A-1 

Appendix A:		FTC 6(b) Order
A-2 

SPECIFICATIONS 

Please provide the following information, documents, and items, consistent with the 

definitions, instructions, and formatting requirements contained in Attachment A: 

1. Identification of Report Author: Identify the full name, business address, telephone 

number, and title of the person(s) who prepared or supervised the preparation of the 

Company’s response to this Order and describe in detail the steps taken by the Company to 

respond to this Order. For each specification, identify the individual(s) who assisted in 

preparation of the response. Provide a list of the persons (identified by name and corporate 

title or job description) whose files were searched and identify the person who conducted the 

search. 

2. Company Information: 

A. State the Company’s complete legal name and all other names under which it has 

done business, its corporate mailing address, all addresses from which it does or has 

done business, and the date(s) and state(s) of its incorporation. 

B. Describe the Company’s corporate structure, and state the names of all parents, 

subsidiaries (whether wholly or partially owned), divisions (whether incorporated or 

not), affiliates, branches, joint ventures, franchises, operations under assumed names, 

websites, and entities over which it exercises supervision or control. For each such 

entity, describe the nature of its relationship to the Company. 

C. Identify each individual or entity having more than a 5% ownership interest in the 

Company, as well as their individual ownership stakes and their positions and 

responsibilities within the Company. 

3. Scope of Company Activities: 

A. For each of the years 2013, 2014, and 2015, state the number of Class Action 

Settlements for which the Company has served as administrator, broken down by 

federal, state and tribal. Consider a Class Action Settlement to have occurred in the 

year containing the last day on which a consumer could submit a timely claim. 

B. Describe in detail the manner, if any, in which the Company tracks the following 

information with regard to Class Action Settlements: 

i. The Notice Volume; 

ii. The number of Claims filed; 

iii. The number of Claims approved; and 

iv. The method(s) used to provide Individual Notice. 
A-3 

C. Describe in detail the manner, if any, in which the Company collects data to analyze 

the effectiveness of notice plans, including but not limited to:

i. The form of the Individual Notice (e.g., e-mail, post card, mailed detailed 

notice);

ii. The proportion of Individual Notices that are re-mailed or sent a second time 

via e-mail; 

iii. The proportion of recipients of an e-mailed Individual Notice who click 

through to a website for the Class Action Settlement; 

iv. The number of Claims filed as a proportion of the number of Individual 

Notices sent; and

v. The amount of money a claimant may receive if the claim is accepted. 

4. Specific Data on Class Action Settlements 

A. For each of the ten largest settlements, by Notice Volume, of Rule 23(b)(3) class 

actions involving consumer issues claims (excluding those brought under the 

Telephone Consumer Protection Act) in each of 2013, 2014, and 2015 (based on the 

last day on which a consumer could submit a timely claim), state separately for each 

class action: 

i. The full case caption of the lawsuit; 

ii. The Notice Volume; 

iii. The form(s) of notice sent; 

iv. The length of the notice period; 

v. Whether any other forms of notice were used (e.g., Internet banners, 

television, radio, or print media) and, if so, a description of those forms; 

vi. The number of Claims submitted to the Company; 

vii. The number of Claims approved; 

viii. The number of Claims denied; 

ix. The number of Claims submitted for which the Company requested additional 

information from the claimant; 

 
A-4 

x. Whether claimants were required to submit documentation to receive payment 

on Claim, and if so what documentation was required; and 

xi. The form(s) of any compensation paid on Claims, such as checks, coupons, or 

gift cards; 

xii. The median monetary value of Claims paid; 

xiii. The mean monetary value of Claims paid; 

xiv. The minimum and maximum monetary values of Claims paid; 

xv. If compensation took the form of a check, the number of checks sent; 

xvi. If compensation took the form of a check, the number of checks cashed; 

 

xvii. If compensation took a form other than a check, the number of class members 

to whom compensation was sent; 

xviii. If compensation took a form other than a check; the number of class members 

who redeemed compensation, such as by using a coupon or gift card; 

xix. The number of class members who objected; and 

xx. The number of class members who opted out of the settlement. 

B. For each Class Action Settlement identified in response to Specification 4(A): 

i. State whether the Company sent Email Notices to potential class members; 

ii. If the Company sent Email Notices, state how many were sent; 

iii. If the Company sent Email Notices, state how many were returned as 

undeliverable; 

iv. If the Company sent Email Notices, state the email address from which the 

Email Notices were sent; 

v. If the Company sent Email Notices, provide a copy of the Email Notice 

including the subject line, address of the sender, and any attachments to the 

email. If multiple versions of the Email Notice existed, provide copies of 

each and state the circumstances under which a person would receive each; 

vi. If the Company sent Email Notices, state how many were opened; 
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vii. If the Company sent Email Notices, state whether the notice included a form 

or a hyperlink to a form where the notice recipient could submit a claim, and 

if so whether the claim form was included in the email text, attached or 

connected by hyperlink, and whether that form was prefilled with the 

recipient’s information; 

viii. If the Company sent Email Notices, state whether those notices included a 

hyperlink to a website for the Class Action Settlement, and if so what 

percentage of Email Notice recipients clicked on that link. 

C. For each Class Action Settlement identified in response to Specification 4(A): 

i. State whether the Company sent Postcard Notices to potential class members; 

ii. If the Company sent Postcard Notices, state how many were sent; 

iii. If the Company sent Postcard Notices, state how many were returned as 

undeliverable; 

iv. If the Company sent Postcard Notices, provide a copy of the Postcard Notice, 

including the reverse side containing address information. If multiple 

versions of the Postcard Notice existed, provide copies of each and state the 

circumstances under which a person would receive each; 

v. If the Company sent Postcard Notices, state whether a claim form was 

included with the Postcard Notice; and 

vi. If the Company sent Postcard Notices that included a claim form, state 

whether the form was pre-filled with the recipient’s information. 

D. For each Class Action Settlement identified in response to Specification 4(A): 

i. State whether the Company sent Notice Packets to potential class members; 

ii. If the Company sent Notice Packets, state how many were sent; 

iii. If the Company sent Notice Packets, state how many were returned as 

undeliverable; 

iv. If the Company sent Notice Packets, provide a copy of the Notice Packet, 

including a copy of the envelope. If multiple versions of the Detailed Notice 

and claim form existed, provide copies of each and state the circumstances 

under which a person would receive each; and 

v. State whether the claim form was pre-filled with the recipient’s information. 
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5. Information about Individual Class Members 

A. For the Class Action Settlements identified in response to Specification 4(A), provide 

the following information about each recipient of a Direct Notice:1

 

i. Name; 

ii. Address; 

iii. Email address; 

iv. Form(s) of notice sent; 

v. Whether the notice was returned as undeliverable; and 

vi. Whether the recipient filed a claim. 

The Special Report responses called for in this Order are to be filed no later than 60 days from 

the date of service of this Order. 

 

1

 For the purposes of Specification 5, it is not necessary to identify the particular Class Action Settlement to which 

individuals’ data relates. 
A-7 

Attachment A

DEFINITIONS & ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS 

A. “Claim” shall mean a submission from a potential member of a class seeking to 

receive compensation as part of a Class Action Settlement. 

B. “Class Action Settlement” shall mean any agreement between two or more parties to 

resolve claims brought in any court in the United States (federal, state, or tribal) by a 

class of plaintiffs, whether certified or putative, and which received preliminary or 

final approval from the court in which the claims were heard. This definition shall 

not include actions brought by a federal, state, local, or tribal government or agency. 

Furthermore, this definition shall not include resolutions through trial or other 

contested litigation (including on a motion for summary judgment or equivalent), 

provided, however, that it shall include an agreement reached between the parties 

notwithstanding a prior dispositive finding by the court in which the claims were 

heard. 

C. “Company” shall mean [company name], its wholly or partially owned subsidiaries, 

unincorporated divisions, joint ventures, operations under assumed names, and 

affiliates, and all directors, officers, members, employees, agents, consultants, and 

other persons working for or on behalf of the foregoing. 

D. “Individual Notice” shall mean a notice sent directly, regardless of form, to a 

particular individual on the basis of that individual’s membership or possible 

membership in a Settlement Class. 

E. “Identify” shall be construed to require identification of (a) natural persons by name, 

title, present business affiliation, present business address and telephone number, or if 

a present business affiliation or present business address is not known, the last known 

business and home addresses; and (b) businesses or other organizations by name, 

address, identities of natural persons who are officers, directors or managers of the 

business or organization, and contact persons, where applicable. 

F. “Detailed Notice” shall mean a mailed notice that follows the Federal Judicial 

Center’s examples, available at www.fjc.gov. 

G. “Notice Packet” shall mean a mailed Detailed Notice, claim form, and any other 

information or documentation necessary for a potential claimant to file a claim. 

H. “Notice Volume” shall mean the number of Individual Notices sent to class members 

or potential class members in a Settlement Class. 

I. “Order” shall mean the Order, including the attached Resolution, Specifications, and 

Attachment. 
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J. “Settlement Class” shall mean the class certified pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 23(c), whether for settlement purposes or otherwise determined by a court. 

K. “You” and “your” shall mean the person or entity to whom this CID is issued and 

includes the “Company.” 

L. Meet and Confer: You are encouraged to contact Robin Moore at (202) 326-2167

or Colin MacDonald at (202) 326-3192 as soon as possible to schedule a meeting 

(telephonic or in person) in order to confer regarding your response. 

M. Modification of Specifications: If you believe that the scope of the required search 

or response for any specification can be narrowed consistent with the Commission’s 

need for documents or information, you are encouraged to discuss such possible 

modifications, including any modifications of definitions and instructions, with the 

Commission counsel named above. 

N. Electronic Submission of Documents: See the attached “Federal Trade 

Commission, Bureau of Consumer Protection Production Requirements,” which 

details all requirements for submission of information, generally requiring that files 

be produced in native form and specifying the metadata to be produced. As noted in 

the attachment, some items require discussion with the FTC counsel prior to

production, which can be part of the general “Meet and Confer” described above. If 

you would like to arrange a separate discussion involving persons specifically 

familiar with your electronically stored information (ESI) systems and methods of 

retrieval, make those arrangements with FTC counsel when scheduling the general 

meet and confer discussion 

O. Applicable Time Period: Unless otherwise directed in the specifications, the 

applicable time period for the request shall be from January 1, 2013 until the date 

of full and complete compliance with this Order.

P. Document Production: Because postal delivery to the Commission is subject to 

delay due to heightened security precautions, please use a courier service such as 

Federal Express or UPS. 

Q. Production of Copies: Copies of marketing materials and advertisements shall be 

produced in color, and copies of other materials shall be produced in color if 

necessary to interpret them or render them intelligible. 

R. Sensitive Personally Identifiable Information: If any material called for by these 

requests contains sensitive personally identifiable information or sensitive health 

information of any individual, please contact us before sending those materials to 

discuss ways to protect such information during production. 

For purposes of these requests, sensitive personally identifiable information includes: 
A-9 

an individual’s Social Security number alone; or an individual’s name or address or 

phone number in combination with one or more of the following: date of birth, Social 

Security number, driver’s license number or other state identification number, or a 

foreign country equivalent, passport number, financial account number, credit card 

number, or debit card number. Sensitive health information includes medical records 

and other individually identifiable health information relating to the past, present, or 

future physical or mental health or conditions of an individual, the provision of health 

care to an individual, or the past, present, or future payment for the provision of 

health care to an individual.
B-1 

Appendix B:		Additional Tables– Administrator Study

Table B.1:		Regressions Examining Relationship between Median Redress and:		

	 									Check Cashing Rate and Claims Rate (Constant Sample)

VARIABLES Claim Filing Rate Check Cashing Rate

        

Median Redress  ‐0.00000839 0.000249***

(0.000025) (0.000093)

Indicator for Email  ‐0.0725*** 0.000371

(0.0186) (0.0905)

Indicator for Postcard without  ‐0.0279  ‐0.00990

        Claim Form (0.0182) (0.116)

Indicator for Postcard without  ‐0.00108 0.185*

        Claim Form (0.0171) (0.0966)

Indicator for Two or More   0.0572** 0.0654

        Round of Notice (0.0218) (0.0735)

Indicator for Publication Notice 0.000162  ‐0.0967

(0.0149) (0.0828)

Constant 0.100*** 0.798***

(0.0193) (0.0959)

Observations 97 97

R‐squared 0.327 0.358

Notes:  

Sample consists of cases that require a claims process, which had a calculated claims rate of less than

100% and provided data for all variables.  Indicator for Notice Packet is the omitted category for type of

notice. Regressions are weighted by the number of notice recipients or number of checks sent,

according to the outcome variable. Both regressions control for the court (state vs federal), the number

of notice recipients, and an indicator for using multiple forms of notice.   The regression in the first

column replicates the regression in Table 7, dropping the three cases that did not provide data on on

check‐cashing.  Significance levels: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
C-1 

Appendix C:		Notice Characteristic Coding Methodology –

Administrator Study

This appendix describes in greater detail the coding of notice characteristics displayed in Figure 

10 of Chapter 2. We identified common notice characteristics and developed the below coding 

methodology by reviewing copies of individual notices, which administrators submitted for 98 

cases in the sample.2

 Top of Notice Legal Information - We examined the first several lines of emails and 

notice packets to code this information. For postcards, we examined any supplemental 

text listed on the addressed side of the postcard, in addition to the first several lines of the 

other (main) side of the postcard. We classified notices into the following categories: 

o Legal caption in formatted style – where the court name is typically centered, and 

the names of the parties to the lawsuit are displayed using indented text along 

with subtitles indicating whether they are the “Plaintiff” or the “Defendant.” The 

case number is typically displayed to the right of plaintiff and defendant names. 

o Plaintiff and defendant names, case number, and court name – where we coded 

notices in this category only when this information did not appear in the format of 

a legal caption.

o Court name only 

o No legal information – where we defined “legal information” as plaintiff and 

defendant names, court name, and case number. For example, if the top of the 

notice simply stated “Notice of Class Action Settlement,” it was coded as 

containing no legal information. 

 Table of Options - We determined whether notices included a table that listed common 

settlement options available to class members, such as doing nothing, filing a claim, 

excluding oneself, objecting, and attending a hearing. Such a table typically had two 

columns with the first column listing actions that were available to class members, and 

the second column listing the consequences of these actions. 

 Consequences of Doing Nothing - We classified notices into the following categories: 

o Prominently states that doing nothing results in no payment – We coded notices 

in this category when the text describing the consequences of doing nothing was 

 

2

 In categorizing the notices, we examined different portions of the notice depending on the type. Unless otherwise 

noted, for emails and postcard notices, we examined the entire notice to assign it to a category. Specifically, for 

postcard notices, we considered both sides of notice and, for email notices, we examined the email body and the 

subject line. In contrast, for notice packets, we examined only the first two pages. For example, if a table of options 

did not appear on the first two pages of a notice packet, we coded the notice as one that did not include the table. 

We limited the number of pages we examined for notice packets to prioritize the parts that are more visible to 

individuals who open them. 
C-2 

visually “prominent”—e.g., underlined, bolded, capitalized, separated by at least 

one line of blank text, displayed in a table, or of a larger font size than 

surrounding text. We identified the following words as those likely to be 

understood by the typical consumer as signifying a payment: “payment,” 

“refund,” “money,” “cash,” “reimbursement,” “compensation,” and the amount or 

estimate of the payment listed with “$.” Therefore, the only cases included in this 

category are those that used one or more of these words when describing the 

consequences of doing nothing. We refer to such language as denoting “plain 

English” payment language, below.

o Cannot be categorized – We were not able to clearly categorize the following 

types of statements. Notices that contained only such statements about the 

consequences of doing nothing (i.e., without also including prominent and plain 

English statements, as described above) were coded as those that cannot be 

categorized. 

 Regardless of the prominence of the text, statements regarding doing 

nothing that did not use “plain English payment” language. This included 

phrases such as “by doing nothing, you receive no settlement benefits,” or 

“if you do nothing, you will not receive a share of the settlement.” 

 Statements about doing nothing that were not visually prominent. 

o Does not mention consequences of doing nothing - We coded notices that 

contain no statements about the consequences of doing nothing in this category. 

 Necessity of Filing a Claim- We classified notices into the following categories: 

o Prominently states that claim is required to receive payment – Using the prior 

definitions of “prominent” and use “plain English payment” language, notices that 

prominently stated that a claim is required to receive payment were included in 

this category. We considered phrases such as “you must file a claim to receive 

payment” and “this is the only way to receive a payment” as signaling the claimsfiling requirement. 

o Cannot be categorized – As before, we considered notices that contained either of 

the following types of statements as those that cannot be categorized. Again, we 

included only notices that did not also contain a prominent, plain English 

statement, as described in the first category.

 Regardless of the prominence of the text, statements regarding the claimsfiling requirement that did not use plain English payment language. This 

includes phrases such as “you must file a claim to participate in the class 

action settlement,” or “filing a claim is the only way to receive settlement 

benefits.” 

 Statements regarding the claims-filing requirement that were not visually 

prominent. 
C-3 

o Does not mention claim filing requirement - This category includes notices that 

contain no statements describing the necessity of filing a claim. This includes 

notices that contain only informational statements such as “file your claim by 

[date].” 

 Relevance of Notice - We categorized notices based on whether they included a 

statement signaling relevance to the consumer. We considered “relevant” statements to be 

those that explained why the recipient was sent a notice, typically referencing company 

records. This included statements such as “our records indicate you are part/may be part 

of the class” or “according to company records, you purchased [product].” Notices that 

that included statements beginning with “if” (e.g., “if you purchased [product] during 

[time period], you could receive benefits from a class action settlement”) are classified as 

not containing a relevant statement, unless accompanied by a more prominent or equally 

as prominent relevant statement, using the prior definition of “prominent.” 

 Payment Availability - We classified notices based on whether they contained plain 

English and/or certain descriptions of payment availability. We used the following 

categories: plain English and certain; plain English only; certain only; and neither plain 

English nor certain. We defined “plain English” descriptions of payment availability as 

those that were visually prominent, and used language that was likely to be understood by 

the typical consumer as signifying a payment, such as “payment,” “refund,” “money,” 

“cash,” “reimbursement,” “compensation,” or the amount or estimate of the payment 

listed with “$.” We defined “certain” descriptions of payment availability as those that 

do not use the words “could” or “may.” For example, the phrase “you could be entitled to 

settlement benefits” was coded as neither plain English nor certain; the phrase “you could 

receive $10” was coded as plain English only; the phrase “receive $10 by filing a claim 

form” was coded as plain English and certain; and “by filing a claim form, you will 

receive a share of the settlement fund” was coded as certain only. 

 Payment Amount - We determined whether the notice listed either: the exact or 

minimum amount of the payment; the maximum amount or an estimate of the payment, 

or none of the above. 
D-1 

Appendix D:		Questionnaire – Notice Study

LEAD‐IN: Assume the screen you are about to view is your personal e‐mail inbox and that it

contains e‐mails from companies you have done business with.  Please look at the inbox as you

normally would. When you are done, please click the “next” button on the bottom of the page.  

DISPLAY “NEXT” BUTTON AT BOTTOM OF PAGE.  WHEN RESPONDER CLICKS “NEXT,” SHOW

INBOX WITH “NEXT” BUTTON AT BOTTOM  

On the second screen, show the “inbox” image without any supplementary text (with the

exception of the “next” and other default buttons at the bottom of the page).  We would like

the image to fill the entire screen on which the respondent is taking the survey.

Display the “inbox” image on screen 3 also (i.e., image will appear on screen 2 and screen 3).

On screen three, above the “inbox” image, include the following language: “Below is the same

email inbox you just viewed.  Again, assume that it is your personal inbox and that it contains

emails from companies you have done business with.” Below the inbox image, display Q1 text

with the checkbox answer choices.

Q1.  Using the checkboxes displayed below, select the e‐mails, if any, that you are likely to

open.  If you are unlikely to open any of these e‐mails, simply click the “next” button.  

WHEN RESPONDENT CLICKS NEXT, SHOW A SPLIT‐SCREEN DISPLAYING THE INBOX WITH ONLY

THE CLASS ACTION E‐MAIL VISIBLE ON THE TOP OF THE SCREEN AND THE QUESTION BELOW IT.

Now we would like you to think about the one e‐mail in the inbox that is visible.

Q2. Why do you say that you are likely to open (IF CLASS ACTION E‐MAIL IS CHECKED IN

Q1)/not likely to open (IF CLASS ACTION E‐MAIL IS NOT CHECKED IN Q1) this e‐mail?  

Please explain in as much detail as possible.

Q3. Now we are going to show you several statements about this e‐mail. All, some, or none

of these statements may be true. After you read each statement, please indicate

whether you think it is definitely true, probably true, probably false, definitely false, or

you don’t know.   

   
D-2 

ROTATE ORDER FOR Q3a THROUGH Q3d. SHOW ONE AT A TIME WITH 4‐POINT SCALE

[5‐DEFINITELY TRUE | 4‐PROBABLY TRUE | 3‐PROBABLY FALSE | 2‐DEFINITELY FALSE] [1‐

DON’T KNOW]  

Q3a This e‐mail is an advertisement.

Q3b This e‐mail provides information on a class action settlement.

Q3c This e‐mail provides shipping confirmation of an online order.

Q3d This e‐mail provides information on getting a refund.

LEAD‐IN: Now assume that you have opened this e‐mail. The following screen displays the

content of the e‐mail.  Please read the e‐mail as you normally would.  When you are finished,

please click the “next” button at the bottom of the screen.

DISPLAY “NEXT” BUTTON AT BOTTOM OF PAGE.  WHEN RESPONDER CLICKS “NEXT,” SHOW E‐

MAIL WITH “NEXT” BUTTON AT BOTTOM.  

REMOVE FROM VIEW AFTER RESPONDENT HAS READ E‐MAIL.

Q4. Why do you think you received this e‐mail?  Please share your thoughts in as much

detail as possible.

Q5. Now we are going to show you several statements about the e‐mail you just read. All,

some, or none of these statements may be true. After you read each statement, please

indicate whether you think it is definitely true, probably true, probably false, definitely

false, or you don’t know.    

   

ROTATE ORDER FOR Q5a THROUGH Q5d. SHOW ONE AT A TIME WITH 4‐POINT SCALE  

[5‐DEFINITELY TRUE | 4‐PROBABLY TRUE | 3‐PROBABLY FALSE | 2‐DEFINITELY FALSE]   

[1‐DON’T KNOW]  

Q5a This e‐mail is an advertisement.

Q5b This e‐mail provides information on a class action settlement.

Q5c This e‐mail provides shipping confirmation of an online order.

Q5d This e‐mail provides information on getting a refund.

LEAD‐IN FOR DESCRIPTON OF CLASS ACTION AND VIEWING E‐MAIL A SECOND TIME:   
D-3 

The e‐mail you just viewed contains information on a class action settlement, including

information about a refund.  Again, please read the e‐mail as you normally would.  When you

are finished, please click the “next” button at the bottom of the screen.

DISPLAY “NEXT” BUTTON AT BOTTOM OF PAGE.  WHEN RESPONDER CLICKS “NEXT,” SHOW E‐

MAIL WITH “NEXT” BUTTON AT BOTTOM.  

SHOW E‐MAIL A SECOND TIME, THEN REMOVE ONCE RESPONDENT IS READY TO CONTINUE

Q6.   If you received this e‐mail and were eligible for a refund, what action or actions, if any,

would you need to take to get the refund?  If you don’t know, please say so.  

Q7. Now we are going to show you several statements about what the e‐mail said or

suggested regarding actions you might need to take to get a refund through the class

action settlement.  All, some, or none of these statements may be true.  After you read

each statement, please indicate whether you think it is definitely true, probably true,

probably false, definitely false, or you don’t know.   

   

ROTATE ORDER FOR Q7a THROUGH Q7d. SHOW ONE AT A TIME WITH 4‐POINT SCALE

[5‐DEFINITELY TRUE | 4‐PROBABLY TRUE | 3‐PROBABLY FALSE | 2‐DEFINITELY FALSE]  [1‐

DON’T KNOW]   

Q7a To get a refund through the class action settlement, I should take no further action; I

will automatically receive the refund if the class wins the lawsuit.

Q7b To get a refund through the class action settlement, I should file a customer service

complaint with Sonoro Technologies, Inc.  

Q7c To get a refund through the class action settlement, I should fill out a claims form at the

website provided in the e‐mail.

Q7d To get a refund through the class action settlement, I should hire a personal attorney to

represent me in court.

IF “DEFINITELY TRUE” OR “LIKELY TRUE” TO Q7c, CONTINUE

ELSE, SKIP TO Q11

Q8 In your personal opinion, how likely or unlikely  is it that you will receive the refund if

you filled out the claims form? Would you say that it is:  

   

SHOW 5‐POINT SCALE  

[5‐VERY LIKELY | 4‐SOMEWHAT LIKELY| 3‐NEITHER LIKELY NOR UNLIKELY | 2‐

SOMEWHAT UNLIKELY | 1‐VERY UNLIKELY]  

IF “SOMEWHAT UNLIKELY” OR “VERY UNLIKELY” to Q8, CONTINUE
D-4 

ELSE, SKIP TO Q10

Q9    Why did you say it was [INSERT REPSONSE FROM Q8, SKIP IF RESPONSE TO Q8 IS “VERY

LIKELY,” “SOMEWHAT LIKELY,” “NEITHER LIKELY NOR UNLIKELY”] that you will receive

the refund?   

Q10 Now we’d like to ask you some questions concerning your personal opinion about the

refund process based on the information provided in the e‐mail.

Q10a   In your personal opinion, how easy or difficult would it be to meet the requirements to

receive a refund?  

SHOW 5‐POINT SCALE

[5‐VERY EASY | 4‐SOMEWHAT EASY | 3‐NEITHER EASY NOR DIFFICULT | 2‐SOMEWHAT

DIFFICULT | 1‐VERY DIFFICULT]  

Q10b   In your personal opinion, how many people who submit the claims form will receive a

refund?

   

SHOW 7‐POINT SCALE

[7‐ALL | 6‐ALMOST ALL | 5‐MOST | 4‐ABOUT HALF | 3‐SOME | 2‐VERY FEW | 1‐NONE]

Q10c In your personal opinion, how long do you think it will take you to complete the process

to apply for a refund?   

   

[PROVIDE A FIELD WHERE RESPONDENTS CAN CHOOSE NUMERICAL VALUES OF HOURS

AND MINUTES]

Q11 Have you ever filled out a claim form in response to a notice of a class action

settlement?  

[1‐YES, I HAVE | 2‐NO, I HAVE NOT | 3‐DON’T KNOW]

   Q12. Are you...?

1‐Male

2‐Female
D-5 

Q13. In what state do you currently reside?

Q14. What is your age?

1‐18‐29

2‐30‐39

3‐40‐49

4‐50‐59

5‐60‐69

6‐70+

Q15. What is the highest level of education you have completed or the highest degree you have

received?

1‐Less than high school

2‐Some high school

3‐High school diploma

4‐Some college

5‐Associate’s degree

6‐Bachelor's degree

7‐Some graduate school

8‐Master's degree

9‐Professional degree

10‐Doctoral degree

Q16. Are you of Hispanic or Latino origin?

1‐Yes, of Hispanic origin

2‐No, not of Hispanic origin

3‐Decline to answer

Q17. Please choose one or more categories to indicate your race. Are you...?

1‐White or Caucasian

2‐Black or African American

3‐Asian

4‐American Indian or Alaska Native

5‐Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander

6‐Other

7‐Decline to answer

Q18. And, for statistical purposes only, in which of the following categories does your total

annual HOUSEHOLD income fall?

1‐Under $20,000 per year

2‐At least $20,000 per year, but less than $40,000

3‐At least $40,000 per year, but less than $60,000
D-6 

4‐At least $60,000 per year, but less than $80,000

5‐At least $80,000 per year, but less than $100,000

6‐$100,000 per year or more

7‐Decline to answer
E-1 

Appendix E:			

Example Screenshots of Part I Stimuli – Notice Study

Example 1 – Sender: Sonoro; Subject Line: Notice of Class Action Settlement		

Example 2 – Sender: SonoroJetSettlement; Subject Line:		Notice of Class Action

Settlement‐	$100 Refund Available
E-2 

Example 3 – Sender: classaction@uscourts.gov; Subject Line: Lavin v. Sonoro

Technologies Class Action Settlement

Example 4 – Sender: Sonoro; Subject Line: Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class Action

Settlement	‐	$100 refund available
E-3 

Example 5 – Sender: SonoroJetSettlement; Subject Line: Notice of Refund

Example 6 – Sender: classaction@uscourts.gov; Subject Line: Notice of Refund	‐	$100

Available
F-1 

Appendix F:			

Example Screenshots of Part II Stimuli – Notice Study
F-2 

Example 1 – Long Format, with Court Seal
F-3 

Example 2 – Condensed Format, without Court Seal
F-4 

Example 3 – Experimental Format, with Court Seal
G-1 

Appendix G:		Additional Tables – Notice Study

Table G.1:		Demographics

The tables below compare the demographics of the Notice Study sample to those of the United 

States population, based on the 2010 Census and the 2017-2018 Current Population Survey. 

Because the panel recruited respondents so the sample would be representative of those who use 

the internet and email, there are some discrepancies between demographics of the study sample 

and the general population. For example, study respondents were less likely to be black or of 

Hispanic origin. 

Gender 2010 Census Study Sample

Male 48.5% 50.3%

Female 51.5% 49.8%

Age 2010 Census Study Sample

18‐29 27.4% 18.3%

30‐39 17.2% 23.2%

40‐49 18.8% 16.2%

50‐59 17.9% 17.2%

60‐69 7.1% 16.4%

70+ 11.6% 8.7%

Education 2017 CPS Study Sample

Less than high school 3.7% 0.4%

Some high school 7.3% 1.4%

High school diploma 28.9% 16.7%

Some college 18.9% 22.2%

Associate’s degree 9.8% 11.5%

Bachelor's degree 20.0% 25.4%

Master's degree or some graduate school 8.4% 16.6%

Professional degree 1.3% 2.8%

Doctoral degree 1.7% 3.0%

Hispanic Origin 2010 Census Study Sample

Yes, of Hispanic origin 16.30% 6.6%

    

Race 2010 Census Study Sample
G-2 

White or Caucasian 74.80% 83.72%

Black or African American 13.60% 6.92%

Asian 5.60% 4.75%

American Indian or Alaska Native 1.70% 0.82%

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0.40% 0.45%

Household Income 2018 CPS Study Sample

Under $20,000 per year 15.43% 11.13%

At least $20,000 per year, but less than $40,000 18.45% 19.26%

At least $40,000 per year, but less than $60,000 15.03% 17.48%

At least $60,000 per year, but less than $80,000 12.23% 16.11%

At least $80,000 per year, but less than $100,000 9.61% 11.35%

$100,000 per year or more 29.25% 19.29%

State 2010 Census Study Sample

Alabama 1.5% 1.1%

Alaska 0.2% 0.3%

Arizona 2.1% 2.2%

Arkansas 0.9% 0.6%

California 12.1% 10.5%

Colorado 1.6% 1.6%

Connecticut 1.2% 1.4%

Delaware 0.3% 0.3%

District of Columbia 0.2% 0.2%

Florida 6.1% 7.5%

Georgia 3.1% 2.7%

Hawaii 0.4% 0.6%

Idaho 0.5% 0.5%

Illinois 4.2% 4.0%

Indiana 2.1% 2.0%

Iowa 1.0% 0.9%

Kansas 0.9% 0.8%

Kentucky 1.4% 1.7%

Louisiana 1.5% 1.0%

Maine 0.4% 0.6%

Maryland 1.9% 1.9%

Massachusetts 2.1% 2.9%

Michigan 3.2% 3.2%

Minnesota 1.7% 1.4%

Mississippi 1.0% 0.6%

Missouri 1.9% 2.0%

Montana 0.3% 0.2%

(Table continued on next page.)

State (continued) 2010 Census Study Sample

Nebraska 0.6% 0.6%
G-3 

Nevada 0.9% 0.9%

New Hampshire 0.4% 0.5%

New Jersey 2.8% 3.4%

New Mexico 0.7% 0.4%

New York 6.3% 8.1%

North Carolina 3.1% 3.1%

North Dakota 0.2% 0.2%

Ohio 3.7% 4.4%

Oklahoma 1.2% 0.7%

Oregon 1.2% 1.7%

Pennsylvania 4.1% 5.2%

Rhode Island 0.3% 0.5%

South Carolina 1.5% 1.6%

South Dakota 0.3% 0.3%

Tennessee 2.1% 2.2%

Texas 8.1% 5.3%

Utah 0.9% 0.8%

Vermont 0.2% 0.1%

Virginia 2.6% 2.4%

Washington 2.2% 2.4%

West Virginia 0.6% 0.7%

Wisconsin 1.8% 2.1%

Wyoming 0.2% 0.2%
G-4 

Table G.2:		Detailed Inbox Results, by Sender

Overall Sender Sig a

   Sonoro Sonoro

JetSettlement

classaction

@uscourts.gov

Q1:   Percentage Who Selected

Class Action Email as One They

Would Open (Stated Opening

Rate)

37.8%

(36.7%, 38.8%)

37.5%

(35.6%, 39.3%)

34.7%

(32.9%, 36.5%)

41.1%

(39.3%, 43.0%)

***

Q3a: This e‐mail is an

advertisement.

              

        Don't Know 17.6%

(16.7%, 18.4%)

17.7%

(16.2%, 19.1%)

16.9%

(15.5%, 18.3%)

18.2%

(16.7%, 19.6%)

  

        Definitely False 15.4%

(14.6%, 16.2%)

15.4%

(14.0%, 16.7%)

13.8%

(12.5%, 15.1%)

17.0%

(15.6%, 18.4%)

**

        Probably False 21.2%

(20.3%, 22.1%)

20.3%

(18.8%, 21.8%)

22.6%

(21.0%, 24.2%)

20.8%

(19.3%, 22.4%)

  

        Probably True 33.5%

(32.5%, 34.5%)

34.2%

(32.4%, 36.0%)

33.6%

(31.8%, 35.4%)

32.7%

(30.9%, 34.5%)

  

        Definitely True 12.3%

(11.6%, 13.0%)

12.5%

(11.2%, 13.8%)

13.2%

(11.9%, 14.4%)

11.3%

(10.1%, 12.5%)

  

Q3b: This e‐mail provides

information on a class action

settlement.

              

        Don't Know 12.0%

(11.3%, 12.7%)

15.2%

(13.8%, 16.5%)

11.3%

(10.1%, 12.5%)

9.6%

(8.5%, 10.7%)

***

        Definitely False 9.5%

(8.8%, 10.1%)

12.5%

(11.2%, 13.7%)

8.9%

(7.8%, 10.0%)

7.0%

(6.1%, 8.0%)

***

        Probably False 19.6%

(18.7%, 20.5%)

20.3%

(18.7%, 21.8%)

19.7%

(18.2%, 21.2%)

18.8%

(17.4%, 20.3%)

  

        Probably True 32.0%

(31.0%, 33.1%)

26.6%

(24.9%, 28.3%)

34.3%

(32.5%, 36.1%)

35.2%

(33.4%, 37.0%)

***

        Definitely True 26.9%

(25.9%, 27.8%)

25.5%

(23.9%, 27.2%)

25.8%

(24.1%, 27.4%)

29.3%

(27.6%, 31.0%)

**

Q3c: This e‐mail provides

shipping confirmation of an

online order.

              

        Don't Know 7.6%

(7.0%, 8.2%)

8.3%

(7.2%, 9.3%)

8.0%

(7.0%, 9.1%)

6.5%

(5.5%, 7.4%)

**

        Definitely False 65.4%

(64.3%, 66.4%)

63.5%

(61.6%, 65.3%)

63.9%

(62.0%, 65.7%)

68.7%

(67.0%, 70.5%)

***

        Probably False 13.8%

(13.0%, 14.5%)

14.8%

(13.4%, 16.1%)

14.7%

(13.4%, 16.0%)

11.9%

(10.6%, 13.1%)

**

        Probably True 7.4%

(6.8%, 8.0%)

8.1%

(7.1%, 9.2%)

7.5%

(6.5%, 8.5%)

6.5%

(5.6%, 7.5%)

*

     (Table continued on next page.)
G-5 

Table G.2:		Detailed Inbox Results, by Sender (continued)

Overall Sender Sig a

   Sonoro Sonoro

JetSettlement

classaction

@uscourts.gov

Q3c: This e‐mail provides

shipping confirmation of an

online order. (continued)

        

        Definitely True 5.9%

(5.4%, 6.4%)

5.4%

(4.5%, 6.2%)

5.9%

(5.0%, 6.8%)

6.4%

(5.5%, 7.3%)

  

Q3d: This e‐mail provides

information on getting a

refund.

              

        Don't Know 12.8%

(12.1%, 13.5%)

12.9%

(11.6%, 14.2%)

13.0%

(11.7%, 14.2%)

12.5%

(11.2%, 13.7%)

  

        Definitely False 13.8%

(13.1%, 14.6%)

14.6%

(13.3%, 15.9%)

13.3%

(12.0%, 14.6%)

13.6%

(12.3%, 14.9%)

  

        Probably False 23.6%

(22.7%, 24.5%)

22.3%

(20.7%, 23.8%)

24.7%

(23.1%, 26.4%)

23.8%

(22.2%, 25.4%)

*

        Probably True 32.2%

(31.2%, 33.2%)

32.1%

(30.3%, 33.9%)

31.3%

(29.6%, 33.1%)

33.2%

(31.4%, 35.0%)

  

        Definitely True 17.6%

(16.7%, 18.4%)

18.1%

(16.7%, 19.6%)

17.7%

(16.2%, 19.1%)

16.9%

(15.5%, 18.4%)

  

                 

Comprehension Rate b 38.2%

(37.1%, 39.3%)

37.8%

(35.9%, 39.6%)

37.0%

(35.2%, 38.9%)

39.8%

(37.9%, 41.6%)

  

                 

Number of Observations 8,000 2,664 2,667 2,669   

Notes:

Figures in parentheses are 95 percent confidence intervals.

a. Indicates the joint significance of the differences across the sender cells included in the table based

on a chi‐squared test.

* denotes statistical significance at the 10 percent level

** denotes statistical significance at the 5 percent level

*** denotes statistical significance at the 1 percent level

b. We aggregated responses to the question 3 series into a comprehension rate to measure whether a

respondent indicated that one or both of the correct statements (Q3b and Q3d) were “probably true”

or “definitely true” and whether the two incorrect statements (Q3a and Q3c) were “probably false”

or “definitely false”.   
G-6 

Table G.3: Detailed Inbox Results, by Subject Line

Overall Subject Line 

Lavin v.

Sonoro

Technologies

Class Action

Settlement

Lavin v.

Sonoro

Technologies

Class Action

Settlement ‐ 

$100 refund

available

Notice of Class

Action

Settlement

Notice of Class

Action

Settlement‐ 

$100 refund

available

Notice of

Refund

Q1: Percentage Who

Selected Class Action

Email as One They

Would Open (Stated

Opening Rate)

37.8%

(36.7%, 38.8%)

27.2%

(24.8%, 29.6%)

26.3%

(23.9%, 28.7%)

38.8%

(36.2%, 41.4%)

39.1%

(36.5%, 41.8%)

53.2%

(50.5%, 55.9%)

Q3a: This e‐mail is an

advertisement.

Don't Know 17.6%

(16.7%, 18.4%)

16.1%

(14.1%, 18.0%)

17.1%

(15.1%, 19.1%)

17.1%

(15.1%, 19.1%)

18.3%

(16.3%, 20.4%)

18.8%

(16.7%, 20.9%)

Definitely False 15.4%

(14.6%, 16.2%)

18.1%

(16.0%, 20.1%)

12.8%

(11.0%, 14.6%)

17.7%

(15.7%, 19.8%)

12.2%

(10.4%, 13.9%)

20.0%

(17.9%, 22.1%)

Probably False 21.2%

(20.3%, 22.1%)

25.6%

(23.2%, 27.9%)

19.9%

(17.8%, 22.1%)

23.5%

(21.2%, 25.8%)

17.9%

(15.8%, 19.9%)

24.3%

(22.0%, 26.6%)

Probably True 33.5%

(32.5%, 34.5%)

30.1%

(27.6%, 32.5%)

36.6%

(34.0%, 39.2%)

31.4%

(28.9%, 33.9%)

36.8%

(34.2%, 39.4%)

27.6%

(25.2%, 30.0%)

Definitely True 12.3%

(11.6%, 13.0%)

10.2%

(8.6%, 11.8%)

13.6%

(11.7%, 15.4%)

10.3%

(8.6%, 11.9%)

14.8%

(12.9%, 16.7%)

9.3%

(7.7%, 10.8%)

(Table c
G-7 

Table G.3: Detailed Inbox Results, by Subject Line (continued)

Overall Subject Line 

Lavin v.

Sonoro

Technologies

Class Action

Settlement

Lavin v.

Sonoro

Technologies

Class Action

Settlement ‐ 

$100 refund

available

Notice of Class

Action

Settlement

Notice of Class

Action

Settlement‐ 

$100 refund

available

Notice of

Refund

Q3b: This e‐mailprovides informationon a class action

settlement.

Don't Know 12.0%

(11.3%, 12.7%)

7.6%

(6.2%, 9.0%)

8.2%

(6.8%, 9.7%)

7.4%

(6.0%, 8.8%)

8.1%

(6.6%, 9.6%)

20.4%

(18.2%, 22.5%)

Definitely False 9.5%

(8.8%, 10.1%)

2.7%

(1.8%, 3.6%)

5.9%

(4.7%, 7.2%)

4.4%

(3.3%, 5.4%)

8.1%

(6.6%, 9.6%)

18.4%

(16.3%, 20.4%)

Probably False 19.6%

(18.7%, 20.5%)

11.6%

(9.8%, 13.3%)

19.4%

(17.3%, 21.5%)

16.3%

(14.3%, 18.3%)

21.0%

(18.8%, 23.2%)

24.8%

(22.5%, 27.1%)

Probably True 32.0%

(31.0%, 33.1%)

36.4%

(33.8%, 39.0%)

37.2%

(34.6%, 39.8%)

35.1%

(32.5%, 37.7%)

32.8%

(30.3%, 35.4%)

24.0%

(21.7%, 26.3%)

Definitely True 26.9%

(25.9%, 27.8%)

41.8%

(39.1%, 44.4%)

29.2%

(26.8%, 31.7%)

36.8%

(34.2%, 39.4%)

29.9%

(27.4%, 32.4%)

12.5%

(10.7%, 14.3%)

Q3c: This e‐mailprovides shippingconfirmation of an

online order.

Don't Know 7.6%

(7.0%, 8.2%)

6.3%

(5.0%, 7.6%)

7.0%

(5.7%, 8.4%)

5.0%

(3.8%, 6.1%)

6.8%

(5.4%, 8.1%)

10.8%

(9.1%, 12.5%)

Definitely False 65.4%

(64.3%, 66.4%)

70.6%

(68.1%, 73.0%)

67.2%

(64.6%, 69.7%)

70.5%

(68.1%, 73.0%)

72.2%

(69.8%, 74.6%)

53.6%

(51.0%, 56.3%)

Probably False 13.8%

(13.0%, 14.5%)

11.2%

(9.5%, 12.9%)

13.1%

(11.3%, 14.9%)

12.0%

(10.3%, 13.7%)

10.4%

(8.8%, 12.1%)

18.4%

(16.3%, 20.5%)

(Table c
G-8 

Table G.3: Detailed Inbox Results, by Subject Line (continued)

Overall

Subject Line

Lavin v.

Sonoro

Technologies

Class Action

Settlement

Lavin v.

Sonoro

Technologies

Class Action

Settlement ‐ 

$100 refund

available

Notice of Class

Action

Settlement

Notice of Class

Action

Settlement‐ 

$100 refund

available

Notice of

Refund

Q3c: This e‐mail

provides shipping

confirmation of an

online order.

(continued)

Probably True 7.4%

(6.8%, 8.0%)

5.9%

(4.6%, 7.1%)

7.0%

(5.6%, 8.3%)

6.9%

(5.5%, 8.3%)

5.2%

(4.0%, 6.4%)

10.6%

(8.9%, 12.2%)

Definitely True 5.9%

(5.4%, 6.4%)

6.1%

(4.8%, 7.4%)

5.7%

(4.5%, 6.9%)

5.6%

(4.4%, 6.9%)

5.4%

(4.2%, 6.6%)

6.6%

(5.3%, 7.9%)

Q3d: This e‐mail

provides informationon getting a refund.

Don't Know 12.8%

(12.1%, 13.5%)

22.0%

(19.8%, 24.2%)

10.0%

(8.4%, 11.6%)

17.4%

(15.4%, 19.4%)

8.6%

(7.1%, 10.1%)

9.6%

(8.0%, 11.2%)

Definitely False 13.8%

(13.1%, 14.6%)

20.0%

(17.8%, 22.1%)

10.9%

(9.2%, 12.5%)

21.5%

(19.2%, 23.7%)

11.3%

(9.6%, 13.1%)

8.6%

(7.1%, 10.1%)

Probably False 23.6%

(22.7%, 24.5%)

21.5%

(19.2%, 23.7%)

24.8%

(22.5%, 27.1%)

26.3%

(24.0%, 28.7%)

25.4%

(23.1%, 27.7%)

18.5%

(16.4%, 20.6%)

Probably True 32.2%

(31.2%, 33.2%)

29.0%

(26.6%, 31.5%)

33.6%

(31.0%, 36.1%)

28.4%

(26.0%, 30.9%)

33.9%

(31.3%, 36.4%)

35.1%

(32.6%, 37.7%)

Definitely True 17.6%

(16.7%, 18.4%)

7.6%

(6.2%, 9.0%)

20.8%

(18.6%, 22.9%)

6.4%

(5.1%, 7.7%)

20.8%

(18.6%, 23.0%)

28.2%

(25.7%, 30.6%)

(Table c
G-9 

Table G.3: Detailed Inbox Results, by Subject Line (continued)

Overall Subject Line 

Lavin v.

Sonoro

Technologies

Class Action

Settlement

Lavin v.

Sonoro

Technologies

Class Action

Settlement ‐ 

$100 refund

available

Notice of Class

Action

Settlement

Notice of Class

Action

Settlement‐ 

$100 refund

available

Notice of

Refund

Comprehension Rate b 38.2%

(37.1%, 39.3%)

47.8%

(45.1%, 50.5%)

35.2%

(32.6%, 37.7%)

44.8%

(42.1%, 47.5%)

33.8%

(31.3%, 36.4%)

39.9%

(37.3%, 42.6%)

Number of

Observations

8,000 1,333 1,334 1,333 1,331 1,335 

Notes:

Figures in parentheses are 95 percent confidence intervals.

a. Indicates the joint significance of the differences across the subject line cells included in the table based on a chi‐squared tes

* denotes statistical significance at the 10 percent level

** denotes statistical significance at the 5 percent level

*** denotes statistical significance at the 1 percent level

b. We aggregated responses to the question 3 series into a comprehension rate to measure whether a respondent indicated th

statements (Q3b and Q3d) were “probably true” or “definitely true” and whether the two incorrect statements (Q3a and Q3

“definitely false”.
G-10 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal

Overall Email 

Long Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Long Format ‐ 

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Experim

Form

With D

of Cour

Q5a: This e‐mail is an

advertisement.

Don't Know 11.4%

(10.7%, 12.1%)

11.8%

(10.0%, 13.5%)

10.1%

(8.5%, 11.8%)

10.0%

(8.4%, 11.6%)

12.6%

(10.8%, 14.4%)

13.1

(11.3%, 

Definitely False 30.2%

(29.2%, 31.2%)

38.7%

(36.1%, 41.3%)

36.2%

(33.6%, 38.8%)

28.9%

(26.4%, 31.3%)

26.0%

(23.6%, 28.4%)

26.7

(24.3%, 

Probably False 20.9%

(20.0%, 21.8%)

21.5%

(19.2%, 23.7%)

21.8%

(19.6%, 24.1%)

21.6%

(19.4%, 23.8%)

20.7%

(18.6%, 22.9%)

20.3

(18.2%, 

Probably True 25.1%

(24.1%, 26.0%)

18.9%

(16.8%, 21.0%)

21.8%

(19.6%, 24.1%)

26.2%

(23.9%, 28.6%)

26.3%

(23.9%, 28.7%)

28.1

(25.7%, 

Definitely True 12.4%

(11.7%, 13.2%)

9.2%

(7.6%, 10.7%)

10.0%

(8.4%, 11.6%)

13.4%

(11.5%, 15.2%)

14.4%

(12.5%, 16.2%)

11.9

(10.1%, 

Q5b: This e‐mail provides

information on a class action

settlement.

Don't Know 5.3%

(4.8%, 5.8%)

4.4%

(3.3%, 5.5%)

4.8%

(3.7%, 6.0%)

5.7%

(4.5%, 7.0%)

6.0%

(4.7%, 7.3%)

5.2

(4.0%, 

Definitely False 6.1%

(5.5%, 6.6%)

4.3%

(3.2%, 5.4%)

4.6%

(3.5%, 5.7%)

5.9%

(4.7%, 7.2%)

7.1%

(5.8%, 8.5%)

6.5

(5.1%, 

Probably False 11.9%

(11.2%, 12.6%)

8.0%

(6.6%, 9.5%)

9.5%

(7.9%, 11.0%)

13.5%

(11.7%, 15.4%)

12.0%

(10.3%, 13.8%)

13.3

(11.5%, 

Probably True 30.2%

(29.2%, 31.2%)

28.1%

(25.7%, 30.5%)

27.2%

(24.8%, 29.6%)

29.5%

(27.0%, 31.9%)

30.9%

(28.4%, 33.4%)

32.6

(30.1%, 

Definitely True 46.5%

(45.4%, 47.6%)

55.1%

(52.5%, 57.8%)

54.0%

(51.3%, 56.7%)

45.4%

(42.7%, 48.1%)

44.0%

(41.3%, 46.6%)

42.5

(39.8%, 
G-11 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal (continued)

Overall

Email

Long Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Long Format ‐ 

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Experim

Form

With D

of Cour

Q5c: This e‐mail provides

shipping confirmation of an

online order.

Don't Know 7.5%

(6.9%, 8.0%)

7.6%

(6.2%, 9.0%)

7.5%

(6.1%, 8.9%)

6.8%

(5.4%, 8.1%)

7.4%

(6.0%, 8.8%)

7.1

(5.7%, 

Definitely False 66.4%

(65.4%, 67.4%)

68.8%

(66.3%, 71.3%)

66.1%

(63.6%, 68.7%)

65.0%

(62.4%, 67.6%)

64.3%

(61.7%, 66.9%)

67.6

(65.1%, 

Probably False 11.3%

(10.6%, 11.9%)

10.1%

(8.4%, 11.7%)

10.8%

(9.1%, 12.5%)

12.7%

(10.9%, 14.5%)

10.6%

(8.9%, 12.2%)

11.3

(9.6%, 1

Probably True 8.4%

(7.8%, 9.0%)

7.8%

(6.4%, 9.2%)

8.0%

(6.5%, 9.4%)

9.3%

(7.8%, 10.9%)

10.4%

(8.7%, 12.0%)

7.6

(6.2%, 

Definitely True 6.5%

(6.0%, 7.1%)

5.8%

(4.5%, 7.0%)

7.6%

(6.2%, 9.0%)

6.2%

(4.9%, 7.5%)

7.3%

(5.9%, 8.7%)

6.5

(5.1%, 

Q5d: This e‐mail provides

information on getting a refund.

Don't Know 6.5%

(6.0%, 7.0%)

7.0%

(5.6%, 8.3%)

6.5%

(5.1%, 7.8%)

6.2%

(4.9%, 7.5%)

6.5%

(5.2%, 7.9%)

6.6

(5.3%, 

Definitely False 10.5%

(9.8%, 11.1%)

10.2%

(8.6%, 11.8%)

10.3%

(8.7%, 11.9%)

9.4%

(7.8%, 11.0%)

11.3%

(9.6%, 13.0%)

9.9

(8.3%, 1

Probably False 15.5%

(14.7%, 16.3%)

13.4%

(11.6%, 15.3%)

11.9%

(10.2%, 13.7%)

16.5%

(14.5%, 18.5%)

17.4%

(15.3%, 19.4%)

16.4

(14.4%, 

Probably True 34.9%

(33.8%, 35.9%)

32.9%

(30.3%, 35.4%)

34.8%

(32.2%, 37.3%)

36.0%

(33.4%, 38.6%)

34.3%

(31.7%, 36.8%)

35.6

(33.0%, 

Definitely True 32.7%

(31.7%, 33.7%)

36.5%

(33.9%, 39.1%)

36.6%

(34.0%, 39.2%)

31.9%

(29.3%, 34.4%)

30.6%

(28.1%, 33.1%)

31.5

(29.0%, 
G-12 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal (continued)

Overall Email 

Long Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Long Format ‐ 

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Experim

Form

With D

of Cour

Comprehension Rate 49.3%

(48.2%, 50.4%)

59.3%

(56.6%, 61.9%)

55.5%

(52.8%, 58.2%)

47.0%

(44.3%, 49.6%)

45.4%

(42.7%, 48.1%)

46.5

(43.8%, 

Q7a: To get a refund through

the class action settlement, I

should take no further action; I

will automatically receive the

refund if the class wins the

lawsuit.

Don't Know 7.5%

(6.9%, 8.0%)

8.5%

(7.0%, 10.0%)

8.8%

(7.3%, 10.3%)

6.7%

(5.3%, 8.0%)

7.7%

(6.2%, 9.1%)

6.4

(5.1%, 

Definitely False 46.6%

(45.5%, 47.7%)

43.1%

(40.4%, 45.7%)

35.6%

(33.0%, 38.2%)

47.0%

(44.3%, 49.6%)

48.5%

(45.8%, 51.2%)

51.5

(48.8%, 

Probably False 20.6%

(19.7%, 21.4%)

20.6%

(18.4%, 22.7%)

23.4%

(21.1%, 25.7%)

21.1%

(18.9%, 23.3%)

20.2%

(18.1%, 22.4%)

19.7

(17.6%, 

Probably True 15.1%

(14.3%, 15.9%)

17.0%

(14.9%, 19.0%)

18.7%

(16.6%, 20.8%)

15.9%

(13.9%, 17.8%)

13.4%

(11.6%, 15.3%)

13.8

(12.0%, 

Definitely True 10.3%

(9.6%, 11.0%)

11.0%

(9.3%, 12.6%)

13.5%

(11.7%, 15.4%)

9.4%

(7.8%, 11.0%)

10.1%

(8.5%, 11.8%)

8.6

(7.1%, 1

Q7b: To get a refund through

the class action settlement, I

should file a customer service

complaint with SonoroTechnologies, Inc.

Don't Know 14.6%

(13.8%, 15.3%)

13.1%

(11.2%, 14.9%)

12.8%

(11.0%, 14.6%)

12.8%

(11.0%, 14.6%)

15.1%

(13.2%, 17.0%)

16.6

(14.6%, 

Definitely False 31.0%

(29.9%, 32.0%)

34.3%

(31.7%, 36.8%)

32.1%

(29.5%, 34.6%)

30.2%

(27.7%, 32.7%)

27.8%

(25.4%, 30.2%)

31.8

(29.3%, 
G-13 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal (continued)

Overall Email 

Long Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Long Format ‐ 

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Experim

Form

With D

of Cour

Q7b: To get a refund through

the class action settlement, I

should file a customer service

complaint with SonoroTechnologies, Inc. (continued)

Probably False 18.4%

(17.6%, 19.3%)

17.7%

(15.7%, 19.8%)

19.6%

(17.5%, 21.7%)

19.8%

(17.6%, 21.9%)

16.8%

(14.7%, 18.8%)

18.8

(16.7%, 

Probably True 24.2%

(23.2%, 25.1%)

23.6%

(21.3%, 25.8%)

24.9%

(22.6%, 27.3%)

25.2%

(22.9%, 27.6%)

26.3%

(23.9%, 28.7%)

21.2

(19.0%, 

Definitely True 11.9%

(11.2%, 12.6%)

11.4%

(9.7%, 13.1%)

10.7%

(9.0%, 12.3%)

11.9%

(10.2%, 13.7%)

14.0%

(12.2%, 15.9%)

11.6

(9.8%, 1

Q7c: To get a refund through

the class action settlement, I

should fill out a claims form at

the website provided in the e‐

mail.

Don't Know 6.5%

(5.9%, 7.0%)

6.4%

(5.1%, 7.7%)

6.3%

(5.0%, 7.6%)

5.6%

(4.4%, 6.9%)

7.1%

(5.7%, 8.4%)

6.3

(5.0%, 

Definitely False 5.3%

(4.8%, 5.8%)

4.7%

(3.5%, 5.8%)

4.7%

(3.5%, 5.8%)

5.8%

(4.5%, 7.0%)

5.3%

(4.1%, 6.5%)

6.0

(4.7%, 

Probably False 6.4%

(5.9%, 6.9%)

5.8%

(4.5%, 7.0%)

6.1%

(4.8%, 7.4%)

6.4%

(5.1%, 7.7%)

6.8%

(5.4%, 8.1%)

6.3

(5.0%, 

Probably True 35.4%

(34.4%, 36.5%)

32.4%

(29.9%, 34.9%)

33.3%

(30.8%, 35.9%)

37.5%

(34.9%, 40.1%)

36.2%

(33.6%, 38.8%)

37.1

(34.5%, 

Definitely True 46.4%

(45.3%, 47.5%)

50.8%

(48.1%, 53.5%)

49.6%

(46.9%, 52.3%)

44.7%

(42.0%, 47.4%)

44.7%

(42.0%, 47.4%)

44.3

(41.6%, 
G-14 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal (continued)

Overall Email 

Long Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Long Format ‐ 

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Experim

Form

With D

of Cour

Q7d: To get a refund through

the class action settlement, I

should hire a personal attorney

to represent me in court.

Don't Know 9.1%

(8.4%, 9.7%)

9.0%

(7.5%, 10.5%)

8.3%

(6.8%, 9.8%)

8.0%

(6.6%, 9.5%)

9.8%

(8.2%, 11.4%)

8.9

(7.4%, 1

Definitely False 52.4%

(51.3%, 53.5%)

57.6%

(55.0%, 60.3%)

56.2%

(53.5%, 58.8%)

48.0%

(45.3%, 50.7%)

48.1%

(45.4%, 50.8%)

52.2

(49.5%, 

Probably False 20.8%

(19.9%, 21.7%)

18.9%

(16.8%, 21.0%)

19.4%

(17.3%, 21.6%)

22.2%

(19.9%, 24.4%)

21.3%

(19.1%, 23.5%)

22.2

(20.0%, 

Probably True 10.6%

(9.9%, 11.3%)

8.4%

(6.9%, 9.9%)

8.9%

(7.4%, 10.5%)

13.7%

(11.9%, 15.6%)

12.1%

(10.3%, 13.9%)

10.1

(8.5%, 1

Definitely True 7.1%

(6.5%, 7.7%)

6.1%

(4.8%, 7.4%)

7.1%

(5.7%, 8.5%)

8.0%

(6.6%, 9.5%)

8.6%

(7.1%, 10.2%)

6.5

(5.2%, 

Correct Understanding of Next

Steps c

40.5%

(39.4%, 41.6%)

40.8%

(38.2%, 43.5%)

38.1%

(35.5%, 40.7%)

39.1%

(36.4%, 41.7%)

36.4%

(33.8%, 39.0%)

45.0

(42.3%, 

Q8: In your personal opinion,how likely or unlikely is it that

you will receive the refund if

you filled out the claims form?

Very Unlikely 8.1%

(7.5%, 8.8%)

6.8%

(5.3%, 8.2%)

7.3%

(5.8%, 8.9%)

8.4%

(6.8%, 10.1%)

9.9%

(8.1%, 11.7%)

7.0

(5.5%, 

Somewhat Unlikely 13.9%

(13.0%, 14.7%)

12.5%

(10.6%, 14.5%)

11.5%

(9.6%, 13.4%)

14.8%

(12.7%, 16.9%)

14.6%

(12.5%, 16.7%)

13.9

(11.9%, 
G-15 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal (continued)

Overall Email 

Long Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Long Format ‐ 

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Experim

Form

With D

of Cour

Q8: In your personal opinion,how likely or unlikely is it that

you will receive the refund if

you filled out the claims form?

(continued)

Neither Likely Nor

Unlikely

20.5%

(19.6%, 21.5%)

19.1%

(16.8%, 21.4%)

21.4%

(18.9%, 23.8%)

22.0%

(19.6%, 24.5%)

21.8%

(19.3%, 24.3%)

19.1

(16.8%, 

Somewhat Likely 38.5%

(37.3%, 39.7%)

41.5%

(38.6%, 44.4%)

38.7%

(35.9%, 41.6%)

36.9%

(34.1%, 39.8%)

35.5%

(32.6%, 38.3%)

42.6

(39.7%, 

Very Likely 18.9%

(18.0%, 19.9%)

20.1%

(17.7%, 22.5%)

21.1%

(18.7%, 23.5%)

17.8%

(15.6%, 20.1%)

18.2%

(15.9%, 20.5%)

17.3

(15.1%, 

Indicated that Refund was

Somewhat or Very Likely

57.4%

(56.2%, 58.6%)

61.6%

(58.7%, 64.5%)

59.8%

(56.9%, 62.7%)

54.8%

(51.8%, 57.7%)

53.7%

(50.7%, 56.7%)

60.0

(57.0%, 

Q10a: In your personal opinion,

how easy or difficult would it beto meet the requirements to

receive a refund?

Very Difficult 3.2%

(2.7%, 3.6%)

3.3%

(2.3%, 4.4%)

2.7%

(1.8%, 3.7%)

3.7%

(2.5%, 4.8%)

3.5%

(2.4%, 4.6%)

2.0

(1.2%, 

Somewhat Difficult 12.1%

(11.3%, 12.9%)

11.2%

(9.3%, 13.0%)

10.8%

(8.9%, 12.6%)

12.8%

(10.8%, 14.8%)

13.6%

(11.6%, 15.7%)

11.6

(9.7%, 1

Neither Easy Nor Difficult 22.7%

(21.7%, 23.7%)

22.0%

(19.6%, 24.4%)

21.2%

(18.8%, 23.6%)

22.0%

(19.6%, 24.5%)

24.7%

(22.1%, 27.3%)

22.2

(19.8%, 
G-16 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal (continued)

Overall Email 

Long Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Long Format ‐ 

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Experim

Form

With D

of Cour

Q10a: In your personal opinion,

how easy or difficult would it beto meet the requirements to

receive a refund? (continued)

Somewhat Easy 40.6%

(39.4%, 41.8%)

39.8%

(36.9%, 42.7%)

42.3%

(39.3%, 45.2%)

39.9%

(36.9%, 42.8%)

39.9%

(37.0%, 42.9%)

42.4

(39.5%, 

Very Easy 21.4%

(20.4%, 22.4%)

23.7%

(21.2%, 26.2%)

23.1%

(20.6%, 25.6%)

21.7%

(19.2%, 24.1%)

18.2%

(15.9%, 20.5%)

21.7

(19.2%, 

Indicated Refund Requirements

Were Somewhat/Very Easy toMeet

62.1%

(60.9%, 63.2%)

63.5%

(60.6%, 66.3%)

65.3%

(62.5%, 68.1%)

61.5%

(58.6%, 64.4%)

58.1%

(55.2%, 61.1%)

64.1

(61.3%, 

Q10b: In your personal opinion,

how many people who submit

the claims form will receive a

refund?

None 3.9%

(3.4%, 4.3%)

2.7%

(1.7%, 3.7%)

3.8%

(2.7%, 4.9%)

4.3%

(3.1%, 5.5%)

4.5%

(3.3%, 5.8%)

3.6

(2.5%, 

Very Few 11.9%

(11.1%, 12.7%)

10.0%

(8.2%, 11.8%)

10.3%

(8.5%, 12.1%)

13.3%

(11.3%, 15.4%)

12.9%

(10.9%, 14.9%)

11.5

(9.6%, 1

Some 18.4%

(17.5%, 19.3%)

17.3%

(15.1%, 19.5%)

17.9%

(15.7%, 20.2%)

17.6%

(15.4%, 19.9%)

19.8%

(17.4%, 22.2%)

18.1

(15.8%, 

About Half 13.8%

(12.9%, 14.6%)

14.9%

(12.8%, 17.0%)

12.2%

(10.3%, 14.2%)

15.0%

(12.9%, 17.1%)

13.9%

(11.9%, 16.0%)

13.9

(11.9%, 

Most 23.0%

(22.0%, 24.0%)

24.5%

(22.0%, 27.1%)

24.6%

(22.1%, 27.2%)

22.5%

(20.0%, 25.0%)

21.1%

(18.6%, 23.5%)

23.2

(20.7%, 
G-17 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal (continued)

Overall Email 

Long Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Long Format ‐ 

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

With Display

of Court Seal

Condensed

Format ‐   

Without

Display of

Court Seal

Experim

Form

With D

of Cour

Q10b: In your personal opinion,

how many people who submit

the claims form will receive a

refund? (continued)

Almost All 15.9%

(15.0%, 16.7%)

17.5%

(15.3%, 19.7%)

16.7%

(14.5%, 18.9%)

14.5%

(12.4%, 16.6%)

14.4%

(12.3%, 16.5%)

17.3

(15.0%, 

All 13.2%

(12.4%, 14.0%)

13.1%

(11.1%, 15.1%)

14.5%

(12.4%, 16.6%)

12.7%

(10.7%, 14.7%)

13.4%

(11.3%, 15.4%)

12.4

(10.4%, 

Indicated that Half or More of

Those Who Applied Would

Receive Refund

65.8%

(64.7%, 67.0%)

70.0%

(67.3%, 72.7%)

68.0%

(65.2%, 70.7%)

64.7%

(61.9%, 67.6%)

62.8%

(59.9%, 65.7%)

66.8

(64.0%, 

Q11: Have you ever filled out a

claim form in response to a

notice of a class action

settlement?

Yes, I Have 44.1%

(43.0%, 45.2%)

44.1%

(41.4%, 46.8%)

46.3%

(43.6%, 49.0%)

44.0%

(41.4%, 46.7%)

43.7%

(41.0%, 46.3%)

44.5

(41.8%, 

No, I Have Not 52.7%

(51.6%, 53.8%)

53.3%

(50.7%, 56.0%)

50.8%

(48.1%, 53.5%)

52.5%

(49.8%, 55.2%)

52.7%

(50.1%, 55.4%)

52.1

(49.4%, 

Don't Know 3.2%

(2.8%, 3.6%)

2.6%

(1.7%, 3.4%)

2.9%

(2.0%, 3.7%)

3.5%

(2.5%, 4.4%)

3.6%

(2.6%, 4.6%)

3.4

(2.4%, 

Number of Observations

(Q5, Q7, Q11)

8,000 1,333 1,332 1,331 1,331 1,33

Number of Observations

(Q8, Q10) d

6,546 1,109 1,105 1,094 1,077 1,08

(Tab
G-18 

Table G.4: Detailed Email Results, by Format‐Court Seal (continued)

Notes:

Figures in parentheses are 95 percent confidence intervals.

a. Indicates the joint significance of the differences across the email cells included in the table based on a chi‐squared test.

* denotes statistical significance at the 10 percent level

** denotes statistical significance at the 5 percent level

*** denotes statistical significance at the 1 percent level

b. We aggregated responses to the Q5 series into a comprehension rate to measure whether a respondent indicated that one 

statements (Q5b and Q5d) were “probably true” or “definitely true” and whether the two incorrect statements (Q5a and Q5

“definitely false”.

c. We combined responses to the Q7 series into an aggregate measure called correct understanding of next steps, a condition r

answered “probably true” or “definitely true” to the correct statement (Q7c) and selected answers other than “probably tru

three of the incorrect statements (Q7a, Q7b, and Q7d).

d. Only respondents who answered “Definitely True” or “Probably True” in response to Q7c were asked Q8 and Q10.
G-19 

Table G.5: Regression in Support of Figure 4 (Inbox Results, by Sender‐Subject Line)

				

VARIABLES

Selected Class

Action Email

as One They

Would Open

Comprehended

Q3 Series

        

Sonoro  ×  ‐0.156***  ‐0.0135

Notice of Class Action Settlement   (0.0319) (0.0323)

Sonoro ×  ‐0.160***  ‐0.155***

Notice of Class Action Settlement‐ $100 refund available (0.0319) (0.0323)

Sonoro  ×  ‐0.276***

Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class Action Settlement (0.0319)

Sonoro  ×  ‐0.296***  ‐0.140***

Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class Action Settlement ‐ $100 refund available (0.0319) (0.0323)

Sonoro  × ‐0.0730**

Notice of Refund (0.0322)

Sonoro  ×  ‐0.127***  ‐0.286***

Notice of Refund ‐ $100 Available (0.0319) (0.0323)

SonoroJetSettlement  ×  ‐0.215***  ‐0.0698**

Notice of Class Action Settlement   (0.0319) (0.0323)

SonoroJetSettlement  ×  ‐0.170***  ‐0.153***

Notice of Class Action Settlement‐ $100 refund available (0.0319) (0.0323)

SonoroJetSettlement  ×  ‐0.319***  ‐0.0293

Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class Action Settlement (0.0319) (0.0323)

SonoroJetSettlement  ×  ‐0.294***  ‐0.158***

Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class Action Settlement ‐ $100 refund available (0.0319) (0.0322)

SonoroJetSettlement  ×  ‐0.0225  ‐0.0820**

Notice of Refund (0.0319) (0.0322)

SonoroJetSettlement  ×  ‐0.162***  ‐0.217***

Notice of Refund ‐ $100 Available (0.0319) (0.0322)

classaction@uscourts.gov  ×  ‐0.0966***  ‐0.0393

Notice of Class Action Settlement   (0.0319) (0.0322)

classaction@uscourts.gov  ×  ‐0.127***  ‐0.144***

Notice of Class Action Settlement‐ $100 refund available (0.0319) (0.0323)

(Table continued on next page.)

 
G-20 

Table G.5: Regression in Support of Figure 4 (Inbox Results, by Sender‐Subject Line)

(continued)

VARIABLES

Selected Class

Action Email

as One They

Would Open

Comprehended

Q3 Series

   

classaction@uscourts.gov  ×  ‐0.220***  ‐0.00335

Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class Action Settlement (0.0319) (0.0322)

classaction@uscourts.gov  ×  ‐0.252***  ‐0.113***

Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class Action Settlement ‐ $100 refund available (0.0319) (0.0322)

classaction@uscourts.gov  ×  ‐0.0135  ‐0.113***

Notice of Refund (0.0319) (0.0322)

classaction@uscourts.gov  ×  ‐0.0854***  ‐0.134***

Notice of Refund ‐ $100 Available (0.0319) (0.0322)

Constant 0.544*** 0.489***

(0.0225) (0.0228)

Observations 8,000 8,000

R‐squared 0.040 0.023

Notes:

Omitted category is the maximum for each outcome variable (i.e., the highest stated opening and comprehension

rates). Standard errors in parentheses. Significance levels: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
G-21 

Table G.6: Sample Verbatim Responses in Response to Q2: Why do you say that you

are likely to open to open this e‐mail?

Sample:	Respondents	who	selected	class	action	email	as	one	they	would	be	likely	to	open		

Verbatim Subject Line Scenario

[T]his email is obviously part of an ongoing communications.  

so I would open this to see my refund and make sure

transaction is in order

Notice of Refund

It might contain money for me Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class

Action Settlement

Interested to see if class action settlement applies to me Notice of Class Action Settlement

In case I am part of a valid class action and entitled to a

payment.

Notice of Class Action Settlement

I would like to find out if I am going to get anything from the

settlement of this class action suit.

Notice of Class Action Settlement

I would open this because it might mean that I'm getting $100

back.

Notice of Class Action Settlement‐ 

$100 refund available

[P]ossible legal settlement. Will read over to determine if it is a

scam, which seems highly likely.

Notice of Refund ‐ $100 Available

Because it talks about me getting money so of course I'm going

to open this one. Also, the site seems like a legit site.

Notice of Refund ‐ $100 Available

I would want to collect my part of the class action settlement. Notice of Class Action Settlement‐ 

$100 refund available

Because it might be about a settlement I could get in on for

some money back.

Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class

Action Settlement ‐ $100 refund

available

 
G-22 

Table G.7: Sample Verbatim Responses in Response to Q2: Why do you say that you

are not likely to open to open this e‐mail?

Sample:	Respondents	who	selected	class	action	email	as	one	they	would	not	be	likely	to	open

Verbatim Subject Line Scenario

It looks like a scam Notice of Class Action Settlement

I am not interested in being a part of a class action settlement

because it is often worth less in monetary value than I can

contribute with my time.

Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class

Action Settlement

Just couldn't imagine I was part of any class action.  Seemed

like SPAM

Notice of Class Action Settlement

Emails of this sort are usually bogus.  They want your SS # and

then try to do identity theft on you.

Notice of Class Action Settlement

I receive lots of these types of emails. Rarely, if ever, are they

legitimate.

Notice of Refund

When an email comes to me with a dollar amount of any

refund listed in the header its always spam

Notice of Refund ‐ $100 Available

Not due an[y] refund from that company. Just looks fake Notice of Refund ‐ $100 Available

Come On waste of time Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class

Action Settlement ‐ $100 refund

available

It doesn't seem relevant to me. Lavin v. Sonoro Technologies Class

Action Settlement ‐ $100 refund

available

Usually uninterested in class action settlements. Doesn't even

specify what time of settlement. Usually if received out of the

blue ‐‐ it's a scam.

Notice of Class Action Settlement‐ 

$100 refund available
G-23 

Table G.8: Regression in Support of Figure 10 (Email Body Results, by Court Seal‐

Email Format)

VARIABLES

Comprehended

Q5 Series

Correct

Understanding

of Next Steps

Indicated

Refund Was

Somewhat/

Very Likely

Indicated

Refund

Requirements  

Were

Somewhat/Very

Easy to Meet

Indicated that

Half or More

of Those Who

Applied

Would

Receive

Refund

                 

Long  ×  ‐0.0416**  ‐0.0186

Court Seal (0.0190) (0.0206)

Long  ×  ‐0.0378**  ‐0.0683***  ‐0.0177  ‐0.0201

No Seal (0.0192) (0.0190) (0.0210) (0.0201)

Condensed ×  ‐0.123***  ‐0.0590***  ‐0.0683***  ‐0.0382*  ‐0.0526***

Court Seal (0.0192) (0.0190) (0.0210) (0.0207) (0.0202)

Condensed ×  ‐0.139***  ‐0.0853***  ‐0.0792***  ‐0.0721***  ‐0.0721***

No Seal (0.0192) (0.0190) (0.0211) (0.0208) (0.0203)

Experimental ×  ‐0.128***  ‐0.0162  ‐0.0122  ‐0.0318

Court Seal (0.0192) (0.0211) (0.0207) (0.0202)

Experimental ×  ‐0.169***  ‐0.0142  ‐0.0690***  ‐0.0573***  ‐0.0739***

No Seal (0.0192) (0.0190) (0.0211) (0.0208) (0.0203)

Constant 0.593*** 0.450*** 0.616*** 0.653*** 0.700***

(0.0136) (0.0134) (0.0148) (0.0146) (0.0142)

Observations 8,000 8,000 6,546 6,546 6,546

R‐squared 0.014 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003

Notes:

Omitted category is the maximum for each outcome variable (e.g., the highest comprehension rate, highest rate of

correct understanding of next steps). Standard errors in parentheses. Significance levels: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, *

p<0.1