# Patent

## Title
Automatic atherectomy system

## Abstract

An automatic atherectomy system uses a rotary burr at the tip of a catheter as a sensing device, in order to measure both electrical conductivity and permittivity of surrounding tissue at multiple frequencies. From these parameters it is determined which tissue lies in different directions around the tip. A servo system steers the catheter tip in the direction of the tissue to be removed. In non-atherectomy applications the rotary burr can be replaced with any desired tool and the system can be used to automatically steer the catheter to the desired position. The steering may be done hydraulically, by pressurizing miniature bellows located near the catheter tip.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/950,871 filed Nov. 19, 2010, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/436,584 filed May 19, 2006, now abandoned, both of which are incorporated herein, by reference, in their entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This application relates to medical devices and in particular to procedures in which an undesired tissue has to be removed without harming an adjacent desired tissue, such as in atherectomy.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In many medical procedures an undesirable tissue is adherent or touching a desired tissue and the removal of the undesired tissue has to be done with extreme caution in order not to harm the desired tissue. A well known example is atherectomy, the process of removing plaque from blood vessels. The most common method of atherectomy is based on the use of a high speed rotary burr, mounted at the end of a very flexible catheter. The burr pulverizes the plaque into such fine particles that they can be left in the blood stream. A well known system is manufactured by the Boston Scientific Company (www.bostonscientific.com) under the name RotablatorTM. No further data is given here about this system as it is a well known commercial system. Other potential uses of the invention are removal of tumors, such as prostate cancer, liposuction, dental work and more. Today most of these procedures are performed by a surgeon manipulating a surgical tool (directly or remotely) while observing the tool position using means such as fluoroscopy or ultrasound, or by tactile feel. In some procedures there is no need to remove tissue but there is still a need to navigate within the body, such as directing a catheter through the blood system. The present invention can save the majority of the surgeon's time and operating room expenses.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present embodiments of the invention provide an automated way to navigate within the body and remove undesired tissue without doing any harm to desired tissue, even in situations where the undesired tissue is adherent. The same approach can be used for just navigation, without tissue removal. The preferred embodiment shown is atherectomy. In atherectomy there is a need to differentiate between plaque and blood vessel wall. It is well known that plaque has different electrical properties than blood vessel wall; however the blood vessels are full of blood which has electrical properties similar to the vessel wall. In order to automate atherectomy a discriminator between vessel wall, plaque and blood is required. Also, it is desired to sense proximity to a vessel wall, not just contact. The embodiments of the present invention provide exactly this capability. A similar situation exists in some tumor removal procedures: some tumors have different electrical properties than healthy tissue but the in-situ measurement of these properties is complicated by the fact that the voids left in the process of tissue removal are being filled with fluids which affect the measurements. Prior attempts to automate atherectomy relied on a guide wire (which cannot be used in case of complete occlusion) or on devices to help the surgical tool glide in a correct trajectory within the blood vessel. Since the plaque can be softer or harder than the vessel wall, it is very difficult to rely on such “self steering” methods. The approach described herein identifies the different materials surrounding the rotary burr at the tip of the atherectomy catheter and automatically steers the burr to remove the undesired tissue, such as plaque.
The invention uses the tip of a catheter as a sensing device, in order to measure both the electrical conductivity and permittivity of the surrounding tissue at multiple frequencies. From these parameters it is determined which tissue lies in the different directions. A servo system steers the catheter tip in the direction of the tissue to be removed. In non-atherectomy applications the rotary tip can be replaced with any desired tool and the system can be used to automatically steer the catheter to the desired position. The steering is done hydraulically, by pressurizing miniature bellows located near the catheter tip.
In general, the invention can be used for a broad range of applications as the invention does not rely on the type of procedure used. It can be used with rotary burrs, stents, guide wires, suction, electro-surgery etc.
In atherectomy there is a need to differentiate between at least three types of tissue: vessel wall, plaque and blood. Both vessel wall and blood have high conductivity and high permittivity, while plaque has low conductivity and permittivity. The key for differentiating blood from vessel wall is the change in permittivity with frequency: the permittivity of the vessel wall falls much faster as the frequency increases.
Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent by studying the description of the preferred embodiment in conjunction with the drawings.



DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of according to one illustrated embodiment.
FIG. 2 is an isometric close-up view of the catheter tip.
FIG. 3 is a cross section of the catheter tip showing the steering method.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the tissue discriminator.
FIG. 5 is a graph of the different waveforms produced by the discriminator.
FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the actuation mechanism.
FIG. 7 is an isometric view of an alternate sensing method.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, a blood vessel 1 having a wall 2 contains undesired plaque 3 as well as blood 4. An atherectomy tool 5 is introduced using catheter tube 6. The tool is driven by air motor 8 via flexible rotating cable 7. No further details of the atherectomy system are given, as these are well known commercial systems such as the RotablatorTM system. An electrical contact 9 measures the electrical impedance between cable 7 and the return path which is ground (the patient is electrically grounded). The discriminator 10 measures the complex impedance to ground by measuring the In-Phase current (I) and the Quadrature, or 90 deg out of phase current (Q). From these measurements the conductivity and permittivity of the tissue can be computed, based on the well known methods of electrical impedance measurements. A full explanation is given later. Based on the measured value, the type of tissue is determined by computer 12 and the catheter is automatically steered by hydraulic actuator 13 (via tubes 14) to remove the undesired plaque 3. As it approaches the wall 2, the electrical properties start changing allowing precise and gentle steering and removal up to the wall 2 but without actually touching the wall. This is possible as the measured properties are also a function of tissue thickness, so when the plaque becomes very thin the properties of the underlying layer are showing through. In order to determine the rotational orientation of burr 5 a sense wire 11 is used in conjunction of a conductive strip on burr 5.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the rotary burr 5 has a standard diamond powder coating 15 and is rotated at high speed by cable 7. It is made from electrically insulating material such as ceramic, with the exception of metallized strip 16. Alternatively, it can be made of metal and coated with a hard ceramic coating except for strip 16. A sense wire 11 terminates with tip 21 very close to burr 5. Once per rotation strip 16 comes close to tip 21. This point can be detected by measuring the electrical impedance between wire 11 and cable 7. A sharp drop signifies this point, which is used as a rotational reference point. Catheter 6 contains five channels on top of the central channel used by cable 7. Channel 18 is used for sense wire 11. Channels 17 are used to steer burr 5 in the desired direction by inflating sections of bellows 20. Referring now to FIG. 3, bellows 20 is divided into four separate sections 19 connected to channels 17. Pressurizing a section will cause it to elongate, bending bellows 20 in the opposite direction. Fluid 22 is a saline solution or pure water. For lower electrical noise the outside of catheter 6 is metallized with a very thin coating 23. A sub-micron thickness, deposited by sputtering or evaporation, is sufficient. Such a thin coat does not affect flexibility.
The discrimination of tissue types is shown in FIG. 4. To discriminate plaque from the wall of a blood vessel by electrical properties is relatively easy and well known in the medical literature, as plaque has a higher electrical impedance (both lower conductivity and lower permittivity). It is more difficult to differentiate the wall from the blood filling the vessel, as both have high conductivity and high permittivity. However, the permittivity of the wall falls much faster (by about a factor of 1000 faster) with frequency. This can be seen from the following table. While the cited values differ between studies, all studies show that permittivity of blood falls much slower than permittivity of the vessel wall as frequency increases.












log10(Freq)













3
5
6
7
8












Conductivity (S/m)












Blood
0.70
0.70
0.70
1.00
1.49


Fat
0.025
0.025
0.030
0.040 
0.060


Muscle
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.75


Fibrous
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.29
0.33


Material







Calcium
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.17


Vessel Wall
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.67
0.83









Relative Permittivity












Blood
4100
4000
2000 
300
75


Fat
20000
100
50
30
12


Muscle
400000
10000
8000 
200
70


Fibrous
2000
500
50
5
3


Material







Calcium
10500
500
250
70
30


Vessel Wall
100000
5000
4000
100
30









The impedance of the tissue to ground (the patient is grounded) is shown schematically as impedance 24. A current is sent from oscillator 26 via resistor 25, contact 7, cable 7 and burr 5 to the tissue impedance 24. The lower the impedance 24 the lower the voltage at contact 9 will be. Both the in-phase component I and the quadrature component Q is measured by any one of the standard methods of AC impedance measurement. By the way of example, the I component is found by multiplying output f1 of oscillator 26 with the voltage senses at contact 9 using an analog multiplier 30. The Q component is found by multiplying the same voltage with the output of f1 shifted by 90 degrees by phase shifter 29. The output of the multipliers are filtered by capacitors 31 and converted to digital by A/D converters 38. This is the standard sine and cosine separation method for finding the conductivity and permittivity components of a complex impedance. For frequencies below a few MHz, the voltage at contact 9 can be digitized and the derivation of the conductivity and permittivity can be done completely via digital signal processing. In order to generate the rotational reference pulse, the point when the voltage of sense wire 11 drops each revolution has to be found. The actual voltage can vary over a wide range, depending on the surrounding tissue, but the dip is always when the conductive strip 16 (see FIG. 2) is nearest to tip 21. By comparing the average voltage at wire 11 to the instantaneous voltage, the reference point is found independent of voltage. Signal f1 is fed to sense wire 11 via resistor 32. The sine wave envelope is detected by diode 33 and capacitor 34. The average is derived by resistor 35 and capacitor 36. Comparator 37 generates a positive output when the instantaneous value is below the average value. Again, the reference pulse generation can also be digital if the signal on wire 11 is digitized from the start.
Since the rate of change of the permittivity with frequency is required, at least two frequencies have to be used, three would be even more accurate. These are generated by oscillators 26, 27 and 28. For each frequency the circuit shown has to be replicated. It is also possible to use a single variable frequency source and single detection circuit and multiplex the detection process.
A typical discriminator output is shown in FIG. 5. Graph 43 is the amplitude of the sinewave at sense wire 11, used to generate the rotational reference. Graph 39 shows the conductivity, derived from the I component (the higher the conductivity the lower the I component will be). Graph 40 shows the permittivity, derived from the Q component (the higher the permittivity the lower the Q component will be). Graph 41 shows the permittivity at a much lower frequency. The horizontal scale is in degrees relative to the reference pulse, which is created when tip 21 is nearest to conductive strip 16. In this example tip 21 is drawn close to the vessel wall. Using just the data at f1, it is difficult to tell the wall (0-90 degree range) from blood (above and below burr 5, at 90-180 degree range and 270-360 degree range). At the second frequency f2, the permittivity in the wall area increases much faster than in the blood area. The plaque is easy to spot as it has much lower conductance and permittivity. Using the values of table 1 for frequencies of 1 KHz and 10 MHz, the conductivity and permittivity of plaque (fat+calcium+fibrous material) are below 0.1 S/m and 50, while blood is above 0.7 S/m at both frequencies and wall is above 0.58 at both frequencies. The permittivity of the wall is much higher than blood at 1 KHz (100,000 vs. 4100) but falls much faster at 10 MHz, dropping a factor of 1000 for the wall but only a factor of 14 for blood. This example shows that by using just three factors: conductivity, permittivity and ratio of permittivity at 10 MHz to 1 KHz the three tissues can be discriminated with a large margin. Adding a third frequency f3 increases the accuracy. Note that the rotational speed of the burr 5 is about 1-3 KHz. For oscillator frequencies below that, the results will have to be sampled and integrated over many rotations. This is not a problem, as the steering is done at a much lower bandwidth than the measuring. An alternative is to use a frequency of about 100 KHz as the lowest oscillator frequency. A second alternative, shown in FIG. 7, is to replace the rotary tissue sensing by four sense wires 11 instead of a single one, and have each one connect to a discriminator. Each one of the wires corresponds to one actuator direction. The advantages are:
1. A completely standard burr can be used, however sensing does not extend tip of burr.
2. System can be used for applications not requiring rotary burrs.
3. Only low frequency processing is required, as processing can be done at the steering bandwidth instead of the rotation speed. Steering bandwidth is below 100 Hz.
The catheter has four actuation channels 17 and four sense wires 11 terminating in four tips 21. If a burr is used, tips can protrude to partially envelope burr.
The computer 12 in FIG. 1 performs the discrimination between tissues based on the rules shown above and steers the burr 5 into the undesired tissue, in this case plaque. Clearly the decision rules and parameters will change with the application and the tissue used. A large data base of impedance data for a large number of tissues is posted on the Italian National Research Council website at: http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/cgi-bin/tissprop/htmlclie/uniquery
There are similar data bases available on the internet for properties of malignant tumors versus healthy tissue.
The hydraulic actuators 13 are shown in FIG. 6 in conjunction with FIG. 1. A motor, such as a stepper motor, 48 is driven from computer 12 via a standard interface. A piston 45 is moved in a cylinder 44 via the action of a thread 46 and a mating female thread 47. The pressure is transmitted via hypodermic tubing 14 to channel 17 (not shown) in catheter 6. Four identical units are used for +X, −X, +Y and −Y.
By the way of example, burr 5 is a standard burr with an external diameter of between 1.5 to 2.5 mm. Because the system is automated a single small burr can be used for all blood vessel sizes, as the computer will steer the bar in all radial directions to clean a large vessel. Catheter 6 is slightly smaller than burr 5. Diameter of piston 45 is 1-2 mm and stroke is about 10 mm. Piston 45 and cylinder 44 are made of very hard material, such as alumina, ruby or tungsten carbide, with a lapped fit. The pressure of the fluid is fairly high, typically 50-100 Kg/cm2. Typical component values for the discriminator 10 are: frequencies in the 1 KHz to 1 GHz range, time constants of filter 31 of about 10-100 uS, time constant of capacitor 34 of 10-100 uS, time constant of capacitor 36 and resistor 35 of 10-100 mS.
An alternate way of steering is by using push-wires in channels instead of a liquid. The actuators and catheter are very similar to the ones discussed earlier.
Still another way of steering is use to catheter tips made of ferromagnetic material and have a controlled external magnetic field. A variation is a system having a fixed external field and a catheter tip carrying three orthogonal coils to generate a force in any desired direction. This is available as a commercial system under the trademark Niobe. It is sold by the Stereotaxis corporation (vwww.stereotaxis.com).
While the preferred embodiment relates to atherectomy and used electrical impedance sensing other applications and other sensing methods are part of this invention. By the way of example, different tissues can be discriminated by their mechanical properties such as stiffness, hardness and damping. This can be sensed by a vibrating tip. Tissues can also be discriminated by thermal properties. A tip similar to FIG. 7 can carry four temperature dependent resistors instead of sensing tips 21. A constant current is passed through resistors and their temperature is measured by the voltage drop across them. Different tissues have different heat conductivities: plaque will conduct less than blood vessel wall while blood will conduct heat rapidly, as convection exists.
Also, the word “automatically” in this disclosure and claims should be broadly interpreted, from a simple assist to the surgeon in operating surgical systems to fully unattended operation of such a system. In the minimal version the surgeon fully controls the system; the tissue discriminator just assists the surgeon in the decision and operation of the atherectomy or other system. In a fully unattended operation the catheter can also be automatically advanced into the body and can be programmed to enter the correct blood vessel when coming to a junction point where there are multiple choices of routes. In the same manner, the “tool” or “catheter tip” should be broadly interpreted to include both contact tools (burrs, rotary wires, blades, suction, electro-surgery etc) as well as non contact tools (lasers, water-jet, gas jet etc).

## Claims

1. A system for automated removal of plaque from blood vessels by the use of a rotating tool tip, the system comprising:
a discrimination subsystem communicatively coupled to receive signals indicative of respective frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics of tissues in response to a plurality of applied electrical signals of different frequencies, the frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics sensed at least proximate the tool tip, the discrimination subsystem configured to automatically discriminate between blood vessel walls, blood and plaque based at least in part on the respective frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics of the tissues at least proximate to the tool tip; and
a steering mechanism that automatically steers at least the tool tip in a direction of the one of the tissues relative to another one of the tissues responsive to the discrimination subsystem.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein at least the tool tip is sized to be delivered percutaneously to a bodily cavity when in an unexpanded configuration.

3. The system as in claim 1 wherein the discrimination subsystem is configured to discriminate between blood vessel walls, blood and plaque based on the frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics at the plurality of different frequencies.

4. The system as in claim 1 wherein the frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics include at least one of, permittivity, a permittivity ratio, and changes of permittivity and the discrimination subsystem discriminates between blood vessel walls, blood and plaque based at least in part on at least one of the permittivity, the permittivity ratio, and the changes of permittivity determined at the plurality of different frequencies.

5. The system as in claim 1 wherein the frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics include permittivity, permittivity ratio, and changes of permittivity and the discrimination subsystem discriminates between blood vessel walls, blood and plaque based at least in part on the permittivity, the permittivity ratio, and the changes of permittivity determined at the plurality of different frequencies.

6. The system as in claim 1 wherein the steering mechanism is a hydraulic steering mechanism.

7. The system as in claim 1 wherein the steering mechanism is a magnetic field steering mechanism and automatically controls the direction of travel using a magnetic field applied externally from a body to which the tissue belongs.

8. The system as in claim 1 wherein the discrimination subsystem discriminates based on plaque having a lower electrical conductivity than blood or blood vessel wall, and the electrical permittivity of blood vessel walls falls faster with an increase in frequency than the electrical permittivity of blood.

9. The system as in claim 1, further comprising:
at least one electrical sensor physically coupled to rotate with the tool tip to scan the frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics of the different tissues surrounding the tool tip.

10. A system to automatically steer a catheter in a body lumen, the system, comprising:
a discrimination subsystem communicatively coupled to receive signals indicative of at least one frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristic of tissue responsive to a current supplied at a plurality of different frequencies at least proximate a tip of the catheter, the discrimination subsystem configured to discriminate between at least two different types of tissue based on the at least one frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristic indicated by the received signals; and
a steering mechanism that automatically controls a direction of travel of at least the tip of the catheter in response an automatic determination based at least in part on the discrimination between the at least two different types of tissue by the discrimination subsystem.

11. The system as in claim 10 wherein the discrimination subsystem is configured to discriminate between at least two different types of tissues based on the respective frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristic at the plurality of different frequencies.

12. The system as in claim 10 wherein the at least one frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristic includes at least one of permittivity, a permittivity ratio, and changes of permittivity and the discrimination subsystem discriminates between blood vessel walls, blood and plaque based at least in part on at least one of the permittivity, the permittivity ratio, and the changes of permittivity determined at the plurality of different frequencies.

13. The system as in claim 10 wherein the at least one frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristic includes at least one of permittivity and changes of permittivity and the discrimination subsystem discriminates between blood vessel walls, blood, and plaque based at least in part on at least the permittivity and the changes of permittivity determined at the plurality of different frequencies.

14. The system as in claim 10 wherein the steering mechanism is a hydraulic steering mechanism.

15. The system as in claim 10 wherein the steering mechanism is a magnetic field steering mechanism and automatically controls the direction of travel using a magnetic field applied externally from a body to which the tissue belongs.

16. The system as in claim 10 wherein the discrimination subsystem discriminates based on plaque having a lower electrical conductivity than blood or blood vessel walls, and the electrical permittivity of blood vessel walls falls faster with an increase in frequency than the electrical permittivity of blood.

17. The system as in claim 10, further comprising:
at least one electrical sensor physically coupled to rotate with the tip of the catheter to scan the at least one frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristic of the different tissues surrounding the tip of the catheter.

18. A system to automatically steer a catheter in a body lumen, the catheter having a body portion and a catheter tip, the system comprising:
at least one electrical sensor physically coupled to rotate with respect to the body portion of the catheter to scan frequency-dependent electrical impedance characteristics of different tissues at least proximate the catheter tip;
a discrimination subsystem communicatively coupled to receive signals indicative of the frequency-dependent electrical impedance characteristics, the discrimination subsystem capable of discriminating between different types of tissue based on the frequency-dependent electrical impedance characteristics indicated by the received signals; and
a steering mechanism that automatically controls a direction of travel of at least the catheter tip in response to the discrimination between the different types of tissue by the discrimination subsystem.

19. The system as in claim 18, further comprising:
at least one electrical sensor physically coupled to the catheter to detect additional electrical properties of the tissue at least proximate to the catheter tip, wherein the discrimination subsystem further:
computes at least one permittivity value from the received signals; and
discriminates between different types of biological tissue based at least on the permittivity value.

20. A system for evaluating biological tissue, comprising:
at least one sensor physically coupled to an elongate body, the sensor capable of detecting frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics of different biological tissues adjacent to the elongate body; and
a discrimination subsystem communicatively coupled to receive signals indicative of the one or more frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics, the discrimination subsystem capable of discriminating between different types of tissue based on the one or more frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics indicated by the received signals.

21. The system of claim 20 wherein the frequency-dependent electrical permittivity characteristics are determined by measuring a rate of change of an permittivity-related material parameter with frequency.