CAUSE NO. 13-14-00173-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG, TEXAS

OMAR MONTEMAYOR,

Appellant

v.

STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee.

On appeal from the 197th Judicial District Court

of Cameron County, Texas

Trial Court Cause Number 2013-DCR-00137-C

STATE’S APPELLATE BRIEF

Luis V. Saenz

Cameron County District Attorney 

René B. González

Assistant District Attorney

964 East Harrison Street, 4th Floor

Brownsville, Texas 78520

Phone: (956) 544-0849

Fax:(956) 544-0869 

Attorneys for the State of Texas

ACCEPTED

13-14-00173-cr

THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEAL

CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS

3/23/2015 1:53:17 PM

DORIAN RAMIREZ

CLERK

 RECEIVED IN 13th COURT OF APPEALS CORPUS CHRISTI/EDINBURG, TEXAS 3/23/2015 1:53:17 PM DORIAN E. RAMIREZ Clerk
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Index of Authorities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Salutation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Summary of the Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Argument and Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

State’s Response to Appellant’s First Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

State’s Response to Appellant’s Second Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

State’s Response to Appellant’s Third Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

State’s Response to Appellant’s Fourth Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

State’s Response to Appellant’s Fifth Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

State’s Response to Appellant’s Sixth Issue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

State’s Response to Appellant’s Seventh, Eighth and Tenth Issue. . . . . . . 21

State’s Response to Appellant’s Ninth Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

State’s Response to Appellant’s Eleventh Issue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

State’s Response to Appellant’s Twelfth Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

State’s Response to Appellant’s Thirteenth Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

State’s Response to Appellant’s Fourteenth Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

State’s Response to Appellant’s Fifteenth Issue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

-i-
State’s Response to Appellant’s Sixteenth Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

State’s Response to Appellant’s Seventeenth Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Prayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Certificate of Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Certificate of Service.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

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INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

Alvarado v. State, 

912 S.W.2d 199 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 23, 38

Anderson v. State, 

633 S.W.2d 851 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Anderson v. State, 

717 S.W.2d 622 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Angleton v. State, 

971 S.W.2d 65 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Arevalo v. State, 

943 S.W.2d 887 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Ash v. State, 

420 S.W.2d 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 1967). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 32, 34

Avila v. State, 

18 S.W.3d 736 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2000, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Banks v. State, 

29 S.W.3d 642 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d).. . . . . . 39

Beck, 

922 S.W.2d 181 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Betancourt v. State, 

657 S.W.2d 451 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1983, pet. ref’d).. . . . . . . . . . 31

Bignall v. State, 

887 S.W.2d 21 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

-iii-
Brewer v. State, 

572 S.W.2d 719 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978). . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 34

Briggs v. State, 

789 S.W.2d 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Brooks v. State, 

990 S.W.2d 278 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chamberlain v. State, 

998 S.W.2d 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34

Clark v. State, 

365 S.W.3d 333 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Cook v. State, 

611 S.W.2d 83 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 23, 38

De La Garza v. State, 

650 S.W.2d 870 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1983, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Delgado v. State, 

235 S.W.3d 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Drake v. State, 

65 Tex. Crim. 282, 143 S.W. 1157 (1912). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Earley v. State, 

855 S.W.2d 260 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Edwards v. State, 

551 S.W.2d 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Feldman v. State, 

71 S.W.3d 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

-iv-
Fielding v. State, 

719 S.W.2d 361 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1986, pet. ref’d).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Flores v. State, 

871 S.W.2d 714 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Forest v. State, 

989 S.W.2d 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Franklin v. State, 

12 S.W.3d 473 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 

411 U.S. 778 (1973). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Garcia v. State, 

201 S.W.3d 695 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Garner v. State, 

848 S.W.2d 799 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1993, no writ). . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Garner v. State, 

939 S.W.2d 802 (Tex. App.--Ft. Worth 1997, pet. ref’d).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Ghahremani v. State, 

No. 14–06–00729–CR, 2007 WL 3146723 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.]

Oct. 30, 2007, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) .. . . . 27

Goss v. State, 

826 S.W.2d 162 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 29

Hall v. State, 

225 S.W.3d 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Hegar v. State, 

11 S.W.3d 290 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . 8

-v-
Hopperwood v. State, 

39 Tex.Crim. 15, 44 S.W. 841 (1898).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Jackson v. State, 

115 S.W.3d 326 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2003), .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Jackson v. State, 

968 S.W.2d 495 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Jenkins v. State, 

912 S.W.2d 793 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28

Johnson v. State, 

967 S.W.2d 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Jones v. State, 

982 S.W.2d 386 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Kemp v. State, 

846 S.W.2d 289 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Lagrone v. State, 

942 S.W.2d 602 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Lankston v. State, 

827 S.W.2d 907 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

McDonald v. State, 

179 S.W.3d 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Medellin v. State, 

617 S.W.2d 229 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20

Mestiza v. State, 

923 S.W.2d 720 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1996, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . 32

-vi-
Mizell v. State, 

119 S.W.3d 804 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Montgomery v. State, 

810 S.W.2d 372 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Montoya v. State, 

43 S.W.3d 568 (Tex. App.--Waco 2001, no pet.).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Moone v. State, 

728 S.W.2d 928 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no writ). . . . . . . 19

Morales v. State, 

32 S.W.3d 862 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Moreno v. State, 

900 S.W.2d 357 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1995, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Morrison v. State, 

845 S.W.2d 882 n. 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Munoz v. State, 

485 S.W.2d 782 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Mutz v. State, 

862 S.W.2d 24 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 1993, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Pena, 

71 S.W.3d 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Peto v. State, 

51 S.W.3d 326 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . . 25

Ponce v. State, 

68 S.W.3d 718 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . 9

-vii-
Pondexter v. State, 

942 S.W.2d 577 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19

Rachal v. State, 

917 S.W.2d 799 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Resendez v. State, 

160 S.W.3d 181 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Richardson v. State, 

865 S.W.2d 949 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Roberts v. State, 

220 S.W.3d 521 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Rousseau v. State, 

855 S.W.2d 666 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Sandoval v. State, 

409 S.W.3d 259 (Tex. App.--Austin 2013, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Scales v. State, 

380 S.W.3d 780 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6, 7

Seidel, 

39 S.W.3d 221 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Shaw v. State, 

329 S.W.3d 645 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d).. . . . . 28

Shugars v. State, 

814 S.W.2d 897 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 22

Silva v. State, 

635 S.W.2d 775 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1982, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . . . . 30

-viii-
Silva v. State, 

989 S.W.2d 64 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1998, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Smith v. State, 

450 S.W.2d 92 (Tex. Crim. App. 1970). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Sneed v. State, 

209 S.W.3d 782 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9

State ex rel. Curry v. Gray, 

599 S.W.2d 630 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

State ex rel. Vance v. Hatten, 

600 S.W.2d 828 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

State v. Hardy, 

963 S.W.2d 516 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Stone v. State, 

794 S.W.2d 868 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1990, no writ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Taylor v. State, 

268 S.W.3d 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Thomas v. State, 

723 S.W.2d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Thomas v. State, 

886 S.W.2d 388 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . 37

Turner v. State, 

805 S.W.2d 423 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Villarreal v. State, 

590 S.W.2d 938 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

-ix-
Wagner v. State, 

687 S.W.2d 303 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Whitehead v. State, 

437 S.W.3d 547 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Wilson v. State, 

71 S.W.3d 346 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Statutes

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 33.011(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.05.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.36.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Tex. Penal Code §12.31.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Rules

Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26

Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim

Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 15, 29

Tex. R. Evid. 103(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Tex. R. Evid. 509(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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Tex. R. Evid. 602.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 21

Tex. R. Evid. 705(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28

Tex. R. Evid. 705(c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Tex. R. Evid. 901.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 20

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CAUSE NO. 13-14-00173-CR

____________________________________

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG, TEXAS

____________________________________

OMAR MONTEMAYOR, Appellant

v.

STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

____________________________________

STATE’S APPELLATE BRIEF

____________________________________

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS: 

COMES NOW, Appellee, the STATE OF TEXAS, by and through the

Cameron County District Attorney, the Honorable Luis V. Saenz, and, pursuant to

Rule 38.2 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, files this, its Appellate Brief in

the above-styled and -numbered cause of action, and in support thereof, would show

this Honorable Court as follows:

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

Appellant raises seventeen issues on appeal. In his first issue on appeal,

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in improperly releasing a juror from service

State’s Brief Page 1
and replacing him with an alternate juror. The State responds by asserting the trial

court did not err in dismissing the juror from service as he had become disqualified

or unable to serve; or, in the alternative, even if the trial court did err in dismissing

said juror, no harm resulted to Appellant. In his second issue, Appellant complains

that the trial court erred in failing to exclude or limit evidence of extraneous offenses

or bad acts. The State responds by asserting that Appellant has failed to specify

where in the record the error occurred, and further, a trial court is not required to

provide, sua sponte, a limiting instruction. In his third issue, Appellant complains

that the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial upon the introduction of

extraneous character evidence. The State responds by asserting that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant a mistrial. In his fourth issue, Appellant

complains that the 911 audio recording was improperly admitted into evidence,

thereby resulting in reversible error. The State responds by asserting that the 911

audio recording was properly admitted into evidence. In his fifth issue, Appellant

complains that his conviction should be set aside because the trial court allowed the

introduction of certain photographs without allowing Appellant to voir dire the

sponsoring witness as to the authenticity of the photos. The State responds by

asserting that the trial court did not err in refusing Appellant’s request to voir dire the

sponsoring witness to the authenticity of the photographs. In his sixth issue,

State’s Brief Page 2
Appellant complains that State’s Exhibit 9 was improperly admitted into evidence,

because the proper chain of custody was not established. The State responds by

asserting thatsaid exhibit was properly admitted into evidence. In his seventh, eighth

and tenth issues, Appellant complainsthat his conviction should be set aside because

the trial court allowed the introduction of blood swabs and buccal swabs without

allowing Appellant to voir dire the sponsoring witness as to the authenticity of said

swabs. The State responds by asserting that the trial did not err in denying Appellant

the opportunity to voir dire said witness. In his ninth issue, Appellant complains that

his conviction should be set aside because the trial court improperly allowed the

admission of evidence which was not complete. The State responds by asserting that

Appellant’s complaint is not at all clear from the argument and the record. In his

eleventh issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred in allowing a speech

pathologist to testify as to a privileged communication. The State responds by

asserting that there is no privilege protecting the communications between Appellant

and the witness herein. In his twelfth issue, Appellant complains that the trial court

erred in not allowing Appellant to conduct a voir dire examination of two expert

witnesses. The State responds by asserting that Appellant has failed to preserve this

issue for appellate review. In his thirteenth issue, Appellant complains that the trial

judge commented on the weight of the evidence and conveyed her opinion of the case

State’s Brief Page 3
to the jury. The State responds by asserting that the trial court did not comment on

the weight of the evidence nor did the trial judge convey her opinion of the case to

the jury. In his fourteenth issue, Appellant complains that the trial court’s assisting

the State, by suggesting predicates for the submission of evidence, had sufficient

cumulative effect to deprive Appellant of his constitutional rights. The State

responds by asserting that Appellant has failed to demonstrate how non-errors can in

their cumulative effect cause error. In his fifteenth issue, Appellant complains that

the trial court erred by failing to provide the jury with a lesser included charge on the

offense of aggravated assault. The State responds by asserting that Appellant was not

entitled to the lesser included charge. In his sixteenth issue, Appellant complainsthat

the State committed reversible error by making improper comments during closing

argument. The State responds by asserting that it is not at all clear what Appellant

is talking about. In his seventeenth issue, Appellant complains that the trial court

erred in re-sentencing him after he had already been sentenced. The State responds

by asserting that the trial court was within its authority to pronounce a legal sentence,

after the court had previously pronounced a sentence that was not authorized by law.

State’s Brief Page 4
ARGUMENT & AUTHORITIES

State’s Response to Appellant’s First Issue

In his first issue on appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in

improperly releasing a juror from service and replacing him with an alternate juror. 

The State responds by asserting the trial court did not err in dismissing the juror from

service as he had become disqualified or unable to serve; or, in the alternative, even

if the trial court did err in dismissing said juror, no harm resulted to Appellant.

The trial court has discretion to determine whether a juror has become disabled

and to seat an alternate juror. Scales v. State, 380 S.W.3d 780, 783 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012). In deciding to remove a juror, the trial court must make a finding, sufficiently

supported by the record, that the juror was disqualified or unable to perform the

duties of a juror. Id.; see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 33.011(b). This Court may not

substitute its own judgment for that of the trial court. Instead, this Court is to assess

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s

ruling, the ruling was arbitrary or unreasonable. Scales, 380 S.W.3d at 784. The

ruling must be upheld if it is within the “zone of reasonable disagreement.” Id. 

Absent an abuse of discretion, no reversible error will be found. Id. 

The record demonstrates, and therefore, thisCourt should presume that the trial

court concluded that the juror in question was unable or disqualified to perform his

State’s Brief Page 5
duties under Article 33.011(b) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex.

Code Crim. Proc. art. 33.011(b). Article 33.011(b) of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure states that, before a jury renders a verdict regarding a defendant’s guilt or

innocence, alternate jurors “shall replace jurors who ... become or are found to be

unable or disqualified to perform their duties... .” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art.

33.011(b). Although the statute does not define “unable to perform,” appellate courts

have concluded that “unable” as used in Article 33.011 is indistinguishable from

“disabled” as used in Article 36.29. See Scales, 380 S.W.3d at 783; Sandoval v.

State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 279 (Tex. App.--Austin 2013, no pet.); Sneed v. State, 209

S.W.3d 782, 786 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2006, pet. ref’d) (“one must strain to

recognize real differences in the meaning of the two words in this context”). The

term “disability,” as utilized in Article 36.29, has been interpreted to require that the

juror is suffering from a “ ‘physical illness, mental condition, or emotional state that

would hinder or inhibit the juror from performing his or her duties as a juror,’ or that

the juror [is] suffering from a condition that inhibit[s] him from ‘fully and fairly

performing the functions of a juror.’” Scales, 380 S.W.3d at 783. To support its

decision that a juror is disabled, the trial court must make a finding, sufficiently

supported by the record, that the juror was disqualified or unable to perform the

duties of a juror. Id. The trial court may not dismiss a juror for reasons related to that

State’s Brief Page 6
juror’s evaluation of the sufficiency of the evidence. Id. at 783; see also Whitehead

v. State, 437 S.W.3d 547, 554-55 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d).

The trial court has a great deal of discretion in determining if one is biased or

prejudiced for or against a defendant. Normally, thisissue is presented when the trial

court fails to grant a challenge for cause after a venireperson has presented some

information that could be considered as more favorable to one side than the other, but

has not clearly stated that he or she is biased. In the present case, the parties did not

have the opportunity to question the dismissed juror, as this issue was brought to the

trial court’s attention after the jury selection process was completed. Nevertheless,

even if bias or prejudice was not established as a matter of law herein, the trial court

still retained discretion to determine whether bias or prejudice actually exists to such

a degree that the juror is disqualified. Anderson v. State, 633 S.W.2d 851, 853-54

(Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982). In Anderson, a venireperson answered that she

knew the prosecuting witnesses and initially stated that she could serve fairly. Later,

she admitted that it “would be difficult” and “knowing themI would be more biased.” 

Id. at 854. The defendant argued these statements showed that this venireperson was

biased and the court erred in failing to excuse her. Id. at 853.

Here, the juror told the trial court that he discovered that Appellant’s sister is

a co-worker and a good friend. The juror further stated that Appellant’s sister

State’s Brief Page 7
coaches his daughter and step-daughter in gymnastics. (R.R. Vol. 8, pp. 14-15). 

Based on the friendship, and the level of interconnectedness of the juror with

Appellant’s sister, there is at least some evidence for the trial court to have concluded

the juror was biased as a matter of law. 

Further, there is no constitutional impediment in a procedure allowing the

replacement of one fully qualified juror with another, even without the establishment

that the first is physically disabled or even unable to serve. This is an issue that

regularly occursin courtrooms acrossthe State of Texas. When jurors are summoned

to serve, they come into an environment that is foreign and intimidating to many. It

is not uncommon, particularly in smaller counties, for a juror to recognize someone

involved in the case after he or she sees that person (after being seated on the jury). 

See Franklin v. State, 12 S.W.3d 473 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Additionally, family

emergencies occur, as well as a myriad of events, that may in fact interrupt jury

service.

With that said, even were this Court to find that the trial court abused its

discretion in excusing the juror, said error is not reversable. To embody a

constitutional violation, the trial court’s error would have to produce a biased jury. 

Neither the United States nor the Texas Constitution prescribes the manner in which

juries are selected. See Hegar v. State, 11 S.W.3d 290, 295 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st

State’s Brief Page 8
Dist.] 1999, no pet.). This error involves the application of a statutory scheme and

is a nonconstitutional error. Ponce v. State, 68 S.W.3d 718, 722 (Tex. App.--Houston

[14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). Rule 44.2(b) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure

provides that any nonconstitutional error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does

not affectsubstantial rights must be disregarded. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). The record

here does not show any taint from the substituted juror. The juror was subjected to

the same selection process, was properly sworn, and heard all of the evidence. In an

analogous situation, if the trial court erroneously grants a challenge for cause for the

State, reversal only occurs if the defendant shows that he or she was deprived of a

lawfully constituted jury. Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);

Jones v. State, 982 S.W.2d 386, 394 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Appellant has not

shown that he was deprived of a lawfully constituted jury or that any of his

substantial rights have been affected. Therefore, in accordance with Rule 44.2(b),

said error, if any, should be disregarded. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); see also Sneed, 209

S.W.3d at 788.

Accordingly, Appellant’s first issue should be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Second Issue

In his second issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred in failing to

State’s Brief Page 9
exclude or limit evidence of extraneous offenses or bad acts. The State responds by

asserting that Appellant has failed to specify where in the record the error occurred,

and further, a trial court is not required to provide, sua sponte, a limiting instruction.

Appellant complains that the trial court improperly failed to exclude or limit

certain evidence of extraneous offenses or bad acts; however, Appellant has not

indicated where in the record this alleged error is found. The State asserts that

Appellant has not complied with Rule 38.1(i) of the Texas Rules of Appellate

Procedure by failing to state concisely the facts relating to issue two, supported by

record references, and by failing to state clearly and concisely the argument with

citations to the record. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (“The brief must contain a clear

and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to

authorities and to the record.”); see also Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 527 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007) (“A party has an obligation to make appropriate citations to the

record in support of his argument. If the notes [relating to a particular witness] are

in the record, appellant has failed to include the proper record references. If, asseems

more likely, the notes are not in the record, then appellant procedurally defaulted

error by failing to include a matter in the record necessary to evaluate his claim.”);

Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (“As an appellate

court, it is not our task to pore through hundreds of pages of record in an attempt to

State’s Brief Page 10
verify an appellant’s claims.”); Cook v. State, 611 S.W.2d 83, 87 (Tex. Crim. App.

1981) (“This court with its tremendous caseload should not be expected to leaf

through a voluminous record hoping to find the matter raised by appellant and then

speculate whether it is that part of the record to which appellant had reference.”).

Alternatively, should this Court determine that Appellant has adequately

briefed his complaint concerning evidence of extraneous bad acts, then the State

would respond by asserting that the law does not require the trial court to provide, sua

sponte, a limiting instruction at the guilt-innocence stage of trial. The Court of

Criminal Appeals has previously held that, if a defendant does not request a limiting

instruction under Rule 105 at the time that evidence is admitted, then the trial judge

has no obligation to limit the use of that evidence later in the jury charge. Delgado

v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 251 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). But even when a party

properly requests a limiting instruction at the time the evidence is first offered, the

trial judge need not give an instruction on the burden of proof at that time. Id. 

Instead, a trial court must provide a limiting instruction concerning the use of

extraneous offense evidence in the guilt-stage jury charge only if the defendant

requested a limiting instruction at the time the evidence was first admitted. Id.

In light of the foregoing authority, this Court should overrule Appellant’s

second issue which complains of the trial court’s failure to sua sponte limit the use

State’s Brief Page 11
of extraneous offense evidence.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Third Issue

In his third issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred in failing to

grant a mistrial upon the introduction of extraneous character evidence. The State

responds by asserting that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to

grant a mistrial.

Article 38.36(a) states:

“In all prosecutions for murder, the state or the defendant shall be

permitted to offer testimony as to all relevant facts and circumstances

surrounding the killing and the previous relationship existing between

the accused and the deceased, together with all relevant facts and

circumstances going to show the condition of the mind of the accused

at the time of the offense.” 

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.36. The nature of the relationship - such as whether the

victim and the accused were friends, were co-workers, were married, estranged,

separated, or divorcing - is clearly admissible under this Article. Further, in some

situations, prior acts of violence between the victim and the accused may be offered

to illustrate the nature of the relationship. Garcia v. State, 201 S.W.3d 695, 702 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2006). The evidence which isthe subject of Appellant’s second issue was

admissible under article 38.36, as it illustrated the nature of the relationship between

State’s Brief Page 12
Appellant and the victim of the murder. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in

admitting this evidence.

In the present case, Appellant complains that the State questioned Sarah

Williams concerning the relationship between Appellant and victim Sarah

Montemayor. Specifically, Williams was asked if Appellant was abusive to Sarah

Montemayor. It is well established that testimony referring to orimplying extraneous

offenses can be rendered harmless by an instruction to disregard unlessit isso clearly

calculated to inflame the minds of the jury and is of such a nature as to suggest the

impossibility of withdrawing the harmful impression from the jury’s mind. Kemp v.

State, 846 S.W.2d 289, 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). This Court should conclude that

the witness’s unembellished statements concerning the nature of the relationship

between the victim and Appellant was not so inflammatory as to undermine the

efficacy of an instruction to disregard, had one been requested. Because the error

could have been cured by an instruction to disregard had one been requested, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion by denying Appellant’s motion for mistrial. 

Therefore, Appellant’s third issue should be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Fourth Issue

In his fourth issue, Appellant complains that the 911 audio recording was

State’s Brief Page 13
improperly admitted into evidence, thereby resulting in reversible error. The State

responds by asserting that the 911 audio recording was properly admitted into

evidence.

Appellant argues that this issue is governed by Edwards v. State, 551 S.W.2d

731, 733 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). The Court of Criminal Appeals, in Angleton v.

State, 971 S.W.2d 65, 68-69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998), overruled the holding set forth

in Edwards, and noted that the admission of audio recordings is now governed by

Rule 901 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. 

Rule 901(a) is entitled, “General provision”, and states: “The requirement of

authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied

by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its

proponent claims.” (Emphasis added). Furthermore, Rule 901(b), entitled

“Illustrations.”, provides: “By way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation,

the following are examples of authentication or identification conforming with the

requirements of this rule:.. .” (Emphasis added). It is clear that the “illustration”

contained in (b)(5) of Rule 901 (which allows recordingsto be authenticated by voice

identification) is not to be given talismanic power. Read correctly, illustrations

contained under 901(b) are by no means exclusive of the methods of proof sufficient

to authenticate or identify the types of evidence to which they refer. They are

State’s Brief Page 14
illustrations only, and not limitations. See Mutz v. State, 862 S.W.2d 24, 29 (Tex.

App.--Beaumont 1993, pet. ref’d).

In the present case, the witness testified that the 911 audio was an accurate

recording of her conversation with the 911 operator. (R.R. Vol. 9, p. 62). In other

words, the witnesstestified that it was what it purported to be. Further, the audio was

authenticated by a business records affidavit, which reflected that the recording was

made in the normal course of business of the City of Brownsville. Therefore, the

audio was admissible under the business record exception to the hearsay rule, under

Texas Rule of Evidence 901. See Montoya v. State, 43 S.W.3d 568, 570-71 (Tex.

App.--Waco 2001, no pet.) (holding that a 911 tape was properly authenticated and

admissible when the custodian testified that the tape was made in the ordinary course

of business and was made at or near the time of the event recorded).

Further, even assuming that the 911 audio was improperly admitted because

it contained hearsay, this Court should nevertheless find that it is not reversible error. 

The erroneous admission of hearsay is non-constitutional error. Johnson v. State,

967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). This Court must disregard

non-constitutional errorsthat do not affect a criminal defendant’s “substantial rights.” 

See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). Under this standard, an error is reversible only when it

had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.

State’s Brief Page 15
Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). This Court should not

overturn a conviction if the Court has fair assurance from an examination of the

record as a whole that the error did not influence the jury, or had but slight effect. Id. 

Additionally, erroneous admission of evidence is not reversible error if the same or

similar facts are proved by other properly admitted evidence. Brooks v. State, 990

S.W.2d 278, 287 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Anderson v. State, 717 S.W.2d 622, 627

(Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

In the present case, the sponsoring witness also testified asto what she told the

911 operator at the time that she called. (R.R. Vol. 9, p. 57). Therefore, the

statements contained on the 911 audio were also admitted into evidence through the

testimony of witness Sarah Williams. Accordingly, the error herein, if any, is not

reversible, and Appellant’s fourth issue should be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Fifth Issue

In his fifth issue, Appellant complains that his conviction should be set aside

because the trial court allowed the introduction of certain photographs without

allowing Appellant to voir dire the sponsoring witness as to the authenticity of the

photos. The State responds by asserting that the trial court did not err in refusing

Appellant’s request to voir dire the sponsoring witness to the authenticity of the

State’s Brief Page 16
photographs.

Appellant fails to cite to any legal authority to support his argument that the

trial court erred in failing to allow Appellant to take the sponsoring witness on voir

dire. Accordingly, this issue should be overruled as it is inadequately briefed. Tex.

R. App. P. 38.1(i).

Alternatively, the State acknowledges that all testimony must be based on the

personal knowledge of the witness. Tex. R. Evid. 602. When there is some reason

to doubt whether the witness possesses the requisite personal knowledge, it may be

appropriate for the court to afford the opposing party a chance to take the witness on

voir dire. But it is neither reasonable nor practical to permitsuch voir dire when there

is no apparent reason for doubting that the witness is testifying from personal

knowledge. Shugars v. State, 814 S.W.2d 897, 898 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991, no

pet.).

In the instant cause, counsel did not object that the witness lacked personal

knowledge nor did he state any basis for doubting that the witness had personal

knowledge. Appellant’s brief does not refer this Court to anything in the record that

suggests a want of personal knowledge. The trial court did not abuse its discretion

by overruling the apparently baseless request to voir dire the witness.

Accordingly, Appellant’s fifth issue should be overruled.

State’s Brief Page 17
State’s Response to Appellant’s Sixth Issue

In his sixth issue, Appellant complains that State’s Exhibit 9 was improperly

admitted into evidence, because the proper chain of custody was not established. The

State responds by asserting that said exhibit was properly admitted into evidence.

The admission of evidence is a matter within the discretion of the trial court.

See Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)(opinion on

reh’g). Accordingly, the trial court’s admission of evidence is reviewed under an

abuse of discretion standard. See id. at 379–80. As long as the trial court’s ruling

was within the “zone of reasonable disagreement,” there is no abuse of discretion and

the trial court’s ruling will be upheld. See Rachal v. State, 917 S.W.2d 799, 807 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996); Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391. The trial judge does not abuse

his discretion when he admits evidence based on the belief that a reasonable juror

could find that the evidence has been authenticated or identified. See Pondexter v.

State, 942 S.W.2d 577, 586 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

Appellant contendsthat the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a buccal

swab that was submitted to the D.P.S. Lab for forensic testing. He specifically

complains that the State failed to establish a proper chain of custody.

Texas Rule of Evidence 901 governs authentication. See Tex. R. Evid. 901. 

As a predicate to admissibility, Rule 901 requires a party who offers an item into

State’s Brief Page 18
evidence to establish to the trial judge’s satisfaction that the item is what the party

represents it to be. See id. When the evidence being introduced does not have any

unique characteristics, a chain of custody may be required to prove that the item

presented in trial isthe same one involved in the events at issue. See Jackson v. State,

968 S.W.2d 495, 500 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d). Likewise, to admit the

results of scientific testing, a proper chain of custody must be established. See, e.g.,

Smith v. State, 450 S.W.2d 92, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 1970); Garner v. State, 848

S.W.2d 799, 803 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1993, no writ); Moone v. State, 728

S.W.2d 928, 930 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no writ).

The chain of custody is conclusively established if an officer testifies that he

seized the item of physical evidence, tagged it, placed an identifying mark on it,

placed it in evidence storage, and retrieved the item for trial. Lagrone v. State, 942

S.W.2d 602, 617 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Similarly, when evidence is sent to a

laboratory for analysis, to conclusively establish the chain of custody, the proponent

must introduce testimony showing the laboratory handled the evidence the same way.

See Medellin v. State, 617 S.W.2d 229, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981).

However, when the State completes the chain of custody from the initial collection

of the evidence to inside the laboratory, most questions concerning care and custody,

including gaps and minor theoretical breaches, go to the weight of the evidence, not

State’s Brief Page 19
its admissibility. See Medellin, 617 S.W.2d at 232; Silva v. State, 989 S.W.2d 64, 68

(Tex. App.--San Antonio 1998, pet. ref’d); Stone v. State, 794 S.W.2d 868, 870 (Tex.

App.--El Paso 1990, no writ).

This Court has before it the following evidence concerning the chain of

custody of the Appellant’s buccal swab:

1) Officer Yanes obtained a buccal swab from the Appellant at Valley

Baptist Medical Center and placed it in a sealed envelope;

2) Officer Yanes submitted the swab to the Texas Department of Public

Safety laboratory in Weslaco;

3) It was retrieved and brought to court by Harlingen Police Department

evidence technician Rick Vela. (R.R. Vol. 12, pp. 112-116).

In this regard, Appellant essentially asserts that the State did not prove the all

the links in the chain of custody and therefore the trial judge abused his discretion in

admitting the results of the analysis. However, the witness did testify to a complete

chain of custody, from initial collection to inside the laboratory. Further, Rule 901

only requires a showing that satisfies the trial judge that the item in question is what

the State claims. See Tex. R. Evid. 901; Garner v. State, 939 S.W.2d 802, 805 (Tex.

App.--Ft. Worth 1997, pet. ref’d). Accordingly, this Court should conclude the

information elicited fromthe State wassufficient for the trial judge to have found that

the items the State’s expert relied upon in drawing his conclusions about the DNA

State’s Brief Page 20
evidence were what they purported them to be. See Avila v. State, 18 S.W.3d 736,

739-40 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 2000, no pet.). Because there is no abuse of

discretion, this Court should overrule Appellant’s sixth issue.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Seventh, Eighth and Tenth Issues

In his seventh, eighth and tenth issues, Appellant complainsthat his conviction

should be set aside because the trial court allowed the introduction of blood swabs

and buccal swabs without allowing Appellant to voir dire the sponsoring witness as

to the authenticity ofsaid swabs. The State responds by asserting that the trial did not

err in denying Appellant the opportunity to voir dire said witness.

Appellant fails to cite to any legal authority to support his argument that the

trial court erred in failing to allow Appellant to take the sponsoring witness on voir

dire. Accordingly, this issue should be overruled as it is inadequately briefed. Tex.

R. App. P. 38.1(i).

Alternatively, the State acknowledges that all testimony must be based on the

personal knowledge of the witness. Tex. R. Evid. 602. When there is some reason

to doubt whether the witness possesses the requisite personal knowledge, it may be

appropriate for the court to afford the opposing party a chance to take the witness on

voir dire. But it is neither reasonable nor practical to permitsuch voir dire when there

State’s Brief Page 21
is no apparent reason for doubting that the witness is testifying from personal

knowledge. Shugars v. State, 814 S.W.2d 897, 898 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991, no

pet.).

In the instant cause, counsel did not object that the witness lacked personal

knowledge nor did he state any basis for doubting that the witness had personal

knowledge. Appellant’s brief does not refer this Court to anything in the record that

suggests a want of personal knowledge. The trial court did not abuse its discretion

by overruling the apparently baseless request to voir dire the witness.

Accordingly, Appellant’s seventh, eighth, and tenth issuesshould be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Ninth Issue

In his ninth issue, Appellant complains that his conviction should be set aside

because the trial court improperly allowed the admission of evidence which was not

complete. The State responds by asserting that Appellant’s complaint is not at all

clear from the argument and the record.

Appellant complains that at the time the State offered text messages, the trial

court did not allow into evidence additional text messages under the rule of optional

completeness; however, Appellant has not indicated where in the record this alleged

error is found. The State asserts that Appellant has not complied with Rule 38.1(i)

State’s Brief Page 22
of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure by failing to state concisely the facts

relating to issue two, supported by record references, and by failing to state clearly

and concisely the argument with citations to the record. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i)

(“The brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with

appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.”); see also Alvarado, 912

S.W.2d at 210 (“As an appellate court, it is not our task to pore through hundreds of

pages of record in an attempt to verify an appellant's claims.”); Cook, 611 S.W.2d at

87 (“This court with its tremendous caseload should not be expected to leaf through

a voluminous record hoping to find the matter raised by appellant and then speculate

whether it is that part of the record to which appellant had reference.”).

Alternatively, the State notes that at the time the State offered the record of the

text messages into evidence, Appellant’s counsel was allowed to take the State’s

witness on voir dire, and then objected to the admission of the evidence pursuant to

Rule 107, arguing that all text messages should be offered. The trial court overruled

the objection, but noted that she would consider the admission of the rest of the text

messages at a later time. (R.R. Vol. 11, pp. 220-24). Appellant did indeed recall the

State’s sponsoring witness and did move to admit the missing text messages, and said

messages were admitted by the trial court, without objection. (R.R. Vol. 14, p. 17). 

Accordingly, the “missing” text messages were, in fact, considered by the jury, and

State’s Brief Page 23
they are a part of the appellate record herein. (R.R. Vol. 18, DX 2).

Because the trial court did admit the text messages offered by Appellant, there

is nothing to review on appeal. Therefore, Appellant’s ninth issue should be

overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Eleventh Issue

In his eleventh issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred in allowing

a speech pathologist to testify as to a privileged communication. The State responds

by asserting that there is no privilege protecting the communications between

Appellant and the witness herein.

In the present case, the State called speech pathologist Lorie Ann Watson to

testify concerning certain communications made by Appellant to Ms. Watson. 

Appellant objected on the grounds that these communications were privileged under

the physician-patient privilege. (R.R. Vol. 12, p. 251). The trial court overruled

Appellant’s objection and allowed the speech pathologist to testify.

Appellant urges that the physician-patient privilege was violated. There is,

however, no physician-patient privilege in Texas criminal proceedings except under

limited circumstances not here applicable. See Tex. R. Evid. 509(b). See also State

v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 523 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Richardson v. State, 865

State’s Brief Page 24
S.W.2d 949, 953 n. 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Peto v. State, 51 S.W.3d 326, 327

(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). Thus, there is no physician-patient

privilege in Texas criminal cases upon which Appellant may rely to support his

contention on appeal.

Appellant further argues that the testimony of the speech pathologist should

have been excluded because Appellant was never given his Miranda warnings prior

to communicating with her. However, Appellant did not object in the trial court on

these grounds. 

To preserve error for appellate review, the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure

require that the record show that the objection “stated the grounds for the ruling that

the complaining party sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make

the trial court aware of the complaint, unlessthe specific grounds were apparent from

the context.” Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). The point of error on appeal must

comport with the objection made at trial. Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2012); Thomas v. State, 723 S.W.2d 696, 700 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). 

Therefore, if a party fails to properly object at trial, even constitutional errors can be

forfeited. Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).

Because these grounds on appeal do not comport with the objection made at

trial, these grounds were not preserved for appellate review. Accordingly,

State’s Brief Page 25
Appellant’s eleventh issue should be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Twelfth Issue

In his twelfth issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred in not

allowing Appellant to conduct a voir dire examination of two expert witnesses. The

State responds by asserting that Appellant has failed to preserve this issue for

appellate review.

To preserve error for appellate review, the record must show that the party

made a specific objection on the record and received an adverse ruling on that

objection. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Turner v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 431 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1991). To make a specific objection, a party must “let the trial judge

know what he wants, why he thinks himself entitled to it, and ... do so clearly enough

for the judge to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper position

to do something about it.” Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992). Notwithstanding a party’s failure to make a specific objection, error will be

preserved if a specific objection was apparent from the context. See Tex. R. App. P.

33.1(a)(1)(A); see also Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1).

A party in a criminal case has a procedural right to voir dire an expert under

Rule 705(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Under this rule, a trial court must grant

State’s Brief Page 26
a party’s “request to conduct a voir dire examination directed to the underlying facts

or data upon which the opinion is based,” and this examination is conducted outside

the presence of the jury. Tex. R. Evid. 705(b). The purpose of this examination is

twofold: (1) it allows the defendant to determine the foundation of the expert’s

opinion without the fear of eliciting inadmissible evidence in the jury's presence, and

(2) it may supply the defendant with “sufficient ammunition to make a timely

objection to the expert’s testimony on the ground that it lacks a sufficient basis for

admissibility.” Goss v. State, 826 S.W.2d 162, 168 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see also

Tex. R. Evid. 705(c) (“If the court determines that the underlying facts or data do not

provide a sufficient basis for the expert’s opinion under Rule 702 or 703, the opinion

is inadmissible.”).

A party’s argument that the trial court failed to conduct a properly requested

Rule 705(b) hearing is a distinct argument from one challenging the qualifications of

an expert. See Jenkins v. State, 912 S.W.2d 793, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); see

also Ghahremani v. State, No. 14–06–00729–CR, 2007 WL 3146723, at *5, *8 (Tex.

App.--Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 30, 2007, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for

publication)(addressing separately the issues of whether the expert was qualified and

whether the court improperly denied appellant’s request for a Rule 705(b) hearing). 

Thus, an objection based on an expert’s lack of qualifications does not preserve for

State’s Brief Page 27
our review the issue of whether the court erred in denying a proper request for a Rule

705(b) hearing. Jenkins, 912 S.W.2d at 814; Shaw v. State, 329 S.W.3d 645, 655-56

(Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d).

In the present case, while the State’s pathologist Dr. Elizabeth Miller was

testifying, Appellant objected and complained that she was not qualified to testify as

an expert in ballistics or ammunition. (R.R. Vol. 13, pp. 30, 37-38, 45-46). However,

nowhere in these sections of the record (which Appellant cites in his brief) does

Appellant request a Rule 705(b) hearing; and therefore, Appellant has not preserved

this issue for appellate review. Jenkins, 912 S.W.2d at 814. Moreover, while the

State’s expert witness on gun residue was testifying, Appellant objected to the

witness’s testimony concerning certain exhibits, but did not state the basis of his

objection. (R.R. Vol. 11, 110). Appellant then asked to voir dire the witness,

apparently to question him concerning the exhibits. Said request was denied. (R.R.

Vol. 11, 110). At no time did Appellant “request to conduct a voir dire examination

directed to the underlying facts or data upon which the opinion is based,” outside the

presence of the jury. Tex. R. Evid. 705(b). Therefore, this Court should find that

Appellant has failed to preserve his request to voir dire said witness under Rule

705(b).

Assuming, however, that the trial court did err in denying Appellant’s voir dire

State’s Brief Page 28
request, this Court must then determine whether the error was “so harmful as to

require reversal.” Goss v. State, 826 S.W.2d 162, 168 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). 

Because the error is not constitutional, this Court should only reverse if it affected

Appellant’s substantial rights; otherwise, the error must be disregarded. Tex. R. App.

P. 44.2(b); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a). In making this determination, this Court should

consider the entire record to decide whether the error had a substantial or injurious

effect on the verdict of guilt. Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000). Where the reviewing court has fair assurance that the error did not influence

the jury or had but a slight effect, the conviction will stand. Id.; McDonald v. State,

179 S.W.3d 571, 578 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

In the present case, Appellant has failed to make any argument as to how the

error (if any) had a substantial or injurious effect on the verdict of guilt. Therefore,

this Court should find that Appellant has failed to adequately brief thisissue of harm. 

Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i). 

Accordingly, Appellant’s twelfth issue should be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Thirteenth Issue on Appeal

In his thirteenth issue, Appellant complains that the trial judge commented on

the weight of the evidence and conveyed her opinion of the case to the jury. The

State’s Brief Page 29
State responds by asserting that the trial court did not comment on the weight of the

evidence nor did the trial judge convey her opinion of the case to the jury.

Due process requires a neutral and detached hearing body or officer. Gagnon

v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 786 (1973). The Texas Constitution requires no less. 

Earley v. State, 855 S.W.2d 260, 262 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1993), pet. dism’d,

improvidently granted, 872 S.W.2d 758 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). This Court should

presume the trial court was neutral and detached absent a clear showing to the

contrary. See id.; Fielding v. State, 719 S.W.2d 361, 366 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1986,

pet. ref’d). Trial courts have the right to manage the trial, including the order of

proof. Silva v. State, 635 S.W.2d 775, 778 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1982, pet.

ref’d). When courts ask witnesses questions during jury trials, they must avoid

conveying their opinion on the facts to the jury and becoming an advocate for a

particular position. Moreno v. State, 900 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. App.--Texarkana

1995, no pet.). 

A trial judge is permitted to question a witness when seeking information only,

to clarify a point, or to get the witness to repeat something that the judge could not

hear. See Brewer v. State, 572 S.W.2d 719, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978);

Ash v. State, 420 S.W.2d 703, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 1967); Hopperwood v. State, 39

Tex.Crim. 15, 44 S.W. 841, 842 (1898). There are two dangers when the judge goes

State’s Brief Page 30
beyond this permissible questioning: (1) the judge may somehow convey his or her

opinion of the case to the jury and ultimately influence the jury’s decision (Morrison

v. State, 845 S.W.2d 882, 886 n. 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)); and (2) the judge in the

zeal of his or her active participation may become an advocate in the adversarial

process and lose the neutral and detached role required for the fact finder and the

judge.

There are numerous Texas cases dealing with the first danger. Munoz v. State,

485 S.W.2d 782, 784 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); Ash, 420 S.W.2d at 705; Drake v.

State, 65 Tex. Crim. 282, 143 S.W. 1157, 1158 (1912); Betancourt v. State, 657

S.W.2d 451 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1983, pet. ref’d).

Appellant complains in his brief about two instances in which the trial court

made commentsfrom the bench. (R.R. Vol. 13, pp. 67, 75-76). Appellant claims that

these comments violate article 38.05, which reads in part, “the judge shall not ... make

any remark calculated to convey to the jury his opinion of the case.” Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. art. 38.05. The trial record demonstrates Appellant’s counsel failed to object

specifically to these comments, in connection with the first incident. (R.R. Vol. 13,

p. 67). In order to preserve an error for appellate review, a party must make an

objection to the court and the court must explicitly or implicitly make an adverse

ruling or refuse to rule on that objection. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; see Flores v. State,

State’s Brief Page 31
871 S.W.2d 714, 723 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Thus, Appellant has waived this

complaint by not stating his objection with specificity and preserving it for appeal. 

See Resendez v. State, 160 S.W.3d 181, 189-90 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 2005, no

pet.) (holding that without a specific objection, a defendant waives his complaint that

a judge has conveyed his opinion about the case to the jury); see also Mestiza v. State,

923 S.W.2d 720, 724 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1996, no pet.) (“[a] timely proper

objection is necessary to preserve error concerning a trial judge’s comment”). 

Further, it is clear from the record that the comments made in connection with the

second incident do not violate this section of the code of criminal procedure, as they

do not convey the judge’s opinion about the case. (R.R. Vol. 13, pp. 75-76). The

question asked by the trial judge was merely seeking clarification as to whether the

witness’s training or education qualified her to answer a question about gunshot

wounds and the trajectory of such wounds. (R.R. Vol. 13, pp. 75-76). This type of

questioning is permissible, as the judge was merely seeking information only, or

clarification of her training, or to get the witness to repeat a summary of her training,

which the judge did not hear. Brewer, 572 S.W.2d at 721; Ash, 420 S.W.2d at 705.

Accordingly, Appellant’s thirteenth issue should be overruled.

State’s Brief Page 32
State’s Response to Appellant’s Fourteenth Issue

In his fourteenth issue, Appellant complains that the trial court’s assisting the

State, by suggesting predicates for the submission of evidence, had sufficient

cumulative effect to deprive Appellant of his constitutional rights. The State

responds by asserting that Appellant has failed to demonstrate how non-errors can in

their cumulative effect cause error.

Although Appellant does not specify the incidents which are the basis of his

complaint in issue fourteen, the State would assume that Appellant complains of the

same incidents which are the basis of issue thirteen. (R.R. Vol. 13, pp. 67, 75-76). 

Appellant complains that the cumulative effect of these incidents constitute error. In

support of this issue, Appellant cites two cases, Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002), and Chamberlain v. State, 998 S.W.2d 230 (Tex. Crim. App.

1999). Neither of these cases support the relief that Appellant seeks through this

issue. The Court of Criminal Appeals in Wilson noted that “in order to preserve error

for appellate review, the complaining party must make a specific objection and obtain

a ruling on the objection.” Wilson, 71 S.W.3d at 349. As previously noted, Appellant

failed to object to the first incident. (R.R. Vol. 13, pp. 67). 

Further, the Court in Chamberlain stated that it is conceivable that a number

of errors may be found harmful in their cumulative effect; however, the Court went

State’s Brief Page 33
on to state, “we are aware of no authority holding that non-errors may in their

cumulative effect cause error.” Chamberlain, 998 S.W.2d at 238. As previously

noted, the comments made by the trial judge in connection with the second incident

do not violate this section of the code of criminal procedure, as they do not convey

the judge’s opinion about the case. (R.R. Vol. 13, pp. 75-76). The question asked by

the trial judge was merely seeking clarification as to whether the witness’s training

or education qualified her to answer a question about gunshot wounds and the

trajectory of such wounds. (R.R. Vol. 13, pp. 75-76). This type of questioning is

permissible, asthe judge was merely seeking information only, or clarification of her

training, or to get the witnessto repeat a summary of her training, which the judge did

not hear. Brewer, 572 S.W.2d at 721; Ash, 420 S.W.2d at 705. Accordingly, the

cumulative effect of this non-error cannot cause error. Chamberlain, 998 S.W.2d at

238.

Accordingly, Appellant’s fourteenth issue should be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Fifteenth Issue

In his fifteenth issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred by failing

to provide the jury with a lesser included charge on the offense of aggravated assault. 

The State responds by asserting that Appellant was not entitled to the lesser included

State’s Brief Page 34
charge.

In determining whether a defendant is entitled to a charge on a lesser included

offense, the Court of Criminal Appeals set forth a two-step test in Hall v. State, 225

S.W.3d 524, 535-36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The first step in the

lesser-included-offense analysis, determining whether an offense is a lesser-included

offense of the alleged offense, is a question of law. It does not depend on the

evidence to be produced at the trial. It may be, and to provide notice to the defendant

must be, capable of being performed before trial by comparing the elements of the

offense as they are alleged in the indictment or information with the elements of the

potential lesser-included offense. Id.

The second step in the analysis should ask whether there is evidence that

supports giving the instruction to the jury. “A defendant is entitled to an instruction

on a lesser-included offense where the proof for the offense charged includes the

proof necessary to establish the lesser-included offense and there is some evidence

in the record that would permit a jury rationally to find that if the defendant is guilty,

he is guilty only of the lesser-included offense.” Bignall v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21, 23

(Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (citing Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1993). In this step of the analysis, anything more than a scintilla of evidence

may be sufficient to entitle a defendant to a lesser charge. Bignall, 887 S.W.2d at 23. 

State’s Brief Page 35
In other words, the evidence must establish the lesser-included offense as “a valid,

rational alternative to the charged offense.” Forest v. State, 989 S.W.2d 365, 367

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (quoting Arevalo v. State, 943 S.W.2d 887, 889 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997, overruled on other grounds Grey v. State, 298 S.W.3d 644 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2009)).

Without conceding that the first step of this two-step test, the State would note

that Appellant has not cited to anywhere in the record that would demonstrate that the

jury heard some evidence that would have permitted a rational jury to find that if

Appellant was guilty, he was guilty only of the lesser-included offense.

Alternatively, the State would argue that Appellant presented evidence that he

blacked out and had not recollection of having murdered the two victims. (R.R. Vol.

14, pp. 80-82). Appellant argues that based on this evidence a jury could have

concluded that he did not have the intent to kill the victims, but rather only injure

them. (R.R. Vol. 15, pp. 5-6). The State responds by noting that the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals has held that a defendant’s “lack of normal impulse control is

simply not a circumstance recognized by the Legislature to diminish the criminal

responsibility of an accused or reduce his crime to a lesser included offense.” 

Wagner v. State, 687 S.W.2d 303, 312 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g). It is

clear that there is no “diminished capacity” defense to defeat the element of mens rea

State’s Brief Page 36
during the guilt-innocence phase of trial. Id.; Jackson v. State, 115 S.W.3d 326, 330

(Tex. App.--Dallas 2003), aff’d, 160 S.W.3d 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Thomas v.

State, 886 S.W.2d 388, 391 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d); De La

Garza v. State, 650 S.W.2d 870, 876 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1983, pet. ref’d).

Accordingly, Appellant has failed to establish that he was entitled to a charge on the

lesser included offense of aggravated assault.

Appellant’s fifteenth issue should be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Sixteenth Issue

In his sixteenth issue, Appellant complainsthat the State committed reversible

error by making improper comments during closing argument. The State responds

by asserting that it is not at all clear what Appellant is talking about.

Appellant complains of certain statements made by counsel for the State during

closing argument. Specifically, Appellant alleges that counsel for the State made

reference to the Appellant being away for three and one-half years, and that he was

helped by his family. (Appellant’s Brief, p. 67). Appellant argues that these

statements are a comment on Appellant’s failure to testify or offer evidence.

(Appellant’s Brief, p. 68). It is not at all clear what Appellant means by these

arguments, because Appellant did testify! (R.R. Vol. 14, pp. 58-153). Further,

State’s Brief Page 37
Appellant makes reference to these statements supposedly made by the State during

closing argument; however, Appellant provide record cites which are to voir dire

proceedings. (See Appellant’s Brief, p. 67-68, citing R.R. Vol. 7, pp. 66, 76).

Without the proper citation to the record, it is impossible to determine the context of

these statements, and therefore, it is impossible to determine whether Appellant’s

complaint has any merit. Because Appellant has failed to include proper record cites,

this issue should be overruled. Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (“The brief must contain a

clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to

authorities and to the record.”); see also Alvarado, 912 S.W.2d at 210 (“As an

appellate court, it is not our task to pore through hundreds of pages of record in an

attempt to verify an appellant's claims.”); Cook, 611 S.W.2d at 87 (“This court with

its tremendous caseload should not be expected to leaf through a voluminous record

hoping to find the matter raised by appellant and then speculate whether it is that part

of the record to which appellant had reference.”).

Accordingly, Appellant’s sixteenth issue should be overruled.

State’s Response to Appellant’s Seventeenth Issue

In his seventeenth issue, Appellant complains that the trial court erred in resentencing him after he had already been sentenced. The State responds by asserting

State’s Brief Page 38
that the trial court was within its authority to pronounce a legal sentence, after the

court had previously pronounced a sentence that was not authorized by law.

A sentence that is outside the maximum or minimum range of punishment is

unauthorized by law and therefore illegal. Ex parte Pena, 71 S.W.3d 336 n. 2 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002) (“[a] ‘void’ or ‘illegal’ sentence is one that is not authorized by

law”); Ex parte Seidel, 39 S.W.3d 221, 225 n. 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (“this Court

has long held that a sentence is void when the punishment is unauthorized”); Ex parte

Beck, 922 S.W.2d 181, 182 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). A defendant may obtain relief

from an unauthorized sentence on direct appeal or by a writ of habeas corpus. See Ex

parte Pena, 71 S.W.3d at 337 n. 4, 338. Traditionally, the State could seek

mandamus relief to rectify an illegal or unauthorized sentence. See State ex rel.

Vance v. Hatten, 600 S.W.2d 828, 831 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980); State ex rel. Curry

v. Gray, 599 S.W.2d 630, 632 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). In these instances, the State

could even seek a resentencing by filing a motion to reopen punishment in the trial

court, long after that court had lost plenary jurisdiction over the case. See Villarreal

v. State, 590 S.W.2d 938, 938-39 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979); Banks v. State, 29 S.W.3d

642, 645 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d) (holding that State was

entitled to file a motion for resentencing in trial court because defendant’s original

sentence was “illegal and void”). There has never been anything in Texas law that

State’s Brief Page 39
prevented any court with jurisdiction over a criminal case from noticing and

correcting an illegal sentence. Mizell v. State, 119 S.W.3d 804, 806 (Tex. Crim. App.

2003).

In the present case, Appellant wasfound guilty of the offense of capital murder

and was initially sentenced to a life sentence. (R.R. Vol. 15, p. 64). The Texas Penal

Code requires that Appellant be sentenced to a life sentence, without the possibility

of parole. Tex. Penal Code §12.31. On February 24, 2014, ten days after Appellant’s

sentence was initially pronounced in open court, Appellant was brought back into

court and the trial judge clarified that Appellant was sentenced to a life sentence,

without parole. (R.R. Vol. 16, p. 4). In light of the foregoing authorities, the trial

court did not err in bringing Appellant back to pronounce the sentence required by

law.

Accordingly, Appellant’s seventeenth issue should be overruled.

PRAYER

WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, the State of Texas prays that

this Court will overrule Appellant’s issues on appeal, and affirm both the judgment

of conviction and the sentence herein.

State’s Brief Page 40
Respectfully Submitted,

LUIS V. SAENZ

Cameron County District Attorney

964 East Harrison Street, 4th Floor

Brownsville, Texas 78520

Phone: (956) 544-0849

Fax: (956) 544-0869

By: /s/ René B. González 

René B. González

Assistant District Attorney

State Bar No. 08131380

rgonzalez1@co.cameron.tx.us

Attorneys for the State of Texas

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

I certify that this document contains 9,546 words (excluding the cover, table

of contents and table of authorities). The body text is in 14 point font, and the

footnote text is in 12 point font. 

/s/ René B. González 

René B. González

State’s Brief Page 41
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I certify that a copy of the foregoing State’s Appellate Brief was e-mailed to

Mr. Alfredo Padilla, Attorney at Law, 777 East Harrison Street, Brownsville, Texas

78520, at apad130478@aol.com on the 23th day of March, 2015.

/s/ René B. González 

René B. González

State’s Brief Page 42