Extended High Production Volume Chemical Challenge 

Program

Revised Robust Summaries and Test Plan

for 

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(CAS No. 3547-33-9)

Submitted by:

Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP

10001 Six Pines Drive 

The Woodlands, Texas 77380 

Date of submission:

January 7, 2010
HPV Robust Summaries and Test Plan – ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

i

Table of Contents

Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................ 2

1.0 Executive summary................................................................................................................................. 3

2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1 Overview.............................................................................................................................................. 7

2.2 Methods for data review ...................................................................................................................... 7

3.0 Substance information for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) ..................................................................................... 8

3.1 Substance description ......................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Use and exposure information ............................................................................................................ 8

4.0 Data analysis and proposed testing........................................................................................................ 9

4..1 Physico-chemical properties .............................................................................................................. 9

4.2 Environmental fate and pathways ..................................................................................................... 10

4.3 Ecotoxicity ......................................................................................................................................... 12

4.4 Health effects..................................................................................................................................... 13

4.5 Test plan summary............................................................................................................................ 18

5.0 SIDS data matrix ................................................................................................................................... 20

6.0 References............................................................................................................................................ 23

List of Figures

Figure 1. Structure of ethanol, 2-(octylthio)................................................................................................... 8

List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of test plan for Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)............................................................................... 6

Table 2. Physico-chemical properties of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) .................................................................. 10

Table 3. Environmental fate and pathways information for ethanol, 2-(octylthio).......................................12

Table 4. Ecotoxicity information for ethanol, 2-(octylthio)........................................................................... 13

Table 5. Summary of data gap analysis for ethanol, 2-(octylthio)...............................................................19
2

Glossary

ADR European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by 

Road

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

bw body weight

CAS Chemical Abstract Services

CCRIS Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System

CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary cells

CICAD Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents

CP Chem Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP

DART Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

DOT Department of Transportation

EC50 Represents the concentration of a substance where 50% of its maximal effect is 

observed

ECOSAR Ecological Structure Activity Relationships

ECOTOX Ecological Toxicology

EFDB Environmental Fate Database

EHPV Extended High Production Volume

ESIS European chemical Substance Information Systems

GENETOX Genetic Toxicology

GLP Good Laboratory Practices

HERA Human and Environmental Risk Assessment

HLA Hazelton Laboratories America, Inc

HPVIS High Production Volume Information System

HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

IBR International Bio-Research

IHFA Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc

IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety

IRIS Integrated Risk Information System

IUCLID International Uniform Chemical Information Database

kg kilogram

LD50 Represents the dose that kills half (50%) of the animals tested

LOEL Lowest Observed Effect Level

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PPE Personal Protection Equipment

MEDLINE Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online

mg milligrams

ml milliliter

NICNAS National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme

NOEL No Observed Effect Level

NTP National Toxicology Program

RED Reregistration Eligibility Decision

SAR Structure Activity Relationships

SIDS Screening Information Data Set

TOXLINE Toxicology Literature Online

TOXNET Toxicology Data Network

UDS Unscheduled DNA Synthesis

U.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

WARF Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Laboratories
3

1.0 Executive summary

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) (CAS No. 3547-33-9), also known as hydroxyethyl octyl sulfide, is a clear, colorless 

to faint yellow, semi-viscous liquid with a molecular weight of 190.4 g/mole.

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is used a transported intermediate in the manufacturing process for Automatic 

Transmission Fluid (ATF) additives. Two potential exposures are thought to exist; one during exchange of 

the filter elements, and the second one during transfer and sampling of the finished product from the 

reactor into the transport containers. Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is not volatile, suggesting inhalation exposure 

is low and dermal exposures are prevented through worker training, the use of proper PPE, and 

engineering controls. Environmental exposures are expected to be extremely rare, since any spills would 

be handled in an appropriate manner to minimize release to the environment. 

Based upon its measured and estimated properties ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is relatively non-volatile, water

soluble, and not expected to bioaccumulate to a great extent. The boiling point, determined in a GLP 

study conducted according to OECD 103, is 283-285 oC. If released to the environment, ethanol, 2-

(octylthio) is expected to partition primarily to soil (74.5%) and water (24.6%), as predicted by EQC Level 

III fugacity modeling. It is stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7 and 9. The estimated atmospheric half-life of 

vapor-phase ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is 3.991 hours. The substance is readily biodegradable based upon the 

results of a laboratory study conducted according to OECD Guideline 301B. 

Reliable data from guideline studies conducted under GLP are available on the toxicity to fish and 

invertebrates of ethanol, 2-(octylthio). Studies were conducted under flow-through conditions and the 

concentrations of the test substance were measured. Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) was moderately toxic to fish, 

with LC50 values of 2.7 mg/L for bluegill and 2.9 mg/L for rainbow trout and highly toxic to invertebrates, 

with an EC50 of 0.38 mg/L. Experimental data on algal toxicity are not available, however based on 

ethanol, 2-(octylthio)’s previous use as an insecticide; invertebrates are expected to be the most sensitive

species. This is supported by the ECOSAR estimate of algal toxicity (EC50= 5.7 mg/L). Since ethanol, 2-

(octylthio)’s toxicity to algae is not likely to be greater than that to invertebrates, algal toxicity testing is not 

warranted and ECOSAR estimates are considered sufficient.

Reliable data from guideline studies conducted under GLP are available to fulfill most of the SIDS 

endpoints for health effects for ethanol, 2-(octylthio). It has a low acute oral (LD50 > 5 000 mg/kg) and a 

low dermal toxicity to rabbits (LD50 > 2 000 mg/kg). A limited inhalation study in rats reported a LC50 >

6.12 mg/L.

In a repeated dose study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 408, Sprague-Dawley rats 

(10/sex) were exposed via the diet for 90-days to 0, 0.08, 0.4 and 2.0% (estimated to be 74, 368, and 
4

1842 mg/kg/day, respectively) ethanol, 2-(octylthio). Urinalysis and hematological evaluations were 

performed at 4, 8 and 13 weeks. Terminal examinations including gross necropsy, organ weight 

measurements and histological examination of tissue specimens were performed. No treatment-related 

effects were observed during the 13-week study or at necropsy for any of the parameters measured; the 

NOEL was determined to be greater than or equal to 2% (approximately 1842 mg/kg/day).

In a second repeated dose study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 410, New Zealand 

white rabbits were given repeated dermal applications of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) in corn oil, under semiocclusive dressing, at doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, 6 hours/day, 7 days/week for 21 days; the vehicle 

control group (5/sex) received corn oil only on the same regimen. Dosing had no adverse effect on 

survival, clinical signs, mean body weights, body weight gain, food consumption, hematology, clinical 

chemistry, organ weights or gross histopathology. For systemic toxicity, the NOEL was >200 mg/kg/day.

In the bacterial reverse mutation assay with multiple strains (e.g. TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1538) of 

S. typhimurium conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 471, ethanol, 2-(octylthio) was 

negative both with and without metabolic activation (S-9). Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) was not mutagenic in two

separate L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma assays conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 

476 with and without metabolic activation, did not induce chromosomal aberrations in Chinese Hamster 

Ovary (CHO) cells, did not exhibit unscheduled DNA synthesis in a study conducted with methods similar 

to OECD Guideline 482, or increase Sister Chromatid Exchange assay in the presence or absence of 

metabolic activation in a study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 479.

In a developmental toxicity study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 414, SpragueDawley Crl:CD BR rats (24/group) were orally administered ethanol, 2-(octylthio) at 0, 100, 300 or 1000 

mg/kg bw/day during days 6 through 15 of gestation. Maternal toxicity was observed. Dosing had no 

effect on any of the cesarean parameters (e.g. mean numbers of corpora lutea, implantations, live 

fetuses, pre- and post-implantation losses). Therefore, for maternal toxicity, the NOEL was 1000 mg/kg

bw/day. Minor treatment-related skeletal variations were limited to an increase, both in the number and 

percent of fetuses, as well as litters with 14th vestigial ribs at 1000 mg/kg bw/day when compared to 

controls. The NOEL for developmental toxicity was determined to be 300 mg/kg/day and the LOEL 1000 

mg/kg bw/day. The LOEL was based on increased incidence of skeletal variations.

In a second developmental toxicity study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 414, female 

SPF rats (20/group) were treated with ethanol, 2-(octylthio), via oral gavage, during the 5th though 15th

day of pregnancy at dose levels of 0.2, 3.7, and 59.3 mg/kg bw/day. Results indicated food consumption 

was significantly reduced in all test groups, although no maternal or fetal parameters (e.g. index of dead 

and alive born fetuses, index of resorptions, average number of fetuses, sex relation, etc) were affected 
5

and no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects were observed. The NOEL was identified as 59.3 mg/kg

bw/day.

Studies conducted specifically to evaluate reproductive toxicity were not available. However, a 

developmental study and a 90-day oral repeated dose study, which were sufficiently documented with 

respect to studying effects on the reproductive organs, were available. The 90-day study indicated no 

effects upon male and female reproductive organs up to an estimated average concentration of 1842 

mg/kg bw/day. As described above, no effect on any of the cesarean parameters or maternal toxicity at 

1000 mg/kg/day; but minor treatment-related skeletal variations were found at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. 

Therefore, requirements for the reproductive toxicity endpoint are satisfied.

The overall conclusions and recommendations are that adequate information exists for all of the EHPV 

elements for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) and no additional testing is required. This information is summarized in 

Table 1. 
6

Table 1. Summary of test plan for Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

SIDS Level I Endpoint Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(CAS No. 3547-33-9)

Physicochemical Properties

Melting point E

Boiling point A

Vapor pressure E

Partition coefficient E

Water solubility E

Environmental Fate

Photodegradation E

Hydrolysis A

Fugacity E

Biodegradability A

Ecotoxicity

Acute fish A

Acute invertebrate A

Aquatic plants/algae E

Health Effects

Acute A

Repeated dose A

Gene Tox – Gene mutation A

Gene Tox – Chromosome aberration A

Reproductive A

Developmental A

A = Adequate Data Exist; E= Estimation
7

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Overview

Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP (CP Chem), hereby submits for review and public comment the

revised robust summaries and test plan for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) (CAS No. 3547-33-9), under the United 

States Environmental Protection Agency’s (U.S. EPA) Extended High Production Volume (HPV) Chemical 

Challenge Program. This document addresses a single HPV-sponsored chemical. The purpose of this 

plan is to present physicochemical data, environmental fate and aquatic effects data, and mammalian 

health effects data for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) consistent with the Screening Information Data Set (SIDS).

Therefore, this plan summarizes the existing SIDS data for ethanol, 2-(octylthio).

2.2 Methods for data review

A review of the scientific literature and CP Chem’s company data was conducted on the physicochemical 

properties, environmental fate and effects, and mammalian toxicity endpoints for ethanol, 2-(octylthio). A

series of ecotoxicity and mammalian toxicity studies are available for ethanol, 2-(octylthio). In addition, 

searches were conducted on the CAS number and chemical name using the following databases and 

web sites: ATSDR, CICAD, ESIS, HPVIS, HERA, IARC, IPCS INTOX Databank, IRIS, Japanese 

Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, NTP, OECD, EFDB, ECOTOX, and TOXNET (including 

TOXLINE, MEDLINE, CCRIS, HSDB, DART, GENETOX, and CHEMIDPlus). In addition to these 

databases and web sites, a literature search was performed and standard handbooks (e.g., CRC 

Handbook on Chemicals, Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Merck Index, etc.) were consulted. 

In accordance with U.S. EPA guidance, in those instances where measured physicochemical parameters 

and environmental fate data were not available, these properties were developed using EPIWIN (EPISuite 

version 4.0) modelling. EPIWIN is an acronym for the Estimation Programs Interface for Microsoft 

Windows, and is a package of computer programs developed by the U.S. EPA Office of Pollution 

Prevention and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) that uses computational methods and structure-activity 

relationships (SAR) in estimating chemical properties, environmental fate, and aquatic toxicity of organic 

chemicals (EPISuiteTM v.4.0, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000-2008). Due to the inherent 

limitations of SAR approaches, EPIWIN modelling may produce non-realistic estimates; therefore, 

EPIWIN data are evaluated for reasonableness prior to use. In accordance with U.S. EPA guidance, 

environmental fate and transport estimates were developed using the Level III Equilibrium Criteria Model 

(EQC) in EPIWIN v4.0as described by Mackay et al. (1996). 

Robust summaries were prepared for key studies to provide a detailed summary of the test methods and 

results. Though several studies were evaluated for a particular SIDS endpoint, in general robust 

summaries were prepared only for the critical studies that represented the best available data. In addition, 
8

consistent with HPV initiatives, robust summaries were also prepared for non-SIDS endpoints (e.g. skin 

and eye irritation and dermal sensitization studies) but not discussed because they did not have a major 

influence in the testing plan. Selection of the critical study was based on a review of all studies using the 

ranking system developed by Klimisch et al (1997), as well as the criteria outlined in the U.S. EPA’s 

methods for determining the adequacy of existing data. Robust summaries were prepared for ethanol, 2-

(octylthio) using the HPVIS and IUCLID version 5 formats. 

3.0 Substance information for ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

3.1 Substance description

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) (CAS No. 3547-33-9) is a clear, colorless to faint yellow, semi-viscous liquid at 25

°C, with a mild, sweet odor and a molecular weight of 190.349 g/mole. The structure of ethanol, 2-

(octylthio) is shown in Figure 1, and EPIWIN calculations were conducted by using the following SMILES 

notation: C(CCSCCO)CCCCC.

Figure 1. Structure of ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

Synonyms for this substance are hydroxyethyl octyl sulfide, 2-(Octylthio)ethanol, 2-Hydroxyethyl n-octyl 

sulfide, 2-Hydroxyethyl octyl sulphide, 2-Hydroxyethyl-n-octyl sulfide, MGK® Repellent 874, MGK® 

Repellent R-874, MGK® 874, MGK® R-874, R-874, R 874, R-874 phillips, r-874 Philips, and EPA 

Pesticide Chemical Code 046301. 

3.2 Use and exposure information

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is used in the manufacture of Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) additives. The 

production volume has grown to 1,000,000 pounds per year. Two possibilities exist where exposure can 

occur. The first possibility is during replacement of process filter elements which is done periodically 

during production. A description of the required preparations to be made before performing this task is 
9

available in the operation procedures for production (i.e., how to empty, clean and replace the material). 

Replacement is done on an impenetrable concrete floor, with drain off to wastewater treatment. The 

second possibility is during transfer and sampling of the finished product from the reactor into the 

transport containers. Overfill protection is present to prevent spillage. Transfer is automated from the 

remote control room; containers are cleaned so exposure is limited to sampling and closure of the 

container lid. In order to minimize exposure, impervious protective clothing (rubber apron, boots, and 

gloves) and eye protection (goggles) are recommended as PPE. Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is not volatile; 

suggesting inhalation exposure is quite low and exposure monitoring is not warranted. Dermal exposures 

are prevented through worker training, the use of proper PPE, and engineering controls

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is transported in containers which meet the ADR/DOT regulatory requirements for 

products with similar physical and chemical properties.

The majority of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is directly transferred from reactor to transport container and the 

inventory on site at any one time is small. All organic and aqueous waste streams from the process that 

uses ethanol, 2-(octylthio) are discharged to a chemical wastewater treatment plant. Potential 

environmental exposures are limited to transportation accidents en-route to the site or spills on site, which 

are handled in accordance with recognized emergency response and safety procedures, respectively, to 

minimize potential exposures. In summary, ethanol, 2-(octylthio) poses a minimal exposure threat to 

workers and the environment. 

4.0 Data analysis and proposed testing

A completed SIDS data matrix summarizing all of the available data for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is provided in 

Section 5. These data are discussed below, while details are provided in the Robust Summaries 

submitted concurrently with this Test Plan. 

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) has been previously registered as an insect repellent under the Federal Insecticide, 

Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). As part of the registration and reregistration process, the U.S. 

EPA has reviewed and evaluated the available data for this chemical for the purposes of assessing 

potential human health and environmental risks (U.S. EPA, 1995). This document has been used as a 

reliable source of data in addition to CP Chem submitted studies for the SIDS endpoints discussed in this 

test plan. 

4..1 Physico-chemical properties

Data on the physico-chemical properties of ethanol, 2-(octylthio), obtained from U.S. EPA, 1995 as well 

as estimated through EPIWIN, are presented in Table 2. Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is an aliphatic compound. 
10

The compound is a clear, colourless to faint yellow semi-viscous liquid at 25 °C, with a mild, sweet odour. 

Estimated and reported data indicate a melting and boiling point of approximately 39 °C (EPIWINv 4.0), 

and 287 – 288 °C (U.S. EPA, 1995), respectively. A recently-completed laboratory study was performed 

to determine the boiling point (Wildlife International, Ltd., 2009a). This study, conducted under GLP and 

following OECD Guideline 103, indicated that the boiling point is 283 – 285 oC. 

Vapor pressure at 25 oC is reported as 5.94 x 10-4 Torr and estimated at 0.000315 mm Hg, and water 

solubility is 38.1 – 96.8 mg/L, indicating that ethanol, 2-(octylthio) would tend to remain in water rather 

than volatilize into the atmosphere. With an octanol/water partition coefficient of 4,367 (U.S. EPA, 1995)

and estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 117 L/kg (EPIWINv 4.0), only moderate potential for 

bioaccumulation exists. 

Table 2. Physico-chemical properties of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) 

Substance information and properties

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(CAS No. 3547-33-9)

Melting point 39.13 °C (estimated) 1

Boiling point 283 - 285° C at 767 - 768 mm Hg (measured) 2

Vapor pressure

5.94 x 10-4 Torr at 25 °C3; 0.000315 mm Hg

(estimated)1

Water solubility 0.0968 g/L3; 38.13 mg/L (estimated)1

Partition coefficient (octanol/water) 4,367 at 25 °C3

BCF = 117 L/kg (estimated)2

1 All estimated values are from EPIWINv 4.0 

2 Wildlife International, Ltd., 2009a

3 U.S. EPA, 1995

4.2 Environmental fate and pathways

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Reregistration Eligibility Decision 

(RED) for ethanol, 2-(octylthio), all environmental fate data requirements are satisfied for the outdoor, 

residential, terrestrial and non-food uses of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) as an insect repellent. Previously 

submitted studies relevant to this RED were judged by EPA to be acceptable and gave a consistent 

understanding of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) dissipation in the environment. Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) and its 

sulfoxide and sulfone degradates are not likely to persist for any significant amount of time. Their halflives are less than 2 days in soil. Even though ethanol, 2-(octylthio) degradation products are moderately 

mobile in soil and have a relatively high water solubility, ground and surface water contamination are not 
11

likely, based on the lack of persistence in soil. However, ethanol, 2-(octylthio) may persist if it is applied 

directly to water. Leaching and runoff are not likely to be significant based on the use patterns and lack of 

persistence in aerobic soil of both the parent compound and degradation products, and the moderate 

mobility in soils with low organic material (U.S. EPA, 1995).

Indirect photodegradation of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) in air was calculated using AOPWIN v1.92. The 

resulting half-life was approximately 4 hours for reaction with hydroxyl radicals; reaction with nitrate 

radicals may also be important. A small fraction (<1%) may be sorbed to aerosols and this fraction may 

be resistant to atmospheric oxidation. 

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is an aliphatic compound that was determined in a laboratory study to be stable to 

hydrolysis at pH of 5, 7, and 9 (Gorman, 1991 as cited in U.S EPA 1995). No data are available on 

biodegradation in aquatic/sediment systems, although aerobic soil metabolism studies are reported in the 

RED. The half-life was 31 hours (1.3 days) in a sandy loam soil that had been dosed with 10 ppm of the 

parent compound and aerobically incubated at 25±1 °C in darkness for up to 30 days. Metabolites were 

the sulfone, sulfoxide, and alphahydroxylated sulfone and sulfoxide compounds, which degrade by beta 

oxidation to CO2. Beta-oxidation and decarboxylation were the apparent degradation pathways of the 

aliphatic parent compound, based on the increase in soil-bound material and CO2 in the volatility traps 

with increasing time (Williams, 1992 and Williams, 1993 as cited in U.S EPA 1995).

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is moderately mobile in Tiffany sand (North Dakota, 0.25% OC), Anthony sandy 

loam (Arizona, 0.35% OC), and Dundee clay loam (Mississippi, 0.65% OC) soils with Freundlich Kads

values of 1.5, 3.4, and 3.5, and Kdes values of 1.2, 3.3, and 1.9. However, ethanol, 2-(octylthio) was bound 

much more tightly in a Gardena silt loam soil (North Dakota, 2.1% OC) with Freundlich Kads and Kdes

values of 14.7 and 13.7, respectively. This indicates that soil organic carbon may bind significant amounts 

of the ethanol, 2-(octylthio) that reaches soil. Koc values were 600, 538, 971, and 700 for adsorption, and 

Kocdes values were 479, 292, 932, and 654 (Williams and White-Berghaus, 1992 as cited in U.S EPA 

1995).

A recent laboratory study was conducted under GLP and according to OECD 301B to determine the 

biodegradability of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) (Wildlife International, Ltd., 2009b). Domestic, non-adapted 

activated sludge was able to degrade the test substance (10 mg/L) by a mean of 99.8% at 28 days, with 

>60% degradation reached within 10 days of attaining 10% of the theoretical concentration of CO2. This 

indicates that the test substance is readily biodegradable. These results are supported by BIOWIN v4.10, 

which predicts a timeframe of days for primary biodegradation. 
12

Table 3. Environmental fate and pathways information for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) 

Environmental Fate 

Endpoint

ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(3547-33-9)

Photodegradation half-life 3.991 hours (estimated)1

Hydrolysis Stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 92

Fugacity (percent 

distribution over time 

assuming equal emissions 

to air, water and soil)

Air: 0.614%, Water: 24.6%, Soil: 74.5%; Sediment: 0.262%(estimated)3

Biodegradation Readily biodegradable according to OECD 301B (measured)

4

1 AOPWIN v1.92

2 Gorman, 1991 3 Level III Fugacity Model, EPIWIN 4.0 4 Wildlife International Ltd., 2009b

4.3 Ecotoxicity

Two freshwater fish acute toxicity studies have been conducted on ethanol, 2-(octylthio), one study using 

a cold water species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the other using a warm water species, 

bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). These studies were conducted following U.S. EPA guidelines 

under FIFRA. They were flow-through tests in which the concentrations of test substance were 

analytically verified. The median lethal concentration (LC50) to the rainbow trout was 2.9 mg/L (Bowman

and Bucksath, 1991a), while it was 2.7 mg/L for bluegill sunfish (Bowman and Bucksath, 1991b). 

Additional studies conducted by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories found similar toxicities to these species 

while conducting static 96-hour freshwater tests. The tests yielded LC50 values of 3.1 mg/L for rainbow 

trout and 5.0 mg/L for bluegill sunfish (Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, 1977). Since data from this test 

facility are considered suspect in the absence of validation, these data are only considered supporting. 

The results of the acute toxicity studies indicate that ethanol,2-(octylthio) is moderately toxic to both cold 

and warm water fish. 

An acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna was conducted following FIFRA guidelines to establish the 

toxicity of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) to a representative freshwater invertebrate. This test was conducted 

under flow-through conditions and the concentrations of test substance were analytically verified. The

median effective concentration (EC50) to Daphnia magna was determined to be 0.38 mg/L (Blasberg et al,

1991). These results suggest ethanol, 2-(octylthio) is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Experimental data on algal toxicity are not available; however based on ethanol, 2-(octylthio)’s use as an 

insecticide; invertebrates are expected to be the most sensitive of the three trophic levels. Using 

ECOSAR v1.00, the predicted 96-hr EC50 to green algae is 5.33 mg/L which supports this hypothesis. 
13

Since ethanol, 2-(octylthio)’s toxicity to algae is not likely to be greater than that to invertebrates, algal 

toxicity testing is not warranted and ECOSAR estimates are sufficient. 

Table 4. Ecotoxicity information for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) 

Ecotoxicity Endpoint ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(3547-33-9)

Acute fish (96 hr LC50) Rainbow trout: 2.9 mg/L1 Bluegill sunfish: 2.7 mg/L 2

Acute invertebrate (48 hr EC50) Daphnia magna: 0.38 mg/L3

Aquatic plants/algae (96 hr EC50) Green Algae = 5.33 mg/L4

1 Bowman and Bucksath, 1991a 2 Bowman and Bucksath, 1991b 3 Blasberg, J., Butzlaff, T., Bucksath, J., 1991 4 ECOSAR Program v1.00, EPIWIN v4.0

4.4 Health effects

4.4.1 Acute toxicity

Acute oral

In a study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 401, a group of young adult Sprague 

Dawley rats (5/sex) were administered a single oral dose of undiluted ethanol, 2-(octylthio) (96.1%) at 

5000 mg/kg bw (Limit Dose). One female was found dead on Day 2. Clinical signs observed in both sexes 

were ruffled fur, diarrhea, dark stained muzzle, and anogenital staining. By Day 6, all rats recovered from 

the above conditions and appeared active and healthy for the remainder of the 14-day observation period. 

No treatment-related gross pathology was observed at termination. The LD50 was >5000 mg/kg bw for 

both sexes (Gabriel, 1990a as cited in U.S. EPA, 1995). 

The LD50 of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) was determined by following the recommendations outlined by the 

National Safety Council. Five male rats were dosed by oral gavage at 3980, 7950, 15800 and 31600 

mg/kg bw. Immediately following dosing, rats in the 31600 mg/kg bw group were sick and ataxic; all 5

rats died overnight. Of the 5 rats administered 15800 mg/kg bw, 3 died overnight; the 2 remaining rats 

died on the second day. Two rats in the 7950 mg/kg dose group died on the second day. The surviving 

rats in the 7950 and 3980 mg/kg groups were sluggish the first day, but recovered fully thereafter and 

showed good weight gains during the 14-day observation period. Autopsies of survivors revealed no 

gross lesions. The LD50 was 8530 mg/kg bw (IHFA, Inc., 1957). 
14

Acute inhalation

In an acute inhalation toxicity study groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (5/sex) were exposed to aerosol 

concentrations of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) (96.1%) at a mean analytical concentration of 6.12 ± 0.16 mg/L 

(top and only dose used in the study) with a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) particle size 

distribution of 2.0 ± 0.03 μM for 4 hours. However, limited details on materials and methods were reported 

and documentation was absent on the length of the observation period. The acute inhalation LC50 was 

greater than 6.12 mg/L for both sexes (Hershman, 1990 as cited in U.S. EPA, 1995).

A second study was conducted using groups of six albino rats that were exposed to a stream of air 

approaching saturation with vapors of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) for 8 hours. The rats were observed 

throughout the exposure for mortality, symptoms of irritation, irregular respirations, or stages of narcosis. 

Although dose level was not provided, all 6 rats survived to the end of the 14-day observation period, and 

no animals showed signs of irritation or objection to the vapor during the exposure (IHFA, Inc., 1957).

Acute dermal

In an acute dermal toxicity study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 402, ethanol, 2-

(octylthio) (96.1%) was applied to the intact skin of New Zealand white rabbits (5/sex) at 2000 mg/kg bw

(Limit Dose) for a period of 24 hours. The test substance produced well defined erythema with severe 

edema and eschar at 4 days. Body weight loss was seen in 4/5 males and 4/5 females on Day 7, and in 

2/5 males and 4/5 females on Day 14. Decreases in body weight gain were seen in 2/5 males and 4/5 

females during the 14-day period. While no clinical signs were seen in males, 1-4 females exhibited 

tremors, lethargy, signs of diarrhea, no feces or thin appearance on Days 6 through 14. Gross necropsy 

revealed a lower gastrointestinal tract full of gas, mucus and dark liquid in 2 males and 3 females. The 

acute dermal LD50 was >2000 mg/kg bw for both sexes (Gabriel, 1990b as cited in U.S. EPA, 1995). 

In a second acute dermal toxicity study that followed the recommendations outlined by the National 

Safety Council, groups of 4 male albino rabbits weighing about 2.0 kg were placed in two dose groups 

(7.95 and 15.80 ml/kg, approximately 7362 and 14631 mg/kg, respectively, based on a density of 0.926 

g/ml at 15.6 oC) of ethanol, 2-(octylthio). The fur was closely clipped over the entire trunk (about 1/10 of 

the body surface) and the dose was retained beneath an impervious plastic film. The calculated dose of 

the undiluted test substance was introduced through a catheter after the dam was in place. The rabbits 

were then confined in stocks. The dam was removed after 24 hours’ contact, and the skin was examined 

for gross changes. Mortality was considered complete after 14 days. All fatalities were autopsied to 

exclude extraneous causes of death. Some survivors were autopsied for gross lesions. The skin of all 

animals showed slight erythema and slight subcutaneous edema when removed from the dam. Two of

the 4 rabbits in the high dose group were in a weakened condition; 1 died on the second day, and the 

other survived but failed to gain weight. Although the health of the other 2 rabbits in this group seemed 
15

satisfactory, when the dams were removed, their condition subsequently deteriorated. One died on the 

seventh day; the other survived but lost weight. Autopsies of the fatalities and survivors revealed no 

significant findings. Although an exact determination of the LD50 could not be made, and approximation 

from the available data suggested it to be about 13890 mg/kg (IHFA, Inc., 1957).

4.4.2 Repeated dose toxicity

In a repeated dose study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 408, 21-day-old SpragueDawley rats (10/sex) were exposed via the diet for 13 weeks to 0, 0.08, 0.4 and 2.0% (estimated1 to be

74, 368, and 1842 mg/kg/day, respectively) ethanol, 2-(octylthio). The animals were fed 3 times weekly, 

or as required. Weight and food consumption data were collected weekly. Urinalysis and hematological 

evaluations were performed at 4, 8 and 13 weeks. Terminal examinations including gross necropsy, 

organ weight measurements (liver, heart, kidney, spleen and gonads) and histological examination of 

tissue specimens of the brain, thyroid, larynx, salivary gland, lymph node, lung, heart, liver, kidney, 

spleen, pancreas, small intestine, colon, stomach, urinary bladder, testes or ovary, uterus, bone and bone 

marrow were included. No treatment-related effects were observed during the 13-week study or at 

necropsy for any of the parameters measured; the NOEL was determined to be greater than or equal to 

2% (estimated to be 1842 mg/kg/day) (WARFL, 1961).

In a second repeated dose study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 410, New Zealand 

white rabbits (5/sex/dose) were given repeated dermal applications of ethanol, 2-(octylthio) (100%) in 

corn oil, under semi-occlusive dressing, at doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, 6 hours/day, 7 days/week for 

21 days; the vehicle control group (5/sex) received corn oil only on the same regimen. Treatment had no 

adverse effect on survival, clinical signs, mean body weights, body weight gain, food consumption, 

hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights or gross histopathology. For systemic toxicity, the NOEL 

was >200 mg/kg/day (top dose used in the study); a LOEL was not established (Husband, 1994 as cited 

in U.S. EPA, 1995).

4.4.3 Genetic toxicity

In vitro

In a bacterial reverse mutation assay, Salmonella typhimurium, conducted with methods similar to OECD

Guideline 471, S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1538 were treated with ethanol, 2-

(octylthio) (96.9%) at concentrations of 0, 3, 10, 33 and 333 μg/plate in the presence and absence of rat 

liver S9 activation. No induced mutations were observed in the indicator strains in either the presence or 

 1

Doses in mg/kg bw/day were estimated using default values for Sprague-Dawley rat body weight and food 

consumption for subchronic studies found in: EPA. 1988. Recommendations for and Documentation of Biological 

Values for Use in Risk Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Male and female values were averaged 

to obtain a central point estimate of body weight and food consumption.
16

absence of metabolic activation. At doses above 100 μg/plate, in the absence of activation, toxicity was 

moderate to extreme (San and Wagner, 1990 as cited in U.S. EPA, 1995 and NICNAS, 1998).

In a mammalian cell gene mutation assay, L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma assay was conducted with 

methods similar to OECD Guideline 476. L5178Y TK +/- cell cultures were exposed to ethanol, 2-

(octylthio) for 4 hours at concentrations ranging from 0.042-0.094 μL/mL in the presence of rat liver S9 

activation, and 0.01-0.05 μL/mL in the absence of metabolic activation. Results indicated the test 

substance was non-mutagenic in both the presence and absence of activation (San and Clark, 1991). In a 

second mammalian cell gene mutation assay, L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma assay conducted with 

methods similar to OECD Guideline 476, L5178Y TK +/- cell cultures were exposed to ethanol, 2-

(octylthio) in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation at concentrations ranging from 1.8-30 

μg/mL. The test substance did not induce a positive mutagenic response in either the presence or 

absence of metabolic activation (HLA, Inc., 1983).

In a forward gene mutation assay conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 476, ethanol, 2-

(octylthio) (96.9%) yielded negative results following exposure of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at 0, 

0.013, 0.025 or 0.05 μg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation, and at concentrations of 0, 0.007, 

0.013, 0.025 or 0.05 μg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation (U.S. EPA, 1995).

In a chromosome aberration assay conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 473, CHO cells 

were exposed for 10 hours to ethanol, 2-(octylthio) at concentrations ranging from 0.007-0.075 μL/mL in 

the absence of metabolic activation, and for 2 hours at concentrations ranging from 0.013-0.15 μL/mL in 

the presence of rat liver S9 activation. The test substance failed to induce structural chromosomal 

aberrations in either the presence or absence of metabolic activation, and was therefore considered nonmutagenic in the assay (Putman and Morris, 1991 as cited in NICNAS, 1998).

In an in vitro primary rat hepatocyte Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) assay conducted with methods 

similar to OECD Guideline 482, cultures were treated with ethanol, 2-(octylthio) for 18-20 hours at 

concentrations ranging from 0.001-0.05 μL/mL. Under the conditions of the study, the test substance did 

not induce an increase in UDS (Curren, 1991 as cited in NICNAS, 1998).

In a Sister Chromatid Exchange assay conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 479, Chinese 

Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to ethanol, 2-(octylthio) at concentrations ranging from 0.25-

25 μg/mL in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Under the conditions of the study, the test 

substance was determined to have not exhibited a positive response in increasing the number of SCE’s in 

the presence or absence of metabolic activation, and was therefore considered non-mutagenic (HLA, Inc., 

1984).
17

No in vivo genetic toxicity studies were available. However, this element is not required because all of the 

in vitro test results, from a variety of studies, were negative. 

4.4.4 Developmental toxicity

In a developmental toxicity study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline 414, SpragueDawley Crl:CD BR rats(24/group) were orally administered technical ethanol, 2-(octylthio) (96.5%) at 0, 

100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day during days 6 through 15 of gestation (Irvine, 1992 as cited in U.S. EPA, 

1995 and NICNAS, 1998). No maternal toxicity was reported. The slight decrease in food consumption 

seen during gestation days 9-11 in dams treated at 1000 mg/kg/day was not considered to be 

toxicologically significant due to the size of the standard deviations, range of food consumed, and 

because there were no corresponding decreases in either mean body weight or weight gain. Dosing had 

no effect on any of the cesarean parameters measured (e.g. mean numbers of corpora lutea, 

implantations, live fetuses; pre- and post-implantation losses). Therefore, for maternal toxicity, the NOEL 

was 1000 mg/kg bw/day; a LOEL was not established. 

No treatment-related fetal external or fetal soft tissue abnormalities were seen at any dose level. Minor 

treatment-related skeletal variations were limited to an increase, both in the number and percent of 

fetuses, as well as litters with 14th vestigial ribs at 1000 mg/kg bw/day when compared to controls. No 

treatment-related skeletal malformations were seen. Based on these results, the NOEL for developmental 

toxicity was 300 mg/kg bw/day and the LOEL was 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The LOEL was based on 

increased incidence of skeletal variations (Irvine, 1992 as cited in U.S. EPA, 1995 and NICNAS, 1998).

In a second developmental toxicity study conducted with methods similar to OECD Guideline414, female 

SPF rats (20/group) were treated with ethanol, 2-(octylthio), via oral gavage, during the 5th though 15th

day of pregnancy at dose levels of 50, 200, and 800 μL/kg bw of a 0.5, 2.0 and 8.0% (v/v) solution, 

correspondingly, and estimated to be 0.2, 3.7 and 59.3 mg/kg bw/day, respectively2

. Results indicated 

that food consumption was significantly reduced in all test groups, although no maternal or fetal 

parameters (e.g. weight gain of females, food consumption, water consumption, autopsy findings, fertility 

and gestation indices, index of dead and alive born fetuses, index of resorptions, 

abnormalities/anomalies, average number of fetuses, sex relation, average fetus weight, and average 

placenta weight) were affected and no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects were observed. The NOEL was 

identified as 59.3 mg/kg bw/day (IBR, 1977).

 2 Doses were calculated based on the volumes administered per kg body weight and a density of 0.926 g/ml at 15.6 

oC.
18

4.4.5 Reproductive toxicity

No studies conducted specifically to evaluate reproductive toxicity were available. However, a 

developmental study (Irvine, 1992 as cited in U.S. EPA, 1995 and NICNAS, 1998) and a 90-day oral 

repeated dose study (WARF, 1961), which were sufficiently documented with respect to studying effects 

on the reproductive organs, were available. Therefore, requirements for the reproductive toxicity endpoint 

are satisfied. In studies reported above, the 90-day oral repeat dose study resulted in negative 

histopathologic findings in testes, ovaries and uterus and no difference in gonadal organ weights 

compared to control up to a dose level of 2.0% (estimated to be 1842 mg/kg/day) (WARFL, 1961); and 

developmental toxicity studies showed no maternal toxicity and no effect on any of the cesarean 

parameters measured (e.g. mean numbers of corpora lutea, implantations, live fetuses; pre- and postimplantation losses) up to 1000 mg/kg/day. 

4.4.6 Summary of health effects data

Reliable data exist for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) for the following health effects endpoints: acute oral toxicity, 

acute dermal toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, repeated dose toxicity, genetic toxicity, developmental

toxicity and reproductive toxicity. Based on available data, no further testing is proposed to fulfill 

requirements for any of the health effects endpoints.

The SIDS endpoints relative to health effects for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) are summarized in Section 6 (SIDS 

Data Matrix), with more detailed information provided in the Robust Summaries submitted with this Test 

Plan.

4.5 Test plan summary

The SIDS Level I endpoints for ethanol, 2-(octylthio) are fulfilled by a combination of measured and 

estimated data for the chemical, as listed in Table 5. New studies were conducted on boiling point and 

biodegradation. With the inclusion of these new data, no further testing is needed. 
19

Table 5. Summary of data gap analysis for ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

SIDS Level I Endpoint Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(CAS No. 3547-33-9)

Physicochemical Properties

Melting point E

Boiling point A

Vapor pressure E

Partition coefficient E

Water solubility E

Environmental Fate

Photodegradation E

Hydrolysis A

Fugacity E

Biodegradability A

Ecotoxicity

Acute fish A

Acute invertebrate A

Aquatic plants/algae E

Health Effects

Acute A

Repeated dose A

Gene Tox – Gene mutation A

Gene Tox – Chromosome aberration A

Reproductive A

Developmental A

A = Adequate Data Exist; E = estimation
20

5.0 SIDS data matrix 

SIDS Endpoint

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(CAS No. 3547-33-9)

Value Reference Test Guidance Klimisch Score

Physicochemical

Melting point 39.1 °C EPIWIN v4.0 QSAR K2

Boiling point 283 - 285 °C at 767 - 768 mm Hg; 287o C Wildlife International, 

Ltd., 2009a

OECD 103 K1

Vapor pressure 

5.94 x 10-4 Torr at 25 °C; 0.000315 mmHg

US EPA, 1995; 

EPIWIN v4.0

No data

QSAR

K4

K2

Partition coefficient (Kow) 4,367 US EPA, 1995 No data K4

Water solubility

96.8 mg/L; 38.13 mg/L

US EPA, 1995; 

EPIWIN v4.0

No data

QSAR

K4

K2

Environmental fate

Photodegradation (t1/2) ca. 4 hours AOPWIN v1.92 QSAR K2

Hydrolysis Stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7, and 91 Gorman, 1991 (cited in 

U.S. EPA, 1995) No data K4

Fugacity Air: 0.614%, Water: 24.6%, Soil: 74.5%; Sediment: 

0.262% (estimated)

Level III Fugacity Model, 

EPIWIN v4.0 QSAR K2

Biodegradability Readily biodegradable Wildlife International, 

Ltd., 2009b OECD 301B K1

Ecotoxicity

Acute Fish 96-h LC50 2.7 mg/L for bluegill, 2.9 mg/L for rainbow trout Bowman and Bucksath, 

1991a&b; 

EPA OPP 72-1 K1

Acute Invertebrate 48-h EC50 0.38 mg/L Blasberg, J., Butzlaff, T., 

Bucksath, J., 1991

EPA OPP 72-2 K1

Algal Inhibition 96-h EC50 5.33 mg/L ECOSAR v1.00 QSAR K2
21

SIDS Endpoint

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(CAS No. 3547-33-9)

Value Reference Test Guidance Klimisch Score

Toxicity

Acute Oral LD50 LD50 (rat) = > 5000 mg/kg bw Gabriel, 1990a (cited in 

U.S. EPA, 1995)

OECD 401 (similar) K2

Acute Dermal LD50 LD50 >2000 mg/kg bw Gabriel, 1990b (cited in 

U.S. EPA, 1995)

OECD 402 (similar) K2

Acute Inhalation LC50 LC50 >6.12 mg/L (rat)

No mortality occurred in rats exposed to vapors (at 

saturation) for 8 hours.

Hershman, 1990 (cited 

in U.S. EPA, 1995)

IHFA, Inc., 1957

OECD 403 (similar)

National Safety Council

K4

K4

Repeated Dose 21-day dermal- NOEL (systemic toxicity) > 200 mg/kg 

bw/day (rabbit)

13-week oral-NOEL >2% (estimated to be 1842 

mg/kg/day) (rat)

Husband, 1994 (cited in 

U.S. EPA, 1995)

WARFL, 1961

OECD 410 (similar)

OECD 408 (similar)

K2

K2

Genetic Tox – Gene mutation Bacterial reverse mutation assay- negative 

with/without metabolic activation in strains TA98, 

TA100, TA1535, and TA1538

L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay- negative 

with/without metabolic activation

Forward gene mutation assay-negative with/without 

metabolic activation 

San and Wagner, 1990

(cited in U.S. EPA, 1995 

& NICNAS, 1998)

San and Clark, 1991

(cited in U.S. EPA, 1995 

& NICNAS, 1998); 

HLA, Inc., 1983

U.S. EPA, 1995

OECD 471 (similar)

OECD 476 (similar)

OECD 476 (similar)

OECD 476 (similar)

K2

K2

K2

K4

Genetic Tox- Chromosome 

aberration

Chromosome aberration assay- negative with/without 

metabolic activation

Putman and Morris, 

1991 (cited in NICNAS, 

1998)

OECD 473 (similar) K2

Reproductive oral- NOEL (maternal)=1000 mg/kg bw/day;

13-week oral-NOEL >2% (estimated to be 1842 

mg/kg/day) (rat): negative histopathologic findings in 

testes, ovaries and uterus and no difference in 

gonadal organ weights compared to control

Irvine, 1992 (cited in 

U.S. EPA, 1995 & 

NICNAS, 1998)

WARFL, 1961

OECD 414 (similar)

OECD 408 (similar)

K2

K2
22

SIDS Endpoint

Ethanol, 2-(octylthio)

(CAS No. 3547-33-9)

Value Reference Test Guidance Klimisch Score

Developmental oral- NOEL (maternal)=1000 mg/kg bw/day; NOEL 

(developmental)=300 mg/kg bw/day; LOEL 

(developmental)=1000 mg/kg bw/day (rat)

oral-NOEL (maternal, embryotoxic, and teratogenic)= 

59.3 mg/kg/day (rat)

Irvine, 1992 (cited in 

U.S. EPA, 1995 & 

NICNAS, 1998)

IBR, 1977

OECD 414 (similar)

OECD 414 (similar)

K2

K2
23

6.0 References

This list of references is for studies as cited in Sections 1 through 6, while a complete list of all data 

sources reviewed in the development of the Test Plan and Robust Summaries can be found in the Robust 

Summaries.

Blasberg, J., Butzlaff, T., Bucksath, J., 1991. Acute Toxicity of MGK Repellent 874 to Daphnia magna 

under Flow-through Conditions: Lab Project Number: 39204. Unpublished study prepared by ABC 

Labs, Inc. 334 p.

Bowman, J., Bucksath, J., 1991a. Acute Flow-through Toxicity of MGK Repellent 874 to Rainbow Trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss): Lab Project No. 39203. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Labs, Inc. 

316 p.

Bowman, J., Bucksath, J., 1991b. Acute Flow-through Toxicity of MGK Repellent 874 to Bluegill (Lepomis 

macrochirus): Lab Project Number: 39202. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Labs, Inc. 320 p.

Curren, R.D. 1991, Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Rat Primary Hepatocytes, Project No., T9488.380, 

Microbiological Associates Inc, MD, USA (as cited in NICNAS, 1998).

Gabriel, D. (1990a) MGK Repellent 874 Code No. 673-90: Acute Oral Toxicity, Single Level-Rats: Lab 

Project Number: 90-7122A. Un-published study prepared by Biosearch Inc. 10 p. (as cited in U.S. 

EPA, 1995).

Gabriel, D. (1990b) MGK Repellent 874 Code No. 673-90: Acute Dermal Toxicity, Single Level-Rabbits: 

Lab Project Number: 90-7122A. Un-published study prepared by Biosearch Inc. 13 p. (as cited in 

U.S. EPA, 1995).

Gorman, M. (1991) Hydrolysis of MGK 874 as a Function of pH at 25C: Lab Project Number: 39311. 

Unpublished study prepared by ABC Laboratories, Inc. 41 p (as cited in U.S. EPA, 1995).

Hazelton Laboratories America, Inc., 1983. Mouse Lymphoma Forward Mutation Assay 2-hydroxyl-n-octyl 

Sulfide (Repellent 874). Project no., 652-146. April 27, 1983.

Hazelton Laboratories America, Inc., 1984. In vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange in Chinese Hamster Ovary 

Cells- 2-hydroxyethyl-n-octyl Sulfide (Repellent 874). Project no., 652-147. October 18, 1984.

Hershman, R. (1990) MGK Repellent 874 Code No. 673-90: Acute Inhalation Toxicity, Single Level, 4-

Hour Exposure-Rats: Lab Project Number: 90-7122A. Unpublished study prepared by Biosearch 

Inc. 26 p. (as cited in U.S. EPA 1995).

Husband, R. (1994) MGK Repellent 874: 21 Day Dermal Toxicity Study in the Rabbit: Lab Project 

Number: MCA/21/C: MCA/21/93. Unpublished study prepared by Toxicol Laboratories, Ltd. 182 

p. (as cited in NICNAS 1998 and U.S. EPA 1995).

Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc, 1977. Four- Day Static Aquatic Toxicity Studies with MGK Repellent 

874 in Rainbow Trout and Bluegills. IBT No.8560-10299. April 11, 1977. Submitted to the 

McLaughlin Gormley King Company.
24

Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. (IHFA), 1957. Range-Finding Toxicity Tests on 2-

hydroxyethyl-N-octyl sulphide. Unpublished.

International Bio-Research (IBR), Inc. 1977. Effect of “MGK Repellent 874” on the Embryonic 

Development of Rats after Oral Application. Unpublished study, February 1977.

Irvine, L. (1992) MGK Repellent 874 (R874): Rat Development Toxicity (Teratology) Study: Lab project 

Number: MCA/4/R. Unpublished study prepared by Toxicol Labs., Ltd. 175 p. (as cited in U.S. 

EPA, 1995 and NICNAS, 1998). 

Klimisch, H.J., Andreae, M., and Tillman, U., 1997. A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of 

experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regulatory Toxicol. and Pharmacol. 25:1-5.

Mackay, D., DiGuardo, A., Paterson, S., and Cowan, C., 1996. Evaluating the environmental fate of a 

variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:1627-37.

National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS). 1998. Full Public Report 

Ethyl Octyl Sulphide. NA/487. March 1998. At 

http://www.nicnas.gov.au/search/cache.cgi?collection=nicnasweb&doc=http/www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/car/new/na/nafullr/na0400fr/na487fr.pdf.pan.txt

Putman, D.L. and Morris, M.J. 1991, Chromosome Aberrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells, 

Project no., T9488.337, Microbiological Associates Inc, MD, USA (as cited in NICNAS, 1998).

San, R.H.C. and Clarke, J.J. 1991, L5178Y TK +/- Mouse Lymphoma Mutagenesis Assay, Project no., 

T9488.701, Microbiological Associates Inc, MD, USA (as cited in NICNAS, 1998).

San, R.H.C. and Wagner, V.O. 1990, Salmonella/Mammalian Microsome Plate Incorporation Mutagenicity 

Assay (Ames Test), Project no., T9488.501, Microbiological Associates Inc., MD, USA (as cited in 

NICNAS, 1998 and U.S. EPA, 1995).

U.S. EPA, 1999. The use of structure-activity relationships (SAR) in the High Production Volume 

Chemicals Challenge Program. At http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/sarfinl1.htm.

U.S. EPA. 1995. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Reregistration Eligibility 

Decision (RED) Hydroxyethyl Octyl Sulfide. EPA 738-R-96-001. December 1995. At 

http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/3103.pdf

U.S. EPA, 2000-2008. EPI Suite and all component programs except BioHCWIN and KOAWIN (EPIWIN 

v4.0).

Wildlife International, Ltd., 2009a. Determination of the melting and boiling point/range of 2-hydroxyethylN-octyl sulfide (CAS No. 3547-33-9), Study Report No. 162C-104, prepared for Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP.

Wildlife International, Ltd., 2009b. 2-Hydroxyethyl-N-octyl sulfide (CAS No. 3547-33-9): Ready 

biodegradability by the carbon dioxide evolution test method. Study Report No. 162E-127, 

prepared for Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP.

Williams, M. 1992. Aerobic Soil Metabolism of MGK Repellent 874: Lab Project Number: 39431. 

Unpublished study prepared by ABC Laboratories, Inc. 44 p. (as cited in U.S. EPA 1995).
25

Williams, M., 1993. Aerobic Soil Metabolism of MGK Repellent 874-Supplemental Report: Lab Project 

Number: 394311: N/163/1. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Laboratories, Inc. 61 p. (as cited 

in U.S. EPA 1995).

Williams, M.; White-Berghaus, L. (1992) Soil/Sediment Adsorption-Desorption of MGK Repellent 874: Lab 

Project Number: 39435. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Labs., Inc. 51 p. (as cited in U.S. 

EPA 1995).

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Laboratories (WARFL). 1961. Unpublished study number 

1050939. October 16, 1961.