*After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This case is

therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not

binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and

collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and

judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and

conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

June 3, 2005

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 04-5008

v. Northern District of Oklahoma

CARL BAILEY, also known as

Imhotep Amin Ra,

Defendant-Appellant.

(D.C. No. 02-CR-169 C)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before EBEL, MURPHY, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.

Carl Bailey, a/k/a “Imhotep Amin Ra,” was convicted by a jury of

conspiring to distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),

841(b)(1)(c), and 846. The district court sentenced him to 236 months
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imprisonment. Mr. Bailey now appeals his conviction, arguing that the district

court improperly admitted evidence of cell phone conversations and drug

paraphernalia. He also argues that his sentence is constitutionally infirm in light

of United States v. Booker, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005). We exercise jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

I.

On January 23, 2002, Oklahoma Highway Patrol Trooper Branson Perry

stopped a full-size Ford van for failing to signal when changing lanes while

traveling on Interstate 44. Upon approaching the van, Trooper Perry noticed that

the driver, Jerry Steele, was “extremely nervous” and that the nervousness

“elevated” during the course of the traffic stop. While Trooper Perry conversed

with Mr. Steele, a second vehicle, a full-size GMC van, pulled over to the side of

the road approximately 50 yards ahead of them. Trooper Perry asked Mr. Steele if

he was traveling with another van and according to Trooper Perry, Mr. Steele

indicated that he was. Trooper Perry suspected that Mr. Steele might be involved

in criminal activity and later testified that he based this suspicion on the “totality

of the circumstances” surrounding the traffic stop. Trooper Perry checked to see

if Mr. Steele had any outstanding warrants and, when he found that Mr. Steele did

indeed have an outstanding warrant, arrested him. Oklahoma Highway Patrol

Officers also arrested the driver of the second vehicle, Akil Kontar, who had
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driven to a nearby McDonald’s restaurant. Both vans were searched and the

officers discovered approximately 215 pounds of marijuana. 

After the arrest, Mr. Steele and Mr. Kontar both indicated that they had

been traveling under the direction of Mr. Bailey who, they said, had supplied

them with the vans and cash and contacted them frequently via cell phone during

the trip. Mr. Bailey was arrested in Ohio on December 10, 2002, on a warrant

originating from the Northern District of Oklahoma. The drug enforcement agent

who arrested Mr. Bailey found in his apartment certain items that the agent later

testified were drug paraphernalia, including a money counter, a scale, a “heat

sealer,” and many Ziploc plastic bags. After two jury trials resulted in a mistrial

and a hung jury, respectively, Mr. Bailey was convicted by a jury on October 8,

2003. Mr. Bailey raises three issues on appeal.

II.

A.

Mr. Bailey argues that the district court improperly admitted cell phone

records showing calls between Mr. Bailey and Mr. Kontar during the course of the

latter’s travels to and from Ohio. Mr. Bailey argues that there are two reasons for

excluding the cell phone records.

First, he argues that the “cell-phone records were woefully incomplete, and

presented for inspection [too] late,” rendering the evidence unreliable “due to the
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procedural inequities set in motion by the government.” Appellant’s Br. at 23. He

argues that his right to cross-examine witnesses—presumably the custodians of

the cell phone records—was violated. Since he did not raise this constitutional

issue below, we review for plain error. United States v. Agnew, 931 F.2d 1397,

1406 (10th Cir. 1991).

Rule 803(6) creates an exception to the hearsay rule for records “kept in the

course of a regularly conducted business activity.” The Rule allows for the

authenticity of the records to be established “by the testimony of the custodian or

other qualified witness, or by certification that complies with Rule 902(11), Rule

902(12), or a statute permitting certification.” Fed. R. Evid. 803(6). The district

court stated its belief that the admission of the cell phone records complied with

the rules. 

Mr. Bailey offers no support for his contention that the records of cell

phone calls were incomplete. The cell phone records that were introduced

spanned a period of time beginning four days prior to the alleged drug run until

eighteen days after the end of the alleged drug run. Nor does Mr. Bailey indicate

why the admission of additional phone records would cause the admitted records

to become less reliable. 

Furthermore, Mr. Bailey’s argument that he was not given enough time to

review the cell phone records or the opportunity to challenge their accuracy is
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without support in the record. After hearing Mr. Bailey’s concerns about the cell

phone records and ruling on his motion, the district court stated that Mr. Bailey

would be allowed “any inquiry [he] wish[ed] to make” regarding the certification

of the records. The court told counsel, “if you find any reason to doubt [the

accuracy], you just let me know and we’ll work on it.” Mr. Bailey did not raise

the question again. 

Second, Mr. Bailey argues that Rule 803(6) was improperly applied in his

case because the cell phone records show calls between two phones, as opposed to

between two particular individuals. Mr. Bailey maintains that the cell phone

allegedly in his possession during the time of the conspiracy belongs to his

daughter and that he never used it, despite the testimony of Mr. Kontar to the

contrary.

Mr. Bailey’s arguments go to the weight of the evidence, and do not

support a contention that the records were improperly admitted under Rule 803(6)

or 902(11). Mr. Bailey was given the opportunity to cross-examine the

government witness who testified as to the cell phone records, and did indeed do

so. On cross-examination, the government witness admitted that one could not

determine who was making the call by simply looking at the record. The

persuasiveness of the evidence, in light of Mr. Bailey’s argument on this point,
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must be determined by the jury, and we will not second-guess its decision. United

States v. Allen, 235 F.3d 482, 492 (10th Cir. 2000).

B. 

Mr. Bailey next argues that the drug paraphernalia seized from his

apartment at the time of his arrest was improperly admitted under Federal Rules

of Evidence 404(b) and 403. We review a district court’s decision to admit Rule

404(b) evidence for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Hardwell, 80 F.3d

1471, 1488 (10th Cir. 1996).

Rule 404(b) prevents the admission of “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs,

or acts . . . to prove the character of a person in order to show action in

conformity therewith.” However, the evidence may be admitted for “other

purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Id. 

Mr. Bailey argues that because the seizure of the paraphernalia took place

11 months after the alleged conspiracy had terminated, the introduction of the

evidence could not fall under the exceptions listed in Rule 404(b). Even

assuming that the drug paraphernalia constituted “evidence of other crimes,

wrongs or acts,” which is not necessarily so, Mr. Bailey’s argument is without

merit. Rule 404(b) does not require the government to gather all the evidence

against the defendant prior to the termination of the conspiracy. See United
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States v. Hogue, 827 F.2d 660, 663 (10th Cir. 1987) (“[E]vidence of subsequent

acts may be admissible assuming it meets the requirements of Rule 404(b).”). 

Here, the evidence in question could be introduced under a number of the

permissible purposes listed in 404(b). Scales, heat sealers, and plastic bags could

be used to establish that Mr. Bailey had knowledge of drug distribution and how

to distribute marijuana in such a way as to (try to) avoid detection. The evidence

in question also speaks to Mr. Bailey’s opportunity, intent, and preparation in the

alleged conspiracy.

Mr. Bailey next argues that even if the evidence is admissible under Rule

404(b), it is barred by Rule 403. Rule 403 states that “evidence may be excluded

if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice.” Specifically, Mr. Bailey accuses the government of proffering the

evidence for no other reason than “to make the Defendant look bad in the eyes of

the jury.” Appellant’s Br. at 44. Further, Mr. Bailey notes that “[n]othing could

be more damaging to a Defendant charged with a drug conspiracy, than to show

that he committed another drug conspiracy, or ran a ‘drug house,’ even though

unrelated.” Id. at 45.

There are at least two significant hurdles for a person seeking preclusion

under Rule 403: (1) to show not only prejudice, but unfair prejudice, and (2) to
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show that the danger of any unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the probative

value of the evidence. 

Mr. Bailey has not surmounted either of these hurdles. While it may be

true that the government succeeds in making a defendant “look bad” when it

properly introduces evidence of other wrongful acts under Rule 404(b), there is no

reason to believe in this case that such prejudice against Mr. Bailey was unfair. 

Furthermore, Mr. Bailey has not shown that the probative value of the evidence is

substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect, fair or unfair. The introduction

of drug paraphernalia allegedly belonging to Mr. Bailey had probative value

because it established that Mr. Bailey knew of and was involved in the drug

conspiracy. The district court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the

evidence.

C. 

Finally, Mr. Bailey argues that his sentence violates United States v.

Booker, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005). He asks that his sentence be vacated and that his

case be remanded to the district court for resentencing. Since Mr. Bailey did not

raise this argument to the district court, we review this claim under a plain error

standard. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 769 (stating that not

every appeal should be remanded for resentencing “because we expect reviewing

courts to . . . determin[e] . . . whether the issue was raised below and whether it
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fails under the ‘plain error’ test”). Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2)

that is plain, which (3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) affects the

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. United States v.

Gonzales-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 732 (10th Cir. 2005).

In Booker, the Court held, with respect to the Federal Sentencing

Guidelines, that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to

support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by

a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a

jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Booker, 125 U.S. at 756. To remedy this

constitutional infirmity created by applying judge-found facts to mandatory

sentencing guidelines, the Court severed the provision of the federal sentencing

statute making application of the Guidelines mandatory. Id. at 764 (excising 18

U.S.C. § 3553(b)(1)).

Mr. Bailey argues that the particular fact in his case that should have been

proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt is his age. He argues that the

probation officer and the judge “assumed his age to be over 18” without hearing

any evidence on the issue. Appellant’s Supp. Br. at 10. This finding affected his

sentence because he received an enhancement under the “Career Offender”

provision. One of the requirements of the “Career Offender” provision is that the

defendant must be at least eighteen years old at the time of the instant offense of
2Even absent this candid admission by the defendant, we may state with a

fair degree of confidence that Mr. Bailey was older than eighteen at the time of

the instant offense. The list of his adult criminal convictions, as found in the presentence report, includes convictions as early as 1966. Even supposing he began

his criminal career as an infant, the fact that he had been born by 1966 leads to

the conclusion that he was older than eighteen in 2002.

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conviction. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a). Absent a jury finding of his age, Mr. Bailey

argues, the district court is not allowed to apply the “Career Offender” provision. 

The argument is unavailing because Mr. Bailey admitted his age during his

sentencing hearing. Mr. Bailey’s counsel stated, “Your Honor, Mr. Bailey is not a

young man, he is 56 years old.”2 R. Vol. II at 13. Facts that are admitted by the

defendant need not be proven to a jury for purposes of sentencing enhancements. 

Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 756. Therefore, the district court did not violate the Sixth

Amendment in making the finding of age.

Mr. Bailey also argues that the district court committed non-constitutional

Booker error, that is, it consulted the Guidelines as mandatory when sentencing

Mr. Bailey. The district court’s mandatory application of the Guidelines was

erroneous in light of Booker, and since that error is plain at the time of appellate

review, Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 468 (1997), the second prong is

also met. Thus, as in Gonzalez-Huerta, the primary issue is whether the

defendant can satisfy the third and fourth prongs of plain error review. GonzalezHuerta, 403 F.3d at 732.
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We need not resolve whether Mr. Bailey has met his burden of showing an

effect on his substantial rights if he cannot also show that the error seriously

affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. See

United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 632-33 (2002); Gonzalez-Huerta , 403 F.3d

at 736. This Court has observed that “[w]hether the district court would simply

reimpose the same sentence on remand, or whether instead the sentence ‘would

likely change to a significant degree if [the case] were returned to the district

court for discretionary resentencing,’ is one factor to consider in determining

whether the defendant can satisfy the fourth plain-error prong.” United States v.

Lawrence, ___ F.3d ___, 2005 WL 906582 at *12 (10th Cir. Apr. 20, 2005)

(quoting Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d at 743–44 (Ebel, J., concurring)) (alteration

appears in original). 

The district court did not make any comment that could be construed as

expressing dissatisfaction with Mr. Bailey’s sentence, nor were there any facts in

the record to suggest a reasonable probability that the district court would have

exercised its discretion to depart from the Guidelines. Cf. United States v.

Trujillo-Terrazas, ___ F.3d ___, 2005 WL 880896 at *5 (10th Cir. Apr. 13, 2005)

(reversing on plain error review where the defendant “present[ed] a compelling

case that objective consideration of the § 3553(a) factors warrant[ed] a departure,

and perhaps a significant departure, from the sentence suggested by the
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Guidelines”). To the contrary, the district court’s decision to sentence him to 236

months, the middle of the applicable Guideline range of 210-262 months, is a

strong indication that the district court felt that the sentence was appropriate. Mr.

Bailey therefore has not met his burden under the fourth prong of plain error

review. See Lawrence, 2005 WL 906582 at *5.

III.

The judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District

of Oklahoma is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court, 

Michael W. McConnell

Circuit Judge