1

Missouri Court of Appeals

Southern District

Division Two

MICHAEL YOUNKER, BRAD )

NECKERMANN, ADAM CHADEK, and )

AMANDA CHADEK, )

)

Plaintiffs-Appellants, )

)

vs. ) No. SD33179

)

INVESTMENT REALTY, INC., ) Filed February 20, 2015

MICHAEL WOESSNER, LINDA )

WOESSNER, CURTIS D. BAXTER, )

SARAH BAXTER, and )

WILLIAMSBURG APARTMENTS, INC., )

)

Defendants-Respondents. )

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PHELPS COUNTY

Honorable John B. Berkemeyer, Associate Circuit Judge

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Michael Younker, Brad Neckermann, Adam Chadek, and Amanda Chadek (collectively 

referred to as “Tenants”) appeal from the trial court’s judgment denying class certification and 

granting summary judgment on all claims in their petition in favor of Investment Realty, Inc., 

Michael Woessner, Linda Woessner, Curtis Baxter, Sarah Baxter, and Williamsburg Apartments, 

Inc. (collectively referred to as “Property Owners”).

1

 Tenants alleged in their petition that 

 1 Tenants assert in their first point that a landlord-tenant relationship exists between them and all respondents as 

related to their respective individual lease agreements. Although Property Owners’ Motion for Summary Judgment 
2

Property Owners improperly retained a portion of their lease deposits in violation of section 

535.300.2 Property Owners moved for summary judgment asserting that the terms of Tenants’

lease agreements, which varied from the security deposit requirements of section 535.300, were 

controlling and that all lease deposits were handled according to the contractual terms in the 

lease agreements. The trial court, relying upon the uncontroverted fact of Property Owners’ 

compliance with such contractual terms, granted summary judgment in favor of Property 

Owners. Because compliance with the security deposit requirements imposed by section 

535.300 is mandatory and cannot be contractually varied or altered and genuine issues of 

material fact exist as to whether Property Owners complied with such statutory requirements, the 

trial court’s judgment is reversed.

Factual and Procedural Background

The facts, set forth in the light most favorable to Tenants, see Binkley v. Am. Equity 

Mortgage, Inc., 447 S.W.3d 194, 196 (Mo. banc 2014), are as follows:

Tenants each signed a “Lease and Agreement” to lease separate residences in Rolla, 

Missouri, from Investment Realty. 3 These agreements vary slightly in their exact language and 

the specific amounts of funds involved, but these differences are irrelevant to the issues involved 

in this appeal. Relevant to this appeal, Tenants agreed to “keep the premises in as good order, 

condition, and repair as when . . . first occupied.” The agreements also required Tenants to make 

 

asserted the lack of a landlord-tenant relationship as a reason supporting partial summary judgment as to some of 

the respondents, the trial court never decided that issue, but rather granted summary judgment “in Full” in favor of 

all respondents for other reasons as discussed in this opinion infra. 2 References to section 535.300 are to RSMo 2000. 3 These agreements each contained a purported waiver of Tenants’ rights to be present at an inspection of the 

respective premises at the conclusion of the lease. The parties discuss the right to be present for such an inspection 

in their briefs; however, we have not found where the validity of these waivers was raised and challenged in the 

pleadings and put at issue in this case.
3

an initial deposit ranging from $275 to $400 (the “lease deposit”).

4 The agreements provided 

that a portion of the lease deposit ranging from $75 to $95 would be a nonrefundable “common 

area maintenance fee.” The agreements also authorized Investment Realty to expend the 

remaining lease deposit to repair damage done by Tenants or to fulfill any remaining rent 

obligations. 

Tenants also signed an accompanying “Security Deposit Agreement” that further detailed 

how their lease deposits would be utilized. The Security Deposit Agreement stated that there 

was a $75 painting charge for each bedroom unit and a $75 initial carpet cleaning charge, with an 

additional charge of $25 per room and $10 per heavily stained area. Tenants separately initialed 

all of these provisions. The Security Deposit Agreement also specified that there should be no 

damage to the property beyond normal wear and tear, but “DIRT IN CARPETING OR 

ELSEWHERE, IS NOT NORMAL WEAR AND TEAR.” After their tenancies ended, Property 

Owners deducted no more than the full common-area maintenance fee, painting fee, and carpetcleaning fee from Tenants’ lease deposits. Tenants were not charged any other fees, and the 

remaining funds from their lease deposits were refunded to them. 

Tenants filed a petition against Property Owners alleging that the common-area 

maintenance fee, painting fee, and carpet-cleaning fee were amounts that would be “withheld in 

every instance” and were retained to remedy “ordinary wear and tear,” which is not allowed by

section 535.300. As such, Tenants alleged that Property Owners were in violation of that statute. 

Tenants’ petition was brought as a class action on their own behalf and on behalf of all others 

similarly situated. By separate motion, Tenants sought court certification of that class. 

 4 The lease agreement refers to this amount as a security deposit. In order to avoid confusion with the section 

535.300 statutory definition of a security deposit, we refer to this amount as the “lease deposit.”
4

Property Owners filed a motion seeking “Summary Judgment in Whole,” asserting three 

legal reasons why summary judgment should be granted on all claims in the petition. The first 

two reasons are essentially the same and assert that Property Owners are entitled to summary 

judgment even if they did not comply with the terms of section 535.300 because they complied 

with the terms of the lease agreements and the contractual terms control regardless of any 

statutory requirements. The third and final reason asserted that Property Owners are entitled to 

summary judgment because they complied with the requirements of section 535.300 by 

expending in some manner or refunding all deposited funds.

In the alternative, Property Owners moved for partial summary judgment in two respects: 

(1) in favor of the individual property owners because they were not landlords as that term is 

used in section 535.300, and Investment Realty, Inc. was an independent contractor, and (2) on 

all claims outside the statute of limitations.

In its judgment, the trial court denied Tenants’ “Motion for Class Certification,” granted 

Property Owners’ “Motion for Summary Judgment In Full,” never reaching the issues related to 

the requested partial summary judgments, and made a determination that the applicable statute of 

limitations, if summary judgment were reversed, would be section 516.130.

Discussion

Tenants raise three points on appeal. First, Tenants argue that the trial court erred in 

granting summary judgment because “there is no genuine dispute regarding the material fact that 

[Property Owners] withheld sums from [Tenants’] security deposits for reasons not allowed by 

[section] 535.300” . . . “and/or there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether the sums 

withheld were allowed by [section] 535.300.” Second, Tenants argue that the trial court erred in 

denying class certification because all requirements of Rule 52.08 were met. Third, Tenants 

assert that the applicable statute of limitations is ten years, in accordance with section 516.110.
5

Genuine Issues of Material Fact of Property Owners’ Compliance with Section 535.300 

Precluded Summary Judgment in Full

In reviewing a trial court’s grant of a motion for summary judgment, we 

employ a de novo standard of review. As such, we will not defer to the trial 

court’s decision, but rather, we will use the same standards the trial court should 

have used in reaching its decision to grant the motion for summary judgment. We 

view the record in the light most favorable to the party against whom judgment 

was entered, and we accord that party the benefit of all inferences which may 

reasonably be drawn from the record. The propriety of summary judgment is 

purely an issue of law.

Baca Chiropractic v. Cobb, 317 S.W.3d 674, 677 (Mo.App. 2010) (internal citations and 

quotations omitted).

Summary judgment is appropriately granted when “there is no genuine issue as to any 

material fact” and “the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Rule 74.04.5

 

“‘A material fact in the context of summary judgment is one from which the right to judgment 

flows.’” Cent. Trust & Inv. Co. v. Signalpoint Asset Mgmt., LLC, 422 S.W.3d 312, 319 (Mo. 

banc 2014) (quoting Goerlitz v. City of Maryville, 333 S.W.3d 450, 453 (Mo. banc 2011)). A 

genuine issue exists as to one of the material facts underlying the moving party’s right to 

summary judgment where the record contains competent evidence that demonstrates two 

plausible, but contradictory, accounts of an essential fact. Birdsong v. Christians, 6 S.W.3d 218, 

222 (Mo.App. 1999) (citing ITT Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-Am Marine Supply Corp., 854 

S.W.2d 371, 382 (Mo. banc 1993)). However, “‘[t]he key to summary judgment is the 

undisputed right to a judgment as a matter of law; not simply the absence of a fact question.’” 

Birdsong, 6 S.W.3d at 223 (quoting Southard v. Buccaneer Homes Corp., 904 S.W.2d 525, 530 

(Mo.App. 1995)). Here, the trial court granted summary judgment in whole without specifying 

the basis for its decision. Nevertheless, “‘the trial court's judgment may be affirmed on any basis 

 5 Rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2014).
6

supported by the record.’” Nail v. Husch Blackwell Sanders, LLP, 436 S.W.3d 556, 561 (Mo. 

banc 2014) (quoting ITT Commercial Fin. Corp., 854 S.W.2d at 387-88).

6

Tenants contend that a genuine dispute of material fact exists as to whether Property 

Owners used the lease deposit for reasons not allowed by section 535.300, which cannot be 

waived; therefore summary judgment in favor of Property Owners is inappropriate.7 We agree.

Section 535.300 provides:

1. A landlord may not demand or receive a security deposit in excess of 

two months’ rent. 

2. Within thirty days after the date of termination of the tenancy, the 

landlord shall: 

(1) Return the full amount of the security deposit; or 

(2) Furnish to the tenant a written itemized list of the damages for 

which the security deposit or any portion thereof is withheld, along with 

the balance of the security deposit. The landlord shall have complied with 

this subsection by mailing such statement and any payment to the last 

known address of the tenant. 

 6 We review the summary judgment record as developed in accordance with the requirements of Rule 74.04(c). 

“‘The purpose of Rule 74.04(c) is to provide some assurance that opposing counsel, the trial court, and the appellate 

court can ascertain the specific basis or bases on which a movant alleges he or she is entitled to summary 

judgment.’” Bilyeu v. Vaill, 349 S.W.3d 479, 482 (Mo.App. 2011) (quoting Siemens Bldg. Tech., Inc. v. St. John's 

Reg'l Med. Ctr., 124 S.W.3d 3, 8 (Mo.App. 2004)). Rule 74.04(c)(1) requires that a “motion for summary judgment 

shall summarily state the legal basis for the motion.” 

If a party seeks to expand the grounds for a summary judgment motion or enlarge the record after 

the motion and response has been filed, allowing such an expansion is prejudicial. Cross v. Drury 

Inns, Inc., 32 S.W.3d 632, 637 (Mo.App.2000). Allowing the movant to raise new factual issues, 

grounds or arguments within summary judgment proceedings, without offering the other party the 

opportunity to respond, violates Rule 74.04 and results in prejudice for the opposing party. Id. If 

a party fails to comply with Rule 74.04(c) and such failure is prejudicial, then reversal is required. 

Morley v. Henske, 704 S.W.2d 298 (Mo.App.1986).

Wallingsford v. City of Maplewood, 287 S.W.3d 682, 686-87 (Mo. banc 2009). The failure to raise an argument for 

summary judgment in the trial court in the manner required by Rule 74.04(c)(1) precludes its review on appeal. 

Peterson v. Discover Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., No. WD 76852, 2015 WL 161013, at *11 (Mo.App. W.D. Jan. 13, 

2015). Therefore, we confine our review of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment here to the bases raised in 

the summary judgment record before the trial court and now before us.

7 Tenants initially argue that “[t]here is no genuine dispute of material fact that [Property Owners] withheld sums 

from [Tenants’] security deposits for reasons not specifically allowed by [section 535.300].” (Emphasis added). 

Outside consideration of a motion for summary judgment in favor of Tenants, which was not before the trial court 

and is not before us, the determination of this factual issue is for the finder of fact. In reviewing the trial court’s 

grant of summary judgment in favor of Property Owners that is currently before us, we are concerned with the 

existence of a genuine issue of material fact as to a proposition necessary to support that judgment.
7

3. The landlord may withhold from the security deposit only such amounts 

as are reasonably necessary for the following reasons: 

(1) To remedy a tenant’s default in the payment of rent due to the 

landlord, pursuant to the rental agreement; 

(2) To restore the dwelling unit to its condition at the 

commencement of the tenancy, ordinary wear and tear excepted; or 

(3) To compensate the landlord for actual damages sustained as a 

result of the tenant’s failure to give adequate notice to terminate the 

tenancy pursuant to law or the rental agreement; provided that the landlord 

makes reasonable efforts to mitigate damages. 

4. The landlord shall give the tenant or his representative reasonable notice 

in writing at his last known address or in person of the date and time when the 

landlord will inspect the dwelling unit following the termination of the rental 

agreement to determine the amount of the security deposit to be withheld, and the 

inspection shall be held at a reasonable time. The tenant shall have the right to be 

present at the inspection of the dwelling unit at the time and date scheduled by the 

landlord. 

5. If the landlord wrongfully withholds all or any portion of the security 

deposit in violation of this section, the tenant shall recover as damages not more 

than twice the amount wrongfully withheld. 

6. Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the right of the 

landlord to recover actual damages in excess of the security deposit, or to permit a 

tenant to apply or deduct any portion of the security deposit at any time in lieu of 

payment of rent. 

7. As used in this section, the term “security deposit” means any deposit 

of money or property, however denominated, which is furnished by a tenant to a 

landlord to secure the performance of any part of the rental agreement, including 

damages to the dwelling unit. This term does not include any money or property 

denominated as a deposit for a pet on the premises. 

(Emphasis added).

Ordinarily, an analysis of the application of this section should begin with a 

determination as to whether particular funds paid by a tenant to a landlord meet the subsection 7 

statutory definition of a “security deposit.” We need not reach that initial issue and make that 

determination here, however, because Property Owners conceded at oral argument that the 

manner in which they treated and handled Tenants’ lease deposits, irrespective of the express 

provisions in the lease agreements, met the statutory definition requirements for those lease 
8

deposits to be considered a “security deposit” as defined in subsection 535.300.7.8

 Therefore, 

our analysis here begins with determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to 

whether the non-refunded portions of Tenants’ security deposits were appropriately expended by 

Property Owners. 

Property Owners’ Motion for Summary Judgment set forth two legal bases in favor of 

summary judgment and their proper expenditure of Tenants’ security deposits. First, Property 

Owners assert that “these transactions are not controlled by statute but instead controlled by 

contract. Parties to a contract are free to relinquish substantial rights, and [Tenants] contractually 

waived any rights under §535.300 RSMo. by entering into a contract with potentially different 

terms.” In their brief, Property Owners give several examples of rights that they allege may be 

waived9 as part of their overarching argument “that statutes can never bar personal choices in 

most instances.” 

In contrast, Tenants argue that section 535.300 is a consumer protection statute and 

waiver would be against public policy. In support of this argument, Tenants liken the security 

deposit statute to the Missouri statutes relating to merchandising and trade practices which have 

been described as “paternalistic in nature” such that they cannot be subject to waiver. See High 

Life Sales Co. v. Brown-Forman Corp., 823 S.W.2d 493, 498 (Mo. banc 1992) (quoting 

Electrical and Magneto Serv. Co., Inc. v. AMBAC Int’l Corp., 941 F.2d 660, 664 (8th 

Cir.1991)).

 8 With this concession, the question is saved for another day as to whether nonrefundable fees paid by a tenant to a 

landlord in addition to the monthly rental and as seemingly contemplated by the express terms of the lease 

agreements here, “secure the performance of any part of the rental agreement,” as required by subsection 535.300.7

to meet the statutory definition for a “security deposit” and thereby be subject to the security deposit requirements 

imposed by the other provisions of section 535.300. See generally Peggy L. England, Tenants’ Rights Under the 

Missouri Security Deposit Statute, ST. LOUIS UNIV. L.J. 1035 (1984). 9 Property Owners allege that the following rights, among others, are subject to waiver: (1) The right to open access 

to courts; (2) The right to redress in court for damages not yet suffered; (3) The Fifth Amendment right to remain 

silent; (4) Protections against warrantless search and seizure; (5) The right to a trial by jury; (6) The protections of 

statutes of limitation; (7) The right to expected venue.
9

“The primary rule of statutory construction requires the Court to ascertain the intent of 

the legislature, considering the words in their plain and ordinary meaning.” Union Elec. Co. v. 

Dir. of Revenue, 799 S.W.2d 78, 79 (Mo. banc 1990). Section 535.300 “was enacted for the 

protection of both the landlord and tenant, is conducive to the public good, [] provides the tenant 

his exclusive remedy for the wrongful withholding of a security deposit[,]” and is to be liberally 

construed to effect that purpose. Battis v. Hofmann, 832 S.W.2d 937, 940 (Mo.App. 1992). 

Tenants’ argument in favor of an intended consumer protection, paternalistic view of section 

535.300 is persuasive because section 535.300 only applies to residential tenancies and section 

535.300 uses plain and ordinary language that indicates the legislature did not intend for the 

parties involved in such tenancies to contractually alter the application of its provisions. 

Section 535.300 uses the term “dwelling unit” four times to describe the property for 

which a security deposit is paid and held. Section 535.300; Prop. Exch. & Sales, Inc. v. King, 

863 S.W.2d 12, 15 (Mo. App. 1993). While this term is not defined in section 535.300, the 

definition for “dwelling unit” in section 441.500.6 has been held to be instructive. Prop. Exch. 

& Sales, Inc., 863 S.W. 2d at 15. That section defines a “dwelling unit” as the “premises or part 

thereof occupied, used, or held out for use and occupancy as a place of abode for human beings, 

whether occupied or vacant. Section 441.500.6, RSMo Cum.Supp. 2014.10 The use of this term 

in section 535.300 indicates that the legislature did not intend for it to apply to non-dwelling 

units, such as those involved in commercial tenancies. PDQ Tower Servs., Inc. v. Adams, 213 

S.W.3d 697, 699 (Mo.App. 2007). “‘The statute's broad remedial purpose is to lay the 

groundwork for landlord-tenant relations and to provide a more equal footing for both. The 

nature of the landlord-tenant relationship requires such accountability.’” Id. (quoting Battis, 832 

 10 When Prop. Exch. & Sales, Inc. was decided, this definition was numbered as subsection 5. Section 441.500.5,

RSMo Cum.Supp. 1992.
10

S.W.2d at 940). “This type of approach where the legislature protects the tenant from the 

landlord's interests while preserving the landlord's interests is usually limited to residential 

tenants.” PDQ Tower Servs., Inc., 213 S.W.3d at 699-700. Based upon these observations and 

that “[c]ommerical tenants usually are on equal footing with landlords,” the western district of 

our court held that section 535.300 was intended by the legislature to apply only to residential 

tenancies and not to commercial tenancies. Id. This limited application of section 535.300 also 

indicates an intent by the legislature to control a consumer relationship in a manner such that the 

requirements of the statute designed to protect a tenant’s interests cannot be contractually 

defeated by a landlord who may be in a superior bargaining position and with whom the tenant is 

not on equal footing. The legislature correspondingly protected the landlord’s interests in this 

type of consumer transaction, however, by exclusively limiting a tenant’s recovery for any 

violation to not more than twice the security deposit amount. See Prop. Exch. & Sales, Inc., 

863 S.W. 2d at 14-15 (stating section 535.300 is the exclusive remedy for tenants to recover 

security deposits); see also Battis, 832 S.W.2d at 940-41 (stating section 535.300 limits recovery 

to not more than twice the security deposit amount).

We now turn to the specific language used in section 535.300 that shows a legislative 

intent against contractual modification of its requirements. First, the third subsection of section 

535.300 provides that the landlord may withhold from the security deposit only such amounts as 

are reasonably necessary to remedy a tenant’s default in the payment of rent; to restore the 

dwelling unit to its condition at the commencement of the tenancy, ordinary wear and tear 

excepted; and to compensate the landlord for actual damages sustained as a result of the tenant’s 

failure to give adequate notice to terminate the tenancy pursuant to law or the rental agreement. 
11

Use of the word “only” implies that the legislature intended to foreclose security deposits being 

used for any other purposes.

Second, the seventh subsection refers to funds “however denominated.” Section 

535.300.7. This broad language indicates that the legislature intended to control security

deposits regardless of the contractual language used in the lease. The implication is that once 

funds meet all the definitional components of a “security deposit” as set forth in this subsection, 

those funds cannot then escape the security deposit requirements set forth in section 535.300.

Finally, other states have security deposit statutes that specifically provide for parties to 

be able to contract otherwise.11 The legislature’s failure to include such a provision here does

not bespeak permission to contract around the statute, but rather supports the legislature’s intent 

not to allow parties to do so.

For these reasons, we hold that the security deposit withholding requirements imposed by 

subsection 535.300.3 are mandatory and may not be varied or altered by contract between the 

landlord and tenant.12 Property Owners’ first asserted legal basis in support of summary 

judgment—that contract terms control over the provisions of section 535.300.3—is not correct 

and, therefore, does not entitle Property Owners to summary judgment as a matter of law.

Property Owners’ second legal basis in support of summary judgment asserts that even if 

they cannot contract around the requirements of section 535.300.3 or Tenants cannot waive the 

protections therein, they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law because the statute was not 

violated. Property Owners argue that section 535.300.3 was not violated for two reasons. 

 11 See e.g., Idaho Code Ann. § 6-321, Kan. Stat. Ann. § 58-2550(b), Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 14 § 6033(2), Minn. Stat. § 

504B.178(b)(1), N.J. Stat. Ann. § 46:8-21.1, Okla. Stat. tit. 41 § 115(B), Or. Rev. Stat. § 90.300(7)(c)(A), 68 Pa. 

Cons. Stat. § 250.512(a), S.D. Codified Laws § 43-32-24, Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 92.104, Utah Code Ann. § 57-17-

3, Va. Code Ann. § 55-248.15:1, W.Va. Code § 37-6A-2(b)(5), Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-21-1208(a), Wisc. Stat. § 

704.28. 12 Because our decision on the narrow issue in this appeal only requires it, our holding is limited only to the 

provisions of subsection 3 of section 535.300.
12

First, Property Owners contend that because “ordinary wear and tear” was not defined 

within the statute, the parties may contractually define ordinary wear and tear in any manner they 

choose in the lease agreements.

13 This argument fails because, although “ordinary wear and 

tear” was not given a statutory definition within section 535.300, the term has long been used in 

legal documents in Missouri, see e.g., Goddin v. Welton, 34 Mo. 448, 449 (1864), and its plain 

and ordinary meaning is commonly understood without further definition. 

The existence of ordinary wear and tear is a factual determination made on a case-by-case 

basis. Monnig v. Easton Amusement Co., 27 S.W.2d 495, 497 (Mo.App. 1930). In reviewing 

this factual determination on appeal, cases from Missouri long before the enactment of section 

535.300 used various constructs to describe the common understanding of the ordinary meaning 

of what “ordinary wear and tear” is and what it is not. See Hughes v. Vanstone, 24 Mo.App. 

637, 640-41 (1887) (“ [a] tenant, unless the contract otherwise provides, ‘is merely required to 

keep the premises in as good repair as he receives them, ordinary wear and tear and accidental 

injuries excepted. In other words, he is only so bound to so use the premises as not be guilty of 

voluntary waste. He is not bound to replace an old floor with a new one, or to rebuild a fallen 

chimney, or to put on a new roof, or to put in new sashes or doors in place of those that are worn 

out, nor to rebuild or repair premises accidentally destroyed or injured by fire or other cause not

resulting from his negligence.’ Wood on Land. & Ten., sect. 368. And in the same section it is 

stated by the author that a tenant is not ‘called upon to make lasting or substantial repairs, as, to 

put on a new roof, or make what are called general repairs.’”); Thompson v. Cummings, 39 

 13 In their initial brief, Tenants characterize Property Owners’ position as “[Property Owners] try to reduce ‘ordinary 

wear and tear’ to nothing by stating in the lease agreements that plain old dirt, even one crumb of it, is not ‘ordinary 

wear and tear.’” In their responsive brief, Property Owners do not deny this characterization and appear to confirm 

it by stating, “[t]he contracts specify that dirt in the carpet or elsewhere are not ‘normal wear & tear’, and carpet 

cleaning is specifically authorized by the tenant. The contract merely defined that which the Legislature failed to 

define, and that definition must now control because [Tenants] agreed to it in the contract.”
13

Mo.App. 537, 539 (1890) (“[b]arking and ploughing up young apple trees by cultivating a crop 

among them certainly ought not to be the ordinary ‘wear and tear’ of a farm rented for a year”); 

Blanchon v. Kellerstrass Distilling Corp., 208 S.W. 484, 487 (Mo.App. 1919) (“mere general 

wear and tear from ordinary use”); Gralnick v. Magid, 238 S.W. 132, 134-35 (Mo. 1921)

(“[t]hese are the words which are found in the ordinary lease, regarding the ordinary wear and 

tear of leased premises; that is, such as the necessary painting to preserve the buildings against 

accidental breaking of glass, papering when necessary, or accidental or natural repairs of floors, 

doors, stairs, locks, hinges, etc., which need repairing because of the ordinary use and wear of 

the premises”); Courtney v. Ocean Accident & Guar. Corp., 142 S.W.2d 858, 861 (Mo. 1940)

(“Webster's New International Dictionary defines the word ordinary as ‘belonging to what is 

usual; having or taking its place according to customary occurrence or procedure; usual, normal.’ 

The word extraordinary is defined by Webster as ‘beyond or out of the common order or rule; 

not of the usual, customary, or regular kind; not ordinary.’”); Ten-Six Olive, Inc. v. Curby, 208 

F.2d 117, 122 (8th Cir. 1953) (“The ‘good condition’ clause provided that the premises should be 

surrendered in as good condition as received, ordinary wear and tear excepted. It did not provide 

they should be returned in the same condition, or like condition”).

“The legislature is presumed to know the existing law when enacting a new piece of 

legislation.” Greenbriar Hills Country Club v. Dir. of Revenue, 47 S.W.3d 346, 352 (Mo. banc 

2001). Given the long-standing common understanding as to the ordinary meaning of the phrase 

“ordinary wear and tear,” it did not need any further definition in section 535.300. Moreover, if 

parties were able to contractually redefine this term contrary to its ordinary meaning, it would 

frustrate the purpose of the statute and the legislative intent for enacting it, i.e., balancing the 
14

interests of landlords and tenants in a residential tenancy, as discussed infra.

14 Property Owners, 

therefore, cannot demonstrate compliance with section 535.300.3 by contractually crafting their 

own definition of “ordinary wear and tear.”

Second, Property Owners argue that they complied with the requirements of section 

535.300.3 because they either expended in some manner or returned all of Tenants’ security 

deposits. In support of that argument to the trial court, Property Owners relied on Battis v. 

Hofmann for the assertion that: “[A] cause of action under § 535.300, RSMo. can only lie for 

funds which are wrongfully withheld and which are neither returned to the tenant nor expended 

by the landlord.” After a thorough reading of Battis, we see no basis in it from which to 

conclude that a landlord may comply with section 535.300 by expending the lease deposit for 

any purpose. Rather, a logical view of section 535.300.3 and its use of the word “only,” as 

discussed infra, would yield a plain and ordinary meaning that a landlord may only expend funds 

for the express purposes set forth section 535.300.3. 

On appeal, Property Owners re-characterize their Battis argument to assert that because 

carpet cleaning funds were withheld in Battis, the Battis court implicitly approved either that

carpet cleaning was not expended for ordinary wear and tear or that lease terms are enforceable 

regardless of the terms of the statute. The sole issue presented to the Battis court was whether 

section 535.300 provides a mandatory penalty for retention of a security deposit beyond the 

thirty-day period prescribed by the statute for its return. Battis, 832 S.W.2d at 939. In resolving 

 14 Since the enactment of section 535.300 in 1983, the Supreme Court of Missouri has addressed the common 

understanding of the “ordinary meaning” attached to the phrase “ordinary wear and tear” observing:

“‘Ordinary wear and tear’ includes any usual deterioration from use of the premises during the 

lease period[.]” 49 AM.JUR.2D, LANDLORD AND TENANT Section 893. It means “normal 

depreciation.” Id. See also BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1593 (6th ed. 1990) (“‘Natural wear and 

tear’ means deterioration or depreciation in value by ordinary and reasonable use of the subject

matter.”).

Brizendine v. Conrad, 71 S.W.3d 587, 592 n.4 (Mo. banc 2002).
15

this issue, the Battis court did not implicitly approve any other issues that were not presented to

it or that were not necessary to the resolution of the issue that was presented to it.

Property Owners were entitled to judgment as a matter of law only if the uncontroverted 

facts demonstrated that there was no genuine issue of fact as to whether the non-refunded 

amounts of the Tenants’ security deposits were expended by Property Owners for one of the 

three purposes authorized by section 535.300.3. There are no facts in the summary judgment 

record supporting that Property Owners expended any part of the security deposits for the first or 

third authorized purposes under section 535.300.3. While the second purpose in that subsection 

authorizes Property Owners to expend security deposit funds “[t]o restore the dwelling unit to its 

condition at the commencement of the tenancy,” it also places an “ordinary wear and tear 

excepted” limitation on that authority. It was, therefore, incumbent upon Property Owners to 

demonstrate that, based upon the summary judgment record, there is no genuine issue of fact that 

the non-refunded security deposits were not expended to remedy “ordinary wear and tear.” They 

have failed to do so, primarily because they were focused upon demonstrating there was no 

genuine issue of fact that their expenditures were in accordance with the terms of the lease 

agreements.15 As discussed infra, the provisions in the lease agreements were immaterial as to 

whether Property Owners were entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law because their 

expenditure of Tenants’ security deposits were in accordance with the requirements of section 

535.300.3. Tenants’ first point is granted, and the trial court’s judgment granting Property 

Owners’ motion for summary judgment in full is reversed.

 15 As noted, infra, “ordinary wear and tear” is a fact determination. Monnig, 27 S.W.2d at 497. In the absence of a 

direct admission or stipulation as to its non-existence by Tenants, it is an inference drawn from the totality of the 

circumstances in this case. Where the facts, even if uncontroverted, support an inference either way, summary 

judgment would be inappropriate. Baca Chiropractic, 317 S.W.3d at 677 (non-moving party given the benefit of all 

inferences which may reasonably be drawn from the record).
16

Authority to Review Class Certification Denial is not Restricted to Supreme Court

In what Tenants characterize as an “excess of caution,” they sought to appeal the trial 

court’s denial of class certification in its judgment under section 512.020(3) and Rule 52.08(f) 

authorizing a permissive interlocutory appeal from an order granting or denying class-action 

certification16 and also under section 512.020(5) allowing an appeal as a matter of right from a 

final judgment.17 Permitting a section 512.020(3) and Rule 52.08(f) interlocutory appeal, 

however, is within the discretion of this Court. Section 512.020.3(a); Rule 52.08(f); State ex rel. 

Coca-Cola Co. v. Nixon, 249 S.W.3d 855, 859 (Mo. banc 2008). Rule 52.08(f) directs that the 

method by which to obtain that permission is governed by Rule 84.035. In accordance with Rule 

84.035, Tenants filed a petition for permission to appeal the denial of class certification. See

Rule 84.035(a) and (b). Property Owners filed a response to that petition as allowed by Rule 

84.035(c). By this court’s order exercising its section 512.020(3)(a) and Rule 52.08(f) 

discretion, Tenants’ petition for permission to appeal was denied. 

 16 “The statute and the rule authorize a new interlocutory appeal regarding class certification[.]” State ex rel. CocaCola Co. v. Nixon, 249 S.W.3d 855, 859 (Mo. banc 2008). They “do not permit an appeal of certification orders as 

of right; they merely create the potential for an appeal.” Id. 17 As pertinent here, section 512.020 provides:

Any party to a suit aggrieved by any judgment of any trial court in any civil cause from which an 

appeal is not prohibited by the constitution, nor clearly limited in special statutory proceedings, 

may take his or her appeal to a court having appellate jurisdiction from any:

****

(3) Order granting or denying class action certification provided that:

(a) The court of appeals, in its discretion, permits such an appeal; and

(b) An appeal of such an order shall not stay proceedings in the court unless the judge or the court 

of appeals so orders;

****

(5) Final judgment in the case or from any special order after final judgment in the cause; but a 

failure to appeal from any action or decision of the court before final judgment shall not prejudice 

the right of the party so failing to have the action of the trial court reviewed on an appeal taken 

from the final judgment in the case.

Rule 52.08(f), in pertinent part, provides: “Appeals. An appellate court may permit an appeal from an order of a 

circuit court granting or denying class action certification under this Rule 52.08 if a petition is timely filed as 

provided in Rule 84.035.”
17

In this section 512.020(5) appeal of the trial court’s final judgment that included the order 

denying Tenants’ motion for class certification, Property Owners contend that because Tenants’ 

Rule 84.035(a) petition for permission to appeal that denial of class certification as provided by

section 512.020(3) and Rule 52.08(f) was denied by this court, further review of class 

certification is restricted to a petition for original remedial writ filed with the Supreme Court as 

required by Rule 84.035(j)18 and may not be addressed by this court in this appeal. This is 

because, Property Owners assert, without citation to any relevant legal authority, “[t]he price for 

allowing permissive interlocutory appeals [i]s giving up an appeal as a matter of right at the 

conclusion of the case.” Property Owners misconstrue the scope of Rule 84.035. 

“‘The right to appeal is purely statutory and, where a statute does not give a right to 

appeal, no right exists.’” Coca-Cola Co., 249 S.W.3d at 859 (quoting Riverside–Quindaro Bend 

Levee Dist. v. Intercont'l Eng'g Mfg., 121 S.W.3d 531, 532 (Mo. banc 2003), and citing Rule 

81.01). The scope of Rule 84.035 must be read in context with the statutory authorization for a

permissive interlocutory appeal in section 512.020(3), as implemented by Rule 52.08, of an 

interlocutory trial court order granting or denying class certification. Rule 52.08(c)(1) requires 

that “[a]s soon as practicable after the commencement of an action brought as a class action, the 

court shall determine by order whether it is to be so maintained.” Such an order is interlocutory 

until a decision is made on the merits of the case. See Rule 52.08(c)(1) (“An order under this 

Rule 52.08(c)(1) may be conditional and may be altered or amended before the decision on the 

merits.”). Section 512.020(3) and Rule 52.08(f) function to create the potential for an 

interlocutory appeal from an interlocutory order granting or denying class certification. CocaCola Co., 249 S.W.3d at 859. Nothing in either indicates that they function to impinge upon or 

 18 Rule 84.035(j) provides: “If the petition to appeal is denied, further review, if any, of the trial court's order 

granting or denying class action certification shall be by petition for original remedial writ filed directly in this 

Court.”
18

foreclose any other statutorily granted right to appeal. In that context, the purpose of Rule 

84.035 is to set forth the procedural manner in which a section 512.020(3) and Rule 52.08(f) 

interlocutory appeal is to be taken. Rule 84.035, therefore, does not impinge upon or foreclose 

any other statutorily created avenues of review, such as an appeal as a matter of right of a final 

judgment created by section 512.020(5). We conclude that Rule 84.035(j) only applies to the 

procedure for seeking review of an interlocutory order granting or denying class certification and 

has no application in the context of an appeal of a final judgment as a matter of right as granted

by section 512.020(5).

In their briefs, Tenants and Property Owners address and discuss the relative merits of

class certification and whether the class as proposed by Tenants meets the requirements under 

Rule 52.08. The trial court’s denial of class certification in this case, however, was not a 

reflection of the trial court’s decision on the merits of class certification. Rather, the trial court’s 

decision not to certify a class appears to flow from its recognition that if summary judgment was 

properly granted in favor of Property Owners, then no wrong can exist for which a class should 

be certified. Because we reverse the summary judgment decision for the reasons stated above, 

the denial of class certification erroneously premised upon that grant of summary judgment must 

also be reversed and the case remanded to the trial court for a Rule 52.08 merits-based decision 

on class certification in light of the mandatory requirements of section 535.300.3.

Ruling on Statute of Limitations Remains Interlocutory

Because we reverse summary judgment for the reasons discussed above, it would be 

premature for us to consider the applicable statute of limitations. Upon remand to the trial court, 

there will no longer be a final judgment in the case. Because any order or judgment entered by a 

trial court before a judgment becomes final and appealable is interlocutory, State ex rel. 

Schweitzer v. Greene, 438 S.W.2d 229, 232 (Mo. banc 1969), the trial court “may open, amend, 
19

reverse or vacate” the order, Around the World Importing, Inc. v. Mercantile Trust Co., 795 

S.W.2d 85, 88 (Mo.App. 1990). As our Supreme Court stated in Schweitzer:

Logic and justice would seem to indicate that a trial court should be permitted to 

retain control of every phase of a case so that it may correct errors, or, in its 

discretion, modify or set aside orders or judgments until its jurisdiction is 

extinguished by the judgment becoming final and appealable. Of course, any such 

action should be taken only after proper notice to the parties.

438 S.W.2d at 232. Because the trial court has authority upon remand to reconsider its ruling on 

the applicable statute of limitations, any opinion issued by this court on that matter would be 

advisory, and we “cannot and do not render advisory opinions.” In re Estate of Van Cleave, 574 

S.W.2d 375, 376 (Mo. banc 1978). 

Decision

The trial court’s judgment is reversed in all respects, and the case is remanded for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

GARY W. LYNCH, J. – Opinion author

NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. – concurs

DON E. BURRELL, J. – concurs