EXHIBIT 3

                                     BY-LAWS
                                       OF
                            WEATHERFORD ENTERRA, INC.
                      (as amended through August 16, 1996)


                                    ARTICLE I
                                     OFFICES

         SECTION 1.1. REGISTERED OFFICE. The registered office of the
corporation in the State of Delaware shall be in the City of Wilmington, County
of New Castle, and the name of its registered agent shall be CSC
Networks/Prentice Hall Legal & Financial Services.

         SECTION 1.2. OTHER OFFICES. The corporation may also have offices at
such other places both within and without the State of Delaware as the Board of
Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the corporation may
require.

                                   ARTICLE II
                            MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

         SECTION 2.1. PLACE OF MEETING. All meetings of stockholders for the
election of directors shall be held at such place, either within or without the
State of Delaware, as shall be designated from time to time by the Board of
Directors and stated in the notice of the meeting.

         SECTION 2.2. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of stockholders shall
be held at such date and time as shall be designated from time to time by the
Board of Directors and stated in the notice of the meeting.

         SECTION 2.3. VOTING LIST. The officer who has charge of the stock
ledger of the corporation shall prepare and make, at least ten days before every
meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at
the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each
stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder.
Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose
germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least
ten days prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the
meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice, or if not
so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. The list shall also
be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time
thereof and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present.

         SECTION 2.4. SPECIAL MEETING. Special meetings of the stockholders, for
any purpose or purposes, unless otherwise prescribed by statute or by the
Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation, may be called only by the Board
of Directors pursuant to a resolution approved by a majority of the entire Board
of Directors. The Board of Directors shall fix the time and any place, either
within or without the State of Delaware, as the place for holding such meeting.

                                     - 1 -
<PAGE>

         SECTION 2.5. NOTICE OF MEETING. Written notice of the annual and each
special meeting of stockholders, stating the time, place and purpose or purposes
thereof, shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote thereat not less
than (i) 10 nor more than 50 days before any annual meeting; and (ii) 30 nor
more than 60 days before any special meeting.

         SECTION 2.6. QUORUM. The holders of a majority of the stock issued and
outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by
proxy, shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of stockholders for the
transaction of business except as otherwise provided by statute or by the
Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation. Notwithstanding the other
provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or these
by-laws, the holders of a majority of the shares of capital stock entitled to
vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, whether or not a quorum
is present, shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without
notice or other announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present or
represented. If the adjournment is for more than 30 days, or if after the
adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of
the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to
vote at the meeting. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be
present or represented, any business may be transacted which might have been
transacted at the meeting as originally notified.

         SECTION 2.7. VOTING. When a quorum is present at any meeting of the
stockholders, the vote of the holders of a majority of the stock having voting
power present in person or represented by proxy shall decide any question
brought before such meeting, unless the question is one upon which, by express
provision of statute, the Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or
these by-laws, a different vote is required, in which case such express
provision shall govern and control the decision of such question. Every
stockholder having the right to vote shall be entitled to vote (i) in person or
(ii) by proxy appointed by an instrument in writing subscribed by such
stockholder, bearing a date not more than three years prior to voting, unless
such instrument provides for a longer period, and filed with the Secretary of
the corporation before, or at the time of, the meeting. If such instrument shall
designate two or more persons to act as proxies, unless such instrument shall
provide the contrary, a majority of such persons present at any meeting at which
their powers thereunder are to be exercised shall have and may exercise all of
the powers of voting or giving consents thereby conferred, or if only one be
present, then such powers may be exercised by that one; or, if an even number
attend and a majority do not agree on any particular issue, each proxy so
attending shall be entitled to exercise such powers in respect of the same
portion of the shares as such proxy is of the proxies representing such shares.

         SECTION 2.8. NO CONSENT OF STOCKHOLDERS. Any action required or
permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the corporation must be effected at
a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders of the corporation and
may not be effected by any consent in writing by such stockholders.

         SECTION 2.9. VOTING OF STOCK OF CERTAIN HOLDERS. Shares standing in the
name of another corporation, domestic or foreign, may be voted by such officer,
agent or proxy as the by-laws of such corporation may prescribe, or in the
absence of such provision, as the Board of Directors of such corporation may
determine. Shares standing in the name of a deceased person may be voted by the
executor or administrator of such deceased person, either in person or by

                                     - 2 -
<PAGE>

proxy. Shares standing in the name of a guardian, conservator or trustee may be
voted by such fiduciary, either in person or by proxy, but no such fiduciary
shall be entitled to vote shares held in such fiduciary capacity without a
transfer of such shares into the name of such fiduciary. Shares standing in the
name of a receiver may be voted by such receiver. A stockholder whose shares are
pledged shall be entitled to vote such shares, unless in the transfer by the
pledgor on the books of the corporation, such stockholder has expressly
empowered the pledgee to vote thereon, in which case only the pledgee, or such
pledgee's proxy, may vote thereon.

         SECTION 2.10. TREASURY STOCK. The corporation shall not vote, directly
or indirectly, shares of its own stock owned by it; and such shares shall not be
counted in determining the total number of outstanding shares.

         SECTION 2.11. FIXING RECORD DATE. The Board of Directors may fix in
advance a date, not exceeding 60 days preceding the date of any meeting of
stockholders, or the date for payment of any dividend or distribution, or the
date for the allotment of rights, or the date when any change, conversion or
exchange of capital stock shall go into effect, or a date in connection with
obtaining a consent, as a record date for the determination of the stockholders
entitled to notice of, and to vote at, any such meeting and any adjournment
thereof, or entitled to receive payment of any such dividend or distribution, or
to receive any such allotment of rights, or to exercise the rights in respect of
any such change, conversion or exchange of capital stock, or to give such
consent, as the case may be, and in such case stockholders and only such
stockholders as shall be stockholders of record on the date so fixed shall be
entitled to such notice of, and to vote at, any such meeting and any adjournment
thereof, or to receive payment of such dividend or distribution, or to receive
such allotment of rights, or to exercise such rights in respect of any change,
conversion or exchange of capital stock, or to give such consent, as the case
may be, notwithstanding any transfer of any stock on the books of the
corporation after any such record date fixed as aforesaid.

         SECTION 2.12.         NOTICE OF BUSINESS.

         (a) No business shall be conducted at an annual meeting of stockholders
unless such business is properly brought before the meeting in accordance with
the procedures hereinafter set forth in this Section 2.12; provided, however,
nothing in this Section 2.12 shall be deemed to preclude discussion by any
stockholder of any business properly brought before the annual meeting in
accordance with said procedures.

         (b) To be properly brought before the meeting, business must be (i)
specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at
the direction of the Board of Directors, (ii) otherwise properly brought before
the meeting by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (iii) otherwise
properly brought before the meeting by a stockholder who (A) is a stockholder of
record on the date of the giving of the notice provided for below and on the
record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at such
annual meeting and (B) gives timely notice of such business in writing to the
Secretary of the corporation. To be timely, a stockholder's notice must be
delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive offices of the
corporation not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the
anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders;
provided, however, that in the event that the annual meeting is called for date
that is not within 30 days before or after such anniversary

                                     - 3 -
<PAGE>

date, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so received not later than
the close of business on the tenth day following the day on which such notice of
the date of the meeting was mailed or public disclosure of the annual meeting
date was made, whichever occurs first. A stockholder's notice to the Secretary
of the corporation shall set forth (i) a brief description of the each matter
desired to be brought before the annual meeting and the reasons for conducting
such business at the annual meeting, (ii) the name and record address of the
stockholder proposing such business, (iii) the class and number of shares of the
corporation that are beneficially owned by the stockholder, (iv) any material
interest of the stockholder in such business and (v) a representation that such
stockholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the annual meeting to
bring such business before the meeting.

         (c) Any adjournment or postponement of the original meeting whereby the
meeting will reconvene within 30 days from the original date shall be deemed for
purposes of notice to be a continuation of the original meeting and no business
may be brought before any such reconvened meeting unless timely notice of such
business was given to the Secretary of the corporation for the meeting as
originally scheduled.

         (d) If the Chairman of an annual meeting of stockholders determines
that business was not properly brought before the annual meeting in accordance
with the foregoing procedures, the Chairman shall declare to the meeting that
the business was not properly brought before the meeting and such business shall
not be transacted.

         (e) For purpose of this Section 2.12, the term "public disclosure"
shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service,
Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly
filed by the corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to
Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

         (f) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Section 2.12 to the
contrary, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section
2.12. Nothing in this Section 2.12 shall be deemed to affect any rights of
stockholders to request inclusion of proposals in the corporation's proxy
statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended.

         SECTION 2.13. AMENDMENT. Notwithstanding anything contained in these
by-laws to the contrary, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 80% of
the voting power of all of the shares of the corporation entitled to vote for
the election of directors shall be required to amend or repeal or to adopt any
provision inconsistent with Sections 2.4, 2.5(ii), 2.8, or 2.12 or this Section
2.13 of this Article II.

                                   ARTICLE III
                               BOARD OF DIRECTORS

         SECTION 3.1. POWERS. The business and affairs of the corporation shall
be managed by its Board of Directors, which may exercise all such powers of the
corporation and do all such

                                     - 4 -
<PAGE>

lawful acts and things as are not by statute or by the Certificate of
Incorporation of the corporation or by these by-laws expressly directed or
required to be exercised or done by the stockholders.

         SECTION 3.2. NUMBER, ELECTION AND TERMS. The number of directors which
shall constitute the whole Board shall not be less than six nor more than
fifteen. Such number of directors shall from time to time be fixed and
determined by the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a
majority of the entire Board of Directors and shall be set forth in the notice
of any meeting of stockholders held for the purpose of electing directors. The
directors shall be elected at the annual meeting of stockholders, except as
provided in Section 3.3. The directors shall be divided into three classes, as
nearly equal in number as possible. At each annual meeting of stockholders,
directors elected to succeed those directors whose terms expire shall be elected
for a term of office to expire at the third succeeding annual meeting of
stockholders after their election. Directors need not be residents of the State
of Delaware or stockholders of the corporation.

         SECTION 3.3. VACANCIES, ADDITIONAL DIRECTORS AND REMOVAL FROM OFFICE.
Subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation of the
corporation, if any vacancy occurs in the Board of Directors caused by death,
resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal from office of any
director, or otherwise, or if any new directorship is created by an increase in
the authorized number of directors, a majority of the directors then in office,
though less than a quorum, or a sole remaining director, may choose a successor
or fill the newly-created directorship. Any directors so chosen shall hold
office for a term expiring at the annual meeting of stockholders at which the
term of the class to which they have been elected expires. No decrease in the
number of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall shorten the term
of any incumbent director. Any director or the entire Board of Directors, may be
removed from office at any time, but only for cause and only by the affirmative
vote of the holders of at least 80% of the voting power of all of the shares of
the corporation entitled to vote for the election of directors.

         SECTION 3.4. REGULAR MEETING. A regular meeting of the Board of
Directors shall be held each year, without notice other than this by-law, at the
place of, and immediately following, the annual meeting of stockholders; and
other regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held during a year, at
such time and place as the Board of Directors may provide, by resolution, either
within or without the State of Delaware, without notice other than such
resolution.

         SECTION 3.5. SPECIAL MEETING. A special meeting of the Board of
Directors may be called by the Chairman of the Board or by the President and
shall be called by the Secretary on the written request of any two directors.
The Chairman or President so calling, or the directors so requesting, any such
meeting shall fix the time and any place, either within or without the State of
Delaware, as the place for holding such meeting.

         SECTION 3.6. NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETING. Written notice of special
meetings of the Board of Directors shall be given to each director at least 48
hours prior to the time of such meeting. Any director may waive notice of any
meeting. The attendance of a director at any meeting shall constitute a waiver
of notice of such meeting, except where a director attends a meeting for the
purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is
not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor
the purpose of, any special meeting of the Board of Directors need be specified
in the notice or waiver of notice of

                                     - 5 -

<PAGE>

such meeting, except that notice shall be given of any proposed amendment to the
by-laws if it is to be adopted at any special meeting or with respect to any
other matter where notice is required by statute.

         SECTION 3.7. QUORUM. Except as may be otherwise specifically provided
by statute, by the Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or by these
by-laws, which express provisions shall be controlling, a majority of the Board
of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any
meeting of the Board of Directors, and the act of a majority of the directors
present at any meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the Board
of Directors. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the Board of
Directors, the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to
time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum
shall be present.

         SECTION 3.8. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. Unless otherwise specified by the
Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or these by-laws, any action
required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or
of any committee thereof as provided in Article IV of these by-laws, may be
taken without a meeting, if a written consent thereto is signed by all members
of the Board of Directors or of such committee, as the case may be, and such
written consent is filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of
Directors or of such committee.

         SECTION 3.9. COMPENSATION. Directors, as such, shall not be entitled to
any stated salary for their services unless such a salary is approved by the
stockholders or the Board of Directors; but, by resolution of the Board of
Directors, a fixed sum and expenses of attendance, if any, may be allowed for
attendance at each regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors or any
meeting of a committee of directors. No provision of these by-laws shall be
construed to preclude any director from serving the corporation in any other
capacity and receiving compensation therefor.

         SECTION 3.10.         NOMINATION OF DIRECTORS.

         (a) Only persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures
set forth in this Section 3.10 shall be eligible for election as directors of
the corporation.

         (b) Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors of
the corporation may be made at a meeting of stockholders only (i) by or at the
direction of the Board of Directors or (ii) by a stockholder who (A) is a
stockholder of record on the date of the giving of the notice provided for below
and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at
such annual meeting and (B) gives timely notice in writing to the Secretary of
the corporation of such nomination. To be timely, a stockholder's notice must be
delivered to or mailed and received at the principal executive offices of the
corporation not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the
anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders;
provided, however, that in the event that the annual meeting is called for date
that is not within 30 days before or after such anniversary date, notice by the
stockholder to be timely must be so received not later than the close of
business on the tenth day following the day on which such notice of the date of
the meeting was mailed or public disclosure of the annual meeting date was made,
whichever occurs first. A stockholder's notice to the Secretary of the
corporation shall set

                                      - 6 -
<PAGE>

forth (i) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for
election or re-election as director, all information relating to such person
that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of
directors, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A
promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any
successor regulation thereto, (ii) the name and record address of the
stockholder proposing such business, (iii) the class and number of shares of the
corporation that are beneficially owned by the stockholder, (iv) a description
of all arrangements or understandings between such stockholder and each proposed
nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) pursuant to
which the nomination or nominations are to be made by such stockholder and (v) a
representation that such stockholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at
the meeting to nominate the persons named in the notice. Such notice must be
accompanied by a written consent of each proposed nominee to being named as a
nominee and to serve as a director if elected.

         (c) Any adjournment or postponement of the original meeting whereby the
meeting will reconvene within 30 days from the original date shall be deemed for
purposes of notice to be a continuation of the original meeting and no
nominations by a stockholder of persons to be elected as directors of the
corporation may be made at any such reconvened meeting unless timely notice of
such nominations was given to the Secretary of the corporation for the meeting
as originally scheduled.

         (d) If the Chairman of a meeting of stockholders determines that a
nomination was not properly brought before the annual meeting in accordance with
the foregoing procedures, the Chairman shall declare to the meeting that the
nomination was not properly brought before the meeting and such nomination shall
be disregarded.

         (e) For purpose of this Section 3.10, the term "public disclosure"
shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service,
Associated Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly
filed by the corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to
Section 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

         (f) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Section 3.10 to the
contrary, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section
3.10. Nothing in this Section 3.10 shall be deemed to affect any rights of the
holders of any series of preferred stock of the corporation to elect directors
under specified circumstances.

         SECTION 3.11. AMENDMENT. Notwithstanding anything contained in these
by-laws to the contrary, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 80% of
the voting power of all of the shares of the corporation entitled to vote for
the election of director shall be required to amend or repeal, or to adopt any
provision inconsistent with, Section 3.2, Section 3.3 (other than the first
sentence of Section 3.3), the first sentence of Section 3.6, Section 3.10 or
this Section 3.11 of this Article III.

                                      - 7 -
<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE IV
                             COMMITTEE OF DIRECTORS

         SECTION 4.1. DESIGNATION, POWERS AND NAME. The Board of Directors may,
by resolution passed by a majority of the whole Board of Directors, designate
one or more committees, including, if they shall so determine, an Executive
Committee, each such committee to consist of two or more of the directors of the
corporation. The committee shall have and may exercise such of the powers of the
Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the
corporation as may be provided in such resolution. The Board of Directors may
designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may
replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of such committee. In
the absence or disqualification of any member of such committee or committees,
the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from
voting, whether or not such director or directors constitute a quorum, may
unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the
meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Such committee
or committees shall have such name or names and such limitations of authority as
may be determined from time to time by resolution adopted by the Board of
Directors.

         SECTION 4.2. MINUTES. Each committee of directors shall keep regular
minutes of its proceedings and report the same to the Board of Directors when
required.

         SECTION 4.3. COMPENSATION. Members of special or standing committees
may be allowed compensation for attending committee meetings, if the Board of
Directors shall so determine.

                                    ARTICLE V
                                     NOTICE

         SECTION 5.1. METHODS OF GIVING NOTICE. Whenever under the provisions of
statute, the Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or these by-laws,
notice is required to be given to any director, member of any committee or
stockholder, such notice shall be in writing and delivered personally or mailed
to such director, member or stockholder; provided that in the case of a director
or a member of any committee such notice may be given orally or by telephone,
facsimile, telex or telegram. If mailed, notice to a director, member of a
committee or stockholder shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the
United States first class mail in a sealed envelope, with postage thereon
prepaid, addressed, in the case of a stockholder, to the stockholder at the
stockholder's address as it appears on the records of the corporation or, in the
case of a director or a member of a committee, to such person at his business
address. If sent by facsimile or telex, notice to a director or member of a
committee shall be deemed to be given when confirmation of transmission of the
facsimile or telex is received by the corporation. If sent by telegraph, notice
to a director or member of a committee shall be deemed to be given when the
telegram, so addressed, is delivered to the telegraph company.

         SECTION 5.2. WRITTEN WAIVER. Whenever any notice is required to be
given under the provisions of statute, the Certificate of Incorporation of the
corporation or these by-laws, a waiver

                                      - 8 -
<PAGE>

thereof in writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to said notice,
whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent
thereto.

                                   ARTICLE VI
                                    OFFICERS

         SECTION 6.1. OFFICERS. The officers of the corporation shall be a
Chairman of the Board (if such office is created by the Board), a President, one
or more Vice Presidents, any one or more of which may be designated Executive
Vice President or Senior Vice President, a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Board
of Directors may by resolution create the office of Vice Chairman of the Board
and define the duties of such office. The Board of Directors may appoint such
other officers and agents, including Assistant Vice Presidents, Assistant
Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers, as it shall deem necessary, who shall hold
their offices for such terms and shall exercise such powers and perform such
duties as shall be determined by the Board of Directors. Any two or more
offices, other than the offices of President and Secretary, may be held by the
same person. No officer shall execute, acknowledge, verify or countersign any
instrument on behalf of the corporation in more than one capacity, if such
instrument is required by law, by these by-laws or by any act of the corporation
to be executed, acknowledged, verified or countersigned by two or more officers.
The Chairman of the Board and Vice Chairman of the Board shall be elected from
among the directors. With the foregoing exceptions, none of the other officers
need be a director, and none of the officers need be a stockholder of the
corporation.

         SECTION 6.2. ELECTION AND TERM OF OFFICE. The officers of the
corporation shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors at its regular
meeting held after each annual meeting of stockholders or as soon thereafter as
conveniently possible. Each officer shall hold office until a successor shall
have been chosen and shall have qualified or until such officer's death or the
effective date of such officer's resignation or removal, or until such officer
shall cease to be a director in the case of the Chairman of the Board or Vice
Chairman of the Board.

         SECTION 6.3. REMOVAL AND RESIGNATION. Any officer or agent elected or
appointed by the Board of Directors may be removed without cause by the
affirmative vote of a majority of the Board of Directors whenever, in its
judgment, the best interests of the corporation shall be served thereby, but
such removal shall be without prejudice to the contractual rights, if any, of
the person so removed. Any officer may resign at any time by giving written
notice to the corporation. Any such resignation shall take effect at the date of
the receipt of such notice or at any later time specified therein, and unless
otherwise specified therein, the acceptance of such resignation shall not be
necessary to make it effective.

         SECTION 6.4. VACANCIES. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the
corporation by death, resignation, removal or otherwise, may be filled by the
Board of Directors for the unexpired portion of the term of such office.

         SECTION 6.5. SALARIES. The salaries of all officers and agents of the
corporation shall be fixed by the Board of Directors or pursuant to its
direction; and no officer shall be prevented from receiving such salary because
such officer is also a director.

                                      - 9 -
<PAGE>

         SECTION 6.6. CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The Chairman of the Board (if such
office is created by the Board of Directors) shall preside at all meetings of
the Board of Directors and the stockholders of the corporation. In the Chairman
of the Board's absence, such duties shall be attended to by the Vice Chairman of
the Board. The Chairman of the Board shall formulate and submit to the Board of
Directors or the Executive Committee matters of general policy for the
corporation and shall perform such other duties as usually appertain to the
office or as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or the Executive
Committee.

         SECTION 6.7. PRESIDENT. The President shall be the Chief Executive
Officer of the corporation unless the Board of Directors has designated the
Chairman of the Board as the Chief Executive Officer in which case the President
shall be the Chief Operating Officer. In the absence of the Chairman of the
Board or the Vice Chairman of the Board (if such offices are created by the
Board), the President shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors
and of the stockholders. He may also preside at any such meeting attended by the
Chairman of the Board or Vice Chairman of the Board if he is so designated by
the Chairman of the Board, or in the Chairman of the Board's absence by the Vice
Chairman of the Board. He may sign with the Secretary, or any other officer of
the corporation thereunto authorized by the Board of Directors, certificates for
shares of the corporation and any deeds, bonds, mortgages, contracts, checks,
notes, drafts or other instruments which the Board of Directors has authorized
to be executed, except in cases where the signing and execution thereof has been
expressly delegated by these by-laws or by the Board of Directors to some other
officer or agent of the corporation, or shall be required by law to be otherwise
executed. The President shall vote, or give a proxy to any other officer of the
corporation to vote, all shares of stock of any other corporation standing in
the name of the corporation and in general shall perform all other duties
normally incident to the office of President and such other duties as may be
prescribed by the stockholders, the Board of Directors or the Executive
Committee from time to time.

         SECTION 6.8. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER. The Chief Executive Officer shall
have, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, supervision and control
of the business and affairs of the corporation and shall have the power to
appoint and remove subordinate officers, agents and employees, except those
elected or appointed by the Board of Directors. The Chief Executive Officer
shall keep the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee fully informed and
shall consult them concerning the business of the corporation.

         SECTION 6.9. CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER. The Chief Operating Officer (if
such office is created by the Board of Directors) shall have, subject to the
control of the Board of Directors, general and active management of the
day-to-day operations of the corporation and, together with the Chief Executive
Officer, shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors are
carried into effect.

         SECTION 6.10. VICE PRESIDENTS. In the absence of the President, or in
the event of his inability or refusal to act, the Executive Vice President (or
in the event there shall be no Vice President designated Executive Vice
President, any Vice President designated by the Board) shall perform the duties
and exercise the powers of the President. Any Vice President may sign, with the
Secretary or Assistant Secretary, certificates for shares of the corporation.
The Vice Presidents

                                     - 10 -
<PAGE>

shall perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to them by
the President, the Board of Directors or the Executive Committee.

         SECTION 6.11. SECRETARY. The Secretary shall (a) keep the minutes of
the meetings of the stockholders, the Board of Directors and committees of
directors; (b) see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the
provisions of these by-laws and as required by law; (c) be custodian of the
corporate records and of the seal of the corporation, and see that the seal of
the corporation or a facsimile thereof is affixed to all certificates for shares
prior to the issue thereof and to all documents, the execution of which on
behalf of the corporation under its seal is duly authorized in accordance with
the provisions of these by-laws; (d) keep or cause to be kept a register of the
address of each stockholder which shall be furnished by such stockholder; (e)
sign with the President, or an Executive Vice President or Vice President,
certificates for share of the corporation, the issue of which shall have been
authorized by resolution of the Board of Directors; (f) have general charge of
the stock transfer books of the corporation; and (g) in general, perform all
duties normally incident to the office of Secretary and such other duties as
from time to time may be assigned to him by the President, the Board of
Directors or the Executive Committee.

         SECTION 6.12. TREASURER. The Treasurer shall (a) have charge and
custody of and be responsible for all funds and securities of the corporation;
receive and give receipts for moneys due and payable to the corporation from any
source whatsoever and deposit all such moneys in the name of the corporation in
such banks, trust companies or other depositories as the Board of Directors may
select; (b) prepare, or cause to be prepared, for submission at each regular
meeting of the Board of Directors, at each annual meeting of the stockholders,
and at such other times as may be required by the Board of Directors, the
President or the Executive Committee, a statement of financial condition of the
corporation in such detail as may be required; and (c) in general, perform all
the duties incident to the office of Treasurer and such other duties as from
time to time may be assigned to him by the President, the Board of Directors or
the Executive Committee.

         SECTION 6.13. ASSISTANT SECRETARY OR ASSISTANT TREASURER. The Assistant
Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers shall, in general, perform such duties as
shall be assigned to them by the Secretary or the Treasurer, respectively, or by
the President, the Board of Directors or the Executive Committee. The Assistant
Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers shall, in the absence of the Secretary or
Treasurer, respectively, perform all functions and duties which such absent
officers may delegate, but such delegation shall not relieve the absent officer
from the responsibilities and liabilities of such office. The Assistant
Secretaries may sign, with the President or a Vice President, certificates for
shares of the corporation, the issue of which shall have been authorized by a
resolution of the Board of Directors.

                                   ARTICLE VII
                         CONTRACTS, CHECKS AND DEPOSITS

         SECTION 7.1. CONTRACTS. Subject to the provisions of Section 6.1 of
these by-laws, the Board of Directors may authorize any officer, officers, agent
or agents to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any instrument in
the name of and on behalf of the corporation, and such authority may be general
or confined to specific instances.

                                     - 11 -
<PAGE>

         SECTION 7.2. CHECKS, ETC. All checks, demands, drafts or other orders
for the payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the
name of the corporation shall be signed by such officer or officers or such
agent or agents of the corporation, and in such manner, as shall be determined
by the Board of Directors.

         SECTION 7.3. DEPOSITS. All funds of the corporation not otherwise
employed shall be deposited from time to time to the credit of the corporation
in such banks, trust companies or other depositories as the Board of Directors
may select.

                                  ARTICLE VIII
                              CERTIFICATES OF STOCK

         SECTION 8.1. ISSUANCE. Each stockholder of the corporation shall be
entitled to a certificate or certificates showing the number of shares of stock
registered in the name of such stockholder on the books of the corporation. The
certificates shall be in such form as may be determined by the Board of
Directors, shall be issued in numerical order and shall be entered in the books
of the corporation as they are issued. They shall exhibit the holder's name and
number of shares and shall be signed by the President or a Vice President and by
the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary. If any certificate is countersigned (1)
by a transfer agent other than the corporation or any employee of the
corporation, or (2) by a registrar other than the corporation or any employee of
the corporation, any other signature on the certificate may be a facsimile. If
the corporation shall be authorized to issue more than one class of stock or
more than one series of any class, the designations, preferences and rights
shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate
which the corporation shall issue to represent such class of stock; provided
that, except as otherwise provided by statute, in lieu of the foregoing
requirements there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate which
the corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock, a
statement that the corporation will furnish to each stockholder who so requests
the designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other
special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications,
limitations or restrictions of such preferences and rights. All certificates
surrendered to the corporation for transfer shall be canceled and no new
certificate shall be issued until the former certificate for a like number of
shares shall have been surrendered and canceled, except that in the case of a
lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated certificate a new one may only be issued in
accordance with Section 8.2. Unless otherwise provided in the resolutions of the
Board of Directors providing for the issuance of Preferred Stock of the
corporation of a particular series, certificates shall not be issued
representing fractional shares of stock.

         SECTION 8.2. LOST, STOLEN OR DESTROYED CERTIFICATES. The Board of
Directors may direct a new certificate or certificates to be issued in place of
any certificate or certificates theretofore issued by the corporation alleged to
have been lost, stolen or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that
fact by the person claiming the certificate to be lost, stolen or destroyed.
When authorizing such issue of a new certificate or certificates, the Board of
Directors may, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance
thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen or destroyed certificate or
certificates, or his legal representative, to advertise the same in such manner
as it shall require or to give the corporation an indemnity, including without

                                     - 12 -
<PAGE>

limitation a bond, against any claim that may be made against the corporation
with respect to the certificate or certificates alleged to have been lost,
stolen or destroyed, or both.

         SECTION 8.3 TRANSFERS. Upon surrender to the corporation or the
transfer agent of the corporation of a certificate for shares duly endorsed or
accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignment or authority to
transfer, the corporation shall issue a new certificate to the person entitled
thereto, cancel the old certificate and record the transaction upon its books.
Transfers of shares shall be made only on the books of the corporation by the
registered holder thereof, or by his attorney thereunto authorized by power of
attorney and filed with the Secretary of the corporation or the transfer agent
for shares of the corporation.

         SECTION 8.4 REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS. The corporation shall be entitled
to treat the holder of record of any share or shares of stock as the holder in
fact thereof and, accordingly, shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or
other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other
person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as
otherwise provided by the laws of the State of Delaware.

                                   ARTICLE IX
                                    DIVIDENDS

         SECTION 9.1. DECLARATION. Subject to the provisions of law and the
Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation, dividends upon the capital
stock of the corporation may be declared by the Board of Directors at any
regular or special meeting. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property or in
shares of capital stock, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of
Incorporation of the corporation.

         SECTION 9.2. RESERVE. Before payment of any dividend, there may be set
aside out of any funds of the corporation available for dividends such sum or
sums as the Board of Directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion,
think proper as a reserve or reserve to meet contingencies, or for equalizing
dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the corporation, or
for such other purposes as the Board of Directors shall think conducive to the
interest of the corporation, and the directors may modify or abolish any such
reserve in the manner in which it was created.

                                    ARTICLE X
                                 INDEMNIFICATION

         SECTION 10.1. THIRD PARTY ACTIONS. The corporation shall indemnify any
person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any
threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil,
criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the
right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that such person is or was a
director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at
the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of
another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise,
against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid
in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with
such action, suit or proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a
manner such person

                                     - 13 -
<PAGE>

reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the
corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no
reasonable cause to believe such person's conduct was unlawful. The termination
of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement or conviction,
or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself,
create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner
which such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best
interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or
proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that such person's conduct was
unlawful.

         SECTION 10.2 ACTIONS BY OR IN THE RIGHT OF THE CORPORATION. The
corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to
be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in
the right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the
fact that such person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the
corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys'
fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably
incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such
action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person
reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the
corporation and except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any
claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be
liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the court in which
such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite
the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case,
such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses
which such court shall deem proper.

         SECTION 10.3. DETERMINATION OF CONDUCT. The determination that an
officer, director, employee or agent has met the applicable standard of conduct
set forth in Sections 10.1 and 10.2 of these by-laws (unless indemnification is
ordered by a court) shall be made (i) by the Board of Directors by a majority
vote of a quorum consisting of directors who were not parties to such action,
suit or proceeding, or (ii) if such quorum is not obtainable, or even if
obtainable a quorum of disinterested directors so directs, by independent legal
counsel in a written opinion, or (iii) by the stockholders.

         SECTION 10.4. PAYMENT OF EXPENSES IN ADVANCE. Expenses (including
attorneys' fees) incurred by an officer, director, employee or agent in
defending a civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or
proceeding for which such person may be entitled to indemnity under this Article
X shall be paid by the corporation in advance of the final disposition of such
action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the
director, officer, employee or agent to repay such amount if it shall ultimately
be determined that such officer is not entitled to be indemnified by the
corporation as authorized in this Article X.

         SECTION 10.5. DEFINITION. For purposes of this Article X, references to
"the corporation" shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any
constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in
a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would
have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, employees or
agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent
of such

                                     - 14 -
<PAGE>

constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent
corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same
position under the provisions of this Article X, with respect to the resulting
or surviving corporation as such person would have with respect to such
constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued.

         SECTION 10.6. INDEMNITY NOT EXCLUSIVE. The indemnification and
advancement of expenses provided hereunder shall not be deemed exclusive of any
other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses
may be entitled under any other by-law, statute, agreement, vote of stockholders
or disinterested directors, insurance arrangement or otherwise, both as to
action in such a person's official capacity and as to action in another capacity
while holding such office, and shall continue as to a person who has ceased to
be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the
heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

         SECTION 10.7. NO FURTHER AUTHORIZATION REQUIRED. This Article X is
intended to make mandatory the indemnification permitted by Section 145 of the
Delaware General Corporation Law, as amended from time to time. This Article X
shall be deemed to constitute the authorization required by subsection (d) of
said Section 145, and no further authorization by the Board of Directors or the
stockholders of the corporation shall be necessary in any specific case if the
indemnification or advancement of expenses referred to in this Article X is, by
the terms of this Article X, required to be afforded in that case. Further, this
Article X is intended to make mandatory any other indemnification permitted by
the Delaware General Corporation Law, as amended from time to time.

                                   ARTICLE XI
                              BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

         A. Higher Vote Required for Approval of Certain Business Combinations.

                  (1) Higher Vote for Certain Business Combinations. In addition
to any affirmative vote required by law, the Certificate of Incorporation of the
corporation or these by- laws, and except as otherwise expressly provided in
this Article XI:

                  (a) any merger or consolidation of the corporation or any
         Subsidiary (as hereinafter defined) with (i) any Interested Stockholder
         (as hereinafter defined) or (ii) any other corporation (whether or not
         itself an Interested Stockholder) which is, or after such merger or
         consolidation would be, an Affiliate (as hereinafter defined) of an
         Interested Stockholder; or

                  (b) any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or
         other disposition (in one transaction or a series of transactions) to
         or with any Interested Stockholder or any Affiliate of any Interested
         Stockholder of any assets of the corporation or any Subsidiary having
         an aggregate Fair Market Value (as hereinafter defined) of $1,000,000
         or more; or

                                     - 15 -
<PAGE>

                  (c) the issuance or transfer by the corporation or any
         Subsidiary (in one transaction or a series of transactions) of any
         securities of the corporation or any Subsidiary to any Interested
         Stockholder or any Affiliate of any Interested Stockholder in exchange
         for cash, securities or other property (or a combination thereof)
         having an aggregate Fair Market Value of $1,000,000 or more; or

                  (d) the adoption of any plan or proposal for the liquidation
         or dissolution of the corporation proposed by or on behalf of an
         Interested Stockholder or any Affiliate of any Interested Stockholder;
         or

                  (e) any reclassification of securities (including any reverse
         stock split), or recapitalization of the corporation, or any merger or
         consolidation of the corporation with any of its Subsidiaries or any
         other transaction (whether or not with or into or otherwise involving
         an Interested Stockholder) which has the effect, directly or
         indirectly, of increasing the proportionate share of the outstanding
         shares of any class of equity or convertible securities of the
         corporation or any Subsidiary which is directly or indirectly owned by
         any Interested Stockholder or any Affiliate of any Interested
         Stockholder;

shall require the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 80% of the voting
power of the then outstanding shares of capital stock of the corporation
entitled to vote generally in the election of directors (the "Voting Stock"),
voting together as a single class (it being understood that for purposes of this
Article XI, each share of the Voting Stock shall have the number of votes
granted to it pursuant to Article FOURTH of the Certificate of Incorporation of
the corporation, including any resolution of the Board of Directors providing
for the designation of any series of the Serial Preferred Stock, par value $1.00
per share, of the corporation ("Serial Preferred Stock"). Such affirmative vote
shall be required notwithstanding the fact that no vote may be required, or that
a lesser percentage may be specified, by law or in any agreement with any
national securities exchange or otherwise.

                  (2) Definition of "Business Combination". The term "Business
Combination" as used in this Article XI shall mean any transaction which is
referred to in any one or more of clauses (a) through (e) of subparagraph A(1).

         B. When Higher Vote is not Required. The provisions of paragraph A of
this Article XI shall not be applicable to any particular Business Combination,
and such Business Combination shall require only such affirmative vote as is
required by law and any other provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation of
the corporation, if all of the conditions specified in either of the following
paragraphs (1) or (2) are met:

                  (1) Approval by Continuing Directors. The Business Combination
shall have been approved by a majority of the Continuing Directors (as
hereinafter defined).

                  (2) Price and Procedure Requirements. All of the following
conditions shall have been met:

                                     - 16 -
<PAGE>

                  (a) The aggregate amount of the cash and the Fair Market Value
         as of the date of the consummation of the Business Combination of
         consideration other than cash to be received per share by holders of
         Common Stock, par value $.10 per share, of the corporation ("Common
         Stock") in such Business Combination shall be at least equal to the
         highest of the following:

                           (i) (if applicable) the highest per share price
         (including any brokerage commissions, transfer taxes and soliciting
         dealers fees) paid by the Interested Stockholder for any shares of
         Common Stock acquired by it (A) within the two-year period immediately
         prior to the first public announcement of the proposal of the Business
         Combination (the "Announcement Date") or (B) in the transaction in
         which it became an Interested Stockholder, whichever is higher;

                           (ii) the Fair Market Value per share of Common Stock
         on the Announcement Date or on the date on which the Interested
         Stockholder became and Interested Stockholder (such latter date is
         referred to in this Article XI as the "Determination Date"), whichever
         is higher; and

                           (iii) (if applicable) the price per share equal to
         the Fair Market Value per share of Common Stock determined pursuant to
         subparagraph B(2)(a)(ii) above, multiplied by the ratio of (A) the
         highest per share price (including any brokerage commissions, transfer
         taxes and soliciting dealers fees) paid by the Interested Stockholder
         for any shares of Common Stock acquired by it within the two-year
         period immediately prior to the Announcement Date to (B) the Fair
         Market Value per share of Common Stock on the first day in such
         two-year period upon which the Interested Stockholder acquired any
         shares of Common Stock.

                  (b) The aggregate amount of the cash and the Fair Market Value
         as of the date of the consummation of the Business Combination of
         consideration other than cash to be received per share by holders of
         shares of any other class of outstanding Voting Stock (other than
         Institutional Voting Stock (as hereinafter defined)) shall be at least
         equal to the highest of the following (it being intended that the
         requirements of this subparagraph B(2)(b) shall be required to be met
         with respect to every class of outstanding Voting Stock (other than
         Institutional Voting Stock), whether or not the Interested Stockholder
         has previously acquired any shares of a particular class of Voting
         Stock):

                           (i) (if applicable) the highest per share price
         (including any brokerage commissions, transfer taxes and soliciting
         dealers fees) paid by the Interested Stockholder for any shares of such
         class of Voting Stock acquired by it (A) within the two-year period
         immediately prior to the Announcement Date or (B) in the transaction in
         which it became an Interested Stockholder, whichever is higher;

                           (ii) (if applicable) the highest preferential amount
         per share to which the holders of shares of such class of Voting Stock
         are entitled in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation,
         dissolution or winding up of the corporation;

                                     - 17 -
<PAGE>

                           (iii) the Fair Market Value per share of such class
         of Voting Stock on the Announcement Date or on the Determination Date,
         whichever is higher; and

                           (iv) (if applicable) the price per share equal to the
         Fair Market Value per share of such class of Voting Stock determined
         pursuant to subparagraph B(2)(b)(iii) above, multiplied by the ratio of
         (A) the highest per share price (including any brokerage commissions,
         transfer taxes and soliciting dealers fees) paid by the Interested
         Stockholder for any shares of such class of Voting Stock acquired by it
         within the two-year period immediately prior to the Announcement Date
         to (B) the Fair Market Value per share of such class of Voting Stock on
         the first day in such two-year period upon which the Interested
         Stockholder acquired any shares of such class of Voting Stock.

                  (c) The consideration to be received by holders of a
         particular class of outstanding Voting Stock (including Common Stock)
         shall be in cash or in the same form as the Interested Stockholder has
         previously paid for shares of such class of Voting Stock. If the
         Interested Stockholder has paid for shares of any class of Voting Stock
         with varying forms of consideration, the form of consideration for such
         class of Voting Stock shall be either cash or the form used to acquire
         the largest number of shares of such class of Voting Stock previously
         acquired by it.

                  (d) After such Interested Stockholder has become an Interested
         Stockholder and prior to the consummation of such Business Combination:
         (i) except as approved by a majority of the Continuing Directors, there
         shall have been no failure to declare and pay at the regular date
         therefor any full quarterly dividends (whether or not cumulative) on
         the outstanding Serial Preferred Stock; (ii) there shall have been (A)
         no reduction in the annual rate of dividends paid on the Common Stock
         (except as necessary to reflect any subdivision of the Common Stock),
         except as approved by a majority of the Continuing Directors, and (B)
         an increase in such annual rate of dividends as necessary to reflect
         any reclassification (including any reverse stock split),
         recapitalization, reorganization or any similar transaction which has
         the effect of reducing the number of outstanding shares of the Common
         Stock, unless the failure so to increase such annual rate is approved
         by a majority of the Continuing Directors; and (iii) such Interested
         Stockholder shall not have become the beneficial owner of any
         additional shares of Voting Stock except as part of the transaction
         which results in such Interested Stockholder becoming an Interested
         Stockholder.

                  (e) After such Interested Stockholder has become an Interested
         Stockholder, such Interested Stockholder shall not have received the
         benefit, directly or indirectly (except proportionately as a
         stockholder), of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other
         financial assistance or any tax credits or other tax advantages
         provided by the corporation, whether in anticipation of or in
         connection with such Business Combination or otherwise.

                  (f) A proxy or information statement describing the proposed
         Business Combination and complying with the requirements of the
         Securities Exchange Act of 1934,

                                     - 18 -
<PAGE>

         as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (or any subsequent
         provisions replacing such Act, rules or regulations) shall be mailed to
         stockholders of the corporation at least 30 days prior to the
         consummation of such Business Combination (whether or not such proxy or
         information statement is required to be mailed pursuant to such Act or
         subsequent provisions).

         C. Certain Definitions. For the purposes of this Article XI:

                  (1) A "person" shall mean any individual, firm, corporation or
other entity.

                  (2) "Interested Stockholder" shall mean any person (other than
the corporation or any Subsidiary) who or which:

                           (a) is the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly,
         of more than 20% of the voting power of the outstanding Voting Stock;
         or

                           (b) is an Affiliate of the corporation and at any
         time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in
         question was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 20% or
         more of the voting power of the then outstanding Voting Stock; or

                           (c) is an assignee of or has otherwise succeeded to
         any shares of Voting Stock which were at any time within the two-year
         period immediately prior to the date in question beneficially owned by
         any Interested Stockholder, if such assignment or succession shall have
         occurred in the course of a transaction or series of transactions not
         involving a public offering within the meaning of the Securities Act of
         1933, as amended.

                  (3) A person shall be a "beneficial owner" of any Voting
Stock:

                           (a) which such person or any of its Affiliates or
         Associates (as hereinafter defined) beneficially owns, directly or
         indirectly; or

                           (b) which such person or any of its Affiliates or
         Associates has (i) the right to acquire (whether such right is
         exercisable immediately or only after the passage of time), pursuant to
         any agreement, arrangement or understanding or upon the exercise of
         conversion rights, exchange rights, warrants or options, or otherwise,
         or (ii) the right to vote pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or
         understanding; or

                           (c) which are beneficially owned, directly or
         indirectly, by any other person with which such person or any of its
         Affiliates or Associates has any agreement, arrangement or
         understanding for the purpose of acquiring, holding, voting or
         disposing of any shares of Voting Stock.

                  (4) For purposes of subparagraph C(2), the number of shares of
Voting Stock deemed to be outstanding shall include shares deemed owned through
application of subparagraph C(3) but shall not include any other shares of
Voting Stock which may be issuable pursuant to any

                                     - 19 -
<PAGE>

agreement, arrangement or understanding, or upon exercise of conversion rights,
warrants or options, or otherwise.

                  (5) "Affiliate" or "Associate" shall have the respective
meanings ascribed to such terms in Rule 12b-2 of the General Rules and
Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as in effect on May 27,
1983.

                  (6) "Subsidiary" means any corporation of which a majority of
any class of equity security is owned, directly or indirectly, by the
corporation; provided, however, that for the purposes of the definition of
Interested Stockholder set forth in subparagraph C(2), the term "Subsidiary"
shall mean only a corporation of which a majority of each class of equity
security is owned, directly or indirectly, by the corporation.

                  (7) "Continuing Director" means any member of the Board of
Directors of the corporation who is unaffiliated with the Interested Stockholder
and was a member of the Board of Directors prior to the time that the Interested
Stockholder became an Interested Stockholder, and any successor of a Continuing
Director who is unaffiliated with the Interested Stockholder and is recommended
to succeed a Continuing Director by a majority of Continuing Directors then on
the Board of Directors.

                  (8) "Fair Market Value" means: (a) in the case of stock, the
highest closing sale price during the 30-day period immediately preceding the
date in question of a share of such stock on the Composite Tape for New York
Stock Exchange listed stocks, or, if such stock is not quoted on the Composite
Tape on the New York Stock Exchange, or, if such stock is not listed on such
Exchange, on the principal United States securities exchange registered under
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, on which such stock is listed,
or, if such stock is not listed on any such exchange, the highest closing bid
quotation with respect to a share of such stock during the 30-day period
preceding the date in question on the National Association of Securities
Dealers, Inc. Automated Quotations System or any system then in use, or if no
such quotations are available, the fair market value on the date in question of
a share of such stock as determined by the Board of Directors in good faith; and
(b) in the case of property other than cash or stock, the fair market value of
such property on the date in question as determined by the Board of Directors in
good faith.

                  (9) "Institutional Voting Stock" shall mean any class of
Voting Stock which was issued to and continues to be held solely by one or more
insurance companies, pension funds, commercial banks, savings banks or similar
financial institutions or institutional investors.

                  (10) In the event of any Business Combination in which the
corporation survives, the phrase "consideration other than cash" as used in
subparagraphs B(2)(a) and (b) shall include the shares of Common Stock or the
shares of any other class of outstanding Voting Stock retained by the holders of
such shares.

         D. Determination by Directors. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary
in this Article XI, the directors of the corporation shall have the power to
determine for the purposes of this Article XI, on the basis of information known
to them after reasonable inquiry, (1) whether a

                                     - 20 -
<PAGE>

person is an Interested Stockholder, (2) the number of shares of Voting Stock
beneficially owned by any person, (3) whether a person is an Affiliate or
Associate of any person, (4) whether a class of Voting Stock is Institutional
Voting Stock, and (5) whether the assets which are the subject of any Business
Combination have, or the consideration to be received for the issuance or
transfer of securities by the corporation or any Subsidiary in any Business
Combination has, an aggregate Fair Market Value of $1,000,000 or more.

         E. No Effect on Fiduciary Obligations of Interested Stockholders.
Nothing contained in this Article XI shall be construed to relieve any
Interested Stockholder from any fiduciary obligation imposed by law.

         F. Election to Not be Governed by Delaware "Anti-Takeover" Bill. The
corporation shall not be governed by Section 203 of the Delaware General
Corporation Law.

         G. Amendment, Repeal, etc. Notwithstanding any other provisions of the
Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or these by-laws (and
notwithstanding the fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, the
Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or these by-laws), the
affirmative vote of the holders of 80% or more of the voting power of the shares
of the then outstanding Voting Stock, voting together as a single class, shall
be required to amend or repeal, or adopt any provisions inconsistent with, this
Article XI of these by-laws.

                                   ARTICLE XII
                                  MISCELLANEOUS

         SECTION 12.1. SEAL. The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the
name of the corporation and the words "Corporate Seal, Delaware". The seal may
be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or
otherwise reproduced.

         SECTION 12.2. BOOKS. The books of the corporation may be kept (subject
to any provision contained in statute) outside the State of Delaware at the
offices of the corporation at Houston, Texas, or at such other place or places
as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors.

                                  ARTICLE XIII
                                    AMENDMENT

         Except as may be otherwise expressly provided by these by-laws, which
express provisions shall be controlling, these by-laws may be altered, amended
or repealed at any regular meeting of the Board of Directors without prior
notice, or at any special meeting of the Board of Directors if notice of such
alteration, amendment or repeal is contained in the notice of such special
meeting.

                                     - 21 -