Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-15-00808-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF S.L.S., S.S., S.L.S., Children

From the 406th Judicial District Court, Webb County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2012-CVL-000402-D4

Honorable H. Paul Canales, Judge Presiding1

Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice

Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: June 1, 2016

AFFIRMED

Christopher S. appeals the trial court’s termination of his parental rights to S.L.S. (born in 

March 2004), S.S. (born in March 2005), and S.L. (born in September 2006). Christopher argues 

(1) the trial court erred by excluding Christopher from participating at trial; (2) the trial court erred 

by finding his incarceration to be a ground for termination because the Department did not plead 

that ground; (3) there is legally and factually insufficient evidence that he endangered the children; 

and (4) there is legally and factually insufficient evidence that termination of his parental rights is 

in the children’s best interest.2 We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

 1 Sitting by assignment. 

2 Christopher’s brief notes the trial court failed to timely commence the trial on the merits under Texas Family Code 

section 263.401. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.401 (West Supp. 2015). Christopher does not raise this as an issue or 

point for review and failed to make a timely motion for dismissal based on the trial court’s failure to timely commence 

trial. See id. § 263.402 (West 2014) (providing complaint about untimely commencement of trial is waived if no 

motion to dismiss is made); TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f). 
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BACKGROUND

The Department of Family and Protective Services filed a petition for conservatorship and 

to terminate Christopher’s parental rights3 to the three children. At a bench trial, Department 

investigators Elia Garcia, Jose Enrique Gonzalez, and Miriam Aco testified, as did the children’s 

therapist Belen Cantu, the children’s foster mother Julia, and the children’s paternal grandmother 

Sigrid. The trial court also admitted a certified copy of Christopher’s convictions from the State 

of Hawaii. Because Christopher was incarcerated during the trial, he participated by telephone. 

The trial court disconnected the telephone line during trial “because [Christopher] was disrupting 

the hearing.” 

The trial court signed an order terminating Christopher’s parental rights to the children and 

appointed the Department permanent managing conservator. The trial court found by clear and 

convincing evidence that termination of Christopher’s parental rights is in the children’s best 

interest, Christopher endangered the children’s well-being, and Christopher knowingly engaged in 

criminal conduct resulting in his conviction, imprisonment, and inability to care for the children

for at least two years. Christopher appeals.

NOT ALLOWING CHRISTOPHER TO PARTICIPATE AT TRIAL

Christopher argues the trial court erred by not allowing him to participate at trial.

Christopher was represented by counsel at trial, and Christopher appeared by telephone. At the 

beginning of the proceeding, the trial court admonished Christopher that if he interrupted the 

hearing, he would not be allowed to participate. The trial court warned Christopher again several 

minutes later. The trial court subsequently found Christopher was disrupting the hearing, and the 

judge stated he was severing the telephone connection. Christopher responded, “Okay.” 

 3 The Department also requested termination of the parental rights of the children’s mother, who filed an affidavit of 

relinquishment and who has not appealed the trial court’s judgment. 
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Christopher’s attorney did not object and he continued to represent Christopher through the rest of 

trial. To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must make a timely and specific 

objection. In re D.W., No. 04-05-00927-CV, 2006 WL 2263907, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 

Aug. 9, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1). Because Christopher’s attorney

did not object to the trial court’s ruling not to allow Christopher to further participate at trial

because he was disruptive, the complaint has not been preserved for appellate review. See id. 

TERMINATION OF CHRISTOPHER’S PARENTAL RIGHTS

A trial court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if the trial court finds 

by clear and convincing evidence at least one of the statutory grounds for termination and that 

termination is in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b) (West Supp. 2015). 

A judgment terminating parental rights must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. Id.

§ 161.001(b), (c). To determine whether this heightened burden of proof was met, we employ a 

heightened standard of review to determine whether a “factfinder could reasonably form a firm 

belief or conviction about the truth of the State’s allegations.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 

2002). “This standard guards the constitutional interests implicated by termination, while retaining 

the deference an appellate court must have for the factfinder’s role.” In re O.N.H., 401 S.W.3d 

681, 683 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.). We do not reweigh issues of witness credibility 

but defer to the factfinder’s reasonable determinations of credibility. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 

573 (Tex. 2005).

A legal sufficiency review requires us to examine the evidence “in the light most favorable 

to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or 

conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). We assume 

the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could have 

done so, and we disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found 
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incredible. Id. But we may not simply disregard undisputed facts that do not support the finding; 

to do so would not comport with the heightened burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence. 

Id.

When conducting a factual sufficiency review, we evaluate “whether disputed evidence is 

such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its 

finding.” Id. The evidence is factually insufficient “[i]f, in light of the entire record, the disputed 

evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant 

that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction.” Id. Christopher 

challenges both of the trial court’s findings of the grounds for terminating his parental rights and 

the best-interest finding. 

A. Endangerment Ground 

The trial court found Christopher engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children 

with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered the children’s physical or emotional wellbeing. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E). Direct physical abuse may clearly endanger 

a child under subsection (E). In re I.J.A., No. 04-09-00787-CV, 2010 WL 2403728, at *3 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio June 16, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.). Routinely subjecting a child to the 

probability that she will be left alone because her parent is in jail, can also endanger a child’s 

physical and emotional well-being. See In re S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758, 763 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 

1998, pet. denied). “Termination [for endangerment] must be based on not just a single act or

omission, but a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent.” In re E.A.G., 

373 S.W.3d 129, 142 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied).

Investigator Garcia testified she received a call about the children because they were in the 

custody of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Christopher, who had traveled to Mexico with the 

children, had been arrested upon his re-entry into the United States based on an outstanding 
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warrant. The certified copy of Christopher’s convictions shows he is serving a twenty-year 

sentence in Hawaii for first degree promotion of a harmful drug and has another conviction for 

contempt of court. The children’s grandmother Sigrid testified the drug charge was for “possession 

and trafficking” of anabolic steroids. 

Investigator Aco testified she interviewed the children after they were removed from the 

care of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. S.L.S. told Aco that Christopher physically abused 

him, hit him with a closed fist, and “it was to the point that blood was coming out of his ear.” 

S.L.S. also mentioned to Aco that Christopher “grabbed him by the neck and pulled him over.” 

Aco testified S.S. told her Christopher would hit her with a belt on her head and “blood came out,” 

and Christopher’s friend “tried to touch her inappropriately in her private parts on top and under 

the clothes.” Aco stated S.S. specifically referred to her vaginal area. Aco testified S.L. told her 

that Christopher “was aggressive, even though they would not provoke him,” and he used to hit 

them with a belt. Cantu, the children’s therapist, testified S.L.S. told her that Christopher once lost 

his wallet, blamed S.L.S., and started choking S.L.S. S.LS. also told Cantu that Christopher would 

hit them “with things” and choke them. S.S. informed Cantu that Christopher “hit her on the head 

and started bleeding. So then [Christopher] got scared and took [S.S.] into the shower and she just 

saw blood dripping in the shower.”

The trial court could have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that Christopher 

engaged in a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct that endangered the children’s 

physical or emotional well-being. We therefore hold the evidence is legally and factually sufficient 

to support the trial court’s finding of the endangerment ground of termination and need not address 

Christopher’s issue that the Department failed to plead the incarceration ground. See In re A.V.,

113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) (noting a finding of only one ground for termination is sufficient 
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to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s 

best interest). 

B. Best Interest 

Christopher argues there is legally and factually insufficient evidence that termination of 

his parental rights is in the children’s best interest. The best-interest determination is a wideranging inquiry, and the Texas Supreme Court has set out some factors relevant to the 

determination:

• the desires of the child;

• the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future;

• the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;

• the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

• the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of 

the child;

• the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody;

• the stability of the home or proposed placement;

• the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing parentchild relationship is not a proper one; and

• any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976). The list is not exhaustive, and not every factor 

must be proved to find that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. 

Evidence of only one factor may be sufficient for a factfinder to form a reasonable belief or 

conviction that termination is in the child’s best interest—especially when undisputed evidence 

shows that the parental relationship endangered the child’s safety. Id. “Evidence that the parent 

has committed the acts or omissions prescribed by section 161.001 may also be probative in 

determining the child’s best interest; but the mere fact that an act or omission occurred in the past 

does not ipso facto prove that termination is currently in the child’s best interest.” In re O.N.H., 

401 S.W.3d at 684 (internal citation omitted).
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In addition to the evidence that Christopher endangered the children’s well-being, there 

was other evidence of Holley factors supporting the trial court’s best-interest finding. Although 

Cantu testified the children told her they loved their father, Cantu testified the children told her 

they were scared of him and did not want to live with him. Julia, the children’s foster mother, also 

testified the children were afraid of Christopher. Sigrid testified she received two letters from 

S.L.S. and S.S. stating “they wanted to stay with their foster mom because she took very good care 

of them and they loved her.” 

Cantu testified that when the children (who were ages five, six, and seven) first started 

therapy, they were unable to read or write. Investigator Garcia testified Christopher had not 

enrolled the children in school, but after the children were placed with their foster mother, Julia, 

the children learned how to read and were doing well in school. Julia testified she “had a very hard 

time” with the children because “[t]hey had no structure . . . . [T]hey fought a lot, argued a lot, 

physically fighting with each other.” She testified that for the first three months, the children would 

all sleep in S.L.S.’s bed “and they were all like sleeping in a corner. I couldn’t tell whose leg was 

whose because they were like in a little ball.” 

Investigators Gonzalez and Garcia testified Christopher would not provide the Department 

with the names of any relatives for placement of the children. Christopher told Gonzalez he did 

not like his family and thought they had “too many personal problems of their own.” He also would 

not give the Department his home address and instead told Garcia that he travelled throughout the 

U.S., from Illinois to Colorado to Hawaii. Gonzalez also testified Christopher would not provide 

specific information about where he and the children had lived because it might be used against 

him in his criminal case. Garcia testified the children also “didn’t give me any further names of 

family” and did not know where their mother was. Aco testified the children “were unable to tell 

us exactly where they were living” and S.L.S. told her “they were living from hotel to hotel” and 
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“basically did not have a stable life.” We hold the trial court could have reasonably formed a firm 

belief or conviction that termination of Christopher’s parental rights is in the children’s best 

interest. 

CONCLUSION

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice