Opinion issued October 6, 2016

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-16-00132-CV

NO. 01-16-00324-CV

———————————

IN RE PAULA M. MILLER AND MICHAEL BROWN, Relators

Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This original proceeding arises from two related mandamus petitions in 

connection with contempt proceedings against the relator, Paula Miller. In the first 

petition filed on the morning before her contempt hearing, Miller requested that we

compel the trial court to (1) dismiss contempt proceedings against her, (2) return a 

cash bond, and (3) reverse the trial court’s order directing Miller to release her lis 
2

pendens filed in the real property records.

1 Miller further requested that we recuse 

the trial court judge and that the contempt hearing be assigned to an independent 

judge. We denied Miller’s request for an emergency stay of the scheduled contempt 

proceedings. In a subsequent mandamus petition, filed after the contempt 

proceedings were concluded, Miller joined by Michael Brown, requests that we 

(1) compel the trial court to order the return of a cash bond that Brown paid to ensure 

Miller’s appearance for the contempt hearing, and (2) order reimbursement of their 

attorney’s fees expended in seeking return of the bail money. We deny the petitions.

Background

In 2011, Paula Miller sued James A. Prince for a divorce in Harris County, 

alleging that a common law marriage existed between them. The trial court ruled 

that no marriage existed; we subsequently affirmed its decision on appeal. See Miller 

v. Prince, No. 01-13-00243-CV, 2015 WL 545685 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

Feb. 10, 2015, no pet.).

In November 2013, while the appeal was pending, JAS Family Limited 

Partnership # 4, Ltd., a company in which James Prince has a financial interest, filed 

a petition to remove several notices of lis pendens and an affidavit of adverse 

possession from title records to property it owned. Miller had filed the notices in the 

 

1 The underlying case is JAS Family Limited Partnership #4 Ltd. v. Paula M. Miller, 

cause number 65767, pending in the 149th District Court of Brazoria County, Texas, 

the Honorable Terri Holder presiding.
3

Brazoria County real property records to halt the sale of the property. Miller alleged 

that it belonged to the community estate. On November 12, 2013, the trial court 

conducted a hearing. 

After the hearing, Miller moved to recuse the trial court judge. The trial court 

judge declined to recuse and referred the motion to the Presiding Judge of the Second 

Administrative Region pursuant to Rule 18a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. 

See TEX.R.CIV. P. 18a. In January 2014, the Presiding Judge denied Miller’s motion

to recuse, finding it to be “groundless and filed in bad faith for purposes of 

harassment and/or to cause unnecessary delay without sufficient cause,” and ordered 

Miller to pay JAS’s attorney’s fees.

Meanwhile, on November 14, 2013, Miller sought a writ of prohibition from 

this Court to enjoin the trial court from ruling in the Brazoria County proceeding. In 

conjunction with her petition, Miller requested an emergency stay of the 

proceedings. We denied the emergency stay and the en banc Court denied Miller’s 

subsequent motion for rehearing en banc. We also denied Miller’s petition for writ 

of prohibition. In re Miller, 433 S.W.3d 82 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, 

no pet.).

Miller further sought to stay the proceedings by filing for bankruptcy in the 

United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas. After being 

denied further requests for continuances in the case, the bankruptcy court gave 
4

Miller the option of either (i) taking the stand and continuing her examination by the 

Chapter 13 trustee or (ii) dismissing her case with prejudice. Miller chose to dismiss 

her bankruptcy case with prejudice. The bankruptcy court issued its dismissal order

on August 11, 2014.

In January 2015, the state trial court (1) denied a request by Miller to abate 

the case and (2) granted JAS’s requested relief. The court ordered that the notices of 

lis pendens and affidavit of adverse possession filed by Miller “should be released 

and be of no further force and effect.” The court ordered Miller to execute releases 

of the lis pendens and affidavit of adverse possession. Miller appealed the trial 

court’s order. In July 2015, after the clerk of this Court notified Miller that her appeal 

was subject to dismissal, we dismissed the appeal because Miller failed to pay the 

necessary fees and arrange for preparation of the record. Miller v. JAS Family Ltd. 

Partnership #4, Ltd., No. 01-15-00286-CV, 2015 WL 4099330 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] July 7, 2015, no pet.).

After we dismissed Miller’s appeal, the trial court ordered Miller to appear at 

a hearing in September 2015 to execute the releases it had ordered her to execute.

Miller failed to appear at the hearing. The trial court then ordered Miller to appear

on November 19, 2015 for contempt proceedings. After Miller failed to appear for 

the contempt hearing, the trial court ordered that Miller be taken into custody and 

brought before the court:
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It is ORDERED that any Sheriff or constable of the State of Texas shall 

attach Paula M. Miller and bring her immediately to the courtroom of 

the undersigned. If this Court is not in session at the time she is 

delivered, she shall be held in custody of the Sheriff of Brazoria 

County, Texas until the next occasion that this Court is in session. The 

Sheriff of Brazoria County Texas is thereafter ordered to bring her to 

the courtroom of this Court on the earliest date and time that this Court 

is in session.

The court further ordered that Miller “may be released upon payment of a $25,000.00 

cash appearance bond requiring her to appear on the first date that this Court is in 

session and to remain thereafter day to day until the contempt in this cause has been 

concluded.” 

Miller was taken into custody on December 9, 2015. Michael Brown produced 

a $25,000 cash bond on December 11, 2015 to secure Miller’s release. The sheriff’s 

office provided Brown with a receipt for the return of the money after the 

proceedings were concluded. Cf. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 17.02 (West

Supp. 2015) (entitling person in whose name receipt for bond payment in criminal 

case was issued to repayment on presentation of the receipt after the defendant 

complies with the conditions of her bond).

Miller then appeared before the court on December 15, 2015. She argued that 

the contempt proceedings should be dismissed as moot because (1) she had appeared 

before the court, and (2) prior to the hearing, she had signed releases that she drafted 

rather than those approved by the trial court. The trial court denied the request to 

dismiss the proceedings and a contempt hearing was scheduled for February 9, 2016.
6

Before the February 2016 hearing, Miller moved to continue or dismiss the

contempt hearing, arguing that, because she is a licensed attorney, she was entitled 

to (1) post a personal recognizance bond rather than the $25,000 cash bond, and 

(2) an independent judge to hear arguments regarding contempt.2

At the February 9th hearing, the trial court denied Miller’s request to dismiss 

the contempt proceedings. The court ordered the parties to prepare briefs and

continued the contempt hearing to the afternoon of February 19, 2016.3

On the morning of her February 19, 2016 contempt hearing, Miller filed a 

petition for writ of mandamus with this Court requesting that we (1) dismiss the 

contempt proceedings against her, (2) compel return of the $25,000 cash bond, 

(3) reverse the trial court’s order to sign and file releases, (4) recuse the trial court 

judge from any further proceedings in the case, and (5) have the contempt hearing 

assigned to an independent judge. In conjunction with this petition, Miller again 

sought an emergency stay of proceedings in the trial court, including the afternoon 

contempt hearing scheduled that day. We denied Miller’s request. This opinion 

disposes of the mandamus petition.

 

2 The motions included in the petition’s appendix are not file-stamped but purport to 

have been sent to opposing counsel on February 5, 2016.

3 Miller states in her petition that there is no reporter’s record for the February 9, 2016 

hearing.
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James Prince then filed an application to garnish the bail money paid into the 

court registry to satisfy a judgment that Miller owed from a related proceeding.

At the February 19 hearing, the trial court held Miller in contempt. It ordered 

that she be jailed until she executed the releases of the lis pendens in the real property 

records as ordered. Although the trial court’s judgment indicates that there is a 

reporter’s record, Miller has not provided a copy of the record of the hearing. 

Miller then executed the releases; thus, the trial court did not issue a bench 

warrant for her arrest. The court also issued a judgment against Miller for $8,647, 

for JAS’s attorney’s fees.

Brown moved in the trial court for the return of the bond money that he had

posted.

4 Miller and Brown filed a second mandamus petition, also seeking the return 

of the $25,000 bond and reimbursement of attorney’s fees.

DISCUSSION

Miller’s first petition, filed on the morning before her contempt hearing,

requested that we cease or dismiss the contempt proceedings against her, return the

cash bond, recuse the trial judge from hearing the contempt matter, require an 

independent judge to hear her contempt matter, and reverse the trial court’s order to 

release the notices in the real property records. The second petition, filed by Miller 

 

4 The motion included in the record is not file-stamped, but purports to have been sent 

to opposing counsel on February 23, 2016. 
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and Brown after Miller was held in contempt and had complied with the trial court’s 

order, requests (1) the return of the money paid to ensure Miller’s appearance for her 

contempt proceedings and (2) attorney’s fees. The second petition also requests that 

we (1) “Order as void any finding by the trial court of Contempt against Miller 

pertaining to the Show Cause Hearings and/or releases;” and (2) “Order as void each 

of the releases of lis pendens and affidavit of adverse possession that the trial court 

ordered Miller to sign under threat of jail.”

I. Standard of Review

To be entitled to mandamus relief, a relator must demonstrate that (1) the trial 

court clearly abused its discretion; and (2) the relator has no adequate remedy by 

appeal. In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex. 2011, orig. proceeding). A trial court 

clearly abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as 

to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law or if it clearly fails to analyze the 

law correctly or apply the law correctly to the facts. In re Cerberus Capital Mgmt. 

L.P., 164 S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding). Mandamus will not issue 

“when the law provides another plain, adequate, and complete remedy.” In re Tex. 

Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 210 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex. 2006) (orig. 

proceeding) (quoting In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135–36

(Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding)).
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A writ of mandamus may issue to compel a public official to perform a 

ministerial act when the petitioner has no adequate remedy by appeal. See Walker v. 

Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839–40 (Tex. 1992); Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 

S.W.2d 791, 793 (Tex. 1991); Guthery v. Taylor, 112 S.W.3d 715, 720 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). An act is ministerial when the law spells out the 

duty to be performed by the official with enough certainty that nothing is left to the 

exercise of discretion. Anderson, 806 S.W.2d at 793; Guthery, 112 S.W.2d at 720. 

II. The Contempt Proceedings

In her first mandamus petition, Miller requested that we stop the contempt 

proceedings, recuse the trial court judge from conducting the hearing, reverse the 

order requiring execution of the releases, and order an independent judge to preside 

over the contempt hearing. These requests were rendered moot on the day that she 

filed the petition, because during the hearing, Miller complied with the order 

requiring release of the lis pendens. 

The second mandamus petition, filed after the contempt proceedings were 

concluded, reasserts these complaints. But Miller executed the notices that were the 

basis for her being held in contempt and she has been released by the trial court; 

thus, her renewed challenges are also moot. See, e.g., Ex parte Kimsey, 915 S.W.2d 

523, 527 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, no writ) (op. on reh’g) (citing Ex parte 

McKenzie, 909 S.W.2d 502, 503 (Tex. 1995)) (“Inasmuch as the obligation for 
10

which Kimsey was adjudicated in contempt and incarcerated has been discharged, 

the validity of the contempt order is now moot.”); In re Cornyn, 27 S.W.3d 327, 332 

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, orig. proceeding) (“Mandamus will generally 

not lie over a contempt order assessing confinement, and neither will habeas relief 

if, as here, the confinement was suspended.”) (citing Deramus v. Thornton, 333 

S.W.2d 824, 827, 832 (Tex. 1960) (op. & op. on reh’g)). 

Miller further requests that we “void” the releases that she executed. But 

release of the the lis pendens and affidavit of adverse possession that the trial court 

ordered released was determined by the final judgment that no marriage existed, a 

judgment that was affirmed on appeal and for which the mandate has issued.

Miller next seeks the trial court’s recusal, but points to no verified motion to 

recuse other than the one that the presiding judge denied as groundless and filed in 

bad faith. Mandamus relief is not available for the denial of a motion to recuse. In 

re McKee, 248 S.W.3d 164, 165 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (“We have held that 

mandamus is not available for the denial of a motion to recuse.”) (citing In re Union 

Pac. Res. Co., 969 S.W.2d 427, 428–29 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding)); see also

TEX.R.CIV. PROC. 18a(j)(1) (“An order denying a motion to recuse may be reviewed 

only for abuse of discretion on appeal from the final judgment.”). To the extent 

Miller requests that this Court directly order the trial court to recuse without a 

verified motion to recuse, the request cannot be made to this Court by mandamus in 
11

the first instance. Because Miller’s request was not properly presented in the trial 

court, the record does not support such mandamus relief.

III. The Cash Bond

Brown and Miller assert that Brown filed a motion with the trial court seeking 

the return of the $25,000 and that the trial court failed to rule on the motion and 

return the funds. Prince responds that the money should be diverted from the court’s 

registry to pay an outstanding judgment for attorney’s fees against Miller in these 

proceedings.

Contempt proceedings are quasi-criminal in nature and should conform “as 

nearly as practicable” to criminal proceedings. In re Office of Att’y Gen., 422 S.W.3d 

623, 631 n.11 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding) (quoting Ex parte Sanchez, 703 S.W.2d 

955, 957 (Tex. 1986)); Byram, 662 S.W.2d 147, 150 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1983, 

no writ); In re Luebe, 983 S.W.2d 889, 890 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, 

orig. proceeding) (“[C]ontempt cases are considered quasi-criminal in nature, and 

their proceedings should conform as nearly as practicable to those in criminal 

cases.”); see also In re Houston, 92 S.W.3d 870, 876 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2002, orig. proceeding) (“Civil contempt proceedings are quasi-criminal in 

nature, and the contemnor is entitled to procedural due process throughout the 

proceedings.”). We thus look to authority regarding the return of bonds in criminal 

cases for guidance.
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In criminal cases, bond money must be returned once the defendant appears

for trial and complies with the other conditions for release. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 17.02 (“Any cash funds deposited under this article shall . . . be refunded 

in the amount shown on the face of the receipt . . . after the defendant complies with 

the conditions of the defendant’s bond . . . .”); see De Leon v. Pennington, 759 

S.W.2d 201, 202 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988, orig. proceeding) (observing that 

bail bonds are “not a revenue measure intended to be a substitution for a fine or to 

turn the securities of the alleged offender into a penalty”).

In Baize v. Shaver, we confronted a trial court order that allowed the State to 

confiscate, as restitution for the victim, bail money paid by the defendant’s brother. 

935 S.W.2d 498, 498–99 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no pet.). We held 

that the State could not take this money for any reason other than a violation of the 

defendant’s release conditions. Id. Concluding that the trial court violated a 

ministerial duty by failing to order the clerk to return the bail money, we granted 

mandamus relief. Id. at 500. We hold that the same rule applies to make mandamus

available to compel the release of a bond in a contempt proceeding upon the proper 

showing of compliance.

To be entitled to mandamus relief for a trial court’s refusal or failure to act,

however, Miller and Brown must establish not only that the trial court had a legal 

duty to perform a non-discretionary act, but also that they demanded performance, 
13

and the court refused or failed to act within a reasonable period of time. Stoner v. 

Massey, 586 S.W.2d 843, 846 (Tex. 1979); In re Layton, 257 S.W.3d 794, 795 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2008, orig. proceeding). In other words, they must demonstrate that 

the trial court received, was made aware of, and was asked to rule on the motion for 

return of the cash bond. See In re Blakeney, 254 S.W.3d 659, 661-62 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2008, orig. proceeding); In re Villarreal, 96 S.W.3d 708, 710 (Tex. 

App.—Amarillo 2003, orig. proceeding).

Brown’s motion for release of the bond included in Relators’ appendix to their 

petition is not file-stamped by the district court. Relators refer to Tab 20 of the 

appendix as including an “E-file Receipt Showing Filing of Relator Michael 

Brown’s Motion for Release of $25,000 Cash Bail . . .,” but no such document is 

included in the appendix. As the parties seeking relief, it is their burden to provide 

an accurate record that establishes their right to mandamus relief. See Walker, 827 

S.W.2d at 837.

Even if the record demonstrated that the motion for release of the bond was 

filed, the filing of a motion with a trial court clerk does not equate to a request that 

the trial court rule on the motion. In re Sarkissian, 243 S.W.3d 860, 861 (Tex.

App.—Waco 2008, orig. proceeding); In re Hearn, 137 S.W.3d 681, 685 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2004, orig. proceeding); In re Chavez, 62 S.W.3d 225, 228 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2001, orig. proceeding); see also Barnes v. State, 832 S.W.2d 424, 
14

426–27 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, orig. proceeding) (denying 

mandamus petition where relator did not ask for a hearing on his motions or take any 

action to alert trial court that it had not yet considered his motions); cf. In re Shredder 

Co., 225 S.W.3d 676, 680 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2006, orig. proceeding) (“Relator 

has made repeated requests for a ruling on its motion.”).

Because Miller and Brown do not present a record demonstrating that they 

presented their motion to release the cash bond to the trial court or secured a ruling

on that request, they have failed to demonstrate that they are entitled to mandamus 

relief.

5

IV. Remaining Requests for Relief

Miller requests a declaratory judgment that she did not commit contempt, that 

the bail was excessive, the contempt order is void or voidable, and the lis pendens 

releases executed by Miller are void or voidable. Miller requests that the trial court 

judge be disqualified from the case because Miller claims that she has named the 

judge as a co-defendant, alleging civil rights violations, due process violations, 

conspiracy, false imprisonment, abuse of process, and intentional infliction of 

emotional distress. Miller has not provided evidence that any of these requests were 

properly presented in the trial court and ruled upon. Nor has she demonstrated that 

 

5 Miller alleges in her briefing that the trial court has not released the bond due to 

Prince’s pending application for a writ of garnishment. She has provided no record, 

however, that demonstrates that the trial court has refused to release the bond.
15

she lacks an adequate remedy by appeal. Mandamus will not issue “when the law 

provides another plain, adequate, and complete remedy.” In re Tex. Dep’t of Family 

& Protective Servs., 210 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex. 2006, orig. proceeding) (quoting 

Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 135–36). The incomplete record provided in support of 

the petition fails to demonstrate the lack of an adequate legal remedy absent 

mandamus relief.

V. Attorney’s Fees

Finally, Miller and Brown request that we award them their attorney’s fees, 

citing Rule 45 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, which authorizes us to 

award attorney’s fees to the prevailing party in an appeal if we determine that the 

appeal was frivolous. See TEX.R. APP. P. 45. Because this is an original proceeding, 

Rule 52.11 applies, not Rule 45. TEX. R. APP. P. 52.11. Pursuant to Rule 52.11, we 

may impose sanctions on a party who acts in bad faith by:

a. filing a petition that is clearly groundless;

b. bringing the petition solely for delay of an underlying 

proceeding;

c. grossly misstating or omitting an obviously important 

and material fact in the petition or response; or

d. filing an appendix or record that is clearly misleading 

because of the omission of obviously important and 

material evidence or documents.
16

Id. We have reviewed the record and conclude that Miller and Brown have not 

demonstrated that JAS has violated Rule 52.11. Accordingly, we deny Relators’ 

requests for attorney’s fees. See id.

We caution Miller that further filings in this court, including any record 

prepared and submitted by Miller, must comply with Rule 52.11, if an original 

proceeding, or Rule 45, if an appeal. Any violation of these rules will result in 

appropriate sanctions.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we deny the relief requested in the mandamus 

petitions. Any pending motions are dismissed as moot.

Jane Bland

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Bland, Massengale, and Lloyd.