In the Matter of Auction of Advanced Wireless 

Services Licenses Scheduled for June 29, 2006 AU Docket No. 06-30

Reply Comment of the Staff of the Bureau of Economics 

of the Federal Trade Commission1

 The staff of the Bureau of Economics of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 

appreciates this opportunity to provide its views on the competition issues raised in the 

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Public Notice regarding the auction of 

advanced wireless services licenses.2 In this public notice, the FCC has outlined a 

number of potential changes to the rules previously employed in wireless spectrum 

auctions. 

 

 This comment focuses on the rule changes most relevant to the mission and 

experience of the FTC, which are those relating to information disclosure during the 

auction and how this disclosure relates to the competitive environment in the auction. 

Our experience in competition issues and our understanding of the relevant economics 

literature leads us to believe that the balance of evidence supports the Federal 

Communications Commission’s proposed rule changes with respect to information 

disclosure. 

 

Interest and Experience of the Federal Trade Commission 

The FTC is an independent administrative agency charged with maintaining 

competition and safeguarding the interests of consumers.3

 The FTC staff often analyzes 

regulatory or legislative proposals that may affect competition or the efficiency of the 

economy. For example, the staff has submitted comments to the FCC on the section of 

the Telecommunications Act of 1996 that relates to the establishment of open video 

systems;4

 the Prime Time Access Rule;5 television and radio ownership rules and 

 

1

 This letter expresses the views of the Federal Trade Commission’s Bureau of Economics. The 

letter does not necessarily represent the views of the Federal Trade Commission (Commission) or 

of any individual Commissioner. The Commission has, however, voted to authorize us to submit 

these comments. 

2

 Federal Communications Commission, Auction of Advanced Wireless Services Licenses 

Scheduled for June 29, 2006 Comment Sought on Reserve Prices or Minimum Opening Bids and 

Other Procedures, AU Docket No. 06-30, 71 FED. REG. 6486 (Feb. 8, 2006) (“Public Notice”). 

3

 Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. ' 45. 

4

 Comments of the Staff of the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the 

Department of Justice, In the Matter of Implementation of Section 302 of the 

Telecommunications Act of 1996, CS Docket No. 96-46 (1996), at 

http://www.ftc.gov/be/v960009.htm. 

5

 Comments of the Staff of the Bureau of Economics of the Federal Trade Commission, In re 

Review of the Prime Time Access Rule, Section 73.658(k) of the Commission's Rules, MM 
policies;6

 competition, rate deregulation, and cable television service;7 common 

ownership of cable systems and national television networks;8

 the “must carry” rules 

applied to cable television systems;9 the rules regarding the transfer of broadcast 

licenses;10 network ownership of financial interests and syndication rights;11 spectrum 

allocation and standards for digital audio broadcasting;12 the regulation of “900” 

telephone number services;13 and the development and deployment of advanced wireless 

services by local exchange carriers.14 Moreover, the FTC has reviewed proposed 

mergers involving communications and media companies. 

Description of Changes 

 Since 1994, the FCC has been auctioning spectrum licenses using simultaneous 

multi-round (SMR) auctions. Over the years, the auction rules have been modified to 

adapt to changing markets and to try to enhance the competitiveness of the auctions. It 

appears that the current substantive proposed rule changes fall into two categories: (1) 

limitations on the specificity of information provided to bidders about the identities and 

actions of other bidders during the auction; and (2) allowing bidders to submit bids for 

 

Docket No. 94-123 (1995), at http://www.ftc.gov/be/v950003.htm. 

6

 Reply Comments of the Staff of the Bureau of Economics of the Federal Trade Commission, In 

re Revision of Radio Rules and Policies, MM Docket No. 91-140 (1991) and Comments of the 

Staff of the Bureau of Economics of the Federal Trade Commission, In the Matter of the 

Commission's Regulations Governing Television Broadcasting, MM Docket No. 91-221 (1992). 

7

 Comment of the Staff of the FTC, Competition, Rate Deregulation and the Commission's Policy 

Relating to the Provision of Cable Television Service, MM Docket No. 89-600 (1990). 

8

 FTC joint Bureau Comments, Cable Cross Ownership, CT Docket No. 82-434 (1982). 

9

 Comment of Staff of the FTC, Carriage of Television Broadcast Signals by Cable Television 

Systems, MM Docket No. 90-4 (1991). 

10 Federal Trade Commission joint bureau comments, Amendment of Section 73.3597 of the 

Commission's Rules, BC Docket No. 81-897. 

11 FTC joint Bureau Comments, Amendment of 47 C.F.R. 73.658(j); The Syndication and 

Financial Interest Rule, BC Docket No. 82-345, and Comment of the Staff of the Bureau of 

Economics of the Federal Trade Commission, Evaluation of the Syndication and Financial 

Interest Rules, MM Docket No. 90-162 (1990). 

12 Comment of Staff of the Bureau of Economics and the San Francisco Regional Office of the 

Federal Trade Commission, Amendment of the Commission’s Rules With Regard to the 

Establishment and Regulation of New Digital Audio Radio Services, GEN Docket No. 90-357 

(1991). 

13 Comment of Staff of the Bureaus of Economics and Consumer Protection of the FTC, Polices 

and Rules Concerning Interstate 900 Telecommunications Services, CC Docket No. 91-65 

(1991). 

14 See Comment of the Staff of the Bureau of Economics of the Federal Trade Commission on 

FCC Docket No. 98-147 (Sept. 25, 1998), at http://www.ftc.gov/be/v980030.htm. 

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self-created packages of some subset of all the licenses to be sold in the auction. Because 

the issues surrounding package bidding are very complicated, requiring extended 

discussion and analysis, and are less related to the mission of the FTC, we will limit our 

comments to the rules regarding information disclosure. 

 In previous spectrum auctions, the FCC has typically revealed some of the content 

of bidder applications before bidding commences; most notably the licenses selected by 

each of the bidders. Throughout the auctions, the identity of each bidder and its bid for 

each license have generally been released after every bidding round.15 The FCC 

proposes “not to reveal until the close of the auction: (1) bidders’ license selections on 

their short form applications and the amount of their upfront payments; (2) the amounts 

of non-provisionally winning bids and the identities of bidders placing those bids; and (3) 

the identities of bidders making provisionally winning bids.”16 After each bidding round, 

the FCC would reveal the number of bidders who placed bids for each license and the 

amount of the current highest bid.

Likely Effects of Changes 

The possibility of bidders using collusive strategies in SMR type auctions is well 

established in the theoretical economics literature.17 In addition, several empirical 

economics papers have provided strong evidence that signaling behavior consistent with 

collusive strategies has occurred in past FCC spectrum auctions. These actions have 

included signaling through digits in the bid amounts, and retaliatory bids.18 The FCC has 

already taken action to limit the ability of bidders to signal through their bid amounts by 

only allowing bidders to select among several discrete bids in each round, using a clickbox procedure.19 However, bidders can still potentially send signals by bidding far in 

excess of the previous highest bid, termed “jump bidding.” This practice can be a way to 

signal a threat of a bidding war, and empirical evidence suggests this practice was 

observed in previous FCC spectrum auctions.20 Moreover, with full information bidders 

can target their bids to strategically punish other bidders who deviate from implicit or 

explicit collusive arrangements. 

The combination of evidence from the theoretical and empirical economics 

literature suggests that concern over the competitive environment in SMR spectrum 

auctions is certainly warranted. A policy of not revealing the identity of the current 

highest bidders would make it impossible to adopt a punishment strategy in the current 

 

15 Public Notice at 6488. 

16 Ibid. 

17 See Milgrom (2000), Brusco and Lopomo (2002), and Engelbrecht-Wiggans and Kahn (2005), 

for instance. 

18 Cramton and Schwartz (2000 and 2002). 

19 Kwerel and Rosston (2000). 

20 Bajari and Fox (2005). 

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auction that is targeted at a bidder who deviates from a collusive strategy, and may also 

make the deviation more difficult to detect. These two effects are often postulated to 

make a collusive agreement more difficult to maintain.21 For instance, collusion 

facilitated through the types of bid signaling, retaliatory bidding, and bid jumping 

strategies found in the empirical literature on previous FCC auctions would not be 

feasible under these new rules. While it is perfectly reasonable to adjust the rules to 

dissuade observed suspicious behavior, it should be noted that some of the collusive 

strategies detailed in the theoretical literature do not depend on being able to identify 

bidders.22

Also noteworthy is that the information being withheld could potentially be useful 

to bidders in ways that do not relate to any sort of anti-competitive behavior, as pointed 

out in the FCC Public Notice and numerous submitted comments. For instance, the value 

a bidder places on a particular license may depend (positively or negatively) on whether 

another particular bidder also obtains a license in that region. Under the proposed rules, 

the bidder would not be able to know who was winning licenses in that region until after 

the auction had concluded. This would be more of a concern, however, if the entire 

spectrum for these types of services was being auctioned off at one time. Since this 

auction is only for 90 MHz, the uncertainty bidders face about the possible 

interdependencies rests only upon the potential interdependencies on the part of the 

spectrum offered in this auction. 

The FCC Public Notice and several comments on it23 state that since there is a 

common-value aspect to these auctions, it may also be a concern that reducing the 

amount of information revealed throughout the auction will make it more difficult for 

bidders to correctly estimate the value of a license to them based upon the bids of others. 

This concern is mitigated to some degree, however, by the fact that the FCC would reveal 

the number of bidders who placed bids for each license. We also note that a theoretical 

paper shows that the effect of anonymity on auction revenue in an affiliated-values 

English auction is ambiguous.24 To our knowledge, the full implications of bidder 

anonymity have not been worked out for SMR auctions. We agree with the FCC’s 

position, however, that this is likely to be less of a concern now that spectrum markets are 

relatively mature, and bidders can use the outcomes of past auctions to help refine their 

estimates of the worth of licenses currently for sale. 

 

 

21 Stigler (1964) and Klemperer (2002). 

22 Brusco and Lopomo (2002).

23 For instance, “Comments from Paul Milgrom and Gregory Rosston” and comment from the 

Center on the Study of Auctions, Procurements and Competition Policy (CAPCP) at Penn State 

University. 

24 See Feinberg and Tennenholtz (2004). 

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Conclusion

 There are both advantages and disadvantages to withholding the bidder 

information detailed in the FCC Public Notice. We believe the balance of evidence 

suggests that in today’s relatively mature wireless markets, the positives outweigh the 

negatives, and we support the FCC’s proposal not to reveal information about bidder 

identities and actions during the auction. 

 

 Respectfully submitted, 

 Michael A. Salinger, 

 Director Bureau of Economics 

 Federal Trade Commission 

 

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References

Bajari, P. and Fox, J. (2005), “Complementarities and Collusion in an FCC Spectrum 

Auction”, NBER Working Paper No. 11671. 

Brusco, S. and Lopomo, G. (2002), “Collusion via Signalling in Simultaneous Ascending 

Bid Auctions with Heterogeneous Objects, with and without Complementarities”, Review 

of Economic Studies, 69, 407-436. 

Cramton, P. and Schwartz, J. (2000), “Collusive Bidding: Lessons from the FCC 

Spectrum Auctions”, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 17 (3), 229–252. 

Cramton, P. and Schwartz, J. (2002), “Collusive Bidding in the FCC Spectrum 

Auctions,” Contributions to Economic Analysis & Policy, 1 (1), Article 11. 

Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R. and Kahn, C. (2005), “Low Revenue Equilibria in 

Simultaneous Ascending Price Auctions”, Management Science, 51: 356-371. 

Feinberg, Y. and Tennenholtz, M. (2004), “Anonymous Bidding and Revenue 

Maximization”, mimeo., forthcoming in Journal of Economic Theory. 

Klemperer, P. (2002), "What Really Matters in Auction Design", Journal of Economic 

Perspectives, 16(1), 169-189. 

Kwerel, E. and Rosston, G. (2000), “An Insiders' View of FCC Spectrum Auctions”,

Journal of Regulatory Economics, 17(3), 253-89. 

Milgrom, P. (2000), “Putting Auction Theory to Work: The Simultaneous Ascending 

Auction”, Journal of Political Economy, 108, 245-272. 

Stigler, G. (1964), “A Theory of Oligopoly”, Journal of Political Economy, 72, 44-61. 

 

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