IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

November 30, 2021 Session

IN RE CONSERVATORSHIP OF JOHN F. RESS

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Sullivan County

No. 18-CK-41241(C) E.G. Moody, Chancellor

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No. E2021-00134-COA-R3-CV

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This appeal concerns the trial court’s interpretation of a divorce decree and an incorporated 

marital dissolution agreement as applied in a conservatorship once the husband died. The

wife appeals the trial court’s use of parol evidence in reaching its decision. We reverse the 

judgment.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court

Reversed; Case Remanded

JOHN W. MCCLARTY,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS R. FRIERSON, 

II and KRISTI M. DAVIS, JJ., joined.

Jason A. Creech and Matthew F. Bettis, Johnson City, Tennessee, for the appellant, Diane 

Marie Ress.

R. Lee McVey, II, Kingsport, Tennessee, for the appellee, Judith M. Williamson, 

Conservator for John F. Ress. 

OPINION

I. BACKGROUND

On August 5, 2014, appellant Diane Marie Ress (“Wife”) filed a complaint for 

divorce in the Sullivan County Chancery Court. John F. Ress (“Husband”) answered and 

filed a counter-complaint. Husband’s counsel moved the trial court to appoint a guardian 

ad litem for Husband. The trial court appointed local counsel as Husband’s guardian ad 

litem. By order entered July 5, 2016, the trial court approved a report from the guardian 

ad litem concluding that Husband was incapable of important decision making due to 

mental and physical health issues. 

01/10/2022
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During the pendency of the divorce, Judith M. Williamson, Husband’s sister 

(“Conservator”), petitioned to become and was ultimately appointed as Husband’s 

conservator. Conservator was substituted for Husband in the divorce action. The parties 

proceeded to mediation, and on June 5, 2018, following the mediation between them, 

Conservator and Wife signed an agreement prepared by the mediator, retired Judge Seeley. 

The mediation agreement stated, in part:

1. Husband shall receive the Island home and all its contents, his vehicles, 

boat, motorcycle and any other personal property in his or his Conservator’s 

possession. Husband shall be responsible for all his debts, including any 

owed on the Island home. Husband has no money in any retirement account. 

His Conservator has $25,000 in a checking account which shall remain his.

2. Wife shall pay to Conservator for the use and benefit of Husband $250,000 

from her 401k by way of Qualified Domestic Relations Order.

3. At Husband’s death, should Wife survive him, Husband or his Conservator 

shall transfer all Husband’s assets to Wife as set forth in the QDRO and shall 

constitute a claim against his estate.

Thereafter, Wife and Conservator entered into a Marital Dissolution Agreement

(“MDA”). Conservator signed the MDA first, Wife signed next, and it was filed with the 

trial court on September 12, 2018. The MDA memorialized the terms of the mediation 

agreement but also contained additional terms. Some of these additional terms are as 

follows: 

10. Estate Claim: At Husband’s death, should Wife survive him, his 

Conservator shall transfer all of Husband’s remaining[1] assets to Wife, 

including, but not limited, to the funds received by QDRO in paragraph 5(b). 

The parties understand and agree that this Marital Dissolution Agreement 

provision shall constitute a valid claim against Husband’s estate by Wife. 

Husband, through his Conservator, shall draft and/or execute and/or enter 

whatever estate planning documents and/or court orders that are necessary to 

carry out the terms of this provision, including but not limited to filing a 

Motion and Order to Amend the Property Management Plan to allow changes 

to Husband’s estate planning to carry out the terms of this agreement.

11. Miscellaneous: (a) The parties hereby acknowledge that this Agreement 

contains an equitable settlement of any property rights between them . . . (l) 

 

1 Conservator’s counsel handwrote the word “remaining” into the MDA and initialed the 

change. He is deceased. 
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This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding of the parties, and it 

supersedes any and all prior agreement between them. There are no 

representations or warranties, other than those expressly set forth herein.

On September 28, 2018, the trial court entered a final decree of divorce which incorporated 

the MDA.2 In the final decree, the trial court ruled “that the Mediated Marital Dissolution 

Agreement makes adequate, sufficient and equitable provision for the settlement of any 

and all property rights between the parties.” The trial court ordered “that the Mediated 

Marital Dissolution Agreement, executed by the parties is approved by the Court and 

incorporated herein.” The trial court further ordered “that the Conservator Judith M. 

Williamson has the authority to execute all provisions of the Marital Dissolution 

Agreement, and the property management plan is amended as may be necessary to 

accomplish the same.”

Conservator filed the mediated agreement as part of the estate planning documents

in her amended inventory and property management plan. She did not include a copy of 

the MDA. Husband passed away on December 26, 2019. Wife was named as the 

beneficiary of the account holding the retirement funds received by Husband, and the 

remaining amount transferred to her upon his death. 

On April 3, 2020, Wife filed this action against Conservator in the Sullivan County 

Chancery Court to enforce the final decree and to find Conservator in civil contempt, 

alleging that Conservator failed to draft Husband’s estate planning documents to ensure 

that the entirety of his remaining assets transferred to Wife in accordance with the MDA. 

Wife preemptively filed a motion in limine to bar Conservator from introducing the 

mediation agreement as parol evidence. 

A hearing on the motion was held on August 28, 2020, where counsel presented 

arguments. No testimony or exhibits were entered into evidence. The trial court then 

ordered the parties to each file a memorandum of law and a proposed order. Conservator’s 

filing argued that the MDA requiring her to draft estate planning documents and to transfer 

all of Husband’s remaining assets to Wife upon his death was “ambiguous.” Wife’s filing 

attached the handwritten mediation agreement to show that it was parol evidence which 

would contradict the plain and ordinary meaning of the MDA. Conservator claimed that 

she did not read the MDA until a year after signing it. 

By order entered January 19, 2021, the trial court denied Wife’s motion and found 

that a “latent ambiguity exists” between the mediation agreement, the MDA, and the final 

decree of divorce. The trial court’s final order did not state what the ambiguity was, but 

found that Wife’s interpretation of the three documents would yield an inequitable result, 

 

2 The mediation agreement itself was not filed with the final decree of divorce. 
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resulting in Husband’s “estate receiving nothing and Wife receiving all of the assets the 

parties held as marital property prior to the divorce.” The trial court ruled that Conservator 

had complied with her obligations, resulting in Wife receiving more retirement funds than 

she originally gave Husband and his estate receiving approximately $140,339. This appeal 

followed. 

II. ISSUE

We restate the sole dispositive issue on appeal as follows: Whether the trial court 

erred in its use of parol evidence in interpreting the final divorce decree and the 

incorporated marital dissolution agreement. 

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Marital dissolution agreements are contracts and are to be treated as such. 

Honeycutt v. Honeycutt, 152 S.W.3d 556, 561-62 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). The

interpretation of contracts is a matter of law. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d 609, 

611 (Tenn. 2006). We review a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo with no 

presumption of correctness. Keyt v. Keyt, 244 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tenn. 2007). We review 

a trial court’s findings of fact de novo upon the record with a presumption of correctness 

unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Watson v. Watson, 

309 S.W.3d 483, 490 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009). 

IV. DISCUSSION

Conservator argues that her counsel’s interlineation of the word “remaining” to the 

MDA indicates the parties’ intent “for Husband to only return the remaining QDRO funds 

to Wife at his death, not his entire estate.” Conservator contends that, at the very least, the 

interlineation created an ambiguity, requiring consideration of parol evidence for clarity. 

This court has provided the following guidance in resolving a dispute concerning 

the interpretation of a contract:

[O]ur task is to ascertain the intention of the parties based upon the usual, 

natural, and ordinary meaning of the contract language. A determination of 

the intention of the parties is generally treated as a question of law because 

the words of the contract are definite and undisputed, and in deciding the 

legal effect of the words, there is no genuine factual issue left for a jury to 

decide. The central tenet of contract construction is that the intent of the 

contracting parties at the time of executing the agreement should govern.

The parties’ intent is presumed to be that specifically expressed in the body 
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of the contract. In other words, the object to be attained in construing a 

contract is to ascertain the meaning and intent of the parties as expressed in 

the language used and to give effect to such intent if it does not conflict with 

any rule of law, good morals, or public policy.

Kafozi v. Windward Cove, LLC, 184 S.W.3d 693, 698 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005), perm. app. 

denied (Tenn. Jan. 30, 2006) (internal citations and quotations omitted). A court will not 

look beyond the four corners of the document to determine the parties’ intent when the 

contract is unambiguous. Williams v. Larry Stoves and Lincoln Mercury, Inc., No. M2014-

00004-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 5308634, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2014). An 

ambiguity “does not arise in a contract merely because the parties may differ as to 

interpretations of certain of its provisions.” Cookeville Gynecology & Obstetrics, P.C. v. 

Southeastern Data Sys., Inc., 884 S.W.2d 458, 462 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994) (citation 

omitted). “A contract is ambiguous only when it is of uncertain meaning and may fairly 

be understood in more ways than one. A strained construction may not be placed on the 

language used to find ambiguity where none exists.” Farmers–Peoples Bank v. Clemmer,

519 S.W.2d 801, 805 (Tenn. 1975).

The contract at issue provides, in pertinent part, as follow: 

At Husband’s death, should Wife survive him, his Conservator shall transfer 

all of Husband’s remaining assets to Wife, including, but not limited, to the 

funds received by QDRO in paragraph 5(b). The parties understand and 

agree that this Marital Dissolution Agreement provision shall constitute a 

valid claim against Husband’s estate by Wife. Husband, through his 

Conservator, shall draft and/or execute and/or enter whatever estate planning 

documents and/or court orders that are necessary to carry out the terms of 

this provision, including but not limited to filing a Motion and Order to 

Amend the Property Management Plan to allow changes to Husband’s estate 

planning to carry out the terms of this agreement.

A plain reading of the contract does not yield an ambiguity requiring clarification. 

Conservator next argues that the court’s reference to the parties’ “mediated marital 

dissolution agreement” further creates an ambiguity. We disagree. The parties crafted the 

MDA following mediation. Reference to the MDA as a mediated document does not create 

an ambiguity without placing a strained construction on the trial court’s words. The trial 

court made no mention of the mediation agreement itself. Instead, the court specifically 

incorporated the MDA into its order with instruction for Conservator to carry out the 

parties’ intent found in the MDA by amending the property management plan. 

As an alternative argument, Conservator posits that the trial court’s ruling should be 

upheld to prevent an inequitable outcome pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 
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36-4-121.

3

 Section 36-4-121 requires the trial court to make an equitable division of 

marital property in a divorce action. However, the legislature provided the following 

caveat applicable in cases such as the one before us: 

Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the affirmation, 

ratification and incorporation in a decree of an agreement between the parties 

regarding the division of property.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(g)(1). With all of the above considerations in mind, we hold 

that the trial court erred in its consideration of parol evidence and refusal to enforce the 

MDA as written. We reverse the decision of the trial court and remand for enforcement of 

the MDA. 

V. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we reverse the decision of the trial court. The case is 

remanded for whatever proceedings may be necessary and consistent with this opinion. 

Costs of the appeal are taxed to the appellee, Judith M. Williamson, Conservator for John 

F. Ress. 

_________________________________

JOHN W. MCCLARTY, JUDGE

 

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“In all actions for divorce or legal separation, the court having jurisdiction thereof may, 

upon request of either party, and prior to any determination as to whether it is appropriate to order 

the support and maintenance of one (1) party by the other, equitably divide, distribute or assign 

the marital property between the parties without regard to marital fault in proportions as the court 

deems just.”