# Patent

## Title
Operational transconductance amplifier feedback mechanism for fixed feedback voltage regulators

## Abstract

An operational transconductance amplifier used in conjunction with a multiple chip voltage feedback technique allows multiple strings of LEDs and current sinks to be efficiently powered by a simple feedback oriented voltage regulator within an appliance. A connected series of differential amplifiers or multiplexors are used to monitor the voltages between the connected LEDs and the current sinks, in order to progressively determine the lowest voltage. The operational transconductance amplifier compares this voltage to a reference voltage and injects or removes current from the feedback node of a voltage regulator, thereby altering the voltage present at the feedback node. This causes the voltage regulator to adjust its output, ensuring that the current sinks of the LED strings have adequate voltage with which to function, even as the LEDs have different forward voltages and the strings are asynchronously enabled and disabled.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Modern televisions employ many types of voltage regulators in order to generate various power supplies within the television itself. These off-the-shelf power supplies have characteristics that are known and desired vis-à-vis the ways that they perform and interact with other components within the television. Television manufacturers are comfortable with the regulators that they have employed in the past, and can be reluctant to change out this critical part.
Often, these voltage regulators rely on a resistor divider feedback signal in order to regulate their output voltages, as in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. (These figures show the power consumer as the simple resistor RLoad, but the power consumption may be much more complex.) In circuits such as these, as power consumption increases the converter's output voltage naturally falls, the feedback voltage falling along with it. As the output voltage and the feedback voltage fall, the discrepancy in the constant comparison between the feedback voltage and a known voltage within the television or the voltage regulator itself reveals the increased power demand, which in turn causes the power supply to increase its power output. The voltage rises, the feedback voltage rises, and the system heads in the direction towards equilibrium. The process works conversely as power consumption decreases.
Consider the simple case illustrated in FIG. 4. The simplified display illustrated in FIG. 4 consists of four strings of ten LEDs per string, each string capable of being switched on and off independently of the others. Each string also contains a current sink, ensuring that each illuminated string receives the same amount of current as each other string. This ensures that each illuminated LED produces the same light—in both intensity and color—as all of the others.
Each illuminated LED requires a forward voltage of approximately 3.5 volts, and the current sink requires 1.2 volts in order to operate. Allowing for the vagaries inherent in the LED manufacturing process, each serially connected string requires about 36.2 volts for the 10 LEDs and the current sink. Because the voltage output is (in this case) fixed, in order to ensure sufficient voltage for the operation of the current sinks given the variableness of the LEDs, it would be preferable to allocate about 40 volts.
The typical current that would be desired across the feedback circuitry would be 100 microamps, implying a total resistance (R1+R2) of 400K ohms. If the feedback voltage that the 40 volt regulator requires is 2.4 volts, we'd use resistors of 376,000 ohms and 24,000 ohms to divide the desired 40.0 volt output into the required 2.4 volts. As the strings switch on and off, the power required from the regular goes up and down as the regulator keeps the LEDs lit.
There are some real life problems with the way that this circuit accomplishes the task of keeping the lights on. For example, the desired output voltage may not be 40.0 volts. Consider the “average” string of 10 LEDs with the “average” total forward voltage of 35.0 volts. Combined with the 1.2 required voltage drop across the current sink, the total required voltage is only 36.2 volts. With a 40.0 volt supply, all of the extra 3.8 volts worth of power is wasteful (and problematic) heat, dissipated in this example across the current sink. By considering a “worst case LED scenario” rather than an “actual requirement” scenario, excess power is generated and dissipated.
In addition, measuring the voltage at the “top” of the strings is not optimal—a better method would be to measure the feedback voltage above the current sinks as is pictured in FIG. 5, not above the LEDs as is implicit in FIG. 4. Measuring the voltage across the current sinks, where the excess voltage “accumulates,” is a better way to determine the required voltage output from the regulator—the circuit should optimally ensure that there's enough voltage (1.2 volts in this example) across each current sink, not that the LED string sees a fixed voltage. One complication with this methodology is that the circuit needs to know which current sinks are on and which are off at any particular time, as it should only ensure adequate voltage across the “on” current sinks.
And finally, there may be quite a few strings of LEDs, making it difficult to use one integrated circuit to perform the “minimum voltage” comparison. Though FIGS. 4 and 5 show ten strings of LEDs, a typical large television might have one hundred or more strings. It would be preferable to have a solution that scales across a large number of strings, a solution where that comprises a number of control and comparison chips that are linked together rather than one extraordinarily large comparison chip.
What is needed is a method for adapting these legacy voltage regulators for use in systems with variable voltage requirements that must be measured in a number of different places within the circuitry.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides a method for manipulating the feedback voltage input into a legacy voltage regulator in order to direct the converter to alter its output voltage. It is scalable to allow its application in different devices that might contain widely varying numbers of LED strings.
The invention comprises two important parts that work with the legacy voltage regulator. First, the invention uses a series of serially connected integrated circuits (herein referred to as controllers) to tabulate the current “lowest voltage.” The first controller measures a set number of voltages, determines the lowest voltage from these measurements, and then passes that lowest voltage to the next controller in the series. Each successive controller compares each of its measurements to each other and the one lowest measurement from the previous controller and passes the “new” lowest voltage to the next controller in the series. The output of the final controller is then the lowest voltage in from the set of all of the voltages that are being compared. Assuming that the lowest voltage is above the required voltage, the voltage regulator is producing sufficient power to operate the LEDs.
One extension to the invention allows the serially connected controllers to consider statuses as well as voltages. This distinction is useful when a particular LED string might be off, and thus have an irrelevant voltage. In this case, the extended invention would allow the irrelevant voltage to be effectively ignored. For example, if the statuses of the strings were either ACTIVE or INACTIVE, the various controllers would consider only the voltages on the ACTIVE strings as the lowest voltage is tabulated from one controller to the next. By passing an ACTIVE status to the succeeding controller, each controller can indicate that at least one of its monitored strings—or at least one monitored string from a preceding controller—was ACTIVE and had a correspondingly useful voltage.
The invention also comprises an operational transconductance amplifier, or OTA. The OTA compares the lowest voltage from the series of serially connected integrated circuits to the known voltage required for the current sinks to operate. Then, it produces an output current that is proportional to the difference and injects that current into the feedback mechanism of the voltage regulator. When the lowest voltage is above the required voltage, the OTA produces current that raises the feedback voltage, causing the voltage regulator to lower its power output. The OTA can be tuned for specific applications, and generally, the higher the difference, the more current the OTA produces.
Conversely, when the voltage regulator is producing insufficient power, and the voltage across the current sinks drops to levels below the required voltage, the OTA can remove current from the feedback mechanism, causing the voltage regulator to raise its power output. The higher the deficit, the more current removed and the lower the feedback voltage becomes.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a voltage regulator feedback resistor network with no frequency compensation.
FIG. 2 shows a voltage regulator feedback resistor network with feed forward frequency compensation.
FIG. 3 shows a voltage regulator feedback resistor network with type III frequency compensation.
FIG. 4 shows a voltage regulator powering 4 strings of LEDs.
FIG. 5 shows a voltage regulator powering 4 strings of LEDs wherein the pertinent feedback points are indicated.
FIG. 6 shows a first embodiment of the invention with no frequency compensation in the feedback resistor network.
FIG. 7 shows the construction of a typical operational transconductance amplifier.
FIG. 8 shows a graph of current versus voltage differential for a typical operational transconductance amplifier.
FIG. 9 shows a second embodiment of the invention with feed forward frequency compensation in the feedback resistor network.
FIG. 10 shows a third embodiment of the invention with type III frequency compensation in the feedback resistor network.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 6 shows a schematic of an embodiment of the invention that contains one voltage regulator, one operational transconductance amplifier, three integrated circuits, each integrated circuit controlling eight strings of ten LEDs per string, and three resistors used to control both the feedback mechanism of the voltage regulator and the interaction between the voltage regulator and the operational transconductance amplifier. In this embodiment, much of the functionality of measuring the voltages, comparing the voltages is contained within the three integrated circuits. These three integrated circuits also contain the current sinks that control the current through the LEDs—one current sink per string. This embodiment would be contained within a television that uses the strings of LEDs as a backlight device.
The integrated circuits also control, via commands from the enclosing television, each of the 24 strings of LEDs, turning them on or off, or dimming them via a PWM mechanism internal to the individual integrated circuits, as requested by the television. The television can use any of a number of different methods to communicate with the integrated circuit as it pertains to the control of the current sinks. In this embodiment, a simple one-wire, serial interface is used.
The LED strings are composed of LEDs that have forward voltages of approximately 3.5 volts per LED, so each string of ten LEDs will have a forward voltage of approximately 35 volts. The current sinks that are part of the three integrated circuits, one current sink per LED string, typically require approximately 1.2 volts to function, so the total approximate required voltage for each channel, composed of one, ten LED string and one current sink, is approximately 36.2 volts. LED manufacturing process variations and the placement of particular LEDs on particular strings cause variations in the required voltages from channel to channel, so the range in the case of this television could be as wide as four volts, from 34 to 38 volts, but it is the voltage across the current sinks (the 1.2 required volts) that is important here. The three integrated circuits communicate serially to determine the lowest voltage across an individual current sink on any of the active LED strings, with the last integrated circuit in the series returning the lowest voltage to the operational transconductance amplifier.
The regulator is a “typical” 24 volt to 40 volt DC-to-DC converter, though the embodiment here will require only 36.2 volts of output. External to the drawing is an AC-to-DC converter whose output is 24 volts DC.
The typical current across the feedback circuitry of the DC-to-DC converter would be 100 microamps, implying a total resistance (R1+R2) of 362K ohms. The desired feedback voltage—when the DC-to-DC converter is producing a minimum of 1.2 volts across any of the active current sinks—would be 2.4 volts, resulting in resistor values of 338K ohms for R1, and 24K ohms for R2.
The operational transconductance amplifier compares the lowest voltage across any of the active current sinks (the voltage returned by the three integrated circuits) to a reference voltage that corresponds to the minimum voltage required to power a current sink (VREG—in this case, 1.2 volts) and outputs a current that is proportional to the difference as is shown in FIG. 8. The OTA would have a maximum current output of Imax+ and a minimum output of Imax−. The OTA is built via FIG. 7.
In this embodiment, the “current bounds” of the OTA (FIG. 8, Imax+ and Imax−) are higher than the network of R1 and R2, and the DC-to-DC converter can manage. In some situations, using a pre-existing, already designed OTA within this circuit could feed too much positive or negative current into the surrounding circuit, overpowering the feedback voltage beyond the ability of the DC-to-DC converter to be able to manage. That is, the feedback mechanism of the DC-to-DC converter in the circuit could be overwhelmed by the OTA's Imax+ and Imax− current. R3 is installed in the circuit in order to eliminate this possibility, the OTA's ability to drive the feedback past the ability of the DC-to-DC converter to manage. The ratio of R3 to R1 and R2 will define the bounds of the OTA's ability to raise and lower VFB, but a typical value for R3 in his situation would be 140K ohms.
This embodiment also contains a number of related components that provide context within which the invention operates. The television contains an internal power supply, typically an AC-to-DC supply that provides a specific voltage output. In the case of this embodiment, the power supply provides 24 volts, though other AC-to-DC power supplies are often found in televisions, providing DC voltage outputs that are both higher and lower than the voltage required by the LED strings.
The DC-to-DC converter requires 3 major inputs: the 24 volt input from the television's power supply, the reference voltage from the television that indicates the voltage required for the current sinks to operate as explained previously, and a feedback voltage that indicates the minimum voltage being supplied to the current sinks.
Other embodiments are possible. FIG. 9 shows another embodiment wherein the feedback mechanism of the voltage regulator compromises feed forward frequency compensation in the feedback resistor network. FIG. 10 shows another embodiment wherein the feedback mechanism of the voltage regulator additionally comprises type III frequency compensation in the feedback resistor network.
Presuming that the television has an AC source as its ultimate power source, the decision to use a single AC-to-DC (110V AC to 40V DC) voltage regulator as opposed to a combination of one AC-to-DC regulator (to convert 110V AC to 24V DC) and then one DC-to-DC regulator (to convert 24V DC to 40V DC) would be the television manufacturer's to make. The invention functions similarly in either case, with the OTA feedback mechanism connected to the regulator that directly powers the LEDs. (In the case of a two regulator system, there is generally an additional feedback mechanism on the “outer” AC-to-DC regulator. That feedback mechanism could be integral to the AC-to-DC converter.)
In addition, it would be possible to bypass the combination of an AC-to-DC converter and a DC-to-DC converter altogether, instead utilizing a power supply that took a wall voltage (for example, 120 VAC) and converted it directly into the 40 volts required by the television, assuming that the power supply utilized the voltage feedback mechanism described here.

## Claims

1. A circuit that comprising:
a series of two or more serially-connected controllers, a first controller in the series being configured to generate a first summary voltage equal to one of a first set of voltages monitored by the first controller and each additional controller in the series being configured to generate a summary voltage equal to either a summary voltage generated by a preceding controller in the series or one of a second set of voltages monitored by the additional controller;
an operational transconductance amplifier configured to generate an output current in proportion to a difference between the summary voltage established by a final controller in the series and a second voltage input;
a DC-to-DC voltage regulator configured to regulate an output voltage in response to a feedback voltage; and
a means for utilizing a current produced by the operational transconductance amplifier to alter the feedback voltage of the DC-to-DC voltage regulator.

2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the second voltage input of the operational transconductance amplifier is configured to be a fixed reference measurement.

3. The circuit of claim 1 further comprising a feedback network comprising two resistors, wherein said feedback network is connected to the output voltage of the DC-to-DC voltage regulator, the feedback voltage of the voltage regulator, and the output current generated by the operational transconductance amplifier.

4. The circuit of claim 3 wherein the feedback network further comprises a third resistor and a capacitor.

5. The circuit of claim 4 wherein the feedback network further comprises a fourth resistor, a second capacitor, and a third capacitor.

6. The circuit of claim 1 wherein:
the first controller is further configured to set a summary status to be equal to one of a set of statuses monitored by the first controller; and
each additional controller is further configured to set a summary status to be equal to either the summary status generated by the preceding controller in the series or one of a set of statuses monitored by that additional controller.

7. The circuit of claim 6 wherein the second voltage input of the operational transconductance amplifier is configured to be a fixed reference measurement.

8. The circuit of claim 6 further comprising a feedback network comprising two resistors, wherein said feedback network is connected to the output voltage of the DC-to-DC voltage regulator, the feedback voltage of the voltage regulator, and the output current generated by the operational transconductance amplifier.

9. The circuit of claim 8 wherein the feedback network further comprises a third resistor and a capacitor.

10. The circuit of claim 9 wherein the feedback network further comprises a fourth resistor, a second capacitor, and a third capacitor.

11. A circuit comprising:
a series of two or more serially-connected controllers, a first controller in the series being configured to generate a first summary voltage equal to one of a first set of voltages monitored by the first controller and each additional controller in the series being configured to generate a summary voltage equal to either a summary voltage generated by a preceding controller in the series or one of a second set of voltages monitored by the additional controller;
an operational transconductance amplifier configured to generate an output current in proportion to a difference between the summary voltage established by a final controller in the series and a second voltage input;
an AC-to-DC voltage regulator configured to regulate an output voltage in response to a feedback voltage; and
a means for utilizing a current produced by the operational transconductance amplifier to alter the feedback voltage of the AC-to-DC voltage regulator.

12. The circuit of claim 11 wherein the second voltage input of the operational transconductance amplifier is configured to be a fixed reference measurement.

13. The circuit of claim 11 further comprising a feedback network comprising two resistors, wherein said feedback network is connected to the output voltage of the AC-to-DC voltage regulator, the feedback voltage of the voltage regulator, and the output current generated by of the operational transconductance amplifier.

14. The circuit of claim 13 wherein the feedback network further comprises a third resistor and a capacitor.

15. The circuit of claim 14 wherein the feedback network further comprises a fourth resistor, a second capacitor, and a third capacitor.

16. The circuit of claim 11 wherein:
the first controller is further configured to set a summary status to be equal to one of a set of statuses monitored by the first controller; and
each additional controller is further configured to set a summary status to be equal to either the summary status generated by the preceding controller in the series or one of a set of statuses monitored by that additional controller.

17. The circuit of claim 16 wherein the second voltage input of the operational transconductance amplifier is configured to be a fixed reference measurement.

18. The circuit of claim 16 further comprising a feedback network comprising two resistors, wherein said feedback network is connected to the output voltage of the AC-to-DC voltage regulator, the feedback voltage of the voltage regulator, and the output current generated by the operational transconductance amplifier.

19. The circuit of claim 18 wherein the feedback network further comprises a third resistor and a capacitor.

20. The circuit of claim 19 wherein the feedback network further comprises a fourth resistor, a second capacitor, and a third capacitor.

21. A method of regulating an output voltage of a DC-to-DC voltage regulator in response to voltages monitored by two or more controllers, the controllers being connected in a series, the method comprising:
monitoring, by each controller, a set of respective voltages;
selecting, by a first controller in the series, one summary voltage from a first set of voltages monitored by the first controller;
selecting, by each following controller in the series, one summary voltage equal to either the summary voltage generated by a preceding controller in the series or one voltage from a second set of voltages monitored by that following controller;
generating, via an operational transconductance amplifier, an output current proportional to a difference between a summary voltage generated by a final controller in the series and a second input voltage;
altering, via the output current of the operational transconductance amplifier, a feedback voltage of a DC-to-DC voltage regulator; and
regulating an output voltage of the DC-to-DC voltage regulator in response to the feedback voltage.

22. The method of claim 21 further comprising:
selecting, by the first controller in the series, one summary status from a set of statuses monitored by the first controller;
selecting, by each following controller in the series, one summary status to be equal to either the summary status generated by the preceding controller in the series or one status from the set of statuses monitored by that following controller.

23. A method of regulating an output voltage of an AC-to-DC voltage regulator in response to voltages monitored by two or more controllers,the controllers being connected in a series, the method comprising:
monitoring, by each controller, a set of respective voltages;
selecting, by a first controller in the series, one summary voltage from a first set of voltages monitored by the first controller;
selecting, by each following controller in the series, one summary voltage equal to either the summary voltage generated by a preceding controller in the series or one voltage from a second set of voltages monitored by that following controller;
generating, via an operational transconductance amplifier, an output current proportional to a difference between a summary voltage generated by a final controller in the series and a second input voltage;
altering, via the output current of the operational transconductance amplifier, a feedback voltage of an AC-to-DC voltage regulator; and
regulating an output voltage of the AC-to-DC voltage regulator in response to the feedback voltage.

24. The method of claim 23 further comprising:
selecting, by the first controller in the series, one summary status from a set of statuses monitored by the first controller;
selecting, by each following controller in the series, one summary status to be equal to either the summary status generated by the preceding controller in the series or one status from the set of statuses monitored by that following controller.