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<title>El Salvador Chipilin RMD</title>
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<p><b>United States Department of Agriculture
</b></p>
<p><b>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Protection and Quarantine</b></p>
<p><b>Risk Management Document</b></p>
<p><b>Importation of Chipilin (<i>Crotalaria longirostrata</i></b> <b>Hook and Arn.) from El Salvador into the Continental United States
</b></p>
<p><b>December 28, 2010
</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Health Programs (PHP)</b></p>
<p><b>Regulations, Permits and Manuals (RPM)
</b></p>
<p><b>Contact Person: <i>Phillip Grove
</i></b></p>
<p><b>Introduction</b></p>
<p>In response to a request for market access to import fresh leaves of chipilin (<i>Crotalaria longirostrata</i> Hook and Arn.) from El Salvador into<i> </i>the continental United States, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) prepared a pest risk assessment (PRA) as per the <i>Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments</i> (USDA, 2000).  
</p>
<p>The pest risk assessment <i>Importation of Fresh Leaves of Chipilin, </i>Crotalaria longirostrata<i>, from El Salvador into the Continental United States</i> (USDA, 2010)  found two quarantine pests of concern that could follow the pathway of fresh leaves: <i>Phakopsora meibomiae</i> (Arthur) Arthur, rated with a high pest risk potential, and <i>Uromyces crotalariae</i> (Arthur) J.W. Baxter, rated with a medium pest risk potential.  The PRA included pests distributed in the entire <i>Crotalaria</i> spp. growing region, which added pests known to occur in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and southern Mexico to those in El Salvador.  </p>
<p><b>Standard Industry Practices
</b></p>
<p>The product is harvested by hand, then it is sorted (culled) for quality and pest absence, washed in a weak bleach solution, blown dry, and bundled in portions weighing about 250 grams; finally the leaves are placed in plastic bags for shipping (MAG, 2005).
</p>
<p><b>Risk Management Measures
</b></p>
<p>· Chipilin leaves must be imported as commercial consignments only.
</p>
<p>· Each consignment of chipilin must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by NPPO of El Salvador, with an additional declaration stating: Chipilin in this consignment has been inspected and found free of <i>Phakopsora meibomiae </i>and <i>Uromyces crotalariae</i>.</p>
<p>· Each consignment is subject to inspection upon arrival at the port of entry to the United States.</p>
<p><b>Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pest of Concern from the Pathway</b></p>
<p>By restricting the importation of chipilin to commercial consignments only, we will ensure that appropriate sanitation, pest management, culling and packing practices are in place to prevent the introduction of <i>Phakopsora meibomiae </i>and <i>Uromyces crotalariae</i>.</p>
<p class="default_Text">As part of the process of commercially picking, processing and packaging, chipilin that is damaged or where pests or diseases are present, will be culled.  The NPPO will inspect the chipilin to be exported to issue the PC with AD which certifies the product is free of <i>Phakopsora meibomiae </i>and <i>Uromyces crotalariae</i>.  Inspection ensures that various stages of any pest or disease that are present will be detected; rust signs and symptoms are conspicuous enough to be found and culled during inspections (Cummins and Hiratsuka, 1983).  In addition, the chipilin will be subject to inspection for pests at the port of entry to the United States by officers of Customs and Border Protection (CBP).  The PC with the AD will alert CBP inspectors to look for the quarantine pests of concern.  Inspection is an effective method for detecting pests and is a primary method of preventing quarantine pests from entering the United States (Cavey, 2003; Wittenberg and Cock, 2001).   </p>
<p><b>Conclusion
</b></p>
<p><i>Phakopsora meibomiae</i> and <i>Uromyces crotalariae</i> were identified as following the pathway of fresh leaves of chipilin. APHIS believes that the phytosanitary measures proposed in this document will result in the effective removal of the quarantine pests associated with the importation of fresh leaves of chipilin from El Salvador into the continental United States.  Inspection is considered effective at finding external feeding pests and excluding infested shipments from entering commerce (Cavey, 2003; Wittenberg and Cock, 2001); also, rust signs and symptoms are conspicuous enough to be found and culled during inspections. The phytosanitary certificate with the additional declaration stating freedom of both rust quarantine pests requires the El Salvador NPPO to conduct inspection and raises the awareness of those requirements for our port of entry inspection.  </p>
<p><b>Authors</b></p>
<p>José R. Hernández
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager
</p>
<p>Walter P. Gould
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager</p>
<p><b>References:</b></p>
<p>Cavey, J.F.  2003.  Mitigating introduction of invasive plant pests:  the APHIS-PPQ Mission.  
</p>
<p>From: Chapter 13, pp. 350-361 <i>in</i> Ruiz, G.M and J.T. Carlton. 2003. Invasive species: vectors and management strategies. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 518p.</p>
<p>Cummins, G. B., and Y. Hiratsuka. 1983. Illustrated genera of rust fungi. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
</p>
<p>MAG, 2005. Informe técnico sobre el cultivo del Chipilin (<i>Crotalaria longirostrata</i>). Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG). Personal communication to Centro de Excelencia Fitsanitaria. 2005.</p>
<p>USDA. 2000. Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02. USDA-APHIS, PPQ; <a href="http://oars.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf"><u>http://oars.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf</u></a></p>
<p>USDA. 2010.  Importation of Fresh Leaves of Chipilin, <i>Crotalaria longirostrata</i>, from El Salvador into the Continental United States.  Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment.  USDA, APHIS, CPHST, PERAL, Raleigh, NC. 
</p>
<p>Wittenberg, R. and M.J.W. Cock.  2001. Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices.  CABI publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.  228 pp.
</p>
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