1

Filed 9/16/21

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

X.M., a Minor, etc.,

Petitioner,

v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN 

BERNARDINO COUNTY,

Respondent;

HESPERIA UNIFIED SCHOOL 

DISTRICT,

Real Party in Interest.

E076340

(Super.Ct.No. CIVDS1907602)

OPINION

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING; petition for writ of mandate from an order of the 

Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Gilbert G. Ochoa, Judge. Petition denied.

Manly, Stewart & Finaldi and Taylor Rayfield; Esner, Chang & Boyer, Holly N. 

Boyer, and Kevin K. Nguyen, for Petitioner.

No appearance by Respondent.

Cummings, McClorey, Davis, Acho, & Associates and Ryan D. Miller for Real 

Party in Interest.
2

Though the underlying complaint in this writ proceeding contains disturbing 

allegations of sexual molestation of elementary school students and school officials

turning a blind eye to that abuse, the truth of the allegations is not at issue. The question 

we must decide is purely legal: Does the sovereign immunity in Government Code 

section 818 (section 818), which shields public agencies from “damages imposed 

primarily for the sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant,” apply to bar a 

victim of childhood sexual assault from recovering “up to treble damages” under Code of 

Civil Procedure section 340.1 (section 340.1) if their assault was the result of a cover up 

of a prior sexual assault against a child?

In this case, X.M., a student at Maple Elementary School, sued Hesperia Unified 

School District (HUSD), claiming he was sexually assaulted on campus by one of their 

employees. He sought treble damages under section 340.1, alleging his assault resulted 

from HUSD’s cover up of a prior sexual assault by the same employee. The trial court 

granted the school district’s motion to strike the increased damages request on the ground 

that treble damages under section 340.1 are primarily punitive and therefore barred by 

section 818.

X.M. filed a petition for writ of mandate asking us to vacate the trial court’s order

and conclude section 818’s immunity does not apply to the treble damages provision at 

issue here. He argues the primary purpose of the provision is to compensate victims of 

childhood sexual assault for the additional harm caused by discovering their abuse could 

have been prevented if those entrusted with their care had responded differently to prior 
3

sexual assaults on their watch. In the alternative, he argues the provision’s primary 

purpose is to incentivize victims to come forward and file lawsuits.

We conclude the primary purpose of section 340.1’s treble damages provision is

punitive because it was designed to deter future cover ups by punishing past ones. As 

we’ll explain, the economic and noneconomic damages available under general tort 

principles are already designed to make childhood sexual assault victims whole—both for 

the physical and emotional harm from the abuse itself, as well as for any additional 

emotional harm from learning the abuse was the result of a cover up. It is the rare treble 

damages provision that isn’t primarily designed to punish and deter misconduct, and 

nothing in section 340.1 or its legislative history convinces us the Legislature intended 

the increased award to be more compensatory (or incentivizing) than deterrent. In 

reaching this conclusion, we join our colleagues in Division Three of the Second District 

and hold that section 818’s immunity applies when the defendant is a public agency like 

HUSD. (Los Angeles Unified School Dist. v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County

(2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 549, 552 (LAUSD).) We therefore deny the petition.

I

FACTS

In March 2019, X.M. sued HUSD and Pedro Martinez, a janitor at Maple 

Elementary School, where X.M. was a first grader at the time of the alleged abuse. X.M.

claims that on multiple occasions during the fall of 2018, Martinez sexually molested him 

in campus bathrooms and classrooms during school hours. X.M.’s complaint also alleges 
4

the abuse could have been avoided had HUSD not covered up prior reports of sexual 

assault against Martinez or ignored evidence that its sexual harassment policies were 

deficient.

According to the complaint, Martinez would lure X.M. and other young students 

into empty classrooms with sweets and videos in an effort to get them to sit on his lap and 

engage in sexually inappropriate conduct. HUSD employees were aware this was going 

on but failed to properly supervise Martinez. The complaint further alleges HUSD 

employees knew Martinez had been accused of molesting another first grade student two 

years earlier, in 2016. When the student’s parents told school officials that their daughter 

said Martinez had assaulted her in the bathroom, the officials responded that children 

tend to make up these types of stories to get out of going to class. They also called 

Martinez into the principal’s office where he denied the allegations in front of the student 

and her parents. According to the complaint, the officials did not document the incident, 

take any disciplinary action against Martinez, or make changes to the school’s sexual 

harassment policies. In a similar vein, the complaint alleges HUSD was aware that in 

June 2018, shortly before X.M. was assaulted, a San Bernardino County Grand Jury 

investigated complaints of molestation occurring within the district and issued a written 

report concluding HUSD’s sexual harassment policies and procedures were insufficient 

to protect students from sexual abuse.

X.M.’s complaint asserts a claim of negligence against HUSD and Martinez, and a 

claim of assault and battery against Martinez. He seeks economic and noneconomic 
5

damages against HUSD and Martinez, as well as treble damages against HUSD. As 

noted, the trial court granted HUSD’s motion to strike the increased damage request, 

concluding treble damages under section 340.1 are primarily punitive and thus may not 

be imposed against a public school district under section 818. X.M. filed this petition for

writ of mandate, and we issued an order to show cause.

II

ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

Because the trial court’s ruling on the motion to strike rests on the interpretation of

two statutory provisions, we review the ruling de novo. (Abbott Laboratories v. Superior 

Court of Orange County (2020) 9 Cal.5th 642, 651.) Our task when interpreting statutes 

is to discern the Legislature’s intent “so as to effectuate the purpose of the law.” (DuBois 

v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 382, 387.) “The statutory language itself 

is the most reliable indicator, so we start with the statute’s words, assigning them their 

usual and ordinary meanings, and construing them in context. If the words themselves are 

not ambiguous, we presume the Legislature meant what it said, and the statute’s plain 

meaning governs. On the other hand, if the language allows more than one reasonable 

construction, we may look to such aids as the legislative history of the measure and 

maxims of statutory construction. In cases of uncertain meaning, we may also consider 

the consequences of a particular interpretation, including its impact on public policy.” 

(Wells v. One2One Learning Foundation (2006) 39 Cal.4th 1164, 1190 (Wells).)
6

B. Section 818 Applies to Damages that Are Primarily Punitive

Section 818, enacted as part of the 1963 Government Tort Claims Act, provides:

“Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a public entity is not liable for damages 

awarded under Section 3294 of the Civil Code or other damages imposed primarily for 

the sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant.”1(Italics added.) Thus, 

whether statutory sovereign immunity applies to a particular damage provision depends 

on the provision’s primary purpose. (McAllister v. South Coast Air Quality Etc. Dist.

(1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 653, 656.)

“The purpose of punitive damages is to punish wrongdoers and thereby deter the 

commission of wrongful acts.” (Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (1978) 21 Cal.3d 910, 

928, fn. 13.) The hallmarks of punitive damages are that they require proof of misconduct 

and are entirely discretionary. In other words, once the fact finder determines punitive 

damages are authorized, they must then decide not only whether to award such damages, 

but also what amount will be sufficient to punish the defendant and prevent future 

misconduct. (See Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority v. Superior 

Court (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 261, 276 (LACTMA) [comparing punitive damages to 

other kinds of penalties].) This latter decision entails a weighing of defendant-specific 

factors, such as their wealth and the reprehensibility of their conduct. (See, e.g., Neal, at 

p. 928, fn. 13 [“the function of deterrence . . . will not be served if the wealth of the 

defendant allows him to absorb the award with little or no discomfort”].)

1 Civil Code section 3294 authorizes punitive damages in noncontract cases where 

“the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice.”
7

The rationale behind section 818’s immunity is that the twin goals of punitive 

damages—retribution and deterrence—are not actually advanced if the defendant is a 

public agency and the tort is committed by an individual employee. As the United States 

Supreme Court explained: “Under ordinary principles of retribution, it is the wrongdoer 

himself who is made to suffer for his unlawful conduct. . . . A municipality, however, can 

have no malice independent of the malice of its officials. Damages awarded for punitive

purposes, therefore, are not sensibly assessed against the governmental entity itself.” 

(Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc. (1981) 453 U.S. 247, 267.) Rather, “an award of punitive 

damages against a municipality ‘punishes’ only the taxpayers, who took no part in the 

commission of the tort. These damages are assessed over and above the amount necessary 

to compensate the injured party. . . . [P]unitive damages imposed on a municipality are in 

effect a windfall to a fully compensated plaintiff, and are likely accompanied by an 

increase in taxes or a reduction of public services for the citizens footing the bill. Neither 

reason nor justice suggests that such retribution should be visited upon the shoulders of 

blameless or unknowing taxpayers.” (Ibid.) As for discouraging future misconduct, “it is 

far from clear that municipal officials, including those at the policymaking level, would 

be deterred from wrongdoing by the knowledge that large punitive awards could be 

assessed based on the wealth of their municipality. Indemnification may not be available 

to the municipality under local law, and even if it were, officials likely will not be able 

themselves to pay such sizable awards.” (Id. at p. 268.)
8

Consistent with this rationale, section 818 protects a public agency’s “tax-funded 

revenues from legal judgments in amounts beyond those strictly necessary to recompense 

the injured party.” (Wells, supra, 39 Cal.4th 1164, 1196, fn. 20.) Thus, if a complaint 

seeks damages that are primarily punitive (that is, retributive or deterrent in nature)

against a public agency defendant, section 818 requires the trial court “to strike those 

portions of the complaint.” (McAllister v. South Coast Air Quality Etc. Dist., supra, 183 

Cal.App.3d at p. 656.)

C. Treble Damages Are Generally, But Not Always, Punitive

“While the tipping point between pay-back and punishment defies general 

formulation [and is] dependent on the workings of a particular statute” (Cook County v. 

United States ex rel. Chandler (2003) 538 U.S. 119, 130), treble damages are, in the vast 

majority of contexts, regarded as a primarily punitive form of damages. (See, e.g., 

Imperial Merchant Services, Inc. v. Hunt (2009) 47 Cal.4th 381, 394 [“Treble damages 

are punitive in nature”]; Circle Oaks Sales Co. v. Smith (1971) 16 Cal.App.3d 682, 684-

685 [“a treble damages award is punitive in nature, imposed as punishment against the 

defendant, rather than compensation to the plaintiff”].) This is because treble damages are 

three times compensatory (or actual) damages, which are themselves designed to make a 

plaintiff whole or put them in the position they would be in had the injury not occurred. 

Thus, treble damages are, by definition, “in addition to actual damages and beyond the 

equivalent of harm done.” (State Dept. of Corrections v. Workmen’s Comp. App. Bd.

(1971) 5 Cal.3d 885, 891 (State Dept. of Corrections).) “The very idea of treble damages 
9

reveals an intent to punish past, and to deter future, unlawful conduct, not to ameliorate 

the liability of wrongdoers.” (Texas Industries, Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc. (1981) 451 

U.S. 630, 639.) For this reason, the United States Supreme Court held that the 1986 

amendment to the False Claims Act—which increased damages from double to treble—

turned what had previously been a “remedial” provision into an “essentially punitive”

one, and as a result, a state could not be considered a “person” subject to the act.

(Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens (2000) 529 U.S. 

765, 784 (Stevens).)

2

Similarly, in Harris v. Capital Growth Investors XIV (1991) 52 Cal.3d 1142, our 

Supreme Court observed the treble damages provision in the Unruh Civil Rights Act 

(Civ. Code, §§ 51, 52), which applies to willful discrimination, “reveals a desire to 

punish intentional and morally offensive conduct.” (Harris, at p. 1172.) Based on this 

observation, federal courts have uniformly held that section 818 immunizes public 

agencies from treble damages under the Unruh Act. (E.g., M.J. ex rel. G.J. v. Clovis 

2 We note that in Cook County v. United States ex rel. Chandler, supra, 538 U.S. 

119, the Court held that, unlike a state, a municipal corporation qualifies as a “person” 

under the False Claims Act because the definition of “person” when the act was first 

passed in 1863 included both private and municipal corporations. (Cook County, at 

p. 134.) In so concluding, the Court rejected the argument that by amending the act to 

authorize treble damages the Legislature intended to repeal this longstanding definition of 

person. The Court also noted the act’s treble damages bore some “compensatory traits.” 

(Cook County, at p. 130.) But the Court did not conclude those compensatory traits 

outweighed the punitive aspects of the damages, nor did it depart from its holding in 

Stevens that the act’s treble damages are “essentially punitive.” (Stevens, supra, 529 U.S. 

at p. 784; see also PacifiCare Health Sys., Inc. v. Book (2003) 538 U.S. 401, 405 

[recognizing its characterization of “the treble-damages provision of the False Claims Act

. . . as ‘essentially punitive in nature’”].)
10

Unified School Dist. (E.D. Cal., Apr. 3, 2007, No. 1:05-CV-00927 OWW) 2007 WL 

1033444, at *13; Jefferson v. City of Fremont (N.D. Cal., Apr. 30, 2012, No. C-12-0926 

EMC) 2012 WL 1534913, at *7; W.V. v. Whittier Union High Sch. Dist. (C.D. Cal., Oct. 

20, 2016, No. CV 16-6495-DMG (SKx) 2016 WL 11520809, at *6; Archibald v. County 

of San Bernardino (C.D. Cal., May 10, 2018, No. ED CV 16-01128-AB (SPx) 2018 WL 

8949779, at *1.)

The other instances of punitive treble damages provisions are too numerous to 

recount here. As Justice Brown observed in her concurring opinion in Lane v. Hughes 

Aircraft Co. (2000) 22 Cal.4th 405, “[i]n more than 30 instances, the Legislature has 

provided for double or treble damages as a punishment for wrongful acts.” (Id. at p. 425.) 

Suffice it to say, treble damages will be considered punitive when they apply to 

intentional misconduct or morally offensive behavior, and the Legislature has not clearly 

indicated an additional, compensatory purpose. (See, e.g., Swall v. Anderson (1943) 60 

Cal.App.2d 825, 828 [concluding the punitive damage provision in the statute prohibiting

timber removal “must be treated as penal and punitive” because it applies to “wrongful” 

removal of trees whereas only actual damages were available for good faith or 

“involuntary” removal].)

We are aware of only two contexts in which treble damages have been found to 

serve a primarily compensatory purpose, and both involve complex federal laws with 

private citizen enforcement provisions. The statutes governing antitrust and organized 

crime (RICO) contain provisions authorizing treble damages for plaintiffs who can prove 
11

they were injured from a violation of these laws. The United States Supreme Court has 

acknowledged the important punitive and deterrent functions these treble damages

provisions serve. (See, e.g., Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.

(1985) 473 U.S. 614, 635 [treble damages encourage private citizens to incur the cost and 

difficulty of suit and as such are “a chief tool in the antitrust enforcement scheme, posing 

a crucial deterrent to potential violators”].) But because the legislative history of those 

provisions makes emphatically clear that they were enacted to “counterbalance[e] ‘the 

difficulty of maintaining a private suit’” in these two areas—where both violations and 

damages can be difficult to prove—the Supreme Court has concluded their primary

function is compensatory. (Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc. (1977) 429 U.S. 

477, 486, fn. 10; see also Agency Holding Corp. v. Malley-Duff & Associates, Inc. (1987) 

483 U.S. 143, 151 [“Both RICO and the Clayton Act are designed to remedy economic 

injury by providing for the recovery of treble damages, costs, and attorney’s fees”]; 

Lehrman v. Gulf Oil Corp. (5th Cir.1974) 500 F.2d 659, 667, fn. 36 [treble damages help 

fully compensate a plaintiff as “an antitrust violation often involves numerous intangible 

economic harms”].)

We now turn to the treble damages provision at issue here.

D. Section 340.1’s Treble Damages Are Primarily Punitive

Section 340.1 establishes a liberalized statute of limitations for actions to recover 

damages caused by childhood sexual assault brought against direct perpetrators of the 

abuse, as well as third party defendants directly or vicariously responsible for the abuse. 
12

(Quarry v. Doe I (2012) 53 Cal.4th 945, 952.) Since its enactment in 1986, section 340.1 

has been continually amended to minimize procedural limitations for victims of 

childhood sexual assault. (Quarry, at p. 952.) Most recently, in 2019, the Legislature 

passed Assembly Bill No. 218 (A.B. 218), which amended section 340.1 to extend the 

statute of limitations for childhood sexual assault by 14 years, revive time-barred claims 

for three years, and eliminate the shortened limitations period for claims against public 

agencies. (See Assem. Bill No. 218 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) § 1; Assem. Floor Analysis, 

analysis of Assem. Bill No. 218 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 30, 2019, p. 2.)

A.B. 218 also added the provision at issue here, which authorizes an award of up 

to treble damages when a defendant’s cover up of a minor’s sexual assault has resulted in 

the subsequent sexual assault of the plaintiff. (Assem. Bill No. 218, supra, § 1.) That 

provision states: “In an action [for damages suffered as a result of childhood sexual 

assault], a person who is sexually assaulted and proves it was as the result of a cover up 

may recover up to treble damages against a defendant who is found to have covered up 

the sexual assault of a minor, unless prohibited by another law.” (Code Civ. Proc., 

§ 340.1, subd. (b)(1), italics added.) The last clause of this provision is an exception 

clause; it recognizes that treble damages may not be available in every circumstance, 

depending on the operation of other laws.

Though section 340.1 is silent as to the purpose of the increased damage award it 

authorizes, X.M. rightly acknowledges the provision has a punitive aspect (as all treble 

damages provisions do). The question is, does the provision aim primarily at punishment 
13

and deterrence or at compensation? In other words, is section 818 “another law” that 

prohibits treble damages, thus triggering section 340.1’s exception clause?

Starting with the text of the statute, we note that section 340.1’s treble damages 

provision bears the hallmarks of punitive damages. First, the statute authorizes treble 

damages only upon proof of morally offensive behavior on behalf of the defendant. A 

plaintiff receives actual (that is, economic and noneconomic) damages if they prove they 

were the victim of childhood sexual assault. But the statute authorizes an award of three 

times their actual damages if they can also prove their assault was the result of the 

defendant’s cover up of a previous sexual assault of a child. (§ 340.1, subd. (b)(1).) 

Second, even if the plaintiff presents the requisite proof, the decision to increase the 

damage award beyond actual damages lies entirely with the fact finder. And third, if the 

fact finder does decide to increase the damage award, the amount by which it does so, 

though capped, is not fixed. As a result, the fact finder is free to increase the damage 

award up to three times the plaintiff’s actual damages based on factors specific to the 

defendant. (See LACTMA, supra, 123 Cal.App.4th at p. 276 [comparing punitive 

damages to other kinds of penalties]; Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, supra, 21 Cal.3d at 

p. 928, fn. 13 [setting out relevant factors for fashioning a punitive damage award].)

Thus, while the statutory text does not provide an explicit answer to our question, these 

common punitive traits indicate that the primary purpose of section 340.1’s increased 

damage award is retribution and deterrence. In contrast, we see nothing in the statutory 

text to indicate compensation is the provision’s primary function.
14

Such an indication, X.M. argues, can be found in A.B. 218’s legislative history.

3

X.M. contends the bill’s author made it clear that compensation is the primary purpose 

behind the treble damages provision in her statement to the Assembly about the function 

and purpose behind the bill’s two major reforms—expanded limitations periods and

treble damages. The author states: “AB 218 would expand access to justice for victims of 

childhood sexual assault by removing the arbitrary time limits upon victims to pursue a 

case. . . . There should not be a reasonable expectation that if simply enough time passes, 

there will be no accountability for these despicable past acts by individuals and entities. 

. . . [¶] AB 218 would also confront the pervasive problem of cover ups in institutions, 

from schools to sports league[s], which result in continuing victimization and the sexual 

assault of additional children. The bill would allow for recovery of up to treble damages 

from the defendant who covered up sexual assault. This reform is clearly needed both to 

compensate victims who never should have been victims—and would not have been if 

past sexual assault had been properly brought to light—and also as an effective deterrent

against individuals and entities who have chosen to protect the perpetrators of sexual 

assault over the victims.” (Assem. Floor Analysis, analysis of Assem. Bill No. 218, 

supra, as amended Aug. 30, 2019, p. 2, italics added.)

3 We grant X.M.’s request to take judicial notice of the bill history for A.B. 218, 

as well as the Fact Sheet prepared by the office of the bill’s author. (Evid. Code, § 452, 

subd. (c) [records of official acts of the Legislature are proper subjects of judicial notice]; 

see also Carter v. California Dept. of Veterans Affairs (2006) 38 Cal.4th 914, 928, 

[taking judicial notice of bill author’s Fact Sheet].) But we deny the request with respect 

to the news articles as they cannot be used to establish the truth of the matter asserted and

are, in any event, irrelevant to our inquiry. (See Doe v. City of Los Angeles (2007) 42 

Cal.4th 531, 544, fn. 4.)
15

We don’t think this statement provides as a clear an indication about the 

provision’s main function as X.M. does. In our view, one could reasonably interpret the 

part about a compensatory purpose as referring to the expanded limitation periods, not the 

treble damages provision. Under such a reading, the author is identifying the purpose 

behind each reform, in the order she discussed them. The extended deadlines are 

compensatory because they ensure more victims have their day in court, whereas the 

treble damages provision is punitive because the potential of an increased award

incentivizes more victims to come forward and sue those engaging in cover ups, thereby 

deterring such conduct. This interpretation is supported by the description of A.B. 218

immediately preceding the author’s statement in the final Assembly Floor Analysis of the 

legislation: “In an effort to allow more victims of childhood sexual assault to be 

compensated for their injuries and, to help prevent future assaults by raising the costs for 

this abuse, this bill extends the civil statute of limitations for childhood sexual assault by 

14 years, revives old claims for three years, and eliminates existing limitations for claims 

against public institutions.” (Assem. Floor Analysis, analysis of Assem. Bill No. 218, 

supra, as amended Aug. 30, 2019, p. 2, italics added.)

But we acknowledge that X.M.’s interpretation is just as reasonable. The author 

could be referring to both reforms when she says A.B. 218 is intended to “compensate 

victims who never should have been victims.” The problem with X.M.’s argument is that 

even if compensation is an intended purpose of the treble damages provision, nothing 

indicates it is the primary one. Additionally, nothing in the legislative history materials 
16

that X.M. asked us to review identifies which injuries treble damages are needed to 

compensate that actual damages do not already cover. This makes it even more difficult 

to conclude that compensation is the primary purpose.

As the court explained in LAUSD, the law is already designed to fully compensate 

victims of childhood sexual assault through economic and noneconomic actual damages: 

“‘The general rule of damages in tort is that the injured party may recover for all 

detriment caused whether it could have been anticipated or not. [Citations.] In accordance 

with the general rule, it is settled in this state that mental suffering constitutes an 

aggravation of damages when it naturally ensues from the act complained of, and in this 

connection mental suffering includes nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, shock, 

humiliation and indignity as well as physical pain.’” (LAUSD, supra, 64 Cal.App.5th at p. 

561.) “It will no doubt be the case in some horrific instances that the victim of a 

childhood sexual assault will suffer additional psychological trauma upon learning those 

charged with his or her care and protection in effect facilitated the assault by aiding its 

perpetrator in a deliberate cover up of past sexual abuse. However, while the 

manifestations of this trauma may be largely subjective, damages to compensate for it are 

by no means unquantifiable, nor are they unavailable to the victim under normal tort 

damages principles.” (Ibid.) “Punitive damages are dissimilar to pain and suffering and 

other compensatory damages.” (Marron v. Superior Court (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 1049, 

1060.) “[P]ain and suffering is a genuine detriment that requires compensation. . . . [I]t 

has served as a convenient label under which a plaintiff may recover not only for physical 
17

pain but [also] for fright, nervousness, grief, anxiety, worry, mortification, shock, 

humiliation, indignity, embarrassment, apprehension, terror or ordeal.” (Ibid.)

Like the legislative history of A.B. 218, X.M. also does not identify an injury 

caused by an intentional cover up that actual damages would not cover. Instead, he 

compares the treble damages in section 340.1 to other circumstances where an increased 

damage award was considered compensatory. But we find the comparisons inapt. In State 

Dept. of Corrections, our Supreme Court held that Government Code section 818 did not 

apply to Labor Code section 4553, which increases the amount of recoverable workers’ 

compensation by 50 percent where the employee’s injury was caused by the employer’s 

serious and willful misconduct. (State Dept. of Corrections, supra, 5 Cal.3d at p. 891.) 

The court acknowledged that although the multiplier has a punitive aspect in that it makes 

the employer “pay a higher amount of compensation by reason of his serious and wilful 

misconduct”), its primary purpose was “to provide more nearly full compensation to an 

injured employee.” (Id. at pp. 889-890.)

However, this conclusion was based on the specific realities of our workers’ 

compensation scheme, which was intentionally designed to provide less than full 

compensation. As the court explained, the schedule of compensation established in the 

workers’ compensation act is “‘not considered to be full and complete compensation’” 

for the injuries sustained because the “‘risk of actual injuries’” under the system is 

“‘shared by employer and employee.’” (State Dept. of Corrections, supra, 5 Cal.3d at 

p. 889.) As a result, “‘the additional allowance [for injuries caused by willful misconduct]
18

is really for additional compensation,”’ not retribution or deterrence. (Ibid.) But unlike 

workers’ compensation, tort damages are designed to make a plaintiff whole.

In People ex rel. Younger v. Superior Court (1976) 16 Cal.3d 30 (Younger), our 

Supreme Court concluded section 818 did not apply to penalties for oil spills in civil 

enforcement actions under the Water Code. But again, this conclusion was based on the 

unique circumstances of the harm at issue and the purpose of the statute. The court 

acknowledged the civil penalty was partially punitive because it sought to deter oil spills

but concluded the penalty also fulfilled “legitimate compensatory functions” because the 

harm caused by an oil spill is “by its very nature unquantifiable” and the penalty proceeds 

went into a cleanup fund. (Younger, at pp. 37, 39.)

In Helfend v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist. (1970) 2 Cal.3d 1, our high court 

held that sovereign immunity doesn’t apply to the collateral source rule, which allows a 

plaintiff to recover full damages from the defendant who caused their injury even if they 

have also received proceeds from their insurance provider. This is because, in such 

situations, the proceeds are not a windfall to the plaintiff but rather a form of payback for 

the amounts they spent on premiums. (Id. at pp. 9-10.) This holding is specific to the 

insurance context and does not apply here.

Finally, relying on Kizer v. County of San Mateo (1991) 53 Cal.3d 139 and Los 

Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority v. Superior Court (2004) 123 

Cal.App.4th 261, 269 (LACMTA), X.M. argues section 818 does not apply to damages 

designed to incentivize lawsuits where the applicable statutory scheme promotes an 
19

important public policy. He argues section 340.1’s treble damages provision falls under 

this category because it was designed to “encourage[] victims to come forward to end the 

pattern of abuse, thereby protecting other children in the community from future abuse.”

The problem with this argument is twofold. First, even if there were some 

indication in the statutory text or legislative history that the treble damages provision was 

enacted for this incentivizing purpose, there’s nothing to suggest that purpose is more 

prevalent than the provision’s punitive and exemplary purpose. In other words (and as 

was the case with the compensatory purpose), we cannot conclude an incentivizing 

purpose is the provision’s primary purpose, which is what section 818 plainly requires in 

tort actions. (See § 818 [immunizing public agencies from “damages imposed primarily

for the sake of example and by way of punish[ment]”].)4

Second, the civil penalties in Kizer and LACMTA are easily distinguishable from 

the treble damages at issue here. While the Kizer court did hold that public entities could 

be subject to penalties designed to ensure compliance with a statutory scheme, its reason 

for doing so had nothing to do with section 818. Kizer involved civil penalties under the 

4 We recognize that in Younger our Supreme Court upheld the oil spill penalty on 

the ground the penalty was not “solely” punitive (that is, it also served a “legitimate 

compensatory function[].” (Younger, supra, 16 Cal.3d at p. 37.) But it makes sense, in 

that context, to ask whether the penalty served any compensatory function because actual 

damages are not available in civil enforcement actions under the Water Code. But where, 

as here, the focus is an increased damage provision in a tort action where compensatory 

damages are available, we think the proper inquiry is the provision’s “primary” purpose. 

(See, e.g., State Dept. of Corrections, supra, 5 Cal.3d at pp. 890-891 [concluding that 

section 818’s immunity did not apply to the damage multiplier in the workers’ 

compensation statute because the multiplier was not “designed primarily to punish the 

defendant rather than to more adequately compensate the plaintiff”], italics added.)
20

Long-Term Care, Health, Safety, and Security Act of 1973 (Health & Saf. Code, § 1417 

et seq.), a statute establishing health and safety standards for care facilities to protect and 

prevent injury to patients. (Kizer v. County of San Mateo, supra, 53 Cal.3d at p. 146.) 

Recognizing that the penalties were punitive (because they are designed to encourage 

compliance with those standards and “deter conduct which may endanger the well-being 

of patients”), the court concluded section 818 was nevertheless inapplicable because 

actions brought under the Long-Term Care, Health, Safety, and Security Act are not tort 

actions and therefore are not governed by the Tort Claims Act or section 818. (Kizer, at 

pp. 145-146, 150.) “Section 818 was not intended to proscribe all punitive sanctions. 

Instead, the section was intended to limit the state’s waiver of sovereign immunity and, 

therefore, to limit its exposure to liability for actual compensatory damages in tort cases.”

(Id. at p. 146, italics added.) Kizer does not help X.M. because his injury is one that does

sound in tort, and as such, section 818 does apply.

The damage provision at issue in LACMTA—a $25,000 civil penalty for each 

violation of the Unruh Act—is also different from the treble damages provision here in a 

crucial regard: that statute makes the civil penalty available to plaintiffs in addition to

actual damages and “exemplary damages to be determined by the jury.” (LACMTA, 

supra, 123 Cal.App.4th at p. 267.) Based on this statutory structure, the court found a 

basis to conclude the Legislature regarded the punitive damages and civil penalty “as 

separate remedies.” (Ibid.) Otherwise, one would be superfluous, and the availability of 

both “would tend to create double recoveries.” (Ibid. [“By separately providing for 
21

exemplary damages and a civil penalty, the Legislature obviously intended for the two 

categories of relief to be distinct from one another”].) In contrast, section 340.1 does not 

authorize exemplary or punitive damages in addition to treble damages and therefore, 

unlike the Unruh Act, does not provide a basis to conclude the primary purpose of the 

treble damages is something other than punitive. And, as the LACMTA court explained, 

civil penalties do not bear the hallmarks of punitive damages. They don’t require willful 

misconduct and they provide no discretion to the fact finder regarding their amount. 

(Ibid.) A comparison to LACMTA, in our view, underscores the punitive nature of section 

340.1’s treble damages.

Childhood sexual assault cases, while no doubt posing their own unique 

difficulties, do not present the same complexities of proof, both of violations and 

damages, that antitrust and RICO actions do. And, unlike California’s workers’ 

compensation scheme (which is not designed to fully compensate an employee for an onthe-job injury) or civil penalties to pay for the cleanup of oil spills (which can cause

wide-reaching, unquantifiable damage to the environment), tort damages are designed to 

make the victim whole in response to injuries that are, for the most part, quantifiable.

While punishing cover ups of childhood sexual assault and deterring future cover ups “is 

a worthy public policy objective, it is not one for which the state has waived sovereign 

immunity under the Tort Claims Act.” (LAUSD, supra, 64 Cal.App.5th at p. 567.) We 

conclude section 818’s immunity applies to section 340.1’s treble damages provision.
22

III

DISPOSITION

We deny the petition. In the interests of justice, the parties shall bear their own 

costs. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

SLOUGH

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

RAPHAEL

J.