# Summary and Analysis of the 2009 Gasoline Benzene Pre

- Compliance Reports

### EPA-420-R-09-017 November 2009 

### Compliance and Innovative Strategies Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

# Summary and Analysis of the 2009

Gasoline Benzene Pre

- Compliance Reports

NOTICE

This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical developments.

### Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary.............................................................................................................. ..................................i II. Gasoline Benzene Program Overview .............................................................................................. ....................2 III. Gasoline Benzene Pre-Complian ce Reporting Re quirements ...............................................................................3 IV. Summary Data ................................................................................................................... ...................................4

A. Nationwide Analys is ............................................................................................................ ...........................4 1. Refinery Numbers and Production ................................................................................................ .............4 2. Projected Credit Ge neration and Use ............................................................................................ .............5 3. Project Scope and Timing....................................................................................................... ....................7 B. PADD An alys is .................................................................................................................. ........................7 1. PADD 1 ....................................................................................................................................................10 2. PADD 2 ....................................................................................................................................................11 3. PADD 3 ....................................................................................................................................................12 4. PADD 4 ....................................................................................................................................................13 5. PADD 5 ....................................................................................................................................................14 C. Comparison of 2008 and 2009 Pre-compliance Reports.........................................................15

## I. Executive Summary

i 

## I. Executive Summary

Most refiners planning to produce gasolin e after January 1, 2011 are required to submit to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annual pre-compliance reports indicating their progress toward complying with EPA’s gasoline benzene standards. Reports are due annually by June 1 from 2008 thr ough 2011 under the gasoline benzene regulations finalized in February, 2007, in order to provide updates on refi ners’ compliance plans. This report summarizes information received from refiners in their June 2009 pre-compliance reports.

Refiners’ benzene pre-compliance reports mu st contain estimates of average daily gasoline production and annual average ben zene concentration from June 1, 2007 through December 31, 2015. For those refiners planning on participating in the credit program, the reports must contain a projection of how many credits will be generated or used by each refinery. The pre-compliance reports must also contain information outlining each refinery’s timeline for complying with the gasoline be nzene standards and provide information regarding engineering plans (e.g., design and construction), and capital commitments for making the necessary modifications to pr oduce gasoline which meets the new benzene standards.

EPA received benzene pre-compliance repor ts for 110 refineries in 2009. The 2009 benzene pre-compliance reports showed that:

- refiners are planning to comply with th e benzene standards on time by installing new benzene removal equipment at many of their refineries and using the averaging, banking and trading provisions in the regulations to comply at the rest

- 63 refineries are planning to install equipment to reduce gasoline benzene

- 47 refineries are not planning to insta ll equipment to reduce gasoline benzene because they already comply with the gasoline benzene standards, or are planning to use credits for compliance

- 25 refineries are planning to generate early credits from 2007 through 2010, and 41 refineries are planning to genera te standard credits beginning in 2011

- overall average reported benzene levels are expected to decrease from 1.05 volume percent (vol%) in 2007 to 0.60 vol% in 2015

This data represents estimates made by re finers whose final actual compliance plans may change prior to January 1, 2011. While th e reported information is preliminary, the results provide the clearest snapshot of re finers’ aggregate benzene compliance plans available as of June, 2009. They represent th e assessment of those who have first-hand knowledge of the unique situation faced by each refinery. EPA expects that next year’s benzene pre-compliance reports wi ll contain more definite info rmation on refiners’ plans to produce gasoline which meets the benzene standards beginning January 1, 2011.

## ___________________________II. Gaso line Benzene Program Overview

2 

## II. Gasoline Benzene Program Overview

The Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT2 ) final rule (72 FR 8428, February 26, 2007) contains a two-step approach to re ducing the benzene content of gasoline. Beginning January 1, 2011, importers and most refineries are required to import or produce gasoline containing no more than 0.62 vol % benzene on an annual average basis. This 0.62 vol% benzene standard can be met by using credits. In addition, beginning July 1, 2012, importers and most refineries are re quired to import or pr oduce gasoline with a maximum annual average gasoline benzene content of 1.3 vol%. A refinery’s or importer’s actual annual average gasoline be nzene level may not exceed this maximum average standard. Credits may not be us ed to meet the 1.3 vol% standard.

The MSAT2 rule includes provisions for refiners and importers to generate gasoline benzene credits. Re finers may generate early be nzene credits from June 1, 2007 through December 31, 2010 if a refinery’s annu al average gasoline benzene is at least 10% less than its average benzene from January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2005, and the refinery reduces their benzene by implementing certain technological improvements specified in the regulations. Refiners a nd importers may generate standard benzene credits beginning in 2011 if a refinery’s or importer’s annual averag e gasoline benzene is less than 0.62 vol%. Early benzene credits may be used to comply with the 0.62 vol% standard during the 2011, 2012 and 2013 averag ing periods, while standard benzene credits may be used to comply with the 0.62 vol% standard within five years from the year they were generated. For both early cr edits and standard cred its, one credit is equivalent to one gallon of benzene remove d from gasoline. Ga soline benzene credits may be transferred nationwide.

Small Refiner Flexibilities

Additional compliance flexibilities are provi ded for small refiners in the gasoline benzene regulations. The criteria for qualification as a gasoline benzene small refiner are similar to those under the Gasoline Sulfur and Di esel Sulfur rules. To qualify as “small”, a refiner must: 1) have produced gasoline by processing crude oil through refinery processing units from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2005; 2) have employed no more than 1,500 people company-wide, based on the average number of employees for all pay periods from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2005; and, 3) have a corporate crude oil capacity less than or equal to 155,000 bpcd for 2005.

Small refiners are allowed an additional four years to comply with each benzene standard. They must begin complying with the 0.62 vol% standard no later than January 1, 2015, and begin complying with the 1.3 vol % standard no later than July 1, 2016.

Other Flexibilities

In addition to allowing refiners and importe rs to use credits to meet the 0.62 vol% annual average standard, the gasoline benzen e regulations also allow refiners and

## ___________________________II. Gaso line Benzene Program Overview

3 importers to carry forward a benzene deficit from one year to the next year. If a refinery or importer exceeds the 0.62 vol% annual av erage standard, and does not procure sufficient credits to meet the standard, they may offset the deficit during the following year by reducing their benzene concentration below 0.62 vol%, and/or procuring credits. Benzene deficits for one year must be offs et during the following year, and may not be carried over for a second consecutive year.



## III. Benzene Pre-Compliance Reporting Requirements

The gasoline benzene regul ations require refiners to submit annual precompliance reports for each of their refineries to EPA. The first pre-compliance report was due by June 1, 2008 and subsequent reports are due annually through 2011.

The pre-compliance reports must contain the following information:

1. Any changes in the refiner's basic co mpany or facility information since registration. 2. Estimates of the average daily volume of gasoline produced at each refinery. The volume estimates must include gaso line produced during the periods of June 1, 2007 through December 31, 2007, and calendar years 2008 through 2015. 3. An estimate of the average gasoline benzene concentration for the periods listed above in 2. 4. For refineries expecting to participate in the benzene credit program, estimates of the number of credits ge nerated and/or used duri ng the periods listed above in 2. 5. Information on project schedule by know n or projected completion date (by quarter) for each stage of the proj ect (strategic planning, front-end engineering, detailed engineering and permitting, procurement and construction, and commissioning and startup). 6. Basic information regarding the selected technology pathway for compliance (e.g. re-routing of benzene precursors or other technologies, revamp versus grassroots, etc.). 7. Whether capital investments have been made or are projected to be made. 8. An update of the progress in each of these areas.

The pre-compliance reporting requirements do not apply to certain types of gasoline, including imported gasoline, gasoli ne produced for and used in California, gasoline produced by small refi ners, gasoline exported for us e outside the United States, and gasoline produced through distillation of transmix. These products are not included in this summary and analysis.

We recognize that the pre-compliance re ports contain prelim inary information and that final decisions on benzene removal plan s may not have been made in all cases as

## _______________III. Benzene Pre-Co mpliance Reporting Requirements

4 of the reporting deadline. Accordingly, the in formation in this summary and analysis is based on the best available refinery inform ation as of June 1, 2009. The information presented here will be updated with more current analyses from subsequent annual precompliance reports in 2010 and 2011.



## IV. Gasoline Benzene Summary Data
A. Nationwide Analysis

1. Refinery Numbers and Production

We received benzene pre-compliance reports in 2009 for 110 refineries. Refiners indicated that, for most of their refineri es, they have made decisions on producing gasoline which meets the benzene standard s beginning January 1, 2011. Table 1 shows the aggregated results for all reporting refi neries for the four years leading up to the beginning of the gasoline benzene standards, and Table 2 shows the aggregated results for the first five years when the standards are in effect.

Table 1 Reported Data for Total U.S., 2007-2010

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 # reporting refineries 110 110 110 110 Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 7,032,887 6,788,798 7,094,997 7,460,758 Average benzene concentration, vol% 1.05 1.08 1.02 0.99
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 21 23 24 27
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% and < or = 1.3 vol% 43 36 39 40
# refineries with benzene > 1.3 vol% 46 51 47 43



### Table 2 Reported Data for Total U.S., 2011-2015

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 # reporting refineries 110 110 110 110 110 Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 7,687,068 7,715,576 7,747,637 7,742,999 7,751,801 Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.70 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.60
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 56 64 68 68 69
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 54 46 42 42 41



### Table 1 shows that in 2007, only 21 refineries produced ga soline averaging 0.62 vol% benzene or less. Also in 2007, 89 refi neries produced gasolin e averaging greater than 0.62 vol% benzene, including 46 refineri es that produced gasoline averaging greater than 1.3 vol% benzene. Table 2 shows that 35 of these 89 refineries plan to begin

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data
producing gasoline averaging 0.62 vol% benz ene or less by 2011, as the number of refineries producing gasoline averaging 0.62 vol % benzene or less increases from 21 in 2007 to 56 in 2011. The number of refineri es producing gasoline averaging 0.62 vol% benzene or less further increases to 68 by 2013, after the 1.3 vol% benzene ma ximum annual average standard takes effect in mid-2012, and increases to 69 by 2015.

Table 2 shows that the average benzene c oncentration for all reporting refineries is slightly greater than 0.62 vol% in 2011 and 2012, as some refineries plan to use early credits to meet the 0.62 vol% standard in 2011 and 2012. Refiners begin producing gasoline averaging 0.62 vol% benzene or less in 2013, when average benzene concentration decreases to 0.60 vol%. Table 2 also shows that refiners plan to significantly increase production of ga soline from 2007 to 2011, by approximately 654,000 bbls/day.

Figure 1 illustrates repor ted gasoline production, by be nzene concentration, for each reported year. By 2013, approximately 76 percent of all gasoline will contain 0.62 vol% benzene or less.

Figure 1. Reported U.S. Gasoline Production and Benzene Content, 2007-2015

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015


### YearGasoline production,thousand bbls/day

> 0.62%
< or = 0.62%



## 2. Projected Credit Generation and Use

Table 3 shows total reported gasoline be nzene credits generated and used for each reported year. Twenty five refineries indi cated they plan to ge nerate a total of 158.9 million benzene credits (1 credit = 1 gallon benzene) during the early credit generation period from June 1, 2007 through December 31, 2010. Twenty three of these refineries are owned by refiners who own multiple refine ries. To spread out the transition to the

5

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data
0.62 vol% benzene standard, refiners plan to use some of these ear ly credits during the 2011 and 2012 compliance periods. In 2011, 41 refi neries are projected to generate a total of 69.1 m illion credits, and 54 refineries are projected to use a total of 167.3 million credits. In 2012, 47 refineries are projected to generate a total of 91.6 million credits and 46 refineries are projected to use a total of 103.5 million credits. Annual generation of standard credits begins to exceed annual usage of standard credits in 2013, when 48 refineries are projected to generate 90.1 milli on credits and 42 refineries are projected to use only 70.7 million credits. By 2015, a nnual credit generation exceeds annual credit usage by 32.2 million credits, as 48 refineries plan to generate 90.1 million credits and 41 refineries plan to use only 67.9 million credits.

Table 3 Reported Gasoline Benzene Credits for Total U.S., 2007-2015

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 total # refineries generating benzene credits 5 12 16 20 25 Benzene credits generated, millions 10.8 30.7 48.2 69.2 158.9

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 # refineries generating benzene credits 41 47 48 48 48 # refineries using benzene credits 54 46 42 42 41 Benzene credits generated, millions 69.1 91.6 90.1 89.4 90.1
Benzene credits used, millions 167.3 103.5 70.7 69.4 67.9



### Figure 2 shows cumulative projected ge neration and usage of gasoline benzene credits for each reported year. Refiners are planning to generate sufficient credits for overall compliance during each annual compliance period from 2011 onward.

Figure 2. Cumulative U.S. Gasoline Benzene Credits

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

YearGasoline Benzene Credits, millions



### Generated
Used



### 6

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data 3. Project Scope and Timing

In addition to providing projecti ons of gasoline production, benzene concentration, and credit gene ration/usage, refineries must also include information outlining both their timeline for compliance with the gasoline benzene standards and their engineering plans (e.g., design and constructio n) in their pre-compliance reports. We requested that refineries repor t their progress according to th e following five stages: 1) strategic planning, 2) planning and front-end engineering, 3) detailed engineering and permitting, 4) procurement and constructi on, and 5) commissioning and start-up.

In the 2009 benzene pre-compliance reports, re finers indicated they have plans to install new benzene reduction facilities at 63 re fineries. These refine ries are generally in the early stages of their projec ts to comply with the gasoli ne benzene standards. Most have completed their strategic planning pha se, and have started front-end engineering design work.

Most of the 63 refineries i ndicated that they plan to use one or more of the gasoline benzene reduction strategies identified by EPA in the gasoline benzene rulemaking. Reported scopes for benzene compliance projects are summarized in the following list:

- 19 refineries plan to in stall additional naphtha pre- fractionation capacity to reduce the amount of benzene precursors in their naphtha reformer feed - 15 refineries plan to install a new reformate splitter tower - 17 refineries plan to instal l a new benzene saturation unit - 2 refineries plan to install new benzene extraction facilities - 7 refineries plan to revamp ex isting benzene extraction facilities. - 2 refineries plan to inst all new isomerization units - 3 refineries plan to revamp existing isomerization units - 11 refineries plan to outh aul benzene-rich light reformate to other refineries for processing

In addition, 5 refineries indicated they planned to make operational changes to reduce gasoline benzene.

Refiners indicated they were not planning to install benzene reduction facilities at 47 refineries, either because these refineries already comply with the gasoline benzene standards, or because they are pla nning to use credits for compliance.


## B. PADD Analysis

This section presents information speci fic to each Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD). Tables 4, 5 and 6 show aggregated reported data for 2007, 2011 and 2015, by PADD 1 

### . From 2007 to 2011, reported national average benzene

1 These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline used in California, gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.



### 7

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data
concentration decreased by 33 percent, with the largest decrease occurring in PADD 5 (39 percent), followed by PADD 2 (36 pe rcent), PADD 3 (35 pe rcent), PADD 4 (21 percent), and PADD 1 (18 per cent). Also from 2007 to 2011, the number of refineries producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% benzene or less increases from 21 to 56, with the largest increase occurring in PADD 3 ( 18 refineries), followed by PADD 2 (8 refineries), PADD 1 (4 refineri es), and PADD 5 (3 refineries), and PADD 4 (2 refineries). From 2011 t o 2015, reported average benzene co ncentration decrease s further in each PADD, with the largest d ecreases occurring in PADDs 2, 4 and 5, while projected gasoline production changes little in each PADD. From 2011 to 2015, 13 additional refineries begin producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% ben zene or less, including 3 refineries in PADD 1, 4 in PADD 2, 3 in PADD 3, 2 in PADD 4, and 1 in PADD 5.

Table 4 Reported Data by PADD for 2007

PADD 1 PADD 2 PADD 3 PADD 4 PADD 5 total U.S. # reporting refineries 14 21 45 11 19 110 Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 1,164,395 1,697,399 3,540,971 231,461 398,661 7,032,887 Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.81 1.28 0.95 1.55 1.42 1.05
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 4 1 10 0 6 21
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 10 20 35 11 13 89



### Table 5 Reported Data by PADD for 2011

PADD 1 PADD 2 PADD 3 PADD 4 PADD 5 total U.S. # reporting refineries 14 21 45 11 19 110 Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 1,224,824 1,792,531 4,026,379 244,396 398,938 7,687,068 Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.66 0.82 0.62 1.22 0.87 0.70
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 8 9 28 2 9 56
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 6 12 17 9 10 54



### Table 6 Reported Data by PADD for 2015

PADD 1 PADD 2 PADD 3 PADD 4 PADD 5 total U.S. # reporting refineries 14 21 45 11 19 110 Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 1,205,775 1,853,102 4,042,351 246,445 404,129 7,751,801 Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.57 0.63 0.57 0.94 0.69 0.60
# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 11 13 31 4 10 69
# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 3 8 14 7 9 41



### Figure 3 illustrates the e ffect of the benzene standards on national average benzene levels from 2007 through 2015. Fi gure 3 also shows the volume-weighted

8

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data
contribution of each PADD to national averag e benzene concentration fo r each reported year. PADD 3 consistently has the great est volume-weighted contribution because PADD 3 consistently produces the most gasoline of any PADD (even though PADD 3 has the lowest gasoline benzene concen trations among all PADDs from 2011 through 2015). Conversely, PADD 4 consistently has th e smallest volume-weighted contribution because PADD 4 consistently produces the least gasoline of a ny PADD (even though PADD 4 has the highest gaso line benzene concentrations among all PADDs in every reported year).

Figure 3. PADD Contributions to National Average Benzene, 2007-2015

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

YearBenzene Concentration, vol%



### PADD 5

PADD 4

PADD 3

PADD 2

PADD 1



### More detailed information for each PADD is shown below in Tables 7 through 16.

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## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data

1. PADD 1 2



### Reported data for 14 PADD 1 refineries is summarized below in Tables 7 and 8. PADD 1 average gasoline benzene concentration decreases from 0.81 vol% in 2007 to 0.66 vol% in 2011, as the number of refineri es producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% benzene or less increases from 4 to 8. PADD 1 average gasoline benzene concentration decreases further to 0.57 vol% by 2015, as 3 more refineries reduce their gasoline benzene concentration to 0.62 vol% or less. Projected gasoline produc tion also increases slightly from 2007 to 2015, by approximately 42,000 bbls/day.

Table 7 Reported Data for PADD 1, 2007-2010

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010
# reporting refineries 14 14 14 14
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 1,164,395 1,169,596 1,175,302 1,199,158
Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.81 0.75 0.80 0.80

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 4 6 5 5

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 10 8 9 9



### Table 8 Reported Data for PADD 1, 2011-2015

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
# reporting refineries 14 14 14 14 14
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 1,224,824 1,210,352 1,205,775 1,205,775 1,205,775
Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.66 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.57

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 8 9 10 10 11

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 6 5 4 4 3

2 These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.



### 10

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data

2. PADD 2 3



### Reported data for 21 reporting PADD 2 refi neries is summarized below in Tables 9 and 10. PADD 2 average gasoline benzen e concentration decreases from 1.28 vol% in 2007 to 0.82 vol% in 2011, as the number of refineries producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% benzene or less increases from 1 to 9. PADD 2 average gasoline benzene concentration decreases furt her to 0.63 vol% by 2015, as 4 mo re refineries reduce their gasoline benzene concen tration to 0.62 vol% or less. Pr ojected gasoline production also increases moderately from 2007 to 2015, by approximately 156,000 bbls/day.

Table 9 Reported Data for PADD 2, 2007-2010

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010
# reporting refineries 21 21 21 21
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 1,697,399 1,649,094 1,711,287 1,760,535
Average benzene concentration, vol% 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.30

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 1 1 1 1

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 20 20 20 20



### Table 10 Reported Data for PADD 2, 2011-2015

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
# reporting refineries 21 21 21 21 21
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 1,792,531 1,821,081 1,853,102 1,843,337 1,853,102
Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.82 0.71 0.63 0.64 0.63

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 9 10 13 13 13

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 12 11 8 8 8

3 These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.



### 11

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data

3. PADD 3 4



### Reported data for 45 PADD 3 refineries is summarized below in Tables 11 and 12. PADD 3 average gasoline benzene concen tration decreases from 0.95 vol% in 2007 to 0.62 vol% in 2011, as the number of refi neries producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% benzene or less increases from 10 to 28. PADD 3 average gasoline benzene concentration decreases furt her to 0.57 vol% by 2015, as 3 mo re refineries reduce their gasoline benzene concen tration to 0.62 vol% or less. Pr ojected gasoline production also increases significantly from 2007 to 2015, by approximately 501,000 bbls/day.

Table 11 Reported Data for PADD 3, 2007-2010

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010
# reporting refineries 45 45 45 45
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 3,540,971 3,258,603 3,580,916 3,854,485
Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.95 0.97 0.87 0.83

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 10 11 13 16

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 35 34 32 29



### Table 12 Reported Data for PADD 3, 2011-2015

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
# reporting refineries 45 45 45 45 45
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 4,026,379 4,029,915 4,036,885 4,041,121 4,042,351
Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.62 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 28 31 31 31 31

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 17 14 14 14 14

4 These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline used in California, gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.



### 12

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data

4. PADD 4 5



### Data for 11 reporting PADD 4 refineries is summarized below in Tables 13 and 14. PADD 4 average gasoline benzene concen tration decreases from 1.55 vol% in 2007 to 1.22 vol% in 2011, as the number of refi neries producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% benzene or less increases from 0 to 2. PADD 4 average gasoline benzene concentration decreases furt her to 0.94 vol% by 2015, as refi neries further reduce their gasoline benzene concen tration. Projected gasoline produc tion also increases slightly from 2007 to 2015, by approximately 15,000 bbls/day.

Table 13 Reported Data for PADD 4, 2007-2010

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010
# reporting refineries 11 11 11 11
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 231,461 351,710 237,169 248,666
Average benzene concentration, vol% 1.55 1.58 1.54 1.54

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 0 0 0 0

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 11 11 11 11



### Table 14 Reported Data for PADD 4, 2011-2015

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
# reporting refineries 11 11 11 11 11
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 244,396 248,456 247,746 248,638 246,445
Average benzene concentration, vol% 1.22 1.01 0.94 0.94 0.94

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 2 4 4 4 4

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 9 7 7 7 7

5 These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline used in California, gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.



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## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data

5. PADD 5 6



### Data for 19 reporting PADD 5 refineries is summarized below in Tables 15 and 16. PADD 5 average gasoline benzene concen tration decreases from 1.42 vol% in 2007 to 0.87 vol% in 2011, as the number of refi neries producing gasoline containing 0.62 vol% benzene or less increases from 6 to 9. PADD 5 average gasoline benzene concentration decreases furt her to 0.69 vol% by 2015, as refi neries further reduce their gasoline benzene concen tration. Projected gasoline produc tion also increases slightly from 2007 to 2015, by approximately 5,000 bbls/day.

Table 15 Reported Data for PADD 5, 2007-2010

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010
# reporting refineries 19 19 19 19
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 398,661 359,795 390,323 397,914
Average benzene concentration, vol% 1.42 1.54 1.44 1.41

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 6 5 5 5

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 13 14 14 14



### Table 16 Reported Data for PADD 5, 2011-2015

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
# reporting refineries 19 19 19 19 19
Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 398,938 405,771 404,129 404,129 404,129
Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.87 0.76 0.69 0.69 0.69

# refineries with benzene < or = 0.62 vol% 9 10 10 10 10

# refineries with benzene > 0.62 vol% 10 9 9 9 9

6 These tables do not include imported gasoline, gasoline used in California, gasoline produced by small refiners, gasoline exported outside the U.S., and gasoline produced by transmix processors.



### 14

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data C. Comparison of 2008 a nd 2009 Pre-compliance Reports

The 2009 pre-compliance reports show a gr eater overall proj ected reduction in benzene during the early credit genera tion period (June 1, 2007 through December 31, 2010), compared to the 2008 pre-compliance re ports. The 2009 pre-compliance reports also show that benzene concentrations from 2011 through 2015 are projected to be slightly higher compared to the 2008 pre-co mpliance reports. Table 17 lists projected average national gasoline production and be nzene concentration from the 2008 and 2009 pre-compliance reports.

Table 17 Projected Gasoline Production and Benzene Concentration for Total U.S., 2007-2015

2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 benzene reports Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 7,009,410 7,321,248 7,523,745 7,690,694 Average benzene concentration, vol% 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.04 2009 benzene reports Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 7,032,887 6,788,798 7,094,997 7,460,758 Average benzene concentration, vol% 1.05 1.08 1.02 0.99

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2008 benzene reports Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 7,953,682 7,968,849 7,968,195 7,957,194 7,968,537 Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.65 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 2009 benzene reports Reported gasoline production, bbls/day 7,687,068 7,715,576 7,747,637 7,742,999 7,751,801 Average benzene concentration, vol% 0.70 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.60



### The 2009 pre-compliance reports show more early credits being generated from 2007 through 2010, compared to the 2008 pre-co mpliance reports. However, the 2009 pre-compliance reports also show fewer st andard credits being generated and more credits being used from 2011 through 2015, compared to the 2008 pre-compliance reports. Table 18 lists projected credits generated and used from the 2008 and 2009 precompliance reports, along with the cumulativ e credit surplus by the end of each year. Figure 4 illustrates that the 2009 pre-compliance reports still show a cumulative credit surplus at the end of each year from 2007 through 2015, but the cumulative credit surplus by the end of 2015 is not as great as the cumulative credit surplus from the 2008 precompliance reports.

15

## _____________________________IV. Ga soline Benzene Summary Data

16 Table 18 Projected Gasoline Production and Benzene Concentration for Total U.S., 2007-2015

2007 2008 2009 2010 2008 benzene reports Benzene credits generated, millions 9.4 8.7 18.5 37.5 Cumulative credit surplus, millions 9.4 18.2 36.7 74.2 2009 benzene reports Benzene credits generated, millions 10.8 30.7 48.2 69.2 Cumulative credit surplus, millions 10.8 41.5 89.7 158.9

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2008 benzene reports Benzene credits generated, millions 95.8 96.3 99.6 98.7 99.4
Benzene credits used, millions 128.0 83.6 68.8 67.5 65.8 Cumulative credit surplus, millions 41.9 54.6 85.4 116.7 150.2 2009 benzene reports Benzene credits generated, millions 69.1 91.6 90.1 89.4 90.1
Benzene credits used, millions 167.3 103.5 70.7 69.4 67.9 Cumulative credit surplus, millions 60.8 48.9 68.3 88.4 110.5



### Figure 4. Cumulative U.S. Gaso line Benzene Credit Surplus

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

YearCumulative credit surplus,millions 

### 2008 reports 2009 reports