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Filed 5/13/22 In re K.C. CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Sacramento)

----

In re K.C. et al., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile 

Court Law.

C094953

SACRAMENTO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF 

CHILD, FAMILY AND ADULT SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

C.C.,

Defendant and Appellant.

(Super. Ct. Nos. JD240451, 

JD240452, JD240453)
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Appellant C.C. (mother) appeals from the juvenile court’s orders terminating her 

parental rights and freeing the three minors for adoption. (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 366.26, 

395.)1 Mother contends the juvenile court erred in failing to consider and apply the 

beneficial parental relationship exception to adoption. Finding the claim forfeited, we 

will affirm the juvenile court’s orders.

BACKGROUND

On February 14, 2020, the Sacramento County Department of Child, Family and 

Adult Services (Department) filed a juvenile dependency petition under section 300, 

subdivisions (b)(1), (g), and (j) for each of mother’s three children: Z.C. (born in April 

2015), A.C. (born in September 2016), and K.C. (born in March 2018). The petitions 

alleged mother left the minors with an unrelated male who was found with the minors 

while unconscious due to the influence of prescription drugs, which were easily 

accessible to the minors. On February 24, 2020, the juvenile court ordered the minors

detained with supervised visitation for mother.

Initial Social Worker Reports

The social worker asked Z.C. shortly after his detention whether he wanted to go

back with his mother and he said, “I like it better here.” The social worker also

interviewed Z.C. for the jurisdiction and disposition report. Z.C. said he felt safe in his 

current placement but he cried “about my mom and dad a lot.” When the social worker 

asked Z.C. “who he wants to live with, [Z.C.] excitedly reported, ‘I want to live with my 

mom and dad forever!’ Further, [Z.C.] reported he wishes to visit both his mother and 

his father. When asking [Z.C.] who the most important people in his life are, the child 

yelled with excitement, ‘my mom!’ ” 

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 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
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An addendum to the jurisdiction and disposition report noted that in April and 

May 2020 mother tested positive for cannabis twice, negative for all substances once, and 

failed to test three times. The report also noted that in March and April 2020 mother had 

spoken with the minors six times but had failed to answer calls to talk with the minors

eight times.

An addendum filed on October 8, 2020, indicated the minors had been doing well 

in their foster care placement. Z.C. was having three to four tantrums a day when 

originally placed, “but now has one a week, if that.” K.C. and A.C. were attending a 

daycare program where they were learning and making friends. Mother had been taking 

advantage of some recovery services but failed to test six times in August and September 

2020. 

The social worker’s December 17, 2020, progress report stated mother tested 

positive for methamphetamine/amphetamine and cannabis twice in December. She 

visited with the minors one time per week and actively engaged with them during the 

visits, though she did miss a few visits. The report concluded mother had been resisting 

“participating in reunification services” since the beginning of the case, continued to 

believe she did nothing wrong, and had failed to address her substance abuse issues thus 

far.

On April 5, 2021, the social worker filed a status review report recommending 

reunification services be terminated and an adoption plan sought for the minors. Mother 

was homeless but still connected to the same unrelated male with whom she had left the 

minors unsupervised in February 2020. She had been in an altercation with the maternal 

great-grandmother that led the great-grandmother to fear for the minors’ safety, believing 

the minors should not be returned to mother “as she struggles with chronic substance 

abuse and mental health issues and engages in possible prostitution.” Mother also tested 

positive again for methamphetamine/amphetamine in February and March 2021.
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The report also stated the minors were doing well in their current placement and 

the resource parents were willing to provide permanency and had applied for de facto 

parent status. The minors were bonding with the resource parents and interacting better 

with each other and the neighborhood children.

Mother continued to “consistently visit[] the children” except for December 2020, 

when she missed four visits. The social worker reported mother’s interactions with the 

minors were “mostly appropriate” but there had “been some glaring incidents at the visits 

that usually surround[ed] the mother later being found to be under the influence of illegal 

substances.” The social worker believed the risk of abuse and neglect of the minors if 

returned home was “very high” due to “mother’s failure to address her substance and 

mental health issues.” Mother also “has yet to fully participate in any service.” The 

minors were doing better physically, mentally, and emotionally in their new placement. 

The Department recommended termination of reunification services.

On May 27, 2021, the juvenile court held a hearing under section 366.21, subdivisions 

(e) and (f), and ordered termination of mother’s reunification services, setting a section 

366.26 selection and implementation hearing.

Section 366.26 Report and Hearing

On September 13, 2021, the Department filed a section 366.26 report 

recommending termination of parental rights. The report stated mother was required to 

RSVP for visits because “she has a history of not showing up to scheduled visits with the 

children.” She did attend 13 visits between May and August of 2021 but failed to RSVP 

to six other visits. There were no major issues during visits but the minors “are often 

disappointed and negative behaviors increase when the mother does not show up for 

visits,” and when she did visit “it takes the children a few hours to calm down after.” 

According to another social worker, one of the minors’ older siblings “has always been 

more of a mother figure to the children than the mother.” The report also noted the 

caretakers, who “love and adore” the minors, were interested in adopting the minors.
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On September 23, 2021, the juvenile court held the section 366.26 hearing. 

Mother did not attend, though her attorney texted, called, and e-mailed her. The 

Department’s counsel requested parental rights be terminated because, “[a]s indicated in 

the [section 366.26 report], the children are likely to be adopted and no exception to 

adoption exists”; the minors’ attorney agreed with the Department. Mother’s counsel 

stated: “On behalf of [mother], your Honor, I would be entering objections to the 

termination of parental rights, and I would also specifically object that these three 

children are specifically adoptable. And with that I would submit.” The juvenile court 

agreed with the Department’s recommendation and found by clear and convincing 

evidence the minors were likely to be adopted, “termination of parental rights would not 

be detrimental to the children,” ordered adoption as the permanent plan, and terminated 

mother’s parental rights.

Mother timely appealed. The case was fully briefed in April 2022 and assigned to 

this panel that same month. The parties did not request argument.

DISCUSSION

Mother argues the juvenile court failed to consider the beneficial parental

relationship exception to termination of parental rights, which she contends applies here 

because she regularly visited with her children and they would benefit from continuing 

the relationship with her. The Department responds that mother forfeited this argument 

because it was not asserted at the 366.26 hearing, and we agree.

At a section 366.26 hearing, the juvenile court “shall terminate parental rights and 

order the child placed for adoption” if it finds “by a clear and convincing standard, that it 

is likely the child will be adopted.” (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1).) Juvenile courts should 

decline terminating parental rights only in “exceptional circumstances” where the parent 

“can establish termination would be detrimental to the child under one of the statutory 

exceptions.” (In re D.P. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 153, 163 (D.P.).) One such exception is 

the beneficial parental relationship exception, which applies when “[t]he parents have 
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maintained regular visitation and contact with the child and the child would benefit from 

continuing the relationship.” (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).) “[T]he parent must show that 

terminating that attachment would be detrimental to the child even when balanced against 

the countervailing benefit of a new, adoptive home.” (In re Caden C. (2021) 11 Cal.5th 

614, 636-637 (Caden C.).) There are three elements to establish this exception: 

“(1) regular visitation and contact, and (2) a relationship, the continuation of which 

would benefit the child such that (3) the termination of parental rights would be

detrimental to the child.” (Caden C., at pp. 631.)

We apply a mixed standard of review: “ ‘[A] substantial evidence standard of 

review applies to the first two elements’ and the third element, given it is a hybrid of 

factual determinations and discretionary balancing, is ‘properly reviewed for abuse of 

discretion.’ [Citation.] ‘But where, as with the parental-benefit exception, “the appellate 

court will be evaluating the factual basis for an exercise of discretion, there likely will be 

no practical difference in application of the two standards.” ’ ” (D.P., supra, 76 

Cal.App.5th at p. 165.)

Parents must raise and establish the beneficial relationship exception. (Caden C., 

supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 636-637.) “The juvenile court does not have a sua sponte duty to 

determine whether an exception to adoption applies.” (In re Rachel M. (2003) 113 

Cal.App.4th 1289, 1295.) And this exception requires a fact-intensive inquiry as 

“understanding the harm associated with severing the relationship is a subtle enterprise—

sometimes depending on more than just how beneficial the relationship is.” (Caden C., at 

p. 634.) Consequently, failure to raise the exception at the hearing not only deprives “the 

juvenile court of the ability to evaluate the critical facts and make the necessary findings, 

but it also deprives this court of a sufficient factual record from which to conclude 

whether the trial court’s determination is supported by substantial evidence.” (In re Erik 

P. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 395, 403 (Erik P.).)
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Thus, it was mother’s burden at the hearing to establish the exceptional 

circumstances justifying the exception. She did not even argue the exception applied, let 

alone present any relevant evidence. For example, the first element of the analysis 

concerns whether “ ‘parents visit consistently,’ taking into account ‘the extent permitted 

by court orders.’ ” (Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 632; In re I.R. (2014) 226 

Cal.App.4th 201, 212 [“Regular visitation exists where the parents visit consistently and

to the extent permitted by court orders”].) Mother acknowledges in her brief on appeal 

there “were no details about how often the visits were to occur” and “[t]here was no 

information about the quantity of visits from January 2021 through April 2021.” But it 

was mother’s burden to provide such evidence, not the court’s or the Department’s. The 

evidence relevant to the other two elements is also bare and ambiguous. There are some 

statements that could indicate the minors benefit from the relationship such that 

termination might be detrimental, but some of these statements occurred quite early in the 

case; further, there is also evidence to the contrary.

We cannot perform this fact-intensive analysis in the first instance with a record 

that has not been adequately developed by mother. Parents asserting this exception 

generally present testimony at the section 366.26 hearing and counsel make arguments 

discussing the evidence and its applicability to the exception. (See, e.g., In re J.D. (2021) 

70 Cal.App.5th 833, 849-851; In re D.M. (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 261, 267-268.) Parents 

are also encouraged to request a bonding study to aid the court in this difficult and 

consequential analysis. (Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 633, fn. 4 [“Trial courts should 

seriously consider, where requested and appropriate, allowing for a bonding study or 

other relevant expert testimony”].) We do not have the benefit of any such evidence, and 

most importantly, we do not have the benefit of the juvenile court’s analysis of this claim. 

(Erik P., supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 403 [“not only does this deprive the juvenile court 

of the ability to evaluate the critical facts and make the necessary findings, but it also 
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deprives this court of a sufficient factual record from which to conclude whether the trial 

court’s determination is supported by substantial evidence”].) 

Although mother asserts in her reply brief that her counsel’s general objection to 

termination of parental rights was sufficient to preserve this issue on appeal, we disagree. 

There are several exceptions to termination of parental rights, each looking at completely 

different factual scenarios. Establishing a beneficial parental relationship would require a 

wholly separate analysis than, for example, establishing termination would be a

“substantial interference with a child’s sibling relationship.” (§ 366.26, subd. 

(c)(1)(B)(i); Erik P., supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 402 [“The application of any of the 

exceptions enumerated in section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1) depends entirely on a 

detailed analysis of the relevant facts by the juvenile court”].) Permitting such a bare and 

generalized objection to sufficiently preserve one specific exception on appeal would 

effectively require us to impose a duty on juvenile courts to examine every possible 

exception whenever a parent merely objects to termination. This would impermissibly 

permit parents to circumvent their burden to prove a specific exception applies at the 

section 366.26 hearing.

Lastly, we acknowledge the Supreme Court provided extensive analysis clarifying 

the beneficial parental relationship exception in Caden C. Some appellate courts have 

reversed terminations of parental rights occurring after Caden C. in part to provide 

juvenile courts the benefit of this analysis. (D.P., supra, 76 Cal.App.5th at p. 169 [“We 

recognize the juvenile court did not have the benefit of Caden C. when making its ruling, 

which further justifies remand”].) No such considerations are applicable here because the 

section 366.26 hearing took place four months after the Supreme Court filed Caden C. 

This should have instead put mother on notice to address this exception if she thought it 
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could apply.2 Mother has not established a justifiable excuse for her failure to make this 

specific argument at the hearing, nor a basis for us to ignore this failure.

DISPOSITION

The juvenile court’s orders are affirmed.

 /s/

Duarte, J.

We concur:

 /s/

Hull, Acting P. J.

 /s/

Renner, J.

2

 Mother does not claim ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal.