was sufficient to establish possession with intent to distribute. See, e.g. , United States v. Shurn , 849 F.2d 1090, 1095 (8th Cir. 1988). Thus, the evidence supported the district court’s finding of a Grade A(2) violation, an explicit finding that necessarily incorpor ated a predicate finding of possession with intent to distribute. The district court made no misstatement, like the obvious drug quantity misstatement we concl uded was not plain error in United States v. Atterberry , 775 F.3d 1085, 1088-89 (8th Cir. 2015). Rather, the court simply did not spell out a

-4-factual predicate to its ultimate Grade A finding that was obvious from the hearing record.

In these circumstances, there was no erro r, much less plain error. The record clearly supported the inference, drawn by the district court, that Mendoza was engaged in drug trafficking when he was arrested whiledriving eighty-five pounds of marijuana from California to Arkansas. The 37-month sentence was well below the five-year maximum senten ce if Mendoza violated any condition of his supervised release. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3).
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

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