PUBLIC DOCUMENT

01 23 2014

568308

In the Matter of 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

BEFORE THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSIO 

ECM BioFilms, Inc., 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

Docket No. 9358 

a corporation, also d/b/a PUBLIC DOCUMENT 

Enviroplastics International 

COMPLAINT COUNSEL'S MOTION TO COMPEL 

RESPONDENT TO PRODUCE DOCUMENTS 

Pursuant to Rule 3.38, Complaint Counsel respectfully requests that the Court order 

Respondent to immediately produce documents responsive to Complaint Counsel's November 

27 Request for Production ofDocuments ("RFPD"), CCX-A:l. As ofthis writing, ECM's 

response is nearly a month late (and fact discovery closes on April3). Nevertheless, ECM 

informed us that it will only mete out ce1tain responsive information in periodic increments (on 

its own timetable) as the close of fact discovery approaches-and ECM will not produce vast 

quantities of responsive material at all. Despite Complaint Counsel's repeated attempts to 

negotiate and our significant concessions, ECM has steadfastly resisted compromise. ECM' s 

unjustified dilatory tactics and obstinate disregard for its obligations are impairing Complaint 

Counsel's ability to develop its case-and the Court's ability to review a complete record. 

Accordingly, Complaint Counsel respectfully requests the Court to order ECM to comply 

immediately with either the RFPD or our final compromise proposal (outlined herein and in 

CCX-A:3). 

BACKGROUND 

A. ECM's Refusal To Produce Most Responsive Documents. 

The RFPD requested, among other things, documents relating to ECM-customer 

communications and to the functioning of, substantiation for, and perception of the additive 

technology. CCX-A:l. ECM had 30 days to respond. See Rule 3.38(b). Significantly, ECM 
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has at least two repositories of responsive documents: (1) a Microsoft Access database that 

contains summaries of communications with customers ("Summary Database") with 

approximately 142,000 potentially responsive entries, and (2) an archive of emails in PDF format 

("Email Archive"). CCX-A~ 2. On December 27, ECM produced a 1200-page PDF excerpt 

from the Summary Database containing summaries of communications with prospective 

customers-and ECM redacted current customers' names. 

On January 10, the Court ordered ECM to disclose its customer list. See Order at 8. 

Nevertheless, ECM has not produced an unredacted copy of the PDF excerpt. 1 On January 20, 

ECM produced 25 pages of marketing documents (that could easily have been produced when 

the response was due), and the useless revenue list that is the subject of the sanctions motion 

filed yesterday. ECM has produced nothing further. 

B. Complaint Counsel's Attempts to Negotiate. 

Complaint Counsel made numerous concessions in a futile effort to entice ECM to 

produce at least a meaningful portion of its responsive documents with reasonable dispatch. 

First, we agreed to accept ECM's production in native format (i.e., the format in which the 

records are kept), while converting our own production into the format ECM requested.2 CCXA:4 at 1. Second, we offered to limit discovery to documents responsive to 50 search terms.3 

CCX-A:2 at 2. Third, we withdrew Request 13 (customer communications) after ECM objected. 

ld. at 1. Fourth, we agreed to narrow the timeframe. CCX-A:3 at 2. Fifth, we agreed that ECM 

need not produce duplicate copies. Id. at 1. Sixth, after ECM argued that searching its Email 

Archive was per se unduly burdensome, we made an extraordinary offer-to accept the 

1 Given the Court's order, it is not clear on what possible basis ECM could withhold 

customer names. 

2 On January 13, Complaint Counsel produced approximately 62,000 documents to ECM. 

3 This approach is consistent with the Court's order. Specifically, the Court rejected 

ECM's argument that Complaint Counsel's request for customer communications was 

overbroad, because "appropriate search terms" would ameliorate any burden. See Order at 8. 

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Summary Database in native format (no processing required) in lieu of production from the 

Email Archive.4 CCX-A:3 at 1-2. 

These efforts culminated in Complaint Counsel's final proposal, which ECM rejected 

notwithstanding the fact that it would reduce ECM's effort substantially from what the law 

reqmres: 

• Complaint Counsel would waive its right to responsive customer communications 

from the Email Archive. In exchange, ECM would agree to waive any 

evidentiary objection we reasonably could have met ifECM had produced actual 

documents rather than summaries. 

• ECM would produce its database summarizing customer communications. ECM 

would merely need to copy it (or we would copy it for ECM). To address the 

unlikely event that it contains privileged material, Complaint Counsel proposed a 

detailed clawback agreement. 

• We agreed to narrow the timeframe for all requests by one year. 

• We agreed that, with respect to all other outstanding requests-including all 

requests for scientific and technical communications, and all responsive 

communications between employees-documents responsive to 50 search terms 

would satisfy ECM's obligations completely. 

See CCX-A:3 at 1-2. In essence, rather than produce all responsive documents (or anything 

close), ECM would merely produce the Summary Database (in lieu of customer emails) plus 

documents responsive to 50 search terms. 

C. ECM's Position. 

Weeks after ECM's discovery was due, Complaint Counsel requested a final meet and 

confer. During the conference, ECM proposed: 

• To produce the Summary Database in native format, but with the following 

caveats: (1) ECM would have two employees (including the CEO) review the 

database for "confidential" information;5 (2) ECM would disclose segments 

4 Complaint Counsel offered this substitution with reasonable conditions: (1) stipulation 

to the authenticity of the Database records; (2) waiver of objections that we reasonably could 

have met ifECM had produced the original correspondence; and (3) waiver of any right to use 

such correspondence. To alleviate ECM's concerns about privilege, we offered a clawback 

agreement. 

5 ECM stated that only employees could review the database and assemble its production 

because it cannot trust third parties with its confidential information. ECM further stated that it 

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on a rolling basis beginning on January 31 with the "intent" of completion 

"four to six weeks" from that point; (3) ECM would commit to completing its 

production only by the close of fact discovery (April 3); and ( 4) ECM would 

not produce documents dated before January 1, 2009. 

• ECM would not necessarily produce any underlying documents and reserved 

the right to raise evidentiary objections regardless of whether Complaint 

Counsel would need the underlying documents to meet those objections. 

However, ECM offered to negotiate further with Complaint Counsel if we 

requested underlying documents with respect to specific customers. 

• ECM had not yet searched for responsive scientific and technical documents, 

but might produce them around the time of expert discovery (no specific 

date); and 

• Responsive communications between ECM employees would be produced 

eventually if they exist; ECM was "looking into it." 

CCX~A ~ 3. Suffice it to say, Complaint Counsel declined this proposal. 

LEGAL STANDARD 

Rule 3.3l(c)(l) provides that "[p]arties may obtain discovery to the extent that it may be 

reasonably expecte~ to yield information relevant to the allegations of the complaint, to the 

proposed relief, or to the defenses of any respondent." As relevant here, the Court will only limit 

discovery when "[t]he burden and expense of the proposed discovery on a party or third party 

outweigh its likely benefit." Jd. § 3.3l(c)(2)(iii). Significantly, the party resisting discovery 

bears the burden of establishing undue burden, 6 and conclusory assertions are insufficient. 7 

cannot accept any clawback agreement because it does not trust Complaint Counsel to 

implement it honestly. 

6 See, e.g., Sunnergren v. Cafe, No. C 12~979 LHK, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1068, *2 

(N.D. Cal. Jan. 2, 2013) (reciting majority rule that party resisting discovery bears burden); see 

also Lockwood v. Shands Jacksonville Med. Ctr., Inc., No. 3:09~cv-376~J~20MCR, 2010 U.S. 

Dist. LEXIS 50565, * 10 (M.D. Fla. May 21, 2010); In re Sulfuric Acid Antitrust Litig., 231 

F.R.D. 351, 361 (N.D. Ill. 2005); Swackhammer v. Sprint Corp. PCS, 225 F.R.D. 658, 661-62, 

666 (D. Kan. 2004). 

7 See, e.g., SulfUric Acid, 231 F.R.D. at 361 {explaining that "undue burden" requires 

"affirmative proof in the form of affidavits or record evidence, and that "the ipse dixit of 

counsel" was "not sufficient"); cf In re POM Wonderful LLC, 2011 FTC LEXIS 42, at *7 (Mar. 

16, 2011) (noting failure to cite "authority for contention that providing the requested 

information presents an undue burden"). 

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ARGUMENT 

A. The Information Sought Is Critical To This Case. 

Not only are the requests at issue manifestly relevant, ECM's responses are necessary to 

develop the record fully and fairly. For instance, our requests regarding substantiation, 

scientific, and technical information bear directly on whether ECM' s product functions as 

advertised, and whether ECM had substantiation for its advertising claims. See CCX-A: 1 at 4-6 

(Requests 1, 3-5, 7-8). Our requests regarding advertising are relevant to the nature, prevalence, 

and effect of ECM's deceptive claims (i.e., both to the merits and remedies). See CCX-A: 1 at 5-

7 (Requests 2, 6, 9-11). Our requests regarding communications with customers are relevant to 

the merits (e.g., deception) as well as ECM's sophisticated~customer defense. See CCX-A:1 at 7 

(Requests 12, 14). Indeed, as the Court observed, the "nature of Respondent's representations to 

its customers and distributors is a key issue in the case .... " Order (Jan. 1 0) at 6. 

Despite the centrality of these requests, other than a redacted PDF summarizing 

communications with non-customers, ECM has produced almost nothing. Accordingly, this is 

not a dispute over whether ECM must produce some peripheral set of documents or respond to a 

particular subset of requests. Rather, Complaint Counsel seeks relief from a strategy calculated 

to force it to prepare its case without any material discovery at all. 

B. ECM's "Burden" Objection Is Baseless. 

ECM apparently makes three "burden" arguments, none of which has any merit. First, 

ECM claims it cannot produce emails because the Email Archive is in PDF format and PDFs 

purportedly are difficult to search. However, this argument is meaningless because PDFs can be 

converted into other formats, and ECM elected to maintain its files this way~any alleged burden 

is not "undue" where it results purely "from a recipient's chosen method of operating." In re W. 

L. Gore &Assocs., 151 F.T.C. 687,691 (2011); Fagan v. District ofColumbia, 136 F.R.D. 5, 7 

(D.D.C. 1991); Crabbs v. Scott, No. 2:12-cv-1126, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 113414, 11-12 (S.D. 

Ohio Aug. 9, 2013) ("[T]he mere fact that a party's records may not be geared to the demands of 

discovery does not alone insulate those records from all discovery efforts[.]"). Simply put, if 

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companies could thwart discovery by maintaining files in difficulHo~search formats, much less 

discovery would take place. 

Second, ECM essentially contends that its status as a relatively small company excuses 

noncompliance. However, nothing in the Commission's Rules reduces discovery obligations for 

companies with relatively few employees. Nor does the burden analysis change: the question 

remains "whether the demand is unduly burdensome or unreasonably broadH- which is when 

it "threatens to unduly disrupt or seriously hinder normal operations of a business." FTC v. 

Texaco, Inc., 555 F.2d 862, 882 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (D.C. Circuit's emphasis) (enforcing FTC's 

subpoena); accord W. L. Gore, 151 F.T.C. at 691 (applying Texaco to enforce subpoena). 

Jmportantly, "'expected' and 'necessary' costs" associated with discovery response do not 

constitute undue burden. W.L. Gore, 151 F.T.C. at 690-91; see also Fagan, 136 F.R.D. at 7 

("[The] mere fact that discovery requires work and may be time consuming is not sufficient to 

establish undue burden."). ECM has certainly not proven that complying with the RFPD8 would 

"seriously hinder [its] normal operations."9 

Third, ECM claims it cmmot timely respond because only its CEO and one other 

employee can discern responsive information while protecting confidences. Put differently, 

ECM refuses to engage a litigation support firm because it does not trust any firm not to steal its 

trade secrets. But companies with trade secrets vastly more valuable than ECM's routinely 

8 Significantly, it might be disruptive (or expensive) to give an expedited response to the 

RFPD .!:!ill!· But ECM created this circumstance. Burden must be measured against the time 

available to respond when the request was served, not the time available now, with the close of 

fact discovery approaching. 

9 Indeed, ECM has never given any reason for its purported burden other than its own 

unjustifiable choices to use PDF records, task the CEO with searches, and not hire a litigation 

support firm. To the extent ECM attempts to assert this now, unsupported and conclusory 

assertions do not establish burden. See Order (Jan. 10, 2014) at 7 (rejecting the "unsupported 

opinion" in a declaration of ECM' s CEO that contacting more than ten customers would cause 

"severe financial losses" or "financial insolvency," where declaration failed to "cite financial 

records" or "set forth any particular factual basis'). 

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engage such firms, and ECM's paranoia is irrelevant to its legal obligations. Indeed, discovery 

would cease if courts credited the claim that the CEO must review every document. 

Finally, whatever other post hoc arguments ECM drums up will not excuse its wholesale 

noncompliance. 10 The requested information is not duplicative-we already agreed that ECM 

need not produce duplicates, and substantively, there is little ECM's production could duplicate 

given that it has produced so little so far. Furthermore, this core discovery is not readily 

obtainable elsewhere. Even assuming that some customers or other third parties have copies of 

material ECM possesses, it makes no sense to serve dozens of subpoenas in an unwieldy, 

piecemeal attempt to recreate ECM's files. 

C. The Commission's Rules Establish When ECM Must Respond. 

Finally, Rule 3.38(b) requires document productions within 30 days. Although 

circumstances may require reasonable extensions, ECM has already awarded itself a very 

lengthy de facto extension. Worse still, what ECM now proposes is extreme. As noted above, 

ECM's "intent" is to produce whatever it feels appropriate by around March, and ECM's only 

promise is to complete its production before fact discovery closes. It is beyond dispute, though, 

that the documents at issue are necessary to guide further fact discovery. The Commission's 

Rules will not countenance a production so late as to defeat a significant portion of their purpose. 

See In re Basic Research LLC, 2004 FTC LEXIS 248 (Dec. 29, 2004) (granting motion to 

compel where "rolling production" led to several-month delay). 

10 ECM also argues that it needed to await the Court's resolution of the parties' customer 

list dispute, but this claim is nonsensical. First, even if ECM initially had grounds to delay 

discovery, they disappeared when the Court resolved the issue on January 10. Second, as the 

Court noted, it is "curious" that ECM vociferously opposes our contacting customers-and also 

opposes our obtaining customer communications directly from ECM. See Order at 8. ECM's 

real-and meritless-argument is that any customer-related discovery is per se burdensome. 

Third, with respect to each of our non-customer-related requests, this argument is (and always 

has been) a red herring. The customer list dispute had no bearing on requests related to 

substantiation and scientific and technical information. 

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CONCLUSION 

For these reasons, Complaint Counsel respectfully asks the Court to order Respondent to 

comply immediately with either the RFPD or our final compromise proposal. 

Dated: January 23, 2014 

8 

Katherine ohnson (kjohnson3@ftc.gov) 

Jonathan Cohen Gcohen2@ftc.gov) 

Elisa Jillson ( ejillson@ftc.gov) 

Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. M-8102B 

Washington, DC 20580 

Phone: 202-326-2185; -2551; -3001 

Fax: 202~326-2551 
PUBLIC DOCUMENT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

BEFORE THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 

In the Matter of 

F:CM BioFilms, lnc., 

a corporation, also d/b/a 

Enviroplastics International 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

Docket No. 9358 

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[PROPOSED] ORDER GRANTING COMPLAINT COUNSEL'S MOTION TO 

COMPEL RESPONSDENT TO PRODUCE DOCUMENTS 

This matter having come before the Administrative Law Judge on January 23, 2014, upon 

a Motion to Compel ("Motion") filed by Complaint Counsel pursuant to Commission Rule 

3.38(a) for an Order compelling Respondent ECM Biofilms, Inc. ("ECM") to produce 

documents responsive to Complaint Counsel's Request for Production of Documents; 

And having considered Complaint Counsel's Motion and all supporting and opposing 

submissions, and for good cause appearing, Complaint Counsel's Motion is hereby GRANTED. 

As an alternative to ordering full compliance with Complaint Counsel's outstanding document 

requests, the Court ORDERS: 

(1) Respondent shall produce its customer correspondence summary database in 

native format in three days. If the customer correspondence database contains privileged 

information, Respondent may redact it, but Respondent may not redact anything else. Complaint 

Counsel must return any inadvertently produced privileged material immediately upon 

discovery, and such inadvertent production shall not waive any privilege. Respondent may not 

challenge the database's authenticity or assert any evidentiary objection at trial regarding 

database summaries if Complaint Counsel reasonably could have met that objection with access 

to the underlying documents. 

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(2) Complaint Counsel will provide Respondent with a list of 50 words> phrases, or 

Boolean sets of words and phrases. No more than ten days after receiving the list, Respondent 

will produce all non-privileged documents containing one or more of these 50 search terms. 

(3) The timeframe governing paragraphs (1) and (2) is January 1, 2009 through the 

present. 

(4) ECM's compliance with this Order will satisfy its obligations under Complaint 

Counsel's outstanding document requests. 

SO ORDERED: 

D. Michael Chappell 

Chief Administrative Law Judge 

Date: 

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STATEMENT CONCERNING MEET AND CONFER 

The undersigned counsel certifies that Complaint Counsel conferred with Respondent's 

counsel in a good faith effort to resolve by agreenent the issues raised by Complaint Counsel's 

Motion to Compel Respondent to Produce Documents. On December 27, January 8, 9, lO, 13, 

16, 17, 20, 2014, Complaint Counsel (Katherine Johnson, Jonathan Cohen, and Elisa Jillson) and 

Respondent's Counsel (Jonathan W. Emord, Peter A. Arhangelsky, and Lou Caputo) 

communicated by email about the issues that gave rise to these motions. Complaint Counsel and 

Respondent's Counsel communicated by telephone on January 14, 16, and 21,2014. The parties 

have been unable to reach an agreement on the issues raised in the attached motion. 

Dated: January 23, 2014 

11 

Respectfully submitted, 

2ZZL_ . ... · 

Kathe1iileF1mson (kj ohnson3@ftc. gov) 

Jonathan Cohen Gcohen2@ftc.gov) 

Elisa Jillson (ejillson@ftc.gov) 

Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. M-8102B 

Washington, DC 20580 

Phone: 202-326-2185; -2551; -3001 

Fax: 202-326-2551 
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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I hereby certify that on January 23, 2014, I caused a true and correct copy of the 

foregoing to be filed via the FTC E~File system and served as follows: 

One emailed courtesy copy to the Office of the Secretary: 

DonaldS. Clark, Secretary 

Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Room H-159 

Washington, DC 20580 

Email: secretary@ftc.gov 

One emailed courtesy copy to the Office of the Administrative Law Judge: 

The Honorable D. Michael Chappell 

Administrative Law Judge 

600 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Room H-11 0 

Washington, DC 20580 

One emailed courtesy copy to Counsel for the Respondent: 

Jonathan W. Emard 

Emord & Associates, P.C. 

11808 Wolf Run Lane 

Clifton, VA 20124 

Email: jemord@emord.com 

Lou Caputo 

Emord & Associates, P.C. 

3 21 0 S. Gilbert Road, Suite 4 

Chandler, AZ 85286 

Email: lcaputo@emord.com 

Peter Arhangelsky 

Emord & Associates, P .C. 

3210 S. Gilbert Road, Suite 4 

Chandler, AZ 85286 

Email: parhangelsky@emord.com 

I further certify that I possess a paper copy of the signed original of the foregoing 

document that is available for review by the parties and the adjudicator. 

Dated: January 23, 2014 

12 

Respectfully Sl!PPlitted, 

c;;:· / } ;/ ·c: C._. .... _ I / /''(_. ... ..-" .... /' . ____ , .. 

Katherine nstfu (kjohnson3@ftc.gov) 

Jonathan Cohen Gcohen2@ftc.gov) 

Elisa Jillson (ejillson@ftc.gov) 

Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. M-8102B 

Washington, DC 20580 

Phone: 202-326-2185; -2551; -3001 

Fax: 202-326-2551 
Complaint Counsel

Exhibit A

CCX-A
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

BEFORE THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 

In the Matter of 

ECM BioFilms, Inc., 

a corporation, also d/b/a 

Enviroplastics International 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

Docket No. 9358 

PUBLIC DOCUMENT 

DECLARATION OF ELISA JILLSON IN SUPPORT OF COMPLAINT COUNSEL'S 

MOTION TO COMPEL RESPONDENT TO PRODUCE DOCUMENTS 

In accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, I declare under penalty of perjury that the 

following is true and correct: 

1. I am over 18 years of age, and I am a citizen ofthe United States. I am employed 

by the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") as an attorney in the Division of Enforcement in the 

Bureau of Consumer Protection. I am an attorney of record in the above-captioned matter, and I 

have personal knowledge of the facts set forth herein. 

2. Cotinsel for ECM Biofilms, Inc. («ECM") explained that ECM has at least two 

repositories of documents responsive to Complaint Counsel's First Set of Requests for 

Production of Documents, dated November 27, 2013. The first is a Microsoft Access database 

that contains summaries of communications with and regarding customers. This database has 

approximately 142,000 potentially responsive entries. The second is an archive file that contains 

emails saved in PDF format. 

3. On January 21, 2014, Complaint Counsel and counsel for ECM conducted a final 

meet and confer by telephone. During this call, counsel for ECM proposed the following in 

response to our November Requests for Producticn: 

• ECM would produce the Summary Database in native format in segments 

beginning on or about January 31,2014. ECM's intent would be to complete this 

production within four to six weeks from the date of the first production. In any 

event, ECM would complete this production by the close of fact discovery on 

April3, 2014. ECM would have two employees (including the CEO) review the 

database for confidential information. ECM would not produce documents dated 

before January 1, 2009. ECM would reserve the right to raise evidentiary 

objections. 

• ECM would not produce any customer emails as part of its production. If 

Complaint Counsel were to request specific customer emails (by identifying the 

customer by name), ECM would negotiate producing requested documents. 
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• ECM is looking into whether responsive scientific and technical documents exist. 

ECM would expect to produce any such documents around the time of expert 

discovery. ECM did not provide a specific date. 

• ECM is looking into whether responsive communications between ECM 

employees exist and would produce any that exist. 

4. Attachment A: 1 hereto is a true and correct copy of Complaint Counsel's First Set 

of Requests for Production of Documents, dated November 27, 2013. 

5. Attachment A:2 hereto is a true and correct copy of an email string among Peter 

Arhangelsky, Jonathan Emord, Lou Caputo, Katherine Johnson, Jonathan Cohen, and Elisa 

Jillson, with emails dated January 16, 2014 (top email) to December 27, 2013 (bottom email). 

6. Attachment A:3 hereto is a true and correct copy of an email from Jonathan 

Cohen to Peter Arhangelsky, Jonathan Emord, and Lou Caputo, with copies to Katherine 

Johnson and Elisa Jillson, dated January 17, 2014. 

7. Attachment A:4 hereto is a true and correct copy of an email string among Peter 

Arhangelsky, Jonathan Emord, Lou Caputo, Katherine Johnson, Jonathan Cohen, and Elisa 

Jillson, with emails dated December 24, 2013 (top email) to December 23, 2013 (bottom email). 

I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States that the foregoing is 

true and correct. 

Executed this 22nd day of January 2014 in Washington, DC. 

Elisa Jillson 

Complaint Counsel 
Complaint Counsel

Exhibit A

Attachment 1

CCX-A:1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BEFORE THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

 

 ) 

In the Matter of ) 

 ) 

ECM BioFilms, Inc., ) Docket No. 9358 

a corporation, also d/b/a ) 

Enviroplastics International ) 

 ) 

COMPLAINT COUNSEL’S FIRST SET OF

REQUESTS FOR PRODUCTION OF DOUMENTS

 Pursuant to Rule 3.37 of the Federal Trade Commission’s Rules of Practice for 

Adjudicative Proceedings, Complaint Counsel hereby request that ECM Biofilms, Inc. (“ECM”) 

respond to these Requests within the time prescribed by the Federal Trade Commission’s Rules 

of Practice, and produce the following documents and/or tangible things for inspection and 

copying at the Federal Trade Commission, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, M-8102B, 

Washington, DC 20580, or at such time and place as may be agreed upon by all counsel. 

INSTRUCTIONS

1. These instructions and definitions should be construed to require responses based 

upon the information available to ECM as well as your attorneys, representatives, investigators, 

and others acting on your behalf. 

2. If you are unable to produce a document or property requested, state in writing 

why you cannot produce the document or the property and, if your inability to produce the 

document or the property is because it is not in your possession or the possession of a person 

from whom you could obtain it, state the name, address, and telephone number of any person 

you believe may have the original or a copy of any such document or property. 

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CCX-A:1 at 1
3. If you object to a portion or an aspect of any Request, state the grounds of your 

objection with specificity and respond to the remainder of the Request. 

4. If, in answering these Requests, you encounter any ambiguities when construing a 

request, instruction, or definition, your response shall set for the matter deemed ambiguous and 

the construction used in responding. 

5. Where a claim of privilege is asserted in responding or objecting to any discovery 

requested in these Requests and information is not provide on the basis of such assertion, you 

shall, in your response or objection, identify the nature of the privilege (including work product) 

which is being claimed. When any privilege is claimed, you shall indicate, as to the information 

requested, whether (a) any documents exist, or (b) any communications took place, and (c) also 

provide the following information for each such document in a “privileged documents log” or 

similar format:

a. the type of document; 

b. the general subject matter of the document;

c. the date of the document; 

d. the author(s) of the document; 

e. the addressee(s) and any other recipient(s) of the document; and 

f. the custodian of the document, where applicable. 

6. If the requested documents are maintained in a file, the file folder is included in 

the request for production of those documents. 

7. These Requests for Production seek documents not already produced by you 

pursuant to the FTC’s letter requests. To the extent responsive documents have already been 

produced by you, you should so indicate and include the Bates Number identifying the 

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CCX-A:1 at 2
documents responsive to that Request. If the document previously produced by you was wholly 

or partially redacted, please provide an unredacted copy, or the basis for claiming privilege or 

other protection as described in Instruction No. 5. If the document includes charts or graphs, 

provide color copies of such documents. 

8. Every Request for Production herein shall be deemed a continuing Request for 

Production, and Respondent is to supplement its answers promptly if and when you obtain 

responsive documents which add to or are in any way inconsistent with Respondent’s initial 

production. 

DEFINITIONS

Notwithstanding any definition below, each word, term, or phrase used in these Requests 

is intended to have the broadest meaning permitted under the Federal Trade Commission’s Rules 

of Practice.

1. “All” means and includes “any and all.” 

2. “Advertisement” means any written or verbal statement, illustration, or depiction 

that is designed to effect a sale or create interest in the purchasing of goods or services, whether 

it appears on the Internet, in email, on packaging, in a brochure, newspaper, magazine, pamphlet, 

leaflet, webinar, circular, mailer, book insert, free standing insert, letter, catalog, poster, chart, 

billboard, point of purchase material (including, but not limited to, a display or an item worn by 

salespeople), fact sheet, film, slide, radio, broadcast or cable television, audio program 

transmitted over a telephone system, program-length commercial, or in any other medium. 

3. “And” and “or” shall be construed either disjunctively or conjunctively as 

necessary to bring within the scope of the request any information that might otherwise be 

construed to be outside its scope. 

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CCX-A:1 at 3
4. “Any” means and includes “any and all.”

5. “Document” or “documents” are synonymous in meaning and equal in scope to 

the usage of the terms as defined by 16 C.F.R. 3.34(b), and includes, without limitation, any 

written material, whether typed, handwritten, printed or otherwise, and whether in draft or final 

form, of any kind or nature, or any photograph, photostat, microfilm or other reproduction 

thereof, including, without limitation, each note, memorandum, letter, release, article, report, 

prospectus, memorandum of any telephone or in-person conversation, any financial statement, 

analysis, drawing, graph, chart, account, book, notebook, draft, summary, diary, transcript, 

computer database, computer printout, or other computer-generated matter, contract or order, 

laboratory report, patent, trademark or copyright, and other data compilations from which 

information can be obtained. Electronic mail is included within the definition. A draft or nonidentical copy is a separate document.

6. “ECM” shall mean ECM Biofilms, Inc., including without limitation, its agents, 

employees, officers, or anyone else acting on its behalf. 

7. “ECM Additive” means the plastic additive manufactured by ECM, including but 

not limited to “Masterbatch Pellets.”

8. “ECM Plastics” means plastics that contain ECM Additives.

9. “Regarding” means and includes affecting, concerning, constituting, dealing 

with, describing, embodying, evidencing, identifying, involving, providing a basis for, reflecting, 

relating to, respecting, stating, or in any manner whatsoever pertaining to that subject.

REQUESTS

Request 1

Provide all documents regarding the efficacy of the ECM Additive in initiating, causing, 

enabling, promoting, or enhancing the biodegradation of plastics containing the ECM Additive. 

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CCX-A:1 at 4
Request 2

Provide all documents regarding whether or how to market ECM Additives as capable of 

initiating, promoting, causing, enhancing, or enabling the biodegradation of plastic. 

Request 3

Provide all documents regarding the duration of time for complete biodegradation of a 

plastic product containing the ECM Additive. 

Request 4

 Provide all documents regarding whether and how plastics containing ECM Additives 

will biodegrade in different disposal conditions. 

Request 5

Provide all documents regarding ASTM D5511 or ASTM D5526. 

Request 6

Provide all documents regarding any express or implied claims that ECM Additives 

initiate, cause, enable, promote, or enhance the biodegradation of plastics containing the ECM 

Additive, and specifically including the following representations: 

a. ECM Plastics will completely break down and decompose into elements found in 

nature within a reasonably short period of time after customary disposal; 

b. ECM Plastics will completely break down and decompose into elements found in 

nature within a reasonably short period of time in a landfill; 

c. ECM Plastics will completely break down and decompose into elements found in 

nature within a nine months to five years in a landfill; 

d. ECM Plastics will completely break down and decompose into elements found in 

nature within one year in a landfill; and 

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CCX-A:1 at 5
e. ECM Plastics have been shown to perform as stated in (a) through (d) under 

various scientific tests including, but not limited to, ASTM D5511. 

Request 7

Provide all documents that tend to call into question or disprove any express or implied 

claims that ECM Additives initiate, cause, enable, promote, or enhance the biodegradation of 

plastics containing the ECM Additive.

Request 8

Provide all documents regarding any tests conducted on ECM Additives or plastics 

containing ECM Additives purporting to show biodegradability of ECM Additives or plastics 

containing ECM Additives. 

Request 9

Provide copies of each different ECM advertisement (including those disseminated to or 

by ECM distributors) that represents, expressly or by implication, that ECM Additives initiate, 

cause, enable, promote, or enhance biodegradation of plastic. 

Request 10

Provide copies of any materials relating to any ECM Additive made available to any 

ECM Additive distributor or customer, including, but not limited to: packaging, clipart, seals, 

logos, other marketing materials, instructions or suggestions regarding making marketing claims, 

or instructions for the use or marketing of the ECM Additive. 

Request 11

Provide all documents, whether prepared by or for ECM or any other entity, including 

any advertising agency, regarding consumer perception, comprehension, or recall (including, but 

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:1 at 6
not limited to, copy tests, marketing or consumer surveys and reports, penetration tests, recall 

tests, audience reaction tests, and communication tests) of: 

a. any advertisement, whether disseminated or not, that represents, expressly or by 

implication, that ECM Additives initiate, promote, or enhance biodegradation of 

plastic; and/or 

b. biodegradability in general. 

Request 12

 Provide all documents that support or call into question your contention that your 

customers or distributors are sophisticated purchasers. 

Request 13

 Provide all communications with customers, distributors, potential customers, or potential 

distributors regarding ECM Additives. 

Request 14

 Provide all documents regarding your strategy for selling the ECM Additive to customers 

or distributors, including any documents used for verbal sales communications or in preparation 

for verbal sales communications.

Dated: November 27, 2013 Respectfully submitted,

 /s/ Katherine Johnson 

 Katherine Johnson (202) 326-2185 

 Elisa K. Jillson (202) 326-3001

Division of Enforcement 

Bureau of Consumer Protection 

Federal Trade Commission

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW 

Mailstop M-8102B 

Washington, DC 20580 

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:1 at 7
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that on November 27, 2013, I caused a true and correct copy of the paper 

original of the foregoing Complaint Counsel’s First Set of Requests for Production of Documents

to be served as follows: 

One electronic copy to Counsel for the Respondent: 

Jonathan W. Emord

Emord & Associates, P.C.

11808 Wolf Run Lane 

Clifton, VA 20124 

Email: jemord@emord.com 

Peter Arhangelsky

Emord & Associates, P.C. 

3210 S. Gilbert Road, Suite 4 

Chandler, AZ 85286 

Email: parhangelsky@emord.com 

Lou Caputo 

Emord & Associates, P.C. 

3210 S. Gilbert Road, Suite 4 

Chandler, AZ 85286 

Email: lcaputo@emord.com

I further certify that I possess a paper copy of the signed original of the foregoing 

document that is available for review by the parties and the adjudicator.

/s/ Katherine Johnson 

Katherine Johnson 

Division of Enforcement 

Bureau of Consumer Protection 

Federal Trade Commission

600 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, M-8102B 

Washington, DC 20580 

Telephone: (202) 326-2185 

Facsimile: (202) 326-2558 

Email: kjohnson3@ftc.gov 

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:1 at 8
Complaint Counsel

Exhibit A

Attachment 2

CCX-A:2
PUBLIC DOCUMENT 

Jillson, Elisa 

From: Peter Arhangelsky <PArhangelsky@emord.com> 

Sent: Thursday, January 16, 2014 5:24 PM 

To: Johnson, Katherine 

Cc: Jonathan Emord; Lou Caputo; Cohen, Jonathan; Jillson, Elisa 

Subject: ECM Response to FTC First Set of Requests for Production of Documents 

Attachments: ECM Supplemental Response to FTC First Set of Interrog, Jan. 16, 2014.pdf 

Katherine, 

We hereby provide ECM's customer list in accord with the Court' s January 10, 2014 Order. Please note that this 

information is designated highly confidential under the Protective Order. We provide this information subject to the 

Court's instruction that you cooperate to limit ECM' s discovery burden. See AU Op. Dec., at 4 {"Complaint Counsel ... 

offers that 'if ECM produces its entire customer list, Complaint Counsel will limit its contacts to a subset of customers; 

give Respondent advance notice of such contacts; and negotiate search terms to reduce the number of customer 

communications responsive to discovery requests."'). You also represented to the AU that you would "limit (the 

discovery] in a manner that conserves both parties' resources." /d. at 7; see also id. at 8 {"Complaint Counsel responds 

that it is prepared to negotiate appropriate search terms to reduce the number of responsive materials, provided that it 

first receives a complete customer list"). 

In our Tuesday call, you agreed to w ithdraw your Document Request No. 13 from your first set of document 

requests. We are also in receipt of your second set of document production requests. We have explained the significant 

burden your proposal imparts on ECM generally. Given the nature of ECM' s business and its limited resources, and your 

representations to the AU, we propose the below limitations that will "reduce the number of responsive materials" to a 

reasonable level. We reject your proposed limitations from Monday, January 13, 2014, wherein the only material 

limitation you offered was a "l ist of 50 search terms or phrases" that would apply to ECM' s files globally. While we 

agree that ECM should review its files based on keyword searches, and that those keyw ords must be limited in number, 

we think your offer does not provide the discovery protections contemplated in the Court's January lOth Order. We 

propose the follow ing: 

1. Customer Contacts: Complaint Counsel wil l be limited to contacting (formally or informally through compulsory 

process) up to 10 current ECM customers. Upon a show ing of good cause, and having received information from 

those initial customers, Complaint Counsel and Respondent may negotiate additional contacts. Complaint 

Counsel wil l provide notice before contacting customers sufficient to give ECM an opportunity to object or seek 

appropriate relief. 

2. Temporal limitation: Complaint Counsel will limit its discovery requests for documents to a reasonable time 

period through 2009, which therefore includes responsive information over a period greater than 5 years. 

3. Customer Correspondence: Complaint Counsel w ill select up to 50 of ECM's current customers, from which 

ECM w ill produce responsive information found within ECM' s Microsoft Access Database records. ECM will 

produce the database records in a native format. ECM will retrieve and produce responsive email 

correspondence from its archived correspondence files pertaining to those 50 ECM customers, by using 

keywords negotiated by the parties in good faith. ECM will stipulate to the authenticity of records produced 

from its Microsoft Access Database. ECM will also waive any objection to the admissibility of those records on 

grounds of "best evidence" or "completeness," only to the extent such an objection depends on a potential or 

actual variation between the original document and the summary of same appearing in its database. However, 

ECM w ill not waive objections to hearsay and other evidentiary positions, which must be assessed on a 

document-by-document basis. 

1 

CCX-A:2 at 1 
2

4. Scientific, Internal, and Otherwise Responsive Documents: Subject to the above temporal limitation, ECM will

search its general files for information responsive to Complaint Counsel’s First and Second Sets of Requests For

Production of Documents, using keywords that are appropriate for that task. ECM will not search for, or

produce, information that has already been provided to Complaint Counsel during the preͲcomplaint

investigation, or which ECM has already searched for during that phase.

Subject to those limitations, which are reasonable given ECM’s discovery burdens, ECM would promptly begin its

production of responsive files. ECM rejects the suggestion that they hire an independent consulting firm solely to

comply with discovery requests that are otherwise overbroad and objectionable.

Best,

Peter A. Arhangelsky, Esq. | EMORD & ASSOCIATES, P.C. | 3210 S. Gilbert Rd., Ste 4 | Chandler, AZ 85286 

Firm: (602) 388-8899 | Direct: (602) 334-4416 | Facsimile: (602) 393-4361 | www.emord.com

NOTICE: This is a confidential communication intended for the recipient listed above. The content of this communication is protected from 

disclosure by the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. If you are not the intended recipient, you should treat this 

communication as strictly confidential and provide it to the person intended. Duplication or distribution of this communication is prohibited 

by the sender. If this communication has been sent to you in error, please notify the sender and then immediately destroy the document. 

From: Johnson, Katherine [mailto:kjohnson3@ftc.gov]

Sent: Monday, January 13, 2014 11:08 AM

To: Peter Arhangelsky

Cc: Jonathan Emord; Jillson, Elisa; Cohen, Jonathan; 'Lou Caputo'

Subject: RE: ECM Response to FTC First Set of Requests for Production of Documents

Peter,

First, we will negotiate search terms to reduce the number of responsive materials, but we want to begin that

process expeditiously. We recognize your right to “exhaust all avenues of review” with respect to the Court’s decision,

but we view attempts to seek further review as frivolous, and we want to ensure that the process moves quickly once

“all avenues of review” are exhausted. Our proposal is simple:

Ͳ we will provide you with a list of 50 search terms or phrases, and you’ll produce the responsive documents in

native form; and

Ͳ we will reach a stipulation regarding the evidentiary ramifications of your limited production.

With respect to the stipulation, it’s necessary because we’re agreeing to accept vastly less than what Respondent is

actually obligated to produce, and it’s virtually certain that we’ll never see a significant amount of highly probative

information. This is a big “win” for your client, but precisely because we’ll have incomplete information, there are a lot

of potential evidentiary objections that we can’t fairly meet because we won’t have the necessary

documents. Specifically: we’ll need you to stipulate: (1) to the authenticity of your production; (2) that you will not

object to the admissibility of any portion of your production on “completeness,” “best evidence” or other similar

grounds that we could correct if we had everything we’re entitled to; and (3) that nothing in your production constitutes

inadmissible hearsay (again, because we won’t have a complete production, we’ll be impaired in our ability to admit

statements as adoptive admissions or under hearsay exceptions that require context that we may lack). All of

Respondent’s other objections would be expressly preserved (including, for instance, Respondent’s right to object to the

admissibility of its production, or portions thereof, on relevance grounds).

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:2 at 2
3

Second, the above proposal should limit Respondent’s costs. However, we are not responsible for

Respondent’s odd decision to store documents in a manner that makes them atypically difficult to search and

retrieve. If you’re right that Respondent’s poor document management processes insulate it from discovery, then no

company facing likely litigation would have much incentive to maintain information in an accessible manner. In short,

the fact that Respondent made it unusually difficult to search and access its own materials isn’t relevant to what

Respondent is obligated to produce.

Third, with respect to the Microsoft Access issue, there should be no dispute here. Respondent is obligated to

produce information in the manner it stores that information. We don’t doubt your current claim that Microsoft Access

“generates reports in PDF format,” but that’s not what Lou told us before. Previously, Lou represented that Respondent

“ordinarily maintained” its information in PDF – which isn’t the same thing. More important, you’re incorrect that “the

content of those [PDF] documents does not differ in any respect to the information contained within the database.” As

you know, the database information (native files) contain metadata, whereas your PDF production to us did not. And

most important, the giant 1200Ͳpage PDF you sent us is unwieldy and difficult for us to use, whereas we can sort and

search through Microsoft Access data easily. We understand that you’ve requested that documents be exchanged in

PDF, and we have converted (and will convert) our production to PDF for you at your request, but we don’t understand

why you cannot provide us with the Microsoft Access data Respondent actually has.

We would like to discuss these issues at the meet and confer tomorrow at 4 p.m.

Katherine

_________________________________________ 

Katherine E. Johnson, Attorney 

Division of Enforcement 

Bureau of Consumer Protection 

Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW 

Mail stop M-8102B 

Washington, DC 20580 

Direct Dial: (202) 326-2185 

Fax: (202) 326-2558 

Email: kjohnson3@ftc.gov

From: Peter Arhangelsky [mailto:PArhangelsky@emord.com]

Sent: Friday, January 10, 2014 4:35 PM 

To: Johnson, Katherine 

Cc: Jonathan Emord; Jillson, Elisa; Cohen, Jonathan; 'Lou Caputo' 

Subject: RE: ECM Response to FTC First Set of Requests for Production of Documents 

Katherine,

I respond here to your email from yesterday and Jonathan’s email from January 9th at 2:24pm Eastern, both concerning

electronic discovery. We have reviewed the ALJ’s Order issued today, and we intend to exhaust all avenues of review

with respect to certain portions of that decision. However, as applicable here, Judge Chappell predicated part of his

ruling on your willingness to “negotiate search terms to reduce the number of responsive materials...” See ALJ Opp. at

8. The information I provide below should further that purpose.

As for the Microsoft Access database, the program generates reports in PDF format. We were provided with the PDF

reports, and those are what we disclosed. Because the PDF files are generated directly from the database program (e.g.,

printed to PDF), the content of those documents does not differ in any respect to the information contained within the

database.

The number 142,078 reflects the total number of entries in ECM’s database. For our initial production, ECM screened its

notes by selecting only prospective customers. The entries were not screened or retrieved using keywords and, so,

those notes reflect the sum total of all material correspondence reported in the database for the entities selected. The

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:2 at 3
4

balance of the 142,078 entries includes information concerning all of ECM’s former customers, inactive customers, and

active customers. ECM can provide those records, subject to some agreement that will limit the breadth of information

as per the Judge’s ruling today. We assume from your representations before the ALJ that you will honor your offer to

limit the scope of discovery and, to the extent that assumption is incorrect, we intend to file a motion for

reconsideration.

As I mentioned in my prior email, ECM does not sort its archived email files. ECM employees preserve their emails by

printing into PDF files at the end of each day (or occasionally after several days). Each single archived PDF thus contains

information among various contacts and subjects, i.e., a day’s worth of unsorted information. Employees do this for

inbound and outbound messages separately and, so, each day results in two archived files. To provide you with the

original email files referenced in our recent 1,200 page disclosure, someone must search each archived PDF file (which

number in the thousands), and then manually extract every responsive page from the larger PDF documents which also

contain unrelated messages. We can generally estimate that of the 142,078 database notations (including files already

produced), at least twoͲthirds to threeͲquarters of those entries will correlate with email files. So take the 8,540 notes

from our recent production as an example. Even if only 5,600 of those notes represent email correspondence, ECM

would need to manually search each master PDF file from the days in question to find and then extract each of the 5,600

specific emails. The dates involved spanned from 2006 and 2011, which might therefore involve thousands of archived

master PDF files. If these discovery demands continue with ECM’s other customers, ECM would be required to search

for and manually extract perhaps over one hundred thousand emails.

That task alone could require weeks to complete at substantial cost to ECM, even with a team of staffers assigned. As it

stands, ECM’s President, Bob Sinclair, is the only employee who can perform the bulk of this work. Rule 3.31(c)(2)

specifically guards against the harms from this type of massive discovery burden, particularly when the “burden and

expense of the proposed discovery on a party ... outweigh its likely benefit.” That seems quite applicable here, given

that you can examine the notations, and maybe compare those notes with a sampling of actual email files to verify

completeness. To be clear, ECM is not stating that it refuses to provide original email files or attachments. However

because the discovery burden is so substantial, ECM needs you to narrow your discovery requests within reasonable

limits, as contemplated by the Judge’s Order. For instance, ECM can extract and disclose certain files or documents that

relate to specific issues or contacts (e.g., through global keyword inquiries). That work remains burdensome, but far less

so than a comprehensive production of all files.

ECM will not provide its entire archived folder for your review because those comingled files contain highly sensitive,

irrelevant, and privileged information, which would include documents and correspondence between attorneys and

personal contacts. The best means to limit ECM’s burden is to prepare narrow discovery requests that fit within Rules

3.37(a) and 3.31(c)(2). In this instance, your requests fail under Rule 3.31(c)(2)(i) and (iii) because the burden on ECM is

extraordinary when compared to the relative benefit you get from documents that only confirm the notes in ECM’s

database.

I hope this sheds light on our concerns so that we can develop a joint resolution. Please let us know if you have any

questions, or if you would like to discuss.

Best,

Peter A. Arhangelsky, Esq. | EMORD & ASSOCIATES, P.C. | 3210 S. Gilbert Rd., Ste 4 | Chandler, AZ 85286 

Firm: (602) 388-8899 | Direct: (602) 334-4416 | Facsimile: (602) 393-4361 | www.emord.com

NOTICE: This is a confidential communication intended for the recipient listed above. The content of this communication is protected from 

disclosure by the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. If you are not the intended recipient, you should treat this 

communication as strictly confidential and provide it to the person intended. Duplication or distribution of this communication is prohibited 

by the sender. If this communication has been sent to you in error, please notify the sender and then immediately destroy the document. 

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:2 at 4
5

From: Johnson, Katherine [mailto:kjohnson3@ftc.gov]

Sent: Thursday, January 09, 2014 1:02 PM

To: Peter Arhangelsky

Cc: Jonathan Emord; Jillson, Elisa; Cohen, Jonathan; 'Lou Caputo'

Subject: RE: ECM Response to FTC First Set of Requests for Production of Documents

Peter:

I appreciate the clarification that this document was not prepared for litigation, and reflects records as maintained in the

ordinary course of ECM’s business. The reason I described them as “unrepresentative” is because you informed us that

the document contains only 8,540 separate notes out of 142,078. We have no idea how you or ECM selected the 8,540

notes that were produced. Do these represent the complete log of all communications with all of ECM’s potential

customers during that timeframe? If not, what subset does this represent and how was it selected?

We stand by our position that we are entitled to all of the underlying communications with potential customers, not just

the summaries of those communications. We are not trying to increase the burden on ECM or you. One way to reduce

the burden is for ECM to produce its entire archived database subject to a clawback agreement for privileged or

protected documents. If there is no way to partition the archive to give us only the portion that pertains to

prospective/nonͲcurrent customers, then I think we need further discussion to understand how ECM maintains its

archived files.

Katherine

_________________________________________ 

Katherine E. Johnson, Attorney 

Division of Enforcement 

Bureau of Consumer Protection 

Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW 

Mail stop M-8102B 

Washington, DC 20580 

Direct Dial: (202) 326-2185 

Fax: (202) 326-2558 

Email: kjohnson3@ftc.gov

From: Peter Arhangelsky [mailto:PArhangelsky@emord.com]

Sent: Thursday, January 09, 2014 10:39 AM 

To: Johnson, Katherine 

Cc: Jonathan Emord; Jillson, Elisa; Cohen, Jonathan; 'Lou Caputo' 

Subject: RE: ECM Response to FTC First Set of Requests for Production of Documents 

Katherine,

Preliminarily, we note that our December 27th production was an initial disclosure. As we stated in our response, we

intend to supplement that production with responsive documents, particularly after the ALJ resolves the pending

discovery dispute. The summaries we produced come from ECM’s Microsoft Access database, and reflect the system by

which ECM logs files. ECM employees are instructed to accurately input all relevant information from verbal and written

correspondence into the database. ECM relies on those notations, not the original emails, to log activities and

discussions with external parties. The summaries in ECM’s database were therefore entered in the ordinary course of

business. I am confused by your use of the term “unrepresentative” to describe those entries. Can you explain what

you meant before we reply directly on that point? For instance, if you suggest that the summaries were prepared in

anticipation of litigation, or for litigation purposes, we can clarify that they were not.

To the extent the original emails exist, production of all such files imposes a considerable burden. Bob Sinclair is

essentially the only ECM employee who can perform this task. While ECM logs its correspondence in the notations we

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:2 at 5
6

produced, it does not sort the original files that are ultimately archived (which are rendered unnecessary to ECM by the

summary notations). All original email files are initially transferred to a global correspondence folder where they remain

for a short time, and then eventually archived for backup. To produce an email referenced in the notations, someone

must manually search all archived folders for keywords that hit on the original file. That process is incredibly time

consuming, and would eventually yield volumes of cumulative documents (in the tens of thousands). Production of “all

responsive documents” could therefore require weeks of Bob’s time at a substantial loss for ECM.

If anything, our initial production evidences the exceptionally overbroad nature of your discovery requests. We have

discussed this issue with you before, to wit, the fact that your overbroad requests reach every document in ECM’s

control. You requested all documents related to “ECM Additives.” Part of our pending motion for a protective order

seeks to limit the expansive nature of your document requests to a manageable level. We had hoped that our recent

production would provide you enough information to narrow your requests, balancing your need for information with

ECM’s discovery burdens. Your instant request for production of tens of thousands of documents, regardless of their

relevance, and at considerable expense to ECM, only supports our motion for a protective order. For instance, rather

than select from a subset of the 900+ prospective customers disclosed, or a subset of documents by file type or

keyword, you have demanded everything, including emails that have nothing to do with the core issues in

controversy. That approach also belies any claim that you would reasonably limit discovery of ECM’s existing customers

if given complete access.

We are happy to discuss at some point this week. Our position is that we have already sought relief from your

document requests and, until the ALJ rules on this pressing issue, your requests that are governed by that motion are

unwarranted. If, on the other hand, you can suggest limiting principles designed to reach specific information, we can

discuss with our client the feasibility of proceeding. I see no reason why we cannot agree to narrow discovery with

respect to the potential customers ECM just disclosed.

Best,

Peter A. Arhangelsky, Esq. | EMORD & ASSOCIATES, P.C. | 3210 S. Gilbert Rd., Ste 4 | Chandler, AZ 85286 

Firm: (602) 388-8899 | Direct: (602) 334-4416 | Facsimile: (602) 393-4361 | www.emord.com

NOTICE: This is a confidential communication intended for the recipient listed above. The content of this communication is protected from 

disclosure by the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. If you are not the intended recipient, you should treat this 

communication as strictly confidential and provide it to the person intended. Duplication or distribution of this communication is prohibited 

by the sender. If this communication has been sent to you in error, please notify the sender and then immediately destroy the document. 

From: Johnson, Katherine [mailto:kjohnson3@ftc.gov]

Sent: Wednesday, January 08, 2014 1:45 PM

To: 'Lou Caputo'; Peter Arhangelsky

Cc: Jonathan Emord; Jillson, Elisa; Cohen, Jonathan

Subject: RE: ECM Response to FTC First Set of Requests for Production of Documents

Lou and Peter:

After reviewing the document production ECMͲFTCͲ000648Ͳ001859, we understand that these are summaries of

communications between individuals at ECM and potential customers. You have requested that we select from this

incomplete, and potentially unrepresentative set of information to “ascertain which individual records [Complaint

Counsel] finds relevant and about which they desire further information and/or documentation.” ECM must produce all

responsive documents and make available the actual communications, not just the summaries.

If you think this requires further discussion over the phone, please let me know what your availability is like tomorrow.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:2 at 6
7

Katherine

_________________________________________ 

Katherine E. Johnson, Attorney 

Division of Enforcement 

Bureau of Consumer Protection 

Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW 

Mail stop M-8102B 

Washington, DC 20580 

Direct Dial: (202) 326-2185 

Fax: (202) 326-2558 

Email: kjohnson3@ftc.gov

From: Lou Caputo [mailto:lcaputo3@gmail.com]

Sent: Friday, December 27, 2013 4:54 PM 

To: Johnson, Katherine; Jillson, Elisa; Cohen, Jonathan 

Cc: Jonathan Emord; Peter Arhangelsky 

Subject: ECM Response to FTC First Set of Requests for Production of Documents 

Dear Katherine, 

Please find attached ECM’s Responses and Objections to your First Set of Requests for Production of 

Documents. Attachment A is also included. Attachment A contains material responsive to most all of your 

requests and is described further in ECM's pleading. Attachment A is over 1200 pages. ECM continues, 

however, to search for additional materials responsive to your Requests. 

I left a voicemail with Jonathan (Cohen) earlier this morning, but have not heard back. I wanted to speak with 

him about file formatting and his concerns noted in prior emails. The files produced in Attachment A are in 

PDF, which is how ECM maintains such records in the course of its regular business. 

I will be out of the office next week, but Peter is available to discuss how best to resolve file conversion issues. 

Please let us know if you have any questions. 

Thanks,

Lou Caputo | EMORD & ASSOCIATES, P.C. | 3210 S. Gilbert Rd., Ste 4 | Chandler, AZ 85286 Firm: (602) 388-8901 | 

Facsimile: (602) 393-4361 | www.emord.com

NOTICE: This is a confidential communication intended for the recipient listed above. The content of this communication is protected from disclosure 

by the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. If you are not the intended recipient, you should treat this communication as strictly 

confidential and provide it to the person intended. Duplication or distribution of this communication is proh bited by the sender. If this communication 

has been sent to you in error, please notify the sender and then immediately destroy the document.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT

CCX-A:2 at 7
Complaint Counsel

Exhibit A

Attachment 3

CCX-A:3
Jillson, Elisa 

From: 

Sent: 

To: 

Cc: 

Subject: 

Attachments: 

Counsel, 

Cohen, Jonathan 

Friday, January 17, 2014 2:13 PM 

'Peter Arhangelsky'; 'Jonathan Emard'; 'Lou Caputo' 

Jil lson, Elisa; Johnson, Katherine 

PUBLIC DOCUMENT 

ECM: Document Requests & Other Outstanding Issues 

Complaint Counsel's Preliminary Witness List.pdf 

\'(/e served most of the document requests at issue on November 27, and your production is now three 

weeks overdue (and counting). The Court's Januru.y 10 order compelled ECM to produce its customer list - which 

you did late yesterday. But nothing in the Court's order requires us to accept vastly less tl1an what tl1e FTC's Rules 

entitle us to. Furthermore, nothing in tl1e Court's order allows you to produce whatever you intend to produce 

tJJhenever convenient for you. We're extremely concerned tl1at the effect of your proposal will be tl1at, whatever you 

produce, you will produce it shortly before discoveq closes. Accordingly, we respectfully decline your proposal for 

tl1e reasons articulated below, but offer our last, best accommodation, witl1 the sincere hope that you'll accept. As I 

suspect we've already made clear, we'd obviously rather move forward quickly than have to return to tl1e Comt 

agam. 

With respect tl1e specifics of your proposal: 

1. Customer Contacts - Tllis issue is separate from whetl1er ECM has to comply witl1 our document requests. We 

received your customer list yesterday evening. We'll let you what subset we intend to contact after we've had an 

opporturlity to review and analyze tl1e list and, potentially, after we've had an opportrulity to review and analyze 

your document production. In all events, we'll give ECM enough time to notify its customers or seek emergency 

relief from the Court before we contact any customer on tl1e list you produced yesterday evening. Again, however, 

tl1e customer contacts issue has notlling to do with ECM's obligation to produce its own responsive documents. 

2. Temporal Limitation - As you know, our pre-complaint investigation covers the period fromJanuaq 1, 2008 

forward. In the interest of accommodation, we'll incorporate your proposed Januaq 1, 2009lirnit into our final 

proposal. 

3. Customer Correspondence - Your proposal is replete with problems; we'll simply note tl1at, even if an "email 

only'' production was satisfactoq (and it isn't), you aren't proposing to produce tl1ese documents by any particular 

time. Even if you believe that these are the only documents we're entitled to, it's still tl1e case that they're tluee 

weeks overdue (with no end in sight). 

4. Scientific. Teclulical. & Othe1wise Responsive Documents - There's some room for negotiation here; we agree 

tl1at you don't have to produce to us anything you've produced already during tl1e pre-complaint investigation (in 

fact, you don't even have to negotiate tl1at, we volunteer that you don't have to re-produce anything, with respect to 

tl1ese subjects or otherwise). And keywords may be appropriate for finding responsive scientific, technical and 

other responsive documents. 

Here's our last, best offer, and a bit about why we think you should at least consider it seriously: 

(1) From tl1e outset, accepting tlus offer would discharge your obligations under all outstanding document requests. 

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(2) Subject to the “Enhanced Clawback” agreement described below, you give us the entire MS Access 

correspondence database (in native form) by January 24. ECM does not need to search its archives for original 

correspondence. We’ll take the summaries. If you want, you can remove from the database anything you believe in 

good faith is non-responsive or privileged (in fact, you should have started this process some time ago, and maybe 

you have). 

(3) In light of the fact that we’re agreeing to take only summaries, you: (a) stipulate to the authenticity of the 

documents produced; (b) waive any objection that we reasonably could have met if ECM had produced the original 

correspondence; and (c) waive any right to use any document from the archives. 

(4) You get an “Enhanced Clawback” agreement with respect to the MS Access database. The only reason you’ve 

given us as to why you can’t produce the database with customer communications is that it might also contain 

privileged information. Accordingly, we would agree to the following terms, in addition to whatever rights you have 

under the FTC Rules and other authority: (a) if you discover that you produced anything privileged, ECM is 

entitled to claw it back immediately (we’ll delete it from the database and certify to you that we’ve done so); (b) if we

discover anything that a reasonable attorney might consider privileged, we’ll “claw it back” to you immediately, even 

if its reasonably debatable whether it’s privileged or not (again, we’ll delete it from the database and certify to you 

that we’ve done so); (c) the presence of an arguably privileged document in the database will not constitute a waiver 

of any sort; (d) we’ll store the documents in a manner that limits access to case team members only, as opposed to 

FTC staff generally; (e) subject to applicable law, we’ll destroy the database as soon as possible when this litigation 

concludes; and (f) we’ll consent to having the Court enter this Enhanced Clawback agreement as a stipulated order. 

(5) With respect to our requests for scientific or technical information—and every other outstanding document 

request—we’ll give you 50 words, phrases, or Boolean sets of words or phrases to search. No negotiation, no timeconsuming back-and-forth (although if you want to add to our list, you’re welcome to do so). You search 

everything ECM has for scientific and technical information, and all other outstanding document requests, and give 

us the results by the end of the month. You agree that ECM can’t use anything it doesn’t produce at that time. 

(6) Everything above is limited to January 1, 2009 forward – exactly as you’ve requested. 

 As I mentioned, we hope you’ll accept this proposal. Initially, with respect to the correspondence that’s 

been at the center of this dispute, ECM’s burden is—literally—near zero. All ECM has to do is copy its database 

and send it to us. If ECM needs help uploading the database to an FTP site, we’ll ask our technical support staff to 

help you (at our expense). Depending on how smoothly things go, we’re talking about an hour or two of effort and 

potentially no expense to ECM. Even at worst, the time and expense to ECM will be negligible. We’ll do all the 

hard work on our end. Mr. Sinclair can walk away knowing that he got a much better deal that the law entitles him 

to, or than most other litigants receive. Furthermore, ECM gets the date restriction it wants. ECM gets to avoid 

searching its archives for correspondence. And ECM gets to limit its production on all other outstanding requests 

to whatever the 50 search terms hit—which means we’ll never see potentially tens of thousands of responsive 

documents. 

 Although we believe that both sides discharged their “meet and confer” obligation through Tuesday’s 

lengthy call about the issue, we’re happy to speak with you again at 10:00 AM Tuesday. If we’re unable to reach an 

agreement by that time, we’ll promptly seek relief. 

 There are three other issues. First, ECM has not responded to our interrogatory seeking annual revenues per 

customer (or distributor), although ECM’s response was due several weeks ago. On January 10, the Court held that 

ECM “has failed to demonstrate that ECM’s revenues by customer should not be disclosed in discovery.” Order at 

8. There’s no point to moving to compel this same information a second time, so we’re really out of 

options. Although we will meet and confer with you about this on Tuesday morning, we assume you won’t consent 

to the imposition of sanctions against ECM, so we anticipate seeking such sanctions on Tuesday 

afternoon. Obviously, if you have a change of heart about this, please let us know. 

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Second, with respect to your proposed redactions, we have no objection, subject to your agreement that 

we’re not waiving or limiting any right to object to any improper redactions in the future. Assuming we’re in 

agreement, please go ahead and inform the Court accordingly. 

Third, after we noticed ECM’s corporate deposition on January 24, you objected to that date. On our call 

Tuesday, we were close to an agreement to move the deposition back almost a month, to February 18. You told us 

that you would confirm that date with Mr. Sinclair, ECM’s designee, and get back to us Wednesday, but it’s Friday 

afternoon, and we haven’t heard from you. Although our February 18 offer remains open, the January 24 

deposition notice remains effective. 

 Thanks, 

Jonathan Cohen 

Enforcement Division | Bureau of Consumer Protection | Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., M-8102B Washington, D.C. 20580 

(202) 326-2551 | jcohen2@ftc.gov 

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CCX-A:3 at 3
Complaint Counsel

Exhibit A

Attachment 4

CCX-A:4
Jillson, Elisa 

From: 

Sent: 

To: 

Cohen, Jonathan 

Tuesday, December 24, 2013 2:14 PM 

'Lou Caputo' 

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Cc: 

Subject: 

Johnson, Katherine; Jillson, Elisa; 'Jonathan Emard'; 'Peter Arhanqelsky' 

ECM: Document Production 

Lou, 

We're not thrilled with what you propose, as it seems to involve all of the conversion effort being done on 

our end (and at the FTC's expense). We do not maintain our documents in PDF form (that isn't the industry 

standard), but, as an accommodation, and in the interest of moving things f01ward, we will convert our production 

to PDF for you. We will do that as quickly as possible, but it's the holiday week, and it will take additional time to 

meet your request. 

\'lVith respect to your production, we'll have to convert it to a form readily usable to us (Concordance loadready files, again, consistent with d1e industry standard). So that we can prepare for that potentially significant 

undertaking on our part, can you please provide us wid1 some details? Specifically, we need to know: 

(1) What types of files do you intend to produce? 

(2) What is the approximate volume of each file type? 

(3) How will you produce metadata? 

Thanks, 

Jonathan Cohen 

Enforcement Division I Bureau of Consumer Protection I Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., M-8102B Washington, D.C. 20580 

(202) 326-2551 I jcohen2@ftc.gov 

From: Lou Caputo [mailto:lcaputo3@gmail.com] 

Sent: Monday, December 23, 2013 6: 14 PM 

To: Cohen, Jonathan; Jonathan Emard; Peter Arhangelsky 

Cc: Johnson, Katherine; Jillson, Elisa 

Subject: Re: 

Thanks Jonathan. As for our production, we expect to provide documents in the format they are ordinarily 

maintained and provided to us by the cl ient. If an issue were to arise, we are happy to discuss. 

Best, 

Lou 

On Mon, Dec 23, 2013 at 3:50PM, Cohen, Jonathan <jcohen2@ftc.gov> wrote: 

Lou, 

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 We’ll make arrangements to provide you with a PDF production, subject to your agreement to provide us 

with Concordance-load ready files. I’ll assume this is fine, but if not, please let me know promptly. 

 As far as your earlier email goes, I don’t doubt that you sent it, but none of us received it. My 

understanding is that there is something wrong with your email server, and there have been multiple instances in 

which your emails haven’t reached us. We’ll work with you the best we can, but this is likely to cause problems 

down the road, and we can’t be held responsible for a problem with your server. It may make sense for you to 

continue using alternate email accounts until you resolve the issue.

 Thanks, 

Jonathan Cohen

Enforcement Division | Bureau of Consumer Protection | Federal Trade Commission 

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., M-8102B Washington, D.C. 20580 

(202) 326-2551 | jcohen2@ftc.gov 

From: Lou Caputo [mailto:lcaputo3@gmail.com]

Sent: Monday, December 23, 2013 4:27 PM 

To: Cohen, Jonathan 

Subject:

Hi Jonathan,

We replied earlier that PDF would be fine. I am not sure if you received that message, but I sent it to Elisa at 11:31 AZ 

time this morning. Regardless, PDF is preferred for the documents.

Thank you,

Lou

Lou Caputo | EMORD & ASSOCIATES, P.C. | 3210 S. Gilbert Rd., Ste 4 | Chandler, AZ 85286 Firm: (602) 388-8901 | 

Facsimile:(602) 393-4361 | www.emord.com

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NOTICE: This is a confidential communication intended for the recipient listed above. The content of this communication is protected from disclosure 

by the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. If you are not the intended recipient, you should treat this communication as strictly 

confidential and provide it to the person intended. Duplication or distribution of this communication is proh bited by the sender. If this communication 

has been sent to you in error, please notify the sender and then immediately destroy the document.

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