COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Beales and Malveaux

Argued at Richmond, Virginia

TATEANA ACACIA WELLS

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0896-18-2 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX

JUNE 18, 2019

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPOMATTOX COUNTY

S. Anderson Nelson, Judge

F.E. “Tripp” Isenhour, III (Caskie & Frost, on brief), for appellant.

Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. 

Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Tateana A. Wells (“appellant”) was convicted of grand larceny, in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-95, grand larceny of a firearm, in violation of Code § 18.2-95, and felony eluding, in 

violation of Code § 46.2-817.

1

 On appeal, she argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion 

to strike the eluding offense based upon the Commonwealth’s failure to prove venue. Further, she 

contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion to strike the second-charged larceny under 

the single larceny doctrine. For the following reasons, we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

On the evening of June 16, 2017, Elizabeth Iannaco and her boyfriend, Nathan Owen, 

held a party at their residence, located on Old Grist Mill Road in Appomattox County. About an 

 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

1 Appellant was also convicted of burglary, in violation of Code § 18.2-89, and robbery, 

in violation of Code § 18.2-58. Appellant does not challenge these convictions on appeal. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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hour into the party, police arrived and told them to shut down the party, and they complied. 

Everyone left except for a few friends. 

About ten minutes after everyone had left, four individuals, later identified as appellant 

and her three codefendants, Tremaine Green, Arien Pollard,2and Octavius Wells, arrived at the 

home in a red Mitsubishi Lancer. They asked if they could stay because they had heard about a 

party happening, and Iannaco allowed them to stay. 

Everyone “h[u]ng out for a little bit,” with people coming in and out of the home. 

Approximately twenty to thirty minutes after appellant and her codefendants arrived, Iannaco 

went into her bedroom and saw that her PlayStation video game console was missing. She told 

Owen about the missing item, and he asked each person if they had stolen the PlayStation. 

Appellant and each of her codefendants denied taking it. 

After Iannaco saw that her PlayStation was missing, she was in the living room when she 

saw a gun and some bullets drop out of Tremaine Green’s pocket. At that point, Owen asked 

everyone to go outside. He then brought a rifle he owned outside and showed it to Green. Green 

asked to hold the gun, and when Owen gave it to him, Green ran with it into the woods. Owen 

chased Green through the woods and eventually came in contact with him on the road. Green 

told him that the gun was in the car, so Owen searched the car. Owen did not find the gun, but

he did find the missing PlayStation in the trunk. 

When appellant and her codefendants came outside and asked Owen why he was looking 

in the trunk, he told them to “have a nice night,” entered the house, locked the doors, and turned 

off the lights. Owen also retrieved a shotgun with which to defend himself because he knew that 

Green had a weapon. Appellant and her codefendants then got into their car and drove halfway 

 

2 See Pollard v. Commonwealth, No. 1137-18-2 (this day decided). 
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down the driveway, but subsequently returned to the house.

3

 Once back at the house, one of the 

men went to the door and stated in a “very demanding” manner that he needed to get his phone. 

He asked Owen and Iannaco to come outside and help look for it. Owen told them that they did 

not have the phone and that they had called the police. Appellant and her codefendants forced 

open the door and entered the house. Tremaine Green was holding a pistol in his hand when he 

entered. 

Owen and Iannaco were in the kitchen at that time. Iannaco testified that the layout of 

the house was such that “when you walk in the door you walk into the living room, which is 

open and it flows right into the kitchen . . . [i]t’s almost like one room.” When they entered the 

house, one of the individuals “ran” to Owen and took his shotgun from his person.4 After 

disarming Owen, appellant and her codefendants told everyone to get out of the house. Owen 

went outside and ran into the woods. 

Iannaco did not immediately go outside. She first saw appellant take two PlayStation 

controllers, an Xbox One video game console with two controllers, about ten video games, and a 

television from the living room. Appellant made two or three trips to her car with the items. 

Iannaco then went into her bedroom and saw a friend, Cash Neighbors, before she continued into 

the bathroom, which was located “right off [from] the bedroom.” At some point, Iannaco saw a 

man come into the bathroom. He ordered her to go outside, and she did. There, she ran into the 

woods and then watched appellant and her codefendants drive down and exit the driveway in the 

red Mitsubishi Lancer. 

 

3

Iannaco testified that they drove halfway down the driveway then drove back up to the 

house. Cash Neighbors, who was inside the home with Owen and Iannaco, testified that they put 

the car in park halfway down the driveway, then got out of the car and walked back towards the 

house. 

4

Iannaco testified that Octavius Wells was the person who took the shotgun from Owen. 

Owen testified that appellant took the shotgun from him. 
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Neighbors was in the kitchen with Iannaco and Owen when the door was forced open. 

He initially hid behind a corner, but at some point went into the bedroom and retrieved a rifle 

belonging to Owen from under the bed. He then went into the bathroom connected to the 

bedroom. Octavius Wells opened the bathroom door, saw that Neighbors had a rifle, and left the 

bedroom. Neighbors went back into the bedroom to “st[an]d his ground.” Neighbors was alone 

in the bedroom at this point, but was then “disarmed” by either Octavius Wells or Arien Pollard

when they entered the bedroom. After he was disarmed, Neighbors got into a fistfight with 

Wells and Pollard. Green and appellant came into the bedroom, and all four individuals “ganged 

up on” Neighbors and “beat [him] to the ground.” They took Neighbors’ phone and searched his 

pockets, and then started “beating” him again. 

In the early morning hours of July 17, 2017, Deputy Sean Burton with the Appomattox 

County Sheriff’s Office responded to a call reporting a home invasion/robbery. Burton received 

a description of a red vehicle and its occupants and was advised that the “vehicle was leaving the 

driveway [and] taking a left out of the driveway.” He arrived at the reported location, and he 

saw a vehicle matching the description “right there just below the driveway.” Burton was on Old 

Grist Mill Road when he saw the vehicle in the driveway. Once he saw the vehicle, the deputy 

“immediately” turned on his blue lights and “ease[d] over in front of the vehicle to . . . get it to 

stop.” Instead of stopping, the car went around Burton’s vehicle through the grassy shoulder of 

the road and continued down Old Grist Mill Road at a high rate of speed. 

Burton caught up with the vehicle after half a mile and turned on his siren. He then 

pursued the vehicle for about seven or eight miles “through the back roads there,” at speeds up to 

seventy or eighty miles an hour. When asked if the “back roads [were] . . . your typical back 

roads out in the county,” Burton replied, “[y]es, very curvy, you know, narrow, very curvy roads, 

sharp turns.” Burton saw the occupants of the back seat making “furtive movements,” and at one 
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point saw “something c[o]me out of the vehicle.” The rear passenger door was ajar during most 

of the pursuit. 

After going about eight miles, both vehicles reached Richmond Highway. Burton 

testified that they traveled on “a number of roads,” and had “started on Old Grist Mill, went to 

River Ridge to Poorhouse, to Hicksboro, to Swan and eventually to 460.” When asked which 

way the vehicle went on “Richmond Highway, commonly known as Route 460,” Burton stated 

they turned right, which was “heading back towards Appomattox and Lynchburg.” At this point, 

Burton forced the vehicle off the road. Burton identified appellant as the driver of the vehicle. 

At the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, appellant moved to strike the 

evidence on the larceny of a firearm charge, arguing that the single larceny doctrine applied. She

also moved to strike the evidence on the eluding charge because the Commonwealth did not 

produce evidence establishing venue in Appomattox County. 

The trial court denied both motions to strike. Regarding venue, the court noted that “the 

[d]eputy testified that he got right to where the drive was and that had already been identified as 

being in Appomattox County.” The court also found that the single larceny doctrine did not 

apply because “there were two separate and distinct times that this occurred.” First, “[t]he 

shotgun . . . and the items in the living room were taken at one point.” Then, “[t]here was an 

intervening time period” during which Iannaco and Cash went into the bathroom, and then the 

codefendants came in at “that time the gun was taken . . . [s]o that’s two distinct actions.” 

Appellant was found guilty of grand larceny, in violation of Code § 18.2-95, grand 

larceny of a firearm, in violation of Code § 18.2-95, and felony eluding, in violation of Code 

§ 46.2-817. This appeal followed. 
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II. ANALYSIS

A. Venue

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in not granting her motion to strike the 

evidence on the eluding offense because the Commonwealth had failed to prove venue.5 

“On appeal, we review ‘whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to 

the Commonwealth, is sufficient to support the [trial court’s] venue findings.’” Williams v. 

Commonwealth, 289 Va. 326, 336 (2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Cheng v. 

Commonwealth, 240 Va. 26, 36 (1990)). 

“In a criminal prosecution, it is the Commonwealth’s burden to establish venue.” Bonner 

v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 206, 210 (2013) (en banc). As venue is not a substantive 

element of a crime, the Commonwealth is not required to “prove where the crime occurred 

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Morris v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 459, 469

(2008)). In order to establish venue, the Commonwealth must “produce evidence sufficient to 

give rise to a ‘strong presumption’ that the offense was committed within the jurisdiction of the 

court.” Id. at 211 (quoting Cheng, 240 Va. at 36). 

The failure to clearly prove venue is usually due to inadvertence, 

flowing naturally from the familiarity of court, counsel, witnesses, 

and jurors with the locality of the crime; therefore, this Court will 

generally and properly lay hold of and accept as sufficient any 

evidence in the case, direct or otherwise, from which the fact may 

be reasonably inferred.

Williams, 289 Va. at 336 (quoting Randall v. Commonwealth, 183 Va. 182, 187 (1944)).

 

5 Although the issue of venue “is properly raised by a motion to dismiss the indictment,” 

our Supreme Court has “impliedly upheld the use of a motion to strike the evidence to challenge 

venue.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 289 Va. 326, 330 n.3 (2015). Further, as in Williams, the 

Commonwealth here does not challenge the manner in which venue was raised as a procedural 

bar. See id.
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In the absence of a specific statutory provision addressing venue, Virginia’s general 

venue statute, Code § 19.2-244, “dictates the proper venue for an offense.” Bonner, 62 Va. App.

at 211-12. That statute states, in pertinent part, “the prosecution of a criminal case shall be had 

in the county or city in which the offense was committed.” Code § 19.2-244(A).

Appellant was convicted of felony eluding, in violation of Code § 46.2-817(B). That 

code section provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

Any person who, having received a visible or audible signal from 

any law-enforcement officer to bring his motor vehicle to a stop, 

drives such motor vehicle in a willful and wanton disregard of such 

signal so as to interfere with or endanger the operation of the 

law-enforcement vehicle or endanger a person is guilty of a Class 6 

felony.

Code § 46.2-817(B).

Contrary to appellant’s argument that the Commonwealth’s evidence did not establish 

venue in Appomattox County, the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, was sufficient to support the trial court’s venue finding. In the instant case, 

Iannaco testified that her home was located on Old Grist Mill Road in Appomattox County. 

Iannaco stated that after the incident she saw appellant and her codefendants drive down her 

driveway in a red Mitsubishi vehicle and then exit the driveway. Deputy Burton went to 

investigate a home invasion/robbery reported at Iannaco’s home, and when he arrived at the 

reported location he saw the vehicle “right there just below the driveway.” The deputy 

immediately activated his blue emergency lights and positioned his police vehicle on Old Grist 

Mill Road in order to attempt to stop the vehicle. Appellant disregarded this visible signal from 

law enforcement to bring her car to a stop. Instead, she drove onto the grassy shoulder of the 

road, traveled around Deputy Burton’s vehicle, and proceeded down Old Grist Mill Road at a 

high rate of speed. Burton testified that he pursued the car, activated his siren when he caught up 

with it after approximately one-half mile, and then pursued the car for several more miles 
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“through the back roads there.” When asked if the “back roads [were] . . . your typical back 

roads out in the county,” Burton replied, “[y]es, very curvy, you know, narrow, very curvy roads, 

sharp turns.” (Emphasis added). 

Thus, the evidence showed that appellant drove a vehicle down the driveway from the 

victim’s residence, which was located in Appomattox County, and almost immediately 

encountered Deputy Burton after leaving the driveway and entering Old Grist Mill Road. 

Further, Deputy Burton affirmed that he pursued the vehicle on “county” roads. This evidence 

was sufficient to raise a “strong presumption” that appellant’s conduct in Appomattox County 

interfered with or endangered the operation of the law-enforcement vehicle or a person. 

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in refusing to grant appellant’s motion to strike the 

eluding charge.

B. Application of the Single Larceny Doctrine

Appellant further argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to strike the 

grand larceny of a firearm offense because her actions constituted one larceny under the single 

larceny doctrine. 

Whether the larceny of multiple items at or about the same time 

from the same general location constitutes a single larceny or 

multiple offenses is an issue that most courts have addressed early 

in the development of their criminal jurisprudence. The concept is 

commonly referred to as the “single larceny doctrine.” The 

principles are easily stated and understood, but application of the 

doctrine becomes problematic when applied to the infinite variety 

of circumstances that can arise.

Richardson v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 491, 495 (1997) (en banc) (citation omitted). “The 

overriding principle behind the single larceny doctrine is to prevent the state from aggregating 

multiple criminal penalties for a single criminal act.” Id. at 496. Accordingly, we have 

recognized that “[a] series of larcenous acts will be considered a single count of larceny if they 

‘are done pursuant to a single impulse and in execution of a general fraudulent scheme.’” Acey 
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v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 240, 247 (1999) (quoting West v. Commonwealth, 125 Va. 747, 

754 (1919)). In determining whether this doctrine applies, we consider the following factors: 

“(1) the location of the items taken, (2) the lapse of time between the takings, (3) the general and 

specific intent of the taker, (4) the number of owners of the items taken and (5) whether 

intervening events occurred between the takings.” Id. “The primary factor to be considered is 

the intent of the thief and the question to be asked is whether the thefts . . . were part of one 

impulse.” Richardson, 25 Va. App. at 497. See also Millard v. Commonwealth, 34 Va. App. 

202, 207 (2000) (noting that “multiple unlawful takings constitute separate larcenies if the thief 

acted upon a separate intent or impulse for each theft”).

As the doctrine’s applicability is dependent upon the specific facts of each case, and 

primarily upon the intent of the thief, this Court “will affirm the trial court’s determination unless 

plainly wrong or unless the record lacks any evidence to support that determination.” Bragg v. 

Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 607, 612 (2004) (citation omitted)). 

Appellant contends that the single larceny doctrine applies in this case because the two

larcenies occurred in a short window of time within the same home, and because the evidence 

did not establish that she possessed two separate criminal intents—one for the firearms, and one 

for the personal property. Appellant relies on Richardson and Acey to support her argument that 

the doctrine applies. 

However, the facts in this case are distinguishable from both Richardson and Acey. In 

Richardson, defendant stole two purses from locations within a hospital nurses’ station that were 

separated by approximately ten feet. Richardson, 25 Va. App. at 494. This Court held that the 

single larceny doctrine applied because “[t]he theft of the two purses occurred at approximately 

the same time, from the same room or location, and pursuant to a single impulse or design to 

steal items from that nurses’ station.” Id. at 498. Further, we held that “[t]he fact that the purses 
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were separated by ten feet and that the thief had to walk around a wall from the desk to the 

cabinet [were] not circumstances that break the continuity of the thief’s single and continuing act 

of thievery.” Id. In Acey, this Court held that the single larceny doctrine applied because 

defendant took three firearms that were “within a few feet of each other” in the same room, and 

“[t]here was no appreciable lapse of time between the takings, only time enough for defendant to 

step from the closet, to the dresser and then to the headboard of the bed.” Acey, 29 Va. App. at 

247-48. This Court further found that “[d]efendant’s intent . . . was to steal the weapons, but 

there [was] no indication he formed this intent separately for each item. Rather, his actions show 

he was motivated by one compulsion to steal.” Id. at 248. This Court held that there were no 

“intervening events [that] took place between the takings.” Id. 

Here, the trial court found that one distinct larceny occurred when appellant removed 

electronics from the home, and the second distinct larceny occurred when Pollard and Octavius 

Wells took the rifle from Neighbors in the bedroom. The evidence adduced at trial supports this 

finding. Although the two incidents occurred in the same house, they occurred in different 

rooms of the house, by different people, and at different times. Appellant removed the video 

game items and television from the living room and left the residence several times to take the

items to the car. Wells and Pollard stayed in the residence and subsequently took the rifle from 

Neighbors. These facts show that in this case, unlike Acey, there were “intervening events” that 

occurred between the two events. Furthermore, the trial court could reasonably infer that 

appellant’s intent to steal the items from the living room was not the same intent as Pollard’s and 

Wells’ intent to steal the rifle from Neighbors, especially so in this case because the thefts were 
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committed by different perpetrators against different victims.6 This distinguishes the present 

case from Richardson, in which it was clear that defendant possessed the singular intent to steal 

purses from the same nurses’ station. Therefore, we hold that contrary to appellant’s arguments, 

the trial court did not err in rejecting the applicability of the single larceny doctrine and 

convicting her of grand larceny and grand larceny of a firearm.

III. CONCLUSION

We hold that trial court did not err either in denying appellant’s motion to strike 

regarding venue, or in denying her motion to strike the second-charged larceny because of the 

single larceny doctrine. Accordingly, we affirm.

Affirmed.

 

6 We note that appellant was guilty as a principal in the second degree of the larceny of 

the rifle taken by Octavius Wells and Pollard, despite the fact that she did not actually take the 

rifle from Neighbors, based upon the concert of action doctrine. See Rollston v. Commonwealth, 

11 Va. App. 535, 543 (1991) (“[E]veryone connected with carrying out a common design to 

commit a criminal act is . . . bound by the act of any member of the combination, perpetrated in 

the prosecution of the common design. But it is not necessary that the crime committed shall 

have been originally intended.” (quoting Boggs v. Commonwealth, 153 Va. 828, 836 (1929))); 

see also Code § 18.2-18 (providing that one who acts as a principal in the second degree to a 

felony “may be indicted, tried, convicted[,] and punished in all respects as if a principal in the 

first degree”).