Case 1:19-cv-03423 Document 2-1 Filed 12/05/19 USDC Colorado Page 1 of 23 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

DISTRICT OF COLORADO 

__________________________________________ 

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, ) 

 ) 

Plaintiff, )

 ) Civil Action No. 1:19-cv-03423 

v. )

 ) 

A.S. RESEARCH, LLC, also d/b/a ) [PROPOSED] STIPULATED 

ASR and APPLIED SCIENTIFIC ) ORDER FOR PERMANENT 

RESEARCH LABS, ) INJUNCTION AND 

a limited liability company, ) MONETARY JUDGMENT 

 ) 

STEPHEN J. YOUNG, individually ) 

 and as an owner and officer of ) 

 A.S. RESEARCH, LLC, and ) 

 ) 

MICHAEL K. LEDEBOER, individually ) 

 and as an owner and officer of ) 

 A.S. RESEARCH, LLC, ) 

 ) 

Defendants. ) 

__________________________________________) 

Plaintiff, the Federal Trade Commission (“Commission” or “FTC”), filed its Complaint 

for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief (“Complaint”), for a permanent injunction 

and other equitable relief in this matter, pursuant to Section 13(b) of the Federal Trade 

Commission Act (“FTC Act”), 15 U.S.C. § 53(b). The Commission and Defendants stipulate to 

the entry of this Stipulated Order for Permanent Injunction and Monetary Judgment (“Order”) to 

resolve all matters in dispute in this action between them. 

THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED as follows: 

FINDINGS 

1. This Court has jurisdiction over this matter. 

2. The Complaint charges that Defendants participated in deceptive and unfair acts or 
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practices and false advertising in violation of Sections 5 and 12 of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 45 

and 52, in connection with the advertising, labeling, promotion, offering for sale, sale, or 

distribution of Synovia. 

3. Defendants neither admit nor deny any of the allegations in the Complaint, except as 

specifically stated in this Order. Only for purposes of this action, Defendants admit the facts 

necessary to establish jurisdiction. 

4. Defendants waive any claim that they may have under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 

28 U.S.C. § 2412, concerning the prosecution of this action through the date of this Order, and 

agree to bear their own costs and attorney fees. 

5. Defendants waive all rights to appeal or otherwise challenge or contest the validity of this 

Order. 

DEFINITIONS 

For the purpose of this Order, the following definitions apply: 

A. “Clear(ly) and Conspicuous(ly)” means that a required disclosure is difficult to miss 

(i.e., easily noticeable) and easily understandable by ordinary consumers, including in all of the 

following ways: 

1. In any communication that is solely visual or solely audible, the disclosure must 

be made through the same means through which the communication is presented. In any 

communication made through both visual and audible means, such as a television 

advertisement, the disclosure must be presented simultaneously in both the visual and 

audible portions of the communication even if the representation requiring the disclosure 

is made in only one means. 

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2. A visual disclosure, by its size, contrast, location, the length of time it appears, 

and other characteristics, must stand out from any accompanying text or other visual 

elements so that it is easily noticed, read, and understood. 

3. An audible disclosure, including by telephone or streaming video, must be 

delivered in a volume, speed, and cadence sufficient for ordinary consumers to easily 

hear and understand it. 

4. In any communication using an interactive electronic medium, such as the 

Internet or software, the disclosure must be unavoidable. 

5. The disclosure must use diction and syntax understandable to ordinary consumers 

and must appear in each language in which the representation that requires the disclosure 

appears. 

6. The disclosure must comply with these requirements in each medium through 

which it is received, including all electronic devices and face-to-face communications. 

7. The disclosure must not be contradicted or mitigated by, or inconsistent with, 

anything else in the communication. 

8. When the representation or sales practice targets a specific audience, such as 

children, the elderly, or the terminally ill, “ordinary consumers” includes reasonable 

members of that group. 

B. “Close Proximity” means immediately adjacent to the triggering representation. In the 

case of advertisements disseminated verbally or through audible means, the disclosure shall be 

made as soon as practicable after the triggering representation. 

C. “Covered Product” means any Dietary Supplement, Food, or Drug, including Synovia. 

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D. “Defendants” means all of the Individual Defendants and the Corporate Defendant, 

individually, collectively, or in any combination. 

1. “Corporate Defendant” means A.S. Research, LLC, and its successors and 

assigns. A.S. Research, LLC includes ASR and Applied Scientific Research Labs. 

2. “Individual Defendants” means Stephen J. Young and Michael K. Ledeboer. 

E. “Dietary Supplement” means: (1) any product labeled as a Dietary Supplement or 

otherwise represented as a Dietary Supplement; or (2) any pill, tablet, capsule, powder, softgel, 

gelcap, liquid, or other similar form containing one or more ingredients that are a vitamin, 

mineral, herb or other botanical, amino acid, probiotic, or other dietary substance for use by 

humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, 

constituent, extract, or combination of any ingredient described above, that is intended to be 

ingested, and is not represented to be used as a conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or 

the diet. 

F. “Drug” means: (1) articles recognized in the official United States Pharmacopoeia, 

official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, or official National Formulary, or 

any supplement to any of them; (2) articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, 

treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or other animals; (3) articles (other than Food) 

intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of humans or other animals; and (4) 

articles intended for use as a component of any article specified in (1), (2), or (3); but does not 

include devices or their components, parts, or accessories. 

G. “Essentially Equivalent Product” means a product that contains the identical 

ingredients, except for inactive ingredients (e.g., binders, colors, fillers, excipients) in the same 

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form and dosage, and with the same route of administration (e.g., orally, sublingually), as the 

Covered Product; provided that the Covered Product may contain additional ingredients if 

reliable scientific evidence generally accepted by experts in the field indicates that the amount 

and combination of additional ingredients is unlikely to impede or inhibit the effectiveness of the 

ingredients in the Essentially Equivalent Product. 

H. “Food” means: (1) any article used for Food or drink for humans or other animals; (2) 

chewing gum; and (3) any article used for components of any such article. 

ORDER 

I. PROHIBITED REPRESENTATIONS: HEALTH-RELATED CLAIMS 

REQUIRING HUMAN CLINICAL TESTING FOR SUBSTANTIATION 

IT IS ORDERED that Defendants, Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, and 

attorneys, and all other persons in active concert or participation with any of them, who receive 

actual notice of this Order, whether acting directly or indirectly, in connection with the 

manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any 

Covered Product, are permanently restrained and enjoined from making, or assisting others in 

making, expressly or by implication, including through the use of a product or program name, 

endorsement, depiction, or illustration, any representation that such product: 

A. Treats or relieves pain, swelling, or stiffness in any joint in the body, completely 

or to any degree, including pain, swelling, or stiffness due to arthritis, Carpal Tunnel 

Syndrome, tennis elbow, or any other disease or injury; 

B. Provides the same joint pain relief as injected medications; 

C. Rebuilds damaged cartilage; 

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D. Reverses narrowing of joint space caused by arthritis; 

E. Boosts declining levels of synovial fluid within joints; 

F. Alleviates the loss of strength caused by tennis elbow; 

G. Reduces pain-causing acidity to any extent; or 

H. Cures, mitigates, or treats any disease, 

unless the representation is non-misleading, and, at the time of making such representation, they 

possess and rely upon competent and reliable scientific evidence substantiating that the 

representation is true. For purposes of this Section, competent and reliable scientific evidence 

shall consist of human clinical testing of the Covered Product, or of an Essentially Equivalent 

Product, that is sufficient in quality and quantity based on standards generally accepted by 

experts in the relevant disease, condition, or function to which the representation relates, when 

considered in light of the entire body of relevant and reliable scientific evidence, to substantiate 

that the representation is true. Such testing must be: (1) randomized, double-blind, and placebocontrolled; and (2) conducted by researchers qualified by training and experience to conduct 

such testing. In addition, all underlying or supporting data and documents generally accepted by 

experts in the field as relevant to an assessment of such testing as described in the Section 

entitled Preservation of Records Relating to Competent and Reliable Human Clinical Tests or 

Studies must be available for inspection and production to the Commission. Persons covered by 

this Section have the burden of proving that a product satisfies the definition of Essentially 

Equivalent Product. 

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II. PROHIBITED REPRESENTATIONS: 

OTHER HEALTH-RELATED CLAIMS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants, Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, 

and attorneys, and all other persons in active concert or participation with any of them, who 

receive actual notice of this Order, whether acting directly or indirectly, in connection with the 

manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any 

Covered Product, are permanently restrained and enjoined from making, or assisting others in 

making, expressly or by implication, including through the use of a product or program name, 

endorsement, depiction, or illustration, any representation, other than representations covered 

under the Section of this Order entitled Prohibited Representations: Health-Related Claims 

Requiring Human Clinical Testing For Substantiation, about the health benefits, performance, 

efficacy, safety, or side effects of any Covered Product, unless the representation is nonmisleading, and, at the time of making such representation, they possess and rely upon 

competent and reliable scientific evidence that is sufficient in quality and quantity based on 

standards generally accepted by experts in the relevant disease, condition, or function to which 

the representation relates, when considered in light of the entire body of relevant and reliable 

scientific evidence, to substantiate that the representation is true. 

For purposes of this Section, competent and reliable scientific evidence means tests, 

analyses, research, or studies (1) that have been conducted and evaluated in an objective manner 

by experts in the relevant disease, condition, or function to which the representation relates; (2) 

that are generally accepted by such experts to yield accurate and reliable results; and (3) that are 

randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled human clinical testing of the Covered Product, 

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or of an Essentially Equivalent Product, when such experts would generally require such human 

clinical testing to substantiate that the representation is true. In addition, when such tests or 

studies are human clinical tests or studies, all underlying or supporting data and documents 

generally accepted by experts in the field as relevant to an assessment of such testing as set forth 

in the Section entitled Preservation of Records Relating to Competent and Reliable Human 

Clinical Tests or Studies must be available for inspection and production to the Commission. 

Persons covered by this Section have the burden of proving that a product satisfies the definition 

of Essentially Equivalent Product. 

III. PROHIBITED MISREPRESENTATIONS REGARDING TESTS, STUDIES, 

OTHER RESEARCH, OR INGREDIENTS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants, Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, 

and attorneys, and all other persons in active concert or participation with any of them, who 

receive actual notice of this Order, whether acting directly or indirectly, in connection with the 

manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any 

product, are permanently restrained and enjoined from misrepresenting, in any manner, expressly 

or by implication, including through the use of any product name, endorsement, depiction, or 

illustration: 

A. That any Covered Product is clinically proven to reduce arthritis pain, paincausing acidity, or restore or repair damaged joint cartilage; 

B. That the performance or benefits of any product are scientifically or clinically 

proven or otherwise established; 

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C. The existence, contents, validity, results, conclusions, or interpretations of any 

test, study, or research; or 

D. The ingredients in the product, including the amount of any such ingredients. 

IV. PROHIBITED REPRESENTATIONS REGARDING CONSUMERS OR 

OTHER ENDORSERS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants, Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, 

and attorneys, and all other persons in active concert or participation with any of them, who 

receive actual notice of this Order, whether acting directly or indirectly, in connection with the 

manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any 

goods or services, are permanently restrained and enjoined from making, or assisting others in 

making, expressly or by implication, any misrepresentation concerning or relating to any 

consumer or other endorser, including: 

A. Whether such endorser had any experience due to use of an advertised product or 

service, and the characteristics of such endorser; and 

B. About the status of any such person providing a review of the product or service, 

including a misrepresentation that the endorser or reviewer is an independent user or 

ordinary consumer of the product or service. 

V. DISCLOSURE OF MATERIAL CONNECTIONS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants, Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, 

and attorneys, and all other persons in active concert or participation with any of them, who 

receive actual notice of this Order, whether acting directly or indirectly, in connection with the 

manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any 

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goods or services, are permanently restrained and enjoined from making any representation, 

expressly or by implication, about any consumer or other endorser of such good or service 

without disclosing, Clearly and Conspicuously, and in Close Proximity to the representation, any 

unexpected material connection between such endorser and 1) any Defendant, or 2) any other 

individual or entity affiliated with the good or service. For the purposes of this provision, 

“unexpected material connection” means any relationship that might materially affect the weight 

or credibility of the testimonial or endorsement and that would not reasonably be expected by 

consumers. 

VI. PROHIBITED REPRESENTATIONS: EXPERT ENDORSEMENTS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants, Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, 

and attorneys, and all other persons in active concert or participation with any of them, who 

receive actual notice of this Order, whether acting directly or indirectly, in connection with the 

manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any 

goods or services, are permanently restrained and enjoined from: 

A. Making any misrepresentation concerning or relating to any endorser, including 

that any such person is an expert with respect to the endorsement message provided by 

that person; and 

B. Representing that any purported expert has endorsed such good or service unless 

that person has exercised their purported expertise in the form of an examination or 

testing of the good or service at least as extensive as experts in the relevant field would 

normally conduct to support their endorsement. 

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VII. PROHIBITED PRICING CLAIMS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants, Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, 

and attorneys, and all other persons in active concert or participation with any of them, who 

receive actual notice of this Order, whether acting directly or indirectly, in connection with the 

manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, offering for sale, sale, or distribution of any 

Covered Product, are permanently restrained and enjoined from misrepresenting that paying a 

premium will allow a consumer to purchase a product with one or more ingredients not available 

to consumers who do not pay the premium. 

VIII. FDA-APPROVED CLAIMS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that nothing in this Order prohibits Defendants, 

Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, and attorneys, or all other persons in active concert or 

participation with any of them from: 

A. For any Drug, making a representation that is approved in labeling for such Drug 

under any tentative final or final monograph promulgated by the Food and Drug 

Administration, or under any new Drug application approved by the Food and Drug 

Administration; and 

B. For any product, making a representation that is specifically authorized for use in 

labeling for such product by regulations promulgated by the Food and Drug 

Administration pursuant to the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 or 

permitted under Sections 303-304 of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization 

Act of 1997. 

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IX. PRESERVATION OF RECORDS RELATING TO COMPETENT AND 

RELIABLE HUMAN CLINICAL TESTS OR STUDIES 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, with regard to any human clinical test or study 

(“test”) upon which Defendants rely to substantiate any claim covered by this Order, Defendants 

shall secure and preserve all underlying or supporting data and documents generally accepted by 

experts in the field as relevant to an assessment of the test, including: 

A. All protocols and protocol amendments, reports, articles, write-ups, or other 

accounts of the results of the test, and drafts of such documents reviewed by the test 

sponsor or any other person not employed by the research entity; 

B. All documents referring or relating to recruitment; randomization; instructions, 

including oral instructions, to participants; and participant compliance; 

C. Documents sufficient to identify all test participants, including any participants 

who did not complete the test, and all communications with any participants relating to 

the test; all raw data collected from participants enrolled in the test, including any 

participants who did not complete the test; source documents for such data; any data 

dictionaries; and any case report forms; 

D. All documents referring or relating to any statistical analysis of any test data, 

including any pretest analysis, intent-to-treat analysis, or between-group analysis 

performed on any test data; and 

E. All documents referring or relating to the sponsorship of the test, including all 

communications and contracts between any sponsor and the test’s researchers. 

Provided, however, the preceding preservation requirement does not apply to a reliably 

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reported test, unless the test was conducted, controlled, or sponsored, in whole or in part, by: (1) 

any Defendant; (2) any Defendant’s officers, agents, representatives, or employees; (3) any other 

person or entity in active concert or participation with any Defendant; (4) any person or entity 

affiliated with or acting on behalf of any Defendant; (5) any supplier of any ingredient contained 

in the product at issue to any of the foregoing or to the product’s manufacturer; or (6) the 

supplier or manufacturer of such product. 

For purposes of this Section, “reliably reported test” means a report of the test has been 

published in a peer-reviewed journal, and such published report provides sufficient information 

about the test for experts in the relevant field to assess the reliability of the results. 

For any test conducted, controlled, or sponsored, in whole or in part, by Defendants, 

Defendants must establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality, 

security, and integrity of any personal information collected from or about participants. These 

procedures must be documented in writing and must contain administrative, technical, and 

physical safeguards appropriate to Corporate Defendant’s size and complexity, the nature and 

scope of Defendants’ activities, and the sensitivity of the personal information collected from or 

about the participants. 

X. MONETARY JUDGMENT AND PARTIAL SUSPENSION 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that: 

A. Judgment in the amount of $4,177,164 is entered in favor of the Commission 

against Individual Defendants and Corporate Defendant, jointly and severally, as 

equitable monetary relief. 

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B. Defendants are ordered to pay to the Commission $821,000, which, as Defendants 

stipulate, their undersigned counsel holds in escrow for no purpose other than payment to 

the Commission. Such payment must be made by electronic fund transfer in accordance 

with instructions previously provided by a representative of the Commission. Such 

payment must be made within 7 days of entry of this Order by electronic fund transfer in 

accordance with instructions previously provided by a representative of the Commission. 

Upon such payment, the remainder of the judgment is suspended, subject to the 

Subsections below. 

C. The Commission’s agreement to the suspension of part of the judgment is 

expressly premised upon the truthfulness, accuracy, and completeness of Defendants’ 

sworn financial statements and related documents (collectively, “financial 

representations”) submitted to the Commission, namely: 

1. the Financial Statement of Corporate Defendant A.S. Research, LLC, 

signed by Michael K. Ledeboer, Managing Partner, on June 12, 2019, including 

the attachments; 

2. the Financial Statement of Individual Defendant Michael K. Ledeboer, 

signed on June 6, 2019, including the attachments; 

3. the Financial Statement of Individual Defendant Stephen J. Young, signed 

on June 6, 2019, including the attachments; 

4. the additional documentation submitted by letter from Defendants’ 

counsel Albert S. Watkins, LC, of Kodner Watkins, LC, to Commission counsel 

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Janet M. Evans dated July 9, 2019, attaching a document entitled 

“ConsolidatedNet”; and 

5. the letter from Defendants’ counsel Albert S. Watkins, LC, of Kodner 

Watkins, LC, to Commission counsel Janet M. Evans dated July 17, 2019. 

D. The suspension of the judgment will be lifted as to any Defendant if, upon motion 

by the Commission, the Court finds that Defendant failed to disclose any material asset, 

materially misstated the value of any asset, or made any other material misstatement or 

omission in the financial representations identified above. 

XI. ADDITIONAL MONETARY PROVISIONS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that: 

A. Defendants relinquish dominion and all legal and equitable right, title, and interest 

in all assets transferred pursuant to this Order and may not seek the return of any assets. 

B. The facts alleged in the Complaint will be taken as true, without further proof, in 

any subsequent civil litigation by or on behalf of the Commission, including in a 

proceeding to enforce its rights to any payment or monetary judgment pursuant to this 

Order, such as a nondischargeability complaint in any bankruptcy case. 

C. The facts alleged in the Complaint establish all elements necessary to sustain an 

action by the Commission pursuant to Section 523(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 

U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A), and this Order will have collateral estoppel effect for such 

purposes. 

D. Defendants acknowledge that their Taxpayer Identification Numbers (Social 

Security Numbers or Employer Identification Numbers), which Defendants previously 

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submitted to the Commission, may be used for collecting and reporting on any delinquent 

amount arising out of this Order, in accordance with 31 U.S.C. § 7701. 

E. All money paid to the Commission pursuant to this Order may be deposited into a 

fund administered by the Commission or its designee to be used for equitable relief, 

including consumer redress and any attendant expenses for the administration of any 

redress fund. If a representative of the Commission decides that direct redress to 

consumers is wholly or partially impracticable or money remains after redress is 

completed, the Commission may apply any remaining money for such other equitable 

relief (including consumer information remedies) as it determines to be reasonably 

related to Defendants’ practices alleged in the Complaint. Any money not used for such 

equitable relief is to be deposited to the U.S. Treasury as disgorgement. Defendants have 

no right to challenge any actions the Commission or its representatives may take pursuant 

to this Subsection. 

XII. CUSTOMER INFORMATION 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants, Defendants’ officers, agents, employees, 

and attorneys, and all other persons in active concert or participation with any of them, who 

receive actual notice of this Order, are permanently restrained and enjoined from directly or 

indirectly: 

A. Failing to provide sufficient customer information to enable the Commission to 

efficiently administer consumer redress. If a representative of the Commission requests 

in writing any information related to redress, Defendants must provide it, in the form 

prescribed by the Commission, within 14 days. 

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B. Disclosing, using, or benefitting from customer information, including the name, 

address, telephone number, email address, social security number, other identifying 

information, or any data that enables access to a customer’s account (including a credit 

card, bank account, or other financial account), that any Defendant obtained prior to entry 

of this Order in connection with the sale of Synovia; and 

C. Failing to destroy such customer information in all forms in their possession, 

custody, or control within 30 days after receipt of written direction to do so from a 

representative of the Commission. 

Provided, however, that customer information need not be disposed of, and may be disclosed, to 

the extent requested by a government agency or required by law, regulation, or court order. 

XIII. ORDER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants obtain acknowledgments of receipt of 

this Order: 

A. Each Defendant, within 7 days of entry of this Order, must submit to the 

Commission an acknowledgment of receipt of this Order sworn under penalty of perjury. 

B. For 5 years after entry of this Order, each Individual Defendant for any business 

that such Defendant, individually or collectively with any other Defendants, is the 

majority owner or controls directly or indirectly, and the Corporate Defendant, must 

deliver a copy of this Order to: (1) all principals, officers, directors, and LLC managers 

and members; (2) all employees having managerial responsibilities for conduct related to 

the subject matter of the Order, and all agents and representatives who participate in 

conduct related to the subject matter of the Order; and (3) any business entity resulting 

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from any change in structure as set forth in the Section titled Compliance Reporting. 

Delivery must occur within 7 days of entry of this Order for current personnel. For all 

others, delivery must occur before they assume their responsibilities. 

C. From each individual or entity to which a Defendant delivered a copy of this 

Order, that Defendant must obtain, within 30 days, a signed and dated acknowledgment 

of receipt of this Order. 

XIV. COMPLIANCE REPORTING 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants make timely submissions to the 

Commission: 

A. Sixty days after entry of this Order, each Defendant must submit a compliance 

report, sworn under penalty of perjury: 

1. Each Defendant must: (a) identify the primary physical, postal, and email 

address and telephone number, as designated points of contact, which 

representatives of the Commission may use to communicate with Defendant; (b) 

identify all of that Defendant’s businesses by all of their names, telephone 

numbers, and physical, postal, email, and Internet addresses; (c) describe the 

activities of each business, including the goods and services offered, the means of 

advertising, marketing, and sales, and the involvement of any other Defendant 

(which Individual Defendants must describe if they know or should know due to 

their own involvement); (d) describe in detail whether and how that Defendant is 

in compliance with each Section of this Order; and (e) provide a copy of each 

Order Acknowledgment obtained pursuant to this Order, unless previously 

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submitted to the Commission. 

2. Additionally, each Individual Defendant must: (a) identify all telephone 

numbers and all physical, postal, email and Internet addresses, including all 

residences; (b) identify all business activities, including any business for which 

such Defendant performs services whether as an employee or otherwise and any 

entity in which such Defendant has any ownership interest; and (c) describe in 

detail such Defendant’s involvement in each such business, including title, role, 

responsibilities, participation, authority, control, and any ownership. 

B. For 10 years after entry of this Order, each Defendant must submit a compliance 

notice, sworn under penalty of perjury, within 14 days of any change in the following: 

1. Each Defendant must report any change in: (a) any designated point of 

contact; or (b) the structure of any Corporate Defendant or any entity that 

Defendant has any ownership interest in or controls directly or indirectly that may 

affect compliance obligations arising under this Order, including: creation, 

merger, sale, or dissolution of the entity or any subsidiary, parent, or affiliate that 

engages in any acts or practices subject to this Order. 

2. Additionally, each Individual Defendant must report any change in: (a) 

name, including aliases or fictitious name, or residence address; or (b) title or role 

in any business activity, including any business for which such Defendant 

performs services whether as an employee or otherwise and any entity in which 

such Defendant has any ownership interest, and identify the name, physical 

address, and any Internet address of the business or entity. 

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C. Each Defendant must submit to the Commission notice of the filing of any 

bankruptcy petition, insolvency proceeding, or similar proceeding by or against such 

Defendant within 14 days of its filing. 

D. Any submission to the Commission required by this Order to be sworn under 

penalty of perjury must be true and accurate and comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, such as 

by concluding: “I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of 

America that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on: _____” and supplying the 

date, signatory’s full name, title (if applicable), and signature. 

E. Unless otherwise directed by a Commission representative in writing, all 

submissions to the Commission pursuant to this Order must be emailed to 

DEbrief@ftc.gov or sent by overnight courier (not the U.S. Postal Service) to: Associate 

Director for Enforcement, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Federal Trade Commission, 

600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20580. The subject line must begin: 

FTC v. A.S. Research, LLC. 

XV. RECORDKEEPING 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants must create certain records for 10 years 

after entry of the Order, and retain each such record for 5 years. Specifically, Corporate 

Defendant, in connection with the sale of any goods or services, and each Individual Defendant 

for any business that such Defendant, individually or collectively with any other Defendants, is a 

majority owner or controls directly or indirectly, must create and retain the following records: 

A. Accounting records showing the revenues from all goods or services sold; 

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B. Personnel records showing, for each person providing services, whether as an 

employee or otherwise, that person’s: name; addresses; telephone numbers; job title or 

position; dates of service; and (if applicable) the reason for termination; 

C. Records of all consumer complaints concerning the subject matter of the order 

and all refund requests, whether received directly or indirectly, such as through a third 

party, and any response; 

D. All records necessary to demonstrate full compliance with each provision of this 

Order, including all submissions to the Commission; and 

E. A copy of each unique advertisement or other marketing material. 

XVI. COMPLIANCE MONITORING 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, for the purpose of monitoring Defendants’ 

compliance with this Order: 

A. Within 14 days of receipt of a written request from a representative of the 

Commission, each Defendant must: submit additional compliance reports or other 

requested information, which must be sworn under penalty of perjury; appear for 

depositions; and produce documents for inspection and copying. The Commission is also 

authorized to obtain discovery, without further leave of court, using any of the procedures 

prescribed by Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 29, 30 (including telephonic depositions), 

31, 33, 34, 36, 45, and 69. 

B. For matters concerning this Order, the Commission is authorized to communicate 

directly with each Defendant. Defendant must permit representatives of the Commission 

to interview any employee or other person affiliated with any Defendant who has agreed 

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Case 1:19-cv-03423 Document 2-1 Filed 12/05/19 USDC Colorado Page 22 of 23 

to such an interview. The person interviewed may have counsel present. 

C. The Commission may use all other lawful means, including posing, through its 

representatives as consumers, suppliers, or other individuals or entities, to Defendants or 

any individual or entity affiliated with Defendants, without the necessity of identification 

or prior notice. Nothing in this Order limits the Commission’s lawful use of compulsory 

process, pursuant to Sections 9 and 20 of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 49, 57b-1. 

D. Upon written request from a representative of the Commission, any consumer 

reporting agency must furnish consumer reports concerning Individual Defendants, 

pursuant to Section 604(1) of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681b(a)(1). 

XVII. RETENTION OF JURISDICTION 

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this Court retains jurisdiction of this matter for 

purposes of construction, modification, and enforcement of this Order. 

SO ORDERED this _____ day of ________________, 20__. 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

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Case 1:19-cv-03423 Document 2-1 Filed 12/05/19 USDC Colorado Page 23 of 23 

SO STIPULATED AND AGREED: 

FOR PLAINTIFF FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 

/s/ Elizabeth K. Nach Date: December 5, 2019 

JANET M. EVANS 

ELIZABETH K. NACH 

Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. 

Mail Drop CC-10528 

Washington, D.C. 20580 

Telephone: (202) 326-2125 (Evans); 326-2611 (Nach) 

Facsimile: (202) 326-3259 

Email: jevans@ftc.gov; enach@ftc.gov 

FOR DEFENDANTS 

/s/ Albert S. Watkins Date: August 29, 2019 

ALBERT S. WATKINS, LC 

Kodner Watkins, LC 

7733 Forsyth Blvd. #600 

St. Louis, MO 63105 

Telephone: (314) 727-9111 

Facsimile: (314) 727-9110 

Email: albertwatkins@kwklaw.net 

COUNSEL for A.S. Research, LLC, Stephen J. Young, and Michael K. Ledeboer 

DEFENDANTS: A.S. Research, LLC, Stephen J. Young, and Michael K. Ledeboer 

A.S. RESEARCH, LLC 

By: 

/s/ Stephen J. Young Date: August 28, 2019 

STEPHEN J. YOUNG, individually, and as an 

owner and officer of A.S. Research, LLC 

/s/ Michael K. Ledeboer Date: August 28, 2019 

MICHAEL K. LEDEBOER, individually, and 

as an owner and officer of A.S. Research, LLC 

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