DATA BREACH 

RESPONSE

Federal Trade Commission | business.ftc.gov

A Guide for Business
You just learned that your business experienced a data 

breach. Whether hackers took personal information 

from your corporate server, an insider stole customer 

information, or information was inadvertently exposed on 

your company’s website, you are probably wondering what 

to do next. 

What steps should you take and whom should you contact 

if personal information may have been exposed? Although 

the answers vary from case to case, the following guidance 

from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) can help you 

make smart, sound decisions. 

This guide addresses the steps to take once a 

breach has occured. For advice on implementing a 

plan to protect consumers’ personal information, to 

prevent breaches and unauthorized access, check 

out the FTC’s Protecting Personal Information: A 

Guide for Business and Start with Security: A Guide 

for Business.
1

Secure Your Operations

Move quickly to secure your systems and fix vulnerabilities 

that may have caused the breach. The only thing worse 

than a data breach is multiple data breaches. Take steps so 

it doesn’t happen again. 

Mobilize your breach response team right away to prevent 

additional data loss. The exact steps to take depend on the 

nature of the breach and the structure of your business. 

Assemble a team of experts to conduct a comprehensive 

breach response. Depending on the size and nature 

of your company, they may include forensics, legal, 

information security, information technology, operations, 

human resources, communications, investor relations, and 

management. 

• Identify a data forensics team. Consider hiring 

independent forensic investigators to help you 

determine the source and scope of the breach. 

They will capture forensic images of affected 

systems, collect and analyze evidence, and outline 

remediation steps. 

• Consult with legal counsel. Talk to your legal 

counsel. Then, you may consider hiring outside legal 

counsel with privacy and data security expertise. 

They can advise you on federal and state laws that 

may be implicated by a breach.

Secure physical areas potentially related to the breach. 

Lock them and change access codes, if needed. Ask 

your forensics experts and law enforcement when it is 

reasonable to resume regular operations.
2

Stop additional data loss. Take all affected equipment 

offline immediately— but don’t turn any machines off until 

the forensic experts arrive. Closely monitor all entry and exit 

points, especially those involved in the breach. If possible, 

put clean machines online in place of affected ones. In 

addition, update credentials and passwords of authorized 

users. If a hacker stole credentials, your system will remain 

vulnerable until you change those credentials, even if 

you’ve removed the hacker’s tools. 

Remove improperly posted information from the web. 

• Your website: If the data breach involved personal 

information improperly posted on your website, 

immediately remove it. Be aware that internet 

search engines store, or “cache,” information 

for a period of time. You can contact the search 

engines to ensure that they don’t archive personal 

information posted in error. 

• Other websites: Search for your company’s 

exposed data to make sure that no other websites 

have saved a copy. If you find any, contact those 

sites and ask them to remove it.

Interview people who discovered the breach. Also, talk 

with anyone else who may know about it. If you have a 

customer service center, make sure the staff knows where 

to forward information that may aid your investigation of the 

breach. Document your investigation.

Do not destroy evidence. Don’t destroy any forensic 

evidence in the course of your investigation and 

remediation.
3

Fix Vulnerabilities

Think about service providers. If service providers were 

involved, examine what personal information they can 

access and decide if you need to change their access 

privileges. Also, ensure your service providers are taking 

the necessary steps to make sure another breach does not 

occur. If your service providers say they have remedied 

vulnerabilities, verify that they really fixed things. 

Check your network segmentation. When you set up your 

network, you likely segmented it so that a breach on one 

server or in one site could not lead to a breach on another 

server or site. Work with your forensics experts to analyze 

whether your segmentation plan was effective in containing 

the breach. If you need to make any changes, do so now.

Work with your forensics experts. Find out if measures 

such as encryption were enabled when the breach 

happened. Analyze backup or preserved data. Review logs 

to determine who had access to the data at the time of the 

breach. Also, analyze who currently has access, determine 

whether that access is needed, and restrict access if it 

is not. Verify the types of information compromised, the 

number of people affected, and whether you have contact 

information for those people. When you get the forensic 

reports, take the recommended remedial measures as soon 

as possible.

Have a communications plan. Create a comprehensive 

plan that reaches all affected audiences — employees, 

customers, investors, business partners, and other 

stakeholders. Don’t make misleading statements about 

the breach. And don’t withhold key details that might help 

consumers protect themselves and their information. Also, 

don’t publicly share information that might put consumers at 

further risk. 
4

Anticipate questions that people will ask. Then, put top 

tier questions and clear, plain-language answers on your 

website where they are easy to find. Good communication 

up front can limit customers’ concerns and frustration, 

saving your company time and money later. 

Notify Appropriate Parties

When your business experiences a data breach, notify 

law enforcement, other affected businesses, and affected 

individuals. 

Determine your legal requirements.

Most states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the 

Virgin Islands have enacted legislation requiring notification 

of security breaches involving personal information. In 

addition, depending on the types of information involved 

in the breach, there may be other laws or regulations that 

apply to your situation. Check state and federal laws or 

regulations for any specific requirements for your business.

Notify Law Enforcement

Call your local police department immediately. Report 

your situation and the potential risk for identity theft. The 

sooner law enforcement learns about the theft, the more 

effective they can be. If your local police aren’t familiar with 

investigating information compromises, contact the local 

office of the FBI or the U.S. Secret Service. For incidents 

involving mail theft, contact the U.S. Postal Inspection Service.
5

Did the breach involve electronic health 

information?

Then check if you’re covered by the Health Breach 

Notification Rule. If so, you must notify the FTC and in some 

cases, the media. Complying with the FTC’s Health Breach 

Notification Rule explains who you must notify, and when. 

Also, check if you’re covered by the HIPAA Breach 

Notification Rule. If so, you must notify the Secretary of the 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and 

in some cases, the media. HHS’s Breach Notification Rule

explains who you must notify, and when.

Health Breach Resources

HIPAA Breach Notification Rule:

hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/breach-notification

HHS HIPAA Breach Notification Form: 

hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/breach-notification/

breach-reporting

Complying with the FTC’s Health Breach

Notification Rule: 

ftc.gov/healthbreachnotificationrule

Notify Affected Businesses

If account access information—say, credit card or bank 

account numbers—has been stolen from you, but you don’t 

maintain the accounts, notify the institution that does so it 

can monitor the accounts for fraudulent activity. 
6

If you collect or store personal information on behalf of 

other businesses, notify them of the data breach.

If names and Social Security numbers have been 

stolen, contact the major credit bureaus for additional 

information or advice. If the compromise may involve 

a large group of people, advise the credit bureaus if you 

are recommending that people request fraud alerts 

and credit freezes for their files. 

Equifax: equifax.com or 1-800-685-1111

Experian: experian.com or 1-888-397-3742

TransUnion: transunion.com or 1-888-909-8872

Notify Individuals

If you quickly notify people that their personal information 

has been compromised, they can take steps to reduce the 

chance that their information will be misused. In deciding 

who to notify, and how, consider:

• state laws

• the nature of the compromise

• the type of information taken

• the likelihood of misuse

• the potential damage if the information is misused

For example, thieves who have stolen names and Social 

Security numbers can use that information not only to sign 

up for new accounts in the victim’s name but also to commit 

tax identity theft. People who are notified early can take 

steps to limit the damage.
7

When notifying individuals, the FTC recommends you:

• consult with your law enforcement contact about 

the timing of the notification so it doesn’t impede 

the investigation. 

• designate a point person within your organization 

for releasing information. Give the contact person 

the latest information about the breach, your 

response, and how individuals should respond. 

Consider using letters (see sample on page 10), 

websites, and toll-free numbers to communicate 

with people whose information may have been 

compromised. If you don’t have contact information 

for all of the affected individuals, you can build 

an extensive public relations campaign into your 

communications plan, including press releases or 

other news media notification. 

• consider offering at least a year of free credit 

monitoring or other support such as identity 

theft protection or identity restoration services, 

particularly if financial information or Social Security 

numbers were exposed. When such information is 

exposed, thieves may use it to open new accounts.

Most states have breach notification laws that tell you what 

information you must, or must not, provide in your breach 

notice. In general, unless your state law says otherwise, 

you’ll want to:

• clearly describe what you know about the 

compromise. Include:

» how it happened

» what information was taken

» how the thieves have used the information 

(if you know)
8

» what actions you have taken to remedy 

the situation

» what actions you are taking to protect 

individuals, such as offering free credit 

monitoring services

» how to reach the relevant contacts in 

your organization 

Consult with your law enforcement contact about what 

information to include so your notice doesn’t hamper 

the investigation. 

• Tell people what steps they can take, given 

the type of information exposed, and provide 

relevant contact information. For example, 

people whose Social Security numbers have been 

stolen should contact the credit bureaus to ask 

that fraud alerts or credit freezes be placed on 

their credit reports and contact the IRS Identity 

Protection Specialized Unit at 1-800-908-4490. 

See IdentityTheft.gov/databreach for information 

on appropriate follow-up steps after a compromise, 

depending on the type of personal information that 

was exposed. Consider adding this information as 

an attachment to your breach notification letter, as 

we’ve done in the model letter on page 10. 

• Include current information about how to recover 

from identity theft. For a list of recovery steps, refer 

consumers to IdentityTheft.gov. 

• Consider providing information about the law 

enforcement agency working on the case, if the 

law enforcement agency agrees that would help. 

Identity theft victims often can provide important 

information to law enforcement. 
9

• Encourage people who discover that their 

information has been misused to file a complaint 

with the FTC, using IdentityTheft.gov. This 

information is entered into the Consumer Sentinel 

Network, a secure, online database available to civil 

and criminal law enforcement agencies.

• Describe how you’ll contact consumers in the 

future. For example, if you’ll only contact consumers 

by mail, then say so. If you won’t ever call them 

about the breach, then let them know. This 

information may help victims avoid phishing scams 

tied to the breach, while also helping to protect 

your company’s reputation. Some organizations 

tell consumers that updates will be posted on their 

website. This gives consumers a place they can go 

at any time to see the latest information.

Model Letter

The following letter is a model for notifying people whose 

names and Social Security numbers have been stolen. 

When Social Security numbers have been stolen, it’s 

important to advise people to place a free fraud alert on 

their credit reports. A fraud alert may hinder identity thieves 

from getting credit with stolen information because it’s a 

signal to creditors to contact the consumer before opening 

new accounts or changing existing accounts. 

Also, advise consumers to consider placing a credit freeze

on their file.
10

[Name of Company/Logo] Date: [Insert Date]

NOTICE OF DATA BREACH

Dear [Insert Name]:

We are contacting you about a data breach that 

has occurred at [insert Company Name].

What Happened?

[Describe how the data breach happened, the 

date of the breach, and how the stolen information 

has been misused (if you know)].

What Information Was Involved?

This incident involved your [describe the type of 

personal information that may have been exposed 

due to the breach]. 

What We Are Doing

[Describe how you are responding to the data 

breach, including: what actions you’ve taken to 

remedy the situation; what steps you are taking to 

protect individuals whose information has been 

breached; and what services you are offering 

(like credit monitoring or identity theft restoration 

services).]
11

What You Can Do

We recommend that you place a fraud alert on 

your credit file. A fraud alert tells creditors to 

contact you before they open any new accounts or 

change your existing accounts. Call any one of the 

three major credit bureaus. As soon as one credit 

bureau confirms your fraud alert, the others are 

notified to place fraud alerts. The initial fraud alert 

stays on your credit report for one year. You can 

renew it after one year.

Equifax: equifax.com or 1-800-685-1111

Experian: experian.com or 1-888-397-3742

TransUnion: transunion.com or 1-888-909-8872

Request that all three credit reports be sent to 

you, free of charge, for your review. Even if you 

do not find any suspicious activity on your initial 

credit reports, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 

recommends that you check your credit reports 

periodically. Thieves may hold stolen information 

to use at different times. Checking your credit 

reports periodically can help you spot problems 

and address them quickly.

If your personal information has been misused, 

visit the FTC’s site at IdentityTheft.gov to get 

recovery steps and to file an identity theft 

complaint. Your complaint will be added to the 

FTC’s Consumer Sentinel Network, where it will be 

accessible to law enforcers for their investigations.
12

You also may want to consider contacting the 

major credit bureaus at the telephone numbers 

above to place a free credit freeze on your credit 

file. A credit freeze means potential creditors 

cannot get your credit report. That makes it less 

likely that an identify thief can open new accounts 

in your name. 

We have enclosed a copy of Identity Theft: A 

Recovery Plan, a comprehensive guide from the 

FTC to help you guard against and deal with 

identity theft. We’ve also attached information 

from IdentityTheft.gov about steps you can 

take to help protect yourself from identity theft, 

depending on the type of information exposed.

Other Important Information

[Insert other important information here.]

For More Information

Call [telephone number] or go to [Internet 

website]. [State how additional information or 

updates will be shared/or where they will be 

posted.]

[Insert Closing]

[Your Name]
What information was lost or exposed?

Social Security number

☐ If a company responsible 

for exposing your 

information offers you free 

credit monitoring, take 

advantage of it.

☐ Get your free credit reports 

from annualcreditreport.com. 

Check for any accounts 

or charges you don’t 

recognize.

☐ Consider placing a credit 

freeze. A credit freeze 

makes it harder for 

someone to open a new 

account in your name.

• If you place a freeze, be 

ready to take a few extra 

steps the next time you 

apply for a new credit 

card or cell phone —or 

any service that requires 

a credit check.

• If you decide not to 

place a credit freeze, at 

least consider placing a 

fraud alert.

☐ Try to file your taxes early 

— before a scammer can. 

Tax identity theft happens 

when someone uses your 

Social Security number to 

get a tax refund or a job. 

Respond right away to 

letters from the IRS.

☐ Don’t believe anyone who 

calls and says you’ll be 

arrested unless you pay 

for taxes or debt — even 

if they have part or all 

of your Social Security 

number, or they say they’re 

from the IRS.

☐ Continue to check 

your credit reports at 

annualcreditreport.com. 

You can order a free report 

from each of the three 

credit reporting companies 

once a year.

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

IdentityTheft.gov

Consider attaching the relevant section from IdentityTheft.gov, 

based on the type of information exposed in the breach. This 

is for a data breach involving Social Security numbers. There is 

similar information about other types of personal information.

Optional Attachment
For More Guidance From the FTC

This publication provides general guidance for 

an organization that has experienced a data breach. 

If you’d like more individualized guidance, you may 

contact the FTC at 1-877-ID-THEFT (877-438-4338). 

Please provide information regarding what has occurred, 

including the type of information taken, the number 

of people potentially affected, your contact information, 

and contact information for the law enforcement agent 

with whom you are working. The FTC can prepare its 

Consumer Response Center for calls from the people 

affected, help law enforcement with information from its 

national victim complaint database, and provide you with 

additional guidance as necessary. Because the FTC 

has a law enforcement role with respect to information 

privacy, you may seek guidance anonymously.

For additional information and resources, please visit 

business.ftc.gov.

Federal Trade Commission

business.ftc.gov

May 2019