________________________________________________ 

________________________________________________ 

202 3138 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

BEFORE THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 

COMMISSIONERS: Lina M. Khan, Chair 

Noah Joshua Phillips 

Rebecca Kelly Slaughter 

Christine S. Wilson 

Alvaro M. Bedoya 

In the Matter of 

CREDIT KARMA, LLC, a limited liability company. DOCKET NO. __ 

COMPLAINT 

The Federal Trade Commission (“Commission”), having reason to believe that Credit 

Karma, LLC (“Respondent”) has violated the provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act 

(“FTC Act”), and it appearing to the Commission that this proceeding is in the public interest, 

alleges: 

1. Respondent Credit Karma, LLC is a Delaware limited liability company with its principal 

office or place of business at 1100 Broadway, STE 1800, Oakland, California 94607. In 

December 2020, Respondent merged with Credit Karma, Inc., Credit Karma, Inc. ceased to 

exist at that time, and Respondent became the successor to Credit Karma, Inc. 

2. Respondent has marketed third-party financial products, such as credit cards, to consumers. 

3. The acts or practices of Respondent alleged in this complaint have been in or affecting 

commerce, as “commerce” is defined in Section 4 of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 44. 

Respondent’s Claims that Consumers were 

“Pre-approved” for Third-Party Financial Products 

4. Respondent’s website, www.creditkarma.com, and mobile application market credit 

monitoring and other tools such as financial calculators for approximating the effect of 

certain credit choices (like obtaining a loan) on a consumer’s score. 

5. To access most of these tools, a consumer must sign up for a Credit Karma account and 

become a member. When signing up for an account, a consumer must provide to Respondent 

a variety of personal information, including name, date of birth, and last four digits of a 
 

 

 

 

 

 

Social Security number, and also agree to Respondent’s Privacy Policy and Terms of 

Service, which state that Respondent may collect additional information about them from 

other sources. Respondent has amassed over 2,500 data points, including credit and income 

information, per member. 

6. Respondent sends members advertisements and recommendations for third-party financial 

products. 

7. At least since February 2018 through April 2021, through its website, mobile app, and email 

marketing campaigns, Respondent has represented in advertisements and recommendations 

to members that they have been “pre-approved” for third-party financial products such as 

credit cards. 

8. For example, in numerous instances, Respondent’s email advertisements prominently have 

represented that consumers have been pre-approved for third-party financial products, 

including but not limited to representations in Exhibits A and B. One such email, attached as 

Exhibit A, includes a subject line stating “Congrats! ... You’re pre-approved for an American 

Express Card.” When opened, the body of this email prominently reiterates, in large 

boldface, the following statements and depictions: 

Exhibit A at 1 

9. Similarly, another email advertisement from Respondent, attached as Exhibit B, includes the 

subject line “You’re pre-approved for this Amex Card.” The body of this email reinforces 

this message with the following statements and depictions: 

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karma 

Get a card with a 

warmer welcome. 

You're pre-approved ror the American 

Express cash Magnet• Card.·· 

Apply now 

$ 

/ 

Exhibit B at 1 

10. From emails such as these, the consumer could select the link “Apply now” or, in other 

instances, “Take offer” and go to a website to where they could take final steps to take the 

offer for which they purportedly had already been approved. 

11. Respondent also has made prominent pre-approval claims in advertisements and marketing 

materials displayed on its website and mobile application, including but not limited to the 

“Pre-Approved” credit offers attached as Exhibits C and D. 

12. Despite the preapproval claims in Respondent’s emails and other marketing materials, 

financial product companies have not already approved the consumers to whom Credit 

Karma sent these offers. As one of these companies explained: “The Company does not 

preapprove, prequalify, or preselect consumers to whom to offer the [Company’s credit card] 

via Credit Karma.” 

13. In fact, for many of these offers, almost a third of consumers who received and applied for 

“pre-approved” offers were subsequently denied based on the financial product companies’ 

underwriting review, i.e., the actual process by which they made approval determinations. 

Additionally, in some instances, roughly a quarter of consumers were denied approval 

because of disqualifying financial and credit characteristics, like insufficient credit histories, 

account charge-offs, and bankruptcies. Further, the financial product companies’ 

underwriting review includes a “hard inquiry” on consumers’ credit reports, which, in many 

instances, lowered the credit scores of those whose applications were denied. Thus, in 

response to Respondent’s pre-approval claims, numerous consumers have unnecessarily 

applied for the advertised products and damaged their credit scores, wasting significant time 

and harming their ability to secure other financial products in the future. 

14. Respondent knows that its prominent pre-approval claim conveys false “certainty” to 

consumers and has employed it deliberately to influence consumers’ behavior. For instance, 

Respondent conducted A/B testing – a method of comparing two versions of a claim or 

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design feature to determine which better drives sales or consumer action - comparing the 

pre-approval claim to claims expressing a consumers' likelihood or odds of approval. 

Respondent's A/B tests showed that the pre-approval claim resulted in a - increase 

in click rates when compared to the claim that consumers had "Excellent" odds ofapproval. 

Exhibit E at 2-3. When user interfaces are designed, including with the aid ofA/B testing, to 

trick consumers into taking paiiicular actions in the compai1y's interest, such design tricks 

have been described as "dark patterns." Fmi her, Respondent knows that the'­

- [i.e., click rate] [was] due to the ce1iainty" that the pre-approved claim provides to 

consumers. Exhibit F at 2. It is also aware of the "profitability" ofmai·keting "pre-approved 

offers" and "giv[ing] members ce1iainty." 

15. To the extent Respondent has revealed that consumers' likelihood of getting approval was 

anything less than certain, it has done so by making additional false claims that consumers' 

likelihood of approval is 90%, or by using buried disclaimers, including but not necessai·ily 

limited to: 

A. fu the marketing email attached as Exhibit B, towai·d the bottom of the body ofthe 

email, beneath the "Apply now" button and three separate "you're already preapproved" claims, Respondent states, "Approval isn 't guaranteed, but 90% ofpreapproved applicants get this cai·d, so it's a great staii." Exhibit B at 1. See also 

Exhibits C and D. 

B. fu the email adve1iisements attached as Exhibits A and B, below the "Apply now" 

link, additional ten ns about the offer appear. Ifa consumer continued to scroll down, 

the consumer would see a second "Apply now" link and be taken to a website. Still 

faiiher below that, more than 20 lines below the first "Apply now" link, and 

sometimes after additional offers and in the middle of other lan guage, the emails 

include a fine-print footnote stating, " **You have received this pre-approved offer 

because you met ce1iain criteria detennined by American Express for a pre-approved 

offer, as of the email send date. This is not a guai·antee of approval." Exhibit A at 2; 

Exhibit B at 2. 

16. Respondent is awai·e that consumers who received pre-approved credit offers were misled by 

them. Respondent's training materials, for instance, list "I was declined for a pre-approved 

credit card offer .... How is that possible?! ?!?!" and "confus[ion] about pre-approval" as 

common issues that customer service representatives should expect to encounter. Exhibit G 

at 3-4. Respondent also has received numerous complaints from consumers who stated that 

they had been misled about these exact issues. fu response to one exasperated consumer, 

Respondent's own customer support conceded, "Ifyou ai·e told you are pre-approved that 

should mean you ai·e pre-approved. That shouldn't mean you have a good chance. Ifall you 

have is a good chance then we should call it th at." 

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VIOLATION OF THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT 

Count I 

False, Misleading, or Unsubstantiated Claims that Consumers are Pre-Approved 

17. In numerous instances, in connection with the advertising, promotion, or offering of financial 

products, Respondent has represented, directly or indirectly, expressly or by implication, 

that: 

A. Consumers were “Pre-Approved” for credit products; and 

B. Consumers had “90% odds” of approval. 

18. In fact, in numerous instances in which Respondent has made the representations set forth in 

Paragraph 17, such representations were false or misleading, or were not substantiated at the 

time the representations were made. 

Violations of Section 5 

19. Therefore, the acts and practices of Respondent as alleged in this complaint constitute 

deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the FTC 

Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45(a). 

THEREFORE, the Federal Trade Commission, this _______ day of _______, 20__, has 

issued this Complaint against Respondent. 

By the Commission. 

April J. Tabor 

Secretary 

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