1 Pursuant to Local Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this

opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited

circumstances set forth in Local Rule 47.5.4.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

_______________________

No. 95-40678

_______________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

ALEJANDRO N. COVARRUBIAS,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

(C-95-CR-75-1)

_________________________________________________________________

August 12, 1996

Before KING, JONES, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges:

PER CURIAM:1

Defendant Alejandro N. Covarrubias (“Covarrubias”)

appeals his conviction for knowingly and willfully attempting to

export weapons from the United States to Mexico without obtaining

a license from the Office of Defense Trade Controls in violation of

22 U.S.C. §§ 2778(b)(2) and (c) and 22 C.F.R. §§ 121.1, 123.1, and

127.1(a)(1). Because this court concludes that the evidence
2 Covarrubias was stopped on Highway 77, which comes within

approximately one-half mile from the American border with Mexico.

2

presented at trial was sufficient to support the jury’s guilty

verdict, Covarrubias’s conviction is AFFIRMED.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Covarrubias was pulled over by Robstown, Texas, Police

Officer Albert Stout (“Stout”) on March 19, 1995 for failing to

display a front license plate and for a malfunctioning taillight on

his late model Chevrolet dually pickup truck.2 As Stout approached

the vehicle, he noticed a gas filler hose protruding from near the

left double-rear tires of the truck and also detected the odor of

fresh paint in this area. 

Officer Stout began to inquire about Covarrubias’s truck

and his destination; the two conversed primarily in Spanish. Stout

immediately noticed that Covarrubias was very nervous, gripping the

steering wheel tightly with both hands, avoiding eye contact, and

speaking in a low, stammering voice. Furthermore, Covarrubias

responded inconsistently to Stout’s inquiries regarding his

destination. For instance, Covarrubias initially responded that he

was traveling from Dallas, Texas to Matamoros, Mexico, to visit his

father; subsequently, however, he claimed that he was actually

traveling to visit his brother in Mexico and that his father had

been dead for five years. Covarrubias also assured Stout during
3 During trial, the parties stipulated that the following firearms

found in the gas tank are listed on the United States Munitions List and require

an individual to obtain a permit from the Office of Defense Trade Controls before

exporting such weapons: a Commando Arms .9 millimeter rifle; an Interarms .22

caliber; a Springfield .22 caliber rifle; a Smith & Wesson .357 caliber revolver;

as well as .25 caliber, .357 caliber, .44 caliber, and .38 caliber ammunition.

3

their conversation that his truck had been painted over a year ago,

that it had working dual fuel tanks, and that the hose protruding

from the truck was merely a homemade valve designed to fix the

truck’s broken fuel switch. When asked to demonstrate the use of

this homemade valve, Covarrubias suggested that the makeshift fuel

switch was not yet operational.

Confronted with a myriad of inconsistent and suspicious

information, Stout requested that Covarrubias step outside his

pickup as Stout prepared a citation for the vehicle violations.

After giving Covarrubias the citation, Stout informed Covarrubias

that he was free to leave, but also sought consent to search the

pickup truck, expressing misgivings about what Covarrubias might be

carrying. Covarrubias provided both oral and written consent to

the search.

Officer Stout’s search of the vehicle revealed that the

gas tank hose was not connected to the left tank and that this tank

sounded solid when hit. After securing the assistance of a wrecker

service, Stout and another officer, Danny Flores (“Flores”),

supervised the mechanic’s removal of the left fuel tank from the

truck. When the tank was opened, the officers discovered a

camouflage flak jacket, ammunition, several firearms,3 and various
4

weaponry paraphernalia. 

The officers read Covarrubias his constitutional rights

and placed him under arrest. While in transit to the police

station, Covarrubias offered the explanation that he was traveling

to Mexico in order to give the firearms to relatives because his

girlfriend would no longer tolerate the guns in their house.

Later that afternoon, Covarrubias waived his rights and

agreed to an interview with Customs Special Agent Monte Price

(“Price”). Stout was present during the interview and testified

that Price asked Covarrubias if he knew that it was illegal to move

the firearms to Mexico, and Covarrubias answered that “he knew that

it was illegal to cross them without notifying the proper

authorities,” both in the United States and Mexico. Stout further

testified that Covarrubias explained that he had no intention of

reporting the firearms to any border authorities whatsoever, and

that he had hidden the weapons in the fuel tank in order to conceal

them “from the Mexican and American police.” Covarrubias also

expressed relief that he was arrested in the United States, since

he feared retribution from Mexican law enforcement. 

One of the translators assisting in Price’s interview of

Covarrubias was Police Officer Jesse Garcia (“Garcia”). Garcia

testified that Covarrubias explained during the interview that he

had resided in the United States for approximately fifteen years

and that he had not been in Mexico during the last eight to ten
5

years. Covarrubias also represented that he owned the pickup truck

in which the weapons had been concealed and that he had purchased

these firearms in Grand Prairie, Texas, and in Dallas. Garcia

further testified that Covarrubias told Price that he had hidden

the firearms in the fuel tank “[b]ecause he knew it was illegal to

transport the weapons across into Mexico and he didn’t want to get

caught . . . [since] it was illegal under U.S. law.” Garcia

recalled that Covarrubias, who “kept repeating that it was against

the law to transport [the firearms] out of the country,” stated

that he did not intend to declare the firearms to authorities at

either border and admitted that he did not have a permit which

would enable him to transport the weapons out of the United States.

Although Garcia testified that the interview included

references to the licensing requirements under American law, he

admitted that Covarrubias was not shown the official Munitions

List, detailing those items for which an export permit from the

Office of Defense Trade Controls is required. Rather, as Garcia

explained, “[t]he only thing that we, I asked him was one of the

questions that Agent Price asked him and it was if he knew it was

against the law and that he needed to declare [the weapons] . . .

and he said yes, he knew it was against the law . . . .” However,

Garcia also testified that Covarrubias understood the illegality of

transporting the weapons to Mexico, noting that Covarrubias “stated

that . . . he knew it was against the law to just transport the

weapons out of the country into Mexico.”
6

Agent Price corroborated the testimony of the other

officers, explaining that Covarrubias admitted that he did not

intend to declare the concealed firearms at the U.S. border because

“he knew it was against the law for him to take the weapons into

Mexico and he did not want to be hindered in his attempts to get

the guns into Mexico.” Covarrubias also acknowledged that he did

not have approval from any American authorities to transport the

firearms into Mexico and that “[h]e knew it was against . . . U.S.

law not to declare these weapons to U.S. Customs.”

Other evidence adduced at trial demonstrated that,

despite his claim that he had not traveled to Mexico during the

last eight to ten years, Covarrubias owned another vehicle that had

crossed into Mexico four times in March of 1993 and once in March

of 1994. At each of those border crossings, signs were prominently

displayed that both explained the requirement to declare to the

U.S. Customs Service all firearms, firearm hardware, and ammunition

and warned that it would be unlawful to export such items without

obtaining the required license or written approval. 

After the government rested its case against Covarrubias,

he moved for judgment of acquittal contending that the government

had failed to prove that he had the requisite knowledge of the

statutory duty to obtain a license or written approval before

attempting to leave the United States with weapons listed on the

Munitions List. The district court denied the motion and, after

the jury convicted Covarrubias, sentenced him to serve 15 months of
7

imprisonment. 

DISCUSSION

Covarrubias contends that the evidence was insufficient

to sustain his conviction for willfully attempting to export

without a license firearms on the United States Munitions List

because the government did not demonstrate that he had knowledge of

the duty to obtain such authorization. As this court has

frequently explained, when considering the sufficiency of the

evidence underlying a conviction, 

[i]t is not necessary that the evidence

exclude every reasonable hypothesis of

innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every

conclusion except that of guilt, provided a

reasonable trier of fact could find that the

evidence establishes guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt. A jury is free to choose among

reasonable constructions of the evidence.

United States v. Bell, 678 F.2d 547, 549 (5th Cir. 1982) (en banc),

aff’d, 462 U.S. 356, 103 S. Ct. 2398 (1983). The evidence and

reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence are viewed in the

light most favorable to the government. Id.

To sustain a conviction under 22 U.S.C. § 2778, the

government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant

willfully exported or attempted to export defense articles that are

on the United States Munitions List without a license. See United

States v. Ortiz-Loya, 777 F.2d 973, 980 (5th Cir. 1985); United

States v. Murphy, 852 F.2d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 1988). Hence, the

statute requires the government to prove that the defendant acted
8

with specific intent to violate a known legal duty. United States

v. Hernandez, 662 F.2d 289, 292 (5th Cir. 1981).

Covarrubias contends that the government has not

sufficiently proved that he acted with specific intent because the

government’s evidence demonstrates only a general awareness of the

illegality of his conduct and falls short of establishing that he

was aware of the United States Munitions List or of the duty to

obtain a license in order to export the items listed on it. To

buttress this contention, Covarrubias relies on this court’s

decision in Hernandez. In that case, this court reversed the

defendant’s conviction for willfully exporting weapons on the

Munitions List because the government had failed to prove that the

defendant had voluntarily and intentionally violated a known legal

duty; put differently, the government did not demonstrate specific

intent. Hernandez, 662 F.2d at 291-92. We concluded that the

evidence was not sufficient to demonstrate specific intent, and

emphasized that “[w]hile it is true that Hernandez’ concealment of

the weapons possibly supported a jury finding that he knew his

conduct was unlawful, such a finding falls short of deciding that

he knew he was unlawfully exporting weapons on the Munitions List.”

Id. at 292 (citations omitted). 

But Covarrubias’s reliance on Hernandez is misplaced.

Unlike in Hernandez, the jury in the instant case had ample

evidence from which it could have reasonably concluded that
4 In Hernandez, the only evidence the government introduced at trial

demonstrated that the defendant had purchased several weapons from dealers in El

Paso, had concealed them under the hood of his car, and had attempted to cross

the Stanton Street International Bridge into Juarez, Mexico with the hidden

weapons. Hernandez, 662 F.2d at 290-91. 

9

Covarrubias knowingly attempted to export weapons on the Munitions

List without obtaining either the required license or

authorization.4 For instance, the government presented extensive

and uncontroverted evidence detailing Covarrubias’s efforts to

conceal the weapons in a gas tank of his truck. Furthermore,

Covarrubias made several inconsistent and incriminating statements

before, during, and after his arrest that demonstrate his knowledge

that export of the concealed weapons was unlawful. Covarrubias

also admitted that he had no intention of declaring the weapons

concealed in the gas tank of his truck to authorities on either

side of the border because he knew that it was illegal to transport

the weapons into Mexico. Finally, despite his insistence to the

contrary, Covarrubias owned a vehicle that had crossed the border

at regulated ports of entry on at least five occasions since 1993.

The government proved at trial that the United States Customs

Service displays large signs at these ports of entry that detail

the requirement that a license or other form of express

authorization is needed before articles on the United States

Munitions List can be exported to Mexico. Viewing this evidence

and the other evidence adduced at trial as well as the reasonable

inferences in the light most favorable to the government, the
5 The district court reached a similar conclusion when it denied the

defendant’s motion for acquittal, observing that the evidence at trial was

sufficient to “give to the jury enough basis upon which they could find that

[Covarrubias] was aware of his known legal duty.”

10

evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s conclusion that

Covarrubias knew that either a license or other form of

authorization was required before he could transport the weapons

hidden in his gas tank into Mexico.5

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the evidence is sufficient to

support the jury’s verdict and Covarrubias’s conviction is

AFFIRMED.