Filed 3/10/22 P. v. Johnson CA4/1

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

CHANNEL JOHNSON,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D078243

 (Super. Ct. No. SCD282654)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Sharon B. Majors-Lewis, Judge. Affirmed.

Daniel J. Kessler, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for 

Defendant and Appellant.

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. 

Sevidal and Elizabeth M. Kuchar, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff 

and Respondent.

Channel Johnson stabbed her friend after a verbal argument. Johnson 

contended she was acting in self-defense, but a jury convicted her of 

attempted murder (Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 664; count 1), assault with a 
2

deadly weapon (id., § 245, subd. (a)(1); count 2), and cruelty to a child by 

inflicting mental suffering (id., § 273a, subd. (b); count 3). The jury further 

found that the attempted murder was willful, deliberate and premeditated 

(id., § 189); that Johnson personally used a dangerous and deadly weapon, a 

knife (id., §§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(23), 12022, subd. (b)(1)); and that she 

personally inflicted great bodily injury (id., §§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(8), 12022.7, 

subd. (a)). 

On appeal, Johnson contends the trial court erred when it allowed the 

prosecution to introduce evidence of a prior stabbing incident under Evidence 

Code section 1101, subdivision (b).1 She also contends the trial court erred 

when it denied her motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence

that the victim committed an unrelated assault shortly before Johnson’s trial. 

(Pen. Code, § 1181, subd. (8).) Johnson argues that, even if these errors are 

not prejudicial by themselves, they cumulatively amount to reversible error. 

We find no prejudicial error on this record and affirm the judgment.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Prosecution’s Case

1. Victim K.G.

K.G. has four young children and described her living situation as 

“[h]omeless.” When she testified, she had a scab by her eye, which she said 

was caused when she tripped and slid while playing with her children. She 

admitted she had previously attempted to cash checks that were not hers. 

K.G. testified that she and Johnson were good friends. They went to 

school together when they were younger, and they later lived together at 

1 Unspecified statutory citations are to the Evidence Code.
3

K.G.’s brother’s house. They spent time together every day, and Johnson had 

a good relationship with K.G.’s children. 

In the days leading to the stabbing, K.G. had been sleeping in a car 

with her children. One night, she and her children stayed with Johnson in a 

hotel room. Then K.G. went to stay with another friend and ignored calls and 

messages to her phone. The day before the stabbing, Johnson texted K.G.

saying she was a “bad friend” and a “selfish friend.” 

On June 14, 2018, K.G. and her children were spending time with 

friends near a loading dock. K.G. sat at the top of some stairs with her 

daughter N.C. while the youngest child slept in a stroller and the other 

children played nearby. Around 3:45 p.m., Johnson approached by foot, 

asking K.G. why she did not answer her phone, telling her she was “selfish,” 

that her kids were “dirty,” and that she was going to “fuck [K.G.’s] baby 

daddy.” K.G. told Johnson “[her] kids aren’t dirty,” and she and Johnson

continued to exchange words. At one point, K.G. saw Johnson pull a knife 

from her purse; the knife was “closed” but Johnson “swung it open” and held 

it near her hip. K.G., who had been sitting at the top of the stairs near the 

loading dock, stood and went down the stairs, telling Johnson “ ‘don’t play’ ” 

and “ ‘stop playing.’ ” Johnson and K.G. argued about money, and K.G. threw 

money on the ground, but then picked it up and walked back toward the 

stairs. Johnson came toward K.G. as K.G. backed up toward the stairs; K.G.

grabbed a glass liquor bottle from the ground nearby and threw it at 

Johnson, thinking it would make Johnson drop the knife. Johnson then 

“charged [toward K.G.] and said she was going to kill [her].” K.G. ran into 

the street and Johnson chased her, swinging the knife so close that it cut the 

back of K.G.’s shirt. K.G. ran back to the stairs, but turned and tripped going 

up the stairs, and fell, landing on her back. Her daughter N.C. was standing 
4

nearby holding a bag of chips, and swung the bag at Johnson, who pushed 

her away. Johnson stood over K.G. and said, “ ‘Bitch, I’m going to kill you,’ ” 

and swung at K.G.’s chest with the knife, cutting her twice. Johnson dropped 

the knife; when Johnson moved “like she was going to go for the knife again,”

K.G. slid the knife away. Johnson then ran off. 

K.G. testified she was not drinking at the loading dock but she had “a 

shot of alcohol” earlier in the day. She testified that, in addition to throwing 

the liquor bottle, she may have also thrown a water jug, but she did not 

remember clearly. K.G. testified she did not threaten Johnson or throw 

anything at her before seeing the knife in Johnson’s hand. 

2. Sylvia

Sylvia J., who knew Johnson by the name “Lovely,” testified that she 

and her mother were in a car in the liquor store parking lot when Johnson 

approached the car, saying she would pay them to give her a ride.2 Her 

mother refused and locked the car door. Johnson approached the passenger 

door and again asked if she could get a ride. When Sylvia refused, Johnson 

“took off running.” Sylvia noticed blood on Johnson’s hand and on her 

clothes. Sylvia went around the corner and saw K.G. sitting with her arms 

crossed across her chest, “trying to hold the blood that was coming out of 

her.” Sylvia took two of K.G.’s children across the street because she did not 

“want them seeing their mom like that.” 

3. Eyewitnesses

a. N.C.

K.G.’s seven-year-old daughter N.C. testified that Johnson and her 

mother used to be friends and that she loved Johnson, who was “like an 

2 Evidence established that Johnson had a tattoo on her leg with the 

word “ ‘Lovely.’ ” 
5

auntie” to her. N.C. remembered a time when she had to push Johnson 

“because [Johnson] had a knife in her hand and tried to cut [N.C.’s] mom.” 

N.C. was playing with her siblings and cousins down the street from a liquor

store. Her mother was there talking to another friend when Johnson came. 

N.C. saw her mother throw a glass bottle at Johnson. Then she saw Johnson 

chasing her mother “[a]round cars” with a knife in her hand. Her mother did 

not have a knife. N.C. was on top of the stairs when she pushed Johnson to 

try and get her away from her mother. N.C. used two hands and pushed 

Johnson, and then Johnson pushed N.C. to the side using one hand. Then 

N.C. saw Johnson “hurt [her] mom” with the knife and saw blood coming out 

from her mother’s chest. N.C. was upset and afraid when she saw Johnson 

coming at her mother with a knife. She still thinks about the incident “a lot.” 

b. Carnell M.

Carnell M. testified that K.G. was a friend of his, and Johnson was 

someone he recognized. He was behind the liquor store when Johnson 

stabbed K.G.3 K.G. was drinking that day. He testified he did not see the 

“entire stabbing” and “didn’t really know how it happened” because “it was 

behind [him].” He recalled speaking to police after the incident. A video of 

his conversation was captured on the officer’s body worn camera and was 

played for the jury. Carnell told the officer that K.G. and Johnson were 

“usually best friends,” but that day they were arguing. It “started like they 

[were] about to fight,” but then Johnson “pulled a knife out.” K.G. “started 

running from her.” She ran behind a car and back around toward Carnell 

while Johnson ran after her. Johnson was “swinging the knife the whole time 

3 Carnell said that he usually drank alcohol every day, beginning in the 

morning, but had not drunk the day he testified and felt sick as a result. 
6

she was chasing her.” K.G. fell trying to move her child out of the way, and 

Johnson stabbed her. Carnell called 911. 

c. Carla J.

Carla testified that K.G. was a friend of hers but claimed she did not 

know Johnson. She said she was behind the liquor store that day but when 

she testified she claimed she did not see “what happened to K.G.” and only 

“saw the aftereffects of what happened to her.”4 However, Carla spoke with 

officers at the scene immediately after the incident, and videos of her 

conversations captured on body-worn cameras were played for the jury. 

Carla told an officer she “saw every goddamned thing.” Carla said Johnson 

“chased [K.G.] up the way and stabbed her . . . [as] she was cornered.” Carla 

told another officer she saw a “ho” named “Lovely” stab K.G. She described 

“Lovely’s” hair style and attire. Carla said the women started fighting and 

“cussed each other out.” Johnson walked away but came back “talking shit.” 

K.G. “talk[ed] shit back to her,” and then Johnson pulled out a knife. K.G. 

“jump[ed] up and trie[d] to run,” but Johnson “cornered her” and stabbed her 

in front of “everybody.” Carla said Johnson made a stabbing motion “four or 

five times,” and said, “she tried to kill the girl in front of the kids.” 

Carla acknowledged that, on prior occasions, she had seen K.G. be 

“aggressive or violent” and testified she had previously seen an “altercation” 

between K.G. and the father of K.G.’s child. 

4 An investigator with the district attorney’s office testified that, during 

an interview, Carla had told him she did not want to testify in court and was 

“afraid of being labeled a snitch,” or someone who cooperates with law 

enforcement, and “afraid of putting herself . . . in danger.” 
7

4. Law Enforcement and Medical Professionals

A City of San Diego police officer testified that on the afternoon of 

June 14, 2018, he responded to a call regarding an assault with a deadly 

weapon and stabbing. He found K.G. sitting on a loading dock, “bleeding 

severely” from her chest. There was a knife nearby, and K.G. told the officer 

that Johnson had stabbed her with it. K.G. was transported by ambulance to 

a hospital.5 After K.G. received medical treatment for her wound, she told 

the officer that Johnson had texted her the previous day and confronted her 

at the loading dock that afternoon, demanding money. 

A detective obtained video surveillance footage of the incident from a 

location approximately 30 feet away from the loading dock area. The footage 

was played for the jury. The video is somewhat pixelated, and portions of the 

incident—particularly the final moments prior to the stabbing—are partially 

blocked from view and unclear. The video shows Johnson approaching the 

loading dock where K.G. was sitting, waving her arms in an animated 

manner, then chasing K.G. into the street while swinging at her with her 

right arm, chasing her up the loading dock steps, and swinging her arm in a 

stabbing motion. 

Officers located and arrested Johnson one week later. She had a 

laceration on her left thumb but no other visible injuries. Officers collected a 

DNA sample from Johnson upon arrest. 

The folding knife used in the stabbing was collected at the scene. No 

fingerprints were found on the knife, but DNA samples of bloodstains on the 

5 An emergency room physician testified that K.G. was actively bleeding 

from a laceration on her chest that was nearly six inches in length. The 

physician referred K.G. to the operating room for exploration and closure of 

the wound. Thirty staples were used to close the wound. 
8

knife were analyzed––two from the handle and two from the blade. The 

blood on the knife’s handle contained DNA from two people, one who 

contributed 99 percent of the DNA, and a second person who contributed one 

percent. K.G. was identified as the major contributor, but the identity of the 

second contributor could not be established conclusively. The blood collected 

from the left side of the blade consisted solely of K.G.’s DNA, while the blood 

from the right side of the blade contained a two-person DNA mixture with 

K.G. as the major contributor at 93 percent and Johnson as the minor 

contributor at seven percent. 

5. Evidence of the 2011 Stabbing of E.P.

E.P. testified that Johnson stabbed him in February 2011. Johnson 

was dating E.P.’s stepbrother at the time, and they came to E.P.’s apartment. 

E.P. was outside with his children while they played. Johnson became angry 

when E.P. refused to share his marijuana, and they began arguing. At one 

point, E.P. turned to watch his children, and when he turned back, Johnson 

stabbed him with a knife in the stomach, neck, and arm. E.P. promptly lost 

consciousness. He did not remember if Johnson said anything prior to 

stabbing him. E.P. regained consciousness five days later and spent a month 

in the hospital, where he underwent multiple surgeries. E.P. said he was 

“[t]errified” to testify with Johnson in the courtroom. Photos of his injuries 

were shown to the jury. 

B. Defense Case

1. Johnson

Johnson testified on her own behalf. She stated that she became 

friends with K.G. when they were in school together. They lost contact but 

became reacquainted about a year before the incident, when Johnson “used to 

prostitute for [K.G.’s] brother.” Johnson and K.G. spent time together every 
9

day, and Johnson thought of K.G. as her best friend. Johnson also spent time 

with K.G.’s children. 

Johnson made money as a prostitute and would help K.G. by giving her 

money or buying food and clothes for her children. However, Johnson felt 

that K.G. spent the money improperly on alcohol or her “baby dad[dy],” 

rather than on her children. When Johnson refused to give K.G. money, K.G.

would get upset and “cuss[] . . . and yell[]” at Johnson. 

K.G. and her friends frequently congregated near the loading dock, and 

Johnson worked nearby as a prostitute. A few days before the incident, 

Johnson learned that K.G. and her children were sleeping on the street.

Johnson had a motel room and offered to allow K.G. stay the night with her 

children if she was willing to split the cost of the room. K.G. agreed. That 

night, Johnson left the motel room to work as a prostitute, and when she 

returned after midnight, K.G. was not there, but her children were asleep in 

the room. After that, Johnson and K.G. only had contact via text or phone. 

Johnson saw K.G. with her friends near the loading dock the afternoon 

of June 14. Johnson asked the group if they had seen a friend, and K.G.

responded that she had not but she “heard [Johnson] was talking shit about 

[her] and [her] kids.” Johnson walked away because she did not want to 

argue with K.G. “unless [K.G. was] going to give [Johnson] [her] money.” 

Johnson returned to the area about a half hour later. She testified that 

K.G. had been “drinking a lot” and was “belligerent now,” and K.G. started

yelling at Johnson and calling her “the B-word.” Johnson said that, when she 

returned, she approached K.G., laughing at her, “[l]ike [K.G. is] broke, and I 

have money.” They argued back and forth, saying derogatory things to each 

other. K.G. was sitting on the stairs, drinking brown liquor or brandy from a 

large bottle, over 10 inches tall. Johnson testified that “when K.G. drinks, 
10

she sometimes get[s] aggressive.” Johnson told K.G. she was going to “fuck 

[K.G.’s] baby daddy and get the money,” and K.G. stood up and came toward 

Johnson with the liquor bottle in her hand. At the bottom stair, K.G.

“busted” the bottle on the ground and swung the broken bottle at Johnson.6

K.G. nearly struck Johnson as she swung, coming within an inch or two of 

Johnson’s chest. Johnson dropped her purse and flicked open the blade of her 

pocketknife, which she kept in her waistband for protection. 

Johnson said the two then “squar[ed] off.” K.G. moved backward, 

swinging the broken bottle, and Johnson moved forward, swinging her blade.

Johnson said she swung at K.G. because K.G. broke the bottle and swung it 

first, and K.G. was “bigger than [her].” K.G. swung the bottle, and it “flew 

out of her hand” and struck Johnson’s leg. K.G. then “darted towards the 

street,” and Johnson “darted towards her.” Johnson said she felt scared and 

felt she needed to protect herself because she believed that K.G. had a 

combination padlock that “could be used to be a deadly weapon.” However, 

Johnson acknowledged that K.G. had nothing in her hands as Johnson 

chased her and “swung [her] arm . . . with the knife once or twice.” 

As Johnson chased K.G. and swung the knife near the loading dock, the 

knife “flew out of [Johnson’s] hand” onto the loading dock ramp. Johnson 

said she and K.G. both raced to the stairs, each trying to grab the knife first. 

Johnson believed K.G. would try to cut her with the knife if she got it first. 

K.G. got to the stairs first and Johnson “walk[ed] backwards a little bit” 

because K.G.’s friends were on the stairs. Johnson testified she was “like, 

lingering, but [she did not] know if [she] should like walk away or not.” K.G.

6 When shown a photograph of the scene, Johnson acknowledged she 

could not identify the broken bottle or pieces of glass K.G. allegedly broke off 

and swung at her. 
11

picked up a gallon water jug, lifted it over her head, and threw it at Johnson, 

striking her near her shoulder. Then K.G. “grab[bed] [N.C.] and push[ed] 

[N.C.] towards [Johnson].” Johnson “moved [N.C.] out [of] the way with [her] 

arm.” By now, K.G. was at the top of the stairs. K.G. fell or dove and 

grabbed the knife and then “sliced [Johnson’s] thumb” as Johnson moved 

N.C. out of the way. Johnson stated she wanted to “[g]et the knife away from 

[K.G.]” because she “was scared [K.G.] was going to cut [her] again.” Johnson 

kicked and punched K.G. with a closed fist, “like a windmill hit,” and grabbed 

the knife from K.G.’s hand. She “slic[ed]” K.G., dropped the knife, grabbed 

her purse, and walked away. Johnson heard K.G.’s friends yelling, and she 

began to run. She tried to get a ride to seek medical attention for her cut 

thumb. Eventually she called a friend for a ride and friends helped her 

bandage her hand. She did not call the police because she knew an arrest 

warrant for a parole violation had been issued. Johnson was arrested a week 

later “for [her] parole warrant.” After she was jailed, she was sent for 

medical treatment; the wound on her hand required surgery to repair a 

severed tendon. 

Johnson testified that she was “worried about K.G. . . . with the knife” 

because she had seen her “get drunk, and then assault people.” One time, 

K.G. got in a fight with someone she had been drinking with “and beat her up 

real bad.” She had seen K.G. fight or strike other people on other occasions, 

both women and men. 

Johnson also testified about the 2011 stabbing of E.P. She had known 

E.P. since she was 16 years old. In 2011, her female cousin—a minor—had 

run away from home and was staying with E.P. Her cousin texted around 

2:00 or 3:00 in the morning saying “she had to bust open a window because 

[E.P.] locked her outside” when she was naked. Johnson told her cousin that 
12

she would come get her later after Johnson woke up. Johnson, who lived 

about four or five blocks away, left for E.P.’s house around 1 p.m. When

Johnson arrived at E.P.’s, E.P. would not let her cousin get her things. 

Johnson and E.P. got in each other’s faces and Johnson “pushed him out of 

[her] face,” saying “ ‘Get out [of] my face.’ ” He “came back to [her] face,” she 

pushed him again, and “he socked [her] in [her] eye,” giving her a black eye.7

Johnson “ended up swinging on him again,” and he grabbed her, scratching 

her neck. She fell to the ground and pulled her knife from her purse. They 

“kept on fighting.” Johnson said E.P. “was drunk and high” and “[h]e ran up 

on [her]” and “every time he ran up” she “swung and cut him.” Someone told 

them to stop fighting, and E.P. lifted his shirt; Johnson realized he was badly 

cut and got scared, so she left. Johnson later told detectives she picked up a 

piece of glass from the ground and cut E.P. with it; in her testimony, Johnson

admitted she lied to detectives because she actually stabbed E.P. with a 

knife. She was arrested and convicted of felony assault with a deadly weapon 

for E.P.’s stabbing. When asked at trial about the prior and current offenses, 

Johnson explained that the prior offense “was like unreasonable self-defense” 

because E.P. did not have a weapon when he “got physical” with her—but 

Johnson “felt like it was complete self-defense” with K.G. because K.G. “had a 

weapon.” Johnson also stated that she “was really afraid [for her] life”

because K.G. “had a weapon on [Johnson].”

2. John H.

John H. lives near the loading dock. On June 14, he heard “a lot of 

commotion” and “arguing.” He looked out his apartment window—across the 

street—and saw two women he recognized. He did not know them by name, 

7 Photographs of Johnson with a black eye, taken February 14, 2011, 

were shown to the jury. 
13

but he knew K.G. and her children because he had known K.G.’s mother and 

he knew Johnson from the neighborhood. He “did not see an attempted

murder” and did not see “nobody trying to stab nobody.” He saw Johnson

“probably desperate to keep somebody from hurting them” and “trying to 

defend themselves from a monster.” He said K.G. had “a stick or something 

in her hand or she was throwing something.” “[S]he would back it up and she 

tripped and fell,” and “the other woman was coming toward her.” “[T]he 

woman with the ponytail [Johnson] just walked up,” “[a]nd it was like . . . she 

was slicing,” “[a]nd then she turned and walked away . . . and then all of the 

sudden, all these police came.” He did not leave his apartment when the 

police arrived and the police did not come to his apartment to question him. 

C. Rebuttal Testimony

The prosecutor recalled K.G. to testify, and she denied drinking from a 

large 10-inch bottle of liquor at the time of the incident. She said the bottle 

she threw at Johnson was “small,” about six inches long. K.G. denied

breaking the bottle before throwing it. She denied Johnson’s claim that the 

knife flew from Johnson’s hand and said the only time she saw the knife out 

of Johnson’s hand was “after [K.G.] was cut.” She denied having a lock on 

her and denied pushing N.C. toward Johnson. 

D. Closing Arguments

The prosecutor argued that Johnson’s statement to K.G. that she was 

“ ‘going to kill [her],’ ” and her actions of chasing and stabbing K.G. in a 

vulnerable part of her body, her chest, showed an intent to kill. The 

prosecutor argued that a cold, calculated decision to kill can be reached 

quickly, and that here, Johnson’s testimony that she considered walking 

away, but then continued pursuing K.G. with the knife before stabbing her in 

the chest demonstrated that the attempt to kill was deliberate and 
14

premeditated. The eyewitnesses’ statements to the police at the time of the 

incident were credible, even if it was clear that Carnell and Carla did not 

want to testify in court. 

The defense argued that the evidence did not support the inference that 

Johnson intended to kill K.G. Instead, the evidence showed that Johnson 

was angry with K.G. and became fearful when they began to fight, and

Johnson defended herself against K.G., who Johnson believed was drunk and 

violent and possibly armed with a padlock she could use as a weapon. 

E. Conviction and Sentencing

The jury convicted Johnson on all counts: attempted murder 

(Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 664; count 1), assault with a deadly weapon (id., 

§ 245, subd. (a)(1); count 2), and cruelty to a child by inflicting injury (id., 

§ 273a, subd. (b); count 3). The jury also found true the allegation that the 

attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated (id., § 189). In a 

bifurcated proceeding, the trial court found true prior strike (id., §§ 667, 

subds. (b)-(i), 668, 1170.12) and prior serious felony conviction (id., §§ 667, 

subd. (a)(1), 668, 1192.7, subd. (c)) allegations. The trial court sentenced 

Johnson to a determinate term of nine years8 plus an indeterminate term of 

14 years to life for the premeditated attempted murder. The trial court 

additionally imposed and stayed a concurrent 12-year term for count 2 (id., 

§ 654) and imposed a term for count 3 but gave credit for time served. 

8 The nine years was comprised of one year for the personal use of a 

dangerous and deadly weapon enhancement (Pen. Code, § 12022, 

subd. (b)(1)), three years for the personal infliction of great bodily injury 

enhancement (id., § 12022.7, subd. (a)), and five years for the prior serious 

felony conviction (id., § 667, subd. (a)(1)).
15

DISCUSSION

I.

Evidence of Uncharged Acts

Johnson contends the trial court erred when it allowed the prosecution 

to introduce evidence of the 2011 stabbing incident under section 1101, 

subdivision (b). She contends the evidence was more prejudicial than 

probative under section 352 and that admitting the evidence deprived her of 

her constitutional right to due process. 

A. Additional Background

Prior to trial, the prosecution moved to admit evidence of the 2011 

stabbing of E.P., for which Johnson was convicted of assault with a deadly 

weapon and sentenced to five years in prison. The prosecutor represented 

that, in the 2011 stabbing incident, Johnson told E.P. she was going to kill 

him. The prosecution argued the prior offense was substantially similar to 

the current offense, it was relevant and admissible to prove Johnson’s intent

in stabbing K.G., and the high probative value of the prior stabbing incident 

was not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. The defense 

argued the evidence was prejudicial and the jury would use it improperly as

propensity evidence. 

At the motion in limine hearing, the trial court agreed the evidence was 

“very probative” but indicated it usually does not allow such evidence to be 

admitted because the jury might “use it for propensity, especially when 
16

the . . . assaultive behavior is identical.”9 The prosecutor argued the 

evidence was admissible to prove intent—because Johnson told each victim 

she intended to kill them before each stabbing—and to show that Johnson did 

not stab K.G. in self-defense. Defense counsel requested that the court 

conduct a section 402 hearing if it was considering allowing the evidence of 

the prior offense to be admitted.

The trial court agreed to hold a section 402 hearing. The court 

informed the parties that it would not allow any evidence for purposes of 

propensity, but the evidence could be offered for “some other fact [at] issue, 

such as intent, absence of mistake, and so forth.” 

At the hearing, the prior stabbing victim (E.P.) testified that Johnson 

was dating his stepbrother at the time of the offense. On February 13, 2011, 

Johnson and the stepbrother visited E.P.’s apartment. When E.P. was 

outside with his two young children, he and Johnson got into an argument, 

but E.P. could not recall what it was about. At one point, E.P. turned to 

check on his children who were five feet away. When he turned back, 

Johnson stabbed him in the stomach, neck, and arm with a knife. E.P. did 

not recall what, if anything, Johnson said to him before or after she stabbed 

him. As a result of his injuries, E.P. spent a month in the hospital and 

underwent multiple surgeries. E.P. stated he did not want to testify because 

9 The trial court expressed a general reluctance to admit evidence under 

section 1101, subdivision (b), stating: “I have sincere concerns always when 

an 1101(b) is being offered that it’s more prejudicial than probative because it 

is hard to say, ‘Tell them not to use it for propensity.’ And I have a fear that 

they will use it for propensity, especially when the—the assaultive behavior 

is identical, a knife, somewhere on someone else’s body. [¶] So I usually 

don’t allow it.” 
17

he was afraid for his life and he was concerned that Johnson would hurt him 

in retaliation.10

After E.P.’s testimony, the prosecution reiterated the argument that 

the incidents were very similar and the prior incident was highly probative of 

Johnson’s intent and the absence of mistake or accident in the current 

incident. The defense argued the evidence was highly prejudicial and 

irrelevant to show intent in the subsequent incident. The trial court ruled 

that, based on the similarities between the two incidents, the court would 

allow evidence of the prior stabbing to show Johnson’s intent and the absence 

of mistake or accident in this case. 

E.P.’s testimony at trial, which is detailed ante, largely tracked his 

statements at the section 402 hearing, except that he recalled that he and 

Johnson argued about E.P.’s failure to share marijuana. In addition, E.P. 

testified regarding his condition after the stabbing and photographs of his 

injuries were introduced as evidence. 

The jury was instructed: 

“You may consider [the evidence of the 2011 stabbing of 

E.P.] only if the People have proved by a preponderance of 

the evidence that the defendant, in fact, committed the 

uncharged act. [¶] . . . [¶]

“If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged 

act, you may, but are not required to, consider that 

evidence for the limited purpose of deciding whether the 

defendant acted with the intent to kill [K.G.] in this case; or

the defendant’s alleged actions were not the result of a 

mistake or accident.

10 The record indicates that Johnson laughed out loud when E.P. testified 

he did not want to testify because he was afraid for his life. 
18

“In evaluating this evidence, consider the similarity or lack 

of similarity between the uncharged act and the charged 

offenses. 

“Do not consider this evidence for any other purpose except 

for the limited purpose of determining the defendant’s 

intent or absence of mistake or accident.

“Do not conclude from this [evidence] that the defendant 

has a bad character or is disposed to commit crime.

“If you conclude that the defendant committed the 

uncharged act, that conclusion is only one factor to consider 

along with all the other evidence. It is not sufficient by 

itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of the crimes 

charge[d] in Counts 1-3 or that any allegations have been 

proved. The People must still prove each charge and 

allegation beyond a reasonable doubt.” (See CALCRIM 

No. 375.)

The jury was also instructed that, to prove Johnson was guilty of 

attempted murder, the prosecution must prove that she took at least one 

direct but ineffective step toward killing another person and that she 

intended to kill that person. (CALCRIM No. 600, see Pen. Code, §§ 187, 664.) 

The jury was instructed that, to find Johnson guilty of willful, deliberate, and 

premeditated attempted murder, it was required to find that she “intended to 

kill when she acted,” “carefully weighed the considerations for and against 

her choice and, knowing the consequences, decided to kill,” and “decided to kill 

before completing the act of attempted murder.” (See CALCRIM No. 601, 

Pen. Code, §§ 187, 189, 664.) The jury was additionally instructed on selfdefense as a defense to the charges of attempted murder and assault with a 

deadly weapon.11 

11 The trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 3470 (which 

applies in non-homicide cases) rather than CALCRIM No. 505 which contains 
19

During closing arguments, both parties discussed the limited purpose 

of the evidence of the prior stabbing. The prosecutor stated, “we’re not saying 

that this is—she did it before or she did it again. That’s not what this 

evidence is for. This evidence is specifically to prove that when the defendant 

acted on June the 14th of 2018, that she intended to kill [K.G.]. And you 

consider what she did to [E.P.], seeing if she intended to kill [K.G.]. [¶] And 

you also consider this prior stabbing incident as evidence to show 

that . . . what the defendant did with [K.G.] on June 14, 2018, was not the 

result of a mistake or an accident. That [Johnson] wasn’t having to act in 

self-defense for a second time against a second individual that she stabbed.” 

Defense counsel similarly admonished the jury, “Now, you cannot use that to 

say, Well, if she did it once, she did it again.” 

B. Applicable Law

Evidence of other crimes or bad acts is inadmissible when offered to 

show that a defendant had the criminal disposition or propensity to commit 

the crime charged. (§ 1101, subd. (a).) However, “ ‘ “ ‘[O]ther crimes’

evidence is admissible under . . . section 1101, subdivision (b) ‘when offered 

as evidence of a defendant’s motive, common scheme or plan, preparation, 

intent, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident in the charged 

crimes.’ ” [Citation.] “In this inquiry, the degree of similarity of criminal acts 

is often a key factor, and ‘there exists a continuum concerning the degree of 

similarity required for cross-admissibility, depending upon the purpose for 

which introduction of the evidence is sought: “The least degree of 

similarity . . . is required in order to prove intent . . . .” . . . By contrast, a 

higher degree of similarity is required to prove common design or plan, and 

“a correct statement of the law” in the context of an attempted murder 

charge. (People v. Waxlax (2021) 72 Cal.App.5th 579, 591 (Waxlax).)
20

the highest degree of similarity is required to prove identity.’ ” ’ ” (People v. 

Scully (2021) 11 Cal.5th 542, 586 (Scully).)

If the court determines the evidence is relevant and admissible under 

section 1101, subdivision (b), the court must next determine whether the 

probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the probability 

that its admission would create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of 

confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury. (People v. Ewoldt (1994) 

7 Cal.4th 380, 404 (Ewoldt); § 352.) 

“ ‘ “We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s rulings on relevance 

and admission or exclusion of evidence under Evidence Code sections 1101 

and 352.” ’ ” (People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 667-668.) “We will not 

disturb its ruling on appeal absent a showing that it exercised its discretion 

in an arbitrary manner resulting in a manifest miscarriage of justice.” 

(Scully, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 587.)

C. Analysis

Johnson contends evidence of the prior stabbing was erroneously 

admitted because it was not relevant to show Johnson’s intent to kill, and the 

evidence was more prejudicial than probative. It is unnecessary for us to 

decide whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of 

the prior offense because any assumed error was harmless on this record. 

“The principal factor affecting the probative value of an uncharged act 

is its similarity to the charged offense.” (People v. Zepeda (2001) 

87 Cal.App.4th 1183, 1211.) As our Supreme Court has explained: “The least 

degree of similarity (between the uncharged act and the charged offense) is 

required in order to prove intent. . . . In order to be admissible to prove 

intent, the uncharged misconduct must be sufficiently similar to support the 

inference that the defendant ‘ “probably harbor[ed] the same intent in each 
21

instance.” ’ ” (Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 402.) “ ‘ “The inference to be 

drawn is not that the actor is disposed to commit such acts; instead, the 

inference to be drawn is that, in light of the first event, the actor, at the time 

of the second event, must have had the intent attributed to him by the 

prosecution.” ’ ” (People v. Chism (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1266, 1306 (Chism).)

Some aspects of the prior and current offenses here were similar: In 

both incidents, Johnson knew the victim; was angry with the victim; went to 

the victim’s location with a knife; had a verbal argument with the victim;

stabbed the victim in the center mass of the body while the victim was 

unarmed and while the victim’s children were nearby; and immediately fled 

the scene after the stabbing. And in both instances, Johnson asserted she 

acted in self-defense. Based on these similarities, the jury could reasonably 

reject Johnson’s claim in the charged offense that she stabbed K.G. in selfdefense (see, e.g., People v. Cortes (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 873, 916; People v. 

Vidaurri (1980) 103 Cal.App.3d 450, 457-459), and instead conclude that she 

acted intentionally and deliberately executed a planned attack on her friend. 

(See People v. Pearson (2013) 56 Cal.4th 393, 443 [“ ‘An intentional killing is 

premeditated and deliberate if it occurred as the result of preexisting thought 

and reflection rather than unconsidered or rash impulse.’ ”].) However, 

because the prior offense was remote in time and there was no significant 

nexus between the two victims or the two offenses, there was some risk that 

the prior offense impermissibly painted the defendant as someone who was 

predisposed to violence. (See People v. Dryden (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 1007, 

1020-1021 (Dryden) [evidence of defendant’s assault during an altercation 

with his father did “not increase the probability that defendant fabricated a 

self-defense claim [six] years later under entirely different circumstances” 

against a group of strangers]; cf. Vidaurri, at pp. 457-459 [prior incident in 
22

which defendant threatened security guards with a knife was admissible to 

“rebut defendant’s contention [as to present crime] that he drew his knife 

only in self-defense” approximately two months later].)12

It is unnecessary for us to resolve whether the trial court erred in 

admitting evidence of Johnson’s prior stabbing under section 1101, 

subdivision (b). Even assuming that an error occurred, there is no reasonable 

probability the jury would have reached a more favorable verdict had the 

evidence of the prior stabbing been excluded. (People v. Watson (1956) 

46 Cal.2d 818, 836 [error is reversible if there is a reasonable probability that 

a result more favorable to defendant would have been reached in absence of 

error]; People v. Felix (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 177, 187 [applying Watson

harmless error test to consideration of evidence pursuant to sections 1101 

and 352].) 

The central disputed issue here was whether Johnson stabbed K.G. in 

self-defense. As previously noted (see fn. 11, ante), the jury was instructed 

with CALCRIM No. 3470 (applicable to non-homicide offenses) rather than 

CALCRIM No. 505 (applicable to attempted murder). “The difference 

between CALCRIM No. 3470 and CALCRIM No. 505—that is, the difference 

between self-defense in the homicide context and self-defense that will justify 

an assault—lies in the type of the threat the defendant believed they faced. 

To justify a homicide or attempted homicide, the defendant must believe that 

‘danger’ or ‘great bodily harm’ is imminent, whereas an assault committed in

self-defense may be justified if the defendant feared that any ‘bodily injury,’

or even an ‘unlawful touching,’ was imminent.” (Waxlax, supra, 

12 “No specific time limits have been established for determining when an 

uncharged offense is so remote as to be inadmissible,” and “significant 

similarities between the prior and the charged offenses may ‘balance[ ] out 

the remoteness.’ ” (People v. Branch (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 274, 284-285.)
23

72 Cal.App.5th at pp. 591-592.)13 “For both homicide and assault, the 

amount of force the defendant uses must be no more than reasonably 

necessary to fend off the perceived threat.” (Id. at p. 592.) And the defendant 

must actually believe in the need to defend herself against the imminent 

peril. (See People v. Horn (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 672, 682; People 

v. Viramontes (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 1256, 1262.)

Even without evidence of the prior offense involving E.P. in 2011, the 

evidence negating Johnson’s claim of self-defense in the instant case was 

overwhelming. The remaining evidence convincingly undermined Johnson’s 

testimony that she was in fear of any imminent danger. The surveillance 

video showed Johnson approaching the loading dock where K.G. was sitting, 

waving her arms in an animated manner, then chasing K.G. into the street 

while swinging at her with her right arm, chasing her up the loading dock 

steps, and swinging her arm in a stabbing motion. All three eyewitnesses 

testified that Johnson was armed with a knife and chased and stabbed K.G. 

Seven-year-old N.C. testified that Johnson chased and cut her mother with a 

knife. N.C. acknowledged her mother threw a bottle at Johnson but testified 

13 Neither party has addressed whether the jury should have been 

instructed with CALCRIM No. 505 under the circumstances of this case—

where the defendant was charged with both attempted murder and nonhomicide offenses, and the defendant claimed she feared for her life because 

the victim had a combination padlock that “could be used to be a deadly 

weapon.” (See Waxlax, supra, 72 Cal.App.5th at p. 592 [trial court did not err 

in instructing jury solely with CALCRIM No. 505 where “the evidence did not 

implicate the difference between the two types of self-defense” because the 

defendant “provided the same justification for the attempted murder charge 

as he did for the assaults”—namely, that “he feared great bodily harm” 

rather than “an unlawful touching or a simple injury”].) We take no position 

on whether the court correctly instructed the jury here by only using 

CALCRIM No. 3470. 
24

her mother did not have a knife. N.C. said she tried to push Johnson away 

because Johnson was trying to cut her mother, but Johnson pushed N.C. out 

of the way and stabbed her mother. Both Carnell and Carla testified that the 

women were arguing verbally; Johnson pulled a knife, K.G. tried to run 

away, and Johnson chased and stabbed her. Even Johnson’s defense witness 

testified that K.G. “tripped and fell,” while Johnson “was coming toward her,” 

and that Johnson “just walked up,” “slic[ed]” K.G., and “turned and walked 

away.” Johnson claimed that she feared for her life during the argument 

with K.G., but her own testimony of her purported fear is not dispositive. (In 

re Christian S. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 768, 783 [“[W]hether the defendant actually 

held the required belief is to be determined by the trier of fact based on all 

the relevant facts. It is not required to accept the defendant’s bare assertion 

of such a fear.”].)

Even assuming Johnson actually believed she was in imminent danger, 

the jury could conclude she used more force than reasonably necessary under 

the circumstances. (See People v. Hardin (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 625, 630 

[self-defense is not available where defendant exceeds the amount of force 

necessary in view of the nature of the attack].) Although Johnson claimed 

that she only pulled her knife after K.G. swung a broken bottle at her, when 

shown photographs of the scene, Johnson acknowledged there was no 

evidence of the broken bottle K.G. allegedly used—and the jury could 

reasonably reject Johnson’s testimony that K.G.’s friends must have removed 

the evidence before the police arrived. Notably, Johnson also repeatedly 

acknowledged that she chased K.G., swinging the knife at her, while K.G. 

was unarmed. Johnson further admitted that she considered walking away 

from the altercation before she chased K.G. up the stairs with a brandished 

knife and “sliced” her. And Johnson fled from the scene after stabbing K.G., 
25

which demonstrated a consciousness of guilt and further negated her claim of 

self-defense. (See People v. Anderson (2018) 5 Cal.5th 372, 391; People v. 

Turner (1990) 50 Cal.3d 668, 694, fn. 10 [“The prosecution theorized that 

defendant intended to murder and rob the victim. Defendant claimed an 

unintentional killing in self-defense and also denied an intent to steal. Under 

these circumstances, the prosecution was entitled to use evidence of guilty 

flight to help prove defendant’s criminal state of mind.”].)14

Finally, we reject Johnson’s claim that admission of the evidence 

violated her due process rights. “The introduction of improper evidence 

against a defendant does not amount to a violation of due process unless the 

evidence ‘is so extremely unfair that its admission violates “fundamental 

conceptions of justice.” ’ [Citation] For the erroneous admission of evidence 

to amount to a denial of due process, the evidence must have been 

‘ “sufficiently material to provide the basis for conviction or to remove a 

reasonable doubt that would have existed on the record without it.” ’ ” 

(Dryden, supra, 60 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1025-1026.) For reasons already 

discussed, ante, we conclude this “standard has not been met here.” (Id. at 

p. 1026.) In sum, the central issue in dispute was whether Johnson stabbed 

K.G. in self-defense; there was overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt 

even absent the other-crimes evidence—including testimony from multiple 

witnesses (and the defendant herself) that she chased after K.G. with a 

drawn knife while K.G. was unarmed; and there was no reasonable 

probability that Johnson would have obtained a more favorable result absent 

14 The jury was instructed in relevant part, “If the defendant fled 

immediately after the crime was committed or after she was accused of 

committing the crime, that conduct may show that she was aware of her 

guilt.” (See CALCRIM No. 372.)
26

the assumed error. We therefore reject Johnson’s due process claim. (See 

People v. Westerfield (2019) 6 Cal.5th 632, 700 [even assuming trial court 

erred in allowing evidence prohibited by § 1101, subd. (a), defendant did not 

establish such assumed error “resulted in a fundamentally unfair trial that 

offends due process”].)

II.

Newly Discovered Evidence

After trial but before sentencing, Johnson filed a motion for a new trial

based on newly discovered evidence that, one week before trial, K.G.

“violently attacked and robbed a woman on a city bus.” (Pen. Code, § 1181, 

subd. (8).) The trial court denied the motion. Johnson contends that the 

prosecution’s failure to disclose an assault incident in which K.G. was the 

aggressor violated her rights, prevented her from presenting a complete 

defense, and deprived her of her ability to effectively confront and crossexamine K.G. (Brady v. Maryland (1963) 373 U.S. 83, 87 (Brady).) Johnson 

further contends the trial court erred when it denied her motion for a new 

trial based on the new evidence. 

A. Additional Background

Police reports reflect that, on October 2, 2019––six days before 

Johnson’s trial began––K.G. verbally and physically assaulted a woman on 

an MTS bus. The incident was captured on MTS bus surveillance footage. 

Two of K.G.’s children were present during the incident. During the assault, 

K.G. pushed the woman, struck her with open hands and closed fists, kicked 

her in the head, and struck her in the head with a backpack. K.G. also broke 

the woman’s cell phone and took her baseball cap, which was worth about

$40. As she struck the victim, K.G. yelled, “ ‘over my brotha,’ ” and called the 
27

victim a “ ‘punk ass’ ” and “ ‘Dyke ass bitch.’ ”15 K.G.’s child told her, 

“[M]omma, stop, stop.” After the attack, K.G. and her children exited the 

bus. The bus driver reported the incident to the police. The victim provided 

a description of K.G. but did not disclose her name. 

On October 8, 2019––the day Johnson’s trial began––the detective 

assigned to K.G.’s assault case reviewed the MTS bus surveillance footage. 

He recognized K.G. from a previous contact but could not remember her 

name. Sometime between October 8 and 15, the detective determined K.G.’s 

identity and on October 15, compiled a six-pack photographic lineup that 

included her image. On October 21––the day before the jury rendered its 

verdict in Johnson’s case––the victim identified K.G. as the person who had 

assaulted her on the bus. According to the investigating detective, K.G. made 

false and misleading statements about the incident when she was 

interviewed. K.G. was arrested on October 23 and was charged with robbery, 

assault with force likely to produce great bodily injury, and misdemeanor 

vandalism. She pled guilty to the felony assault charge and received 

probation. The prosecutor did not inform defense counsel about the incident 

until after K.G. was arrested—which was one day after the jury had rendered 

its verdict in Johnson’s case. 

In support of her motion for a new trial, Johnson argued that evidence 

of K.G.’s violent attack of the woman on a bus supported Johnson’s selfdefense claim and cast doubt on K.G.’s credibility. Johnson further argued 

the evidence would have caused at least one juror to reach a different 

conclusion at trial, specifically with respect to the Penal Code section 189 

15 According to the police report attached to Johnson’s new trial motion, 

K.G. claimed the victim of the assault had previously threatened to kill K.G.’s 

brother (who later committed suicide), and started “ ‘talking shit’ ” to K.G. 
28

allegation that the attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and 

premeditated. 

Prior to sentencing Johnson, the trial court heard argument on her new 

trial motion. Johnson argued the newly discovered evidence of K.G.’s assault 

was material because “it goes to [K.G.’s] veracity and to her character.” The 

evidence showed that K.G. had lied to police and denied any involvement in 

the bus assault. K.G.’s veracity was crucial “because she was the only person 

to testify during the trial to the statement by Ms. Johnson of ‘bitch, I’m going 

to kill you.’ And that was integral in the People’s argument for the [Penal 

Code section 189] allegation.” Johnson further argued that evidence of K.G.’s 

assault of a woman on the bus was admissible to show her character for 

violence, which was crucial in this case where “[K.G.] was held out to be a 

non-violent person.” 

The prosecutor explained that she had not learned of the assault until 

after trial, when she called K.G. to inform her of the verdicts. The prosecutor 

argued that although K.G. had committed an assault, she did not use a

weapon other than a backpack (such as a knife or a padlock). The prosecutor 

further argued that, aside from K.G.’s testimony, there was ample evidence of 

Johnson’s intent to kill from the surveillance video footage and the testimony 

of three eyewitnesses, and that evidence of K.G.’s assault would not change 

the outcome of a new trial. 

Initially, the trial court described the evidence as “a specific instance of 

conduct” and rhetorically asked whether the evidence would have been 

admissible at trial. After defense counsel referred to section 1103, the trial 

court added that it likely would have excluded the evidence under section 352 

because introducing evidence of the assault would require “a trial within a 
29

trial.”16 Ultimately, the trial court found that if evidence of K.G.’s assault 

was presented to a jury, it would not cause “one juror to think differently 

about this case.” The court explained that evidence that K.G. had assaulted 

someone under different circumstances is “not going to be able to necessarily 

overcome what’s clearly visible in this particular case on the video and with 

percipient witnesses. Whether [K.G.] was violent or not before this particular 

situation in this case is less valuable because on that particular day there are 

multiple witnesses who saw that Ms. Johnson was the aggressor on that day. 

Ms. Johnson was the one that came fired up with a knife. Ms. Johnson was 

the one who chased [K.G.] in the street. There was an allegation that [K.G.]

threw . . . a small bottle of wine at her at some point but not necessarily as an 

instigator.” The court found that “there is no way the jury can actually 

ignore all of that.” The court observed that “there was no evidence on that 

day that [K.G.] was the aggressor,” and “[t]he evidence all pointed to 

[Johnson] being the aggressor.” Based on the foregoing, the trial court found 

the outcome at trial “wouldn’t have changed” with the evidence of K.G.’s 

assault and denied the motion for new trial. 

B. Applicable Law

A criminal defendant has a due process right to pretrial discovery of 

information favorable to his defense. (Brady, supra, 373 U.S. at p. 87.) The 

government has a constitutional duty to disclose both exculpatory evidence 

that casts doubt on the defendant’s guilt and impeaching evidence that calls 

16 Evidence of a crime victim’s character is admissible if “[o]ffered by the 

defendant to prove conduct of the victim in conformity with the character or 

trait of character.” (§ 1103, subd. (a)(1); see People v. Wright (1985) 39 Cal.3d 

576, 587 [“ ‘It has long been recognized that where self-defense is raised in a 

homicide case, evidence of the aggressive and violent character of the victim 

is admissible.’ ”].)
30

into question the credibility of government witnesses. (Strickler v. Greene

(1999) 527 U.S. 263, 280-282 (Strickler).) The Brady rule “extends to 

evidence known to others acting on the prosecution’s behalf, including the 

police.” (People v. Superior Court (Johnson) (2015) 61 Cal.4th 696, 709; see 

People v. Robinson (1995) 31 Cal.App.4th 494, 499 (Robinson) [“The scope of a 

prosecutor’s disclosure duty includes not just exculpatory evidence in his

possession but that possessed by investigative agencies to which he has 

reasonable access.”].) Moreover, “[t]he duty to provide discovery is not 

limited to the time before trial; discovery is an ongoing responsibility, which 

extends throughout the duration of the trial and even after conviction.” 

(People v. Kasim (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 1360, 1383-1384.)

“ ‘ “There are three components of a true Brady violation: The evidence 

at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or 

because it is impeaching; that evidence must have been suppressed by the 

State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have ensued.” 

[Citation.] Prejudice, in this context, focuses on “the materiality of the 

evidence to the issue of guilt and innocence.” [Citations.] Materiality, in 

turn, requires more than a showing that the suppressed evidence would have 

been admissible [citation], that the absence of the suppressed evidence made 

conviction “more likely” [citation], or that using the suppressed evidence to 

discredit a witness’s testimony “might have changed the outcome of the trial” 

[citation]. A defendant instead “must show a ‘reasonable probability of a 

different result.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Letner and Tobin (2010) 50 Cal.4th 99, 176 

(Letner and Tobin).)

On appeal, the defendant bears the burden to establish the components 

of a Brady violation. (Strickler, supra, 527 U.S. at pp. 289, 291.) We 

independently review whether such a violation occurred but give “great 
31

weight to any trial court findings of fact that are supported by substantial 

evidence.” (Letner and Tobin, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 176.)

“In ruling on a motion for new trial based on newly discovered 

evidence, the trial court considers the following factors: ‘ “1. That the 

evidence, and not merely its materiality, be newly discovered; 2. That the 

evidence be not cumulative merely; 3. That it be such as to render a different 

result probable on a retrial of the cause; 4. That the party could not with 

reasonable diligence have discovered and produced it at the trial; and 5. That 

these facts be shown by the best evidence of which the case admits.” ’ ” 

(People v. Delgado (1993) 5 Cal.4th 312, 328, italics added.) “[W]hen a 

defendant makes a motion for a new trial based on newly discovered 

evidence, [s]he has met [her] burden of establishing that a different result is 

probable on retrial of the case if [s]he has established that it is probable that 

at least one juror would have voted to find [her] not guilty had the new 

evidence been presented.” (People v. Soojian (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 491, 

521.)

C. Analysis

There is no real dispute that the suppression component of Brady is 

met here. The prosecutor had a duty to disclose the assault involving K.G. 

during trial even if the prosecutor was actually unaware of the information 

until after the verdicts were rendered. (People v. Jimenez (2019) 

32 Cal.App.5th 409, 419 [“suppression occurs when the government 

withholds evidence either willfully or inadvertently”], see Strickler, supra, 

527 U.S. at pp. 281-282.) Officers identified K.G. as the suspect in the 

assault sometime between October 8 and 15, during the pendency of trial, 

and the victim identified K.G. as her attacker on October 21, the day before 

the jury rendered its verdict. Because law enforcement was aware of the 
32

assault, the evidence was in the prosecution’s possession during the trial. 

(Robinson, supra, 31 Cal.App.4th at p. 499.)

In addition, the parties do not dispute that the evidence was favorable 

to the defense. Under section 1103, subdivision (a)(1), a defendant may 

introduce evidence that the victim had a propensity for violent aggression to 

support the inference that the victim was the aggressor in their altercation—

forcing the defendant to resort to deadly self-defense. (People v. DelRio

(2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 47, 54.)

The parties dispute whether the requirements of materiality and 

prejudice are met here. Johnson argues that, had evidence of K.G.’s tendency 

for violence been admitted at trial, Johnson could have persuaded at least 

one juror that she was not guilty at least with respect to the allegation that 

the attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. She argues, 

“The prosecution was permitted to present [K.G.] as a non-violent person who 

was only caring for her children at the time of the incident, and who was 

attacked by [Johnson] without provocation in front of her children. In fact, 

the evidence the jury did not hear showed that [K.G.] was willing to lash out 

and violently attack and even rob other people in front of her children. The 

jury should have been presented with the evidence of [K.G.]’s actions on the 

MTS bus that occurred one week before [Johnson’s] trial. Had the jury been 

provided with that evidence, it is reasonably probable that at least one of the 

jurors would have found [Johnson] not guilty of attempted first-degree 

murder.” The Attorney General argues that, “given the strength of the 

evidence refuting [Johnson’s] self-defense claim and establishing her guilt, a 

different result was not reasonably probable” even if evidence of K.G.’s 

assault was presented to the jury on retrial. We agree with the Attorney 

General. 
33

Although “the term ‘Brady violation’ is sometimes used to refer to any 

breach of the broad obligation to disclose exculpatory evidence—that is, to 

any suppression of so-called ‘Brady material’ . . . strictly speaking, there is 

never a real ‘Brady violation’ unless the nondisclosure was so serious that 

there is a reasonable probability that the suppressed evidence would have 

produced a different verdict.” (Strickler, supra, 527 U.S. at p. 281; accord 

Letner and Tobin, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 176.) “The requisite ‘reasonable 

probability’ is a probability sufficient to ‘undermine[] confidence in the 

outcome’ on the part of the reviewing court. [Citations.] It is a probability 

assessed by considering the evidence in question under the totality of the 

relevant circumstances and not in isolation or in the abstract. [Citation.] 

Further, it is a probability that is, as it were, ‘objective,’ based on an 

‘assumption that the decisionmaker is reasonably, conscientiously, and 

impartially applying the standards that govern the decision,’ and not 

dependent on the ‘idiosyncrasies of the particular decisionmaker,’ including 

the ‘possibility of arbitrariness, whimsy, caprice, “nullification,” and the 

like.’ ” (In re Sassounian (1995) 9 Cal.4th 535, 544.)

Johnson contends the evidence was material because it would have 

countered the “characterization of [K.G.] as a peaceful person,” and it would 

have impeached K.G.’s credibility. But K.G. was already portrayed in part as 

non-peaceful. The jury was presented with evidence that K.G. had been 

drinking in the presence of her children the day of the incident, and Johnson 

testified that K.G. “sometimes gets aggressive” when she drinks. Another

witness testified she had seen K.G. be “aggressive or violent” on prior 

occasions, corroborating Johnson’s testimony that K.G. sometimes acted 

aggressively. Moreover, “ ‘impeachment evidence has been found to be 

material where the witness at issue “supplied the only evidence linking the 
34

defendant(s) to the crime,” [citations], or where the likely impact on the 

witness’s credibility would have undermined a critical element of the 

prosecution’s case [citation]. In contrast, a new trial is generally not required 

when the testimony of the witness is “corroborated by other testimony.” ’ ” 

(People v. Salazar (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1031, 1050.) Here, even without K.G.’s 

testimony, there was overwhelming evidence that Johnson was the aggressor. 

As previously discussed, all three eyewitnesses testified that Johnson was 

armed with a knife and chased and stabbed K.G. Johnson’s own witness 

testified that K.G. “tripped and fell” while Johnson “was coming toward her,” 

and that Johnson “just walked up,” “slic[ed]” K.G., and “turned and walked 

away.” Johnson repeatedly acknowledged that she chased K.G., swinging the 

knife at her, while K.G. was unarmed, and she considered walking away from 

the altercation before chasing K.G. again, stabbing her, and then fleeing the 

scene. 

This same evidence—including Johnson’s decision to arm herself with a 

knife before approaching K.G., arguing with her, and ultimately chasing and 

stabbing her while she was unarmed—supports the allegation that the 

attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. Even without 

K.G.’s testimony that Johnson threatened to kill her, the evidence 

demonstrates Johnson was acting based on “ ‘ “preexisting thought and 

reflection rather than unconsidered or rash impulse.” ’ ” (People v. Burney

(2009) 47 Cal.4th 203, 235.) Armed, Johnson pursued as K.G. retreated, 

chasing her between cars, back up the stairs, and onto the landing. K.G. 

tripped and fell, but Johnson continued, knife in hand, and was undeterred 

when young N.C. attempted to push her away. (See People v. Nazeri (2010) 

187 Cal.App.4th 1101, 1116 [that defendant had multiple “opportunities to 

turn back” before pursuing his wife with a knife in hand supported a 
35

reasonable inference that he was “already resolute on the use of deadly 

force”]; People v. Memro (1995) 11 Cal.4th 786, 863 [jury could infer 

defendant “considered his options” as he ran toward a victim standing 

178 feet away].) One eyewitness saw Johnson “swinging the knife the whole 

time she was chasing [K.G.]”; another watched as Johnson “cornered” and 

stabbed K.G. Having sliced the back of K.G.’s shirt early in the chase, 

Johnson twice slashed K.G.’s chest while standing over her, suggesting “ ‘a 

reasoned decision to kill.’ ” (See People v. Lewis (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1255, 

1293.) In light of this evidence of premeditation and deliberation, and ample 

evidence already presented as to K.G.’s violent tendencies, we conclude 

Johnson has not shown a “ ‘ “ ‘reasonable probability of a different result’ ” ’ ” 

if the jury heard about an unrelated assault against a woman on a bus who 

K.G. claimed had previously threatened her brother. (Letner and Tobin, 

supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 176.) The undisclosed evidence would not have “put 

the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the 

verdict.” (In re Miranda (2008) 43 Cal.4th 541, 575.)

Similarly, we reject Johnson’s claim that the trial court’s refusal to 

grant her motion for a new trial based on the newly discovered evidence of 

K.G.’s assault incident constitutes an abuse of discretion. Johnson argues 

that she met her burden to establish a different result is probable on retrial 

because it is reasonably likely that at least one juror would have found K.G. 

unreliable. For the reasons discussed in our Brady analysis, we conclude it is 

not reasonably probable Johnson would obtain a more favorable result if the 

case were retried and she could use the evidence of K.G.’s violent conduct. 
36

III.

Cumulative Error

Johnson contends that, even if the asserted errors individually do not 

warrant reversal, the cumulative effect of them does. “A predicate to a claim 

of cumulative error is a finding of error. There can be no cumulative error if

the challenged rulings were not erroneous.” (People v. Sedillo (2015) 

235 Cal.App.4th 1037, 1068.) “To the extent there are instances in which we 

have found error or assumed its existence, we have concluded no prejudice 

resulted. We do not find reversible error by considering the claims 

cumulatively.” (Chism, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 1309; see Scully, supra,

11 Cal.5th at p. 613 [“the cumulative effect of the three assumed errors and 

one harmless error does not warrant reversal”].) We therefore reject 

Johnson’s claim that her trial was fundamentally unfair. (People v. Rivera

(2019) 7 Cal.5th 306, 348; People v. Stewart (2004) 33 Cal.4th 425, 522.)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

GUERRERO, J.

WE CONCUR:

DATO, Acting P. J.

DO, J.