1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please

2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 

3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated

4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does

5 not include the filing date. 

6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

8 Plaintiff-Appellant,

9 v. NO. 28,738

10 JOSE LUIS ROSAS,

11 Defendant-Appellee.

12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY

13 Michael E. Vigil, District Judge

14 Gary K. King, Attorney General

15 Santa Fe, NM

16 Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General

17 Albuquerque, NM

18 for Appellant

19 Whitley Law Firm

20 L. Val Whitley

21 Santa Fe, NM

22 for Appellee
2

1 MEMORANDUM OPINION

2 ROBLES, Judge.

3 The State appeals an order granting Defendant’s motion to suppress evidence.

4 The district court listened to the officers’ belt tapes and ruled that the officers failed

5 to comply with the knock-and-announce rule. It found that there was no knocking

6 prior to entry, that the announcement and forcible entry into Defendant’s home

7 appeared to be simultaneous, and it suppressed the evidence. The State appeals,

8 contending that the court’s findings are inadequately supported and, if there was

9 partial compliance with the knock-and-announce rule, it was justified by exigent

10 circumstances. We conclude that the belt tapes provide substantial evidence

11 supporting the court’s findings, agree with the court’s conclusion that the entry was

12 illegal, and affirm the order suppressing evidence. 

13 I. BACKGROUND

14 On May 1, 2007, officers executed a search warrant at Defendant’s residence.

15 They expected Defendant, his wife, and two small children between the ages of five

16 and ten years old to be there. The operation plan called for teams of officers at both

17 the front and back doors. The plan was for the back door to be breached as close to

18 the breaching of the front door as possible. 
3

1 We have reviewed the belt tapes of six officers. On some of the tapes, the order

2 of “breacher up, breacher up” can be heard. One second later, police began to yell,

3 “State Police! Search warrant!” over and over. Although it is not entirely clear, on

4 some of the tapes, some sort of bang can be heard approximately three to four seconds

5 after the yelling begins. The tapes consistently indicate that the door was breached

6 almost immediately after the police began announcing, and at no point did the officers

7 knock or wait before forcibly entering the home. 

8 II. DISCUSSION

9 A. Standard of Review

10 “The standard of review for suppression rulings is whether the law was

11 correctly applied to the facts, viewing them in a manner most favorable to the

12 prevailing party.” State v. Hand, 2008-NMSC-014, ¶ 6, 143 N.M. 530, 178 P.3d 165

13 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “We review the district court’s purely

14 factual assessments to determine if [they are] supported . . . by substantial evidence.”

15 Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Substantial evidence is “such

16 relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

17 conclusion.” State v. Salgado, 1999-NMSC-008, ¶ 25, 126 N.M. 691, 974 P.2d 661

18 (internal quotation marks) (quoting State v. Baca, 1997-NMSC-059, ¶ 14, 124 N.M.

19 333, 950 P.2d 776). After deferring to the court’s factual findings, we review the
4

1 constitutional question whether the search and seizure was reasonable de novo. See

2 Hand, 2008-NMSC-014, ¶ 6.

3 B. Knock-and-Announce Rule

4 The knock-and-announce rule requires that officers entering a residence to

5 execute a search or arrest warrant, knock and announce their identity and purpose, and

6 then wait a reasonable time to determine whether consent to enter will be given. See

7 State v. Vargas, 2008-NMSC-019, ¶ 9, 143 N.M. 692, 181 P.3d 684; State v. Johnson,

8 2006-NMSC-049, ¶ 10, 140 N.M. 653, 146 P.3d 298; State v. Attaway, 117 N.M. 141,

9 149-50, 870 P.2d 103, 111-12 (1994), modified on other grounds by State v. Lopez,

10 2005-NMSC-018, ¶¶ 13-20, 138 N.M. 9, 116 P.3d 80. “There are no bright line rules

11 establishing how long . . . officers must reasonably wait,” and “we consider the

12 totality of the circumstances to determine whether the officers’ wait was reasonably

13 long enough.” Hand, 2008-NMSC-014, ¶ 7 (citations omitted). 

14 The district court found that “[the belt tapes] indicate that there was no knock

15 prior to entry into the home. There is clearly an announcement of the search, but it

16 appears to be simultaneous with entry into the home.” The State disagrees with the

17 court’s findings, contending that the officers began announcing, and six seconds

18 elapsed until a banging sound can be heard. The State equates this sound with the first

19 strike of the battering ram and concludes that officers waited six seconds. It argues
5

1 that a six-second wait is sufficient to demonstrate compliance with the knock-and2 announce rule. There is, however, no citation to a specific belt tape, and we did not

3 hear anything on the belt tapes indicating a six-second period between announcement

4 and forcible entry. 

5 We defer to the district court’s factual determinations. See State v. Jason L.,

6 2000-NMSC-018, ¶ 10, 129 N.M. 119, 2 P.3d 856 (observing that the reviewing court

7 must “defer to the district court with respect to findings of historical fact,” and all

8 “reasonable inferences in support of the [district] court’s decision will be indulged in,

9 and all inferences or evidence to the contrary will be disregarded.” (alteration in

10 original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). We have listened to the belt

11 tapes and do not hear a banging sound. On a number of the belt tapes, we do hear

12 some sort of bang, but it is not clear that the banging sound is the first strike of a

13 battering ram. Accepting arguendo that this banging sound was the first strike of the

14 battering ram, it occurs three to four seconds after the police began yelling, “State

15 Police! Search warrant!” 

16 The district court did not find that the officers announced and waited six

17 seconds, and we are not persuaded to accept the State’s version of events. Even if we

18 were to give the State the benefit of the doubt and were to conclude that the bang is

19 the first strike of a battering ram, we reject the State’s argument. Given the extremely
6

1 short period of time between the beginning of yelling and the sound of a bang three

2 to four seconds later, we conclude that the court’s finding that the announcement of

3 the search “appears to be simultaneous with entry into the home” accurately reflects

4 the historical facts and is supported by substantial evidence. The belt tapes clearly

5 establish that the officers did not knock and wait and, instead, announced while

6 forcibly breaching the door. 

7 After deferring to the court’s factual findings, we review de novo whether the

8 search and seizure was reasonable. See Hand, 2008-NMSC-014, ¶ 6. Building on its

9 premise that the officers waited six seconds, the State contends that the officers fully

10 complied with the knock-and-announce rule. However, we accept the findings made

11 by the district court. Additionally, even if we were to accept the State’s six-second

12 waiting period, we would still conclude it is insufficient. See State v. Gonzales, 2009-

13 NMCA-___, ¶¶ 18, 22, ___ N.M. ___, ___ P.3d ___ (No. 28,411, Dec. 21, 2009)

14 (holding that an eight-second waiting period was insufficient). 

15 Considering the findings made by the court, “[t]he ultimate question . . . is

16 whether the [officers’ course of conduct] was reasonable.” Johnson, 2006-NMSC17 049, ¶ 10. The district court concluded that it was not, and we agree. Unless there is

18 exigency, our cases require knocking, announcing, and waiting a reasonable period

19 of time. These are discrete and necessary requirements. See id. ¶ 12 (“Absent exigent
7

1 circumstances, officers must knock and announce their purpose and identity, then wait

2 a reasonable period of time to determine if consent to enter will be given before

3 forcefully entering.” (emphasis added)); Hand, 2008-NMSC-014, ¶ 11 (“We accept

4 the reasoning that an officer’s perception of movement within the place to be

5 searched, after knocking and announcing, is a significant component of the

6 constructive refusal analysis.” (emphasis added)). In this case, two of these

7 requirements—knocking and waiting a reasonable period of time—are missing. 

8 The State argues that the court misunderstood the law, claiming that the time

9 the officers were announcing should be included in the relevant calculation, and there

10 was no need for a “silent pause.” We reject this argument. The appropriate

11 measurement is the time period between knocking and announcing and when forcible

12 entry begins. See Johnson, 2006-NMSC-049, ¶ 11 (relying on case law stating that

13 the relevant time period is from announcement to when the officers hit the door with

14 the battering ram). The time when the officers are using the battering ram does not

15 count as waiting. See id. (“When the officers began hitting the door with the battering

16 ram, they ceased ‘knocking’ and began ‘entering.’”). The court applied precisely this

17 analysis, found no appreciable time between announcement and forcible entry, and

18 concluded that the officers’ failure to knock and wait any time at all was unreasonable.
8

1 The State suggests that the small size of the house justified the officers’

2 conduct. The State has not indicated how this argument was raised below, and we

3 have not found it being made on the transcript of the suppression hearing or in the

4 record. Consequently, it does not appear this argument was presented below. Even

5 if it had been presented, we would reject it. In Johnson, the small nature of the hotel

6 room justified a relatively short wait before the police forcibly entered. Id. ¶¶ 5, 15,

7 17 (holding that a ten-second knock-and-announce period was sufficient in light of the

8 fact that the hotel room was so small it could be walked through in only a few steps).

9 Attempting to bring this case within the holding in Johnson, the State characterizes

10 this house as a “relatively small single story residence.” However, this case is not like

11 Johnson. The house is approximately 1640 square feet, and photographs indicate that

12 it is a common residence. We disagree that it should be considered to be like the hotel

13 room in Johnson.

14 C. Exigent Circumstances

15 Exigent circumstances will excuse compliance with the knock-and-announce

16 requirement. See id. ¶ 10. “Whether exigent circumstances exist[] . . . is a mixed

17 question of law and fact.” Lopez, 2005-NMSC-018, ¶ 11. After deferring to the lower

18 court’s factual findings, we review the determination of exigent circumstances de

19 novo. Id. We apply an objective test to determine whether “a reasonable, well-
9

1 trained, and prudent police officer would believe that full or partial compliance with

2 the rule of announcement would create or enhance the danger to the . . . officers.” Id.

3 ¶ 12 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We consider the totality of the

4 circumstances. Id. ¶ 16. 

5 The State argues that exigent circumstances existed and, therefore, partial

6 compliance would be sufficient. We disagree. The State’s argument that it partially

7 complied with the rule is premised on its interpretation that there was a six-second

8 wait. We have rejected that premise. Additionally, we reject the State’s argument that

9 exigency existed. There is evidence that the officers had information that Defendant

10 “possesse[d] firearms” and had “[p]ossible weapons in the residence.” The officers’

11 testimony at the suppression hearing clarified that these references were to a

12 “handgun,” and there is no evidence that the officers believed Defendant to have

13 access to anything other than a handgun. At the time of the operation, the officers

14 expected Defendant to be at home along with his wife and two young daughters.

15 Defendant had no criminal record, and there was no evidence that he had a propensity

16 toward violence. 

17 With these facts in mind, we turn to the relevant analysis contained in Attaway

18 and Lopez. Attaway found exigency where the defendant was a drug “dealer of

19 substantial quantity,” had a significant, violent criminal history, “had threatened
10

1 officers” in the past, and had a “large arsenal of weapons[,] including an automatic

2 weapon, two sawed-off shotguns, a couple of rifles, and numerous handguns.” 117

3 N.M. at 153, 870 P.2d at 115. 

4 Lopez, on which the State relies, modified Attaway, stating that Attaway may

5 have overstated the requirements for exigency. Lopez adopted a more flexible

6 approach under which weapons combined with drug dealing can establish exigency.

7 However, Lopez found exigency where the defendant was engaged in criminality other

8 than drug dealing, selling stolen firearms, and had weapons consisting of “fully

9 automatic Mini-14’s and sawed-off shotguns.” 2005-NMSC-018, ¶ 25 (internal

10 quotation marks omitted). In addition, there were two to four people at the residence

11 with access to these weapons. Id.

12 We recognize that Lopez modified the threshold to establish exigency set by

13 Attaway, but we do not interpret it to hold that general allegations of drug dealing and

14 possession of a handgun are sufficient to establish exigency. On the contrary, we read

15 Lopez as requiring specific facts showing heightened danger. Here, the State referred

16 to “weapons,” but the officers’ testimony clarified that, based on information from the

17 informant, they believed Defendant had a handgun. There is no showing of a large

18 number of weapons or that they were the unusually dangerous weapons like those in

19 Lopez. Unlike Lopez, there is no showing that Defendant was engaged in criminality
11

1 other than drug dealing. In Lopez, there were two to four people in the residence with

2 apparent access to the automatic weapons and sawed-off shotguns. Id. ¶ 25. By

3 contrast, in this case, the occupants in the residence with Defendant were known to

4 be his wife and two young daughters. 

5 Nor are we persuaded by the State’s argument that the possibility that drugs

6 could be destroyed constitutes exigency. That concern is present in every case

7 involving the execution of a search warrant in a drug investigation. 

8 We cannot equate the State’s showing in this case with that considered

9 sufficient to establish exigency in Lopez. If we were to consider general allegations

10 of a handgun and drug dealing sufficient to establish exigency, the exigency exception

11 would swallow the knock-and-announce rule, and we would essentially read the rule

12 out of existence. We do not mean to denigrate the danger to the officers when

13 executing a search warrant, but we interpret exigency to require something more than

14 a generic reference to drugs and a handgun, circumstances that will be present in

15 virtually every case. Attaway, 117 N.M. at 149, 870 P.2d at 111 (noting that the

16 officers’ general knowledge about drug dealers “cannot constitutionally be a substitute

17 for . . . whether circumstances exist in the particular case which allow an

18 unannounced police entry.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

19 “Exceptions to the entry requirement must be founded on particularity and not on
12

1 generality.” Id. at 152, 870 P.2d at 114 (internal quotation marks and citation

2 omitted). 

3 Finally, the State argues that exigency is supported by the fact that Defendant

4 was a former correctional officer who had been trained in “official tactics.” We are

5 not persuaded. It is the State’s burden to prove exigency. See State v. Vargas, 1996-

6 NMCA-016, ¶ 6, 121 N.M. 316, 910 P.2d 950 (stating that in the knock-and-announce

7 context, it is the state’s burden to establish exigency). The State’s reference to

8 “official tactics” is vague and could cover a wide variety of law enforcement tactics.

9 The only detail we are given is that Defendant was trained in hand-to-hand combat.

10 It is not clear that this information was argued below, or whether this training is the

11 same as the “official tactics” to which the State refers. In any event, we fail to see

12 how hand-to-hand training, matched against a full compliment of heavily armed and

13 trained officers entering through front and back doors, would make Defendant

14 sufficiently dangerous to justify dispensing with the requirements of the knock-and15 announce rule. The State argues that he had more knowledge in “official tactics than

16 the average citizen,” but it has not explained what this knowledge is, or how it actually

17 presented an increased danger. The State mentions that he was team captain of the

18 “(inaudible) team,” but this unclear reference does not demonstrate exigency. 
13

1 The concerns expressed by the State—the potential danger to officers, and the

2 possibility that a suspect will try to dispose of drugs when he becomes aware that

3 officers are at the door—are valid concerns. There are also countervailing

4 considerations, such as “preventing needless destruction of private property,

5 eliminating unnecessary intrusions upon privacy, and reducing the risk of violence to

6 both police and occupants.” Attaway, 117 N.M. at 150, 870 P.2d at 112. The knock7 and-announce rule reflects an attempt to balance competing interests, id. at 151, 870

8 P.2d at 113, and “‘is no mere procedural nicety or formality.’” Id. at 148, 870 P.2d

9 at 110 (quoting Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 49 (1963)). Our case law protects

10 officers by requiring only a short time between announcing and forcible entry and, if

11 sufficient danger can be demonstrated, that time may be reduced or eliminated. Still,

12 we interpret our cases to require something more than generic concerns before non13 compliance or partial compliance is excused. For the reasons we have discussed, we

14 conclude the State has not met its burden to prove exigency.

15 III. CONCLUSION

16 We therefore conclude that the factual findings are adequately supported, and

17 the failure to comply with the knock-and-announce rule requires suppression.

18 Accordingly, we affirm. 
14

1 IT IS SO ORDERED.

2 ______________________________

3 ROBERT E. ROBLES, Judge

4 WE CONCUR:

5 ____________________________

6 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge

7 ____________________________

8 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judge