VOLUME II: CHAPTER 8

Preferred and Alternative

Methods for Estimating Air

Emissions from Paint and Ink

Manufacturing Facilities

March 1998

Prepared by:

Eastern Research Group, Inc.

Prepared for:

Point Sources Committee

Emission Inventory Improvement Program
Volume II, Chapter 8, Paint and Ink Manufacturing, II08.fin 

Eastern Research Group, Inc.

Post Office Box 2010

Morrisville, North Carolina 27560

DISCLAIMER

This document was furnished to the Emission Inventory Improvement Program and the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency by Eastern Research Group, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina. 

This report is intended to be a final document and has been reviewed and approved for

publication. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed represent a consensus of the

members of the Emission Inventory Improvement Program. 
EIIP Volume II iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This document was prepared by Eastern Research Group, Inc. for the Point Sources Committee

of the Emission Inventory Improvement Program and for Dennis Beauregard of the Emission

Factor and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Members of the Point

Sources Committee contributing to the preparation of this document are:

Dennis Beauregard, Co-Chair, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Bill Gill, Co-Chair, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission

Denise Alston-Guiden, Galson Consulting

Bob Betterton, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control

Paul Brochi, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission

Alice Fredlund, Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality

Gary Helm, Air Quality Management, Inc.

Martin Hochhauser, Allegheny County Health Department

Toch Mangat, Bay Area Air Quality Management District

Ralph Patterson, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Jim Southerland, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Eitan Tsabari, Omaha Air Quality Control Division

Bob Wooten, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

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EIIP Volume II v

CONTENTS

Section Page

1 Introduction ...................................................... 8.1-1

2 Source Category Description ......................................... 8.2-1

2.1 Process Description .......................................... 8.2-1

2.1.1 Preassembly and Premix ................................. 8.2-2

2.1.2 Pigment Grinding or Milling .............................. 8.2-2

2.1.3 Product Finishing ...................................... 8.2-3

2.1.4 Product Filling ........................................ 8.2-3

2.2 Emission Sources ............................................ 8.2-4

2.2.1 Process Operations ..................................... 8.2-4

2.2.2 Miscellaneous Operations ................................ 8.2-5

2.2.3 Material Storage ....................................... 8.2-6

2.2.4 Equipment Leaks ...................................... 8.2-6

2.2.5 Spills ................................................ 8.2-7

2.3 Process Design and Operating Factors Influencing Emissions ........... 8.2-7

2.3.1 VOC Control Systems ................................... 8.2-7

2.3.2 PM/PM10 Control Systems ............................... 8.2-8

2.3.3 Equipment or Process Modifications ........................ 8.2-8

3 Overview of Available Methods ....................................... 8.3-1

3.1 Emission Estimation Methodologies .............................. 8.3-1

3.1.1 Emission Factors ....................................... 8.3-1

3.1.2 Source-specific Models .................................. 8.3-2

3.1.3 Material (Mass) Balance Calculations ....................... 8.3-2

3.1.4 Test Data ............................................ 8.3-2

3.2 Comparison of Available Emission Estimation Methodologies .......... 8.3-3

3.2.1 Emission Factors ....................................... 8.3-3

3.2.2 Emission Models ....................................... 8.3-3

3.2.3 Material Balance Calculations ............................. 8.3-10

3.2.4 Test Data ............................................ 8.3-10
CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Section Page

vi EIIP Volume II

4 Preferred Methods for Estimating Emissions ............................. 8.4-1

4.1 Emission Calculations Using Source-specific Emission Models/Equations . . 8.4-1

4.1.1 Emission Model for Material Loading ....................... 8.4-4

4.1.2 Heat-up Losses ........................................ 8.4-12

4.1.3 Emission Model for Spills ................................ 8.4-18

4.1.4 Emissions Model for Surface Evaporation .................... 8.4-21

4.1.5 Emission Model for Liquid Material Storage .................. 8.4-23

4.1.6 Emission Model for Wastewater Treatment .................. 8.4-23

4.2 Emission Calculations Using Emission Factors ...................... 8.4-24

4.2.1 Total and Speciated VOC Emissions from Solvent 

Reclamation .......................................... 8.4-24

4.2.2 VOC Emissions from Parts Cleaning ........................ 8.4-27

4.2.3 VOC Emissions from Equipment Leaks ..................... 8.4-29

4.2.4 PM/PM10 Emissions from a Paint or Ink Manufacturing Facility ... 8.4-29

5 Alternative Methods for Estimating Emissions ............................ 8.5-1

5.1 Emission Calculations Using Emission Factors ..................... 8.5-1

5.1.1 Total VOC Emissions from Paint Manufacturing Facilities ....... 8.5-1

5.1.2 VOC Emissions from Paint Mixing Operations ............... 8.5-6

5.1.3 VOC Emissions from Ink Manufacturing Facilities ............ 8.5-8

5.2 Emissions from Miscellaneous Process Equipment with Exhaust Systems . 8.5-10

5.3 VOC and PM Emission Calculations Using Material Balance .......... 8.5-11

5.4 Emission Calculations Using Test Data ........................... 8.5-12

6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control .................................... 8.6-1

6.1 General Factors Involved in Emission Estimation Techniques .......... 8.6-1

6.1.1 Emission Factors ...................................... 8.6-1

6.1.2 Emission Models ...................................... 8.6-3

6.1.3 Material Balance ....................................... 8.6-3

6.1.4 Testing .............................................. 8.6-3
CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Section Page

EIIP Volume II vii

6.2 Data Attribute Rating System (DARS) Scores ...................... 8.6-4

7 Data Coding Procedures ............................................ 8.7-1

7.1 Source Classification Codes .................................... 8.7-1

7.1.1 Paint and Ink Manufacturing Emissions ..................... 8.7-1

7.1.2 Cold Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing ...................... 8.7-1

7.1.3 Solvent Reclamation .................................... 8.7-1

7.1.4 Material Storage ....................................... 8.7-1

7.2 AIRS Control Device Codes ................................... 8.7-2

8 References ....................................................... 8.8-1

Appendix A: Example Data Collection Forms and Instructions
viii EIIP Volume II

FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure Page

8.6-1 Example Emission Inventory Checklist for Paint and Ink Manufacturing Facilities 8.6-2

Tables Page

8.2-1 Typical Paint and Ink Manufacturing Plant Control Techniques .............. 8.2-7

8.3-1 Summary of Preferred and Alternative Emission Estimation Methods for 

Paint and Ink Manufacturing Operations ................................ 8.3-4

8.3-2 Case Study 8.3-1: The Bright Blue Paint Company Emissions Summary ....... 8.3-6

8.3-3 Case Study 8.3-2: The Hot Pink Paint Company Emissions Summary ......... 8.3-9

8.4-1 List of Variables and Symbols ........................................ 8.4-2

8.5-1 List of Variables and Symbols ........................................ 8.5-2

8.6-1 DARS Scores: AP-42 Emission Factors ................................ 8.6-5

8.6-2 DARS Scores: Emission Models ..................................... 8.6-6

8.6-3 DARS Scores: Material Balance ..................................... 8.6-7

8.6-4 DARS Scores: Testing Data ......................................... 8.6-8

8.7-1 Source Classification Codes for Paint and Ink Manufacturing Operations

(SIC Code 2851) .................................................. 8.7-3

8.7-2 AIRS Control Device Codes ......................................... 8.7-21
EIIP Volume II 8.1-1

1

INTRODUCTION

The purposes of the preferred methods guidelines are to describe emission estimation

techniques for point sources in a clear and unambiguous manner and to provide concise

example calculations to aid in the preparation of emission inventories. While emissions

estimates are not provided, the information presented in this document may be used to select

an emission estimation technique best suited to a particular application. This chapter describes

the procedures and recommended approaches for estimating emissions from paint and ink

manufacturing operations and is intended to assist industry as well as regulatory agency

personnel. Thus, some parts of the document may be more relevant to one group than to the

other.

Section 2 of this chapter contains a general description of the paint and ink manufacturing

source category, common emission sources, and an overview of available control technologies. 

Section 3 of this chapter provides an overview of available emission estimation methods. It

should be noted that the use of site-specific emissions data is always preferred over the use of

default values developed through use of industry-averaged data. However, depending upon

available resources, obtaining site-specific data may not be cost effective.

Section 4 presents the preferred methods for estimating emissions from paint and ink

manufacturing operations, while Section 5 presents the alternative emission estimation

techniques. Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) procedures are described in

Section 6. Coding procedures used for data input and storage are discussed in Section 7. 

Some states use their own unique identification codes, so individual state agencies should be

contacted to determine the appropriate coding scheme to use. References are cited in

Section 8. Appendix A provides example data collection forms to assist in information

gathering prior to emissions calculations.
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2

SOURCE CATEGORY DESCRIPTION

2.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

This section provides a brief overview of paint and ink manufacturing operations. The reader

is referred to Control of VOC Emissions from Ink and Paint Manufacturing Processes,

April 1992, for more detail (EPA, 1992a).

Paint and ink are suspensions of finely separated pigment particles in a liquid that when spread

over a surface in a thin layer will form a solid, cohesive, and adherent film. Types of paints

that are currently manufactured include architectural coatings, product finishes (e.g., finishes for

automobiles, machinery, metal and wood furniture, and appliances), and special-purpose

coatings (e.g., industrial new construction and maintenance paints, traffic marking paints, and

marine paints) (EPA, 1992a). More than 70 percent of architectural coatings are water-based. 

However, solvent-based paint is still predominantly used for product finishes and

special-purpose coatings (Noyes, 1993).

Inks that are currently manufactured include letterpress, lithographic and offset, gravure, and

flexographic inks (EPA, 1992a). Letterpress and lithographic inks are typically classified as

paste inks. Gravure and flexographic inks are typically water- or solvent-based and are

classified as liquid inks (NAPIM, 1996). Specialty ink products include textile and silk screen

ink, invisible inks, powder inks, carbon paper, typewriter, and duplicating inks (EPA, 1992a).

Paint and ink manufacturing can be classified as a batch process and generally involves the

blending/mixing of resins, pigments, solvents, and additives. Traditional paint and ink

manufacturing consists of four major steps:

C Preassembly and premix;

C Pigment grinding/milling/dispersing;

C Product finishing/blending; and

C Product filling/packaging (Fisher et al., 1993).

These steps are described in more detail in the sections below. 
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8.2-2 EIIP Volume II

2.1.1 PREASSEMBLY AND PREMIX

In the preassembly and premix step, liquid raw materials are assembled and then mixed in

containers to form a viscous material to which pigments are added (EPA, 1992a). For

solvent-based paints, the raw ingredients include resins, organic solvents, plasticizers, dry

pigment, and pigment extenders. Raw materials used in the preassembly and premix step for

water-based paints include water, ammonia, dispersant, pigment, and pigment extenders

(Noyes, 1993). Raw materials for ink manufacturing include pigments, oils, resins, solvents,

and driers (EPA, 1992a). The premix stage results in the formation of an intermediate product

that is referred to as the base or mill base (EPA, 1992a).

The type of equipment used in the premix step depends on the batch size and the type of paint

and ink being produced. Drums equipped with a portable mixer may be used for drum-sized

batches. These mixers normally have an impeller with three or four blades. Other materials

made in portable mix tanks may be blended using larger, permanent high-speed dispersers or

variable-speed mixers fitted with paddle, propeller, turbine, or disc-type agitators

(EPA, 1992a).

Paint and ink manufacturing facilities may use typical grinding equipment to accomplish the

premix operations (EPA, 1992a). This approach, common with water-based paints and inks,

eliminates the need to transfer the material to another type of equipment for the

grinding/milling step described below.

2.1.2 PIGMENT GRINDING OR MILLING

Pigment grinding or milling entails the incorporation of the pigment into the paint and ink

vehicle to yield a fine particle dispersion. The three stages of this process include wetting,

grinding, and dispersion, which may overlap in any grinding operation. The wetting agent,

normally a surfactant, wets the pigment particles by displacing air, moisture, and gases that are

adsorbed on the surface of the pigment particles. Grinding is the mechanical breakup and

separation of pigment clusters into isolated particles and may be facilitated by the use of

grinding media such as pebbles, balls, or beads. Finally, dispersion is the movement of wetted

particles into the body of the liquid vehicle to produce a particle suspension. (EPA, 1992a).

There is a wide array of milling equipment. The type of equipment used depends on the types

of pigments being handled (Noyes, 1993). More commonly used equipment include the

following: roller mills, ball and pebble mills, attritors, sand mills, bead and shot mills,

high-speed stone and colloid mills, high-speed dispersers, high-speed impingement mills, and

horizontal media mills (EPA, 1992a). However, it should be noted that roller and ball mills are

somewhat outdated methods in current pigment base manufacturing technology. Additionally,

these types of equipment are usually associated with elevated levels of volatile organic

compound (VOC) emissions due to their more open design.

Roller mills may have from one to five rolls that grind pigments into vehicles. Most paint and

ink facilities that use rollermills operate with conventional three-roll mills. Roller mills are
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.2-3

labor intensive, requiring highly skilled operators. Their lack of speed and high operating cost

make them unsuitable for large-volume production. The use of roller mills is confined to the

manufacture of very high quality paint and inks and viscous pigmented products that require

fine dispersion and clean color (EPA, 1992a).

High-speed dispersers are the most universally used method of dispersion in the paint and ink

industry. Some paint and ink blends are manufactured entirely in one piece of equipment using

high-speed, disk-type impellers. Because no grinding media are present in the mixing vat,

pigment disperses on itself and against the surfaces of the rotor. While high-speed disk

dispersion may work well for some products such as undercoats and primers, it may not be

appropriate for high-quality paints and inks. It can, however, be used for premix operations of

high-quality paints and inks, thus reducing the number of passes in a media mill or reducing the

amount of time spent in a ball mill (EPA, 1992a).

2.1.3 PRODUCT FINISHING

Final product specifications for color, viscosity, and other coating characteristics are achieved

in the product finishing step. This process generally consists of thinning, tinting, and blending. 

Most of the solvents, tints, and shades are added during this operation (Fisher et al., 1993).

Product finishing activities for solvent-based paints and inks involve adding various

combinations of pigments, organic solvents, and resins. For water-based paints and inks, a

preservative, an antifoaming agent, a polyvinyl acetate emulsion, and water are added at this

step of the manufacturing process (Noyes, 1993).

Blending is the process of mixing the added ingredients to meet product specifications. 

Blending may consist of additional milling in a ball mill or added mixing and dispersing in a

portable mix tank/high-speed disperser setup (EPA, 1992a).

2.1.4 PRODUCT FILLING

The final step in the paint and ink manufacturing process is the product filling operation. 

During the filling step, filtration is performed to remove impurities and to catch small particles

of grinding media (Fisher et al., 1993).

Paints and inks may be filtered in a variety of ways and the end use of the product determines

the type of filtration required. Some products require only a cloth bag filter; other products

require filtering equipment such as strainers or sieves (Fisher et al., 1993). 

Once the material has been filtered, it can be transferred into pails, drums, totes, tank wagons,

or other containers for shipment. Filling may be accomplished either manually or mechanically

depending on the number and size of the containers to be filled (EPA, 1992a). 
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8.2-4 EIIP Volume II

2.2 EMISSION SOURCES

Several air emission sources have been identified for paint and ink manufacturing operations;

they are as follows:

C Process operations;

C Miscellaneous operations;

C Material storage;

C Equipment leaks; and

C Spills.

Each of the above emission sources is described in more detail in the following sections.

2.2.1 PROCESS OPERATIONS

Process operations cover emissions from mixing, grinding, blending, and filling activities.

Emissions from these operations can generally be classified in one of the following four

categories.

Material Loading Emissions

VOC emissions may occur during material loading of mixing and grinding equipment due to

displacement of organic vapors. VOCs may be emitted from a mixing tank when the device is

uncovered or when a lid is open. For certain grinding equipment, VOCs may be released from

the chute through which ingredients are added.

Particulate matter (PM) and PM less than or equal to 10 Fm in diameter (PM10) emissions may

also occur during the material loading process from handling of pigments and other solids. 

VOC and PM emissions during material loading emissions may occur as point source or

fugitive, depending on whether a PM emissions collection system is in place.

Heat-up Losses

Heat-up losses occur during operation of high-speed dispersers, ball and pebble mills, 

and similar types of dispersing equipment. During the grinding/dispersing process, there is a

rise in temperature as some of the kinetic energy of mixing is converted to thermal energy. 

This rise in temperature is controlled through the use of cold water jackets. As the VOCs in

the mixers heat up, the vapor in the headspace expands, forcing emissions from the equipment. 

Heat-up losses are classified as fugitive (Fisher et al., 1993).
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EIIP Volume II 8.2-5

Surface Evaporation

Surface evaporation may occur during mixing, dispersing, and blending operations if the vessel

contents are exposed to the atmosphere. For certain types of mixing and grinding equipment,

VOCs may be emitted through agitator shaft openings or around the edges of 

a vessel lid. VOC emissions from older vertical media mills (i.e., sand mills, bead mills, and

shot mills) may occur from the exposed filtering screen. Surface evaporation emissions are

generally fugitive in nature (EPA, 1992a).

Filling Losses

Emissions during product filling occur during transfer and free-fall into the receiving container. 

Resultant losses during the filling operations are classified as fugitive. 

2.2.2 MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS

In addition to typical process operations associated with paint and ink manufacturing,

miscellaneous operations can generate emissions (primarily in the form of VOCs). 

These operations are discussed below:

Solvent Reclamation

Solvent reclamation refers to the purification of dirty or spent solvent through use of a

distillation device. VOC emissions occur from loading solvent into the distillation equipment,

operation of the distillation equipment, and spillage. Emissions from loading and spilling are

classified as fugitive, while emissions from operation of the equipment are generally discharged

through a condenser vent and are thus classified as point source.

Cleaning

Cleaning is an important ancillary part of the paint and ink manufacturing process. 

Process equipment may be cleaned with solvent as often as after each batch. VOC emissions

result from charging the mixer or disperser with solvent and can be characterized as fugitive. 

In addition to this type of cleaning, small items used in the paint and ink manufacturing process

may be cleaned by washing with solvents in a cold cleaner or open-top vapor degreaser (Fisher

et al., 1993). Of the two technologies, the use of a cold cleaner is more common. VOC

emissions from this type of cleaning are classified as fugitive. 

Wastewater Treatment

A paint and ink manufacturing facility may use a wastewater treatment system to treat

contaminated water generated during the paint and ink manufacturing process (e.g., water that

has been used to clean equipment used in the production of water-based paint and ink). 

Wastewater treatment systems generally consist of a series of surface impoundments that are

used for equalization, neutralization, aeration, and clarification of the waste stream. Fugitive
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8.2-6 EIIP Volume II

VOC emissions may occur from each type of basin. Procedures used to estimate emissions

from wastewater treatment facilities are described in detail in Volume II, Chapter 5, Preferred

and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Wastewater Collection and

Treatment.

2.2.3 MATERIAL STORAGE

Various types and sizes of storage tanks are used to store solvents and resins used in the paint

and ink manufacturing process. Most of these tanks have a fixed-roof design (Fisher et al.,

1993).

The two significant types of emissions from fixed-roof tanks are breathing and working losses. 

Breathing loss is the expulsion of vapor from a tank through vapor expansion and contraction

that result from changes in ambient temperature and barometric pressure. This loss occurs

without any liquid level change in the tank (EPA, 1995a).

The combined loss from filling and emptying tanks is called working loss. Evaporation during

filling operations results from an increase in the liquid level in the tank. As the liquid level

increases, the pressure inside the tank exceeds the relief pressure and vapors are expelled from

the tank. Evaporative emissions during emptying occur when air drawn into the tank during

liquid removal becomes saturated with organic vapor and expands, expelling vapor through the

vapor relief valve (EPA, 1995a).

Emissions from tanks are characterized as a point source because VOCs are released through a

vent.

2.2.4 EQUIPMENT LEAKS

In order to transport stored materials (i.e., organic solvents and resins) from storage tanks to

the paint and ink manufacturing operation, a network of pipes, pumps, valves, and flanges is

employed. As liquid material is pumped from the storage tanks to the particular process area,

the pipes and supporting hardware (process line components) may develop leaks over time. 

When leaks occur, volatile components in the transported material are released to the

atmosphere. This generally occurs from the following process line components:

C Pump seals; 

C Valves;

C Compressor seals;

C Safety relief valves;

C Flanges;
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EIIP Volume II 8.2-7

C Open-ended lines; and

C Sampling connections (Fisher et al., 1993).

Emissions from equipment leaks can be characterized as fugitive and are described in detail in

Volume II, Chapter 4, Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Fugitive Emissions

from Equipment Leaks.

2.2.5 SPILLS

Solvents, resins, or product may be accidentally spilled during manufacturing or cleaning

activities. Materials that are spilled onto the ground may spread over an area, vaporize, and

thus result in an air emission (EPA, 1987). Such an emission would be characterized as

fugitive.

2.3 PROCESS DESIGN AND OPERATING FACTORS INFLUENCING

EMISSIONS

VOC and PM emissions from paint and ink manufacturing may be reduced through use of

add-on control systems or through equipment and process modifications. Control devices and

techniques commonly used at paint and ink manufacturing facilities are presented in

Table 8.2-1.

TABLE 8.2-1

TYPICAL PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING PLANT CONTROL TECHNIQUESa

Emission Source Pollutant Control TechniqueTypical Efficiency (%)

 Material Loading Operations PM and PM10 Fabric Filter 95 - 99

 Mixing Operations VOCs Tank Lid 40 - 96

a

 Source: EPA, 1992a.

2.3.1 VOC CONTROL SYSTEMS

A VOC control system consists of a capture device and a removal device. The capture device

(such as a hood or enclosure) captures the VOC-laden air from the emission area and ducts the

emission stream to removal equipment such as a recovery device (e.g., an adsorber) or a

combustion device (e.g., an incinerator) that removes the VOCs from the air. The overall

efficiency of a control system is calculated by multiplying the capture system efficiency by the

removal device efficiency (EPA, 1992a).
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8.2-8 EIIP Volume II

Removal equipment available for treating VOC-containing air streams includes recovery devices

(i.e., carbon adsorption, absorption, and condensation) and combustion devices(i.e., thermal

incinerators, catalytic incinerators, and industrial boilers and process heaters). Control

efficiencies for this equipment can range from 50 to 99 percent. Carbon adsorbers, absorbers

(scrubbers), condensers, and catalytic incinerators are generally not appropriate for paint and

ink manufacturing facilities because these devices are not designed to treat low VOC inlet

concentrations that are typical for the paint and ink industry. In addition, the wide mixture of

organics that may be emitted at a paint and ink facility will tend to reduce the efficiency of

these types of control devices. Industrial and process heaters are capable of effectively treating

the types and levels of VOCs generated by the paint and ink industry but are found in few, if

any, paint and ink manufacturing facilities (EPA, 1992a).

Thermal incineration is an applicable control technique for the paint and ink industry but is

used by a limited number of facilities. Thermal incinerators pass the emission stream through a

combustion chamber where the VOCs are burned at temperatures ranging from 700 to

1,300EC. VOC removal efficiencies of 98 percent or greater may be achieved depending on

the design of the equipment.

The majority of paint and ink facilities use equipment and process modifications to 

reduce VOC emissions. These are discussed in more detail later in Section 2.3.3.

2.3.2 PM/PM10 CONTROL SYSTEMS

PM/PM10 control systems for the paint and ink industry consist of a capture device paired with

a control device that is typically a fabric filter (baghouse). These systems are typically

employed to reduce PM emissions from charging pigments and other solids into mixing and

grinding devices.

With fabric filter systems, particles are caught on the surface of the bags while the

cleaned gaseous stream passes through. To minimize pressure drop, the bags must be cleaned

periodically as the dust layer builds up (EIIP, 1996). The captured dust may be recycled or

sent for off-site disposal or treatment.

Fabric filters are least efficient with particles 0.1 to 0.3 Fm in diameter and with emission

streams of high moisture content. When operated under optimum conditions, they can achieve

control efficiencies of up to 99+ percent (EPA, 1991). However, typical control efficiencies

range from 95 to 99 percent.

2.3.3 EQUIPMENT OR PROCESS MODIFICATIONS

Most paint and ink manufacturing facilities reduce VOC emissions through equipment or

process modifications. Some of these techniques will also reduce PM emissions. Modifications

include those discussed below.
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EIIP Volume II 8.2-9

Tank Lids

Tank lids are the most common equipment modification used during paint and ink

manufacturing activities to control VOC emissions. Lids reduce the amount of VOCs emitted

during mixing operations and range in control efficiency from 40 to 96 percent (EPA, 1992a).

Modified Milling Equipment

VOC and PM emissions may be reduced by converting older milling equipment to 

newer, more efficient closed systems such as horizontal media mills. Typically, 

horizontal media mills are charged by pumping material from containers or premix equipment

through an enclosed piping system. Material discharge is also through 

enclosed pipes or hoses. VOC losses during operation of the horizontal media mill are

controlled because the filtering screen is enclosed by a sheet metal cover (EPA, 1992a). 

Equipment Cleaning Devices

Several types of equipment can be used to reduce amounts of solvents used during vessel

cleaning and thus decrease VOC emissions. These include the following:

C Rubber wipers (used to scrape the clinging paint and ink from the sides of the

tank);

C High-pressure spray heads (used to clean process tanks);

C Tanks lined with TeflonTM (TeflonTM reduces the ability of paint and ink to cling

to the sides of the tank);

C Plastic (or foam) "pigs" (a "pig" is moved through the pipes and pushes leftover

paint and ink [from previous batches] through the pipe from the 

pipe walls); and

C Automatic tub washers.

The degree to which VOC emissions from cleaning activities are reduced will depend on the

frequency of using one or more of the alternative cleaning techniques listed above. 

It has been reported that high-pressure spray heads can reduce cleaning material use by 

80 to 90 percent (EPA, 1992a). 

Use of Pigments in Paste Form

PM emissions may be reduced by using pigments that have been wetted or mixed with 

resins. Since these pigments are wet, less or no dust is generated when the package is opened

and as pigment is dumped into mixing vessels (Noyes, 1993).
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8.2-10 EIIP Volume II

Product Reformulation

Production of paints and inks that contain reduced or no VOCs will reduce VOC 

emissions from paint and ink manufacturing facilities. High-solids and water-based 

paints and inks contain less VOCs than traditional solvent-based paints and inks. 

Powder coatings and the majority of radiation-curable paints and inks contain no VOCs

(EPA, 1992a).
EIIP Volume II 8.3-1

3

OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE METHODS

3.1 EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODS

Several methods are available for calculating emissions from paint and ink manufacturing

operations. The best method to use depends upon the emission source being evaluated,

available data, available resources, and the degree of accuracy required in the estimate. 

Although preferred methods are identified, this document does not mandate any emission

estimation method. Industry personnel using this manual should contact the appropriate state

or local air pollution control agency regarding suggested methods prior to their use.

This section discusses the methods available for calculating emissions from paint and ink

manufacturing operations and identifies the preferred method of calculation. A discussion of

the sampling and analytical methods available for monitoring each pollutant is provided in

Chapter 1 of this volume, Introduction to Point Source Emission Inventory Development.

Estimation techniques for storage tank emissions are discussed in Chapter 1 of this volume. 

Equations and factors for calculating emissions from equipment leaks are discussed in Chapter

4, and procedures for estimating emissions from wastewater are described in Chapter 5. Thus,

this chapter will address only process operations, miscellaneous operations, and spills.

3.1.1 EMISSION FACTORS

An emission factor can be defined as a pollutant emission rate relative to a level of source

activity. Emission factors are typically based on the results of source tests performed at an

individual plant or at one or more facilities within an industry. Chapter 1 of this volume

contains a detailed discussion of the reliability/quality of available emission factors.

Emission factors may be used to calculate total VOC and PM emissions from a paint and ink

manufacturing facility, as well as emissions from specific types of equipment typically found at

such a facility. These types of equipment include the following:

C Process equipment;

C Solvent reclamation systems;

C Parts washing equipment; and

C Process piping.
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EPA-approved emission factors for these sources may be found in AP-42, the Locating and

Estimating series of documents, the Factor Information and Retrieval (FIRE) System, and/or

Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates (EPA, 1995g). Emission factors may also be

available through trade associations such as the National Association of Printing Ink

Manufacturers, Inc. (NAPIM).

3.1.2 SOURCE-SPECIFIC MODELS

Theoretical, more complex "models" or equations can be used for estimating emissions. 

Emission estimating models/equations are available for the following types of emissions found

at a paint or ink manufacturing facility:

C Material loading;

C Heat-up losses from dispersion/grinding activities;

C Surface evaporation during mixing/blending operations;

C Filling;

C Cleaning solvent loading;

C Material storage;

C Spills; and

C Wastewater treatment.

Inputs for theoretical models/equations generally fall into the following categories: 

chemical/physical properties of the material(s) involved (e.g., vapor pressure, vapor molecular

weight), operating data (e.g., amount of material processed, operating hours) and physical

characteristics/properties of the source (e.g., tank color, tank diameter).

3.1.3 MATERIAL (MASS) BALANCE CALCULATIONS

The material balance approach to emissions estimation considers the given facility as a sort of

"black box," where one compares the total quantity of raw materials consumed versus amounts

of materials leaving the facility as product or waste. Waste can consist of used filter bags or

cartridges, spent solvent or still bottoms, dust collector material, pigment bags and/or drum

residue, and wastewater (NPCA, 1995).

3.1.4 TEST DATA

Testing can be performed to quantify point source or fugitive emissions. In point source

testing, effluent gas samples are usually collected from a stack using probes inserted through a

port in the stack wall. Pollutants in the gas sample are collected in or on various media that
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are subsequently sent to a laboratory for analysis. Pollutant concentrations are obtained by

dividing the amount of pollutant collected during the test by the volume of gas sampled. 

Emission rates are then determined by multiplying the pollutant concentration by the volumetric

stack gas flow rate. Because there are many steps in the stack sampling procedures where

errors can occur, only experienced stack testers should perform such tests.

Industrial hygiene data (concentrations) can be used in conjunction with exhaust system flow

rates to calculate fugitive emissions from a room, floor, or building. Direct-reading instruments

that may be used to obtain an instantaneous reading of vapor concentrations include

photoionization detectors, portable infrared spectrophotometers, and portable gas

chromatographs (NPCA, 1995).

VOC losses from certain operations (e.g., filling of containers) may also be measured by

performing a study using a gravimetric analysis such as American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM) Standard D2369: Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings.

Section 6 of this document, Quality Assurance/Quality Control, and Chapter 1 of Volume II in

this series provide information regarding test data quality.

3.2 COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE EMISSION ESTIMATION

METHODOLOGIES

Table 8.3-1 identifies the preferred and alternative emission estimation approaches for selected

pollutants and sources of emissions. The best method to use depends upon the emission

source being evaluated, available data, available resources, and the degree of accuracy required

in the estimate. In general, a more accurate method will require greater resources than a less

accurate method. Case studies 8.3-1 and 8.3-2 present examples of two facilities with varying

levels of resources. The emission estimation methods selected for each are driven by available

resources and need for accuracy.

3.2.1 EMISSION FACTORS

Use of paint manufacturing emission factors from Section 6.4 of AP-42 and ink manufacturing

emission factors from Section 6.7 of AP-42 is generally accepted by regulatory agencies, and

their use in calculating total facility or process-specific emissions is more cost-effective than

collection and analysis of air samples or use of emission models. Additionally, there are

potentially significant limitations with the material balance approach.

3.2.2 EMISSION MODELS

Use of emission models/equations to estimate emissions from paint and ink manufacturing

facilities is a more complex and time-consuming process than the use of emission factors. 

Emission models/equations require more detailed inputs than use of emission factors; however,

they provide an emission estimate based on site-specific conditions.
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8.3-4 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.3-1

SUMMARY OF PREFERRED AND ALTERNATIVE EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODS FOR

PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS

Pollutant Emission Source 

 Preferred Emission

Estimation Approach

Alternative Emission

Estimation Approach

PM/PM10 (Total and

Speciated)

Total Facility Emissions Emission Factora Material Balance

Testingb

Process Equipmentc Emission Factora Material Balance

Testingb

VOC (Total and

Speciated)

Mixing:

Material Loading

Heat-up Losses

Surface Evaporation

Emission Modeld Emission Factora

Material Balance

Testingb

Product Filling Emission Modele Material Balance

Testingb

Solvent Reclamation Emission Factorf Material Balance

Testingb

Cleaning; Solvent Loading Emission Modele Material Balance

Testingb

Cleaning; Parts

Washing

Emission Factorg Material Balance

Testingb

Wastewater Treatment Emission Modelh Material Balance

Testingb

Material Storage Emission Modeli Material Balance

Testingb

Equipment Leaks Emission Factorj Material Balance

Testingb

Spills Emission Modelk Material Balance

Testingb

a EPA, 1995b; in this chapter, see Sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 (VOC) and 4.2.4 (PM/PM10)for more detail.

b Refers to point source (stack) testing and/or fugitive testing (i.e., collection of industrial hygiene data).

c Refers to any equipment where pigments are handled.

d Fisher et al., 1993; EPA, 1995c; NPCA, 1995; EPA, 1993. Models are also available for grinding

equipment.

e EPA, 1995c; see Section 4.1.1 of this document for more detail.

f EPA, 1995d; see Section 4.2.1 of this document for more detail.

g EPA, 1995e; see Section 4.2.2 of this document for more detail.

h EPA, 1994a; see Section 4.1.6 of this document for more detail.

i EPA, 1995a; see Section 4.1.5 of this document for more detail.

j EPA, 1995g; see Section 4.2.3 of this document for more detail.

k EPA, 1987; see Section 4.1.3 of this document for more detail.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

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Case Study 8.3-1: The Bright Blue Paint Company

Description

The Bright Blue Paint Company produces both water- and solvent-based industrial and consumer

paints at a total rate of about 2,200,000 gallons annually. The water-based paints account for 65% of

total production, with 55% being consumer products and 10% being industrial products. 

Solvent-based paints account for the remaining 35% of the paints manufactured of which 17% is

consumer paints and of which 18% is industrial paints. The majority of the consumer products

contain less than 1.5 pounds per gallon VOCs, while the industrial coatings may be as high as

3 pounds per gallon VOCs. 

The four main manufacturing operations at the Bright Blue Paint Company are:

C Preassembly and premix;

C Pigment grinding/milling;

C Product finishing/blending; and

C Product filling/packaging. 

The company manufactures seven different paint products that can vary in any given year. Batch

sizes range from 300 to 1,600 gallons. 

Liquid storage of paint ingredients and cleaning compounds is in bulk tanks ranging from 2,500 to

10,000 gallons and in 55-gallon drums. Powder ingredients are stored in paper sacks or fiber drums

ranging from 10 to 200 pounds. 

Equipment is cleaned after each batch. Approximately 72,000 gallons of cleaning solvents are used

for equipment cleaning each year. Small parts are also cleaned as necessary using an open-top vapor

degreaser. 

Emission Sources

Emission sources for this facility include:

C Mixing (material loading, heat-up, surface evaporation);

C Filling losses;

C Cleaning (parts, mixers/tanks);

C Solvent reclamation;

C Material storage;

C Equipment leaks; and

C Spills. 

Emissions

Emissions, the emission estimation method selected, and supporting data for this facility are

summarized in Table 8.3-2. 
8.3-6 EIIP Volume II TABLE 8.3-2 CASE STUDY 8.3-1: THE BRIGHT BLUE PAINT COMPANY EMISSIONS SUM

Emission Source Emission Estimation Methoda VOC Emissions PM/PM10 Emissions Supporting Da

Mixing Material Loading: VOC: loading loss model (Equation 8.4-1); PM/PM10: AP-42 emission factor (Equation 8.4-24) 4,444 lb/yr 26.5 ton/yr T = 77EF; S = 1.45; toluene 

gal; Methyl ethyl ketone = total solids = 5,292,000 lb Heat-up losses: heat-up loss model (Equation 8.4-16) 171 lb/yr 0 T1 = 77EF; T2 = 105EF; mweight (MW) of paint mixtlb-mole; average MW = 77 B: 1600-lb batches, 350; 10batches, 700; 600-lb batche300-lb batches, 500 Surface evaporation: Clements vaporization model (Equation 8.4-18) 25 ton/yr 0 U = 0.25 mile/hr; T = 77EFBatch size Area Ba(lb/batch) (ft2) 

1600 42.8 1000 26.8  600 20  300 13.4 

Product Filling Loading loss model (Equation 8.4-1) 293 lb/yr 0 Total product = 2,200,000 g

MW of paint and ink mixtumole Cleaning Equipment cleaning: loading loss model (Equation 8.4-1) 219 lb/yr 0 Total cleaning solvent = 72cleaning solvent vapor prespsia; MW of vapors = 100 lb/lb-m75EF Small parts cleaning: AP-42 emission factor (Equation 8.4-24) 0.33 ton/yr 0 One open-top vapor degreafor parts cleaning; emission based on number of cleanin

Solvent Reclamation AP-42 emission factor (Equation 8.4-19) 990 lb/yr 0 300 tons of solvent are proc

annually Material Storage TANKS 3 ton/yr 0 Equipment Leaks SOCMIc average emission factors 13 ton/yr 0 15 valves, 10 pump seals, a5 connectors; hours of operation = 8,760 
8.3-7 EIIP Volume II TABLE 8.3-2 CASE STUDY 8.3-1: THE BRIGHT BLUE PAINT COMPANY EMISSION SUMMARY (C

Emission Source Emission Estimation Methoda VOC Emissions PM/PM10 Emissions Supporting Datab Spills Clements vaporization model (Equation 8.4-15) 7 lb/yr 0 One spill of heptane; vapor pressure = 

MW = 100 lb/lb-mole; T = 75EF; are15 ft2; cleanup time = 1 hour; U = 5 m

Total 36.4 ton/yr 26.5 ton/yr a Equation numbers refer to those used in Section 4 of this chapter. b Symbols used are defined in Table 8.4-1. c SOCMI = Synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry.
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Case Study 8.3-2: The Hot Pink Paint Company

Description

The Hot Pink Paint Company produces specialty coatings for a variety of surface coating

industries. The facility produces 500,000 gallons solvent-based coatings annually. The facility

operates 8,760 hours per year. 

The four main manufacturing operations are:

C Preassembly and premix;

C Pigment grinding/milling;

C Product finishing/blending; and

C Product filling/packaging. 

The company manufactures 5,000 different paint products that can vary in any given year. Batch

sizes range from 100 to 2,000 gallons. 

Liquid storage of paint ingredients and cleaning compounds is in bulk tanks ranging from 2,500 to

10,000 gallons and in 55-gallon drums. Powder ingredients are stored in paper sacks or fiber drums

ranging from 10 to 200 pounds. 

Equipment is cleaned after each batch. Approximately 50,000 gallons of cleaning solvents are used

for equipment cleaning each year. Small parts are also cleaned as necessary using an open-top vapor

degreaser. 

Emission Sources

Emission sources for this facility include:

C Mixing (material loading, heat-up surface evaporation);

C Filling losses;

C Cleaning (parts, mixers/tanks);

C Solvent reclamation;

C Material storage;

C Equipment leaks; and

C Spills. 

Emissions

Calculated emissions, the emission estimation method selected, and supporting data for this facility

are summarized in Table 8.3-3. 
8.3-9 EIIP Volume II TABLE 8.3-3 CASE STUDY 8.3-2: THE HOT PINK PAINT COMPANY EMISSIONS SUMMARY Emission Source Emission Estimation Methoda VOC Emissions PM/PM10 Emissions Supporting Data b Mixing VOC: EPA restated emission factor (Equation 8.5-3); PM/PM10: AP-42 emission factor (Equation 8.4-24) 5.6 ton/yr 6.6 ton/yr 500,000 gal produced; solvent 

750,000 lb/yr; total solids = 1,lb Product Filling Loading loss model (Equation 8.4- 1) 34 lb/yr 0 500,000 gal produced; molecu(MW) = 75 lb/lb-mole; vapor p= 0.34 psia; T = 77 EF; S = 1.4

Cleaning Equipment cleaning: loading loss model (Equation 8.4-1) 151 lb/yr 0 Total cleaning solvent = 50,00

cleaning solvent vapor pressurpsia; MW of vapors = 100 lb/lT=77EF Small parts cleaning: AP-42 emission factor (Equation 8.4-24) 0.33 ton/yr 0 One open-top vapor degreaser for parts cleaning; emission fabased on number of cleaning u

Solvent Reclamation AP-42 emission factor (Equation 8.4-19) 396 lb/yr 0 120 tons of solvent are process

annually Material Storage TANKS 1 ton/yr 0 Equipment Leaks SOCMIc average emission factors 6 ton/yr 0 5 valves, 5 pump seals, and 2 connectors; hours of operation = 8,760 hr/y

Spills Material balance (Equation 8.5-6) 400 lb/yr 0 50 gal lost; density of spilled m

8 lb/gal; assume worst case: amaterial evaporates Total 11.4 ton/yr 6.6 ton/yr a Equation numbers refer to those used in Section 4 of this chapter. b Symbols used are defined in Table 8.4-1. c SOCMI = Synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry.
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3.2.3 MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATIONS

Calculating emissions from a paint or ink manufacturing facility using material balance appears

to represent a straightforward approach to emissions estimations. However, few facilities track

material usage and waste generation with the overall accuracy needed for application of this

method, and inaccuracies associated with individual material tracking or other activities inherent

to each material handling step often accumulate into large deviations. Because emissions from

specific materials are typically below 1.5 percent of gross consumption, an error of only

±5.0 percent in any one step of the operation can significantly skew emissions calculations. 

Potential sources of error in the material balance calculation method include the following:

C The delivery of bulk raw materials at a paint or ink manufacturing facility is

often tracked by volume, not by weight. Since density will vary with

temperatures, the actual mass per unit volume of materials delivered in the

summer may be less than that received in the winter.

C Raw materials received by paint or ink manufacturing facilities may potentially be

used in hundreds or thousands of finished products. In 

order to complete the material balance, it is crucial that the exact quantity

and speciation of each material shipped off-site in the product be known. 

For many facilities, it is extremely difficult, or currently impossible, to 

accurately track the distribution of specific raw materials across their entire 

product line.

C The amount of raw material contained in waste must also be considered. This may

involve precise analysis of the concentration of the material of interest in each

waste stream.

C Batch production of paint or ink often requires the manual addition of raw

materials. Sometimes these additions are not accurately measured or recorded

(NPCA, 1995).

3.2.4 TEST DATA

Use of stack and/or industrial hygiene test data is likely to be the most accurate method of

quantifying air emissions from paint and ink manufacturing operations. However, collection and

analysis of air samples from manufacturing facilities can be very expensive and especially

complicated for paint and ink manufacturing facilities where a variety of VOCs are emitted and

where most of the emissions may be fugitive in nature. Test data from one specific process may

not be representative of the entire manufacturing operation and may provide only one example (a

snapshot) of the facility's emissions.

To be representative, test data would need to be collected over a period of time that covers

production of multiple paint and ink formulations. It may be necessary to sample multiple
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production areas. In addition, these methods do not address fugitive emissions that occur outside

of a building. If testing is performed, care should be taken to ensure that a representative

operational cycle has been selected. If possible, full cycles should be monitored as opposed to

portions of cycles.
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EIIP Volume II 8.4-1

4

PREFERRED METHODS FOR 

ESTIMATING EMISSIONS

The preferred methods for estimating VOC and PM emissions from paint and ink manufacturing

operations are presented in this section. This section describes these methodologies and provides

examples to illustrate the use of each calculation technique. Although the methods identified in

this section are the preferred methods and the methods in Section 5 are alternative methods, the

inventory preparer should determine which method is the most appropriate for each situation. For

certain source types (e.g., material storage or storage tank emissions), the reader is referred to

other chapters in Volume II for details on using the suggested methodology.

Table 8.4-1 lists the variables used in Equations 8.4-1 through 8.4-27.

4.1 EMISSION CALCULATION USING SOURCE-SPECIFIC EMISSION

MODELS/EQUATIONS

Use of source-specific emission models/equations is the preferred technique for estimating VOC

emissions from:

C Mixing operations (material loading, heat-up losses, and surface evaporation);

C Product filling;

C Vessel cleaning operations;

C Wastewater treatment processes;

C Material storage; and 

C Spills. 
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8.4-2 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.4-1

LIST OF VARIABLES AND SYMBOLS

Variable Symbol Units

Total VOC Emissions EVOC lb/yr

Saturation Factor S dimensionless

Vapor Pressure of the Material Loaded P pounds per square inch

absolute (psia)

Vapor Molecular Weight M lb/lb-mole

Volume of Material Loaded Q 1,000 gal/yr

Temperature T ER

Partial Vapor Pressure of VOC Species x Px psia

Liquid Mole Fraction of VOC Species x mx mole/mole

True Vapor Pressure of VOC Species x VPx psia

Henry's Law Constant for VOC Species x Hx psia

Liquid Mass Fraction of VOC Species x zxlb/lb

Molecular Weight of VOC Species x Mxlb/lb-mole

Vapor Mole Fraction of VOC Species x yx mole/mole

Loading Emissions of VOC or PM/PM10

Species x

Exlb/yr

Vapor Mass Fraction of VOC Species x xxlb/lb

Initial Partial Pressure of VOC Species x (Px)T1 psia

Final Partial Pressure of VOC Species x (Px)T2 psia

Number of Pound-Moles of Gas Displaced )n lb-moles/cycle

Vapor Molecular Weight, average Malb/lb-mole

Number of Cycles/Year CYC cycles/yr
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EIIP Volume II 8.4-3

TABLE 8.4-1

(CONTINUED)

Variable Symbol Units

Volume of Free Space in Vessel V ft3

Universal Gas Constant at 1 Atmosphere of

Pressure

R 10.73 psia " ft3/lb-mole "

ER

Initial Gas Pressure in Vessel Pa1 psia

Final Gas Pressure in Vessel Pa2 psia

Initial Temperature of Vessel T1 ER

Final Temperature of Vessel T2 ER

Molecular Weight of Liquid Mixture Mllb/lb-mole

Gas-phase Mass Transfer Coefficient for VOC

Species x

Kxft/sec

Surface Area (of Spill or Tank) A ft2

Duration of Spill HR hr/event

Wind Speed U mile/hr

Diffusion Coefficient for VOC Species x in Air Dxft2/sec

Batch Time H hr/batch

Number of Batches per Year B batches/yr

VOC Emission Factor EFVOC various

Amount of VOC in Spent Solvent Processed QVOC ton/yr

Concentration of VOC or PM/PM10 Species x in

Solvent or Pigment x, Respectively

Cx mass %

Mass Percent of Species x in Total Mixture Xx mass %
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8.4-4 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.4-1

(CONTINUED)

Variable Symbol Units

Volume Percent of Species x in Total Mixture Yx volume %

Number of Species in Total Mixture n number

Operating Hours OH hr/yr

Number of Cleaning Units in Use NU cleaning units

PM/PM10 Emissions EPM lb/yr

PM/PM10 Emission Factor EFPM lb/ton

Amount of Pigment Containing Species x Used

by the Facility

Qxlb/yr, ton/yr

These models are discussed with examples given below. For additional guidance on estimating

emissions from wastewater collection and treatment, see Chapter 5 of this volume. See also

Chapter 1 of this volume for additional guidance on material storage.

It is not recommended that paint and ink manufacturing facilities apply these models to each of

the hundreds or even thousands of different formulations. Rather, formulations should be

grouped based on composition and production rate, and a representative recipe and composition

should be defined for each group. The emission calculations are then performed for each of the

group representatives. In general, there are no specific guidelines for defining product groups

except that the number of product groups chosen should be manageable (on the order of 15 to

20), and each product group composition should be fairly characteristic of its components (Fisher

et al., 1993).

4.1.1 EMISSION MODEL FOR MATERIAL LOADING

VOC emissions resulting from the addition of materials to mixers, grinding equipment, and

thindown tanks may be calculated using a loading loss equation (which is presented in Section 5.2

of AP-42; EPA, 1995c). This equation, shown below as Equation 8.4-1, is related to tank car or

tank truck loading, but can be applied to any tank or vessel loading (NPCA, 1995). This equation

may also be applied to estimate product filling losses.
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EIIP Volume II 8.4-5

EVOC ' 12.46 (

S ( P ( M ( Q

T

(8.4-1)

P ' EPx

(8.4-2)

Px' mx( VPx

(8.4-3)

where:

EVOC = Total VOC loading emissions (lb/yr);

S = Saturation factor (dimensionless; see Table 5.2-1 in AP-42);

P = Vapor pressure of the material loaded at temperature T (psia);

M = Vapor molecular weight (lb/lb-mole);

Q = Volume of material loaded (1,000 gal/yr); and

T = Temperature (ER).

Calculation of VOC emissions using Equation 8.4-1 is based on the following assumptions:

C The vapors displaced from the process vessel are identical to the vapors from the

materials being loaded;

C The volume of vapor displaced is equal to the volume of material loaded into the

vessel;

C The vapor within the headspace of the vessel is saturated at room temperature and

remains at room temperature during loading; and

C All solvent additions are coincident at a constant temperature (in reality, solvent

additions may be phased) (Fisher et al., 1993).

If multiple solvents are used, the vapor pressure (P) will need to be calculated using Equation 8.4-

2:

where:

P = Vapor pressure of material loaded (psia);

Px = Partial pressure of VOC species x (psia).

Px may be calculated using Raoult's Law (for ideal solutions) or using Henry's Law constants

(when gases are dissolved at low concentrations in water). Raoult's Law is given in Equation 8.4-

3:
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8.4-6 EIIP Volume II

Px' mx( Hx

(8.4-4)

mx'

z

x

/Mx

E(z

x

/Mx)

(8.4-5)

where:

Px = Partial vapor pressure of VOC species x (psia);

mx = Liquid mole fraction of VOC species x (mole/mole); and

VPx = True vapor pressure of VOC species x (psia).

Px may be calculated using Henry's Law constants and Equation 8.4-4:

where:

Px = Partial vapor pressure of VOC species x (psia);

mx = Liquid mole fraction of VOC species x (mole/mole); and

Hx = Henry's Law constant for VOC species x.

The liquid mole fraction of VOC species x (mx) may be calculated if the liquid weight fractions of

all species are known. Equation 8.4-5 is used:

where:

mx = Liquid mole fraction of VOC species x (mole/mole);

zx = Liquid mass fraction of VOC species x (lb/lb); and

Mx = Molecular weight of VOC species x (lb/lb-mole).
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EIIP Volume II 8.4-7

M ' E(yx( Mx) (8.4-6)

yx'

Px

P

(8.4-7)

Ex' EVOC( xx

(8.4-8)

The vapor molecular weight (M) will also need to be calculated if multiple solvents are used for a

single cleaning event. Equation 8.4-6 may be used:

where:

M = Vapor molecular weight (lb/lb-mole);

yx = Vapor mole fraction of VOC species x (mole/mole); and

Mx = Molecular weight of VOC species x (lb/lb-mole).

The vapor mole fraction (yx) is calculated using Equation 8.4-7:

where:

yx = Vapor mole fraction of VOC species x (mole/mole); 

Px = Partial pressure of VOC species x (calculated using Equation 8.4-3 or 8.4-

4) (psia); and

P = Vapor pressure of the material loaded (calculated using Equation 8.4-2).

Speciated VOC emissions are calculated using Equation 8.4-8:

where:

Ex = Loading emissions of VOC species x (lb/yr);

EVOC = Total VOC loading emissions, calculated using Equation 8.4-1 (lb/yr); and

xx = Vapor mass fraction of VOC species x (lb/lb).
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xx'

yx( Mx

M

(8.4-9)

Example 8.4-1

A mixing vessel is cleaned with a solvent mixture at the end of each day. The following

data are given:

C The yearly consumption of the solvent mixture (Q) is 600,000 gal;

C The cleaning solvent is a 50/50 mixture (by weight) of toluene and heptane;

C The solvent mixture is splash loaded into the vessel (S = 1.45); and

C The temperature of the solvent is 77EF or 537ER 

(ER = EF + 460).

The vapor mass fraction of VOC species x (xx) is calculated using Equation 8.4-9:

where:

xx = Vapor mass fraction of VOC species x (lb/lb);

yx = Vapor mole fraction of VOC species x, calculated using Equation 8.4-7

(mole/mole);

Mx = Molecular weight of VOC species x (lb/lb-mole); and

M = Vapor molecular weight, calculated using Equation 8.4-6 (lb/lb-mole).

Example 8.4-1 illustrates the use of the loading equation (Equation 8.4-1) and the supplemental

equations (Equations 8.4-2 through 8.4-9).
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Emissions are calculated by following Steps 1 through 8 below.

Step 1: Apply Equation 8.4-5 - Calculation of Liquid Mole Fraction (mx)

Component

Liquid Mass

Fraction, zx

 (lb of x/lb of

liquid)

Molecular

Weight, Mx

(lb of x/lb-mole 

of x)

Liquid Mole Fraction, mx

(mole of x/mole of liquid)

Toluene 0.50 92 zx

/Mx = (0.5 / 92) G(zx/Mx) 

[(0.5/92) + (0.5/100)]

 = 0.52

Heptane 0.50 100 zx

/Mx = (0.5 / 100) 

G(zx/Mx) [(0.5/92) + (0.5/100)]

 = 0.48

Step 2: Apply Equation 8.4-3 - Calculation of Partial Vapor Pressure (Px)

Component

Liquid Mole

Fraction, mx

(mole of x/mole 

of liquid)

Vapor

Pressure, VPx

(psia)

Partial Vapor 

Pressure, Px (psia)

Toluene 0.52 0.58 mx * VPx = 0.52 * 0.58

 = 0.30

Heptane 0.48 0.90 mx * VPx = 0.48 * 0.90

 = 0.43
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-10 EIIP Volume II

Step 3: Apply Equation 8.4-2 - Calculation of Vapor Pressure (P)

P = GPx

= 0.30 + 0.43

= 0.73 psia

Step 4: Apply Equation 8.4-7 - Calculation of Vapor Mole Fraction (yx)

Component

Partial Vapor

Pressure, Px

(psia)

Total Vapor

Pressure, P

(psia)

Vapor Mole 

Fraction, yx

(mole of x/mole 

of vapor)

Toluene 0.30 0.73 Px

 = 0.30

P 0.73

 = 0.41

Heptane 0.43 0.73 Px = 0.43

P 0.73

 = 0.59

Step 5: Apply Equation 8.4-6 - Calculation of Vapor Molecular Weight (M)

M = G(yx * Mx)

= (0.41 * 92) + (0.59 * 100)

= 97 lb/lb-mole
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.4-11

EVOC = 12.46 (

S ( P ( M ( Q

T

= 12.46 (

1.45 ( 0.73 ( 97 ( 600

537

= 1,429 lb VOCs/yr

Step 6: Apply Equation 8.4-9 - Calculation of Vapor Mass Fraction (xx)

Component

Vapor Mole

Fraction, yx

(mole of x/mole

of vapor)

Molecular Weight,

Mx

(lb of x/lb-mole 

of x)

Vapor Molecular

Weight, M

(lb of vapor/lbmole of vapor)

Vapor Mass

Fraction, xx

(lb of x/lb of

vapor)

Toluene 0.41 92 97 yx

 * Mx = 0.41 * 92

 M 97

 = 0.39

Heptane 0.59 100 97 yx * Mx = 0.59 * 100

 M 97

 = 0.61

Step 7: Apply Equation 8.4-1 - Calculate Total VOC Emissions (EVOC)

Step 8: Apply Equation 8.4-8 - Calculate Speciated VOC Emissions (Ex)

Component

VOC

Emissions,EVOC

(lb VOCs)

Vapor Mass Fraction,

xx

(lb of x/lb of VOCs)

Speciated VOC

Emissions, Ex (lb x)

Toluene 1,429 0.39 EVOC * xx = 1,429*0.39

 = 557

Heptane 1,429 0.61 EVOC * xx = 1,429 * 0.61

 = 872
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-12 EIIP Volume II

EVOC '

G (Px)

T1

14.7 & G (Px)

T1

%

G (Px)

T2

14.7 & G (Px)

T2

2

( ) n ( Ma( CYC

(8.4-10)

4.1.2 HEAT-UP LOSSES

Heat-up losses that occur during the operation of high-speed dispersers, bead and ball mills, and

similar types of dispersing equipment may be estimated by application of the Ideal Gas Law and

vapor-liquid equilibria principles. Emissions are calculated using the following assumptions:

C Covers are closed during operation, but it is possible for vapors to be vented

during operation;

C No material is added during heat-up;

C The displaced gas is always saturated with VOC vapor in equilibrium with the

liquid mixture;

C The moles of gas displaced from the vessel result from the expansion of gases

during heat-up and an increase in VOC vapor pressure; and

C The vapor pressure of the mixers never rises above 1 atmosphere 4 (Fisher et al.,

1993).

The equation for calculating these emissions is based on equations found in Control of Volatile

Organic Compound Emissions from Batch Processes and is shown in Equation 8.4-10

(EPA, 1994c):

where:

EVOC = VOC emissions from material heat-up in the process equipment (lb/yr);

(Px)T1 = Initial partial pressure of each VOC species x in the vessel headspace at

the initial temperature T1 (psia); see Equations 8.4-3 and 8.4-4;

(Px)T2 = Final partial pressure of each VOC species x in the vessel headspace at the

final temperature T2 (psia); see Equations 8.4-3 and 8.4-4;

)n = Number of pound-moles of gas displaced (lb-mole/cycle);

Ma = Average vapor molecular weight (lb/lb-mole); and

CYC = Number of cycles per year (cycles/yr).
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.4-13

)n '

V

R

(

Pa1

T1

&

Pa2

T2

(8.4-11)

Pa1' 14.7 & G(Px)

T1 (8.4-12)

Pa2' 14.7 & G(Px)

T2 (8.4-13)

The term )n may be calculated using Equation 8.4-11:

Where:

)n = Number of pound-moles of gas displaced (lb-mole/cycle);

V = Volume of free space in the vessel (ft3);

R = Universal gas constant at 1 atmosphere of pressure, 

10.73 psia " ft3/lb-mole " ER

Pa1 = Initial gas pressure in vessel (psia);

Pa2 = Final gas pressure in vessel (psia);

T1 = Initial temperature of vessel (ER); and

T2 = Final temperature of vessel (ER).

Pa1 and Pa2 may be calculated using Equations 8.4-12 and 8.4-13:

where:

Pa1 = Initial gas pressure in vessel (psia);

Pa2 = Final gas pressure in vessel (psia);

(Px)T1 = Partial pressure of each VOCx in the vessel headspace (psia) at the initial

temperature T1; see Equations 8.4-3 and 8.4-4;

(Px)T2 = Partial pressure of each VOCx in the vessel headspace (psia) at the final

temperature T2; see Equations 8.4-3 and 8.4-4.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-14 EIIP Volume II

Ex'

(Px)

T1

14.7 & (Px)

T1

%

(Px)

T2

14.7 & (Px)

T2

2

( ) n ( Ma( CYC

(8.4-14)

Speciated VOC emissions would be calculated using a modified version of Equation 8.4-10 as

shown in Equation 8.4-14:

where:

Ex = VOC species x emissions from material heat-up in the process equipment

(lb/yr);

(Px)T1 = Partial pressure of VOC species x in the vessel headspace at the initial

temperature T1 (psia); see Equations 8.4-3 and 8.4-4;

(Px)T2 = Partial pressure of VOC species x in the vessel headspace at the final

temperature T2 (psia); see Equations 8.4-3 and 8.4-4;

)n = Number of pound-moles of gas displaced (lb-mole/cycle); see

Equation 8.4-11;

Ma = Average vapor molecular weight (lb/lb-mole); and

CYC = Number of cycles/year.

Example 8.4-2 illustrates the use of Equations 8.4-10 through 8.4-13. Emissions are calculated

by following Steps 1 through 6 presented on the next few pages.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.4-15

Example 8.4-2

This example shows how heat-up losses from a disperser are calculated using

Equations 8.4-10 through 8.4-13. Supporting equations from Section 4.1.1

(Equations 8.4-3 and 8.4-5) are also used in this example.

A 3,000-gallon, high-speed disperser contains 2,000 gallons of paint. The following

data are given:

C The paint consists of 30 percent by weight toluene, 20 percent by 

weight methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and 50 percent by weight pigments and

nonvolatile resins;

C The initial temperature (T1) of the mixture is 77EF or 537ER (ER = 

EF + 460);

C The final temperature (T2) is 105EF (565ER);

C The approximate molecular weight (M) of the paint mixture is 

85 lb/lb-mole;

C The average vapor molecular weight (Ma) is 77 lb/lb-mole (calculated using

Equation 8.4-6); and

C The mixer goes through the given temperature cycle with this paint

formulation 25 times/yr (CYC).

C The volume of free space in the vessel is 3,000 - 2,000 gal = 1,000 gal or

133.68 ft3.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-16 EIIP Volume II

mx'

z

x

/Mx

E (z

x

/Mx)

'

z

x

/Mx

1/Ml

Step 1: Apply Equation 8.4-5, Calculation of Liquid Mole Fraction (mx)

Component x

Liquid Mass Fraction, zx

(lb of x/lb 

of liquid)

Molecular Weight, Mx

(lb of x/lb-mole of x)

Liquid Mole Fraction, mx

 (mole of x/mole of liquid)

Toluene 0.3 92 zx/Mx = 0.3/92

G(zx/Mx) 1/85a

= 0.28

MEK 0.2 72 zx

/Mx = 0.2/72

G(zx/Mx) 1/85a

= 0.24

a

 If the molecular weight of the mixture is known, the following expression can be used:

where:

Ml = Molecular weight of the liquid mixture, and all other terms are defined as

in Equation 8.4-5.

Step 2: Apply Equation 8.4-3, Calculation of Partial Vapor Pressure at Initial

Temperature [(Px)T1]

Component x

Liquid Mole Fraction, mx

(mole of x/mole of liquid)

Vapor Pressure,

VPx

@ 77EF

(psia)

Partial Pressure at T1,

(Px)T1 (psia)

Toluene 0.28 0.58 mx * VPx = 0.28 * 0.58

 = 0.16

MEK 0.24 1.93 mx * VPx = 0.24 * 1.93

 = 0.46
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.4-17

) n '

V

R

(

Pa1

T1

-

Pa2

T2

'

133.68

10.73

(

14.1

537

-

13.5

565

' 0.03 lb-moles/CYC

Step 3: Apply Equation 8.4-3, Calculation of Partial Pressure at Final Temperature

[(Px)T2]

Component x

Liquid Mole

Fraction, mx

(mole/mole)

Vapor Pressure,

VPx

@ 105EF

(psia)

Partial Pressure at T2, (Px)T2

(psia)

Toluene 0.28 1.16 mx * VPx = 0.28 * 1.16

= 0.32

MEK 0.24 3.75 mx * VPx = 0.24 * 3.75

= 0.90

Step 4: Apply Equations 8.4-12 and 8.4-13, Calculation of Initial Pressure (Pa1) and Final

Pressure (Pa2)

Pa1 = 14.7 - E(Px)T1

= 14.7 - (0.16 + 0.46)

= 14.1 psia

Pa2 = 14.7 - E(Px)T2

= 14.7 - (0.32 + 0.90)

= 13.5 psia

Step 5: Apply Equation 8.4-11, Calculation of lb-moles Gas Displaced ()n)

The volume of free space in the vessel (V) is 3,000 gal - 2,000 gal = 1,000 gal or 133.68 ft3.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-18 EIIP Volume II

EVOC '

G (Px)

T1

14.7 & E (Px)

T1

%

G (Px)

T2

14.7 & E (Px)

T2

2

( ) n ( M ( CYC

'

(0.16 % 0.46)

14.7 & (0.16 % 0.46)

%

(0.32 % 0.90)

14.7 & (0.32 % 0.90)

2

( 0.03 ( 77 ( 25

' 3.9 lb VOCs/yr

EVOC '

(Px)

T1

14.7 & (Px)

T1

%

(Px)

T2

14.7 & (Px)

T2

2

( ) n ( M ( CYC

'

(0.16 % 0.46)

14.7 & (0.16 % 0.46)

%

(0.32 % 0.90)

14.7 & (0.32 % 0.90)

2

( 0.03 ( 77 ( 25

' 0.96 lb toluene/yr

Ex'

Mx( Kx( A ( Px( 3600 ( HR

R ( T

(8.4-15)

Step 6: Apply Equation 8.4-10, Calculation of Total VOC Emissions (EVOC)

Step 7: Apply Equation 8.4-14, Calculation of Toluene Emissions (EVOC)

4.1.3 EMISSION MODEL FOR SPILLS

A vaporization model developed by Clements can be used to estimate the evaporation rate of a

liquid chemical spill if the size (area) of the spill is known or can be estimated. This is a simple

model, but other available spill models are more complex and may require more input data (EPA,

1987). Equation 8.4-15, used for the simple model, is as follows:
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

a The partial pressure of VOC species x (Px

) may be calculated using Equation 8.4-3 or Equation

8.4-4. 

EIIP Volume II 8.4-19

Kx' 0.00438 ( U

0.78 (

Dx

3.1×10&4

2/3

(8.4-16)

Kx' 0.00438 ( U

0.78 (

18

Mx

1/3

(8.4-17)

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x from the spill (lb/event);

Mx = Molecular weight of VOC species x (lb/lb-mole);

Kx = Gas-phase mass transfer coefficient for VOC species x (ft/sec);

A = Surface area of spill (ft2);

Px = Partial pressure of VOC species x (if a pure chemical is spilled) or the

partial pressure of chemical x (if a mixture of VOCs is spilled) at

temperature T (psia)a;

3600 = 3600 sec/hr;

HR = Duration of spill (hr/event); 

R = Universal gas constant at 1 atmosphere of pressure, 

10.73 psia " ft3/lb-mole " ER; and

T = Temperature of the liquid spilled, ER.

The gas-phase mass transfer coefficient (Kx) may be calculated using Equation 8.4-16:

where:

Kx = Gas-phase mass transfer coefficient for VOC species x (ft/sec);

U = Wind speed (mile/hr);

Dx = Diffusion coefficient for VOC species x in air (ft2/sec)

Diffusion coefficients (Dx) can be found in chemical handbooks and are usually expressed in units

of square centimeters per second (cm2/sec). If a diffusion coefficient is not available for a

particular chemical, the gas-phase mass transfer coefficient (Kx) may be estimated using

Equation 8.4-17:
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-20 EIIP Volume II

Example 8.4-3

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is spilled onto the ground outside of a building. The

following data are given:

C The spill is not detected for 1 hour; it takes an additional 2 hours to

recover the remaining MEK; the duration of the spill (HR), therefore,

is 3 hours.

C The average wind speed (U) is 8 mile/hr.

C The ambient temperature (T) is 77EF or 537ER (ER = EF +460).

C The surface area of the spill (A) is 100 ft2.

C The molecular weight of MEK (Mx) is 72 lb/lb-mole.

C The partial pressure of MEK (Px) at 77EF is approximately 1.93 psia.

where:

Kx = Gas-phase mass transfer coefficient for VOC species x (ft/sec);

U = Wind speed (mile/hr); and

Mx = Molecular weight of VOC species x (lb/lb-mole).

Example 8.4-3 illustrates the use of these equations.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.4-21

Kx= 0.00438 ( U

0.78 (

18

Mx

1/3

= 0.00438 ( 8

0.78 (

18

72

1/3

= 0.01397 ft/sec

Ex=

Mx( Kx( A ( Px( 3600 ( HR

R ( T

=

72 ( 0.01397 ( 100 ( 1.93 ( 3600 ( 3

10.73 ( 537

= 364 lb MEK/spill

Ex'

Mx( Kx( A ( Px( 3600 ( H

R ( T

( B (8.4-18)

Step 1: Using Equation 8.4-17, calculate the Gas-phase Mass Transfer Coefficient (Kx)

Step 2: Using Equation 8.4-15, calculate Emissions (Ex)

4.1.4 EMISSIONS MODEL FOR SURFACE EVAPORATION

Emissions from surface evaporation during paint and ink mixing operations can be estimated using

Equation 8.4-18, which is based on the Clements vaporization model.

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x (lb/yr);

Mx = Molecular weight of VOC species x (lb/lb-mole);

Kx = Gas-phase mass transfer coefficient for VOC species x (ft/sec);

A = Surface area of tank (ft2);
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

a The partial pressure of VOC species x (Px

) may be calculated using Equation 8.4-3 or Equation

8.4-4. 

8.4-22 EIIP Volume II

Example 8.4-4

This example estimates emissions from a mixing operation due to surface evaporation. The

following data are given:

C The batch time (H) is 4 hours.

C The number of batches per year (B) is 550.

C The average wind speed (U) is 0.1 miles/hr.

C The ambient temperature (T) is 77EF or 537ER (ER = EF +460).

C The surface area of the mixing tank (A) is 80 ft2.

C The molecular weight of toluene (Mx) is 92 lb/lb-mole.

C The partial vapor pressure of toluene (Px) at 77EF is approximately

0.58 psia.

Px = Vapor pressure of VOC x (if a pure chemical is used) or the partial

pressure of chemical x (if a mixture of VOCs is used) at temperature T

(psia)a;

3600 = 3600 sec/hr;

H = Batch time (hr/batch);

R = Universal gas constant at 1 atmosphere of pressure,

10.73 psia " ft3/lb mole " ER; 

T = Temperature of the liquid, ER; and

B = Number of batches per year (batches/yr).

Equations 8.4-16 or 8.4-17 can be used to estimate Kx. Total VOC emissions would equal the

sum of all VOC species emissions.

Example 8.4-4 illustrates the use of Equation 8.4-18. 
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.4-23

Kx= 0.00438 ( U

0.78 (

18

Mx

1/3

= 0.00438 ( 0.1

0.78 (

18

92

1/3

= 0.000422 ft/sec

Ex=

Mx( Kx( A ( Px( 3600 ( H

R ( T

( B

=

92 ( 0.000422 ( 80 ( 0.58 ( 3600 ( 4

10.73 ( 537

( 550

= 2,476 lb toluene/yr

Step 1: Using Equation 8.4-17, calculate the Gas-phase Mass Transfer Coefficient (Kx)

Step 2: Using Equation 8.4-15, calculate Emissions (Ex)

4.1.5 EMISSION MODEL FOR LIQUID MATERIAL STORAGE

The preferred method for calculating emissions from storage tanks is the use of equations

presented in AP-42. EPA has developed a software package (TANKS) for calculating these types

of emissions. The reader is referred to Chapter 1 of this volume, Introduction to Stationary Point

Source Emissions Inventory Development, for more information on using the TANKS program. 

Additionally, the reader should consult their state agency and/or the EPA's Clearinghouse for

Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) bulletin board system (BBS) or website for the most

recent version of TANKS.

4.1.6 EMISSION MODEL FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT 

VOC emissions from a wastewater treatment system may be estimated using equations presented

in Air Emissions Models for Waste and Wastewater (EPA, 1994a), and Chapter 5, Preferred and

Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Wastewater Collection and Treatment

Facilities, of this volume. These documents, as well as models such as WATER8 and

CHEMDAT8, are available on the EPA's CHIEF website.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-24 EIIP Volume II

EVOC ' EFVOC( QVOC (8.4-19)

4.2 EMISSION CALCULATION USING EMISSION FACTORS

Emission factors are commonly used to calculate emissions from paint and ink manufacturing

facilities. EPA maintains a compilation of approved emission factors in AP-42 for criteria

pollutants and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Emission factors for equipment leaks may be

found in Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates (EPA, 1995g). Chapter 4 of this

volume discusses emission estimates from equipment leaks. 

The most comprehensive source for toxic air pollutant emission factors is the Factor Information

and Retrieval (FIRE) data system, which also contains criteria pollutant emission factors

(EPA, 1995h). 

Currently, emission factors are the preferred method for estimating VOC emissions from the

following types of sources found in a paint and ink manufacturing facility:

C Solvent reclamation systems;

C Parts washing equipment; and

C Process piping.

Emission factors are also the preferred method for estimating PM/PM10 emissions from paint and

ink manufacturing facilities.

VOC emission factors are also available in AP-42 for calculating total plant emissions and mixing

operation emissions from a paint manufacturing facility and for vehicle cooking and pigment

mixing emissions from an ink manufacturing facility. These emission factors are discussed further

in Sections 5.1.1 through 5.1.3.

4.2.1 TOTAL AND SPECIATED VOC EMISSIONS FROM SOLVENT RECLAMATION

VOC emissions from the loading and operation of a distillation device may be calculated using

emission factors (EPA, 1995d). AP-42 also presents factors for spills and the storage of materials

associated with the solvent reclamation process; however, the preferred emission estimation

technique for these sources is the use of models discussed previously in this section.

To calculate total VOCs from loading or operation of the distillation device, use Equation 8.4-19:
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.4-25

Ex' EVOC( Cx/100 (8.4-20)

Xx' Yx(

Mx

M

( 100 (8.4-21)

where:

EVOC = VOC emissions from loading or operation of the distillation device (lb/yr);

EFVOC = VOC emission factor for loading of the distillation device or for the

distillation column condenser vent (lb VOCs emitted/ton VOCs processed);

and

QVOC = Amount of VOC in spent solvent processed through the distillation device

(ton/yr). 

Speciated VOC emissions are then calculated using Equation 8.4-20:

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x from loading or operation of the distillation

device (lb/yr);

EVOC = VOC emissions from loading or operation of the distillation device,

calculated using Equation 8.4-20 (lb/yr); and

Cx = Concentration of VOC species x in the solvent processed through the

distillation system (mass %).

Example 8.4-5 illustrates the use of Equations 8.4-19 and 8.4-20.

If the species x concentration is provided on a volume basis, the volume percent will need to be

converted to mass percent. If molecular weight of the total mixture is known, the volume percent

of species x in the total mixture can be converted to mass percent using Equation 8.4-21:

where:

Xx = Mass percent of species x in total mixture;

Yx = Volume percent of species x in total mixture;

Mx = Molecular weight of species x; and

M = Molecular weight of total mixture.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-26 EIIP Volume II

M ' j

n

x'1

Yx

100

( Mx

(8.4-22)

Example 8.4-5

First, total VOC emissions from operation of a distillation device may be calculated using

an emission factor from AP-42, Table 4.7-1 and Equation 8.4-19.

EFVOC = 3.30 lb VOCs/ton solvent processed

QVOC = 5 tons spent solvent processed/yr

EVOC = EFVOC * QVOC 

= 3.30 * 5

= 16.5 lb VOCs emitted/yr

Next, total VOC emissions are speciated using the concentration of VOC species x

(mass %) and Equation 8.4-20.

EVOC = 16.5 lb VOCs/yr (calculated above);

Cx = 99% toluene in spent solvent

Ex = EVOC * Cx/100

= 16.5 * 99/100

= 16.3 lb toluene emitted/yr

If molecular weight of the total mixture is not known, the volume percent can be converted to

mass percent using Equation 8.4-22:

where:

M = Molecular weight of total mixture;

n = Number of species in total mixture;

Yx = Volume percent of species x in total mixture; and

Mx = Molecular weight of species x.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

a Certain halogenated solvents that are widely used for solvent cleaning (e.g.,

1,1,1-trichloroethane) have been categorized as "VOC-exempt" by various state and federal

regulations. However, the emission factors reported in AP-42 are still applicable for these

solvents (EPA, 1995e).

EIIP Volume II 8.4-27

EVOC ' EFVOC( A ( OH (8.4-23)

EVOC ' EFVOC( NU ( 2000 (8.4-24)

4.2.2 VOC EMISSIONS FROM PARTS CLEANING

VOC emission factors for parts cleaning in cold cleaners, open-top vapor degreasers, or

conveyorized degreasers are presented in AP-42. Emission factors for cold cleaners and vapor

degreasers are in units of tons VOC/yr/unit or lb VOC/hr/ft2. Emission factors for vapor and

nonboiling conveyorized degreasers are presented only in units of ton VOC/yr/unit. If using

emission factors based on the surface area of the exposed solvent, use Equation 8.4-23.

where:

EVOC = VOC emissions from a cold cleaner or open-top vapor degreaser, (lb/yr);

EFVOC

a = VOC emission factor for cold cleaners or open-top vapor degreasers

(lb/hr/ft2);

A = Surface area of solvent exposed to the atmosphere (ft2); and

OH = Hours per year that the cold cleaner or vapor degreaser is in operation

(hr/yr). 

If using emission factors based on the number of cleaning units, use Equation 8.4-24.

where:

EVOC = VOC emissions from a cold cleaner, an open-top vapor degreaser, or a

conveyorized degreaser (lb/yr);

EFVOC = VOC emission factor for cold cleaners, open-top vapor degreasers, or

conveyorized degreasers (ton/yr/unit);

NU = Number of cleaning units in use (units); and

2000 = 2,000 lb/ton.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-28 EIIP Volume II

Ex' EFVOC( Cx/100 (8.4-25)

Example 8.4-6

This example shows how total and speciated VOC emissions from a cold 

cleaner may be calculated using Equations 8.4-23 and 8.4-25 and an emission 

factor (from AP-42, Table 4.6-2) that is based on the surface area of the 

exposed solvent. First, total VOC emissions are calculated using 

Equation 8.4-23.

EFVOC = 0.08 lb/hr/ft2

A = 5.25 ft2

OH = 3,000 hr/yr

EVOC = EFVOC * A * OH

= 0.08 * 5.25 * 3,000

= 1,260 lb VOC/yr

Next, total VOC emissions are speciated using the concentration of VOC 

species x (mass %) and Equation 8.4-25.

EVOC = 1,260 lb VOCs/yr (calculated above)

Cx = 99% trichloroethylene in cleaning solvent

Ex = EFVOC * Cx/100

= 1,260 * 99/100

= 1,247 lb trichloroethylene/yr

Speciated VOC emissions from parts cleaning may be calculated using Equation 8.4-25:

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x from parts cleaning (lb/yr);

EVOC = VOC emissions calculated using Equation 8.4-22 or 8.4-23 (lb/yr); and

Cx = Concentration of VOC species x in cleaning solvent (mass %).

Examples 8.4-6 and 8.4-7 show the application of Equations 8.4-23, 8.4-24, and 8.4-25.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.4-29

Example 8.4-7

This example shows how total VOC emissions are calculated from several cold

cleaners using Equation 8.4-24 and an emission factor from Table 4-6.2 of AP-42.

EFVOC = 0.33 ton/yr/unit

NU = 5 units

EVOC = EFVOC * NU * 2,000

= 0.33 * 5 * 2,000

= 3,300 lb VOC/yr

EPM ' EFPM( E Qx

(8.4-26)

4.2.3 VOC EMISSIONS FROM EQUIPMENT LEAKS

Emissions from equipment leaks may be calculated using emission factors established by EPA

for the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry (SOCMI). SOCMI average and

screening value range emission factors are available for various types of components

(e.g., valves, pump seals, connectors, open-ended lines). Additionally, EPA has developed

SOCMI correlation equations that can be used if test data are available. Calculation of

emissions from equipment leaks is explained in more detail in Chapter 4 of this volume. 

4.2.4 PM/PM10 EMISSIONS FROM A PAINT OR INK MANUFACTURING FACILITY

AP-42 also presents PM emission factors from paint and ink manufacturing, which are based

on the amount of pigment used by a facility. The AP-42 factor for paint manufacturing is

20 lb PM/ton pigment. The AP-42 factor for pigment mixing at an ink manufacturing facility

is 2 lb PM/ton pigment. To calculate PM emissions using these emission factors, use

Equation 8.4-26.

where:

EPM = Total PM emissions (lb/yr);

EFPM = PM emission factor (lb PM/ton pigment); and

GQx = Total pigment (ton/yr).
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.4-30 EIIP Volume II

Ex' EFPM( Qx( Cx/100 (8.4-27)

Example 8.4-8

This example demonstrates how speciated PM emissions from pigment mixing at an

ink manufacturing facility may be calculated using the consumption-based PM

emission factor from Table 6.7-1 of AP-42 and Equation 8.4-27:

EFPM = 2 lb PM/ton pigment

Qx = 5 tons ZnO/yr

Cx = 80% Zn in ZnO

Ex = EFPM * Qx * Cx/100

= 2 * 5 * 80/100

= 8 lb Zn/yr

PM10 can conservatively be estimated by assuming that all of the PM emitted is PM10.

Speciated PM emissions are calculated using Equation 8.4-27:

where:

Ex = Total emissions of PM species x (lb/yr);

EFPM = PM emission factor from AP-42, Table 6.4-1 or Table 6.7-1 (lb PM/ton

pigment);

Qx = Amount of pigment containing species x used by the facility (ton/yr);

and

Cx = Concentration of PM species x in pigment x (mass %).

Use of Equation 8.4-27 is demonstrated in Example 8.4-8.
EIIP Volume II 8.5-1

EVOC ' EFVOC( Qp

(8.5-1)

5

ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR

ESTIMATING EMISSIONS

Alternative methods for calculating emissions from paint and ink manufacturing facilities are

presented in this section. A list of variables used in Equations 8.5-1 through 8.5-10 is given in

Table 8.5-1. 

5.1 EMISSION CALCULATIONS USING EMISSION FACTORS

Emission factors are commonly used to calculate emissions from paint and ink manufacturing

facilities. EPA maintains a compilation of approved emission factors in AP-42 for criteria

pollutants and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Available emission factors for paint

manufacturing can be found in Section 6.4 of AP-42 and in a technical memorandum from EPA to

the National Paint and Coatings Association (EPA, 1995f). Emission factors for ink

manufacturing can be found in Section 6.7 of AP-42. The National Association of Printing Ink

Manufacturers, Inc. (NAPIM), has also developed ink manufacturing emission factors (NAPIM,

1996). The most comprehensive source for toxic air pollutant emission factors is the Factor

Information and Retrieval (FIRE) data system, which also contains criteria pollutant emission

factors (EPA, 1995h).

5.1.1 TOTAL VOC EMISSIONS FROM PAINT MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

A VOC emission factor can be used for calculating total VOC emissions from paint manufacturing

facilities. The emission factor presented in AP-42 is essentially a loss factor that represents an

emission rate to be applied to a production rate (NPCA, 1995). The VOC emission factor

presented in AP-42 for paint manufacturing is 30 lb total VOCs/ton product (EPA, 1995b). To

calculate total VOCs using this emission factor, see Equation 8.5-1:

where:

EVOC = Total emissions of VOCs from the facility (lb/yr);

EFVOC = VOC emission factor (lb VOCs/ton product); and

Qp = Amount of product produced (ton/yr).
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.5-2 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.5-1

LIST OF VARIABLES AND SYMBOLS

Variable Symbol Units

Total VOC Emissions EVOC lb/yr

VOC Emission Factor EFVOC various

Amount of Product

Produced

Qpton/yr

Emissions of VOC or PM

Species x

Exlb/yr

Amount of VOC Species x

Used by the Facility

Qxlb/yr

Total Amount of Solvents

Used

Qslb/yr

Partial Pressure of VOC

Species x

Px psia

Flow Rate Through Exhaust

Vent

FR ft3/min

Molecular Weight of VOC or

PM Species x

Mxlb/lb-mole

Operating Hours OH hr/yr

Universal Gas Constant at 1

Atmosphere of Pressure

R 10.73 psia " ft3/lb-mole " ER

Temperature of Exhaust Gas T ER

Quantity of VOC or PM

Species x that is Received as

a Raw Material

Qrlb/yr
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.5-3

TABLE 8.5-1

(CONTINUED)

Variable Symbol Units

Quantity of VOC or PM

Species x Shipped Out in

Final Product

Qplb/yr

Quantity of VOC or PM

Species x Recovered by All

Methods

Qrec lb/yr

Quantity of VOC or PM

Species x Contained in All

Waste Generated

Qwlb/yr

Quantity of VOC or PM

Species x Remaining in Raw

Material Inventory

Qxi lb/yr

Concentration of VOC or

PM Species x

Cxt ppmv or ft3/MMft3
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.5-4 EIIP Volume II

Ex' EVOC( Qx/Qs

(8.5-2)

Example 8.5-1

This example shows how total and speciated VOC emissions may be calculated for a paint

manufacturing facility using the production-based VOC emission factor from 

AP-42, Table 6.4-1, and Equations 8.5-1 and 8.5-2.

Given:

EFVOC = 30 lb VOC/ton product

Qp = 1,250 ton of paint/yr

Qxylene = 250,000 lb used by the facility/yr

Qs = 1,500,000 lb solvents used by the facility/yr

Because the VOC emissions calculated in Equation 8.5-1 are plantwide emissions, speciated

emissions can be estimated based on total solvent used. Speciated VOC emissions are calculated

using Equation 8.5-2:

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x from the facility (lb/yr);

EVOC = VOC emissions from the facility, calculated using Equation 8.5-1 (lb/yr);

Qx = Amount of VOC species x used by the facility (lb/yr); and

Qs = Total amount of solvents used by the facility (lb/yr).

With no other information available, one important assumption made in Equation 8.5-2 is that all

solvents evaporate at the same rate. The amount of VOC species x used by a facility (Qx) can be

obtained by reviewing purchase and inventory records and appropriate technical data sheets. 

Purchase and inventory records can be used to estimate the amount of a particular material

consumed. 

The sum of speciated emissions for all VOC components calculated using Equation 8.5-2 cannot

exceed the total VOC emissions calculated in Equation 8.5-1. The use of Equations 8.5-1 and

8.5-2 is demonstrated in Example 8.5-1.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.5-5

Example 8.5-1 (Continued)

Total VOC emissions would be calculated using Equation 8.5-1:

EVOC = EFVOC * Qp

= 30 * 1,250

= 37,500 lb VOCs/yr

The amount of xylenes used by the facility (Qxylene) was estimated by conducting a review of

purchase and inventory records and technical data sheets.

Xylenes emissions would be calculated using Equation 8.5-2:

EVOC = 37,500 lb VOCs emitted/yr

Qxylene = 250,000 lb xylenes used by the facility/yr

Qs = 1,500,000 lb solvents used by the facility/yr

Exylene = EVOC * Qx/GQ

= 37,500 * 250,000/1,500,000

= 6,250 lb xylenes/yr

In addition to the 30 lb VOCs/ton product emission factor, EPA has recently restated the emission

factor for total VOC emissions for overall operations from a paint manufacturing facility based on

the amount of solvent used (EPA, 1995f). Development of the new proposed factor, 0.034 lb

VOCs emitted/lb solvent used, is based on the following information and assumptions:

C The emission estimates used to develop the 30 lb VOCs/ton coating emission

factor appear to be based on the formulation of conventional coatings that were

prevalent in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

C Densities for conventional coatings were typically 10 to 15 lb/gal (an average

density of 12.5 lb/gal was used) during the late 1950s and early 1960s.

C An average solvent content of 5.5 lb VOCs/gal coating was assumed for

conventional coatings (EPA, 1995f).

Use of the proposed factor by facilities that primarily manufacture water-based, low-solvent, or

high-solids coatings should result in more accurate emissions than use of the 30 lb VOCs/ton

coating factor.
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8.5-6 EIIP Volume II

EVOC ' EFVOC( Qs

(8.5-3)

Ex' EFVOC( Qx

(8.5-4)

To calculate total VOCs using this proposed emission factor, use Equation 8.5-3:

where:

EVOC = Total VOC emissions from a facility (lb/yr);

EFVOC = VOC emission factor (lb VOCs/lb solvent used); and

Qs = Total amount of solvents used (lb/yr). 

Speciated emissions are then calculated using Equation 8.5-4:

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x from a facility (lb/yr);

EFVOC = VOC emission factor (lb VOCs/lb solvent used); and

Qx = Amount of VOC species x used by the facility (lb/yr).

The sum of speciated emissions for all VOC components calculated in Equation 8.5-4 cannot

exceed the total VOC emissions calculated in Equation 8.5-3. The use of Equations 8.5-3 

and 8.5-4 is demonstrated in Example 8.5-2.

5.1.2 VOC EMISSIONS FROM PAINT MIXING OPERATIONS

VOC emissions from paint mixing equipment may be calculated using emission factors. AP-42

suggests that "about 1 or 2 percent of solvent is lost even under very well controlled conditions"

(EPA, 1995b). This percentage range can be translated into an emission factor range of 0.01 to

0.02 lb solvent lost/lb solvent used. Review of background information indicates that this

emission factor range applies specifically to paint mixing operations (i.e., operations where

solvents are added as raw materials) (EPA, 1995f).

AP-42 states that the consumption-based emission factor of 0.01 to 0.02 lb VOCs lost/lb solvent

used applies even to facilities that have emission sources that are well controlled. If a facility

contains mixers or other process vessels that are uncovered or otherwise poorly controlled, an

emission factor greater than 0.02 lb solvent lost/lb solvent used may need to be applied (NPCA,

1995).
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.5-7

Example 8.5-2

This example shows how total and speciated VOC emissions may be calculated for a

paint manufacturing facility using the proposed solvent-based VOC emission factor, as

shown in Equation 8.5-3.

EFVOC = 0.034 lb VOCs/lb solvent used

Qs = 350,000 lb solvents used by the facility/yr

EVOC = EFVOC * Qs

= 0.034 * 350,000

= 11,900 lb VOCs/yr

Xylene emissions would be calculated using Equation 8.5-4:

EFVOC = 0.034 lb VOCs/lb solvent

Qx = 15,000 lb xylenes contained in solvents used by the facility/yr

Ex = EFVOC * Qx

= 0.034 * 15,000

= 510 lb xylenes/yr

Ex' EFVOC( Qx

(8.5-5)

Total VOC emissions can also be calculated by summing the speciated VOC emissions. 

Use Equation 8.5-5 for calculating speciated VOC emissions from mixers using the consumptionbased emission factor.

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x from mixing equipment (lb/yr);

EFVOC = VOC emission factor (lb VOCs/lb solvent used); and

Qx = Amount of VOC species x added to mixing equipment as a raw

material (lb/yr).

The amount of VOC species x used in mixing equipment (Qx) refers to the total amount of

VOC species x that is added to mixing equipment as a raw material. Once the solvent is

mixed with other materials, it is no longer considered a raw material. 
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8.5-8 EIIP Volume II

Example 8.5-3

This example shows how speciated VOC emissions from mixing equipment may 

be calculated using Equation 8.5-5 and the emission factor from Section 6.4.1 of

AP-42. This example assumes an average level of VOC control on process 

equipment. Consequently, the average of the range (1 to 2 percent) reported in 

AP-42 is used.

EFVOC = 0.015 lb xylenes emitted/lb xylenes used

Qx = 15,000 lb xylenes added to mixing equipment/yr

Ex = EFVOC * Qx

= 0.015 * 15,000 

= 225 lb xylenes/yr

EVOC ' EFVOC( Qp

(8.5-6)

Ex' EVOC( Qx/E Q (8.5-7)

The use of Equation 8.5-5 is also demonstrated in Example 8.5-3.

5.1.3 VOC EMISSIONS FROM INK MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

Emission factors are also available for VOC sources from ink manufacturing facilities. Section

6.7 of AP-42 presents VOC emission factors for vehicle cooking. NAPIM has also developed

VOC emission factors for mixing, milling, and tub wash processes for both paste and liquid

inks (NAPIM, 1996). Emission factors are available for sheetfed three-roll mill and heatset

paste inks, and for low-VOC and high-VOC liquid inks. Equation 8.5-6 can be used to

estimate emissions using emission factors.

where:

EVOC = VOC emissions (lb/yr);

EFVOC = VOC emission factor (lb VOC/ton product);

Qp = Amount of product produced (ton/yr).

Speciated emissions can be calculated using Equation 8.5-7:
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.5-9

Example 8.5-4

This example shows how VOC and speciated VOC emissions may be calculated for general

vehicle cooking at an ink manufacturing facility using the production-based VOC emission

factor from AP-42, Table 6.7-1, and Equations 8.5-6 and 8.5-7.

Given:

EFVOC = 120 lb VOC/ton product

Qp = 500 tons of ink/yr

Qtoluene = 100,000 lb used/yr

GQ = 1,000,000 lb solvents used/yr

VOC emissions would be calculated using Equation 8.5-6:

EVOC = EFVOC * Qp

= 120 * 500

= 60,000 lb VOCs/yr

The amount of toluene used (Qtoluene) was estimated by conducting a review of purchase and

inventory records, batch records, and technical data sheets.

Toluene emissions would be calculated using Equation 8.5-7:

EVOC = 60,000 lb VOCs emitted/yr

Qtoluene = 100,000 lb toluene used/yr

GQ = 1,000,000 lb solvents used/yr

Etoluene = EVOC * Qx/GQ

= 60,000 * 100,000/1,000,000

= 6,000 lb toluene/yr

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x (lb/yr);

EVOC = VOC emissions calculated using Equation 8.5-6 (lb/yr);

Qx = Amount of VOC species x used (lb/yr); and

GQ = Total amount of solvent used (lb/yr).

With no other information available, one important assumption made in Equation 8.5-7 is that

all solvents evaporate at the same rate. The amount of VOC species x used by a facility (Qx)

can be obtained by reviewing purchase and inventory records and appropriate technical data

sheets. Purchase and inventory records can be used to estimate the amount of a particular

material consumed. 

Example 8.5-4 illustrates the use of these equations.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.5-10 EIIP Volume II

Ex'

Px( FR ( Mx( 60 ( OH

R ( T

(8.5-8)

Example 8.5-5

This example shows how toluene emissions are calculated for a process vessel that is

equipped with an exhaust system. The following data are provided:

C The paint in the process vessel consists of 30% by weight toluene, 20%

by weight MEK, and 70% by weight pigments and nonvolatile resins;

C The partial pressure of toluene (Px) is 0.16 psia at 77EF (see

Example 8.4-2, Step 2);

C The discharge rate of the vent (FR) is 5 ft3/min;

5.2 EMISSIONS FROM MISCELLANEOUS PROCESS EQUIPMENT WITH

EXHAUST SYSTEMS

The Ideal Gas Law may be used in conjunction with vent discharge rates to calculate

emissions from process equipment that are equipped with exhaust systems. Use

Equation 8.5-8 for calculating these emissions:

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC species x (lb/yr);

Px = Partial pressure of VOC species x (psia), calculated using Equations

8.4-3 and 8.4-5 or 8.4-4 and 8.4-5;

FR = Flow rate through the exhaust vent (ft3/min);

Mx = Molecular weight of VOC species x (lb/lb-mole);

60 = 60 min/hr;

OH = Hours that the exhaust system is in operation (hr/yr); 

R = Universal gas constant at 1 atmosphere of pressure

(10.73 psia " ft3/lb-mole " ER); and

T = Temperature of the exhaust gas (ER).

Example 8.5-5 illustrates the use of Equation 8.5-8.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.5-11

Example 8.5-5 (Continued)

C The molecular weight of toluene (Mx) is 92 lb/lb-mole;

C The exhaust system and process vessel are operated for 1,000 hr/yr

(OH); and

C The temperature of the paint and the exhaust gas is 77EF or 537ER (T).

Toluene emissions are calculated with Equation 8.5-8 as follows:

Ex = Px * FR * Mx * 60 * OH

R * T

= 0.16 * 5 * 92 * 60 * 1,000

10.73 * 537

= 766 lb toluene/yr

5.3 VOC AND PM EMISSION CALCULATIONS USING MATERIAL

BALANCE

The material balance method requires the totaling of all materials received at the plant and then

subtracting out all of the known losses or transfers of the material off-site (including finished

product and waste material). The difference is assumed to have been emitted to the atmosphere. 

The quantity received and the quantity lost or used should be for the same time period, typically

January 1 to December 31 for the year of the inventory (NPCA, 1995).

Use Equation 8.5-9 for calculating emissions using the material balance approach.

Ex = Qr - Qp - Qrec - Qw - Qxi (8.5-9)

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC or PM species x (lb/yr);

Qr = Quantity of VOC or PM species x that is received as a raw material (lb/yr);

Qp = Quantity of VOC or PM species x that is shipped out in the final product

(lb/yr);

Qrec = Quantity of VOC or PM species x that is recovered by all methods (e.g.,

solvent recovery) (lb/yr);
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.5-12 EIIP Volume II

Example 8.5-6

This example shows how total ethylene glycol emissions for a paint manufacturing

facility may be calculated using Equation 8.5-9. Data are as follows: 

C In a given year, a paint facility receives 100,000 lb of ethylene glycol

(Qr). 

C Based on the total amount of product shipped off-site and records of

product composition, the facility estimates that the amount of ethylene

glycol shipped out in final product (Qp) is 69,000 lb;

C The amount of ethylene glycol that was recovered by the facility’s

distillation system (Qrec) is 10,000 lb;

C Based on waste composition analyses, the amount of waste sent

off-site, and wastewater discharge rates, the facility estimates that the

amount of ethylene glycol that was found in all wastes generated during

the year (Qw) is 5,000 lb; and

C The amount of ethylene glycol that was found to be in the facility’s

inventory at the end of the evaluation period (Qxi) is 15,000 lb.

Qw = Quantity of VOC or PM species x that is contained in all waste generated

during the evaluation period (e.g., wastewater, sludge, drum residue) (lb/yr);

and

Qxi = Quantity of VOC or PM species x that remains in the raw material inventory

(lb/yr).

The use of Equation 8.5-9 is demonstrated in Example 8.5-6.

5.4 EMISSION CALCULATIONS USING TEST DATA

Because vent or stack testing is relatively uncommon for paint and ink manufacturing facilities,

emissions test data for these plants are typically in the form of exposure monitoring results. 

Industrial hygiene data may be used in conjunction with exhaust system flow rates to calculate

fugitive emissions from a room, floor, or building (NPCA, 1995). Use Equation 8.5-10 for

calculating these emissions.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.5-13

Example 8.5-6 (Continued)

Emission of ethylene glycol are calculated as follows:

Ex = Qr - Qp - Qrec - Qxi

= 100,000 - 69,000 - 10,000 - 5,000 - 15,000

= 1,000 lb ethylene glycol/yr

Ex'

FR ( 60 ( OH ( Cxt( 0.0026 ( Mx

1 ( 106

(8.5-10)

where:

Ex = Emissions of VOC or PM species x (lb/yr);

FR = Flow rate through exhaust ventilation system (ft3/min);

60 = 60 min/hr;

OH = Hours per year that the exhaust system is operational (hr/yr);

Cxt = Concentration of VOC or PM species x (ppmv or ft3/MMft3);

0.0026 = Molar volume of gas at 68EF (mole/ft3);

Mx = Molecular weight of VOC or PM species x (lb/lb-mole); and

1 * 106 = 1 * 106 ft3/MMft3.

Example 8.5-7 illustrates the use of Equation 8.5-10.

VOC losses from certain operations (e.g., filling of containers) may also be measured by

performing a study using a gravimetric analysis such as American Society For Testing and

Materials (ASTM) Standard D2369, Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings. The

operation under evaluation could be simulated on a small scale, and VOC analysis would be

conducted on samples taken before and after the simulated activity (EPA, 1992b).
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.5-14 EIIP Volume II

Example 8.5-7

This example shows how Equation 8.5-10 is used to calculate fugitive emissions of

xylenes from a building where several mixing vessels are located. The following data

are given:

C The building exhaust flow rate (FR) is 20,000 ft3/min;

C The exhaust system operates for 7,920 hr/yr (OH);

C Industrial hygiene data indicate that the concentration of mixed xylenes

in the building (Cxt) is 0.1 ppmv; and

C The molecular weight of mixed xylenes (Mx) is 106 lb/lb-mole.

Xylenes emissions are calculated as follows:

Ex = FR * 60 * OH * Cxt * 0.0026 * Mx

1 * 106

= 20,000 * 60 * 7,920 * 0.1 * 0.0026 * 106

1 * 106

= 262 lb xylenes/yr
EIIP Volume II 8.6-1

6

QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY 

CONTROL

The consistent use of standardized methods and procedures is essential in the compilation of

reliable emission inventories. QA and QC of an inventory is accomplished through a set of

procedures that ensure the quality and reliability of data collection and analysis. These procedures

include the use of appropriate emission estimation techniques, applicable and reasonable

assumptions, accuracy/logic checks of computer models, checks of calculations, and data

reliability checks. Figure 8.6-1 provides an example completeness checklist that could aid the

inventory preparer at a paint and ink manufacturing plant. Volume VI, QA Procedures, of the

EIIP series of documents describes additional QA/QC methods and tools for performing these

procedures.

Volume II, Chapter 1, Introduction to Stationary Point Source Emission Inventory Development,

also presents recommended standard procedures to follow to ensure that the reported inventory

data are complete and accurate. This section discusses the use of QC checklists, QA/QC

procedures for specific emission estimation methods (e.g., emission factors), and the application

of the Data Attribute Rating System (DARS).

6.1 GENERAL QA/QC CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN EMISSION

ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES

6.1.1 EMISSION FACTORS

The use of emission factors is straightforward when the relationship between process data and

emissions is direct and relatively uncomplicated. When using emission factors, the user should be

aware of the quality indicator associated with the value. Emission factors published within EPA

documents and electronic tools have a quality rating applied to them. The lower the quality

indicator, the more likely that a given emission factor may not be representative of the source

type. When an emission factor for a specific source or category may not provide a reasonably

adequate emission estimate, it is always better to rely on actual stack test data, where available. 

The reliability and uncertainty of using emission factors as an emission estimation technique are

discussed in detail in the QA/QC section of Chapter 1 of this volume and Chapter 4 of

Volume VI.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.6-2 EIIP Volume II

Y/N

Corrective Action

(Complete if "N"; Describe,

Sign, and Date)

Have emissions from all sources been included? Potential sources

include process vessels, solvent reclamation systems, cleaning

activities, wastewater treatment system, storage tanks, process

piping, and spills.

Has an emission estimating technique been identified for each

source?

If toxic emissions are to be calculated using testing data, are the

test methods approved?

If toxic emissions are to be calculated using emission factors, are

the emission factors from AP-42 or FIRE?

If toxic emissions are to be calculated using a material balance

approach, have all forms of waste been included (e.g., used filter

bags or cartridges, spent solvent or still bottoms, dust collector

material, pigment bag and/or drum residue, and wastewater)?

Have stack parameters been provided for each stack or vent that

emits criteria or toxic air pollutants?

If emission models are being used to calculate emissions from

process vessels, has a manageable number of representative

product groups been defined?

If required by the state, has a site diagram been included with the

emissions inventory? This should be a detailed plant drawing

showing the location of sources/stacks with ID numbers for all

processes, control equipment, and exhaust points.

Have examples of all calculations been included?

Have all assumptions been documented?

Have references for all calculation methods been included?

Have all conversions and units been reviewed and checked for

accuracy?

FIGURE 8.6-1

EXAMPLE EMISSION INVENTORY CHECKLIST FOR

PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.6-3

6.1.2 EMISSION MODELS

The level of effort for using models other than emission factors is related to the complexity of the

equation, the types of data that must be collected, and the diversity of products manufactured at a

facility. Typically, the use of emission models involves making one or more conservative

assumptions. As a result, their use may result in an overestimation of emissions. However, the

accuracy and reliability of models can be improved by ensuring that data collected for emission

calculations (e.g., material speciation data) are of the highest possible quality.

6.1.3 MATERIAL BALANCE

Calculating emissions from a paint and ink manufacturing facility via a material (mass) balance

approach appears to represent a straightforward approach to emissions estimations. However,

few facilities track material usage and waste generation with the overall accuracy needed to make

the method work, and inaccuracies inherent to each material handling step often accumulate into

large deviations. As emissions of specific materials are typically below 1.5 percent of gross

consumption, an error of only ±5.0 percent in any one step of the operation can significantly skew

emissions. Potential sources of error in the material balance calculation method include the

following:

C The delivery of raw materials at a paint and ink manufacturing facility is often

tracked by volume, not by weight. Since density will vary with temperature, the

actual mass per unit volume of material delivered in the summer may be less than

that delivered in the winter;

C Raw materials received by paint and ink facilities may potentially be used in

hundreds or thousands of finished products. In order to complete the material

balance, it is crucial that the exact quantity and speciation of each material shipped

off-site in product be known. For many facilities, it is extremely difficult, or

currently impossible, to accurately track the distribution of specific raw materials

across their entire product line;

C The amount of raw material contained in waste must also be considered. This

may involve precise analysis of the concentration of the material in question in

each waste stream; and

C Batch production of paint and ink often requires the manual addition of raw

materials. Sometimes these additions are not accurately measured or recorded

(NPCA, 1995).

6.1.4 TESTING

Stack or industrial hygiene tests must meet quality objectives. Test data must be reviewed to

ensure that the test was conducted under normal operating conditions, or under maximum

operating conditions in some states, and that it was generated according to an acceptable

method for each pollutant of interest. Calculation and interpretation of accuracy for stack
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.6-4 EIIP Volume II

testing methods are described in detail in Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution

Measurements Systems: Volume III, Stationary Source Specific Methods (Interim Edition)

(EPA, 1994b). 

The acceptable criteria, limits, and values for each control parameter associated with manual

sampling methods, such as dry gas meter calibration and leak rates, are summarized in tabular

format in the QA/QC section of Chapter 1 of this volume. QC procedures for all instruments

used to continuously collect emissions data are similar. The primary control check for

precision of the continuous monitors is daily analysis of control standards.

6.2 DATA ATTRIBUTE RATING SYSTEM (DARS) SCORES

One measure of emission inventory data quality is the DARS score. Four examples are given

here to illustrate DARS scoring using the preferred and alternative methods. DARS provides

a numerical ranking on a scale of 0 to 1.0 for individual attributes of the emission factor and

the activity data. Each score is based on what is known about the factor and activity data,

such as the specificity to the source category and the measurement technique employed. The

composite attribute score for the emissions estimate can be viewed as a statement of the

confidence that can be placed in the data. For a complete discussion of DARS and other

rating systems, see the QA Procedures (Volume VI, Chapter 4), and the QA/QC section of

Volume II, Chapter 1, Introduction to Stationary Point Source Emission Inventory

Development.

Each of the examples below is hypothetical. A range is given where appropriate to cover

different situations. Table 8.6-1 gives a set of scores for an estimate made with an AP-42

emission factor. The activity data are assumed to be measured directly. Table 8.6-2 shows

scores developed for the use of emission models. Tables 8.6-3 and 8.6-4 demonstrate scores

determined for material balance and testing data, respectively. The reader should note that

although the composite score for the material balance method is good, this technique will not

practically be applied or used by many paint and ink manufacturing facilities. Because few

facilities track material usage and waste generation with the overall accuracy needed to make

the material balance approach work, use of emission factors and other emission models may

provide the best choice when selecting an appropriate method for estimating emissions.

These examples are given as an illustration of the relative quality of each method. If the same

analysis were done for an actual site, the scores could be different but the relative ranking of

methods should stay the same. Note, however, that if the source is not truly a member of the

population used to develop the EPA correlation equations or the emission factors, these

approaches are less appropriate and the DARS scores will drop.

If sufficient data are available, the uncertainty in the estimate should be evaluated. Qualitative

and quantitative methods for conducting uncertainty analyses are described in the QA

Procedures (Volume VI, Chapter 4).
8.6-5 EIIP Volume II TABLE 8.6-1 DARS SCORES: AP-42 EMISSION FACTORS Attribute Factor Score Activity Score Emissions Score Factor Assumptions Activity Assu

Measurement/ Method 0.3 - 06 1.0 0.3 - 0.6 Lower score reflects a factor of poor quality; upper score reflects a factor of high quality. Data are based on 

continuous measuactivity. Source Specificity 0.8 1.0 0.8 Factor developed from a superset of intended source category with expected low variability. Activity data repremission process 

Spatial Congruity 0.1 - 0.9 1.0 0.1 - 0.9 Lower score reflects a factor of low quality developed for an unknown spatial scale; upper score reflects a high quality factor developed from a source of similar size. Activity data are d

for and specific to inventory area. Temporal Congruity 0.1 - 0.9 0.7 - 0.9 0.7 - 0.81 Lower score reflects a low quality factor, temporal basis unknown; upper score reflects a high quality factor derived from an average of numerous tests. Lower score refledata representativperiod of time witmoderate temporavariability; upper reflects activity dameasured numeroover the year. Composite Scores 0.33 - 0.80 0.93 - 0.98 0.48 - 0.78
8.6-6 EIIP Volume II TABLE 8.6-2 DARS SCORES: EMISSION MODELS Attribute Factor Score Activity Score Emissions Score Factor Assumptions Activity Assu

Measurement/Method 0.3 1.0 0.3 Factors (inputs to model) are based on mass balances, known principles, etc. Data are based o

and continuous measurement of activity. Source Specificity 0.9 - 1.0 1.0 0.9 - 1.0 Lower score reflects model inputs developed for subset or superset of the intended category; upper score reflects inputs developed specifically for the intended source. Activity data repemission process 

Spatial Congruity 1.0 1.0 1.0 Model inputs are developed for and are specific to the given spatial scale. Activity data are 

for and are speciarea included in inventory. Temporal Congruity 1.0 1.0 1.0 Model inputs are developed for and applicable to the same temporal scale. Activity data are for the temporal represented in thinventory. Composite Scores 0.80 - 0.83 1.0 0.80 - 0.83
8.6-7 EIIP Volume II TABLE 8.6-3 DARS SCORES: MATERIAL BALANCE Attribute Factor Score Activity Score Emissions Score Factor Assumptions Activity Assum

Measurement/Method 0.5 1.0 0.5 Factor is based on mass balance; all/or most endpoints are accounted for. Direct continuous measurement of a

surrogate. Source Specificity 1.0 1.0 1.0 Factor is developed specifically for the intended source. Activity data repreemission process e

Spatial Congruity 1.0 1.0 1.0 Factor is developed for and specific to the given spatial scale. Activity data are d

for and specific to geographic region inventory. Temporal Congruity 1.0 1.0 1.0 Factor is developed for and applicable to the same temporal scale. Activity data are sthe temporal periorepresented in the 

Composite Scores 0.88 1.0 0.88
8.6-8 EIIP Volume II TABLE 8.6-4 DARS SCORES: TESTING DATA Attribute Factor Score Activity Score Emissions Score Factor Assumptions Activity Ass

Measurement/Method 0.6 - 1.0 0.6 - 1.0 0.36 - 1.0 Lower score reflects a factor developed from a small sample of data representative of typical loads; upper score reflects a factor based on continuous or near continuous measurement of intended pollutant from all relevant sites, with data capture greater than 90%. Lower score re

activity rate dea different measurrogate assocoriginal activitupper score refcontinuous meof activity surr

Source Specificity 1.0 1.0 1.0 Factor is developed specifically for the intended source category. Activity data re

emission proce

Spatial Congruity 1.0 1.0 1.0 Factor is developed for and specific to the given spatial scale. Activity data a

developed for ato the region of inventory. Temporal Congruity 0.7 - 1.0 0.7 - 1.0 0.49 - 1.0 Lower score reflects a factor derived for longer/shorter time period, or from a different period; upper score reflects a factor developed for and applicable to the same temporal scale. Lower score reactivity represelonger/shorter different periodscore reflects aspecific for the period represeninventory. Composite Scores 0.83 -1.0 0.83 - 1.0 0.72 - 1.0
EIIP Volume II 8.7-1

7

DATA CODING PROCEDURES

This section describes the methods and codes available for characterizing emission sources at

paint and ink manufacturing facilities. Consistent categorization and coding will result in

greater uniformity among inventories. In addition, the procedures described here will assist

the reader who is preparing data for input to the Aerometric Information Retrieval System

(AIRS) or a similar database management system. For example, the use of the Source

Classification Codes (SCCs) provided in Table 8.7-1 are recommended for describing paint and

ink manufacturing operations. Refer to the CHIEF bulletin board for a complete listing of

SCCs for paint and ink facilities.

7.1 SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODES

SCCs for paint and ink manufacturing operations are presented in Table 8.7-1. A brief

description of each source description listed in the table is given below.

7.1.1 PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING EMISSIONS

Traditional paint and ink manufacturing consists of preassembly and premix, pigment

grinding/dispersing, product finishing/blending, and product filling/packaging. The SCCs that

correspond to these activities appear in Table 8.7-1 under the "Paint Manufacture" and "Ink

Manufacture" source descriptions. This source category also includes SCCs for cleaning of

equipment. 

7.1.2 COLD SOLVENT CLEANING AND DEGREASING

Small items used in the paint and ink manufacturing process may be cleaned by washing with

solvents in a cold cleaner or vapor degreaser. SCCs that correspond to these types of

cleaning operations appear under the "Cold Solvent Cleaning" and "Degreasing" source

descriptions in Table 8.7-1.

7.1.3 SOLVENT RECLAMATION

Emissions from the solvent reclamation process occur from loading solvent into distillation

equipment, operation of the distillation equipment, and spillage. The codes in Table 8.7-1

under the "Waste Solvent Recovery Operations" process description are recommended to

describe these emissions.

7.1.4 MATERIAL STORAGE

In paint and ink manufacturing facilities, solvents are typically stored in fixed roof storage

tanks. The SCCs that correspond to emissions of various types of organic solvents are

presented in Table 8.7-1 under the "Fixed Roof Tank" process description.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-2 EIIP Volume II

7.2 AIRS CONTROL DEVICE CODES

Control device codes applicable to the paint and ink manufacturing industry are presented in

Table 8.7-2. These should be used to enter the type of applicable emission control device into

the AIRS Facility Subsystem (AFS). The "099" control code may be used for miscellaneous

control devices that do not have a unique identification code. 
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-3

TABLE 8.7-1

SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODES FOR PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 

OPERATIONS (SIC CODE 2851)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Paint

Manufacture

General Mixing and Handling 30101401 Tons paint produced

Pigment Handling 30101402 Tons pigment

processed

Solvent Loss: General 30101403 Tons of solvent lost

Raw Material Storage 30101404 1,000 gallons stored

Premix/Preassembly 30101415 Tons paint produced

Premix/Preassembly: Mix Tanks and

Agitators

30101416 Tons paint produced

Premix/Preassembly: Drums 30101417 Tons paint produced

Premix/Preassembly: Material Loading 30101418 Tons paint produced

Pigment Grinding/Milling 30101430 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Roller Mills 30101431 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Ball and

Pebble Mills

30101432 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Attritors 30101433 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Sand Mills 30101434 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Bead Mills 30101435 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Shot Mills 30101436 Tons pigment

processed
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-4 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Paint

Manufacture

(Cont.)

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Stone Mills 30101437 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Colloid

Mills

30101438 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Kady Mills 30101439 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: 

Impingement Mills

30101440 Tons pigment

processed

Pigment Grinding/Milling: Horizontal

Media Mills

30101441 Tons pigment

processed

Product Finishing 30101450 Tons paint produced

Product Finishing, Tinting: Mix Tank

and Disperser

30101451 Tons paint produced

Product Finishing, Tinting: Fixed

Blend Tank

30101452 Tons paint produced

Product Finishing, Thinning: Mix

Tank and Disperser

30101453 Tons paint produced

Product Finishing, Thinning: Fixed

Blend Tank

30101454 Tons paint produced

Product Filling 30101460 Tons paint produced

Product Filling: Scale System 30101461 Tons paint produced

Product Filling: Product Filtering 30101462 Tons paint produced

Product Filling: Filling Operations 30101463 Tons paint produced

Equipment Cleaning 30101470 Tons paint produced
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

a

 These processes typically occur in a chemical plant rather than an ink manufacturing plant (EPA,

1992a).

EIIP Volume II 8.7-5

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Paint

Manufacture

(Cont.)

Equipment Cleaning: Hand Wipe 30101471 Tons paint produced

Equipment Cleaning: Tanks, Vessels,

etc.

30101472 Tons paint produced

Other Not Classified 30101498 Tons processed

Other Not Classified 30101499 Tons product

Ink

Manufacture

Vehicle Cooking: Generala30102001 Tons produced

Vehicle Cooking: Oilsa30102002 Tons produced

Vehicle Cooking: Oleoresina30102003 Tons produced

Vehicle Cooking: Alkydsa30102004 Tons produced

Pigment Mixing 30102005 Tons Pigment

Other Not Classified 30102099 Tons produced

Cold Solvent

Cleaning/Stri

pping

Methanol 40100301 Tons solvent

consumed

Methylene Chloride 40100302 Tons solvent

consumed

Stoddard (Petroleum) Solvent 40100303 Tons solvent

consumed

Perchloroethylene 40100304 Tons solvent

consumed

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl

Chloroform)

40100305 Tons solvent

consumed

Trichloroethylene 40100306 Tons solvent

consumed

Isopropyl Alcohol 40100307 Tons solvent

consumed
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-6 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Cold Solvent

Cleaning/Stri

pping

(Cont.)

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 40100308 Tons solvent

consumed

Freon® 40100309 Tons solvent

consumed

Acetone 40100310 Tons solvent

consumed

Glycol Ethers 40100311 Tons solvent

consumed

Entire Unit 40100335 Cold cleaners in

operation

Degreaser: Entire Unit 40100336 1,000 sq. ft. product

surface area

Other Not Classified 40100398 Gallons solvent

consumed

Other Not Classified 40100399 Tons solvent

consumed

Degreasing Stoddard (Petroleum) Solvent: Opentop Vapor Degreasing40100201 Tons make-up solvent

used

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl

Chloroform): Open-top Vapor

Degreasing

40100202 Tons make-up solvent

used

Perchloroethylene: Open-top Vapor

Degreasing

40100203 Tons make-up solvent

used

Methylene Chloride: Open top Vapor

Degreasing

40100204 Tons make-up solvent

used

Trichloroethylene: Open-top Vapor

Degreasing

40100205 Tons make-up solvent

used

Toluene: Open-top Vapor Degreasing 40100206 Tons make-up solvent

used
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-7

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Degreasing

(Cont.)

Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon®): 

Open-top Vapor Degreasing

40100207 Tons make-up solvent

used

Chlorosolve: Open-top Vapor

Degreasing

40100208 Tons make-up solvent

used

Butyl Acetate 40100209 Tons make-up solvent

used

Entire Unit: Open-top Vapor

Degreasing

40100215 Degreasing units in

operation

Degreaser: Entire Unit 40100216 1,000 sq. ft. product

surface area

Entire Unit 40100217 Sq. ft. surface area x

hours operated

Stoddard (Petroleum) Solvent: 

Conveyorized Vapor Degreasing

40100221 Tons make-up solvent

used

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl

Chloroform): Conveyorized Vapor

Degreasing

40100222 Tons make-up solvent

used

Perchloroethylene: Conveyorized

Vapor Degreasing

40100223 Tons make-up solvent

used

Methylene Chloride: Conveyorized

Vapor Degreasing

40100224 Tons make-up solvent

used

Trichloroethylene: Conveyorized

Vapor Degreasing

40100225 Tons make-up solvent

used
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-8 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Degreasing

(Cont.)

Entire Unit: with Vaporized Solvent: 

Conveyorized Vapor Degreasing

40100235 Degreasing units in

operation

Entire Unit: with Non-boiling Solvent:

Conveyorized Vapor Degreasing

40100236 Degreasing units in

operation

Stoddard (Petroleum) Solvent: 

General Degreasing Units

40100251 Gallons solvent

consumed

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl

Chloroform): General Degreasing

Units

40100252 Gallons solvent

consumed

Perchloroethylene: General

Degreasing Units

40100253 Gallons solvent

consumed

Methylene Chloride: General

Degreasing Units

40100254 Gallons solvent

consumed

Trichloroethylene: General Degreasing

Units

40100255 Gallons solvent

consumed

Toluene: General Degreasing Units 40100256 Gallons solvent

consumed

Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon®): 

General Degreasing Units

40100257 Gallons solvent

consumed

Trichlorofluoromethane: General

Degreasing Units

40100258 Gallons solvent

consumed

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl

Chloroform): General Degreasing

Units

40100259 Gallons solvent

consumed

Other Not Classified: General

Degreasing Units

40100295 Gallons solvent

consumed
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-9

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source

Description Process Description SCC Units

Degreasing

(Cont.)

Other Not Classified: General

Degreasing Units

40100296 Gallons solvent

consumed

Other Not Classified: Open-top Vapor

Degreasing

40100297 Gallons solvent

consumed

Other Not Classified: Conveyorized

Vapor Degreasing

40100298 Tons make-up solvent

used

Other Not Classified: Open-top Vapor

Degreasing

40100299 Tons make-up solvent

used

Waste

Solvent

Recovery

Operations

Storage Tank Vent 49000201 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Condenser Vent 49000202 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Incinerator Stack 49000203 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Solvent Spillage 49000204 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Solvent Loading 49000205 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Fugitive Leaks 49000206 Process unit-year

Distillation Vent 49000207 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Decanting 49000208 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Salting 49000209 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Other Not Classified 49000299 Tons reclaimed

solvent

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Alcohols

n-Butyl Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700801 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

n-Butyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700802 1,000 gallons

throughput

sec-Butyl Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700803 1,000 gallons storage

capacity
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-10 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

TanksAlcohols

(Cont.)

sec-Butyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700804 1,000 gallons

throughput

tert-Butyl Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700805 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

tert-Butyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700806 1,000 gallons

throughput

Cyclohexanol: Breathing Loss 40700807 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Cyclohexanol: Working Loss 40700808 1,000 gallons

throughput

Ethyl Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700809 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Ethyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700810 1,000 gallons

throughput

Isobutyl Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700811 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Isobutyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700812 1,000 gallons

throughput

Isopropyl Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700813 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Isopropyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700814 1,000 gallons

throughput

Methyl Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700815 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700816 1,000 gallons

throughput

n-Propyl Alcohol:

Breathing Loss

40700817 1,000 gallons storage

capacity
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-11

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Alcohols

(Cont.)

n-Propyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700818 1,000 gallons

throughput

Xylol: Breathing Loss 40700819 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Xylol: Working Loss 40700820 1,000 gallons

throughput

Specify Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700897 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Specify Alcohol: Working Loss 40700898 1,000 gallons

throughput

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Alkanes

(Paraffins)

n-Decane: Breathing Loss 40701601 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

n-Decane: Working Loss 40701602 1,000 gallons

throughput

n-Dodecane: Breathing Loss 40701603 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

n-Dodecane: Working Loss 40701604 1,000 gallons

throughput

n-Heptane: Breathing Loss 40701605 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

n-Heptane: Working Loss 40701606 1,000 gallons

throughput

Isopentane: Breathing Loss 40701607 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Isopentane: Working Loss 40701608 1,000 gallons

throughput

Pentadecane: Breathing Loss 40701609 1,000 gallons storage

capacity
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-12 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Alkanes

(Paraffins)

(Cont.)

Pentadecane: Working Loss 40701610 1,000 gallons

throughput

Naphtha: Breathing Loss 40701611 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Naphtha: Working Loss 40701612 1,000 gallons

throughput

Petroleum Distillate: Breathing Loss 40701613 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Petroleum Distillate: Working Loss 40701614 1,000 gallons

throughput

Hexane: Breathing Loss 40701615 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Hexane: Working Loss 40701616 1,000 gallons

throughput

Specify Alkane: Breathing Loss 40701697 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Specify Alkane: Working Loss 40701698 1,000 gallons

throughput

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Alkenes

(Olefins)

Dodecene: Breathing Loss 40702001 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Dodecene: Working Loss 40702002 1,000 gallons

throughput

Heptenes - General: Breathing Loss 40702003 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Heptenes - General: Working Loss 40702004 1,000 gallons

throughput

Specify Olefin: Breathing Loss 40702097 1,000 gallons storage

capacity
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-13

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Alkenes

(Olefins)

(Cont.)

Specify Olefin: Working Loss 40702098 1,000 gallons

throughput

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Aromatics

Benzene: Breathing Loss 40703601 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Benzene: Working Loss 40703602 1,000 gallons

throughput

Cresol: Breathing Loss 40703603 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Cresol: Working Loss 40703604 1,000 gallons

throughput

Cumene: Breathing Loss 40703605 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Cumene: Working Loss 40703606 1,000 gallons

throughput

Diisopropyl Benzene: Breathing Loss 40703607 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Diisopropyl Benzene: Working Loss 40703608 1,000 gallons

throughput

Ethylbenzene: Breathing Loss 40703609 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Ethylbenzene: Working Loss 40703610 1,000 gallons

throughput

Methyl Styrene: Breathing Loss 40703611 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methyl Styrene: Working Loss 40703612 1,000 gallons

throughput
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-14 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Aromatics

(Cont.)

Styrene: Breathing Loss 40703613 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Styrene: Working Loss 40703614 1,000 gallons

throughput

Toluene: Breathing Loss 40703615 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Toluene: Working Loss 40703616 1,000 gallons

throughput

m-Xylene: Breathing Loss 40703617 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

m-Xylene: Working Loss 40703618 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

o-Xylene: Breathing Loss 40703619 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

o-Xylene: Working Loss 40703620 1,000 gallons

throughput

p-Xylene: Breathing Loss 40703621 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

p-Xylene: Working Loss 40703622 1,000 gallons

throughput

Xylenes, Mixed: Breathing Loss 40703623 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Xylenes, Mixed: Working Loss 40703624 1,000 gallons

throughput

Creosote: Breathing Loss 40703625 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Creosote: Working Loss 40703626 1,000 gallons

throughput
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-15

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Aromatics

(Cont.)

Specify Aromatic: Breathing Loss 40703697 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Specify Aromatic: Working Loss 40703698 1,000 gallons

throughput

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Glycol Ethers

Butyl Carbitol: Breathing Loss 40705201 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Butyl Carbitol: Working Loss 40705202 1,000 gallons

throughput

Butyl Cellosolve: Breathing 40705203 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Butyl Cellosolve: Working Loss 40705204 1,000 gallons

throughput

Carbitol: Breathing Loss 40705205 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Carbitol: Working Loss 40705206 1,000 gallons

throughput

Cellosolve: Breathing Loss 40705207 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Cellosolve: Working Loss 40705208 1,000 gallons

throughput

Diethylene Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705209 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Diethylene Glycol: Working Loss 40705210 1,000 gallons

throughput

Methyl Carbitol: Breathing Loss 40705211 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methyl Carbitol: Working Loss 40705212 1,000 gallons

throughput
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-16 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Glycol Ethers

(Cont.)

Methyl Cellosolve: Breathing Loss 40705213 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methyl Cellosolve: Working Loss 40705214 1,000 gallons

throughput

Polyethylene Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705215 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Polyethylene Glycol: Working Loss 40705216 1,000 gallons

throughput

Triethylene Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705217 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Triethylene Glycol: Working Loss 40705218 1,000 gallons

throughput

Specify Glycol Ether: Breathing Loss 40705297 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Specify Glycol Ether: Working Loss 40705298 1,000 gallons

throughput

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Glycols

1,4-Butanediol: Breathing Loss 40705601 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

1,4-Butanediol: Working Loss 40705602 1,000 gallons

throughput

Ethylene Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705603 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Ethylene Glycol: Working Loss 40705604 1,000 gallons

throughput

Dipropylene Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705605 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Dipropylene Glycol: Working Loss 40705606 1,000 gallons

throughput
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-17

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Glycols

(Cont.)

Glycerol: Breathing Loss 40705607 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Glycerol: Working Loss 40705608 1,000 gallons

throughput

Propylene Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705609 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Propylene Glycol: Working Loss 40705610 1,000 gallons

throughput

Specify Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705697 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Specify Glycol: Working Loss 40705698 1,000 gallons

throughput

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Halogenated

Organics

Benzyl Chloride: Breathing Loss 40706001 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Benzyl Chloride: Working Loss 40706002 1,000 gallons

throughput

Caprolactam (Soln): Breathing Loss 40706003 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Caprolactam (Soln): Working Loss 40706004 1,000 gallons

throughput

Carbon Tetrachloride: Breathing Loss 40706005 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Carbon Tetrachloride: Working Loss 40706006 1,000 gallons

throughput

Chlorobenzene: Breathing Loss 40706007 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Chlorobenzene: Working Loss 40706008 1,000 gallons

throughput
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-18 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Halogenated

Organics

(Cont.)

o-Dichlorobenzene: Breathing Loss 40706009 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

o-Dichlorobenzene: Working Loss 40706010 1,000 gallons

throughput

p-Dichlorobenzene: Breathing Loss 40706011 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

p-Dichlorobenzene: Working Loss 40706012 1,000 gallons

throughput

Epichlorohydrin: Breathing Loss 40706013 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Epichlorohydrin: Working Loss 40706014 1,000 gallons

throughput

Ethylene Dibromide: Breathing Loss 40706015 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Ethylene Dibromide: Working Loss 40706016 1,000 gallons

throughput

Ethylene Dichloride: Breathing Loss 40706017 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Ethylene Dichloride: Working Loss 40706018 1,000 gallons

throughput

Methylene Chloride: Breathing Loss 40706019 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methylene Chloride: Working Loss 40706020 1,000 gallons

throughput

Perchloroethylene: Breathing Loss 40706021 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Perchloroethylene: Working Loss 40706022 1,000 gallons

throughput
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-19

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Halogenated

Organics

(Cont.)

Trichloroethylene: Breathing Loss 40706023 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Trichloroethylene: Working Loss 40706024 1,000 gallons

throughput

1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Breathing Loss 40706027 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Working Loss 40706028 1,000 gallons

throughput

Chlorosolve: Breathing Loss 40706029 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Chlorosolve: Working Loss 40706030 1,000 gallons

throughput

Methyl Chloride: Breathing Loss 40706031 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methyl Chloride: Working Loss 40706032 1,000 gallons

throughput

Chloroform: Breathing Loss 40706033 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Chloroform: Working Loss 40706034 1,000 gallons

throughput

Hexachlorobenzene: Breathing Loss 40706035 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Hexachlorobenzene: Working Loss 40706036 1,000 gallons

throughput

Specify Halogenated Organic: 

Breathing Loss

40706097 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Specify Halogenated Organic: 

Working Loss

40706098 1,000 gallons

throughput
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-20 EIIP Volume II

TABLE 8.7-1 (CONTINUED)

Source 

Description Process Description SCC Units

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Ketones

Cyclohexanone: Breathing Loss 40706801 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Cyclohexanone: Working Loss 40706802 1,000 gallons

throughput

Acetone: Breathing Loss 40706803 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Acetone: Working Loss 40706804 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methyl Ethyl Ketone: Breathing Loss 40706805 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methyl Ethyl Ketone: Working Loss 40706806 1,000 gallons

throughput

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone: Breathing

Loss

40706807 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone: Working

Loss

40706808 1,000 gallons

throughput

Methylamyl Ketone: Breathing Loss 40706813 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Methylamyl Ketone: Working Loss 40706814 1,000 gallons

throughput

Specify Ketone: Breathing Loss 40706897 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Specify Ketone: Working Loss 40706898 1,000 gallons

throughput

Fixed Roof

Tanks -

Miscellaneous

Specify in Comments: Breathing Loss 40714697 1,000 gallons storage

capacity

Specify in Comments: Working Loss 40714698 1,000 gallons

throughput
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.7-21

TABLE 8.7-2

AIRS CONTROL TECHNIQUE CODES

Control Device Code

Fabric Filter - High Temperature 016

Fabric Filter - Medium Temperature 017

Fabric Filter - Low Temperature 018

Venturi Scrubber 053

Miscellaneous Control Device 099
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.7-22 EIIP Volume II

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EIIP Volume II 8.8-1

8

REFERENCES

EIIP. 1996. Preferred and Alternative Methods for Estimating Air Emissions from Hot-Mix

Asphalt Plants, Final Report. Prepared for the Point Sources Committee, Emission Inventory

Improvement Program under EPA Contract No. 68-D2-0160, Work Assignment No. 82. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research

Triangle Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1987. Estimating Releases and Waste Treatment Efficiencies for the Toxic Chemical

Release Inventory Form. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic

Substances, EPA-560/4-88-002. Washington, D.C.

EPA. 1991. Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants Handbook. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory,

EPA-625/6-91/014. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1992a. Control of VOC Emissions from Ink and Paint Manufacturing Processes. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,

EPA-450/3-92-013. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1992b. Protocol for Determining Emissions from Paint and Coating Mixing Processes. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research

Triangle Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1994a. Air Emissions Models for Waste and Wastewater. U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA-453/R-94-080a. Research Triangle

Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1994b. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurements Systems: Volume

III, Stationary Source Specific Methods (Interim Edition). U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, Office of Research and Development, EPA-600/R-94-038c. Washington,-D.C.

EPA. 1994c. Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Batch Processes -

Alternate Control Techniques. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, EPA-453/R-93-017. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1995a. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and

Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. Section 7.1, Organic Liquid Storage Tanks. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research

Triangle Park, North Carolina.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.8-2 EIIP Volume II

EPA. 1995b. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and

Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. Section 6.4, Paint and Varnish. U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, North

Carolina.

EPA. 1995c. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and

Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. Section 5.2, Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum

Liquids. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1995d. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and

Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. Section 4.7, Waste Solvent Reclamation. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research

Triangle Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1995e. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and

Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP-42. Section 4.6, Solvent Degreasing. U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, North

Carolina.

EPA. 1995f. Memorandum on AP-42 Emission Factors for the Paint and Varnish Industry from

Dennis Beauregard, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and

Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, to Robert J. Nelson, National Paint and

Coatings Association. Washington, D.C.

EPA. 1995g. Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA-453/R-95-017. Research Triangle

Park, North Carolina.

EPA. 1995h. Factor Information and Retrieval (FIRE) Data System, Version 5.1. Updated

annually. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Fisher, Perry W., Steven A. Frey, and Kaushik Deb. 1993. Emission Estimation Methodologies -

Paint Manufacturing Industry, Paper 93-TP-57.07, Air and Waste Management Association,

presented at the 86th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, June 13-18, 1993.

NAPIM. 1996. National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers Guide to Estimating VOC

Emissions from Printing Ink Manufacturing. National Association of Printing Ink

Manufacturers, Inc. Hasbrouk Heights, New Jersey.

NPCA. 1995. Emission Estimation Guidance Manual for the Paint and Coatings Industry

(Second Edition). National Paint and Coatings Association, Inc., Washington, D.C.
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.8-3

Noyes, Robert, Editor. 1993. Pollution Prevention Technology Handbook. Noyes Publications,

Park Ridge, New Jersey.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.8-4 EIIP Volume II

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3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II

APPENDIX A

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORMS

AND INSTRUCTIONS -

PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

EIIP Volume II

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3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.A-1

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORMS INSTRUCTIONS -

PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

1. These forms may be used as a work sheet to aid the plant engineer in collecting the

information necessary to calculate emissions from paint and ink manufacturing facilities. 

The information requested on the forms relate to the methods (described in Sections 3, 4,

and 5) for quantifying emissions. These forms may also be used by the regulatory agency to

assist in area-wide inventory preparation.

2. The completed forms should be maintained in a reference file by the plant engineer with

other supporting documentation.

3. If the information requested is unknown, write “unknown” in the blank. If the information

requested does not apply to a particular unit or process, write “NA” in the blank.

4. If you want to modify the form to better serve your needs, an electronic copy of the form

may be obtained through the EIIP on the Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission

Factors (CHIEF) website (www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/).

5. Collect all Manufacturer’s Technical Data Sheets (TDSs) for all materials containing

potential air contaminants that are used at the facility.

6. The plant engineer should maintain all material usage information and TDSs in a reference

file.
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.A-2 EIIP Volume II

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM A: GENERAL INFORMATION

Facility/Plant Name:

SIC Code:

SCC:

SCC Description:

Location:

County:

City:

State:

Plant Geographical Coordinates:

 Latitude: 

 Longitude: 

 UTM Zone: 

 

 UTM Easting: 

 UTM Northing: 

Contact Name:

Title:

Telephone Number:
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.A-3

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM B: SOURCE INFORMATION

Unit ID:

Permit No.:

Location:

Unit Description:

Manufacturer:

Date Installed:

Date Modified:

Operating Schedule:

Hours/Day:

Days/Week:

Weeks/Year:

Raw Material Used:

Material Name Constituents Mass %
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.A-4 EIIP Volume II

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM C: CONTROL DEVICE INFORMATION

Unit ID:

Permit No.:

Location:

Pollutant Controlled:

Control Efficiency (Indicate source of information):

Type of Control Device:

 ~ Baghouse

 ~ Thermal Incinerator

 ~ Other (indicate type) 

Manufacturer:

Date Installed:

Date Modified:

Operating Schedule:

Hours/Day:

Days/Week:

Weeks/Year:

Source(s) Linked to this Control Device:
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.A-5

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM D: STACK INFORMATION

 Stack ID:

 Unit ID:

 Stack (Release) Height (ft):

 Stack Diameter (inch):

 Stack Gas Temperature (EF):

 Stack Gas Velocity (ft/sec):

 Stack Gas Flow Rate (ascf/min):

 Source(s) Linked to this Stack:
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.A-6 EIIP Volume II

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM E: PRODUCTION INFORMATION

Product Name Year Amount Produced (lb/yr)
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.A-7

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM F: SOLVENT USAGE

Solvent Name Constituents Mass %

Amount Used

(lb/yr)
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.A-8 EIIP Volume II

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM G: PIGMENT USAGE

Pigment Name Constituents Mass %

Amount Used

(lb/yr)
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.A-9

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM H: DATA FOR MIXER EMISSIONS

Equipment ID Solvent Constituent Mass %

Amount of

Solvent

Added to

Mixer

(lb/yr)
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.A-10 EIIP Volume II

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM I: DATA FOR SOLVENT RECLAMATION EMISSIONS

Solvent Constituent Mass %

Amount Processed

Through Distillation

Device (lb/hr)
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.A-11

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM J: DATA FOR PARTS CLEANING EMISSIONS

Unit ID

Hours of 

Operation

(hr/yr)

SurfaceA

rea(ft2)

Solvent

Used

Solvent

Constituent

Mass

%
CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3/98

8.A-12 EIIP Volume II

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM K: DATA FOR EMISSIONS FROM CLEANING OF PROCESS VESSELS

Unit ID Solvent Constituent Mass %

Volume

 Used

(gal/hr)

Temp.

(

oF)
3/3/98 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II 8.A-13

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM

FORM L: DATA NEEDED FOR EMISSIONS FROM SPILLS

Date of

Spill Material Constituent Mass %

Area

(ft2)

Duration

of

Spill

(hr)

Temp

(

oF)
8.A-14 EIIP Volume II EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM FORM M: EMISSION ESTIMATION RESULTS Equipment ID:_____

Pollutanta Emission Estimation Methodb Emissions Emissions Units Emission Factorc Emission Factor Units Com

a Pollutants include VOCs, PM/PM10, and HAPs (list individually). b Use the following codes to indicate which emission estimation method is used for each pollutant: Emission Factor = EF Stack Test = ST Material Balance = MB Emission Model = EM Other Method (indicate) = O c Where applicable, enter the emission factor and provide full citation of the reference or source of information from where 

factor came. Include edition, version, table and page numbers if AP-42 is used. Please copy the blank form and attach additional sheets, as necessary.