UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

MICHAEL ERICK STACHMUS, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

THE GUARDIAN LIFE INSURANCE 

COMPANY OF AMERICA, 

 Defendant - Appellee. 

No. 20-7019 

(D.C. No. 6:19-CV-00071-RAW) 

(E.D. Okla.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

_________________________________ 

Before MORITZ, BALDOCK, and EID, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

Michael Erick Stachmus sought a declaratory judgment that he and his son are 

the rightful beneficiaries of a life insurance policy administered by The Guardian 

Life Insurance Company of America under the Employee Retirement Income 

Security Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1461. The district court entered judgment 

in favor of Guardian, and Stachmus now appeals. He also seeks to seal portions of 

the appendix containing personally identifying information, while Guardian seeks to 

* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral 

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, 

except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It 

may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 

and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

April 23, 2021

Christopher M. Wolpert 

Clerk of Court
2 

recover its appellate fees and costs. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, 

we affirm the district court’s judgment, grant Stachmus’s unopposed motion to seal 

portions of the appendix, and deny Guardian’s request for fees and costs. 

I 

 Guardian issued the policy to Stachmus’s father (the insured) through his 

employer on July 1, 2011. The insured originally designated Stachmus and his son 

each 50% beneficiaries, but on May 9, 2012, the insured designated Stachmus a 90% 

beneficiary and Stachmus’s step-sister, Andrea, a 10% beneficiary. Shortly after the 

insured died on September 4, 2013, Andrea submitted claims to Guardian on behalf 

of herself and Stachmus’s step-mother and step-brother (“Andrea’s claims”). She 

also sent Guardian a general power of attorney signed by the insured on July 27, 

2011 (shortly after the policy was issued and before the May 9, 2012, beneficiary 

change) designating Andrea as the insured’s attorney-in-fact, as well as a beneficiarychange form executed by Andrea on August 27, 2013 (just before the insured died on 

September 4). The August 27, 2013, beneficiary-change form designated Andrea a 

50% beneficiary and Stachmus’s step-mother and step-brother each 25% 

beneficiaries. 

 Because the power of attorney indicated its “powers [would] not exist after 

[the insured] bec[a]me disabled or incapacitated,” Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 161, 

Guardian asked Andrea whether the insured was incapacitated at the time she signed 

the August 27, 2013, beneficiary-change form. She replied that the insured was not 
3 

incapacitated and that he had specifically directed her to change the designations. 

Consequently, Guardian paid Andrea’s claims on October 17, 2013. 

 Eleven days later, on October 28, 2013, Stachmus wrote to Guardian to inquire 

how to begin the claims process, indicating he was aware of two policies, one from 

which he had been removed as a beneficiary by the August 27, 2013, beneficiarychange form and a second that designated him a 90% beneficiary. Guardian replied 

that the beneficiary-change form did not distinguish between Basic Life and Optional 

Life coverages and thus his previous 90% designation from May 9, 2012, was “null 

and void” as to both coverages, id. at 124. 

 More than two years later, on January 26, 2016, Stachmus, through counsel, 

submitted a formal claim to Guardian. He acknowledged Andrea’s claims but 

asserted she was prohibited by state law from designating herself a beneficiary; he 

also argued that the August 27, 2013, beneficiary-change form was ineffective 

because the insured was incompetent at the time. Guardian denied Stachmus’s claim 

on March 14, 2016, but directed him to provide additional information if he wished 

to appeal the decision. 

On May 13, 2016, Stachmus sought review with Guardian’s appeals 

committee. Guardian acknowledged the appeal on May 31, 2016, and invited him to 

provide additional information to support his claim. Id. at 64-65. Then on July 8, 

2016, Guardian once again requested that Stachmus provide additional information to 

support his claim. Despite Guardian’s repeated requests for additional information, 
4 

Stachmus provided no further support for his claims. Thus, Guardian denied his 

appeal on October 10, 2016. 

 Stachmus subsequently filed suit in state court. After Guardian removed the 

suit to federal court, Stachmus filed an amended complaint seeking declaratory relief 

that he and his son were the proper beneficiaries. He alleged that the August 27, 

2013, beneficiary-change form was invalid because when Andrea signed it, the 

insured was receiving hospice care for cancer, he had suffered a massive stroke, and 

he was “completely incompetent,” id., Vol. I at 8. Stachmus initially moved for 

partial summary judgment to determine the district court’s standard of review. He 

argued that Guardian’s failure to resolve his administrative appeal within the 

prescribed regulatory timeline constituted a procedural irregularity that required 

de novo review of Guardian’s adverse decision. He then moved for judgment on the 

administrative record.1

 Although he conceded for purposes of argument that the 

power of attorney was genuine, he questioned whether it was valid when Andrea 

executed the August 27, 2013, beneficiary-change form. Id., Vol. VII at 60-61. He 

asserted that Andrea’s self-dealing shifted the burden to Guardian to ensure that 

benefits were paid to the proper beneficiary, asserting Guardian had a fiduciary duty 

1

 We construe the motion as a motion for summary judgment. “The Federal 

Rules of Civil Procedure contemplate no such mechanism as ‘judgment on the 

administrative record.’ Parties should avoid the practice of requesting it, and courts 

should avoid purporting to grant it. Doing so often creates unnecessary work for an 

appellate court in deciding whether to construe such a motion ex post as one for a 

bench trial . . . or as one for summary judgment.” Jewell v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 

508 F.3d 1303, 1307 n.1 (10th Cir. 2007) (citations and internal quotation marks 

omitted). 
5 

to ensure there was no self-dealing or fraud. He argued that Guardian’s single 

question posed to Andrea—whether the insured was competent on August 27, 2013—

was insufficient to satisfy its burden to conduct an adequate investigation into 

potential fraud. He also argued that the August 27, 2013, beneficiary-change form 

was invalid because the insured’s employer did not have notice of it as required 

under the policy. 

 The district court resolved the case in two separate orders. First, the court 

denied the motion for partial summary judgment, ruling it would review Guardian’s 

denial of benefits under an arbitrary-and-capricious standard rather than de novo. 

Rejecting Stachmus’s procedural-irregularity argument, the court observed that he 

waited more than two years to file a formal claim and Guardian sought additional 

time to obtain additional information from him. 

 Second, on the merits, the court entered judgment in favor of Guardian. The 

court ruled that Guardian qualified as a fiduciary, but Stachmus, as the claimant, bore 

the burden of showing he was entitled to benefits and yet he failed to support his 

claim. The court also rejected his argument that the August 27, 2013, beneficiarychange form was invalid because the insured’s employer did not have notice of the 

beneficiary change. The court cited evidence indicating the employer knew about the 

beneficiary change, and it also noted that Stachmus admitted knowing about the 

beneficiary change in his October 28, 2013, letter to Guardian. 

 Now on appeal, Stachmus contends: 

1. The district court reviewed Guardian’s decision under the wrong standard; 
6 

2. The district court improperly considered arguments that Guardian failed to 

preserve during the administrative process, specifically: 

a. that the insured’s employer knew about and approved the August 27, 

2013, beneficiary change; and 

b. that Stachmus admitted in his October 28, 2013, letter that he knew he 

was removed as a beneficiary; and 

 

3. The district court should have applied our precedent requiring administrators to 

investigate claims of wrongdoing before paying benefits. 

We consider these arguments in turn. 

II 

A. Standard for Reviewing Guardian’s Decision 

“We review de novo the district court’s determination of the proper standard to 

apply in its review of an ERISA plan administrator’s decision.” Rasenack ex rel. 

Tribolet v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 585 F.3d 1311, 1315 (10th Cir. 2009) (italics and 

internal quotation marks omitted). An administrator’s denial of benefits is reviewed 

de novo unless the “plan gives the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority 

to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.” Id. (internal 

quotation marks omitted). “Where the plan gives the administrator discretionary 

authority, . . . we employ a deferential standard of review, asking only whether the 

denial of benefits was arbitrary and capricious.” LaAsmar v. Phelps Dodge Corp. 

Life, Accidental Death & Dismemberment & Dependent Life Ins. Plan, 605 F.3d 789, 

796 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Procedural irregularities 

such as the failure to render a timely decision within the temporal limits prescribed 
7 

by the plan or applicable regulations may warrant de novo review. See Rasenack, 

585 F.3d at 1315-1316. 

It is undisputed that under the plan, Guardian had “discretionary authority to 

determine eligibility for benefits and to construe the terms of the plan with respect to 

claims.” Aplt. App., Vol. VI at 142 (italics omitted). Consequently, the district court 

properly applied the deferential arbitrary-and-capricious standard unless a procedural 

irregularity suggests de novo review was required. On this score, Stachmus contends 

Guardian delayed processing his administrative appeal, warranting de novo review. 

We disagree. 

Stachmus submitted his administrative appeal on May 13, 2016. Under 

29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(i)(1)(i), Guardian had 60 days to render a decision, unless it 

determined a 60-day extension was necessary to process the claim, in which case it 

was obliged to notify him of the special circumstances requiring an extension and the 

date when it expected to render a decision. See LaAsmar, 605 F.3d at 797 (applying 

the regulatory timeline to the administrative appeal process). On May 31, 2016, 

Guardian acknowledged the appeal, notified Stachmus that it would render a decision 

within 60 days, and invited him to provide additional information to support his 

claim. Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 64-65. 

On July 8, 2016, having received no documentation from Stachmus, Guardian 

timely notified him by letter that it “require[d] an extension to allow [him] the time 

to provide [it] with [supporting documentation] needed to provide [him] with a full 

and fair review.” Id. at 61. Guardian urged him to provide evidence indicating that 
8 

the August 27, 2013, beneficiary-change form was not valid and that the insured was 

incompetent on that date. Guardian also alerted him that if the information was not 

received by September 5, 2016, it would issue a decision based on the information it 

already possessed. On August 26, 2016, Stachmus responded by letter, arguing that 

the power of attorney was void and that Guardian’s payment of Andrea’s claims was 

not supported by the record, but once again, he provided no supporting 

documentation. See id. at 55-57. Consequently, Guardian denied his appeal on 

October 10, 2016. 

Stachmus contends Guardian’s denial of his appeal was untimely because it 

was rendered more than 60 days after the July 8 notice of extension. However, under 

29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(i)(4), if there is an extension “due to a claimant’s failure to 

submit information necessary to decide a claim, the period for making the benefit 

determination on review shall be tolled from the date on which the notification of the 

extension [was] sent to the claimant until the date on which the claimant responds to 

the request for additional information.” This provision tolled the 60-day period from 

July 8—when Guardian notified Stachmus it required additional information from 

him to process his claim—until August 26, when he responded with additional 

argument but no further information. Guardian’s denial of his appeal on October 10 

was therefore timely rendered within the 60-day extension. There was no procedural 

irregularity, and we therefore review Guardian’s beneficiary determination under the 

deferential arbitrary-and-capricious standard. 
9 

B. Beneficiary Determination 

“We review summary judgment orders de novo, using the same standards 

applied by the district court.” LaAsmar, 605 F.3d at 795. “Using the arbitrary and 

capricious standard, we ask whether the administrator’s decision was reasonable and 

made in good faith.” Eugene S. v. Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of N.J., 663 F.3d 

1124, 1133 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). We will uphold the 

decision “so long as it is predicated on a reasoned basis, and there is no requirement 

that the basis relied upon be the only logical one or even the superlative one.” Id. at 

1134 (internal quotation marks omitted). We examine the record for substantial 

evidence to support the administrator’s decision. See id. 

1. The District Court Did Not Consider Unpreserved Arguments 

Stachmus does not directly contend that Guardian’s decision is unsupported by 

substantial evidence. Instead, he contends the district court “exceeded its authority” 

by considering two unpreserved arguments that Guardian failed to advance during the 

administrative process: 1) that the insured’s employer knew about and approved the 

August 27, 2013, beneficiary change, and 2) that Stachmus admitted in his October 

28, 2013, letter that he knew he was removed as a beneficiary. Aplt. Br. at 16, 17, 

19. 

This contention is meritless. The district court did not consider unpreserved 

arguments; it rejected Stachmus’s argument that the August 27, 2013, beneficiary 

change was invalid because the employer did not have notice of it as required by the 

policy. The court cited record evidence indicating the employer had signed the claim 
10 

form of Stachmus’s step-mother, demonstrating the employer knew the beneficiaries 

had been changed. See Aplt. App., Vol. V at 159-60. The court also cited 

Stachmus’s October 28, 2013, letter to Guardian in which he indicated he had been 

removed as a beneficiary, presumably to show that he, too, knew about the change 

and suggest that if he wished to contest its validity, he should have done so sooner. 

There was nothing improper about citing record evidence to reject Stachmus’s 

arguments. 

2. Stachmus Bore the Burden to Show He Was a Beneficiary 

Stachmus also contends that Guardian, as a fiduciary, should have conducted a 

more rigorous investigation into Andrea’s claims. He acknowledges that claimants 

generally bear the burden of establishing entitlement to benefits, see Hodges v. Life 

Ins. Co. of N. Am., 920 F.3d 669, 680 (10th Cir. 2019), but Stachmus attempts to shift 

the burden to Guardian by arguing under Gaither v. Aetna Life Insurance Co., 

394 F.3d 792 (10th Cir. 2004), that an administrator has a fiduciary duty to 

investigate “readily available information,” Aplt. Br. at 22 (internal quotation marks 

omitted). He says Guardian breached that duty. We are not persuaded. 

In Gaither, we recognized that ERISA generally requires claimants to provide 

evidence to support their claims. See 394 F.3d at 804 (“[N]othing in ERISA requires 

plan administrators to go fishing for evidence favorable to a claim when it has not 

been brought to their attention that such evidence exists.”). Yet we also recognized 

in that particular case there was specific plan language authorizing the administrator 

to obtain information necessary to resolve a claim—information the administrator did 
11 

not attempt to obtain. See id. at 804-06. Under those circumstances, we concluded 

“it was arbitrary and capricious for [the administrator] to dismiss [the] claim . . . 

without at least attempting to obtain information . . . .” Id. at 806. 

Here, Stachmus refers us to no similar policy language authorizing Guardian to 

order and collect information in furtherance of its administrative role in processing 

claims. Instead, he merely urges us to adopt a broad reading of Gaither and impose 

upon administrators a blanket duty of investigation. But Gaither adopted only a 

“narrow principle that fiduciaries cannot shut their eyes to readily available 

information when the evidence in the record suggests that the information might 

confirm the beneficiary’s theory of entitlement and when they have little or no 

evidence in the record to refute that theory.” Id. at 807. There was no evidence 

supporting Stachmus’s theory of entitlement, and although he was once a beneficiary, 

the evidence—including Stachmus’s own letter—indicated that the insured elected to 

change the beneficiary designations. Moreover, Guardian did not shut its eyes to any 

new information that might have been available; instead, it repeatedly requested more 

information from Stachmus to ascertain the validity of his claim, but he repeatedly 

offered nothing. On this record, we cannot say Guardian ignored readily available 

information. 

C. Motion to Seal 

Apart from the merits of his appeal, Stachmus has filed an unopposed motion 

to seal the portion of the appendix containing the administrative record because it 

includes personally identifying information subject to the district court’s protective 
12 

order.2

 There is a presumption that the public has a common-law right of access to 

the records informing this court’s decision, although a party may overcome that 

presumption by articulating a “real and substantial interest” in keeping the records 

under seal. Eugene S., 663 F.3d at 1135-36 (internal quotation marks omitted). We 

have previously granted motions to seal portions of the appendix containing personal 

medical information or confidential business records. See id.; Williams v. FedEx 

Corp. Servs., 849 F.3d 889, 905 (10th Cir. 2017) (“[W]e have granted motions to seal 

medical records and internal confidential business records in other instances.”). 

Because Stachmus seeks to seal similar information contained in the administrative 

record, we grant the motion to seal volumes II through VI of the appendix. 

D. Guardian’s Request for Fees & Costs 

Finally, Guardian included in its opening brief a request for appellate fees and 

costs. We deny the request. 

The relevant statutory provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1), states: “In any 

action . . . by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary, the court in its discretion may 

allow a reasonable attorney’s fee and costs of action to either party.” This provision 

“grants district courts discretion to award attorney’s fees to either party.” Hardt v. 

Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 560 U.S. 242, 252 (2010) (emphasis and internal 

quotation marks omitted). Some courts “have held that this section [also] allows the 

2

 Although Stachmus filed the motion, it indicates that “[t]he arguments 

contained herein were provided to [Stachmus’s] counsel by Guardian’s counsel and 

are submitted by him on behalf of Guardian, the party asking that the appellate 

appendix in this case be filed under seal.” Mot. at. 2. 
13 

court to award attorney’s fees on appeal.” Sokol v. Bernstein, 812 F.2d 559, 560 

(9th Cir. 1987); see also, e.g., Schwartz v. Gregori, 160 F.3d 1116, 1119 n.5 (6th Cir. 

1998) (noting § 1132(g)(1) “permits recovery of attorney’s fees in connection with 

both trial court litigation and appellate litigation”). In considering an award, courts 

should evaluate 1) the degree of the opposing parties’ culpability or bad faith; 2) the 

opposing parties’ ability to satisfy a fee award; 3) whether a fee award would deter 

similar conduct; 4) whether the party requesting fees sought to benefit all plan 

participants and beneficiaries or resolve a significant legal question under ERISA; 

and 5) the relevant merits of the parties’ positions. Van Steen v. Life Ins. Co. of N. 

Am., 878 F.3d 994, 1000 (10th Cir. 2018). 

Guardian does not address these factors. Instead, it suggests an award here 

would promote the ERISA goals of enhancing administrative efficiency and deterring 

protracted litigation. But it does not go so far as to suggest that Stachmus brought 

this appeal in bad faith. Indeed, the circumstances surrounding the August 27, 2013, 

beneficiary change seem debatable enough that we cannot say Stachmus was 

unjustified in challenging it and pursuing his appeal. Further, there is no indication 

Stachmus could satisfy any fee award,3

 nor do we think a fee award would deter other 

potential ERISA claimants from pursuing similar claims. Also, there was no 

significant benefit sought or legal question resolved by this appeal, although the 

3

 Stachmus is presently serving a sentence of life in prison without the 

possibility of parole. See Stachmus v. Rudek, 613 F. App’x 691, 692 (10th Cir. 

2015). 
14 

merits do weigh in favor of Guardian. Nonetheless, where the balance of these 

factors weigh in Stachmus’s favor, we deny Guardian’s request for fees and costs. 

III 

 The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Stachmus’s motion to seal 

volumes II through VI of the appendix is granted, and Guardian’s request for fees and 

costs is denied. 

Entered for the Court 

Allison H. Eid 

Circuit Judge