THIRD DIVISION

DOYLE, P. J.,

REESE, J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

June 9, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A22A0493. SEALS v. MAJOR et al.

DOYLE, Presiding Judge.

In this action stemming from an alleged partnership agreement, Plaintiff E.

Lamar Seals, Jr. (through his power of attorney Lorri Swords) appeals from the grant

of summary judgment to defendants Donata Russell Major, Herman Jerome Russell,

Jr., Joia Mishaaron Johnson, and Eddie B. Bradford (as executors of the estate of

Herman J. Russell); H. J. Russell & Company (“the Russell Company”); and Russell

Realty Limited Partnership (collectively “Russell Defendants”). Because the trial

court erred by ruling that the record contains no genuine issue of material fact with

respect to the formation of a partnership between Seals and the Russell Defendants,

we reverse.
“On appeal from the grant of summary judgment this Court conducts a de novo

review of the evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact

and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.”1

The factual history is largely undisputed and shows that in October 1980,

Herman Russell, Jr., and the Russell Company entered into a written agreement with

Seals, a former regional administrator for the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development. That agreement (“Seals Agreement”) provided:

We, the UNDERSIGNED, Herman J. Russell, H. J. Russell and

Company[,] and Lamar Seals, hereby set down in writing our agreement

to develop the captioned project into an FHA Insured Multifamily

Housing Project with Section 8 assistance payments.

All funds derived as general partners pursuant to Sections 6.2, 6.5 and

6.6 of the Partnership Agreement (hereinafter identified) shall be paid

to Herman J. Russell and/or H. J. Russell and Company and shall

thereafter be allocated and paid as follows:

1

(Punctuation and citation omitted.) Home Builders Assn. of Savannah v.

Chatham County, 276 Ga. 243, 245 (1) (577 SE2d 564) (2003), quoting Youngblood

v. Gwinnett Rockdale &c., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (4) (545 SE2d 875) (2001) and Lau’s

Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 (405 SE2d 474) (1991).

2
1. A. The funds accruing to Herman J. Russell and/or H. J. Russell and

Company pursuant to Section 6.2, Section 6.5 and Section 6.6 of that

certain Limited Partnership Certificate and Agreement for Bedford

Tower Apts., Ltd. [“the Russell Agreement”], dated October 15, 1980,

and filed for record in Book 180 at page 245 in the official records of

Fulton County, Georgia, shall be divided and allocated as follows:

1. Herman J. Russell 50%

2. Lamar Seals 50%

2. Herman J. Russell and H. J. Russell and Company shall have no

liability to the undersigned for any payments made by themin good faith

pursuant to this agreement, or pursuant to the Partnership Agreement or

Development Agreement for this project.

3. Any liability accruing as a result of the project or as a result of being

a General Partner of the project shall be borne by each of the

undersigned to the same extent as the percentage allocation of profits as

set forth in Paragraph 1 above.

This sets forth our entire agreement concerning the captioned project. 

On or about the same day, the Russell Agreement was executed by Herman J.

Russell, the RussellCompany, and Sulgrave RealtyCorp. In relevant part, the Russell

Agreement provided that the purpose of the partnership was to “acquire, own and

3
hold certain real property . . . and to build and develop . . . and to own and operate an

apartment project [“Bedford Towers”]. . . in which 100 [percent] of the apartment

units will be eligible for housing assistance payments pursuant to the provisions of

Section 8 of the U. S. Housing Act of 1937.”2 With respect to the parties to the

Russell Agreement, Russell and theRussellCompanywere named as general partners

and were solely responsible for managing the business and the Bedford Towers

project. The agreement further provided for certain capital contributions by various

classes of partners3

and certain allocations of money to the partners: Russell and the

Russell Company (as general partners) would collectively receive 40 percent of the

cash flow

4

(Section 6.2); proceeds of a sale would be allocated under a certain

2 That act provides for certain housing payments on behalf of qualifying low

income individuals. See 42 USCS § 1437f (a) (“For the purpose of aiding low-income

families in obtaining a decent place to live and of promoting economically mixed

housing, assistance payments may be made with respect to existing housing in

accordance with the provisions of this section.”).

3 The Russell Agreement required Russell and his company each to contribute

only $500. After certain other parties had been repaid their contribution, Russell and

the Russell Company would have a 50 percent interest in the capital of the Russell

Agreement partnership. 

4 Article 6 of the Russell Agreement defined “cash flow of the Partnership” as:

the net profits and losses of the Partnership . . . (excluding therefrom

profits or losses on the sale, exchange or other disposition of Partnership

4
formula (Section 6.5); and proceeds of refinancing would be allocated under a certain

formula (Section 6.6). Net profits were allocated to the executing partners in Section

5 of the Russell Agreement.

It is undisputed that after Seals and Russell executed the Seals Agreement,

Sealsreceived regular payments pursuant to the Seals Agreement. In December 1993,

Russell formed Russell Realty Limited Partnership that was capitalized in part by

Russell’s interest in the Russell Agreement. Thereafter, in 2014, Russell died. 

In March 2018, the Bedford Towers apartments were sold to an entity called

The Residences at Maggie Capitol, LLC, which was owned by companies controlled

by Russell and/or his family. No disbursement from the sale was made to Seals in

2018, and Seals was not informed of the sale until he inquired about the status of his

distributionsin January 2019. Seals wasthen informed of the sale and presented with

property and the proceeds of any refinancing of Partnership property);

. . . plus depreciation and [certain tax deductible] construction

writedown costs. . . minus[mortgage payments and certain other capital

expenses]. 

Article 5 of the agreement defined “net profits and losses” as: “the net profit or net

loss . . . of the Partnership as shown on its books of account after deduction of

expenses, depreciation and such other charges or additions as are appropriate.” 

5
a check for $856,403.21 on the condition that he sign a proposed release of further

obligations with respect to the project. 

Seals declined to sign the proposed release without an accounting and more

information; he later accepted the $856,403.21 payment but remained unsatisfied

without a full accounting and understanding of the financial history and status of the

project. Accordingly, Seals filed the present action in December 2019, asserting

claims (as amended) for declaratory judgment (later withdrawn), accounting, and

damages for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, monies had and received,

and attorney fees. Following discovery, Seals moved for partial summary judgment,

and the defendants moved for summary judgment on all claims.

The trial court denied Seals’s motion and granted the defendants’ motion.

5

In

relevant part, the trial court ruled that: (a) there was no genuine factual issue as to

whether Seals and Russell and the Russell Company had entered into a partnership,

(b) the parties otherwise lacked a fiduciary relationship, (c) Seals’s money had and

received claim failed based on the undisputed evidence, and (d) Seals’s breach of

contract claim failed based on the undisputed evidence and contractual language. 

5 The trial court had earlier denied the defendants’ motion to dismissfor failure

to state a claim based on the pleadings. 

6
1. Seals first contends that the trial court erred by ruling as a matter of law that

there was no partnership between Seals and the Russell Companies. We agree.

Determining the existence of a partnership “is generally a mixed question of

law and fact, and can not be resolved as a matter of law unless the verdict one way

or the other is demanded by the evidence.”6

Although the question of what will constitute a partnership is a matter

of law for the court, in the absence of an unambiguous contract of

partnership or of any written articles of partnership, it is a question of

fact for the jury to decide, under proper instruction from the court,

whether the intention of the parties was to become partners and whether

a partnership existed as to third parties at the times in question.

7

Under OCGA § 14-8-6 (a), “[a] partnership is an association of two or more

persons to carry on as co-owners a business for profit. . . .” More specifically, OCGA

§ 14-8-7 provides:

6

(Punctuation omitted.) Pope v. Triangle ChemicalCo., 157 Ga. App. 386, 388

(3) (a) (277 SE2d 758) (1981), quoting Miraglia v. Gose, 17 Ga. App. 639 (87 SE2d

906) (1916). See also Jamal v. Hussein, 237 Ga. App. 779, 780-781 (1) (515 SE2d

407) (1999) (“Partnership is a mixed question of fact and law.”).

7

(Punctuation omitted.) SouthernConcreteProducts Co. v.Robertson, 129 Ga.

App. 46, 48 (198 SE2d 512) (1973) (physical precedent only).

7
In determining whether a partnership exists, the following rules shall

apply: . . . The sharing of gross returns does not of itself establish a

partnership, whether or not the persons sharing them have a joint or

common right or interest in any property from which the returns are

derived; [and] . . .[t]he receipt by a person of a share of the profits of a

business is prima-facie evidence that he is a partner in the business;

provided, however, that no such inference shall be drawn if profits were

received in payment of [certain obligations not at issue here].

8

Further, 

[a] partnership can result from a contract, which may be either express

or implied. Factors that indicate the existence of a partnership include

a common enterprise, the sharing of risk, the sharing of expenses, the

sharing of profits and losses, a joint right of control over the business,

and a joint ownership of capital. But the true test to determine whether

a partnership has been created is the intention of the parties. The

language which the parties used in making the contract is to be looked

to in determining what their intention was, which when ascertained will

prevail over all other considerations.

9

Thus, it is the intention of Seals and Russell that must be ascertained.

8

 (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 14-8-7 (3), (4).

9

(Punctuation omitted.) Wimpy v. Martin, 356 Ga. App. 55, 57 (1) (a) (846

SE2d 230) (2020).

8
It is undisputed that Seals, who is elderly, isincompetent to testify, and Russell

is deceased. The evidence of the parties’ intent is primarily the Seals Agreement,

which refers to the Russell Agreement; these documents and their context inform the

analysis regarding whether the parties intended to enter into a partnership.

10 The

context includes the undisputed facts that Seals was a former regional administrator

for HUD, and the projectsought to comply with HUD regulations regarding a Section

8 low income housing development. 

Under the Russell Agreement, Russell and his company were general partners

in the original Bedford Tower Apartments development project. Under the Seals

Agreement, Russell entered into a separate agreement with Seals, sharing the profit

and liability of the general partners as outlined in the Russell Agreement. Notably,

the liability Russell shared with Seals extended to “any liability accruing as a result

of the project or as a result of [Russell] being a General Partner of the project.”

Essentially, in exchange for 50 percent of net profits due to Russell and his company,

10 Lorri Seals, Seals’s daughter and power of attorney, isinvolved in the current

operations of Seals’s business interests. She deposed that a partnership was formed,

but that was based on her reliance on the sharing of profits and liabilities as stated in

the Seals agreement. 

9
Seals was accepting half of the liability for the project, explicitly including Russell’s

liability as a general partner in the Russell Agreement. 

As noted above, OCGA § 14-8-7 (4) states that sharing in net profits is prima

facie evidence of partnership (absent certain exceptions not applicable here), and the

Seals agreement plainly demonstrates shared net profits. So by that fact alone, Seals

has put forth prima facie evidence of partnership. But the Seals Agreement goes

further, as it refers to and is enmeshed with the Russell Agreement: it establishes the

sharing of liability (not merely losses, for example, of capital investment

11

) accruing

as a result of the project — specifically “any liability accruing as a result of the

project” or as to Russell in his role as a general partner as enumerated in the Russell

Agreement. Thus, this is not a case in which there was a mere “sharing of gross

returns”

12

and nothing more; there was a sharing of net profits and overall liabilities,

specifically those liabilities of a general partner in the development of the project. 

11 Compare Floyd v. Kicklighter, 139 Ga. 133, 138 (76 SE 1011) (1912) (“[A]n

agreement to share profits and losses does not absolutely, and as a matter of law,

create a partnership; and if other circumstances in the transaction show that the

parties did not intend (in the legalsense heretofore explained) to create a partnership,

none is created. The true rule isthatsuch an agreement is merely prima facie evidence

of a partnership.”).

12 OCGA § 14-8-7 (3) (“The sharing of grossreturns does not of itself establish

a partnership. . . .”).

10
Courts have held that parties may be deemed partners based on the structure of

their relationship, even if they disclaim partnership in the agreement at issue.13

Conversely, courts have stated that parties can agree among themselves to establish

a partnership “even though [a written] agreement falls short of the facts from which

the law would otherwise have inferred a partnership.”14 Thus, it is the relationship

intentionally entered into by the parties that reveals their legal status.

There is no material ambiguity in the contractual language asto the underlying

obligations of the parties in the Seals Agreement and Russell Agreement. Read

together, they create a common enterprise, a sharing of profits, and a sharing of

project liabilities and general partner liabilities—and therefore risk—between Seals

and Russell that, under applicable law, are sufficient to create a question of fact as to

whether they formed a partnership as between themselves. In this context, the fact

that the defendants dispute the formation of a partnership is not dispositive on

13 See Aaron Rents v. Fourteenth Street Venture, L.P., 243 Ga. App. 746, 748

(1) (533 SE2d 759) (2000) (“If the parties intend to, and in fact do, enter into [a

partnership] contract, they will be partners under the law even though they may have

expressly stipulated that they are not partners.”).

14

(Punctuation omitted.) AccoladesApartments, L.P. v. Fulton County, 279 Ga.

257, 259 (1) (612 SE2d 284) (2005), quoting Huggins v. Huggins, 117 Ga. 151, 156

(43 SE 759) (1903).

11
summary judgment. Instead, such a dispute is part and parcel of a case not ripe for

resolution as a matter of law by the trial court. As noted above, the question of

partnership formation is a mixed question of fact and law. Here, the legal questions

are not materially disputed — the applicable contract terms are not materially

ambiguous as to allocation of profit and risk — but the evidence before us, when

viewed favorably to Seals,

15 would support an inference that Seals and Russell had

the requisite intention to form a relationship deemed to be a partnership under the

law. Based on this record, summary adjudication of this question was not

appropriate.16

15 See Matjoulis v. Integon Gen. Ins. Corp., 226 Ga. App. 459, 459 (486 SE2d

684) (1997) (“A de novo standard of review applies to an appeal from a grant of

summary judgment, and we view the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and

inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.”).

16 See Solomon v. Barnett, 281 Ga. 130, 131 (636 SE2d 541) (2006) (“Applying

our holding in [Lau’s Corp., 261 Ga. at 491], we recognize that Barnett, as a named

defendant, could prevail at summary judgment under OCGA § 9-11-56 only by

affirmatively disproving Solomon’s claim with his own evidence establishing the

absence of any genuine issue of material fact or by showing from the affidavits,

depositions and other documents in the record that there was an absence of evidence

to support at least one essential element of Solomon’s claim.”) (emphasis supplied).

See also Harrison v. Williams, 270 Ga. App. 308, 310 (3) (605 SE2d 923) (2004)

(summary judgment precluded by factual issues with respect to the legal status of the

parties in a contract dispute); Federal Ins. Co. v. Westside Supply Co., 264 Ga. App.

240, 247 (8) (590 SE2d 224) (2003) (factual issues preclude summary judgment).

12
2. Because the question of partnership bears on the questions of fiduciary duty,

accounting, money had and received,

17

and breach of contract claims,

18 we likewise

reverse the grant of summary judgment as to those claims.

3. Last, we note that the Russell Defendants also contend that the trial court’s

judgmentshould be affirmed under the rightfor any reason rule, citing their trial court

argument that Seals’s claims do not complywith applicable statutes of limitation. The

trial court declined to address these arguments in light of its other holdings. 

17

“A claim for money had and received contains the following elements: ‘a

person has received money of the other that in equity and good conscience he should

not be permitted to keep; demand for repayment has been made; and the demand was

refused.’” Wilson v. Wernowsky, 355 Ga. App. 834, 843 (2) (b) (846 SE2d 101)

(2020) (punctuation omitted). The trial court correctly noted that there is an absence

of evidence that Seals contributed money to the Russell Defendants, but in light of

our holding in Division 1, this claim must be addressed in the context of the

remaining legal claims and according to the legalstatus of the parties: “‘An action for

money had and received is founded upon the equitable principle that no one ought to

unjustly enrich himself at the expense of another, and is maintainable in all cases

where one has received money under such circumstances that in equity and good

conscience he ought not to retain it.’” Id. at 842 (2) (b). Determining the scope of

provable damages under each legal theory is beyond the scope of this opinion. 

18 The Russell Defendants defended the breach of contract claim on the ground

that the Seals Agreement stated that the defendants “shall have no liability to [Seals]

for any payments made by them in good faith pursuant to this agreement, or pursuant

to the [Russell Agreement].” On itsface, this does not avoid liability for payments not

made, or not made in good faith. Accordingly, the fact that the Russell Defendants

later paid overdue amountsto Sealsin 2014 does not obviate their liability, if any, for

failure to pay other amounts due upon proper proof by Seals.

13
In this situation,

the circumstances of individual appeals must guide the appellate courts

as to how best to proceed. In many cases on review of summary

judgment, there will be few grounds advanced for summary judgment,

with no disputes pertinent to the factssupporting those grounds. In such

cases, the more efficient course would be for the appellate court to

follow the “right for any reason” rule and consider grounds not

addressed by the trial court, if it finds that the trial court’s legal analysis

is flawed.

In other cases, there may be a variety of grounds advanced, with

disputes pertinent to those grounds. In such cases, judicial economymay

be maximized by returning the case to the trial court upon the appellate

court’s discovery that the trial court relied on an erroneous legal theory

or reasoning. This would allow the trial court to issue rulings on grounds

advanced, which could then serve as a basis for appellate review.19

Based on our holdings above, the remaining issues raised in the case, the

complexity of the timing and nature of potential damages sought by Seals,

20

and in

19

(Footnote omitted.) City of Gainesville v. Dodd, 275 Ga. 834, 838-839 (573

SE2d 369) (2002).

20 For example, Seals assertsthat he would be entitled to certain damages based

on the related-party sale of Bedford Towersto Maggie Capitol in 2018, which he was

not informed of until 2019. 

14
light of the fact that the trial court has not addressed the defendants’ statute of

limitation argument, we decline to address it at this time.

Judgment reversed. Reese, J., and Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E. Phipps

concur.

15