FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DICHTER-MAD FAMILY PARTNERS,

LLP; PHILIP JAY DICHTER; CLAUDIA

GVIRTZMAN DICHTER; RICHARD M.

GORDON,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 11-55577

D.C. No.

2:09-cv-09061-

SVW-FMO

OPINION

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Stephen V. Wilson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted

January 10, 2013—Pasadena, California

Filed January 28, 2013

Before: Stephen Reinhardt, Kim McLane Wardlaw,

and Richard A. Paez, Circuit Judges.

Per Curiam Opinion
2 DICHTER-MAD FAMILY PARTNERS V. UNITED STATES

 This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has

*

been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.

SUMMARY

*

Federal Tort Claims Act

The panel affirmed the district court’s dismissal of an

action alleging claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act.

The panel held that the district court correctly concluded

that it lacked jurisdiction to entertain appellants’ claims

because they fell within the “discretionary function”

exception to the United States’ waiver of sovereign immunity

in the Federal Tort Claims Act. The panel affirmed the

district court’s judgment of dismissal for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction, and adopted Parts I through V of the

district court’s April 20, 2010 opinion, Dichter-Mad Family

Partners, LLP v. United States, 707 F. Supp.2d 1016 (C.D.

Cal. 2010). The panel also held that the additional allegations

made in the Second Amended Complaint were insufficient to

overcome the discretionary function exception to the Act’s

waiver of sovereign immunity. Finally, the panel held that

the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying

appellants’ request for additional discovery. 

COUNSEL

Richard H. Gordon (argued), Beverly Hills, California and

Philip J. Dichter, Malibu, California, for Appellants.
DICHTER-MAD FAMILY PARTNERS V. UNITED STATES 3

 The duties alleged in the Second Amended Complaint are taken from 1

the SEC Enforcement Manual, which the district court ordered the

government to produce.

Sparkle Sooknanan (argued), Lindsey Powell, Mark B. Stern,

and Tony West, United States Department of Justice,

Washington, D.C.; and André Birotte, Jr., United States

Attorney, Los Angeles, California, for Appellee.

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

After careful de novo review of the record in this appeal,

we conclude that the district court correctly concluded that it

lacked jurisdiction to entertain Appellants’ claims because

they fall within the “discretionary function” exception to the

United States’ waiver of sovereign immunity in the Federal

Tort Claims Act. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). Thus, we affirm the

district court’s judgment of dismissal for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction and adopt Parts I through V of the district

court’s comprehensive and well-reasoned April 20, 2010

opinion, Dichter-Mad Family Partners, LLP v. United States,

707 F. Supp. 2d 1016 (C.D. Cal. 2010), as our own, and

attach it to this opinion as an Appendix.

We further hold, as the district court also concluded in an

unpublished order dismissing Appellants’ claims with

prejudice, that the additional allegations made in the Second

Amended Complaint are insufficient to overcome the 1

discretionary function exception to the Federal Tort Claims

Act’s waiver of sovereign immunity. Virtually all of the

newly alleged mandatory duties are not in fact mandatory
4 DICHTER-MAD FAMILY PARTNERS V. UNITED STATES

directives that would deprive the United States of its

discretionary function immunity. See Terbush v. United

States, 516 F.3d 1125, 1138 (9th Cir. 2008); Sabow v. United

States, 93 F.3d 1445, 1453 (9th Cir. 1996) (“[T]he presence

of a few, isolated provisions cast in mandatory language does

not transform an otherwise suggestive set of guidelines into

binding agency regulations.”). Those policies that are

arguably mandatory lack the causal relationship to the

plaintiffs’ alleged injuries required to establish jurisdiction,

even under a generous reading of the complaint. “Where, as

here, the harm actually flows from the prosecutor’s exercise

of discretion, an attempt to recharacterize the action as

something else must fail.” Gen. Dynamics Corp. v. United

States, 139 F.3d 1280, 1286 (9th Cir. 1998).

Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Appellants’ request for additional discovery. “As we

have explained, ‘broad discretion is vested in the trial court

to permit or deny discovery, and its decision to deny

discovery will not be disturbed except upon the clearest

showing that denial of discovery results in actual and

substantial prejudice to the complaining litigant.’” Hallett v.

Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002) (alteration

omitted) (quoting Goehring v. Brophy, 94 F.3d 1294, 1305

(9th Cir. 1996)). A plaintiff seeking discovery must allege

“enough fact to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery

will reveal” the evidence he seeks. Bell Atlantic Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007); see also Gager v. United

States, 149 F.3d 918, 922 (9th Cir. 1998) (“It is

well-established that the burden is on the party seeking to

conduct additional discovery to put forth sufficient facts to

show that the evidence sought exists.”) (internal quotation

marks and alterations omitted). The district court’s reasoned
DICHTER-MAD FAMILY PARTNERS V. UNITED STATES 5

finding that the plaintiffs failed to meet this burden was a

proper exercise of its discretion. See Hallett, 296 F.3d at 751.

AFFIRMED.
6 DICHTER-MAD FAMILY PARTNERS V. UNITED STATES

APPENDIX
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1 The plaintiffs are:

-Dichter-Mad Family Partners, LLP (a Florida partnership represented

by attorney Philip Dichter, an investor in the partnership),

-Philip Dichter (who is a lawyer representing himself),

-Claudia Gvirtzman Dichter (represented by Philip Dichter), and

-Richard M. Gordon (who is a lawyer representing himself).

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

DICHTER-MAD FAMILY PARTNERS, LLP;

PHILIP DICHTER; CLAUDIA GVIRTZMAN

DICHTER; and RICHARD H. GORDON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;

SECURITIES EXCHANGE COMMISSION,

and Does 1-10,

Defendants.

)

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CV 09-9061 SVW (FMOx)

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’

MOTIONS TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF

JURISDICTION [6,7]

I. INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs were investors in Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi scheme.1

Plaintiffs are bringing a Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) action

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2 There are, of course, various other requirements and exceptions in the

FTCA. This brief summary only relates to the matter at issue here — the

discretionary function exception.

2

against the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the United

States (“Government” or “Defendant”). Plaintiffs assert that the SEC

“owes a duty of reasonable due care to all members of the general

public including all investors in U.S. financial markets who are

foreseeably endangered by its conduct.” (Compl. ¶ 163.) Plaintiffs

also assert that the SEC’s negligent acts and omissions “caused

Madoff’s scheme to continue, perpetuate, and expand,” and that the SEC

“fail[ed] to terminate Madoff’s Ponzi scheme despite its multiple

opportunities to do so.” (Compl. ¶ 2; see also Compl. ¶ 164.) 

Plaintiffs further assert that “Plaintiffs here were among those

victimized by Madoff. Plaintiffs made their investments in reliance on

Madoff’s reputation, clean regulatory record, and the SEC’s implied

stamp of approval.” (Compl. ¶ 8.) Because of the SEC’s alleged

negligence, Plaintiffs seek to recover their losses from their

investments with Madoff.

Defendants have brought a pair of Motions to Dismiss, arguing that

the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear the claims under the FTCA, 28

U.S.C. § 2674 et seq. Under the “discretionary function exception” to

the FTCA, federal courts are barred from adjudicating tort actions

arising out of federal officers’ discretionary acts. 28 U.S.C. §

2680(a). In brief, officers are only liable if (1) the officers’

actions were prescribed by statute, regulation, or policy, or (2) the

officers’ conduct was not susceptible to analysis on social, economic,

or political policy grounds. See United States v. Gaubert, 499 U.S.

315, 322 (1991).2

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3 This Order refers to the Office of Inspector General’s report as “the

Report,” and pin-citations to the Report are abbreviated as “Ex. A.”

3

The Complaint contains over fifty pages of allegations summarizing

the SEC’s failure to uncover Madoff’s fraud. The Complaint also

attaches five exhibits, the most substantial of which is the SEC Office

of Inspector General’s 450-page Investigation of Failure of the SEC to

Uncover Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme - Public Version [hereinafter

“the Report”], which was released in August 2009. (Compl., Ex. A.)3

Plaintiffs purport to adopt the “factual allegations or determinations

made in the report” by “fully incorporat[ing] by reference” the Report

as a part of the Complaint. (Compl. ¶ 1 n.3.) This request is

technically impermissible under Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c), which only

permits the incorporation of a legally operable “written instrument”

such as a contract, check, letter, or affidavit. See, e.g., Rennie &

Laughlin, Inc. v. Chrysler Corp., 242 F.2d 208, 209 & n.209 (9th Cir.

1957); see also Wright & Miller, 5A Federal Practice & Procedure § 1327

n.1 (3d ed. 2009 update). In contrast, items such as “newspaper

articles, commentaries and editorial cartoons” are not properly

incorporated into the complaint by reference. Perkins v. Silverstein,

939 F.2d 463, 467 n.2 (7th Cir. 1991); see also Wright & Miller, 5A

Federal Practice & Procedure § 1327 n.2.

That said, Defendants have not objected to Plaintiffs’ attempt to

incorporate the Report by reference into the Complaint. (See generally

Defs.’ Motion; Defs.’ Reply.) Additionally, Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e)

requires the Court to “construe[] pleadings so as to do justice.” In

order for the Court to comply with Rule 8(e) and give Plaintiffs the

benefit of any plausible inferences contained in the Report (as

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Plaintiffs repeatedly urged the Court to do, see, e.g. Compl. ¶ 1 n.3,

Sur-reply at 5 n.1), the Court has reviewed the full Report and treats

it as though it were fully included in Plaintiffs’ Complaint. Although

this is an unusual procedure, there is clear legal authority permitting

the Court to do so: Plaintiffs’ Complaint “reference[s]” the Report

“extensively,” and the factual allegations contained in the Report are

“integral to [their] claim.” United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903,

908 (9th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). Thus, it is appropriate in

this particular instance to consider the Report as part of Plaintiffs’

allegations for purposes of the present Motion to Dismiss.

Although the inclusion of the Report results in an unusually long

Complaint, the Ninth Circuit has counseled that an overly detailed

complaint is acceptable under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) if, for example, it

is “organized, [and is] divided into a description of the parties, a

chronological factual background, and a presentation of enumerated

legal claims, each of which lists the liable Defendants and legal basis

therefor.” Hearns v. San Bernardino Police Dept., 530 F.3d 1124, 1132

(9th Cir. 2008). In the present case, both the Complaint and the

Report satisfy these criteria. Accordingly, because the Report is both

attached to and incorporated-by-reference into the Complaint, it is

properly considered on the Motion to Dismiss. (See also infra Part

III.A.)

Many of Plaintiffs’ allegations (including the factual averments

contained in the Report) identify decisions that, in hindsight, could

have and should have been made differently. Other allegations reveal

the SEC’s sheer incompetence in regulating Madoff’s broker-dealer,

market-making, and investment-management operations. What is lacking

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in the present Complaint, however, is any plausible allegation

revealing that the SEC violated its clear, non-discretionary duties, or

otherwise undertook a course of action that is not potentially

susceptible to policy analysis.

B. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS

The facts of the Madoff fraud need little introduction. A

thorough summary of Madoff’s operations can be found in the recent

decision In re Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Secs. LLC, 424 B.R. 122, 127-32

(Bkrtcy. S.D.N.Y. 2010) (order affirming trustee’s determination of

former investors’ net equity).

In the present case, Plaintiffs’ central allegations are largely

drawn from the Inspector General’s Report, which Plaintiffs have

incorporated by reference into the Complaint. (Compl. ¶ 1 n.3.) The

Complaint alleges the following.

The first warning sign of Madoff’s fraud came in 1992, when

Avellino & Bienes, a firm that invested exclusively through Madoff’s

brokerage, was exposed as a Ponzi scheme. (Compl. ¶¶ 29-40; Ex. A at

42-61.) Plaintiffs explain that the SEC’s investigators were “woefully

inexperienced” in the area of Ponzi schemes (Compl. ¶ 32) and failed to

obtain trading records from the Depository Trust Corporation that could

have revealed that Madoff’s operations were fraudulent. (Compl. ¶¶ 35,

37.) Because the SEC was focused on Avellino & Bienes rather than

Madoff, the SEC staff failed to make a number of other “common sense”

inquiries into Madoff’s operations that “should have” been done. 

(Compl. ¶¶ 34, 37, 39.)

The second warning sign came in May 2000, when industry analyst

Harry Markopolos provided an eight-page complaint to the Boston SEC

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4 In full, the email stated: “As we discussed, after reviewing the complaint

received (via the [Boston office]) from Harry Markopol[o]s of Rampart

Investments about purported performance claims for funds managed by Bernard

Madoff, and some information about Madoff and others identified in the

complaint, I don’t think we should pursue this matter further.” (Ex. A at

72.)

6

office. (Compl. ¶¶ 42-46; Ex. A at 61-67.) The complaint provided

evidence “questioning the legitimacy of Madoff’s reported returns.” 

(Compl. ¶ 42.) Markopolos presented his findings to an unqualified

senior staff member (Compl. ¶ 44), and although the staffer stated that

he forwarded the matter to the New York office, he did not actually do

so. (Compl. ¶ 45.)

The third warning sign came in March 2001, when Markopolos

submitted a second complaint to the Boston office containing new,

simplified information. (Compl. ¶¶ 47-50; Ex. A at 67-74.) This time,

the matter was forwarded to New York, but “after just one day” the lead

enforcement attorney in New York “rejected it out of hand.” (Compl. ¶

49.) Although Markopolos’s complaint was more detailed than the

average complaint, the attorney wrote a short email stating “I don’t

think we should pursue this matter further.” (Compl. ¶¶ 49-50.)4

The fourth warning sign came in May 2001, when industry

publications MARHedge and Barron’s published articles discussing the

secrecy of Madoff’s operations and the improbability of his

consistently strong returns. (Compl. ¶¶ 51-57; Ex. A at 74-77, 80-81,

86.) An SEC staff member in the Boston office asked the New York team

reviewing Markopolos’s complaint if they were interested in reading the

articles. (Compl. ¶ 55.) The New York team apparently did not read

the articles. (Id.) At the same time, the articles piqued a

Washington supervisor’s interest. (Compl. ¶ 56.) Although the

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supervisor wrote a note on the article stating that “[t]his is a great

exam[ination] for us!,” no further actions were taken in the Washington

office. (Compl. ¶ 56; Ex. A at 86.)

The first major investigative event came in May 2003, when a hedge

fund manager provided a complaint to the SEC’s Office of Compliance

Inspections and Examinations in Washington D.C. (Compl. ¶¶ 58-81; Ex.

A at 77-145.) The fund manager’s complaint summarized a number of red

flags that suggested that Madoff was running a Ponzi scheme. (Compl. ¶

59.) The Investment Management team in Washington, which was more

qualified to handle an investigation into a Ponzi scheme, referred the

matter to the Washington office’s Broker-Dealer team. (Compl. ¶¶ 61-

62.) The two teams never conferred on the investigation. (Compl. ¶

62.) Compounding this failure to confer, the Broker-Dealer team

employed a number of inexperienced staff members at that time. (Compl.

¶¶ 63-64.) One team member explained that “[a]t the time . . . we were

expanding rapidly,” (Compl. ¶ 63, quoting Ex. A, at 90) and various

staff members recalled that they received little-to-no formal training. 

(Compl. ¶¶ 63-64.)

Upon receiving the case, the Washington Broker-Dealer team

inexplicably failed to begin its investigation for nine months and

failed to log its investigation into the SEC’s Super Tracking and

Reporting System (STARS), a computer database used to track

examinations. (Compl. ¶¶ 65-67; Ex. A at 85 n.54.) This failure to

log the investigation was consistent with the SEC’s regular practice at

the time. (Id.) Once the investigation commenced, the team focused

///

///

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5 Front-running is the practice in which a “broker execut[es] orders on a

security for its own account while taking advantage of advance knowledge of

pending orders from its customers.” (Compl. ¶ 66.) See also Black’s Law

Dictionary 739 (9th ed. 2009) (defining term in similar manner).

8

its attention on potential front-running5

 – with which it was more

familiar — rather than a Ponzi scheme. (Compl. ¶¶ 65-67.) The team

created a written plan, but the plan was “too narrowly focused” (Ex. A

at 142) and the team did not follow through by obtaining relevant

information from third parties. (Compl. ¶ 70.) At one point, the

Broker-Dealer team drafted a letter “to the [National Association of

Securities Dealers] to confirm Madoff’s trading activity,” but

refrained from sending the letter because, according to one staff

member, “it would have been too burdensome and time-consuming for the

staff to review the documents that the [National Association of

Securities Dealers] would have supplied in response.” (Compl. ¶¶ 69-

70, paraphrasing Ex. A at 98.) Similarly, “the team failed to consult

the Chicago Board Options Exchange,” even though Madoff’s purported

options trades were being processed through it. (Compl. ¶ 74.) 

Instead of receiving this information from third parties that “would

have assisted in independently verifying [Madoff’s] trading activity,”

the team “rel[ied] solely on verbal answers” from Madoff, which,

according to the Office of the Inspector General’s consultants, “is not

an appropriate method of examination.” (Compl. ¶¶ 70, 72, quoting Ex.

A at 111 n.74, 206 n.143.) The team supervisor admitted that it was

“asinine” for the team not to obtain a proper audit trail, which

Plaintiffs characterize as a “common-sense procedure” in such an

investigation. (Compl. ¶ 77, quoting Ex. A at 109.)

///

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6 One examiner later wrote that “[i]n early 2004, [the Office of Compliance

Inspections and Examinations] made it a priority to examine mutual funds’

undisclosed payments to broker-dealers,” (Ex. A at 125, quoting July 1, 2009

letter from Lori Richards to Inspector General David Kotz), and contemporary

records confirm this. (Ex. A at 125-26.)

9

The Washington team stopped its investigation in April 2004

because SEC supervisors “determined that a new investigation probing

mutual funds was more important than following up on Madoff.” (Compl.

¶ 78.)6 At the end of the investigation, the team failed to produce a

final report, which according to the Report was a “critical error” that

later led to unnecessary duplication of efforts. (Compl. ¶ 78, quoting

Ex. A at 144.)

The second major investigation started in the Northeast Regional

(New York) Office in April 2004, just as the Washington investigation

was being put on indefinite hold. (Compl. ¶¶ 82-109.) The New York

investigation was prompted by the SEC’s discovery of internal emails

from a hedge fund that had invested with Madoff through a feeder fund

that invested directly in Madoff’s funds. Upon conducting due

diligence, the hedge fund had decided to withdraw its investments from

the Madoff feeder fund. (Compl. ¶¶ 82-83.) The emails summarized the

investor’s concerns about Madoff’s activities, and essentially tracked

the issues raised in the Markopolos reports and the articles that had

appeared in MARHedge and Barron’s. (Compl. ¶¶ 83-84.)

The New York investigation proceeded in a similar manner as the

Washington investigation. (Compl. ¶ 86.) The case was transferred

from an Investment Management team to an ill-equipped Broker-Dealer

team; the Broker-Dealer team was not even assembled for seven months,

and did not begin working for yet another three months; and, once the

investigation commenced, the Broker-Dealer team never consulted the

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7 “[C]herry-picking is generally a scheme in which trades, once they

are determined to be favorable, are allocated to a favored account at

the expense of other accounts.” (Ex. A at 146 n.92.)

8 One of the investigators explained that he interpreted the initial

complaint and referral as suggesting that the investigation “focus

exclusively on whether Madoff was using his market making capability to

cherry pick trades or to front run market making trades for the benefit of

his hedge fund clients.” (Ex. A at 167, paraphrasing testimony of John

Nee.) Another team members explained that “he focused on abusive trading

practices rather than the other issues raised in the [referral] e-mail, in

part, because order leakage was a prominent issue at the time of the

examination.” (Ex. A at 168, paraphrasing testimony of Robert Sollazzo.)

10

Investment Management team for guidance and advice. (Compl. ¶¶ 86,

88.) Unlike the team that conducted the Washington investigation, the

New York Broker-Dealer team failed to even draft a planning memorandum,

let alone follow it. (Compl. ¶ 87.) When conducting the

investigation, the team accepted Madoff’s assertions at face value,

even though they knew or should have known that Madoff was lying – for

example, by saying that he was no longer trading options (which was

contradicted by readily available records, see Ex. A at 172, 207) and

that he was satisfied with foregoing hundreds of millions of dollars in

potential management fees and receiving only brokerage commissions

instead. (Compl. ¶¶ 90-92.) The team focused its investigation on

their own area of expertise (front-running and “cherry-picking”7

), while

ignoring other potential areas of investigation such as looking for a

Ponzi scheme. (Compl. ¶¶ 88-89.)8 They generally failed to corroborate

information with third parties or follow up on red flags such as

Madoff’s auditor’s conflict of interest and obvious inadequacy to audit

a complex operation like Madoff’s. (Compl. ¶¶ 94-96.)

In spite of these failings, the New York investigation came

remarkably close to uncovering Madoff’s fraud in June 2005. The team

conducted a two-to-three month on-site investigation (see Ex. A at 179)

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and had a formal interview with Madoff in late May (Ex. A at 193-95). 

Embarrassingly for the SEC, it was during the May meeting that the New

York team first learned — from Madoff himself — about the prior

Washington investigation. (Compl. ¶¶ 102-04.) Shortly after the

interview, the examiners decided that they should contact Madoff’s

clients to corroborate his trading activity. (Ex. A at 219-21.) The

investigators successfully obtained useful information from one

relevant third party (Barclays), but they failed to follow up on it

because of a mistaken belief that they could not obtain audit-trail

data from Barclays’s foreign affiliates. (Compl. ¶ 101.) Another

staffer stated that, to his understanding, SEC had a general policy of

not contacting third parties to follow up on leads. (Compl. ¶ 100.) 

The team also planned on requesting written responses to follow-up on

their face-to-face meeting with Madoff, but ultimately failed to do so,

even though they had drafted such an inquiry letter. (Compl. ¶ 108;

Ex. A at 203-04.)

When the New York investigators finally suggested conducting onsite visits of Madoff’s clients, the team supervisor vetoed the

suggestion. (Compl. ¶¶ 97-99.) A Washington investigator had

explained that he “was hesitant to make trouble for someone so ‘well

connected’” (Compl. ¶ 97, quoting Ex. A at 194), and the New York

supervisor “expressed a fear that he (and the junior staffers) could be

sued as individuals if their inquiries to third parties somehow damaged

Madoff’s business.” (Compl. ¶ 98.) Within days of the decision not to

visit Madoff’s clients, the New York investigators began drafting their

case-closing memorandum, and the case was closed by September 2005. 

(Compl. ¶ 107.) Madoff himself believed that had the investigators

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contacted third-party trading partners, account holders, and/or tradeclearing and -settlement agencies, they would likely have exposed the

fraud. (Ex. A at 206-07.)

Almost immediately after the New York team closed its

investigation, Harry Markopolos provided the Boston office with a third

version of his report on Madoff’s alleged fraud, sparking off yet

another investigation in Madoff’s operations. (Compl. ¶¶ 110-146.) 

Markopolos’s report summarized the many warning signs that Madoff was

running a Ponzi scheme, and referred the SEC to a handful of industry

insiders who could corroborate Markopolos’s suspicions. (Compl. ¶¶

111-16.) Markopolos even recommended that the SEC simply compare

Madoff’s purported over-the-counter options trading to the publiclyreported information regarding exchange-based options trading. (Compl.

¶ 115; see also Ex. C, at 6-7.) Markopolos explained that if Madoff

were truly trading in options, his high-volume trades would have a

visible effect in the market. (Compl. ¶ 115.).

The Boston office referred the matter to the New York office, and

emphasized to the New York staff that the report deserved close

attention. (Compl. ¶ 117.) The New York office, instead of staffing

the matter with experts in Ponzi schemes, placed relatively

inexperienced staff members on the case. (Compl. ¶ 118.) The

investigators failed to treat the matter as a Ponzi scheme

investigation, and generally refused to credit Markopolos’s report

because of interpersonal tensions (Compl. ¶¶ 119-20, 122) and a

misguided belief that Markopolos was seeking a reward for uncovering

the fraud. (Compl. ¶ 121.) The team also relied on the earlier New

York team’s incorrect assertion that it had in fact investigated the

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Ponzi-scheme angle, which deterred the new team from fully following up

on Markopolos’s suggestions. (Compl. ¶ 123.) Additionally, because

the new team had failed to file a “matter under inquiry” report for two

months, a new tip — this time from an anonymous investor who stated

that he had invested with Madoff but withdrew his money when he began

suspecting fraud — was improperly ignored. (Compl. ¶¶ 124-25.) 

Because the team felt outmatched by the technical aspects of Madoff’s

operations, they forwarded certain matters to the SEC’s Office of

Economic Analysis, but due to miscommunications running in both

directions, these efforts failed to produce useful insights. (Compl.

¶¶ 128-30.)

The unprepared New York investigations team eventually proceeded

with its investigation and interviewed Madoff directly. (Compl. ¶¶

132-36.) At one point, the interview produced potentially

incriminating information — Madoff’s account number with the Depository

Trust Company — but the investigators failed to properly follow up on

the matter. (Compl. ¶¶ 136-37.) When a junior staffer contacted the

Depository Trust Company, the staffer failed to recognize the

significance of the fact that Madoff held his assets in commingled

accounts, and the staffer also failed to ask about the size of the

account. (Compl. ¶¶ 138-39; Ex. A at 323-24.) Madoff himself has

acknowledged that had the investigators simply asked to see the size of

the account, they immediately would have discovered that Madoff’s

trading positions were nowhere near as large as he had claimed. The

staff believed, based on Madoff’s representations, that the Depository

Trust Company account held over $2 billion of securities; in fact, the

account held only between $10 and $30 million. (Ex. A at 332-33.) 

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The investigators also failed to recognize the significance of the

fact that the National Association of Securities Dealers told them that

Madoff had no option positions on a particular date, even though

Madoff’s purported trading strategy was based on options trades. 

(Compl. ¶ 140.) Finally, the investigators made, in the Report’s

description, an “inexplicable decision” not to send a letter to obtain

information from Madoff’s purported European counterparties. (Compl. ¶

141; Ex. A at 371.) The team closed the investigation in June 2006,

having overlooked various clear indications of Madoff’s fraud. (Compl.

¶¶ 144-47.) The team also failed to follow up on possible charges

related to Madoff’s various misrepresentations and non-disclosures

during the interview and examinations. (See Ex. A at 322-23.)

Following that investigation, the SEC received three more tips

that might have uncovered the fraud. (Compl. ¶¶ 148-53.) The first

was dismissed when Madoff’s attorney told the SEC that the tipster was

not actually a Madoff client (Compl. ¶ 150); the second was yet another

Markopolos warning that was simply ignored because the staff believed

that it had fully examined the Ponzi-scheme allegations (Compl. ¶ 151;

Ex. A at 354-55); and the third tip (from the former Madoff investor

whose earlier complaint had arrived just prior to the opening of the

final investigation) was likewise ignored because the investigation was

deemed complete. (Compl. ¶¶ 152-53.)

More than two years after the closure of the final investigation,

Madoff’s fraud was exposed. (Compl. ¶¶ 154-55.) The fraud could have

been discovered at any number of points in the previous sixteen years

had the SEC “performed its everyday, non-discretionary functions with

the most basic level of competence.” (Compl. ¶ 158.) At various

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9 Gordon’s “Opposition” brief is 37-pages long, well above the 25-page limit

set by this Court. In addition, Gordon did not file his substantive brief

with this Court until March 1, which was one week later than the deadline

set by this Court’s Local Rules. The Court accordingly STRIKES Gordon’s

Opposition. However, as the document raises the same issues as are raised

in Plaintiffs’ joint Opposition and Sur-Reply (which the Court has

considered despite its procedural irregularities), the Court has addressed

all the issues raised in Gordon’s stricken submission.

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points, even “a single action, performed diligently and ably, or even

with the most minimal competence, would have exposed the scheme.” 

(Compl. ¶ 159.)

II. PRELIMINARY PROCEDURAL ISSUES

A. THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION IS NOT A PROPER

DEFENDANT

The three Dichter Plaintiffs (that is, the Dichter-Mad investment

partnership, Philip Dichter, and Claudia G. Dichter) voluntarily

dismissed the SEC and the Doe Defendants on January 11, 2010.

The SEC brings a separate Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff Gordon’s

claims against it. [Docket no. 7.] In its one-page motion, the SEC

cites clear controlling authority that bars Gordon’s claims. See,

e.g., FDIC v. Craft, 157 F.3d 697, 706 (9th Cir. 1998) (“The FTCA is

the exclusive remedy for tortious conduct by the United States, and it

only allows claims against the United States. Although such claims can

arise from the acts or omissions of United States agencies (28 U.S.C. §

2671), an agency itself cannot be sued under the FTCA.”); see also

Standifer v. SEC, 542 F. Supp. 2d 1312, 1317 (N.D. Ga. 2008) (“The SEC

cannot be sued under the FTCA.”)

In Gordon’s Opposition,9 he does not even attempt to argue that his

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10 Although the present motion is a motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. 12(b)(1) rather than a motion to dismiss for

failure to state a claim under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), motions to dismiss

on jurisdictional grounds are governed by the standard pleading rules of

Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). See Doe v. Holy See, 557 F.3d 1066, 1074 (9th Cir.

2009) (per curiam) (citing Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1964-65), cert. filed (June

25, 2009). In addition, it should be noted that Twombly and Iqbal, while

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claims against the SEC are viable. Accordingly, the SEC’s Motion is

GRANTED. Gordon’s claims against the SEC are DISMISSED.

B. THE DOE DEFENDANTS ARE PERMISSIBLE

As for the Doe Defendants, Gordon properly points out that the

Government does not necessarily have standing to object to their

presence. For purposes of this motion, then, the Doe Defendants’

liability is linked with that of the United States.

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. MOTION TO DISMISS FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION

In order to comply with the notice pleading standards of Fed. R.

Civ. P. 8(a), a plaintiff’s complaint “must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible

on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, __ U.S. __, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949

(2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007)). 

“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual

content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. A complaint that

offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the

elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id.; see also Moss v. U.S.

Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Iqbal, 129

S.Ct. at 1951).10

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technically brought under Fed. R. Civ. 12(b)(6), focused their analysis on

the notice pleading requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Twombly and Iqbal

therefore state the proper standard for addressing the sufficiency of

Plaintiffs’ allegations with respect to the Court’s subject matter

jurisdiction.

In the only post-Twombly circuit court to address pleading standards

in the FTCA context, the Fifth Circuit cited Twombly as the operative

standard governing a jurisdictional dispute like the present one. Castro v.

United States, 560 F.3d 381, 386 (5th Cir. 2009) (citing Lane v.

Halliburton, 529 F.3d 548, 557 (5th Cir. 2008)). In addition, the Ninth

Circuit has explicitly applied Twombly when analyzing a complaint under the

discretionary function exception caselaw, but only had occasion to do so

under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, not the FTCA. Doe v. Holy See,

557 F.3d at 1073-74, 1084-85. 

17

Generally, the Court’s analysis is limited to the contents of the

complaint. See Schneider v. Cal. Dept. Of Corrections, 151 F.3d 1194,

1197 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998) (citations omitted). However, “[w]hen a

plaintiff has attached various exhibits to the complaint, those

exhibits may be considered in determining whether dismissal [i]s

proper.” Parks School of Business, Inc. v. Symington, 51 F.3d 1480,

1484 (9th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). Likewise, the Court “may . .

. consider certain materials — documents attached to the complaint,

documents incorporated by reference in the complaint, or matters of

judicial notice — without converting the motion to dismiss into a

motion for summary judgment.” United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903,

907 (9th Cir. 2003).

When a motion to dismiss is granted, ordinarily “any dismissal[,]

. . . except one for lack of jurisdiction, improper venue, or failure

to join a party under Rule 19[,] operates as an adjudication on the

merits.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) (emphasis added).

B. FEDERAL TORT CLAIMS ACT

The Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) “gives federal courts

jurisdiction over claims against the United States for money damages

‘for injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused by

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the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the

Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment,

under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would

be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of the place where

the act or omission occurred.’” Sheridan v. United States, 487 U.S.

393, 398 (1988) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)). The FTCA provides,

however, that the government shall not be liable for “[a]ny claim based

upon an act or omission of an employee of the Government . . . based

upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform

a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an

employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion involved be

abused.” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). This statutory provision, known as the

“discretionary function exception,” lies at the heart of the present

motion. Because the FTCA is jurisdictional, it must be emphasized that

the present analysis is focused on jurisdictional considerations rather

than the merits of Plaintiffs’ Complaint.

C. DISCRETIONARY FUNCTION EXCEPTION

The discretionary function exception provides the government with

immunity from suit for “[a]ny claim . . . based upon the exercise or

performance of the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary

function or duty on the part of a federal agency or employee of the

Government, whether or not the discretion involved be abused.” 28

U.S.C. § 2680(a). “In this way, the discretionary function exception

serves to insulate certain governmental decision-making from ‘judicial

second guessing of legislative and administrative decisions grounded in

social, economic, and political policy through the medium of an action

in tort.’” Terbush v. United States, 516 F.3d 1125, 1129 (9th Cir.

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2008) (quoting United States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio

Grandense (Varig Airlines), 467 U.S. 797 (1984)); accord Marbury v.

Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 170 (1803) (“The province of the court

is, solely, to decide on the rights of individuals, not to inquire how

the executive, or executive officers, perform duties in which they have

discretion.”).

Whether a given action by a government employee is protected by

the discretionary function exception involves a two-part inquiry.

First, the court must determine whether the challenged action

involves an “element of judgment or choice.” United States v. Gaubert,

499 U.S. 315, 322 (1991). If “a federal statute, regulation, or policy

specifically prescribes a course of action for the employee to follow,”

then the employee can be held liable for failing to follow the

prescribed directive. Id. (emphasis added).

Second, “even assuming the challenged conduct involves an element

of judgment, it remains to be decided whether that judgment is of the

kind that the discretionary function exception was designed to shield.” 

Id. “Because the purpose of this exception is to prevent judicial

second-guessing of legislative and administrative decisions grounded in

social, economic, and political policy . . . , the exception protects

only governmental actions and decisions based on considerations of

public policy.” Id. at 323.

In assessing the second step, it is important to keep in mind that

“if a regulation allows the employee discretion, the very existence of

the regulation creates a strong presumption that a discretionary act

authorized by the regulation involves consideration of the same

policies which led to the promulgation of the regulations.” Id. at 324

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(emphasis added). Thus, “[w]hen established governmental policy, as

expressed or implied by statute, regulation, or agency guidelines,

allows a Government agent to exercise discretion, it must be presumed

that the agent’s acts are grounded in policy when exercising that

discretion.” Id. In contrast, if the applicable statute or regulation

does not give the employee discretion, no presumption attaches, and the

court must determine whether the decisions were “of the kind” that are

“susceptible to policy analysis.” Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 323, 325.

Where there is no statute, regulation, or policy on point (either

conferring discretion or limiting discretion), the relevant question is

not whether the decision was the result of an actual policy-based

decision-making process. As the Ninth Circuit has repeatedly

explained, “we do not need actual evidence that policy-weighing was

undertaken.” Terbush, 516 F.3d at 1136 n.5 (citing Gaubert, 499 U.S.

at 324-25). Instead, “[t]he focus of the inquiry is . . . on the

nature of the actions taken and on whether they are susceptible to

policy analysis.” See Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 325 (emphasis added); see

also GATX/Airlog Co., 286 F.3d at 1178 (“[T]he question is not whether

policy factors necessary for a finding of immunity were in fact taken

into consideration, but merely whether such a decision is susceptible

to policy analysis.”); Nurse v. United States, 226 F.3d 996, 1001 (9th

Cir. 2000) (“the challenged decision need not actually be grounded in

policy considerations so long as it is, by its nature, susceptible to a

policy analysis.”); Childers v. United States, 40 F.3d 973, 974 n.1

(9th Cir. 1994) (“The application of the exception does not depend,

however, on whether federal officials actually took public policy

considerations into account. All that is required is that the

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applicable statute or regulation gave the government agent discretion

to take policy goals into account.”); Lesoeur v. United States, 21 F.3d

965, 969 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[Appellants] argue that the discretionary

function exception cannot apply in the absence of a ‘conscious

decision.’ The statute is not so limited. . . . The language is

directed at the nature of the conduct, and does not require an analysis

of the decision-making process.”) (quoting In re Consol. United States

Atmos. Testing Litig., 820 F.2d 982, 988-89 (9th Cir. 1987)).

The Ninth Circuit has noted that “the distinction between

protected and unprotected decisions can be difficult to apprehend, but

this is the result of the nature of government actions – they fall

‘along a spectrum, ranging from those totally divorced from the sphere

of policy analysis, such as driving a car, to those fully grounded in

regulatory policy, such as the regulation and oversight of a bank.’” 

Soldano v. United States, 453 F.3d 1140, 1145 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting

Whisnant v. United States, 400 F.3d 1177, 1181 (9th Cir. 2005)). This

distinction is drawn in part from the Supreme Court’s discussion in

Gaubert, in which the Court explained:

There are obviously discretionary acts performed by a Government

agent that are within the scope of his employment but not within

the discretionary function exception because these acts cannot be

said to be based on the purposes that the regulatory regime seeks

to accomplish. If one of the officials involved in this case

drove an automobile on a mission connected with his official

duties and negligently collided with another car, the exception

would not apply. Although driving requires the constant exercise

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of discretion, the official’s decisions in exercising that

discretion can hardly be said to be grounded in regulatory policy.

Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 325 n.7.

In addition to these general principles, it should also be noted

that the courts have rejected “a rigid dichotomy between ‘planning’ and

‘operational’ decisions and activities.” Terbush, 516 U.S. at 1130

(citing Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 324). The courts have likewise rejected

the argument that the government is per se immune when conducting

“uniquely governmental functions,” as such an analysis would “push the

courts into the ‘non-governmental’-‘governmental’ quagmire that has

long plagued the law of municipal corporations.” Indian Towing Co v.

United States, 350 U.S. 61, 64 (1955); see also United States v. Olson,

546 U.S. 43, 46 (2005) (reaffirming Indian Towing).

D. PROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO THE DISCRETIONARY

FUNCTION EXCEPTION

In deciding whether to grant Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the Court “must accept as true the

factual allegations in the complaint.” Terbush v. United States, 516

F.3d 1125, 1128 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing GATX/Airlog Co. v. United

States, 286 F.3d 1168, 1173 (9th Cir. 2002)). “The United States bears

the burden of proving the applicability of the discretionary function

exception.” Id. (citing Prescott v. United States, 973 F.2d 696, 702

(9th Cir. 1992)). The government must prove that each of the allegedly

wrongful acts, by each allegedly negligent actor, is covered by the

discretionary function exception. GATX/Airlog, 286 F.3d at 1174

(“[W]hen determining whether the discretionary function exception is

applicable, ‘the proper question to ask is not whether the Government

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as a whole had discretion at any point, but whether its allegedly

negligent agents did in each instance.’”) (citing In re Glacier Bay, 71

F.3d 1447, 1451 (9th Cir. 1995)) (alterations omitted). In examining

each of the government’s particular acts, “the question of how the

government is alleged to have been negligent is critical.” Whisnant v.

United States, 400 F.3d 1177, 1185 (9th Cir. 2005) (emphasis added)

(citing Glacier Bay, 71 F.3d at 1451). The central question is

whether, “at this stage of the case” — and under the standard of proof

applicable at this stage — “the government has [or has] not established

that choices exercised by government officials involved policy

judgments.” Prescott, 973 F.2d at 703.

These considerations can be summarized succinctly by reference to

the two-step analysis set forth in Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 322-25. The

government can meet its initial burden in one of two ways, and the

plaintiffs can respond to each showing in one of two ways.

First, the government may show that a statute, regulation or

policy confers discretion on the government actor; this gives rise to a

“strong presumption” that the alleged harmful act was guided by policy

judgment. Id. at 324. Second, the government may show that the

actor’s course of action was “of the kind” that is “susceptible to

policy analysis.” Id. at 323, 325. Either of these showings will

satisfy the government’s “burden of proving application of the

discretionary function exception.” Blackburn v. United States, 100

F.3d 1426, 1436 (9th Cir. 1996).

“[O]nce the Government met its burden, . . . the party opposing

[the application of the discretionary function exception] ha[s] to

present sufficient evidence to withstand dismissal” for lack of

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jurisdiction. Id. Under Gaubert, the plaintiffs may meet their the

burden by showing either (1) that there are mandatory rules prescribing

the actor’s course of action, or (2) that the actor’s course of action

was not “of the kind” that is “susceptible to policy analysis.” 

Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 323-25.

E. ILLUSTRATIVE CASELAW

As explained by a leading treatise, “cases under the [Federal Tort

Claims] Act can be roughly grouped into there categories: (1) claims

based upon [non-regulatory] determinations or decisions or other acts

of choice or judgment of government officials and administrators; (2)

claims based upon the regulatory activities of regulatory agencies or

officials; and (3) claims arising from the design or execution of

public works and other authorized governmental programs.” Lester S.

Jayson & Robert C. Longstreth, 2 Handling Federal Tort Claims, §

12.05[1] (2009 update).

“Whatever else the discretionary function exception may include, .

. . it plainly was intended ‘to encompass the discretionary acts of the

Government acting in its role as regulator of the conduct of private

individuals.’” Jayson & Longstreth, Federal Tort Claims, § 12.07

(quoting United States v. Varig Airlines, 467 U.S. 797, 813-14 (1984)). 

That is not to say that regulatory actions enjoy blanket immunity: the

“uniquely government functions” approach was rejected by the Supreme

Court over half-a-century ago. See Indian Towing, 350 U.S. at 64. But

at the very least, it appears from the caselaw and secondary

authorities that regulatory actions are more likely to be deemed

“discretionary functions” than non-regulatory actions are.

///

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A leading case involving government regulators is United States v.

Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315 (1991). In that case, the plaintiff alleged that

the Federal Home Loan Bank Board and the Federal Home Loan Bank Dallas

branch “had been negligent in carrying out their supervisory

activities” following their take-over of a failing Texas savings-andloan. Id. at 318. The plaintiff, who was the chairman and largest

shareholder of the thrift, sought to recover the lost value of his

shares and the value of his personal guarantee of the corporation’s

debts, amounting to $100 million in total. Id. at 319-20. In

particular, the plaintiff alleged that the Federal Home Loan Bank

Dallas branch had pressured the failed thrift’s sitting officers and

directors to resign and then recommended their replacements. Id. at

319. The Dallas branch then became significantly involved in the

thrift’s day-to-day operations. Id. at 319-20. The plaintiff’s

allegations centered on the “alleged negligence of federal officials in

selecting the new officers and directors and in participating in the

day-to-day management of” the thrift. Id. at 320.

The Supreme Court, after restating the basic two-part test for the

discretionary function exception, held that “[d]ay-to-day management of

banking affairs, like the management of other businesses, regularly

requires judgment as to which of a range of permissible courses is the

wisest.” Id. at 325. In this regard, the Court rejected the proposed

distinction between “policymaking” and “operational” functions. Id.

In order to determine whether the alleged acts were discretionary or

not, the Court reviewed the complaint’s allegations of the government’s

involvement in the thrift’s day-to-day affairs. These allegations

focused on the government’s involvement in day-to-day management

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decisions, hiring and salary decisions, operational matters, financial

matters, asset management, and legal affairs. Id. at 327-28. The

government became involved in strategic planning, for example by

recommending that the thrift change from being state-chartered to

becoming federally-chartered, and by giving advice regarding a

potential bankruptcy filing. Id. at 328.

Ultimately, the Court rejected the plaintiff’s argument “that the

challenged actions fall outside the discretionary function exception

because they involved the mere application of technical skills and

business expertise.” Id. at 331. The Court explained that the day-today operations of a bank require more than mere “mathematical

calculations” that “involve no choice or judgment in carrying out the

calculations.” Id. Importantly, the Court also noted that “neither

party has identified formal regulations governing the conduct in

question.” Id. at 329 (emphasis added). The Court identified broad

statutory grants of discretion to the Federal Home Loan Bank to engage

in formal supervisory actions, and found no prohibition on the agency’s

use of less formal supervisory tools. Id. The Court also identified a

formal policy statement from the government in which the agency

explained its policy “that supervisory actions must be tailored to each

case,” ranging from “informal supervisory guidance and oversight,” to

implementation of a “supervisory agreement,” and, in the most

problematic cases, an immediate “cease-and-desist order.” Id. at 330-

31 (quoting FHLBB Resolution No. 82-381 (May 26, 1982)).

Notably, the Court approvingly quoted from the lower court’s

explanation that the agency undertook its day-to-day role in an effort

to further “social, economic, or political policies”: 

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First, they sought to protect the solvency of the savings and loan

industry at large, and maintain the public’s confidence in that

industry. Second, they sought to preserve the assets of [the

thrift] for the benefit of depositors and shareholders, of which

[plaintiff] was one.

Id. at 332 (quoting 885 F.2d 1284, 1290 (5th Cir. 1989)). In this

regard, the Supreme Court highlighted the fact that “[t]here are no

allegations that the regulators gave anything other than the kind of

advice that was within the purview of the policies behind the

statutes.” Id. at 333. For example, the plaintiff admitted “the

regulators replaced [the thrift’s] management in order to protect the

[federal savings and loan insurance corporation’s] insurance fund.” 

Id. at 332.

“In the end,” the Court concluded, “Gaubert’s amended complaint

alleges nothing more than negligence on the part of the regulators.” 

Id. at 334. The Court explained that even day-to-day regulatory

decisions were protected by the discretionary function exception: “If

the routine or frequent nature of a decision were sufficient to remove

an otherwise discretionary act from the scope of the exception, then

countless policy-based decisions by regulators exercising day-to-day

supervisory authority would be actionable. This is not the rule of our

cases.” Id.

Gaubert, then, is a guidepost for two reasons: one, because it is

the most recent Supreme Court authority in this area, and two, because

it involved a roughly analogous factual scenario — the conduct of

financial regulators in their day-to-day regulatory activities. 

(Additional cases that specifically discuss the SEC are discussed

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11 The court also noted, however, that the presence of a discretionary final

review might affect the merits of the claim because the plaintiff would be

unable to show that the negligent acts proximately caused the plaintiff’s

harm. Id. (citing Routh v. United States, 941 F.2d 853, 855 (9th Cir.

1991).)

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infra.) It is worth noting, then, that Gaubert’s reasoning weighs

heavily in favor of Defendant’s position.

A pair of other cases are worth discussing at length. These cases

set forth principles that have guided the Ninth Circuit’s analysis

where cases involve a combination of discretionary and nondiscretionary duties.

In Glacier Bay, the Ninth Circuit held that hydrographers for the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration could be sued for their

non-discretionary actions made while preparing nautical charts. 71

F.3d at 1452-54. The government had argued that its supervising

hydrographers retained discretion when reviewing and approving the

charts, and that this final level of discretion immunized all of the

allegedly negligent conduct during the oceanic surveys and drafting of

the charts. Id. at 1451. The court explained that the final review

was indeed discretionary, because the supervisors had to decide whether

the survey was sufficiently accurate and whether the social, economic,

and political benefits of conducting further surveys outweighed the

costs of doing so. Id. at 1454. However, the court also determined

that the discretionary final review could not insulate the surveying

staff’s negligent acts that violated the surveyors’ mandatory duties. 

Id. at 1451. Instead, the court explained that the relevant question

is whether “each person taking an allegedly negligent action had

discretion,” not whether “the Government as a whole had discretion at

any point.” Id.11

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The court then engaged in a close analysis of the surveyors’

actions to determine if they violated any non-discretionary duties. 

Id. at 1452-54. To find these mandatory duties, the court looked to

“the Department of Commerce’s ‘Hydrographic Manual’ and [] the 1964 and

1975 Project Instructions specifically drafted for the two surveys [at

issue].’” Id. at 1452. The court noted that, contrary to the

government’s assertion, such internal guidelines were in fact “binding

for purposes of the discretionary function inquiry.” Id. at 1452 n.1. 

The court found that the Hydrographic Manual and Project Instructions

established a number of mandatory procedures for conducting oceanic

surveys. Id. at 1451-52. Much of the “discretion” available to the

surveyors involved purely scientific judgments, not judgments based on

“economic, political and social policy” that would be shielded from

scrutiny under the FTCA. Id. at 1453. Notably, the court contrasted

the 1964 survey instructions with the 1975 survey instructions and

found that the former contained mandatory language -– “[a]ll

indications of shoals shall be thoroughly investigated” –- whereas the

latter did not contain such language, and instead stated that surveys

“should be guided by [27 different] considerations . . . and [the

surveyor’s] past experience in similar areas.” Id. at 1453 (quoting

Hydrographic Manual and 1964 Survey Instructions). Accordingly, the

earlier 1964 survey was deemed non-discretionary, whereas the 1975

survey — requiring surveyors to carefully balance 27 different

considerations – was discretionary. Id.

Three years later, the Ninth Circuit clarified its holding in

Glacier Bay, explaining that in some instances, an underlying violation

of a mandatory duty will be immune from suit if another government

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agent’s own exercise of discretion intervened prior to the plaintiff’s

injury. The court explained that the discretionary function exception

applies whenever a “robust exercise of discretion intervenes between an

alleged government wrongdoer and the harm suffered by a plaintiff.” 

General Dynamics Corp. v. United States, 139 F.3d 1280, 1285 (9th Cir.

1998). The court proceeded to distinguish the case at hand from

Glacier Bay. The plaintiff in General Dynamics alleged that government

auditors had negligently performed an audit that led prosecutors to

indict the plaintiff for defrauding the United States, a charge which

the plaintiff successfully defended. Id. at 1282. The court held that

the plaintiff, by attempting to recover for the auditors’ professional

negligence rather than the prosecutors’ clearly discretionary decision

to prosecute, was improperly attempting to plead around the

discretionary function exception. Id. at 1283-84. The court refused

to “accord amaranthine obeisance to a plaintiff’s designation of

targeted employees” when, in sum and substance, the complaint was

alleging prosecutorial misconduct. Id. at 1283.

The General Dynamics court distinguished Glacier Bay by

emphasizing that the central focus is the nature of the allegedly

harmful act. Id. at 1284-85. Obviously, “many actions within an

agency pass through the hands of somebody with some discretion at some

stage”; the mere presence of discretion at one stage in the process

does not automatically immunize the non-discretionary negligent conduct

that precedes. Id. at 1284. Accordingly, when an oceanic chart is

negligently investigated and drafted in violation of mandatory rules,

the presence of a discretionary final review does not immunize the

negligent investigations and drafting. Id. In this regard, the court

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12 The summaries of these cases are drawn from Jerome Stevens Pharma., Inc.

v. Food & Drug Admin., 402 F.3d 1249, 1254-55 (D.C. Cir. 2005). 

31

noted that Glacier Bay involved a “tight coupling between

hydrographers, reviewers, charts, and results.” Id. at 1284.

But when an actor with “broad based discretion” such as the

prosecutor in General Dynamics undertakes “a totally separate exercise

of discretion” that is independent of the underlying negligent act, all

of the government’s acts are immunized — including the earlier actions

that may have violated mandatory duties. Id. at 1285. The court

explained that prosecutors have “access to a great deal of information

beyond that submitted by any one agency” such as the negligent

auditors. Because “the prosecutors could have had even more

information if they had chosen to pursue it,” the prosecutor’s decision

to prosecute the plaintiff was a sufficiently “robust exercise of

discretion” to trigger application of the discretionary function

exception. Id. As a result, all of government’s negligent acts were

immunized — even the ones that violated non-discretionary auditing

principles.

Although they are factually distinguishable from the present case,

two out-of-circuit decisions are also worth noting in order to show

that the reasoning in General Dynamics has been adopted in other

circuits.12 In Sloan v. United States Dept. of Housing and Urban

Development, 236 F.3d 756 (D.C. Cir. 2001), a contractor sued the

Department of Housing and Urban Development under the FTCA for

negligently conducting an audit of his construction site and for

suspending him from government contract work based on the erroneous

audit. 236 F.3d at 758-59. On appeal from the district court’s 

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dismissal of the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the

contractor contended that while the suspension of his government

contract work was a discretionary function, the audit was not a

discretionary function because it was governed by standards of

professional practice. Id. at 761. The court rejected that

contention, holding that there was “no meaningful way in which the

allegedly negligent investigatory acts could be considered apart from

the totality of the prosecution.” Id. (quoting Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d

490, 516 (D.C. Cir. 1983)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

court noted that “[t]he complaint does not allege any damages arising

from the investigation itself, but only harm caused by the suspension

to which it assertedly led.” Id. at 762.

In Fisher Bros. Sales, Inc. v United States, 46 F.3d 279 (3d Cir.

1995) (en banc), Chilean fruit growers sued the Food and Drug

Administration under the FTCA for banning the importation of Chilean

fruit based on a negligently conducted laboratory test concluding that

the fruit contained cyanide. 46 F.3d at 282-83. Recognizing that the

Commissioner’s decision to ban the fruit was a discretionary function,

the fruit growers alleged injury “based upon” the negligence of the

laboratory technicians, who were bound by the agency’s Regulatory

Procedures Manual. Id. at 286. The Third Circuit rejected this

characterization of the claim, reasoning that “[t]he reality here is

that the injuries of which the plaintiffs complain were caused by the

Commissioner’s decisions and, as a matter of law, their claims are

therefore ‘based upon’ those decisions.” Id. The court concluded that

“a claim must be ‘based upon’ the exercise of a discretionary function

whenever the immediate cause of the plaintiff’s injury is a decision

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which is susceptible of policy analysis and which is made by an

official legally authorized to make it.” Id. at 282.

F. UNDERLYING POLICIES OF THE DISCRETIONARY FUNCTION EXCEPTION

Before analyzing the parties’ specific arguments, it is also

helpful to explain the policies that animate the discretionary function

exception. As summarized succinctly in Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490

(D.C. Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 (1984):

The modern policy basis justifying sovereign immunity from suit

has three principal themes. First, and most important, under

traditional principles of separation of powers, courts should

refrain from reviewing or judging the propriety of the

policymaking acts of coordinate branches. Second, consistent with

the related doctrine of official immunity, courts should not

subject the sovereign to liability where doing so would inhibit

vigorous decisionmaking by government policymakers. Third, in the

interest of preserving public revenues and property, courts should

be wary of creating huge and unpredictable governmental

liabilities by exposing the sovereign to damage claims for broad

policy decisions that necessarily impact large numbers of people. 

Framed in different fashions, each of these themes appears again

and again, alone or in combination, as a modern justification for

retaining a form of immunity, under the general rationale that

courts should not “interfere” with government operations and

policymaking.

Id. at 511 (emphasis added, internal footnotes omitted).

///

///

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Notably absent from this rationale is any mention of “fairness.” 

As explained in National Un. Fire Ins. v. United States, 115 F.3d 1415

(9th Cir. 1997):

Private actors generally must pay for the harm they do by

carelessness. The government’s power to tax enables it, better

than any private actor, to perform its conduct with reasonable

care for the safety of persons and property, and to spread the

cost over all the beneficiaries if its conduct negligently causes

harm. Fairness might seem to suggest that the government should

be liable more broadly than private actors. But at its root, the

discretionary function exception is about power, not fairness. 

Id. at 1422.

As a result of these underlying policies and principles,

Plaintiffs are misguided when they argue that “there is no oversight at

all available to the taxpaying citizens, as well as the nation, to

insure that the SEC does its job.” (Opp. at 15.) This broad policy

argument is unavailing.

IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

A. RELEVANT LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

It is often remarked that Congressional intent is particularly

relevant to the Federal Tort Claims Act because “no action lies against

the United States unless the legislature has authorized it.” E.g.,

Dalehite v. United States, 346 U.S. 15, 30 (1953) (collecting cases). 

As a result, “the basic inquiry concerning the application of the

discretionary function exception is whether the challenged acts of a

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Government employee - whatever his or her rank - are of the nature and

quality that Congress intended to shield from tort liability.” United

States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense (Varig Airlines),

467 U.S. 797, 813-814 (1984) (emphasis added).

It is notable, then, that Congress, when drafting and debating the

Federal Tort Claims Act, repeatedly and explicitly suggested that the

discretionary function exception was intended to apply to the SEC. See

Dalehite v. United States, 346 U.S. 15, 29 & n.21(1953) (noting that

this particular “paragraph [] appears time and again” in the

legislative history). Congress explained that the discretionary

function exception was:

designed to preclude application of the bill to a claim against a

regulatory agency, such as the Federal Trade Commission or the

Securities and Exchange Commission, based upon an alleged abuse of

discretionary authority by an officer or employee, whether or not

negligence is alleged to have been involved. To take another

example, claims based upon an allegedly negligent exercise by the

Treasury Department of the blacklisting or freezing powers are

also intended to be excepted. The bill is not intended to

authorize a suit for damages to test the validity of or provide a

remedy on account of such discretionary acts even though

negligently performed and involving an abuse of discretion.

Dalehite, 346 U.S. at 29 n. 21 (quoting H.R.Rep.No. 2245, 77th Cong.,

2d Sess., p. 10; S.Rep.No. 1196, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 7;

H.R.Rep.No. 1287, 79th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 5-6; Hearings before

H.Com. on Judiciary on H.R. 5373 and H.R. 6463, 77th Cong., 2d Sess.,

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p. 33); see also Defs.’ Mot. at 10 & n.29 (quoting House Rep. 79-1287,

at 5-6).

B. THE GOVERNMENT HAS SATISFIED ITS THRESHOLD BURDEN BY

IDENTIFYING STATUTES, REGULATIONS, AND CASES DISCUSSING THE

SEC’S GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES

In its Motion, the Government sets forth a number of general,

broad principles governing the SEC’s duties and functions. These legal

assertions establish that the alleged wrongs were done in the course of

the SEC’s exercise of its discretion, both in terms of conducting its

investigations and deciding whether or not to bring enforcement

proceedings. These basic conclusions are supported by statutes,

regulations, and caselaw. Defendant has therefore satisfied its

threshold burden under Gaubert of establishing that the relevant

statutes and regulations “allow[] the employee[s] discretion.” 

Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 323. Accordingly, there is “a strong presumption”

that the alleged acts were “based on considerations of public policy,”

and Plaintiffs bear the burden of rebutting this presumption. Id.

This section discusses the Government’s threshold showing that its

actions were discretionary and are presumed to be susceptible to policy

analysis. The following section discusses Plaintiffs’ attempt to rebut

this strong presumption.

1. SEC’s Investigative Powers

Section 21 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, codified at

15 U.S.C. § 78u, establishes the SEC’s investigatory powers. The

statute explicitly provides discretion to the SEC:

The Commission may, in its discretion, make such investigations as

it deems necessary to determine whether any person has violated,

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is violating, or is about to violate any provision of this

chapter, [or] the rules or regulations thereunder, . . . and may

require or permit any person to file with it a statement in

writing, under oath or otherwise as the Commission shall

determine, as to all the facts and circumstances concerning the

matter to be investigated. The Commission is authorized in its

discretion, . . . to investigate any facts, conditions, practices,

or matters which it may deem necessary or proper to aid in the

enforcement of such provisions. . . .

15 U.S.C. § 78u(a)(1) (emphasis added).

Little discussion is necessary. The statute repeatedly uses

permissive language rather than mandatory language. The SEC has

discretion to decide both the timing of when it “make[s] such

investigations,” and the manner and scope of how to “investigate any

facts, conditions, practices, or matters,” whether through “a statement

in writing, under oath or otherwise.” Id. (emphasis added). All of

these decisions are framed in permissive language (“[t]he Commission

may . . .”) and the SEC is permitted to proceed “as it deems

necessary.” Id. In other words, the statute is discretionary — the

SEC retains discretion over when and how to conduct its investigations. 

This leads to a strong presumption that the SEC’s actions were

discretionary. Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 324; see also Vickers v. United

States, 228 F.3d 944, 951 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he discretionary

function exception protects agency decisions concerning the scope and

manner in which it conducts an investigation so long as the agency does

not violate a mandatory directive.”).

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The SEC’s own regulations are similarly discretionary. As

explained in the SEC’s formal policies regarding Enforcement

Activities, as summarized in 17 C.F.R. § 202.5:

Where, from complaints received from members of the public,

communications from Federal or State agencies, examination of

filings made with the Commission, or otherwise, it appears that

there may be violation of the acts administered by the Commission

or the rules or regulations thereunder, a preliminary

investigation is generally made. In such preliminary

investigation no process is issued or testimony compelled. The

Commission may, in its discretion, make such formal investigations

and authorize the use of process as it deems necessary to

determine whether any person has violated, is violating, or is

about to violate any provision of the federal securities laws or

the rules of a self-regulatory organization of which the person is

a member or participant. . . . 

17 C.F.R. § 202.5(a) (emphasis added). This regulation does not

require the SEC to conduct its investigations in any particular manner;

rather, the agency retains broad discretion to decide how to conduct

its investigations.

In light of this statutory and regulatory language, the courts

have unanimously rejected challenges to the SEC’s use of its

investigatory powers. In a pre-FTCA case, Justice Vinson, then a

member of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, wrote an opinion

that, inter alia, granted official immunity to members of the SEC for

their investigatory activities. Jones v. Kennedy, 121 F.2d 40, 43-44

(D.C. Cir. 1941). In a terse discussion, the court explained:

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the carrying out of investigations and the turning over of

evidence to the Attorney General for presentation to a grand jury

come under the authorized duties of the Commission. And likewise,

plaintiff has not met, in these allegations, the task of showing

acts which fall outside of the [SEC’s] immunity.

Id. at 43-44 (internal footnote omitted) (emphasis added) (citing 15

U.S.C. §§ 77h(e), 77s(c), 77t(b)).

Numerous subsequent courts have held that the SEC is immune from

liability for its investigative actions. In Schmidt v. United States,

198 F.2d 32 (7th Cir. 1952), the court applied the discretionary

function exception to bar a claim that the SEC was investigating a

corporation and publicizing its investigation for the improper purpose

of destroying the company. Id. at 33, 36. The court explained that

the SEC’s decision to institute an investigation and conduct it in a

particular manner “was . . . clearly within the scope of its

discretionary authority” under the 1934 Exchange Act. Id. at 36. 

Nothing more was said, and nothing more needed to be said. The point

was — and remains to this day — “perfectly clear [] under the terms of

the applicable statutes.” Id.

The same point has been stated in subsequent cases including

Sprecher v. Von Stein, 772 F.2d 16, 18 (2d Cir. 1985), and other cases

discussed infra, subsection 3.

2. SEC’s Enforcement Powers

The SEC likewise has discretion regarding the use of its

enforcement powers. Under 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(1), the SEC has

discretion over decisions to seek an injunction against ongoing

violations of the Exchange Act:

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Whenever it shall appear to the Commission that any person is

engaged or is about to engage in acts or practices constituting a

violation of any provision of this chapter [or] the rules or

regulations thereunder, . . . it may in its discretion bring an

action in the proper district court of the United States . . . to

enjoin such acts or practices. . . . 

15 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(1) (emphasis added).

The SEC retains similar discretion regarding whether to seek

monetary relief or other injunctive relief. See § 78u(d)(3) (“the

Commission may bring an action in a United States district court to

seek . . . a civil penalty to be paid by the person who committed such

violation.”) (emphasis added); § 78u(d)(5) (“the Commission may seek .

. . any equitable relief that may be appropriate or necessary for the

benefit of investors.”) (emphasis added).

The regulations are similarly discretionary. Again under 17

C.F.R. § 202.5:

After investigation or otherwise the Commission may in its

discretion take one or more of the following actions: Institution

of administrative proceedings looking to the imposition of

remedial sanctions, initiation of injunctive proceedings in the

courts, and, in the case of a willful violation, reference of the

matter to the Department of Justice for criminal prosecution. The

Commission may also, on some occasions, refer the matter to, or

grant requests for access to its files made by, domestic and

foreign governmental authorities or foreign securities

authorities, self-regulatory organizations such as stock exchanges

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or the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., and other

persons or entities.

17 C.F.R. § 202.5 (emphasis added).

Again, the courts are unanimous in holding that these statutory

powers are discretionary. In SEC v. Research Automation Corp., 521

F.2d 585, 590 (2d Cir. 1975), the court summarily dismissed a

defendant’s FTCA-based counterclaim because the SEC had discretion “to

institute and maintain the present [enforcement] action.”

The same conclusion was reached in S.E.C. v. Better Life Club of

America, Inc., 995 F. Supp. 167, 180 (D.D.C. 1998), aff’d, 203 F.3d 54

(D.C. Cir. 1999), cert. denied sub nom. Taylor v. S.E.C., 528 U.S. 867

(1999). In that case, a defendant in an SEC enforcement action brought

counterclaims for tortious interference with contract and intentional

infliction of emotional distress on account of its enforcement actions. 

The court dismissed these counterclaims under the discretionary

function exception because “[i]nvestigation and prosecution under § 21

of the Securities Acts is discretionary; therefore the United States is

immune to these claims.” Id. at 180 (citing Board of Trade of City of

Chicago v. SEC, 883 F.2d 525, 531 (7th Cir. 1989)).

3. The Unanimous Precedent is Supported by the

Justifications of the Discretionary Function Exception

The Better Life Club court relied on an Administrative Procedures

Act case decided by the Seventh Circuit, Board of Trade v. SEC, 883

F.2d 525, 531 (7th Cir. 1989). In Board of Trade, the court refused to

exercise jurisdiction over two futures exchanges’ claims that SEC had

abused its discretion by issuing a no-action order and refraining from

prosecuting a competing non-exchange “system” that acted as a clearing

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agency for options trades. The court explained that the “[r]efusal to

prosecute is a classic illustration of a decision committed to agency

discretion,” and under the Securities Exchange Act, “[i]nvestigation

and prosecution under § 21 are discretionary, not mandatory.” 883 F.2d

at 530-31. Judge Easterbrook explained at length the reasons why these 

decisions are discretionary and involve policy judgment:

Doing nothing may be the most constructive use of the

Commission’s resources. Congress gives the SEC a budget, setting

a cap on its personnel. With limited numbers of staff-years, the

Commission must enforce several complex statutes. To do this

intelligently the Commissioners must assign priorities. 

Prosecuting the System means less time for something else --

investigating claims of fraud in issuing new stock or conducting a

takeover contest, resolving disputes under the Investment Company

Act, and so on. Agencies may find it worthwhile to give short

shrift to a particular claim if the aggrieved party can file its

own suit (as the [plaintiff] futures markets may), for turning the

subject over to private litigation frees up time without

necessarily diminishing the enforcement of the statute. Yet even

when the aggrieved party cannot vindicate its own rights, as with

the National Labor Relations Act - indeed, even when the person

complaining about failure to prosecute is a defendant whose

business is going down the tubes - decisions about the best use of

the staff’s time are for the prosecutor’s judgment.

Courts cannot intelligently supervise the Commission’s

allocation of its staff’s time, because although judges see

clearly the claim the Commission has declined to redress, they do

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not see at all the tasks the staff may accomplish with the time

released. Agencies must compare the value of pursuing one case

against the value of pursuing another; declining a particular case

hardly means that the SEC’s lawyers and economists will go twiddle

their thumbs; case-versus-case is the daily tradeoff. Judges

compare the case at hand against a rule of law or an abstract

standard of diligence and do not see the opportunity costs of

reallocations within the agency. That fundamental difference in

the perspectives of the two bodies is why agencies (and other

prosecutors) rather than courts must make the decisions on

pursuing or dropping claims. Resource allocation is not a task

governed by “law”. It is governed by budgets and opportunities. 

Agencies “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed” (Art.

II, § 3) by doing the best they can with the resources Congress

allows them. Judges could make allocative decisions only by

taking over the job of planning the agency’s entire agenda,

something neither authorized by statute nor part of their

constitutional role.

Id. at 531 (internal citations omitted).

Thus, even if the plain language of the Securities Exchange Act

were insufficient to bar Plaintiffs’ claims, Judge Easterbrook’s policy

analysis explains the various reasons that the discretionary function

exception applies to the SEC’s actions in the present case. Little

more needs to be said, except that numerous other court decisions

support this conclusion.

A large number of courts have held that SEC decisions are

unreviewable under the FTCA and/or the Administrative Procedures Act. 

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See, e.g., Block v. SEC, 50 F.3d 1078, 1084 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (rejecting

an Administrative Procedures Act action seeking to compel SEC action,

because “[s]o far, it appears, the Commission has found [its chosen

means] sufficient to induce compliance with the law. That the

petitioners prefer a different means of enforcement is irrelevant. . .

. [T]he agency alone, and neither a private party nor a court, is

charged with the allocation of enforcement resources.”); Sprecher v.

Von Stein, 772 F.2d 16, 18 (2d Cir. 1985) (claims arising out of

agency’s investigative operations are barred by FTCA immunity);

Sprecher v. Graber, 716 F.2d 968, 975 (2d Cir. 1983) (claims arising

out of agency’s investigative operations are barred by common law

immunity); Treats Intern. Ents., Inc. v. S.E.C., 828 F. Supp. 16, 18-19

(S.D.N.Y. 1993) (SEC’s investigative decisions are unreviewable under

Administrative Procedures Act); Standifer v. SEC, 542 F. Supp. 2d 1312,

1318 (N.D. Ga. 2008) (dismissing FTCA claims against SEC for numerous

reasons, including the fact that “[t]he SEC is granted broad discretion

by Congress to investigate possible violations of the securities laws

and to determine whether to bring civil or criminal actions to remedy

those violations.”); Leytman v. New York Stock Exchange, No. 95 CV 902,

1995 WL 761843, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 1995) (“Plaintiff [] seeks

damages from the Commission for its failure to investigate his claims

about the [New York Stock] Exchange’s alleged misconduct. . . . The

Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides that stock exchange records

are subject to investigation by the [Securities and Exchange]

Commission ‘as the Commission . . . deems necessary or appropriate.’ 

15 U.S.C. 78q(b). The decision of whether or not to investigate a

stock exchange is left in the discretion of the Commission. [Under the

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FTCA,] [e]ven if the Commission abuses that discretion, the court may

not intervene.”); see also Thomas Lee Hazen, 6 The Law of Securities

Regulation, § 16.2, at 213 n.313 (6th ed. 2010 supp.) (collecting cases

involving SEC and non-governmental regulatory bodies). 

In addition, courts have repeatedly held in other contexts that

the conduct of regulatory investigations are immune from FTCA liability

unless there are mandatory directives that limit the investigators’

discretion to determine both the scope and the manner of the

investigation. See, e.g., Alfrey v. United States, 276 F.3d 557, 565-

66 (9th Cir. 2002) (prison guards had discretion to determine how

thoroughly to search prisoners’ cells); Sloan v. U.S. Dept. of Housing

and Urban Devel., 236 F.3d 756, 762 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (“[T]he sifting of

evidence, the weighing of its significance, and the myriad other

decisions made during investigations plainly involve elements of

judgment and choice.”); Vickers v. United States, 228 F.3d 944, 951

(9th Cir. 2000) (stating that “the discretionary function exception

protects agency decisions concerning the scope and manner in which it

conducts an investigation so long as the agency does not violate a

mandatory directive.”); Gen. Dynamics Corp. v. United States, 139 F.3d

1280, 1283-1284 (9th Cir. 1998) (government was immune under the

discretionary function exception where its auditors’ allegedly

negligent investigations provided the factual basis for the

prosecutor’s discretionary decision to prosecute); Sabow v. United

States, 93 F.3d 1445, 1452 (9th Cir. 1996) (government was immune under

the discretionary function exception for its investigators’ allegedly

tortious investigation where “the guidelines promulgated by the

[agency] in its investigative manual were meant to be followed at the

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discretion of [the agency’s] investigating officers in light of the

specific circumstances surrounding a particular investigation.”);

Fisher Bros. Sales, Inc. v. United States, 46 F.3d 279, 282 (3d Cir.

1995) (en banc) (government was immune under the discretionary function

exception where laboratory technicians’ allegedly negligent

investigations done pursuant to mandatory guidelines provided the

factual basis for the Food and Drug Administration to seize allegedly

tainted fruit).

The weight and logic of this caselaw leads directly to the

conclusions proposed by the Government: the decisions of whether and

how to conduct investigations and enforcement actions are firmly lodged

in the SEC’s discretion.

4. Procedural Effect of SEC’s Statutory and Regulatory

Discretionary

As explained in Gaubert, “[w]hen established governmental policy,

as expressed or implied by statute, regulation, or agency guidelines,

allows a Government agent to exercise discretion, it must be presumed

that the agent’s acts are grounded in policy when exercising that

discretion.” 499 U.S. at 324. Because the Government has satisfied

this threshold burden the burden shifts to Plaintiffs to identify

particular acts and decisions that were either (1) mandatorily

prescribed by statute, regulation, or policy, or (2) were not

“susceptible to policy analysis.” Id. at 323, 325.

B. PLAINTIFFS’ BROAD ALLEGATIONS OF MISCONDUCT ARE UNAVAILING

At various points in their Complaint and moving papers, Plaintiffs

assert that the SEC violated various unidentified “[p]olicies and

practices,” and “common-sense.” (E.g., Compl. ¶ 12 (alleging that the

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13 Plaintiffs explain that “‘policies’ refer[s] to formal or informal

policies, rules, standards, guidelines, procedures, codes, routines or other

directives implemented by the SEC to govern the conduct of its agents.” 

(Compl. ¶ 4 n.4.) “‘Practices’ refers to common-sense standards of conduct

required of SEC agents in the course of exercising their duties with

reasonable due care, regardless of whether the SEC had promulgated any

formal or informal policies with respect to that conduct.” (Id.)

Under Gaubert, Plaintiffs’ “practices” are clearly an inadequate basis

for showing a mandatory SEC duty.

14 Technically, Doe v. Holy See involves the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act

rather than the FTCA, but, as noted supra, the court solely examined FTCA

caselaw.

47

SEC staff “fail[ed] to follow the SEC’s clear policies and

practices”)).13

To the extent that Plaintiffs rely on conclusory allegations about

“policies,” “practices,” and “common-sense,” they have failed to rebut

Defendant’s threshold showing. Broad allegations regarding undefined

“policies and practices” are insufficient under clear Ninth Circuit

precedent. In the recent decision in Doe v. Holy See, 557 F.3d at

1084-85, the Ninth Circuit examined the adequacy of a plaintiff’s

pleadings under the discretionary function exception as articulated by

the Supreme Court in Gaubert.14 The court held that the complaint

failed to adequately allege the existence of non-discretionary duties

imposed on the government’s officials because it only “refer[red]

vaguely . . . to the [defendant’s] ‘policies, practices, and

procedures.’” Id. at 1084 (quoting complaint). The court explained

that “nowhere does [plaintiff] allege the existence of a policy that is

‘specific and mandatory’ on the [defendant]. He does not state the

terms of this alleged policy, or describe any documents, promulgations,

or orders embodying it.” Id. (quoting Kennewick Irrig. Dist. v. United

States, 880 F.2d 1018, 1026 (9th Cir. 1989)). In addition, the alleged

harmful acts were plainly susceptible to policy judgment, and under

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Circuit precedent, were “the type of discretionary judgments that the

[discretion function exception] was designed to protect.” Id. Because

of these glaring inadequacies, the court held that the discretionary

function exception applied.

Like the plaintiff in Doe v. Holy See, Plaintiffs in this case

largely fail to identify any mandatory “policies” or “practices” that

were violated in this case. (Cf. infra Part IV.C.) Plaintiffs’

“labels and conclusions” are insufficient to satisfy the pleading

requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. 544).

Likewise, Plaintiffs have wholly failed to identify any of the

SEC’s actions that were not “susceptible to policy analysis.” See

Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 325 (emphasis added). Their Complaint and their

moving papers do not contain any attempt to rebut the Government’s

preliminary showing that the SEC retained discretion to decide when to

investigate, how to investigate, and whether or not to take enforcement

actions. Plaintiffs attempt to recharacterize the nature of

Defendant’s burden, and argue that the Government bears the burden of

showing that the SEC’s actions were susceptible to policy analysis. 

Plaintiffs are misguided. The Government has in fact satisfied its

burden: it has identified specific and discretionary statutes,

regulations, and caselaw-based policy arguments. See Doe v. Holy See,

557 F.3d at 1084-85 (where defendant identifies statutes, regulations,

and caselaw conferring policy-based discretion on actor, burden shifts

to plaintiff to identify allegations to rebut this showing). 

Plaintiffs have failed to rebut Defendant’s showing.

///

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15 The Court never granted Plaintiffs leave to file a sur-reply. Nor did the 

Court grant Plaintiffs leave to file an oversized brief. In addition, the

sur-reply goes far beyond the scope of the arguments raised in the

Government’s Reply. Even if the Court had granted Plaintiffs leave to file

an oversized sur-reply, Plaintiffs would only have been allowed to address

Defendant’s specific arguments in the Reply. Plaintiffs’ sur-reply is

therefore procedurally improper. 

It is therefore well within the Court’s discretion to strike the surreply. However, while the Court would ordinarily strike such an improper

filing, the Court will consider the merits of Plaintiffs’ arguments in order

to foreclose certain of these claims in future proceedings.

49

In light of the Government’s showing that the SEC retains broad

discretion to regulate securities markets through formal and informal

means (see supra Part III.A), the Government has sufficiently satisfied

its threshold burden of showing that the relevant investigative and

enforcement decisions were discretionary and/or susceptible to policy

judgments. Under Gaubert, this threshold showing creates a “strong

presumption” that the discretionary function exception is satisfied. 

Gaubert, 499 U.S at 324. Plaintiffs’ conclusory allegations regarding

“policies and practices” fail to rebut this presumption. See Doe v.

Holy See, 557 F.3d at 1084-85.

C. PLAINTIFFS’ ARGUMENTS ABOUT MANDATORY POLICIES ARE UNAVAILING

In an oversized sur-reply,15 Plaintiffs attempt to satisfy their

burden of rebuttal by identifying five purportedly mandatory duties

imposed on the SEC and its staff. These are: sharing information;

obtaining trading records and other information from third parties;

hiring, training, and/or deploying qualified staff members; avoiding

improper personal motivations; and engaging in various administrative

case-management tasks.

As Plaintiffs themselves point out in their sur-reply, “it is

important to specifically identify the allegations of the Complaint

relating to the SEC’s violation of mandatory policies.” (Surreply at

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5.) Yet Plaintiffs’ factual allegations (which purport to incorporate

the Report in its entirety) fail to support these conclusions. 

Plaintiffs almost wholly fail to allege that SEC’s agents violated any

mandatory duties, and where Plaintiffs’ allegations provide an

inference that such mandatory duties existed, Plaintiffs’ arguments are

defeated by the holding in General Dynamics, 139 F.3d at 1284-85. 

Plaintiffs therefore have failed to overcome the presumption that the

SEC’s investigative and enforcement decisions were discretionary. 

Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ Complaint must be dismissed for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction.

1. Duty to Share Information

Plaintiffs’ Complaint alleges that SEC teams failed to coordinate

their investigations among themselves and with the National Association

of Securities Dealers and Chicago Board of Options Exchange. (Surreply

at 6, citing Compl. ¶¶ 37, 62, 63, 78, 86, 103, 105, 123, 128, 130,

131.) According to Plaintiffs, these “negligent failures to

communicate . . . were prohibited by law.” (Id.)

 Plaintiffs have failed to support their assertions. Plaintiffs’

conclusory allegations fail to establish that SEC examiners were guided

by any mandatory duties requiring them to share information and

coordinate their activities.

Plaintiffs argue that Section 17 of the Securities Exchange Act of

1934, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78q, imposes mandatory duties requiring

SEC staff to share information. The statute reads:

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16 “For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘examining authority’ means a

self-regulatory organization registered with the Commission under this

chapter (other than a registered clearing agency) with the authority to

examine, inspect, and otherwise oversee the activities of a registered

broker or dealer.” 15 U.S.C. § 78q(k)(5).

51

The Commission and the examining authorities16 shall share such

information [regarding securities exchanges and their members,

brokers and dealers, ratings organizations, and clearing

agencies], including reports of examinations, customer complaint

information, and other nonpublic regulatory information, as

appropriate to foster a coordinated approach to regulatory

oversight of brokers and dealers that are subject to examination

by more than one examining authority. 

15 U.S.C. § 78q(k)(2) (emphasis added).

The statute clearly provides for SEC discretion. The mandatory

“shall” is modified by the discretionary “as appropriate.” See Sabow,

93 F.3d at 1452 (distinguishing between “suggestive (‘should’) [and]

mandatory (‘must’) terms”) (collecting cases). The statute itself

describes the nature of “appropriate” information-sharing: the

information-sharing must be “appropriate to foster a coordinated

approach to regulatory oversight.” 15 U.S.C. § 78q(k)(2) (emphasis

added). When the SEC is tasked with making decisions to “foster a

coordinated approach to regulatory oversight,” these decisions are

inherently “grounded in social, economic, and political policy.” 

Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 323. Accordingly, the discretionary function

exception applies to information-sharing under § 78q(k)(2).

The legislative history supports this conclusion. This particular

subsection (formerly labeled subsection (i)) was added to the statute

in 1996 by the National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, 

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17 As part of the compromise, the revised law required that the SEC

coordinate its activities with the self-regulatory organizations (whereas

the old bill merely required the self-regulatory organizations to coordinate

their activities). Compare 15 U.S.C. § 78q(k)(2) (“The Commission and the

examining authorities shall share . . .”) with H.R. 3005, § 108(a)(4)(A) in

H.R. Rep. 104-622 (“The examining authorities shall share . . .”).

52

Pub.L. 104-290, § 108. It is instructive to contrast the statute’s

final language with the language of the original House bill. The

House’s bill included a complex set of reporting and coordination

requirements for self-regulatory organizations. See H.R. Rep. 104-622,

104th Cong., 2d Sess., 1996 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3877, 3877 (1996). The

original bill required, inter alia: annual meetings between the SEC and

self-regulatory organizations, § 108(a)(i)(2), periodic standardized

reporting requirements for the SEC and self-regulatory organizations, §

108(a)(i)(3), annual evaluations by an SEC-created panel, 

§ 108(a)(i)(7), and annual reports to Congress, § 108(a)(i)(8). Id.

These requirements were mandatory, not discretionary: the SEC and the

self-regulatory organizations had no flexibility in implementing these

clear congressional directives.

However, after some legislative wrangling, see H.R. Conf. Rep.

104-864, 1996 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3920, 3920 (1996), the House-Senate

conference committee stripped all of the above-mentioned requirements

and left intact only a few generalized requirements.17 The central

purpose of the final bill, as explained by the conference committee,

was to streamline regulation between federal and state authorities. 

See id. at 3920-21. The purpose of the remaining portions of the bill

— apparently including § 108 — was “to eliminate duplication, promote

efficiency and protect investors.” Id. at 3921. This broad language

sets forth three general policy goals, the balancing of which requires

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the SEC to make inherently discretionary judgments. See also Milton R.

Schroeder, The Law of Regulation of Financial Institutions, ¶ 8.06[1]

(2009 update) (“The Act . . . calls for information sharing between

authorities and the elimination of unnecessary and burdensome

duplication in the examination process.”); Rutherford B. Campbell, Jr.,

Blue Sky Laws and the Recent Congressional Preemption Failure, 22 J.

Corp. L. 175, 204 n.156 (1997) (“The Act . . . mandates that federal

authorities attempt to eliminate duplication and enhance coordination

and cooperation with the states as concerns the regulation of

brokers.”).

In short, the law cited by Plaintiffs is purely discretionary. 

Under the well-established requirements of the discretionary function

exception, this Court cannot second-guess the SEC’s failure to

simultaneously accomplish all three of these competing policy goals set

out by Congress. The goals require policy judgment and resource

allocation, and are therefore subject to the discretionary function

exception.

b. Plaintiffs’ factual allegations

In addition to these clear statutory rules, Plaintiffs’ Complaint

expressly alleges that formal policies did not exist. The Report

(which is incorporated into the Complaint by reference) quotes one

staff member as stating that “there was no rule or policy about . . .

information-sharing at [the investigative] level between offices.” 

(Report at 133, 198, quoting testimony of Eric Swanson.) Taking this

allegation as true, Plaintiffs’ Complaint directly contradicts the

conclusory assertions in their sur-reply.

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c. Summary re: duty to share information

Plaintiffs have therefore failed to meet their burden of

identifying either a mandatory duty requiring the SEC to share

information with other regulators, or plausible allegations that the

SEC’s decisions regarding information-sharing were not susceptible to

policy analysis. The SEC retained discretion to determine the manner

and scope of its investigations. See Vickers, 228 F.3d at 951 (“[T]he

discretionary function exception protects agency decisions concerning

the scope and manner in which it conducts an investigation so long as

the agency does not violate a mandatory directive.”).

2. Failing to Request Materials from Third Parties

Plaintiffs argue that the SEC violated “formal SEC policies” and

“basic auditing principles” by “repeatedly fail[ing] to request

materials from third parties to substantiate Madoff’s claimed trading

activity.” (Surreply at 8, citing Compl. ¶¶ 34-36, 67, 74, 77, 101,

143.) Again, Plaintiffs fail to identify any of the “formal SEC

policies” upon which they rely. But Plaintiffs insist that “SEC

staffers themselves considered it mandatory [to determine if Madoff was

actually making the trades he purported to be making], given one

staffer’s characterization of the failure to do so as ‘asinine.’”

(Surreply at 10, quoting Compl. ¶ 77.)

Plaintiffs’ arguments are not supported by their allegations. It

is unclear why an SEC staff member’s use of the word “asinine” provides

evidence of an SEC policy. “Asinine” means “unintelligent, stupid,

silly, [or] obstinate.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary

128 (1981). “Asinine” does not mean that a person has violated a nonCase 2:09-cv-09061-SVW-FMO Document 17 Filed 04/20/10 Page 54 of 79 Page ID #:787
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discretionary legal duty; nor does “asinine” mean that the person has

made a decision that is not susceptible to policy judgment.

Plaintiffs fail to identify any other allegations that state or

even imply the existence of mandatory duties to obtain records from

third parties. In fact, the Complaint is replete with factual

allegations suggesting that there were no SEC policies regarding

requesting information from third parties. The Report quotes a former

SEC staff member as stating that the SEC “always” obtained Depository

Trust Company statements “from the firm” being investigated rather than

from the Depository Trust Company itself. (Ex. A at 48, quoting

testimony of Demetrios Vasilakis, emphasis added.) The Report also

quotes a supervisor as stating that “most of the time we do not send

out [requests for trading] confirmations and do asset verification.” 

(Ex. A at 206, quoting testimony of Robert Sollazzo.) As a result of

these and other statements, the Report explained it was “common

practice” to rely on the firm under investigation, (Ex. A at 48), and

that “it was not unusual for [examiners] to rely exclusively on records

and data produced by the” firm being investigated. (Ex. A at 98,

emphasis added; see also Ex. A at 191 (noting that “it was not normal

practice in the exam program to reach out to entities” that centrally

cleared and settled trades).)

Because Plaintiffs’ Complaint attempts to incorporate the Report

in its entirety, Plaintiffs therefore allege that there was an absence

of mandatory duties requiring SEC staff to use specific investigative

techniques. Although it may have been good practice for the SEC to

follow up with third parties, it was not required by mandatory SEC

policies. (See Compl. ¶ 35, citing Ex. A, at 290 n.202.)

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Plaintiffs have therefore failed to plead facts that overcome the

discretionary function exception. The statutes, regulations, and

caselaw discussed supra establish beyond peradventure that the SEC

retained full discretion to determine the manner and scope of its

investigation. See Vickers, 228 F.3d at 951 (“[T]he discretionary

function exception protects agency decisions concerning the scope and

manner in which it conducts an investigation so long as the agency does

not violate a mandatory directive.”). Plaintiffs’ allegations fail to

rebut this presumption, by identifying either a formal mandatory duty

or a specific decision that was not susceptible to policy analysis.

3. Assigning Unqualified Staff Members to Investigative

Teams

Plaintiffs argue that “several SEC staffers were inexcusably

unqualified for their positions,” and that the SEC “assigned []

staffers who had no understanding of securities transactions, and were

otherwise unqualified, to the Madoff investigations.” (Surreply at 8,

citing Compl. ¶¶ 32, 37, 46, 61-64, 67, 88-89, 100, 118, 126, 132,

134.)

It is well-established that “employment, supervision and training”

decisions “fall squarely within the discretionary function exception.” 

Nurse v. United States, 226 F.3d 996, 1001 (9th Cir. 2000); see also

Doe v. Holy See, 557 F.3d at 1084 (“the decision of whether and how to

retain and supervise an employee . . . [is] the type of discretionary

judgments that the exclusion was designed to protect. We have held the

hiring, supervision, and training of employees to be discretionary

acts.”); Gager v. United States, 149 F.3d 918 (9th Cir. 1998) (“The

[postal service’s] decision not to provide universal training and

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supervision in mail bomb detection involved judgment or choice grounded

in social, economic, and political policy.”). 

Plaintiffs have failed to identify any allegations that would

bring their case outside the purview of the Ninth Circuit’s general

caselaw on this question. Accordingly, Defendant has satisfied its

burden of showing that the relevant decisions fall within the

discretionary function exception, and Plaintiffs have not alleged any

facts to the contrary.

4. Staff Members’ Personally Motivated Acts

Plaintiffs argue that SEC “staffers [] acted out of personal

animus, unfounded fear of individual liability, and improper deference

to Madoff on account of his reputation,” and that “one staffer ignored

a whistleblower out of spite.” (Surreply at 8, citing Compl. ¶¶ 23,

97-99, 119, 121-22.)

All of these assertions strike at the manner in which the SEC

conducted its investigations. As noted repeatedly in this Order, the

SEC retained discretion to make policy-based decisions about the manner

and scope of its investigations. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u(a)(1) (permitting

SEC to decide “as it deems necessary” how to “investigate any facts,

conditions, practices, or matters,” whether through “a statement in

writing, under oath or otherwise.”); see also Vickers, 228 F.3d at 951

(“[T]he discretionary function exception protects agency decisions

concerning the scope and manner in which it conducts an investigation

so long as the agency does not violate a mandatory directive.”).

Plaintiffs’ allegations, taken as true, at most establish that the

SEC staff abused its discretion when conducting investigations into

Madoff’s operations. However, the FTCA clearly states that the

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18 To the extent that SEC staff members were truly acting for personal

purposes, such activities would not constitute a “negligent or wrongful act

or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope

of his office or employment,” and the FTCA would not provide an avenue for

recovery. 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1) (emphasis added).

58

discretionary function applies “whether or not the discretion involved

be abused.” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). In addition, Supreme Court precedent

requires this Court to examine “the nature of the actions taken and []

whether they are susceptible to policy analysis,” not “the agent’s

subjective intent in exercising the discretion conferred by statute or

regulation.” Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 324 (emphasis added). Accordingly,

the SEC staff’s subjective reasons for deciding how to investigate

Madoff are irrelevant to the present inquiry.18

Furthermore, the relevant question is not, as Plaintiffs suggest,

whether the agents’ activities were actually “grounded in any

legitimate policy considerations.” (Surreply at 9.) Rather, the

question is whether the agents’ activities were susceptible to policy

analysis. See Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 324; Terbush, 516 F.3d at 1129. 

Investigative decisions are inherently susceptible to policy analysis,

and Plaintiffs fail to identify any mandatory laws, regulations, or

policies that prescribe a specific course of action for the staff to

follow when conducting investigations. Accordingly, these decisions

are subject to the discretionary function exception. 

5. Failing to Follow Case-Management Procedures

Plaintiffs next argue that the SEC “violated its own internal

policies” regarding case-management by doing the following: (1)

“failing to obey rules regarding the filing of reports and the use of

the SEC’s STARS [Super Tracking and Reporting System] computer system,”

(2) failing to consult the Super Tracking and Reporting System database

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before beginning examinations, (3) “fail[ing] to submit Matter Under

Inquiry [] reports with respect to . . . open investigations,” and (4)

failing to file case-opening and case-closing reports. (Surreply at

7.)

Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that the SEC teams failed to

conduct each of these tasks at one time or another. Plaintiffs have

not, however, adequately alleged that these tasks were mandatory or

were not otherwise susceptible to policy judgment. Because the SEC

staff had broad discretion to determine how to conduct its

investigations, see supra Part IV.B, Plaintiffs bear the burden of

identifying plausible allegations that non-discretionary duties were

imposed on the investigators. See, e.g., Sabow, 93 F.3d at 1452-53

(closely examining Naval Investigative Service/Judge Advocate General

investigation manuals to determine whether investigators were obligated

to conduct investigations in particular manner); Alfrey v. United

States, 276 F.3d 557, 563 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding that prison guard’s

failure to search a computer database was part of discretionary

investigatory decision where there was no policy requiring such a

search to be conducted); cf. Franklin Sav. Corp. v. United States, 180

F.3d 1124, 1132-33 (10th Cir. 1999) (agency not immune where its

employees failed to prepare mandatory case memoranda; however,

plaintiff’s claims were dismissed on the merits because no injury

flowed from the failure to prepare the memoranda). Plaintiffs have not

met their burden.

a. Factual Allegations

In May 2003, the Washington-based Office of Compliance Inspections

and Examinations received a tip and referred the matter to a team in

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the Broker-Dealer section. In December 2003, the Washington team

received a second tip and opened its investigation into Madoff. 

According to Plaintiffs, the team failed to file case-opening report in

the STARS computer system. (Compl. ¶ 80.) There is one allegation

suggesting that case-opening report is mandatory: the Report quotes a

supervisor’s statement that the staff members were “supposed to” enter

their case-opening “information into the tracking system.” (Ex. A at

132, quoting McCarthy testimony.) The Washington team also failed to

follow its case-planning memo. (Compl. ¶ 69.) There are no factual

allegations, however, that there is a mandatory duty to follow a caseplanning memorandum. 

In April 2004, the Washington team closed its investigation and

failed to file a case-closing memorandum. (Compl. ¶¶ 78, 80.) There

is one allegation that the case-closing memo may have been mandatory:

the Report quotes a supervisor’s statement that “[t]ypically, staff is

supposed to — when they finish an exam[ination] they’re supposed to

close it out and I think there should have been a close-out memo is my

understanding.” (Compl. ¶ 78 & n.15, quoting Ex. A at 136 (quoting

McCarthy testimony).)

At the same time that the Washington team closed its investigation

(April 2004), the first New York enforcement team received a tip, and

in December 2004 the New York team opened its investigation. (Compl. ¶

86.) This team failed to draft a planning memorandum. (Compl. ¶¶ 87,

108.) Plaintiffs state in a conclusory fashion that there was an SEC

“policy or practice” requiring such a memorandum, but support this

assertion by citing to a factual statement in the Report that quotes

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staff members saying that there was not such a policy at the time of

the investigation. (Compl. ¶ 87, citing Ex. A at 166.)

The New York team failed to consult the STARs computer system to

see if any prior case-opening reports had been filed. (Compl. ¶¶ 103,

108.) There is no specific allegation that there is a mandatory duty

to check the computer system; however, Plaintiffs allege that SEC

policy required that “there should never be two examinations of the

same entity being conducted at the same time without both teams being

aware of each other’s examination.” (Compl. ¶ 103, quoting Ex. A at

132.) In the Ninth Circuit, the word “should” is generally viewed as

suggestive rather than mandatory, see, e.g., Sabow, 93 F.3d at 1452,

and a person’s subjective belief that something “should” be done is

inadequate evidence that there is “in fact [a] mandatory [duty] under

some federal regulation or [internal] policy.” Alfrey, 276 F.3d at

563. However, viewing this quotation in the light most favorable to

Plaintiffs, there may be a plausible inference that there was a

mandatory policy to check the STARs computer system or that the

decision to check the STARs computer was not susceptible to policy

analysis. (See surreply at 12, 25.) Plaintiffs therefore allege that

the Washington and first New York teams violated internal policies

and/or made decisions that were not susceptible to policy judgment. 

These acts and omissions will be examined in greater detail infra.

Plaintiffs further allege that the first New York team learned

about the previous Washington examination while the New York team was

interviewing Madoff in mid-to-late May 2005. (Ex. A at 195.) In early

June 2005, the Washington team sent its files to the New York team, and

the New York team performed a “cursory review” of the Washington team’s

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findings because the information “seemed so similar to what we [the New

York team] were receiving in real time.” (Compl. ¶ 105, quoting Ex. A

at 200.) Plaintiffs allege that the two teams’ failures to fully

communicate “resulted in embarrassment and a waste of Commission

resources as two examination teams from two different offices

essentially conducted the same examination.” (Ex. A at 142; see also

Compl. ¶ 1 n.3 (incorporating Report in its entirety into Complaint).)

In September 2005, the first New York team formally closed its

investigation. In October 2005, after Harry Markopolos’s third report

was referred from the Boston office, a different New York team began a

new investigation into Madoff’s operations. In December 2005, this

second New York team filed its “Matter Under Inquiry” report. (Compl.

¶ 124.) The New York office received another tip about Madoff between

the October 2005 opening of the investigation and the December 2005

filing of the Matter Under Inquiry report. (Compl. ¶ 125.) Plaintiffs

allege that, had the Matter Under Inquiry been filed in October, this

new tip would have been part of the second New York team’s

investigation. (Compl. ¶ 125.) However, there are no factual

allegations that SEC policy requires that a Matter Under Inquiry form

be filed immediately, other than Plaintiffs’ conclusory allegations

that this a “required step at the beginning of any Enforcement

investigation.” (Compl. ¶ 124.) Contradicting this conclusory

assertion, Plaintiffs’ Complaint contains specific factual assertions

that, although the Matter Under Inquiry “should” have been opened

sooner, the SEC’s enforcement manual states that staff members “may”

file a Matter Under Inquiry if and when they determine that a complaint

is “serious and substantial.” (Compl. ¶ 125, citing Ex. A at 263

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19 There are no specific allegations stating that there was a requirement to

follow a case-planning memorandum. Nor are there specific allegations

stating that there was a requirement to resolve red flags prior to closing a

case and preparing a case-closing memorandum. 

63

(quoting SEC Enforcement Manual) (emphasis added).) Plaintiffs further

allege that “it is unclear whether the tip would have made any

difference in the conduct or the result of the [second New York team’s]

investigation because . . . of [the investigating attorney’s] view that

anonymous tips, ‘on their face’ were not credible.” (Ex. A at 265; see

also Compl. ¶ 1 n.3 (incorporating Report in its entirety into

Complaint).)

In June 2006, after completing its examination, the second New

York team filed its case-closing report despite the fact that it had

failed to resolve all of the red flags it identified. (Compl. ¶ 147.) 

However, there are no allegations that the SEC staff is required to

resolve red flags before deciding to close a case and file a caseclosing report. (See Compl. ¶ 147.)

b. Discussion and Analysis

In short, viewing the plausible inferences of the Complaint’s

factual averments in favor of Plaintiffs, the Complaint alleges three

acts that violated mandatory duties and/or were not susceptible to

policy judgment:

(1) the Washington team failed to file a case-opening report;

(2) the first New York team failed to consult the STARs computer

database to find prior case-opening reports regarding Madoff; and

(3) the Washington team failed to file a case-closing memorandum.

Plaintiffs’ other assertions are either unsupported by any factual

allegations whatsoever19 or are supported by factual allegations that

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20 Plaintiffs’ conclusory assertions that there were mandatory duties are

contradicted by their specific allegations in the Report that there was no

policy requiring staff to prepare a case-planning memorandum and there was a

discretionary policy (which used the suggestive “should” and the permissive

“may,” see Sabow, 93 F.3d at 1452) regarding staff members’ decisions to

file a Matter Under Inquiry report.

64

plainly contradict Plaintiffs’ conclusory assertions that there was a

mandatory duty and/or decision not susceptible to policy analysis.20

Plaintiffs further allege that the three specific SEC omissions had an

extremely limited impact. Plaintiffs assert that the New York team,

prior to closing its investigation, received and reviewed the

Washington files — albeit in a “cursory” manner because the information

appeared duplicative of the New York team’s ongoing investigations. 

(Compl. ¶ 105, citing Ex. A at 200.)

Ultimately, then, Plaintiffs are alleging that two SEC offices

violated mandatory policies and thereby failed to adequately coordinate

their investigations and otherwise conduct their investigations in a

thorough and adequate manner.

As has been shown repeatedly throughout this Order, the SEC

retained discretion to decide how to conduct its investigations — which

includes decisions about how to coordinate investigations between

offices. (See supra Parts. IV.B.1, IV.B.3.) At the risk of being

repetitive, it is useful to refer back to 15 U.S.C. § 78u(a)(1), which

permits the SEC to decide “as it deems necessary” how to “investigate

any facts, conditions, practices, or matters,” whether through “a

statement in writing, under oath or otherwise.” In addition, 15 U.S.C.

§ 78u(d)(1) permits the SEC “in its discretion” to bring an enforcement

action when it detects a securities violation during its

investigations. There are, in short, no mandatory obligations

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requiring the SEC to conduct its investigations in a particular manner

or to bring an enforcement action in particular situations. These

decisions are fundamentally discretionary and require staff to make

policy-based judgments. See, e.g., Sloan, 236 F.3d at 762 (“[T]he

sifting of evidence, the weighing of its significance, and the myriad

other decisions made during investigations plainly involve elements of

judgment and choice.”); Vickers, 228 F.3d at 951 (“[T]he discretionary

function exception protects agency decisions concerning the scope and

manner in which it conducts an investigation.”).

In light of this broad investigatory discretion, General

Dynamics is therefore directly on point regarding the small handful of

mandatory procedural obligations imposed on SEC staff. In General

Dynamics, the Ninth Circuit explained that an otherwise actionable

agency decision is immune from suit if “a totally separate exercise” of

“independent” and “broad based discretion” “intervenes between an

alleged government wrongdoer and the harm suffered by a plaintiff.” 

139 F.3d at 1285. There, prosecutors brought a criminal action against

General Dynamics based solely on facts stated in a negligently prepared

auditing statement. The court explained that the prosecutors’

affirmative decision to prosecute constituted an independent exercise

of broad-based discretion that thereby insulated the government from a

lawsuit based on the auditors’ non-discretionary actions. Id. The

court noted that the “source of the [plaintiff’s] injury” was the

independent and “discretionary” decision to prosecute. Id. Although

the prosecutors could have sought more information and could have

double-checked the auditors’ reports, they retained discretion to

///

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21 Again, the Court notes that the word “should” is suggestive rather than

mandatory and officials’ subjective beliefs are insufficient evidence of a

mandatory policy. However, at the present stage of proceedings, plausible

66

choose whether or not to do so, and they affirmatively decided to rely

only on the inaccurate reports. Id.

In contrast, in Glacier Bay, hydrographers prepared oceanographic

charts pursuant to mandatory requirements stated in their handbook. 

They then presented these charts to their supervisor, who had

discretion regarding whether or not to approve those charts. The court

held that the supervisor’s limited exercise of discretion did not

immunize the hydrographers’ negligent preparation of the charts in

violation of mandatory guidelines. As the court later explained in

General Dynamics, “little intervened between the hydrographers’

wrongdoing and the injury to the plaintiff.” General Dynamics, 139

F.3d at 1285. Instead, there was a “tight coupling between

hydrographers, reviewers, charts, and results,” such that the plaintiff

was injured by the hydrographers’ violation of the mandatory guidelines

in preparing the charts, and was not injured by the supervisor’s

discretionary approval of the charts. Id. at 1284.

The allegations in the present case are far more analogous to the

facts in General Dynamics than in Glacier Bay. Plaintiffs allege in

essence that the first New York investigative team had a mandatory duty

to be aware of the prior Washington investigation. Plaintiffs’

allegations are neatly summarized in a quotation in the Complaint:

under SEC policy “there should never be two examinations of the same

entity being conducted at the same time without both teams being aware

of each other’s examination.” (Compl. ¶ 102, quoting Ex. A at 132,

emphasis added by Court.)21

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inferences in the Complaint must be drawn in Plaintiffs’ favor. This

quotation, combined with the other factual allegations discussed supra,

provide a plausible inference that these particular case-management

obligations were mandatory.

67

However, even though these two teams’ conduct violated mandatory

policies or otherwise involved non-judgment-based decisions, the

discretionary function exception will apply if “a totally separate

exercise” of “independent” and “broad based discretion” “intervenes

between an alleged government wrongdoer and the harm suffered by a

plaintiff.” General Dynamics, 139 F.3d at 1285. Here, Plaintiffs were

harmed by the investigators’ failure to discover the Madoff fraud and

publicize or prosecute it. Plaintiffs were not harmed by the teams’

failure to follow case-management procedures because the first team of

New York investigators undertook an independent exercise of discretion

when they (1) received and reviewed the Washington team’s files and

determined that the Washington team’s investigative materials were

duplicative of their own investigation (Compl. ¶ 105, quoting Ex. A at

200), (2) conducted their own independent investigation into Madoff’s

operations (Compl. ¶¶ 82-109), and (3) determined that there was no

basis for bringing an enforcement action against Madoff (Compl. ¶ 107). 

Each of these three acts by the New York team was a “totally

separate exercise of discretion” that was unrelated to the

investigators’ non-discretionary violations of mandatory casemanagement rules. See General Dynamics, 139 F.3d at 1285. The New

York investigators retained “broad based discretion,” id. at 1285, to

select the manner and scope of their investigation of Madoff and their

review of the Washington team’s files. This “broad based discretion”

is derived both from the SEC’s congressionally-authorized discretion to

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choose the manner and scope of its investigations, see 17 U.S.C. §§

78u(a)(1), 78u(d)(1), and from the inherently discretionary nature of

investigative activities. See, e.g., Sloan, 236 F.3d at 762 (“[T]he

sifting of evidence, the weighing of its significance, and the myriad

other decisions made during investigations plainly involve elements of

judgment and choice.”); Vickers, 228 F.3d at 951 (“[T]he discretionary

function exception protects agency decisions concerning the scope and

manner in which it conducts an investigation.”).

In addition, the New York team, after conducting an independent

and discretionary review of both Madoff’s operations and the Washington

team’s files, made an independent decision to close its investigation

in September 2005 without bringing an enforcement action against

Madoff. The decision of whether or not to bring an enforcement action

is plainly discretionary. See 17 U.S.C. § 78u(d)(1) (permitting SEC

“in its discretion” to bring enforcement actions); 17 C.F.R. § 202.5

(stating that SEC “may in its discretion” select from various

enforcement tools if it believes that enforcement action is necessary). 

Although FTCA claims most often involved negligent agency actions

rather than failures to act, the New York team’s decision not to act

was fully within its discretion in selecting the manner and scope of

its investigations and enforcement actions. See, e.g., Block v. SEC,

50 F.3d at 1084 (in Administrative Procedures Act action, SEC cannot be

compelled to undertake certain enforcement actions); Board of Trade v.

SEC, 883 F.2d at 531 (same); Leytman v. New York Stock Exchange, 1995

WL 761843, at *3 (dismissing FTCA claims alleging that SEC failed to

investigate alleged wrongdoing).

///

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In short, General Dynamics applies to the allegedly negligent acts

by the Washington team and the first New York team. The New York

team’s intervening discretionary actions are closely analogous to the

General Dynamics prosecutors’ actions in at least two ways:

(1) In General Dynamics, the prosecutors reviewed and relied on

information contained in a negligently-conducted investigation when

choosing to pursue a prosecution. Here, the first New York team

reviewed the Washington team’s allegedly negligently-prepared files and

the New York team relied (at least part) on those files in choosing to

close the case without pursuing an enforcement action. In both cases,

the second actor retained discretion to decide how thoroughly to rely

on (or discredit) the underlying information received from a previous

investigation. In both cases, the second actor exercised that

discretion: in General Dynamics, the prosecutors elected not to conduct

a further investigation, and here, the New York team elected to conduct

a “cursory” review of the Washington team’s files.

(2) In General Dynamics, the prosecutors retained discretion to

conduct additional independent investigations before deciding whether

or not to file a criminal action; they elected to file the action

without seeking additional information beyond that contained in the

auditing reports. Here, the first New York team retained discretion to 

conduct further investigations into Madoff’s affairs before deciding

whether or not to bring enforcement actions against Madoff. Unlike the

prosecutors in General Dynamics, the New York team elected to conduct

additional independent investigations beyond those contained in the

Washington team’s files, and the New York team further elected to close

///

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22 Even though Plaintiffs allege that the New York team’s review of the

Washington team’s files was “cursory,” the General Dynamics court clearly

explained that it is inappropriate to consider the thoroughness or accuracy

of an intervening exercise of “broad based discretion.” See 139 F.3d at

1285. The General Dynamics prosecutors “could have had even more

information if they had chosen to pursue it.” Id. (emphasis added). 

Likewise, the first New York team could have conducted additional

investigations into Madoff’s operations or reviewed the Washington team’s

files more thoroughly. However, the first New York team retained “broad

based discretion” to choose the methods and scope of its investigation.

70

its case without bringing an enforcement action.22 The New York team in

fact exercised greater discretion than the prosecutors in General

Dynamics – the prosecutors in General Dynamics were presented with

clear (albeit incorrect) evidence showing fraud; it does not exactly

require “a robust exercise of discretion” to decide to prosecute that

fraud. 139 F.3d at 1285. Here, however, neither the Washington team

nor the New York team uncovered any actionable wrongdoing. 

Accordingly, the New York team exercised relatively “robust” discretion

by deciding to investigate the allegations further and ultimately

concluding on the basis of that investigation not to bring an

enforcement action.

Thus, the New York team’s actions – its affirmative choice to

review the Washington team’s files; its affirmative choice to conduct

additional investigations into Madoff’s operations; and its affirmative

choice not to bring an enforcement action — constituted intervening

exercises of independent and broad-based discretion. Both the facts

and holding of General Dynamics are directly on-point. As such, the

discretionary function exception bars Plaintiffs’ claims regarding the

Washington and New York investigators’ alleged failures to follow

mandatory case-management procedures.

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6. Conclusion Regarding Plaintiffs’ Purportedly Mandatory

Duties

Plaintiffs have failed to identify any of the SEC’s nondiscretionary acts that are actionable under Ninth Circuit precedent. 

As such, they have not rebutted the “strong presumption” established in

the statutes, regulations, and caselaw in Defendant’s favor. Gaubert,

499 U.S. at 324. The discretionary function exception bars Plaintiffs’

claims.

V. PLAINTIFFS’ REQUEST TO CONDUCT DISCOVERY

Plaintiffs insist that as-yet-undiscovered internal policies and

guidelines will reveal that the SEC’s actions violated clear mandatory

rules. (Surreply at 9, 11.) However, Plaintiffs have not plausibly

alleged any facts suggesting that such mandatory rules exist. In

addition, Plaintiffs have failed to identify the specific types of

rules that are likely to exist. Finally, Plaintiffs have failed to

consult the voluminous public record that might bolster their

conclusory assertions or potentially contradict them. In short,

Plaintiffs have failed to allege sufficient “facts to raise a

reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence” supporting

their conclusory assertions. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556. This Court is

barred from “unlock[ing] the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed

with nothing more than conclusions.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at

1950. Accordingly, discovery is inappropriate at this juncture. 

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A. LEGAL STANDARD

“[W]here pertinent facts bearing on the question of jurisdiction

are in dispute, discovery should be allowed.” Am. West Airlines, Inc.

v. GPA Group, Ltd., 877 F.2d 793, 801 (9th Cir. 1989). However, a

“court’s refusal to allow further discovery before dismissing on

jurisdictional grounds is not an abuse of discretion ‘when it is clear

that further discovery would not demonstrate facts sufficient to

constitute a basis for jurisdiction.’” Id. at 801 (quoting Wells Fargo

& Co. v. Wells Fargo Express Co., 556 F.2d 406, 430-31, n. 24 (9th Cir.

1977)).

In the FTCA immunity context, “[i]t is well-established that ‘the

burden is on the party seeking to conduct additional discovery to put

forth sufficient facts to show that the evidence sought exists.’” 

Gager v. United States, 149 F.3d 918, 922 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting

Conkle v. Jeong, 73 F.3d 909, 914 (9th Cir. 1995)) (internal

alterations omitted). In this regard, it is important to remember that

the Rule 8 pleading requirements prevent parties from filing complaints

in order to conduct aimless fishing expeditions in the hope that some

helpful evidence might possibly be uncovered. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

129 S. Ct. at 1950 (“Rule 8 . . . does not unlock the doors of

discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions.”);

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556 (“[A]sking for plausible grounds to infer”

that a wrongful act occurred requires plaintiff to plead “enough facts

to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence

of” that wrongful act) (emphasis added). 

The Ninth Circuit applied Twombly to the discretionary function

exception in Doe v. Holy See, 557 F.3d at 1084-86. The court affirmed

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a dismissal under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act’s discretionary

function exception where the defendant made only a “facial attack on

the allegations of subject-matter jurisdiction in the complaint.” Id.

at 1086. The court dismissed the complaint because it contained only

conclusory assertions that the defendant had adopted a mandatory policy

relevant to the cause of action, and the plaintiff wholly failed to

“state the terms of this alleged policy, or describe any documents,

promulgations, or orders embodying it.” Id. Notably, the court did

not require that the plaintiff have an opportunity to conduct discovery

into the existence of this alleged policy. See id. at 1084-86. 

Instead, the court merely analyzed the adequacy of the plaintiff’s

pleadings, and, finding them to be insufficient under Twombly, affirmed

dismissal under the discretionary function exception. Id. at 1086.

Even prior to the Supreme Court’s re-articulation of the proper

pleading requirements in Twombly and Iqbal, it was not unusual for

courts to dismiss FTCA claims under the discretionary function

exception without giving litigants an opportunity to conduct discovery. 

See, e.g., Abreu v. United States, 468 F.3d 20, 33 (1st Cir. 2006);

Dalli v. Frech, 70 Fed. Appx. 46 (2d Cir. 2003); see also Mesa v.

United States, 123 F.3d 1435, 1439 (11th Cir. 1997) (affirming

dismissal under discretion function exception where “[plaintiffs] have

pointed to no act of these DEA agents that could fall outside of the

discretionary function exception, nor have the [plaintiffs] pointed to

any requested discovery that could reasonably be expected to reveal any

such act.”); accord Razore v. Tulalip Tribe of Wash., 66 F.3d 236, 240

(9th Cir. 1995) (affirming dismissal of CERCLA action on jurisdictional

grounds without permitting parties to conduct discovery); but see

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23 The D.C. Circuit’s Ignatiev opinion requires that district courts in that

Circuit allow FTCA plaintiffs an opportunity to pursue limited discovery to

determine whether or not internal agency guidelines mandate staff members to

take a particular course of action. It is unclear whether Ignatiev’s

bright-line rule survives post-Twombly and -Iqbal, both of which state that

something more than a conclusory allegation is required to obtain discovery. 

As the Supreme Court explained in Iqbal:

Respondent . . . implies that our construction of Rule 8 should be

tempered where, as here, the Court of Appeals has “instructed the

district court to cabin discovery in such a way as to preserve”

petitioners’ defense of qualified immunity “as much as possible in

anticipation of a summary judgment motion.” Iqbal Brief 27. We have

held, however, that the question presented by a motion to dismiss a

complaint for insufficient pleadings does not turn on the controls

placed upon the discovery process. Twombly, [550 U.S.] at 559 (“It is

no answer to say that a claim just shy of a plausible entitlement to

relief can, if groundless, be weeded out early in the discovery

process through careful case management given the common lament that

the success of judicial supervision in checking discovery abuse has

been on the modest side.”).

Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1953.

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Ignatiev v. United States, 238 F.3d 464, 467 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (holding

that D.C. Circuit “require[s] that plaintiffs be given an opportunity

for discovery of facts . . . [regarding the] existence [or not] of

internal governmental policies guiding that action.”).23

B. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Additional discovery is not appropriate at present. Plaintiffs

have not pleaded “enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that

discovery will reveal evidence of” the sought-after SEC policies and

guidelines. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556. In their request for discovery

contained in the sur-reply, Plaintiffs have failed to meet their

burden of “put[ting] forth sufficient facts to show that the evidence

sought exists.” Gager, 149 F.3d at 922.

A salient analogy can be found in Freeman v. United States, 556

F.3d 326 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 130 S.Ct. 154 (2009). In that case,

the court held that the “plaintiffs have failed to articulate a

discrete discovery request that might cure the jurisdictional

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deficiency and have failed to otherwise specify where they might

discover the necessary factual predicate for subject matter

jurisdiction.” Id. at 342. The Freeman case is particularly relevant

because it involved a “well-documented” government failure akin to the

one at issue in the present case: the government’s response to

Hurricane Katrina. Id. at 343. The court stated that it found “no

fault in the district court’s conclusion that a mandatory directive, if

one existed, could be found in the public realm” because “in this case

plaintiffs’ allegations are based on statutes, regulations, and other

authorities that are publicly available.” Id. 342.

Freeman is particularly apt because the plaintiffs in that case

relied heavily “on numerous congressional investigations regarding the

government’s response to Hurricane Katrina.” Id. at 342 n.16. In the

case before this Court, Plaintiffs rely almost exclusively on the SEC

Office of Inspector General’s Report. Plaintiffs have done nothing

more than read a small portion of the voluminous public record

regarding the relevant factual issues.

Notably, Plaintiffs have not shown that the relevant information

is unavailable to them in the absence of discovery. To the contrary,

the SEC Inspector General has issued a follow-up report that

specifically examines the Office of Compliance Inspections and

Examinations’s “modules, policies, procedures and guidance associated

with the conduct of its examinations” into Madoff’s conduct. The Court

further notes that countless other relevant documents are readily

available through the SEC’s website. 

Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ request for discovery is denied.

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VI. LEAVE TO AMEND THE COMPLAINT

When a court grants a motion to dismiss, the court may grant the

plaintiff leave to amend a deficient claim “when justice so requires.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). The plaintiff need not specifically request

leave to amend. Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir.

1995); but see Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741,

749 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Although Plaintiffs’ complaint is susceptible of

amendment, we generally will not remand with instructions to grant

leave to amend unless the plaintiff sought leave to amend below.”)

(citing Alaska v. United States, 201 F.3d 1154, 1163-64 (9th Cir.

2000)). “Five factors are frequently used to assess the propriety of a

motion for leave to amend: (1) bad faith, (2) undue delay, (3)

prejudice to the opposing party, (4) futility of amendment; and (5)

whether plaintiff has previously amended his complaint.” Allen v. City

of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th Cir. 1990) (citing Ascon

Properties, Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 866 F.2d 1149, 1160 (9th Cir.

1989)).

It is disfavored to prevent a plaintiff from amending the

complaint at least once, and Defendant has not introduced any evidence

showing that amendment would be entirely futile. Accordingly,

Plaintiffs are granted 30 days to amend their Complaint and incorporate

plausible factual allegations showing that the SEC failed to conform to

its mandatory duties. 

Plaintiffs are cautioned that an amended complaint supercedes a

previous complaint. See, e.g., Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard

Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1990); see also Local Rule

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24 Given the voluminous nature of the original complaint, the Court grants

Plaintiffs permission to incorporate their original allegations by reference

into the amended complaint. The Court anticipates, however, that the “law

of the case” doctrine may preclude reconsideration of the specific

allegations addressed in the present Order. See, e.g., United States v.

Smith, 389 F.3d 944, 948-50 (9th Cir. 2004).

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15-2. When an amended complaint is filed, the previous complaint is

rendered null and void, and only the amended complaint remains legally

operable. Under this rule, “a plaintiff waives all causes of action

alleged in the original complaint which are not alleged in the amended

complaint.” London v. Coopers & Lybrand, 644 F.2d 811, 814 (9th Cir.

1981). Accordingly, if Plaintiffs wish to preserve their original

arguments for appeal, Plaintiffs are advised to restate those

allegations in their amended complaint.24 However, in order to expedite

future proceedings, the Court orders Plaintiffs to clearly identify any

modifications, additions, or deletions in their amended complaint.

While preparing the amended complaint, Plaintiffs are advised that

Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b) requires that the factual allegations be made “to

the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed

after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances.” Obviously this

rule does not require Plaintiffs’ amended complaint to contain factual

support of the type required in a Rule 56 summary judgment motion. But

in the present context, in order for Plaintiffs’ pre-filing “inquiry”

to be “reasonable under the circumstances,” they are expected to make a

good faith examination of the publicly available documents and allege

only those facts that are reasonably likely to find evidentiary support

during discovery. Plaintiffs shall refrain from submitting additional

conclusory allegations regarding unnamed “policies and practices.” 

Plaintiffs shall also refrain from submitting new allegations that are

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contradicted by facts stated in any of the SEC’s Office of Inspector

General reports unless Plaintiffs can also plausibly allege that such

reports are inaccurate or incomplete. Plaintiffs shall identify, to

the best of their ability, the specific type of conduct governed by the

alleged policies and the specific time period during which the policies

were effective.

Plaintiffs are advised that if they are unable to make a

sufficient good faith inquiry within 30 days, their action will be

dismissed without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 

See Frigard v. United States, 862 F.2d 201, 204 (9th Cir. 1988) (per

curiam); Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). Because dismissal for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction is ordinarily without prejudice, Plaintiffs may not

necessarily be barred from reinstating the action in the future. See

Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1350 & nn. 61-62

(collecting cases).

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VII. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction are GRANTED. Plaintiffs may file an amended

complaint containing new allegations that are reasonably aimed at

satisfying Plaintiffs’ burden as described in this Order. If

Plaintiffs choose to file an amended complaint, the amended complaint

must be filed within 30 days of the date that this Order is entered on

the docket. Should Plaintiffs fail to file an amended complaint, the

action will be dismissed without prejudice for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: April 20, 2010

STEPHEN V. WILSON

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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