UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHI NGTO N D .C. , 20 460 

### DEC 09 2010 OFFICEOF C HEMICAL SAFETY A ND POLLU TION PREVE NTION 

### MEMORAND UM S UBJECT : BEAD C hemical Profile f or R egistrati on R ev iew : Lam bda-cyhalothrin 

### F ROM: N ikhil Ma llampalli, En tomo logi s t Bi ological A nalysi s B ranch



### THRU :

TO: Eli zabeth Hill , Eco nomi st Eco nomic Ana lysis B ranch Sepehr Had dad Scie nce I nformation & A naly s i s B ranch B io logica l and E cono mic A naly s is Div ision (7503P) Arne t Jo ne s, C h ief Bio logica l A naly sis B ranch T i m othy Kiely, C hief 

# cJ\-- 

# l "'''' Economic Analysis

### Br**~h** Dia nn Simm s, C hi ef 

### Scie nce Info rmation & 

### Ana lysis Bra nch B iological an d Economic Ana lys is Division (7503P )' W ilhelmina Liv ingsto n Che mica l Review Ma nager Pe s ticide Reeva luation Div ision (7508P) Peer Review Panel date : May 1 9, 2010 I ntroduction L ambd a-cyhalothr i n i s o ne of a group of in secticides known a s s yn thetic pyre throids
. Th eir mod e of ac tion i s to ac t as s odiu m c hannel m odul ator s t hat res ult in n eurotoxicity in th e tar get i nsects (lRAC , 0000) . Pyre throids are de r ived f rom th e c hemi cal s tructure of p yr ethru m , a c hemical prod uced b y c h rysanth e m u m p lants . Lamb d a - cy hal o thrin is a re stric ted-use , broad

- spectru m , Page 1 of 11in secticid e r egistered in th e U .S. f or most m ajor aphid, c aterpillar , and be etle pe st s o n a wid e va riety o f crops and f or publi c health pe sts s uch a s m o squitoe s and co ckroache s in nona gri cultu ral u ses. Thi s d ocument f ollows a form at recently de veloped b y BE AD to c onvey u sa ge inf ormation on pe sticide s th at are b e ginning to un dergo re gistration revi ew. T he anti cipated audien ce f or thi s p aper con sists o f th e te am o f E PA s taff c urrently eva luating th e r egistration s t atu s of lambd ac yhalothrin , a s well a s th e gen eral publi c . Th is d o cument build s upon th e d ata alre ad y pr ovid ed i n the " Us age and L abel U s e D ata P ackages" that are a lso pro vided to Registration Rev iew t eam s 

### by B E AD. PRI MARY USE SI T ES Lambd a-c yhalothrin i s registered on a wid e rang e o f c rop s ( prominent brand nam e s in clude W arrior ® and Karate ® , am ong other s) a s w ell as for the treatment o f v ariou s non- agricultur al se tting s (re s idential lawns , p et livin g quart ers , s hips and boat s , etc . ) . There are no po sthar vest treatment u ses. Cro p s f or w hich it i s registered include fruit s , ve getable s, a nd row and fi eld c rops s uch as a lf alfa , r ice , s oybean , and whe at. Th e majo r a gricultural u se s ites appear to be a lf alfa , c otton , s oybeans , w inter wh eat , and rice (s ee bel ow for f urth e r d escriptions o f u sag e trend s in the se crop s) . 

### COMMO N FORMU L ATI ONS AND APP LIC ATION ME THODS' F ormulation s includ e : mi croencap sul ated , pell eted /t ableted, e mul s ifiable c oncentrate , w ettable p owder , granular, re ady-to-u se, and impre gnated m aterial. Thi s c hemical is a pplied in a numb er o f wa y s. A gricultural applicat ion method s in cl ude s prays m ade w ith g round a nd aerial appl ication equ ipm ent, c hemigation v ia irri gation e quipme nt , f oliar treatment , and s oil tre atmen t s ( in-furrow , T -band ing, etc . ). N on-agricultural application meth od s includ e : S oil tre atment s (e.g ., s ubslab inj ection and "re dding") , fo am ap plication , contact a nd/or s urface treatment, premi se tre atment ( including outd oor premise tr eatment ) , C rack an d c revice an d/or s p o t treatment, Perimeter treatm ent, Indoor g ener al s urfac e treatment , S pot tr eatment , U ltra low v o lume, Bro adcast , M ound tr eatment, M ound dren ch , Band tr eatment , Indo or p remise tr eatment, B arrier t reatment, Vo id tr eatment , Pr epaving treatment , Imp regnated cov e ring appli c ati on, W ood s urfac e tr eatment , M anual bru sh treatment, and Inj ection treatment.

Page 2 of IIU SAGE Larnbda-cyha l othrin agricultura l u sage Based on private market pesticide u sage data, th e annual total agricultural usage a veraged approximately 250,000 pound s acti ve ingredi ent for 1 0 million acre s from 1998-2008 (G fK K ynetec, 1998- 2008 ). O ver the 1O

- year period of 1998-2007 , th e u sage rem ained fair ly s teady; howe ver, a l arge percent increa se in u se occurred between 2007 and 2008 (a 58 % incr ease). Thi s increa se wa s largel y due to an increa se in s oybean u sage and winter wheat. From 1998 -2008 , the largest markets in tenn s of tota l pound s of a ctive ingredient app lied were : c olton (25 %), soy beans (20%) , c om (1 0%), alfalfa ( 8%), winter wheat (8%) , and ric e (6%) ( GfK Kyn etec, 199 8-2008) . F igure 1 presents the s tates with the mo st agricultura l usage in term s of pounds A .I. appli ed : Arkansas, Minnesota , North Caro lina , Illinoi s, Louisiana, Texa s, M ississipp i , and California ( GtK Kynet ec, 1998-20 08). These states are al so the large st in t erms of total acre s treated from 19 98 -2008 . 

### FIG URE 1. St at es with H ighest U se - Percent of Total L bs. AI Applied Pounds AI

1 1% 

# :----.... -

1 1 %

1 2% 

### S ource: G fK Kynet ic, 1998-2 008 US E T REl\'DS T rends in a gricultural u sage 14 % • AR KA NSAS
• MI NNESOTA o NO RTH CARO U NA o I LUNOIS
• LO UISIANA o lE XAS
• M I SSISSIPPI o CALIFOR NIA

The f ollowi ng graph s provide u sage trend s, in term s of pound s applied and acre s treated for larnbda-c yhal othrin during 1998- 2008 ( see F igure 2) , and f or the large st agricultural mark ets Page 3 o f 11( Figure 3) ( individual graphs f or tho se c rops re ceiving 1 0 % o r m ore o f the p ounds A. I. app l ied, Fig ures 4 thr ough 6)
. 

### FI GURE 2. Lamb da-Cyhalo thr in Usage ( 1998·2008) 4 00 ,000**p-_~** __**~~_~ ~~~==~=**  

### __**~=_** 

# ...... D Other
• Rice til Wheat, Winter

• Sweet Corn D A lfalfa o ccm
• Soybe ans
• Cotton
1998 1 999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Y

ear 

### So urce: GfK Kynetec , 1 998-2008 FI GURE 3. Acres Treated by C rop 1 8,OOO , O

O' "p """ _ = = = =**~~ ~===_**  

### .... "1

. Ric e IJ W heat , W inter
• Swe et Co m 

### o A lfalfa 

### o Co rn
• Soy beans
• Co tto n

1 998 19 99 2000 2001 20 02 2 003 2 004 200 5 2 006 2 007 2 008 Y

ear 

### Sou rce : GfK Ky netec, 1998 -2008

P age 4 o f II

### FIG URE 4. Cotton 

### 160.000,-----

- -- - ---- - ---------- - - - --,

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Years 

### Source : GfK Kynetec,1998 -2008 

### FIG URE 5
. Soybeans 250,000



# -

;; 

## • 

# " c 

# , 0 

# - 

# .. ..,. rr- 

## • 0 

# D 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Years Source: GfK Kynetec,1998 .2008
Page 5 o f 11

### FI GURE 6. Com 50,000

### ""'**~------=-=-~-~~----- -"lI** 

19 98 1 999 2000 200 1 2002 2003 2004 2 005 2006 2 007 2008 Years S ou r ce: GfK Kyu ctec, 1 998-2008 Lambda- cyhal othrin non-agricultural u sage In term s o f non-agri cultural usage , BEAD re viewed av ailable n on-agricultural so urces , but informati on was limit ed on u se oflarnbda-cyhalothrin in n on- agricultur al u se s ites to o nly g olf c ourses ( 3,000 Ib s. A. I. in 200 6). T here w as u se reported o n tur f farm s an d b y lawn c are o perators (L eO s) in 2006 ; howe ver, th e u sage w as below the reporting thr eshold. There wa s u se report ed for co ckroach control h y PMP s (12 ,000 lb s. A .I. in 200 I ), H istory o f B EAD assess ments f or lambd a-c yhalothrin Lambda- cyhalothrin ha s n ot b een th e s ubject o f an y ri sk mitigation impact a sses sment s devel oped b y B EAD. However, ther e ha ve been se veral e mergency e xemption ( Section 18) reque sts from v arious s lates ov er the ye ars th at have been re vi ewed b y B EAD. The se reque sts have c overed a di verse r ange o f c rops and pe sts, reflecting the broad- spe ctrum i nsecticidal act ivity o f thi s ch emical. S ee App endix 1 f or a li st of B EAD 's c ompleted a ssessments o f th ese reque sts. Biological i ssues rele vant to lambda -cyhal othrin u se Like g amma-cyhalothrin, a ve ry s imilar p yr ethroid in s ecticid e, lambd a-cyhal othrin i s on e of the re c omm ended c ontrol o ptions f or a s et o f s ignificant pe sts in the c rops with the high est u sage. In s oybe ans, it is re commen ded f or con trol of s oybean aphid 

### (Ap his glyci nes). T his in sect, introduc ed from C hina, w as fir st dete cted in th e U. S. in 2000 and n ow occ urs throu ghout th e Pa ge 6 o f IIc ou ntry's m ain s oybean productio n reg ion s. In addi tion to ca using y ield l osses in hi gh inf estations, thi s a phid ca n al so trans mit s evera l p lant v iruses tha t can ca use sig nificant yield l os s e s o f their own
. T he se include th e b ean ye llow mo saic v iru s an d th e soybean m osaic viru s ( R ice et al ., 2007) . While th ere are seve ral o ther p yrethroid s, as we ll as n eonicotinoids and o rganophosphate s, me ntioned i n s oyb e an ap hid m anagement recommendations f rom m ajor p roduction s t ates (e .g., I owa , Wi sco n s in), B EAD spec ulate s that l ambda-cyhalothrin u s e i n t his crop m ay h ave i ncrea s ed in rece nt ye ars a s concern about th e soybean ap hid has grown among soybean farmers. In al falfa , l ambda-cyhalothrin i s o ne ofthe rec omm ended optio ns f or con trol o f th e alfalfa weevi l (Hyp era post ica). The re are s evera l o ther p yretbroids an d organop hosphate s re commended f or thi s pe st a s we ll. In Sou th Dakota , o ne of th e s tates wi th h igh gam macy halothrin u sage, grasshopper s of va rious specie s m ay a lso be a target o f pyrethroid treatments ( USDA , 200 I ) . I n winter wheat, m ajor target pe s t s for lambda-cyhalothrin a ppear t o be th e Ru ssian w hea t aphid (Diuraph is noxla) an d greenbug (S chizaphis graminum Ro ndani)
. The Ru ssian w hea t aphid is anothe r i ntroduced pes t th at i s capa ble of p lant d i sease transmi ss ion
. It i s wo rth n oting here that p yre tbroid pe rformance i s en hanced i n "cool temperatures " (Rice et al
. , 2007) . S i nce t he major u se o f lambda-cyhalotbrin occ urs in Midwes tern s tates th at gene rally h ave coo ler s prin gs and fa lls , this a spect m ay be another fac tor in th e p opularity of thi s insecticide in a l fal fa, s oybean, and w inter w heat. I n cotton grown in m ajor prod uction s tates s uch as Ca lifornia , Texa s and A rkansa s, l ambdacy haloth rin is o ne o f s evera l i n sectici des use d to c ontrol c utworms , fleahopper s, ap hid s, bo llworms , Ly gus bugs , and bo ll weev il s (Godf rey et a l., 2009 ; U SDA 2009 , 2000) . H owever, at l east o ne exte n sion se rvice recommend s avoid ing lambda-cyhalothrin (an d other pyret hroid s) a s a control o ption for b oll wee vi l, s o a s to avoid f o st ering resi sta nce (U SDA 2 005). Ear ly-season use o f pyre throid s i s als o d iscourage d because th ese insecticide s can ca u se re s urgence o f aphids, w hiteflies , and mites by re leasing these pes t s from co ntrol by n atural en emies (U SDA 2 005). Depe nding o n th e pe s t involve d , alternatives i nclude many ot her sy n thet i c pyre throid s, organopho sp hate s, carbamate s, n eonicotinoid s, and n arrow- s pectrum insect growth regu lators
. Lambda -cyha lo thrin i s s ome times u se d i n a p reformulated m ixture w ith th iamethoxam, a neonicotinoid ( USDA 2009) . In ri ce grow n i n th e m ajor production s tates t hat s how signi ficant l ambda-cyhalothrin usage , i ncluding Ca li forn ia, Lou isiana, an d Texas , this pyre throid is u sed to co ntrol a variet y of pes ts . In C a li fornia, these incl ude armyworm s and th e rice wate r weev il. Weev il contro l ma y co nstitute a m ajor p ortion of Ca lifornia co ntrol , beca u se th i s i s a po tentially se rious, w idely di s tribut ed pest , and b ecause lambda-c yh alothrin i s one o f on ly three insec ticides recom mended f or f oliar s prays target ing ad ul t weevils (Godf rey and E s pino sa 2009) . T he o ther m aterials avai lable for thi s use are zeta -cype nne thrin (a l so a pyre throid) an d di lflubenzu ron (an in sec t growt h regulator)
. Lam bda-cyha lo thrin i s the o nly o ne of th ese thr ee th at i s allowed for pre -flood app lication s; f urthermore , re sea rch show s th at t reating vege tation adjacen t to r ice field l e vees is ofte n e nough to kee p ad ult weevi l pop ulation s be low damaging le v el s in the ric e (Go dfre y and Es p in osa 2 009). I n ea s tern U S ri ce , l ambda-cyhalothrin i s us ed to contro l ap hids , c hinch bug s, s tem Page 70f11b orers, ric e s tink bug s , and ri ce w ater w eevil adult s. O f t hese , s tink bu g s an d wee v il s are co n s idered m ajor pe s t s (A nci s o 2 000 , US DA 2 002) . Acc ording t o a l arge d atabase m aintained by M ic higan State U ni ve rsity ( access ibl e at http :/ /\-\'\\'w.pesticideres istance.coml DB / index.html), th ere hav e be en se ve ra l p ublishe d report s, f rom many co untrie s, o f re sis tanc e in in se ct p opul ation s to lambd a-cyhal othrin
. In the Unite d S tates, th es e report s ind ic ate l ocalized re s i stanc e in the blue gra s s w ee vil (a pe st o f turf and g olf c o urse ), the co dling m oth (a p e s t o f man y f ruit c rops) , hom flie s ( a livesto ck pest), an d publi c h ealth p e sts i ncluding bed bu g s , mo squitoe s , and Ge rman c ockroache s . DA TA N EEDS RE L EVA NT TO 

### BEAD 's FUT UR E W O RK ON LA MB DA - CYHA LO THR I N O b ta ining additional inf ormation on th e fo llowing item s wo uld impr ove BEAD' s as s e ss ment o f th e importance o f l ambda-c yh alothrin as a pe st man ag em ent t ool. Thi s as sess me nt i s likel y to be r equired as p art o f th e re gistration re view o f t hi s p e st icide. I . Fo r no n-agri cultural u ses, in formation on tar get p ests and treatment c osts. 2. C o nfirm ation of th e m a jor tar get pe sts fo r w hi c h l ambda-cyhalothrin is u sed in ag ricultural product ion
. 3 . Recen t res i stance re port s f or lambda- c yhalothrin in p opulati ons o f important target pe st s . 4 . F or agr icultural u ses, worke r ac ti v itie s th at occ ur in tre ated fi eld s at th e typ ic al tim e o f lambda-c yh alothrin applications
.
A P PE NDIX 1 Pr eviou s lambd a-c yh al othrin a s ses sm ent s co nducted by B EAD i nclud e th e f ollowi ng 3 0 e mergency exe mption r eview s:

• B EAD Re vi ew o f Doc umentation S ubmitted in S upport of an y Emergency Exe mption o f th e Use of Lambda- Cyhalothrin (W a rrior) o n Pa s ture G rass i n N ew Yo rk to C o ntro l Arm ywo rms , A l falfa Wee v il and Potato Leafhopper • Emer ge n cy Ex e mpti o n Request for t he u se o f Lambda- Cyhalothrin on Ca li fo rnia O lives to C o ntrol th e o live Fruit F ly 

### (Ba ct ro ce ra o le a e )
• Re vi ew of Co lorado Requ est f or Emergency Exe mption Us e o f Lambda- cyhalothrin t o C o ntrol Ann y C utwo rms o n Pa s tureland Rangeland , A lfalf a/C lover / G ra ss M ix e d S tands, an d G rasses G rown fo r Se e d
• Re view o f N e w Yo rk' s Eme rg en cy Ex empti o n Reque st for t he U se o f La mb d ac yh al o thr in ( W arri or) o n a lfalf a/clover /g ra ss m ixed s tan ds f or hay to c ontrol Potato leafhopper 

### (Empoascafa baev
• B EAD ' s Re vie w o f Requ e st fo r an Emergency Exemption for th e U s e of L ambdaC yhaloth ri n (Wa rrior ®) o n Wild Rice in M inn eso ta to C o ntro l th e Ric e worm 

### ( Apam ea apamij oris).
• R eview o f a R equest for Em e rge ncy Ex emption f or L ambda-c yh alothrin o n B arley to Co ntrol t he Rus s ian Wh e at A phid and C e real Le af B ee tle i n Id aho Pag e 8 of 11• B EAD's Review o f Request f or an E mergency E xemption f or the Us e o f Lambd aC yha lo thrin ( Warrior) o n Wild Rice in Minn esota to C ontrol th e Ri c eworm • BE AD Re view of D ocumentati on Submitted in S upport o f an E mergency Ex emption f or the Us e o f Lambda-Cyhalothrin ( Warrior) to Co ntrol Ru ssian Wh eat A phid (Diuraphis 

### noxia) on B arley
• Revi ew o f E mergency E xemption Request from Id aho f or Use of La mbda-Cyhalothrin (Warri or) t o Co ntrol Russian Whe at Ap hid on Barle y • Revi ew of a Request f or Emergency Exe mption f or Lambd a-cyhal othrin o n Barle y to Co ntrol the Ru ssian Wh eat A phid and Ce real L eaf B eetle in Idah o • Be ad Re view o f Do cumentati on S ubmitted in S upport of an E mergency Ex emption f or th e Use of Lambda- cyhal othrin ( Warrior ) on C anola in M ont ana to Co ntrol Flea B eetle
• B EAD's Re view o f Doc um entation Submitted i n S upport of an E mergency E xemption f or th e Use L ambd a- cyhalothr in ( Warrior) o n B arley to C ontrol A rmy C utworm (Euxoa 

### a uxiluris) a nd Pa le We stern C utworm 

### (Agrotis o rthogonia)
• BEAD Review of Doc umentation S ubmitted in S upport o f an E mergency Exe mption f or the Use of Lambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrior) o n Kan sas g rown C anola to Co ntrol Arm y C utwork (Euxo a auxiliaris v • B EAD Re view o f D o cum entation Submitted i n S upport o f a n E mergency Ex emption fo r the Use o f L ambda-Cyhalothrin (Warri or) on C anola in Nort h D akota t o Co ntrol th e C rucifer fl ea be etle 

### (Phyll otreta cr uciferae) a nd th e S triped fl ea b eetle 

### (Phyll otreta s trio/ara) (99ND 1 2)
• BE AD Re view of Doc ument ation S ubmitted i n S upport of an Emergency Exemption for th e Use o f L ambda-cyhalothrin (Warri or) to Co ntrol the Cru cifer Fl ea B eetle iPh yllotreta 

### cruciferae ) o n Mo ntana Gro 'V;TI C anola
• BE AD Re view o f D ocumentation S ubmitted in S upport of an Emergency Exe mption for th e Use o f L ambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrio r) t o Co ntrol th e Cru cifer Flea B eetle 

### (Phyllolrel a cruciferae) o n Mo ntana Gro wn C anola
• B EAD Re view of Do cumentation S ubmitted in S upport of an Emergency Ex emption f or th e U se o f L amb da-Cy halothrin ( Warrior) to C ontrol G rasshoppers o n Flax in No rth Dak ota • Rev iew of E mergency E xempti on Reque st for th e Use of Lam bda-Cyhalothrin (W arrior) o n Mo ntana grown B arley to control c utworms • BEAD 's Review o f Doc umentation S ubmitted in Supp ort o n an E mergency Exe mption f or the Use o f La mbda Cy halothrin (Warrior) in Mo ntana a nd Wyo ming to Co ntrol C ere al Le af B eetle on Ba rley • Eva luation o f Emergency Ex emption Requ est f rom Mo ntana f or the Use o f LambdaCy halothrin (W arrior) to Co ntrol th e C ereal Le af Bee tle on B arley
• Re view of E mergency Exe mption Request from M ontana f or Use o f L ambd aCy halothrin to Co ntrol C rucifer Flea B eetle o n C anola • Ev aluation o f E mergency Exe mption Reque st from Wy oming fo r th e Use o f LambdaCy halothrin (W arrior) to Co ntrol the Ce real L eaf Be etle on B arley • BEAD Rev iew of Doc umentation S ubmitted in S upport o f an E mergency Exe mption fo r the Use of Lambda-cyhalothrin ( Warrior) o n B arley in Mo ntana and W yoming to c ontrol Ru ssian Wh eat A phid 

### {Diuraphis noxia)

Page 9 0[11• Emergency E xe mpti o n Request f or t he Use o f Lambda-Cyhal othrin o n Ca lifornia O lives to Co ntrol th e Olive Fruit F ly (Bac trocera oleae) • B EA D's Re view o f D ocumentation S ubmitted in S upport of an E merge ncy Exe mption f or th e Use of Te bufenozide (Co nfirm} an d L ambda Cy halothrin ( Karate) o n S ugarcane to Co ntrol th e S ugarcane Borer • Rev iew of C risis E xemption Re quest f rom Co lorado fo r U se o f Lambd a-Cyhalothrin (Warrior) to Con trol R u ss ian Wheat A phid o n B arley • Rev iew of C risis Exe mptio n f rom N o rth Dakota f or U se of Lambda- Cy halothrin to Contro l Bertha Armywor m o n C anola • Se ction 1 8 Speci fic Exe mption from th e Mo ntana Dep artment of Ag riculture fo r the Us e o f L ambda

- Cy halothrin (Warrio r In s ecticide) o n C an o l a to C o nt rol th e D iamondback Mo th • B EAD Rev iew of Se ction 1 8 A pplication (S pecific E xe mpt i o n ) from Co lorado fo r Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Warrior) Agai n st R us si an Wh eat A phid on B arley G rown Primarily for B rewing 

### REFERENCES An ciso, J. 2 000 . Ri ce i n Texas : C ro p Brief o n Production, Pes ts , & Pes ticide s. Departmental Report SCS -2000-01 o f th e Texas Ag riLife Ex ten s ion Service
. Av ailable at http ://aggie

- horticulture .tamu .eduJextension/cropbr ief s/r ice.html. [Accessed o n May 1 3 ,2 010] GtK Kynetec . ( 1998-2008). P roprietary d ata . G o d f rey, L.D ., P . B . G oodell , E . T . Na twick , and D .R. H aviland
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. [Accessed on May 13 ,2 010 ] Kline and C o . Prof essional Tur f a nd O rnamental Marke ts F or Pe sticide s and Fertili ze rs USA : G o l f Co ur ses (2 007) , T urf Fa rm s (2 006) , Lawn C a re O perators ( 2006) Kli ne an d Co
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Page 10 of 11USDA. 2 000 . C rop P rofile fo r Co tton i n Arkansas. Avai lable at : http :/ /v.'\\w.ipmc enter s.orglcr opprofiles/CP fonn .cfm
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### i pm centers. ergl croppro ti 1e s/C P form.cfm
. U SDA 2 002 . Crop Pro file f or Ri ce i n Loui s iana
. Avai lable at : http ://www.ipmcenter s.erglcropprofile s/CP form.cfm
. [Acces s ed o n May 13 ,2010 ] USDA. 2005
. A Pes t M anageme nt S trategic Pl an f or Cotto n Product ion i n Texa s. Avai lable at http :/ /v.'\\w.ipmcenter s.orglpmsp/index .cfm [Accessed o n M ay 13 ,20 10] U SDA. 20 09 . C rop Pr ofile fo r Co tton in T exas . Ava ilable at: http ://wv.w .ipmcenter s.or glcropprofile s/CP form.cfm . [Ac ces se d o n May 13,20 10]

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