RENDERED: JUNE 28, 2024; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2023-CA-0202-MR

CAROL OTIS GOODWIN APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM MONTGOMERY CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE JENIFFER B. NEICE, SPECIAL JUDGE

ACTION NO. 20-CI-00082

REBECCA MASON APPELLEES

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: LAMBERT, MCNEILL, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

TAYLOR, JUDGE: Carol Otis Goodwin appeals from orders entered December 

16, 2022, January 20, 2023, and February 14, 2023, by the Montgomery Circuit 

Court awarding primary residential custodianship of L.T.M., a minor child (Child), 

to Child’s biological mother, Rebecca Mason (Mother). Finding no error, we 

affirm.
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I. BACKGROUND

Mother gave birth to Child, a male, on April 19, 2017. Child’s father 

is deceased. Prior to Child’s birth and for over two years thereafter, Mother 

suffered from an extensive drug abuse problem. Mother began seeking treatment 

for her problem at various rehabilitation facilities in 2018, and Goodwin – a close 

family friend – cared for Child during his Mother’s treatment. By March of 2019, 

Goodwin was financially supporting Child and caring for him at least five days per 

week at her residence in Mount Sterling, Kentucky. In February 2020, Mother 

overdosed on heroin, was hospitalized, and ultimately checked into a new 

rehabilitation facility, Hope City, located in Barbourville, Kentucky. In July of 

2020, Mother contacted Goodwin to inform her that she would be coming soon to 

pick up Child so that Child could reside with her at a Hope City transitional house 

for women during her rehabilitation. 

On July 27, 2020, Goodwin initiated this action in Montgomery 

Circuit Court, seeking custody of Child. On July 28, 2020, Goodwin secured an 

order from the court granting her emergency custody of Child. By order entered 

November 9, 2020, Goodwin was declared Child’s de facto custodian and awarded 

sole temporary custody, which she retained for roughly the next two years over the 

course of the ensuing custody proceedings. Goodwin’s de facto custodian status is 

not at issue in this appeal. Mother was initially granted and exercised six hours of 
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visitation with Child each Saturday, and eventually granted overnights with him 

until she completed rehab a few months later. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 

late 2020 and 2021, Mother visited Child through video conferencing and by 

telephone. In August of 2021, Mother was granted in person visitation (supervised 

by her brother) every other weekend. After December 2021, Mother was granted 

unsupervised visitation every other weekend. During this time, Mother remained 

sober and drug-free.

Following the October 27, 2022, final custody hearing, the circuit 

court named Goodwin and Mother joint custodians of Child. Further, it named 

Mother the primary residential parent and awarded Goodwin timesharing with 

Child. These determinations were memorialized in the circuit court’s findings of 

fact, conclusions of law, and judgment entered on December 16, 2022. On January 

20, 2023, in response to Goodwin’s Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR) 59.05 

motion, the circuit entered an amended order with additional findings but 

otherwise left its ruling intact. Due to clerical errors in the January 20, 2023,

order, a final agreed order was entered February 14, 2023. This appeal followed. 

Additional relevant facts will be discussed in our analysis.

II. ISSUES ON APPEAL

Goodwin does not dispute on appeal the circuit court’s award of joint 

custody to Goodwin and Mother. Likewise, Goodwin’s de facto custodian status 
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under Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 403.270 is not at issue on appeal. Rather, 

the primary gist of Goodwin’s arguments looks to the court’s determination that 

Mother be designated as primary residential parent for Child, with Goodwin 

receiving inadequate timesharing.1

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

In this case, the circuit court conducted an evidentiary hearing and 

made detailed findings of fact. Accordingly, to begin our review, we are guided by 

CR 52.01 whereupon the circuit court’s findings of fact will not be disturbed 

unless clearly erroneous. Frances v. Frances, 266 S.W.3d 754, 756 (Ky. 2008). 

Findings of fact are not clearly erroneous if supported by substantial evidence of a 

probative value. Id. at 756. And, the lower court is in the best position to resolve 

issues of conflicting evidence and then determine what is in the child’s best 

interests. Id. If the findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence, the 

court’s decision will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Id.

Additionally, since this case looks to an initial custody determination, 

the designation of Mother as primary residential parent is governed by the best 

interests of the child standard of KRS 403.270(2). Frances, 266 S.W.3d at 756; 

1 The issue of time-sharing in a joint custody situation was addressed by the Kentucky Supreme 

Court in Pennington v. Marcum, 266 S.W.3d 759 (Ky. 2008). In Pennington, the Court 

identified a subset of joint custody, referred to as “shared custody.” Id. at 764. In a shared 

custody arrangement, the parents have joint legal custody, but one parent is designated the 

primary residential parent and the other typically exercises time-sharing with the child.
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Chappell v. Chappell, 312 S.W.3d 364, 366 (Ky. App. 2010). Although KRS 

403.270(2) does not include a definition of “best interests,” it does provide a 

nonexclusive list of relevant factors to be considered in a best interests 

determination. KRS 403.270(2) reads as follows: 

The court shall determine custody in accordance 

with the best interests of the child and equal 

consideration shall be given to each parent and to any de 

facto custodian. Subject to KRS 403.315, there shall be a 

presumption, rebuttable by a preponderance of evidence, 

that joint custody and equally shared parenting time is in 

the best interest of the child. If a deviation from equal 

parenting time is warranted, the court shall construct a 

parenting time schedule which maximizes the time each 

parent or de facto custodian has with the child and is 

consistent with ensuring the child’s welfare. The court 

shall consider all relevant factors including:

(a) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents, and any 

de facto custodian, as to his or her custody;

(b) The wishes of the child as to his or her custodian, 

with due consideration given to the influence a parent 

or de facto custodian may have over the child’s wishes;

(c) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with 

his or her parent or parents, his or her siblings, and any 

other person who may significantly affect the child’s 

best interests;

(d) The motivation of the adults participating in the 

custody proceeding;

(e) The child’s adjustment and continuing proximity to 

his or her home, school, and community;
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(f) The mental and physical health of all individuals 

involved;

(g) A finding by the court that domestic violence and 

abuse, as defined in KRS 403.720, has been committed 

by one (1) of the parties against a child of the parties or 

against another party. The court shall determine the 

extent to which the domestic violence and abuse has 

affected the child and the child’s relationship to each 

party, with due consideration given to efforts made by a 

party toward the completion of any domestic violence 

treatment, counseling, or program;

(h) The extent to which the child has been cared for, 

nurtured, and supported by any de facto custodian;

(i) The intent of the parent or parents in placing the child 

with a de facto custodian;

(j) The circumstances under which the child was placed 

or allowed to remain in the custody of a de facto 

custodian, including whether the parent now seeking 

custody was previously prevented from doing so as a 

result of domestic violence as defined in KRS 

403.720 and whether the child was placed with a de 

facto custodian to allow the parent now seeking custody 

to seek employment, work, or attend school; and

(k) The likelihood a party will allow the child frequent, 

meaningful, and continuing contact with the other 

parent or de facto custodian, except that the court shall 

not consider this likelihood if there is a finding that the 

other parent or de facto custodian engaged in domestic 

violence and abuse, as defined in KRS 403.720, against 

the party or a child and that a continuing relationship 

with the other parent will endanger the health or safety 

of either that party or the child.
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In summation, our review of the circuit court’s application of the best 

interests of the child factors set out in KRS 403.270(2) to the facts of this case is 

limited to whether the findings of the circuit court were clearly erroneous or the 

court abused it discretion in naming Mother as primary residential parent for Child.

ANALYSIS

Based on our thorough review of the record below, the circuit court 

clearly addressed the factors set out in KRS 403.270(2). The circuit court analyzed 

the statutory factors relevant to this case and weighed some more heavily than 

others in its final order of custody. For example, factors (a) and (g) were given 

little consideration because the wishes of Mother and Goodwin were opposed

regarding primary residential custodianship; both parties disagree over Child’s best 

interests, but love Child and have his best interests at heart; and there is no 

evidence of domestic violence. KRS 403.270(2). Regarding factor (c), it is 

uncontested that Child has good relationships with the extended families of both 

parties, and that it was in his best interest for those relationships to continue. KRS 

403.270(2).

Goodwin asserts the circuit court erred by declining to consider factor 

(b). KRS 403.270(2). However, no abuse of discretion is evident in that respect

because the evidence adduced was far from compelling. At the time of the final 

hearing, Child was six years old and, as the circuit court noted in its order, the 
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parties did not request the court to interview Child in camera due to his age. The 

only other evidence adduced regarding Child’s wishes originated from hearsay 

testimony offered by his therapist, Cathy Jo Turner, which the court gave little 

weight. 

Regarding factor (f), the circuit court stated it “was not provided any 

information which causes concern about the mental and physical health of the 

Parties aside from [Mother’s] history of substance abuse[.]” January 20, 2023, 

Order at 5. There is no dispute that Mother has been sober and drug-free since 

February 28, 2020, and Goodwin does not otherwise take issue with her health. 

However, Goodwin makes two contentions regarding this factor relative to Child. 

First, she asserts the circuit court was provided ample information regarding how 

Child’s mental health would be negatively impacted by a change of primary 

residential custodianship, namely, the testimony and reports proffered by Turner. 

As the circuit court recognized, however, Turner’s evidence was of limited value. 

In its dispositive order, the circuit court accurately summarized Turner’s evidence 

as follows:

Cathy Turner testified that she was acting as a play 

therapist for [Child] since September 2020 when he was 

3 years old. Her information from [Child] is limited due 

to his age but she observes him to be oriented to person 

and place and that they engage in nondirective play. Ms. 

Turner testified to observing a good relationship between 

[Goodwin] and [Child]; Ms. Turner has never observed 

[Child] with [Mother]. Ms. Turner stated that a complete 
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rupture of the bond between the child and [Goodwin] 

would be harmful. Ms. Turner further testified that she 

had diagnosed [Child] with adjustment disorder with 

anxiety, however, that was just for insurance billing 

purposes and that [Child] was too young to make a true 

diagnosis.

January 20, 2023, Order at 2-3. And, we are mindful that CR 52.01 clearly 

provides that this Court shall give “due regard” to the court below in weighing the 

credibility of the witness. Obviously, the court had little regard for Turner’s 

assessment of Child’s mental health.

Second, relevant to factor (f) of KRS 403.270(2), Goodwin argues the 

circuit court “failed to even analyze or acknowledge the fact that by awarding 

primary custody of [Child] to [Mother], the therapeutic relationship between 

[Child] and his therapist, Cathy Turner, which has been ongoing since September 

2020, would be severed and end, or the affect that would have on L.M.’s mental 

health.” Goodwin’s Brief at 14. However, Goodwin failed to raise this issue

below in either her CR 59.05 motion or in a request for additional findings 

pursuant to CR 52.02. Goodwin also cites nothing of record supporting that 

Mother would disallow therapy in the future, or that ceasing play therapy – which 

had been occurring at a frequency of one session every three weeks – would have a 

detrimental effect upon Child’s mental state. Thus, we will not consider this 

argument on appeal. See CR 52.04.
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Next, Goodwin asserts the circuit court should have given more 

weight than it did to factors (e) and (h). KRS 403.270(2). In that vein, the circuit 

court observed in its order that while residing with Goodwin in Mount Sterling

since at least March of 2019, Child has had a suitable home, been enrolled in 

preschool, involved in soccer, has actively participated at Goodwin’s church, and 

has adjusted well to Goodwin’s community. Conversely, between November 2021 

and entry of the circuit court’s final custody order in December of 2022, Child has 

only spent two weekends per month with Mother in Barbourville and had less 

interaction or involvement with Mother’s community.

But, the circuit court considered these factors and weighed them

consistently within its sound discretion. Child’s lack of involvement with 

Mother’s community was, as indicated, largely a product of a prior court-ordered 

temporary arrangement. The circuit court also credited Mother’s evidence that she 

has an adequate support network, maintains steady employment, and is thus able to 

provide financial support and a suitable home2for Child in Barbourville. 

Furthermore, the court gave weight to evidence indicating that Goodwin’s custody 

of the Child had negatively affected Child’s relationship with Mother and her 

family. This evidence included the distance between their residences (roughly 

2 Mother did not divulge her address to appellant until the day before the final hearing, but a

Cabinet for Health and Family Services investigator testified that Mother’s home had been 

inspected and deemed suitable for Child.
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two-and-a-half-hour drive between Mount Sterling and Barbourville) and the 

acrimonious relationship Goodwin currently has with Mother. The court found 

that Mother has extended family who live near her in Barbourville and can assist 

her with childcare. 

This leads to the crux of why the circuit court ultimately designated 

Mother as primary residential parent: The motivations of the parties when the 

custody relationship was initiated with Goodwin in 2018 and the likelihood that the 

parties would allow Child frequent, meaningful, and continuing contact with one 

another (i.e., factors (d) and (k) of KRS 403.270(2)). The circuit court summarized 

the relevant evidence as follows:

9. [Mother] testified that she felt misled by [Goodwin] as 

she had always told her that [Child] belonged with his 

mother and was supportive of her recovery until she was 

ready to transition [Child] back to living with her in 

Barbourville, Kentucky.

. . .

13. Both Parties testified that [Mother] was in active 

addiction when [Goodwin] offered to assist her and 

[Child]. When [Mother] allowed [Goodwin] to provide 

care for the child it appears they both believed that when 

[Mother] was in recovery that [Child] would return to her 

care and control. However, [Goodwin] testified that she 

believed that [Mother] would relocate near her home in 

Mt. Sterling so that she could continue to be a part of 

[Child’s] life.

14. [Goodwin] testified that [Mother] was like a daughter 

to her and she was initially motivated to assist her in her 
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recovery and in raising [Child]. However, after some 

time her primary concern [became] [Child’s] best interest 

and that she did not feel it was beneficial to him to 

relocate so far away.

15. [Mother] testified that she had never lived in Mt. 

Sterling and did not intend to move there. She testified 

that she was concerned that the Lexington area would be 

a trigger for her substance abuse, and she is confident in 

her continued sobriety if she remains near [her] family 

and recovery support systems.

January 20, 2023, Order at 4.

Consistent with the evidence, the circuit court found the parties’ sole 

motivation for initially and voluntarily placing Child with Goodwin in 2018 was to 

permit Mother to resolve her substance abuse problem and achieve sobriety. 

Mother assumed Child would be returned to her at that time. However, Goodwin’s 

motivation for subsequently filing the instant custody proceeding had less to do 

with Mother’s demonstrated sobriety, and more to do with the fact that Mother 

wanted to resume her parental role with Child in a different city, which Goodwin 

objected to. And, Goodwin’s seeming about-face in motivation for retaining 

custody of Child had caused her relationship with Mother to deteriorate.

This deterioration was a point of concern for the circuit court because, 

as the circuit court also found, it affected Goodwin’s willingness or ability to allow 

Child “to bond freely with [Mother] and to allow frequent and meaningful contact 

with [Mother].” January 20, 2023, Order at 6. After Mother began having court-
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ordered, unsupervised visitation, Goodwin also repeatedly accused Mother of 

relapsing, and made two reports of what she suspected was Mother’s abuse of 

Child, neither of which was substantiated. Goodwin also testified that Mother and 

her family could visit Child “any time,” but as of the final hearing, the only 

timesharing she was willing to concede to Mother was supervised, in Mount

Sterling, every other weekend. 

However, as previously stated, we are limited in reviewing the record 

on appeal to whether this circuit court’s ruling in favor of Mother was clearly 

erroneous or constituted an abuse of discretion. See Jones v. Livesay, 551 S.W.3d 

47, 51 (Ky. App. 2018). Here, the record reflects the circuit court gave equal 

consideration to Goodwin and Mother. The court thoroughly considered the best 

interests of Child consistent with KRS 403.270(2), and substantial evidence of 

record supported the court’s ultimate decision in favor of Mother. The court 

concluded as determinative factors, “that equal parenting time is not in the best 

interest of the child due to the distance between the residences of the Parties as 

well as the motivation of the adults in the proceeding as well as the intentions of 

placement with [Goodwin].” January 20, 2023, Order at 6. We find no abuse of 

discretion or clear error in the court’s factual findings on this issue or ruling.

The final issue raised by Goodwin is her contention that, contrary to 

KRS 403.270(2), the circuit court did not “construct a parenting time schedule 
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which maximizes the time each parent or de facto custodian has with the child and 

is consistent with ensuring the child’s welfare.” As set forth in her brief, she 

hereby submits that pursuant to KRS 403.270(2) she 

should be entitled to far more timesharing with [Child]

[than] 2 weekends a month, 15 days during the Summer 

and 7 days a year for holidays. To maximize the time 

each party has with the child, since [Mother] has the 

child during the week during the entire school year, 

[Goodwin] could be granted at least a few more 

weekends than [Mother]. Similarly, if [Mother] has the 

child during the week during the entire school year, then 

that leaves the entire Summer available, not just 15 days. 

At a minimum, [Goodwin] and [Mother] could alternate 

weeks all Summer or split the Summer in half as opposed 

to [Goodwin] having only 15 days all Summer long. 

Likewise, for holidays, there is simply no reason that 

[Goodwin] and [Mother] cannot alternate every holiday 

besides Christmas and equally divide the Christmas break 

from school, instead of [Goodwin] just receiving one 

week during only the Christmas break.

Goodwin’s Brief at 18-19 (emphasis added).

We have emphasized the word “hereby” in the above quote because 

this issue was not raised below and is argued for the first time on appeal. Goodwin

did not request additional findings regarding the circuit court’s parenting time 

schedule, nor does she cite when, or in what manner, she contested its 

appropriateness below.3 Accordingly, this issue has not been properly preserved 

3 Carol Otis Goodwin’s brief does not provide a statement regarding the record below showing 

when and where this issue was properly preserved for review on appeal as required by Kentucky 

Rules of Appellate Procedure 32(A)(4). 
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for review on appeal. CR 52.04; Johnson v. Johnson, 232 S.W.3d 571, 575 (Ky.

App. 2007). See also Anderson v. Johnson, 350 S.W.3d 453, 458 (Ky. 2011)

(explaining “a judge must make findings of fact and not address the matter in a 

perfunctory manner, but if he misses only some key fact in his findings, the litigant 

must assist the court in its good faith efforts to comply with the rule [CR 52.04] by 

requesting that specific finding.” (Emphasis added)). Regardless of Goodwin’s 

failure to properly preserve this issue for review, we nonetheless conclude the 

circuit court sufficiently complied with KRS 403.270(2) regarding timesharing.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons and grounds stated, the orders rendered by 

the Montgomery Circuit Court on December 16, 2022, January 20, 2023, and 

February 14, 2023, in the Montgomery Circuit Court are affirmed.

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:

Stephen E. Neal

Mount Sterling, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE, REBECCA 

MASON:

Kaye L. Leighton

Mount Sterling, Kentucky