1

Filed 10/3/16 Mako Investments v. W est Coast C ontractors of Nevada CA3 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Placer)

----

MAKO INVESTMENTS, LLC,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v. WEST COAST CONTRACTORS OF NEVADA, INC., Defendant and Appellant;

FIDELITY AND DEPOSIT COMPANY OF MARYLAND,

Defendant and Respondent. C073867 (Super. Ct. No. SCV29252)

WEST COAST CONTRACTORS OF NEVADA, INC.,

Cross

- complainant and Respondent,

v. ZEPHYR COMPANIES, INC.,

Cross

- defendant and Appellant.2

A $2.6 million erosion control project with a $1.8 million stream restoration component at Lake Tahoe for Placer County (County) resulted in litigation between the general contractor and the subcontractor on the project over compensation for work performed. Defendant and appellant /cross

- complainant and respondent West Coast Contractors of Nevada, Inc. (West Coast), served as genera l contractor. Defendant and

r espondent Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland (Fidelity) issued West Coast’s payment bond. C ross

- defendant and appellant Zephyr Companies, Inc. (Zephyr), served as subcontractor. Zephyr assigned its claims in the litiga tion to plaintiff and appellant
Mako Investme nts , LLC (Mako)

. Following a flurry of complaints and cross

- complaints, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Mako and Zephyr in the amount of $915,045 in compensatory damages and $638,422 in punitive damages , for a total of $1,553,467 in damages against West Coast. On posttrial motions, the trial court reduced compensatory damages by $695,000 and eliminated all punitive damages , for a damage s award of $220,045. In addition, the court awarded prompt payment in terest penalties and 35 percent of the attorney fees and costs requested. Zephyr and Mako appeal , seeking reversal of the court’s reduction in damages, restoration of the jury’s award , reversal of the attorney fees and cost s award , and reversal of the prejudgment interest award . West Coast cross

- appeals , challenging the trial court’s statutory interpretation and jury instructions. We shall affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDUR AL BACKGROUND
The Parties Zephyr is a contractor specializing in earthw ork. Until August 9, 2008 , Steven
Cruz owned 50 percent of Cruz Excavating , Inc. (Cruz Excavating) , which in 2009 formally changed its name to Zephyr. Scott Freidus was Zephyr’s president.3

Mako is an investment management company. Zephyr assigned its c laims to Mako, its creditor, since Zephyr did not have the resources to pursue the c laims. West Coast as a general contractor specializes in putting together a team of subcontractors in order to manage and complete construction projects. Mario and
Andrew ( Andy ) Ramirez are the owners as well as the president and vice

- president , respectively, of West Coast. 1 Fidelity issued West Coast’s payment bond. The Project
In 2009 the County solicited bids for the Lake Forest Erosion Control Project (Project) . The P roject’s goal was to reconstruct a native stream bed. The stream restoration sought to mitigate erosion and other damage caused by development along the
stream bed. The project was subject to regulations of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) , wh ich required work on the Project to stop between October 15 and May 1 e ach
winter. Bidding Process The parties disagree on how the contract for the P roject was awarded. West Coast contends its superintendent , Mark Rosa , found the Project on the Reno Buil ders Exchange and the company ultimately submitted a bid. Around this time Andy and Freidus began discussing the P roject. Since Zephyr lacked the qualifications to submit as general contractor, Freidus offered to team up with West Coast and serve as a

su bcontractor. Mario and Freidus met prior to preparing the bid. Payments from contracting agencies may lag for several months after the performance of labor , so Freidus stated he would need help funding payroll ; Mario knew by then that Zephyr

1 Since Mario and Andy Ramirez share the same last name, we will refer to them by their first names.4

could not po st payment and performance bonds. Mario was not concerned because the inability to obtain subcontractor bonding is not necessarily indicative of poor financial stability. Mario , who had previously advanced payroll for other subcontractors, agreed to
do the same for Zephyr even though it was not required by the su bcontract. Freidus was in the room while West Coast prepared its bid on the P roject, a practice which helped in improving bidding accuracy. West Coast never formed a joint partnership or joint venture with Freidus or Zephyr. Freidus never requested such a partnership. A joint partnership or joint venture with a subcontractor wou ld violate the terms of West Coast’s bond. None of the P roject documents refer to Zephyr as a partner
or to the P roject as a joint venture. In contrast, Freidus testified Zephyr usually bids projects as a general contractor. West Coast lacked the experi ence and expertise Zephyr possessed. However, due to financial difficulties, Zephyr could not obtain the necessary bonds and lacked the working capital necessary to fund the job. Therefore, Zephyr brought the project to West
Coast. Zephyr informed West Coast that Zephyr’s financial difficulties prevented it from both obtaining a bond and possessing the working capital to undertake the P roject as the general contractor. The parties agreed to team up together to win the P roject, with West Coast bidding th e P roject as general contractor. This “teaming” reflected the parties’ fiduciary relationship, a relationship that existed in addition to a joint venture relationship and partnership relationship. Prior to bidding on the project Zephyr and West Coast

exc hanged confidential, proprietary cost data concerning specific items in the bid. According to both Freidus and Andy , in a typical subcontractor/general contractor relationship, only final prices on items would be exchanged, not underlying c ost data. Zeph yr states it determined how to bid on every single item in the bid, not just items it was responsible for but also West Coast’s work and that of other sub contractors. In addition, Zephyr was the only subcontractor present in West Coast’s “war room.”5

In A ugust 2009 West Coast submitted a bid for $2,595,958.75 to complete the
P roject. The County awarded the project to West Coast , with Zephyr as the
earthwork/utilities subcontractor. After the award, West Coast secured P roject bonding and signed a contract with the County. West Coast did not require Zephyr to obtain a bond; Fidelity posted a bond guarantying West Coast’s obligation to Zephyr. The Subcontract Agreement In September 2009, before work on the P roject started, West Coast sent Zephyr a
written subcontract agreement. Again, the parties disagree on subsequent events. West Coast states Zephyr did not object to the agreement on the ground that it was a partner or joint venture r with West Coast . Instead, Freidus put aside the agreement and Zephyr began work. Freidus, after work began, mentioned in passing to West Coast’s project manager’s assistant that there were problems with the subcontract that needed to be discussed. However, Freidus never discussed his concerns or proposed an alternative
ag reement. Zephyr continued work on the project

. At trial, Andy testified West Coast never agreed to provide working capital to Zephyr or to create a relationship beyond t hat of contractor/subcontractor. Andy believed the written subcontract agreement con stituted the agreement between Zephyr and West
Coast for the P roject. Zephyr acknowledges that West Coast sent it a subcontractor agreement in September 2009. However, Zephyr contends the proposed form varied from and conflicted with the parties’ “teamin g agreement.” The proposed form required Zephyr to post bonds and provided for termination based on financial condition and failure to provide bond. Therefore, Freidus did not sign the document and notified West Coast about the problems with it. Neither party signed the document.
Substitution of a Subcontractor Central to the dispute between the parties is the Subletting and Subcontracting Fair
Practices Act (Act ; Pub

. Contract Code , § 4100 et seq. ) , which requires C ounty approval6

for substitution of a subcontractor on a public works contract. 2 The Act provides , in part: “Prior to approval of the prime contractor’s request for the substitution, the awarding authority, or its duly authorized officer, shall give notice in writing to the listed
subcontrac tor of the prime contractor’s request to substitute and of the reasons for the request. The notice shall be served by certified or registered mail to the last known address of the subcontractor.” ( § 4107 , subd. (a)(9).) It is the final sentence that pro vides the bone of contention between the parties. Work Begins Zephyr began work on the P roject without a bond and without signing West Coast’s subcontractor agreement. The P roject is inside the Lake Tahoe Basin and subject to TRPA regulations. Under the se regulations, the P roject was shut down between October 15, 2009 , and May 1, 2010. Zephyr worked on the P roject from September 16, 2009 , through October 15, 2009, the winter shut

- down date. Dissatisfied with Zephyr’s performance, West Coast sent Zephyr a “ 48

- Hour Notice to Cure , ” requiring the subcontractor to adequately supervise the P roject. Once again, the parties disagree strongly about what followed. Zephyr’s Version of Events Zephyr contends West Coast’s complaints were resolved prior to winteri zation , and both the County and West Coast approved its work. The P roject was on schedule.
The County paid West Coast $249,741.28 and $67,445.95 for the work Zephyr performed. The total value of Zephyr’s work was $317,187.23. According to Zephyr , West Coast withheld funds from Zephyr despite being aware of the potential harm to Zephyr. West Coast never made any payment to Zephyr other than advances for net payroll. Zephyr repeatedly urged West Coast to release some funds

2 All further statutory references are to the Public Contract Code unless otherwise designated.7

or pay some of its obligations . West Coast’s refusal to reimburse Zephyr for work performed weakened the subcontractor’s already shaky financial condition. Freidus told Andy, one of West Coast’s owners, that Zephyr would not be able to remain in business throughout the winter without any money coming in. Andy acknowledged that West Coast’s withholding of money exacerbated Zephyr’s financial
condition. After West Coast withheld Zephyr’s progress payment, Zephyr could not pay its
worker s ’ compensation insurance premiums and the licens e bond lapsed. Zephyr was unable to pay for its general liability insurance and was sued by its fuel supplier for nonpayment. West Coast refused Zephyr’s request that West Coast pay Zephyr’s insurance premiu m. Zephyr also asked West Coast to pay outstan ding union contributions , and West Coast supplied two checks. According to Zephyr, West Coast later voided the checks and the union was not paid. West Coast failed to inform Zephyr, which incurred penalties and interest. Subsequently , the union sued Zephyr. Prior to Christmas, Freidus asked Andy to release $10,000 of Zephyr’s funds so employees could be paid before the holiday. Andy refused. Freidus laid o ff Zephyr’s
office staff. West Coast paid some of Zephyr’s debts. After dedu cting the amounts advanced to Zephyr, West Coast retained $194,146.87 of the money the County paid for work done by Zephyr. In addition, Zephyr spent $10,848 for an approved change order and $15,000 for equipment and materials at the job site from which Z ephyr was excluded. Mario admitted that the decision to withhold Zephyr’s funds was not connected to
the work Zephyr performed on the P roject. West Coast did not give Zephyr any reason for withholding the mone y from Zephyr.
West Coast calculated the cos ts of terminating and replacing Zephyr and kept its
calculations secret from the subcontractor. Based on those calculations, West Coast8

made the decision to terminate Zephyr before December 2009. West Coast did not inform Zephyr of its decision to termin ate the subco ntractor. West Coast led Zephyr to believe that it would allow Zephyr to finish work on the
P roject. Mario met with Freidus in February 2010. Mario encouraged Freidus to stop using union employees because the union rules created inefficienc ies . Freidus told Mario that the only way Zephyr could cease its union involvement would be to file for bankruptcy and then form a new nonunion company. Zephyr considered bankruptcy only to satisfy Mario’s desire to break the union contracts. Freidus be lieved West Coast had all the money and all the power. Mario knew that Freidus was in the process of forming the new company. Freidus subsequently formed DM Excavating in February 2010 and applied for a contractor’s license. Andy knew about the new comp any in March 2010. During these conversations, West Coast never informed Zephyr that it had already decided to terminate the subcontractor. At the same time, West Coast was accepting bids from the company with which it eventually replaced Z ephyr. Mario ceased communications with Freidus. The pair never spoke directly and Mario did not return Freidus’s phone calls. Nor did Andy communicate with Freidus. On March 4, 2010, West Coast notified Zephyr by letter that Zephyr’s financial condition had become “unstable or unsatisfactory” and demanded “additional security, in the form of a bond approved by West Coast’s bonding agent.” Freidus believed the letter was a precursor to West Coast ’s transferring work to a nonunion subcontractor,
DM Excavating. A week later, on March 11, 2010, West Coast sent a letter terminating
the contract

. On March 17, 2010, Freidus sent Mario an e

- mail stating “ [ e ] verything is sti ll as
discussed

. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] I have many of the same people coming back to do the work

- they have agreed to work outside of the U nion

. . . [.] ” After receiving no response, Freidus repeatedly telephoned West Coast, left messages, sent e

- mails , and visited the9

West Coast offices a couple of times a week. After receiving an e

- mail from West Coast,
Freidus called the West Coast office and was told Zephyr would not be allowed to finish
the P roject and someone else had been hired. Zephyr contends t hat but for West Coast’s withholding of payment for work performed, Zephyr’s financial condition had improved from the beginning of the P roject up until termination. According to Zephyr, its financial difficulties had been successfully addressed by March 2010. Zephyr had a receivable of about $265,000 for work performed on the P roject. At trial, Freidus testified that had West Coast reim bursed Zephyr for the work performed, it “absolutely would have made it through the winter” as
that amount “ of liquid cash would have been probably more money” than Zephyr had had going into a ny of seven or eight other winter s

. Prior to its termination, Z ephyr had access to over $1 million dollars in equipment and additional financing from alternative capital sources. These sources, which included Mako, had loaned more than $700,000 over 10 years. Termination by West Coast meant
these sources would not b e able to make further loans. West Coast’s refusal to allow Zephyr to finish the job and the withholding of payment for work performed extinguished any potential collateral Zephyr could have used to borrow funds. On March 30, 2010, pursuant to section 41 07 , West Coast wrote to the County informing it that Zephyr would no longer be a subcontractor and stating that Zephyr
would be substituted with Marv McQueary Excavating (McQueary) . West Coast did not inform Zephyr of its intentions , nor did it forward a copy of the letter. West Coast cited ”Public Contract Code 4107 . . . subsections 4107 paragraphs 2 and 4” as the reasons for substituting Zephyr: subcontractor has become insolvent or failed to provide a bond. 3

3 West Coast was actually referring to section 4107, subd ivision (a)(2) and (4).10

On April 20, 2010, the County sent a lett er to Zephyr giving Zephyr five working days in which to submit written objections to West Coast’s request to substitute Zephyr , the submission of which would trigger a hearing. Zephyr never received the notice. Zephyr had closed its post office box and the notice was returned to the County as undelivered and undeliverable. West Coast received a copy of the letter and knew that the notice to Zephyr had been returned undelivered. If Zephyr had known of this notice, it would have objected and requested a hearing.
West Coast’s Version of Events As work progressed, West Coast advanced Zephyr’s net payroll, leaving the subcontractor to pay employer’s taxes, union benefits, and other payroll expenses. This delayed the County’s initial payment to West Coast u ntil long after the 2009 work had been completed.
In late 2009 Freidus met with Andy and disclosed some of Zephyr’s financial problems. Andy worried that Zephyr might not be capable of completing the P roject and might not survive during the scheduled win ter shutdown. Documentation provided by Freidus revealed Zephyr’s debts and overhead far exceeded the amounts due to it for the work performed in 2009. With each meeting between the two, Zephyr’s financial picture
appear ed to worsen.
In December 2009 Fr eidus stated Zephyr would file for bankruptcy protection, which Zephyr’s attorney confirmed. On December 7, 2009, Zephyr’s workers’ compensation insurance was canceled for nonpayment of the premium. As a result, the
Contractors State License Board suspen ded Zephyr’s licen se in January 2010. When West Coast received the initial progress payment from the County on
December 7 , 2009, it knew the subcontractor was failing and that Zephyr’s failure to pay
its P roject

- related bills would damage West Coast. Wes t Coast also received notice from vendors and unions that Zephyr was not paying its bill s . Zephyr and West Coast met to discuss whether the contractor would release payments to the subcontractor.11

Subsequently, West Coast cut two checks: one for $23,528.04 to the Operating Engineers Trust Fund s and Cruz Excavating , and one for $29,476.44 to the CA 185
L abor ers U nion and Cruz Excavating. West Coast intended to send the checks to the respective unions but learned Zephyr was attempting to bu rden the P roject with obligations arising from other work. Prior to receiving the first progress payment from the County, West Coast advanced Zephyr’s net payroll. The increased costs of substituting Zephyr exceeded the amount Zephyr claimed due for work it had performed. On December 31, 2009, West Coast received the County’s second progress payment. Instead of paying Zephyr, West Coast withheld the funds and started paying claims from Zephyr’s vendors, employees , and unions. Freidus understood the rea son for withholding the funds.
In the first six months of 2010 West Coast paid $34,347.90 in claims from Zephyr’s vendors and employees, including payroll checks that had been returned for
insufficient funds and union contributions. The County withheld $ 158,000 from West Coast’s final payment because Zephyr had failed to pay its unions. In January 2010 the Internal Revenue Service recorded a $110,094 lien against Zephyr for failure to pay payroll taxes. The following month, a vendor obtained a judgment against Zephyr for $24, 642 plus attorney fees and costs, and Zephyr lost its licensing bond. Zephyr’s California license had already been suspended for failure to
maintain workers’ compensation insurance. Various Nevada state agencies also obtained judgm ents against Zephyr. According to Freidus, Zephyr ceased operations on December 7, 2009 , and had no
work after that date. Freidus decided to file for bankruptcy , testifying: “I was talking about a reorganization of our debt to potentially renegotiate wi th all my creditors. So going into a Chapter 11 bankruptcy gives a little guy like me some leverage against these big creditors. Otherwise I don’t have any . . . .”12

By February 13, 2010, Freidus realized West Coast was going to terminate and
substitute Z ephyr. On March 4, 2010, West Coast formally requested evidence from Zephyr that it had the financial ability to continue work on the P roject , that it had a valid contractor’s license bond , and that it had a valid worker s’ compensation certificate. Zephy r received the letter but never complied with West Coast’s requests

. West Coast terminated the subcontract agreement with Zephyr on March 11, 2010. West Coast sent the termination letter to Zephyr at P.O. Box 3269, Incline Village , Nevada. Freidus signe d the certified mail receipt for the termination letter and did not object to the termination. On March 17, 2010, Freidus told West Coast that “Zephyr will be filing a chapter 7 bankruptcy petition in the next 4

- 6 weeks.” After West Coast
confirmed Freid us had received its termination letter, it informed the County of the termination and requested substitution of McQueary as the subcontractor. On April 20, 2010, the County sent a notice of substitution to Zephyr at the same
P.O. Box 3269 in Incline Villa ge, Nevada , the address used by Zephyr in its original bid and the post office box listed on its contractor’s license. The letter was not returned undeliverable for an improper address. It was returned because Zephyr did not sign for or
claim the letter. Initial Complaint In January 2011 Zephyr filed suit in Nevada against West Coast, alleging , among other claims, breach of written contract. Zephyr voluntarily dismissed the suit and assigned its claims to Mako. In May 2011 Mako filed suit against West Coast and Fidelity , claiming statutory violations, breach of oral contract , and various common law claims. West Coast filed a

cross

- complaint against Cruz Excavating, alleging breach of subcontract and asserting a claim for indemnity. West Coast filed a first amended cross

- complaint , changing the

cross

- defendant from Cruz Excavating to Zephyr

.13

Mako and Zephyr moved for summary adjudication in favor of Mako and
summary judgment or, in the alternative, summary adjudication in favor of Zephyr . The
court de nied the motion, finding triable issues of fact as to whether Zephyr had a valid contractor’s license and as to whether West Coast’s unsigned form governed the parties’ agreement. Trial Trial began in November 2012. Mako filed for leave to amend its comp laint to allege that West Coast orally agreed to a partnership or joint venture with Zephyr. The
trial court denied the motion , finding Mako failed to demonstrate why it had failed to
amend sooner and that such an amendment would be highly prejudicial to West Coast. The court allowed Mako to amend its complaint to allege causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of partnership, breach of joint venture , and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair d ealing.
Motion for Nonsuit
At the close of evidence, defendants West Coast and Fidelity moved for nonsuit on Mako’s claim that West Coast violated the Act by wrongfully terminating and substituting Zephyr and that West Coast was negligent. The trial court granted the
motion. The trial court de nied defendants ’ motion for nonsuit with respect to intentional interference with prospective economic advantage and negligent interference with prospective economic advantage. Jury Verdict The jury found for Mako on its claims that West Coast violated prompt pay statutes by withholding funds from Zephyr’s progress payment and of breach of oral
contract, breach of implied contract, conversion, common count, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of joint venture, breach of partnership , and bad faith. The jury awarded Mako compensatory damages of $915,045. The jury found defendants acted with fraud, oppression , or malice and awarded $ 638 ,422 in punitive damages , for a total award of14

$1,553,467. In addition, the jury ruled in favor of Zephyr on all causes of a ction in West
Coast’s cross

- complaint, including the breach of contract claim , and found Zephyr’s
license was valid. The jury deadlocked on Mako’s claims for negligent and intentional interference with prospective economic relations. The parties submitte d these claims to the trial court, which ruled against Mako. The trial court also ruled against Mako on its causes of action for unfair competition and unjust enrich ment. Post t rial Motions West Coast and Fidelity moved for judgment notwithstanding the ve rdict and for a new trial. The trial court ruled in favor of defendants, reducing the damages to Mako to $220,045 and granting a new trial. The court observed: “As a side comment, this court notes it has never granted a motion for [judgment notwithstand ing the verdict] or for new trial in the scores and scores of jury trials it has heard. This case is the exception. In the court’s opinion and assessment of the evidence , the jury got it wrong this time. It appears likely the jury simply did not care fo r Mr. Ramirez, and it was so reflected in their verdicts. Nonetheless, the evidence does not in any way, shape or form justify a legally valid award of damages for lost profits, or for punitive damages . . . .” Mako moved for prejudgment interest under C ivil Code section 3287 , subdivision (a). The trial court awarded prejudgment interest for the work actually performed by Zephyr but denied interest on the unliquidated lost profits and material s left
on the site. Mako and Zephyr moved for $ 904 ,823.55 in fees and costs. The trial court awarded $282,915 in attorney fees and $35,859 .85 in costs. The court entered judgment. The parties filed timely notices of appeal.15 DISCUSSION
MAKO AND ZEPHYR’S AP PEAL Plaintiffs appeal from the trial court’s granting of the judgment notwithstanding
verdict on the basis that the substitution of Zephyr did not violate the Act and the resulting vacation of future lost profits and punitive damages. Mako and Zephyr argue Ze phyr never received the County’s notice that West Coast had requested to substitute the subcontractor. In addition, Mako and Zephyr contend a review of Zephyr’s financial condition reveals it was capable of completing the P roject and West Coast promised t o provide financing to this end. Mako and Zephyr challenge the trial court’s rulings on attorney fees and costs. Substitution of Zephyr Standard of Review
Code of Civil Procedure section 629 provides, in part: “The court, before the expiration of its p ower to rule on a motion for a new trial , . . . shall render judgment in favor of the aggrieved party notwithstanding the verdict whenever a motion for a directed verdict for the aggrieved party should have been granted had a previous motion been made.” 4 In ruling on a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict , the trial court may not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses but must instead read
the record in the light most favorable to the jury’s determination. ( Stubblefield
Co nstruction Co. v. City of San Bernardino (1 995) 32 Cal.App.4th 687, 703.) The trial court’s power to grant a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is identical to its power to grant a directed verdict. In ruling on the motion, the court

must ac cept as true the evidence supporting the jury’s verdict, disregarding all conflicting evidence and drawing every legitimate inference in support of the judgment. The motion

4 Statutes 2014, chapter 93 designated the existing paragraphs of section 629 as subdivisions (a) through (d). The text quoted here is now in subdivision (a).16

may be granted only when the verdict lacks support as a matter of law. ( Tognazzin i v. San Luis Coastal Unified School Dist. (2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 1053, 1057

- 1058; see Gillan v. City of San Marino (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 1033.) The court may grant a partial judgment notwithstanding the verdict when a party establishes that some discrete aspect of the verdict, involving a particular cause of action or claim for damages, is either unsupported by the evidence or contrary to law. ( Beavers v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1990)
225 Cal.App.3d 310 , 314 , 323 .)
The Act The Act provides that once the gene ral contractor lists a subcontractor in its public works bid, the general contractor is prohibited from replacing the subcontractor except under limited circumstances and with prior approval of the public agency. ( § 4107 ,

s ubd

. (a)

. ) The purpose of the Act is to protect both the public and subcontractors from the evils of bid shopping and bid peddling subsequent to the award of a contract for a public project. Under the Act, the grounds for substitution are “keyed to the unwillingn ess or inability of the listed subcontractor properly to perform.” ( Southern
Cal

. Acoustics Co. v. C. V. Holder, Inc. (1969) 71 Cal.2d 719, 726 ( Southern Cal

. Acoustics ) .) If a named subcontractor is wrongfully removed or substituted, the
subcontractor h as a private right of action against the prime contractor to recover the benefits of the wrongfully terminated subcontract. The subcontractor can recover such damages even if the substitution is approved by the awarding authority as long as the
basis for approval is unauthorized. ( Id

. at p p . 726

- 727; Affholder, Inc. v. Mitchell Engineering, Inc. (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 510, 517

- 518 ( Affholder ) .) A prime contractor may only seek substitution of a listed subcontractor under certain, specified circumstances, including “ [w] hen the listed subcontractor becomes insolvent or the subject of an order for relief in bankruptcy” and “ [ w ] hen the listed
subcontractor fails or refuses to meet the bond requirements of the prime contractor as set forth in Section 4108.” ( § 4107 , subd. (a)(2), (4).)17

As previously noted, under section 4107 , subdivision (a), prior to approval of the prime contractor’s request to substitute a subcontractor, the awarding authority must give notice in writing to the subcontractor about the requ est to substitute. “The notice shall be served by certified or registered mail to the last known address of the subcontractor. The listed subcontractor who has been so notified has five working days within which to submit written objections to the substi tution to the awarding authority. Failure to file these written objections constitutes the listed subcontractor’s consent to the substitution.” ( § 4107 , subd. (a).) 5 Notice to Zephyr The following facts are undisputed. In March 2010 West Coast notified the County of its desire to substitute Zephyr under section 4107 , subdivision (a)(2) and (4) , cited above. On April 20, 2010 , the County served notice by certified or registered mail to the last known address of the subcontractor. Although both West Coa st and the County complied with the Act, it is also undisputed that Zephyr did not receive the notice. As a consequence, Zephyr did not file written objections to the County’s notice or in any way contest the substitution. The County permitted West Coast to substitute Zephyr with another subcontractor.
Discussion
Mako and Zephyr argue the trial court ’s construction of “the Act as allowing a complete bar to a final adjudication of valuable substantive rights based solely on lack of response to [a] single mailed notice, known not to be received by the addressee, violates due process. The trial court’s basis for granting nonsuit was error as a matter of law.” According to Mako and Zephyr, the Act requires actual notice. In the alternative, they

5 We grant Mako’s request for judicial notice filed on April 28, 2014.18

contend , even if Zephyr is “deemed” to have notice and consented to the substitution, any consent was procured by West Coast’s wrongful and fraudulent conduct. In arguing section 4107 requires actual notice, Mako and Zephyr analogize the
substitution notification to “an initial summons in that it first gives notice of a legal proceeding that affects a party’s important rights.” Mako and Zephyr conclude: “The Act should be interpreted for a subcontractor who has not filed written objections as consenting to substi tution only for those subcontractors who have actually received notice, or at least where there has been reasonable diligence for the party to receive notice. If the Act is not interpreted in this manner, then it is unconstitutional as depriving a party o f due pr ocess.” We disagree. In Affholder the appellate court rejected a similar challenge to section 4107, holding : “ H ere , Mitchell [ the defendant prime contractor] requested and obtained a determination from the district that the change order relieved it of its statutory obligations to Affholder [ the plaintiff subcontractor]. Affholder did not challenge that administrative determination. It may be, as Affholder suggests, that it did not receive proper notice of Mitchell’s request or of the district’s determination, but any procedural requirements that might be applicable (see § 4107, subd. (a)), are the responsibility of the district, not Mitchell. [ C itation

. ] Affholder made no attempt to challenge the administrative determination on either procedur al or substantive grounds. Assuming that the determination should be construed as authorizing the ‘substitution’ of Affholder , Affholder failed to exhaust its administrative remedies and the propriety of the substitution must be taken as established.” ( A ffholder , supra , 153 Cal.App.4th at
p p

. 521

- 522, fn. omitted.) By its express terms, section 4107 only requires that the awarding authority serve notice by certified or registered mail; it does not require that the County or West Coast
seek out the subcon tractor to assure Zephyr knew of its right to object to the substitution

. As the trial court noted: “Nor does the statute mandate that a subcontractor that has19

closed its post office box be provided different or better notice than a subcontractor who
ele cts to check its mail or keep its post office box open. As the court noted at the hearing on the nonsuit motion, that Zephyr did not actually receive the notice from Placer County was a problem of Zephyr’s own making. Nor is it relevant, in the court’s v iew, whether Freidus/Zephyr intentionally refused to pick up his certified mail, whether he inadvertently failed to do so, or whether West Coast suspected the County’s letter would not be retrieved by Zephyr. What is relevant is that the legal effect of t he County’s compliance with the Act by mailing notice to Zephyr, and Zephyr’s failure to file objections to West Coast’s proposed replacement of it as a subcontractor , is clear: Zephyr’s failure to file written objections ‘ constitutes the listed subcontra ctor’s consent to the substitution’ [citation ; i talics added by trial court ] and the ‘propriety of the substitution must be taken as established’ [ c itation]

. ” We agree with the trial court’s assessment of the facts. “We must assume that in creating the p rocedure in section 4107, the Legislature intended that the results thereof should be binding on the parties unless found to be erroneous and set aside by a court of review.” ( Interior Systems, Inc. v. Del. E. Webb Corp. (1981) 121 Cal.App.3d 312, 318.) Here, the procedure set forth in section 4107 was fully complied with. If we were to follow Zephyr’s reading of the statute, a subcontractor could ignore the administrative process outlined in the statute and pursue nonstatutory or tort claims against the prime contractor even when those claims are based on the alleged wrongful substitution of the subcontractor. Section 4107 provides a binding administrative process that precludes such claims when complied with. However, Mako and Zephyr argue , if a subcontractor is wrongfully removed or substituted for a reason not authorized by statute, the subcontractor has a private right of action against the prime contractor to recover the benefits of the wrongfully terminated
subcontractor . The subcontra ctor can bring an action for damages even if the substitution is approved by the awarding authority as long as the basis for the approval is20

unauthorized. In support, Mako and Zephyr rely on Southern Cal

. Acoustics , supra , 71 Cal.2d 7 19.
In Southern Cal

. Acoustics , a subcontractor submitted a telephone bid to a general contractor to install ceiling tiles on a public construction job in a school district . The general contractor listed the plaintiff subcontractor on the bid. The general contractor
then so ught permission from the school district to substitute on the ground that the plaintiff had been inadvertently listed as the subcontractor in place of the intended subcontractor. The school district allowed the substitution. ( Southern Cal

. Acoustics , sup ra , 71 Cal.2d at p p . 721

- 72 2 .) The Supreme Court held that the plaintiff subcontractor had a cause of action against the general contractor for violating the Act if the general contractor sought substitution for an invalid reason. The Southern Cal

. Acous tics court stated: “we hold that [the Act] confers the right on the listed subcontractor to perform the subcontract unless statutory grounds for a valid substitution exist.” ( Id

. at p. 727.) The court in Affholder distinguished Southern Cal

. Acoustics , noting that in Southern Cal

. Acoustics the substitution was made on a ground clearly unauthorized by section 4107 and not within the awarding authority’s discretion. In Affholder , the district had the authority to define and modify the scope of the contra ct bid
items. T here was no evidence the district acted in bad faith. ( Affholder , supra , 153 Cal.App.4th at p. 520.) Subsequent to Southern Cal. Acoustics , section 4107 was amended to state: “Failure to file these written objections constitutes the listed subcontractor’s consent to the substitution.” ( § 4107, subd. (a.) .) Affholder also discussed Southern Cal

. Acoustics
in relation to the amendment of the Act: “Subsequent to the decision in [ Southern Cal

. Acoustics ], section 4107, subdivision (a) was amended to provide for a hearing before the awarding authority if a listed subcontractor objects to a substitution. [ C itation

. ] As the statute now reads, ‘Failure to file these written objections constitutes the listed subcontractor’s consent to the substitution.’ (§ 4107, subd. (a).) In Interior Systems,21

Inc. v. Del E. Webb Corp

. [(1981)] 121 Cal.App.3d [312,] 317

- 319 , the court explained that the awarding authority ‘had the initial jurisdiction and authority to decide whether the facts warranted g ranting respondent permission to substitute. There was no challenge or effort to review that permission. As a result, the trial court was entitled to presume that [the awarding authority] obeyed the law and performed its legal duty. The
unavoidable conc lusion is that . . . [ the originally listed subcontractor] may not maintain an action against the prime contractor. ’ [ C itation

. ] ‘ We must assume that in creating the procedure in section 4107, the Legislature intended that the results thereof should be
b inding on the parties unless found to be erroneous and set aside by a court of review. Here appellant never sought such review or to otherwise properly set aside [the awarding authority’s] administrative finding and determination allowing respondent to su bstitute.
The [ A ] ct has created a quasi

- judicial remedy in the form of a hearing before the awarding authority to determine whether proper grounds exist under the act for substitution. Thus, we have at bench a case where: “ The administrative tribunal is created by law to adjudicate the issue sought to be presented to the court. The claim or ‘cause of action’ is within the special jurisdiction of the administrative tribunal, and the courts may act only to review the final administrative determination. ” ’ [ C itation

. ]” ( Affholder , supra , 153 Cal.App.4th at p. 521.) 6
Mako and Zephyr also claim that West Coast terminated Zephyr as a subcontractor
on March 11, 2010, six weeks prior to the mailing of the substitution notice. According

to Mako and Zephyr, West Coast’s “ liability for wrongful termination was fixed as of March 11, 2010 , and the later substitution cannot whitewash [ West Coast’s ] liability for
tort and contract claims. ” In support, Mako and Zephyr rely on Titan Electric Corp

. v. Los An geles Unified School Dist

. (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 188 ( Titan )

.

6 Except for bracketed citations, all bracketed text added by Affholder

.22

In Titan , a general contractor petitioned under section 4107 to substitute a subcontractor. However, the general contractor replaced the subcontractor before the
district had consented to the substitution. The subcontractor argued that under
section 4107, subdivision (b) the district lacked the authority to consent to the substitution after another subcontractor had completed the work. ( Titan , supra , 160 Cal.App.4th at p. 203.) The appellat e court disagreed, finding: “Although
section 4107 contemplates that the awarding authority’s consent to substitution and approval of a replacement subcontractor will occur before the replacement performs the subcontract, a deviation from this procedure i s valid so long as the procedure used actually complies in substance with the reasonable objectives of the statute. Here, such substantial compliance occurred.” ( Titan , at p. 203

. )
In Titan , the subcontractor received the notices of the substitution and requested hearings. The hearings were postponed to accommodate settlement talks . Subsequently, following administrative hearing s , the district granted the substitution requests. During this process, the general contractor replaced the subcontractor and the work proceeded. ( Titan , supra , 160 Cal.App.4th at p p . 197

- 200.) The appellate court reviewed the record , found the district complied in substance with the procedural requirements of the statute , and further found no evidence of bid shopping or any other evil the statute sought to avoid. ( Id

. at pp. 204

- 208.) Here, the procedural requirements of section 4107 were met and Zephyr has presented no evidence of bid shopping or other irregularities at odds with
th e reasonable objectives of the statute . Zephyr failed to respond to the notice of substitution, which precluded any further hearings. The trial court concluded that “ [i] n this case, the procedure mandated by statute
that allows for substitution of subcon tractor Zephyr was engaged and followed. The results of this compliance with statute include that West Coast was permitted to substitute Zephyr based on statutorily

- recognized grounds and that Zephyr’s failure to object
constitutes its consent to its subs titution. These results are binding on the parties.23

Allowing plaintiff to seek damages that follow the substitution to which it is deemed to have consented, despite having failed to exhaust administrative or mandamus remedies, would circumvent the purpos e s of the statute.” The failure to pursue administrative remedies results in the administrative finding ’s having a binding, preclusive effect on claims involving the issue of Zephyr’s substitution and replacement on the P roject. The trial court’s determi nation is supported by both the facts and the relevant legal authority. Punitive Damages The jury awarded Mako punitive damages in the amount of $638,422.00. The trial court granted a judgment notwithstanding the verdict with respect to punitive damages.
Mako and Zephyr contend the court erred in vacating the punitive damage s award. Regarding punitive damages , the court found: “In this case, the court does not intend to simply reduce or lower an amount of punitive damages awardable to plaintiff,
but fi nds that there is no legal entitlement to an award of punitive damages at all.
First

. . . the central component of plaintiff’s claims is that it was wrongfully substituted on the Lake Forest Project and replaced by another subcontractor. This cannot ser ve as a basis for a finding that, in effectuating the substitution, West Coast acted with malice, oppression or fraud. This is so because the substitution of the plaintiff subcontractor by West Coast was lawful and because, by operation of statute, Zephyr consented to the substitution. What is left of the jury’s verdict is its finding that West Coast breached an implied or oral contract and/or failed to make payments under the prompt payment
statutes. However , as to the breach of contract findings, punit ive damages may not be awarded. It is well settled that punitive damages are not available for breach of contract. [ C itations

. ] In this case, an arguable independent tort is conversion of the ‘materials left

at the job site.’ However, of the claims not eliminated by this motion, the jury found West Coast liable for materials left at the job site, in the amount of $15,000, under the alternative theories that the materials were provided pursuant to an implied or oral
contract or because of conversion. Th e same is true with respect to the jury’s finding that24

the checks that had been endorsed jointly by West Coast and plaintiff were not signed over to plaintiff. The jury found West Coast liable for the checks under alternative
theories of breach of contrac t or conversion. In the court’s view, it would not be appropriate to allow a punitive damage s award on top of the jury’s award of $205,045 for ‘work performed on the Lake Forest Job but not paid for by West Coast’ or on top of the $15,000 the jury found o wing ‘for loss of equipment and materials left on the Lake Forest Job.’ West Coast is not liable for those amounts because of conduct that has been found by the jury to be only [ tortious ] , as opposed to contract

- related.”
Mako and Zephyr begin by challen ging the trial court’s ability to strike the punitive damage award without a noticed motion, briefing , or argument. Mako and Zephyr point out that defendants did not challenge the punitive damage s award in the
combined motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial. However,
Mako and Zephyr acknowledge that in a posttrial motion , defendants requested judgment be entered against Mako on punitive damages. As the trial court found in its ruling on posttrial motions, “the court is compelled to note that all of the issues raised by the motions were raised in some form before trial, during trial and, now, after trial. Neither
side should claim it is surprised to see the arguments made by the other.”
Mako and Zephyr argue that , as a matter of law, a finding that Zephyr was not unlawfully substituted under the Act does not bar punitive damages under other theories

. According to Mako and Ze phyr, the jury found West Coast liable on other claims that support punitive damages: breach of fiduciary duty, breach of joint venture , and breach of partnership. These torts, Mako and Zephyr aver, independently support an award of punitive damages. Th e acts supporting an award of punitive damages include West Coast’s wrongfully withholding Zephyr’s share of Placer County’s payment for work performed, West Coast’s secret plan to terminate Zephyr and put it out of business , and
not forward ing union check s.25

Civil Code section 3294 provides , in part : “In an action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, the plaintiff, in addition

to the actual damages, may recover damages for the sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant.” (Civ. Code, § 3294, subd. (a).) Punitive damages may not be awarded if a defendant’s oppressive, fraudulent , or malicious conduct is re lated to or arises from the contract. ( Doyle v. Chief Oil Co. ( 1944) 64 Cal.App.2d 284, 295.) As the parties agree, a breach of contract gives rise to punitive damages only if the conduct breaches an independent tort duty. ( Cates Construction, Inc. v. T albot Partners ( 1999) 21 Cal.4th 28, 61.) “ ‘ Tort damages have been permitted in contract cases where a breach of duty directly causes physical injury [citation] ; for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in insurance contracts [citation] ; for wrongful discharge in violation of fundamental public policy [citation] ; or where the contract was fraudulently
induced. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] ” ( Robinson Helicopter Co., Inc. v. Dana Corp. (20 04) 34 Cal.4th 979, 989

- 990.) We agree with the tria l court’s assessment that the jury’s punitive damage s award
was based on conduct that was contract related. Mako and Zephyr argue the jury found West Coast liable for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of joint venture , and breach of partnership and that “ [ e ] ach of these breaches is a breach of an independent tort, any one of which alone would support the jury’s award of punitive damages.” However, Mako
and Zephyr fail to explain why these torts are independent from the underlying contract between the parti es. Mako and Zephyr contend the prompt payment statutory penalty does not bar additional punitive damages. According to Mako and Zephyr, the trial court’s finding to the contrary is error as a matter of law. The court determined “punitive damages are not appropriate for a violation of the prompt payment statutes because the statutes already contain a specific punitive feature

- pla intiff will be entitled to recover statutory penalties26

for West Coast’s failure to timely make payments for work and materials provided by Zephyr.” The prompt payment statute includes a 2 percent per month penalty to be assessed by the court after the ver dict. (Bus. & Prof. Code , §§ 7107, 7108.5; Pub. Contract Code , § 10262.5.) Mako and Zephyr characterize the statutory penalty as remedial, not punitive, quoting dicta from Washington Internat

. In s . Co. v. Superior Court (1998)
62 Cal.App.4th 981. ( “Alth ough we need not reach this issue, we note that the ‘interest penalty’ appears to be more in the nature of reimbursement . . . .” ( Id. at p. 991, fn. 5.) However, the rule is clear and straightforward: “a plaintiff cannot recover both punitive damages a nd statutory penalties, as this would constitute a prohibited double penalty for the same act.” ( De Anza Santa Cruz Mobile Estates Homeowners Assn. v.
De Anza Santa Cruz Mobile Estates (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 890, 912.) Awarding Mako punitive damages in ad dition to the damages under the prompt payment statute would punish West Coast twice.
T rial Court’s Grant of a New Trial
Mako and Zephyr argue the trial court erred in granting, in the alternative , a new trial. In making this claim, Mako and Zephyr incor porate their arguments against the judgment notwithstanding the verdict : that “the trial court erroneously construed the Act
when it held a subcontractor who does not contest the substitution is deemed to ‘consent’ to the substitution and that consent bars any other common law tort or contract claims against the prime contractor.” We have considered Mako and Zephyr’s claim and found it wanting.
P rejudgment Interest on Damages for Lost Profits In a related claim, Mako and Zephyr contend the trial court erred in denying prejudgment interest on damages for lost profits on the Project. Mako and Zephyr challenge the trial court’s conclusion that Zephyr’s lost profits on the P roject wer e not liquid ated.27

“Every person who is entitled to recover damages certain, or capable of being made certain by calculation, and the right to recover which is vested in him upon a particular day, is entitled also to recover interest thereon from that day . . . .” (C iv. Code , § 3287, former subd. (a).) “The primary purpose of an award of prejudgment interest is to compensate the plaintiff for the loss of use of money during the period before the entry of judgment, in order to make the plaintiff whole.” ( Uzyel v. Kad isha (2010)
188 Cal.App.4th 866, 919.) We review the denial of section 3287 prejudgment interest de novo. ( Tenzera , Inc. v. Osterman ( 2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 16, 21.) The trial court, in denying prejudgment interest , found: “The court determined in
its r uling on defendants’ motion for [judgment notwithstanding the verdict ] that plaintiff is not entitled to recover for lost profits claimed on the Lake Forest Project and, therefore, prejudgment interest cannot be awarded as to this claim. Even so, the dama ges claimed for lost profits on the project were not liquidated. The court notes that the original complaint alleged lost profits of $548,123.10 while the First Amended Complaint alleged lost profits of $484,992. The amount of this claim could not be rea dily ascertained, and it took a trial and the presentation of evidence to determine the amount to which plaintiff might have been entitled, had the court not determined subsequently, as a matter of law, that plaintiff is not entitled to recover fo r loss of profits.” We find the trial court appropriately refused to award Mako lost profits for the
P roject. Therefore, the court also correctly concluded Mako was not entitled to prejudgment interest on lost profits. We need not address the q uestion of liquida ted damages.
Mako and Zephyr also claim the court erred in not awarding prejudgment interest on damages for loss of equipment and materials left on the job site. The jury awarded
Mako $15,000 for damages for loss of equipment and materials; Mako and Zeph yr contend Mako is entitled to prejudgment interest calculated on the principal amount of28

$15,000 at an interest rate of 10 percent per annum from March 11, 2010 , unti l entry of judgment.
The trial court found: “Plaintiff’s request for an award of prejud gment interest on the $15,000 awarded by the jury for equipment and materials left at the Lake Forest job site is denied. Plaintiff has not shown that the materials and equipment left on the project
site can be characterized as liquidated damages. Although the jury determined a value, the evidence at trial concerning the value of materials and equipment left at the job site was sketchy. These damages could not be readily ascertained. The materials consisted of miscellaneous piping, fencing materia ls, pine needles, rock and other items.”
Mako and Zephyr argue the materials at issue included “eighteen (18) pieces of K

rail, miscellaneous pipe, miscellaneous filter fence, fencing materials, a fuel trailer, six

foot panels, approximately 100 yards of pine needles, steel plates, BMP supplies, and a variety of rock , ” materials capable of ascertainment by calculation. However, as the trial court noted, the value of these various components could not be readily valued and therefore were unliquidated.
A ttorney Fees Mako and Zephyr take issue with the trial court’s award of attorney fees. According to Mako and Zephyr , the court erred in reducing their attorney fees to
35 percent of those reques ted.
The trial court determined Mako was the prevailing par ty. Mako filed a motion seeking recovery of $839,158.23 in attorney fees and $6 5 ,665.32 in costs , for a total of $ 904 ,823.55. The trial court awarded attorney fees of $282,915 and costs of $35,859.85 , for a total of $318,774.85.
The trial court is the b est judge of the value of professional services rendered by counsel in court. We do not disturb the trial court’s decision absent an abuse of discretion. ( In re Vitamin Cases (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1041, 1052.) The party requesting attorney fees must sh ow the fees were allowable, reasonably necessary to the29

litigation , and reasonable. “Reasonable compensation does not include compensation for
‘ “ padding ” in the form of inefficient or duplicative efforts

. . . . ’ [Citations.] ‘ A reduced award might be fully justified by a general observation that an attorney overlitigated a case or submitted a padded bill

. . . . ’ [Citation.] ” ( Donahue v. Donahue (2010)
182 Cal.App.4th 259, 271.) Any attorney fees inquiry begins with the “ lodestar, ” or the
number of hours reasonably extended multiplied by the reasonable hourly rate. This figure may then be adjusted, based on factors specific to the case, in order to fix the fee at the fair market value for the provided legal services. ( PLCM Group , Inc. v. Drexler (2 000) 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1095.) In determining the appropriate attorney fees, the court considered several factors. First, Mako did not prevail on the vast bulk of its claims, although Mako was free to pursue the remedies it believed applicable. However, M ako’s “election to pursue a multitude of tort claims transformed a relatively straight

- forward case into an expensive,
time

- consuming litigation, ultimately requiring determination of sixteen causes of action. By far, the vast bulk of time spent on this c ase is attributable to litigation of Mako’s unsuccessful tort claims. Simply put, from the court’s perspective, the case was over

litigated. The mole hill here was West Coast’s untimely payment under the prompt payment statutes

- from which Mako attempte d to make a mountain consisting of a
multitude of tort claims. In this case, the court finds that the time necessary to prove non

payment by West Coast amounts to a small fraction of the total time devoted by Mako to litigating an array of claims not related to contract or statutory remedies. However, because of the manner in which plaintiff’s counsel has billed, as described in defendant s’ oppositions, it is not possible for the court to precisely apportion fees attributable to the specific causes of action that were litigated.” Second, the court reviewed all of Mako’s and Zephyr’s invoices for attorney
services and found the amount of time claimed not reasonable and , in many cases , excessive and duplicative: “For example, the court does not believe it reasonable to30

charge for over 70 hours for preparation of the complaint, or another 100 or more hours drafting amendments. As a further example, the court finds expenditure of over sixty hours for preparation of a motion for attorneys’ fees to be unre asonable. Many other specific examples of unreasonable charges are cited by defendants in their respective oppositions to the motion and will not be reiterated here, but have been considered by the court. Additionally, many of the charges simply appear t oo general or vague to be adjudged reasonable. Finally, while it is acceptable to have multiple attorneys assigned to work on plaintiff’s case, it is not reasonable to unnecessarily duplicate services, which appears to be the case here in many instances.” The court determined one

- third of the hours claimed by Mako and Zephyr were reasonable and awarded fees based on tha t calculation.
Mako and Zephyr challenge the trial court’s reduction of attorney fees, arguing the court erred in attempting to apportion between successful and unsuccessful claims. According to Mako and Zephyr, all its claims “are inextricably intertwined and based upon a common core of facts and relate d legal theories.”
The court found Mako did not prevail on the majority of its claims and “transformed a relatively straight

- forward case into an expensive, time

- consuming litigation, ultimately requiring determination of sixteen causes of action.” In determining a prevailing plaintiff’s attorney fees, the extent of a plaintiff’s success i s a crucial factor for the court to consider. If the plaintiff prevailed on some claims but not others, the court does not award fees for time spent litigating claims unrelated to the successful claims. The court awards only that amount of fees that is r easonable in relation to the results obtained. ( Chavez v. City of Los Angeles (2010) 47 Cal.4th 970, 989.) In addition, “ [ A ] partially prevailing party is not necessarily entitled to all incurred
fees even where the work on the successful and unsuccessfu l claims was overlapping. [Citations.] Instead, the court must consider the significance of the overall relief obtained by the prevailing party in relation to the hours reasonably expended on the litigation and31

whether the expenditure of counsel’s time w as reasonable in relation to the success achieved.” ( Mann v. Quality Old Time Service, Inc. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 328, 344.) However, the court need not apportion attorney fees when the claims for relief are so intertwined that it would be impracticable or impossible to separate counsel’s billable hours into compensable and noncompensable hours. ( Bell v. Vista Unified Sch ool Dist. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4t h 672, 687.) Here, the trial court found Mako prevailed on its claim of West Coast ’s withholding paymen t in violation of the prompt payment statute but was unsuccessful on
its numerous tort claims. However , Mako and Zephyr contend West Coast’s reason for not paying Zephyr for work performed was its secret decision to terminate Zephyr and use the money owed to offset expenses it anticipated to incur from the termination. Therefore, the same evidence applied to all claims and the court erred in apportioning
fees

. We agree with the trial court’s assessment of the facts. West Coast’s failure to pay Zephyr fo r work it performed was a small portion of the total litigation Zephyr pursued. The subcontract in question only provides recovery of attorney fees relating to the construction or interpretation of the subcontract itself. In such a case, the court may
de lete time spent on unnecessary and unsuccessful claims; when a plaintiff achieves only
limited success , a reduced attorney fee award is appropriate. ( Rey v. Madera Unified
School Dist. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1223, 1238

- 1239.)
Mako and Zephyr also accuse the trial court of “arbitrarily slashing” the number of attorney hours by two

- thirds. A court abuses its discretion, they argue, when there is no reasonable connection between the lodestar figure and the fee ultimately ordered.
Mako and Zephyr contend the court applied an “unsubstantiated” percentage of
35 percent based solely on an erroneous description of Mako and Zephyr’s degree of success. Again, we disagree. The court considered the entire case and determined what percentage of the attorney fees was attributable to litigating the claim for failure to pay.32

Finally, Mako and Zephyr allege the court abused its discretion by reducing uncontested attorney hourly rates. According to Mako and Zephyr, they submitted detailed declarations of the experien ce and expertise of the attorneys, their usual hourly rates, and a survey substantiating rates from their area. “The objective starting point in the attorney fee analysis is the lodestar figure. [Citation.] The lodestar figure is calculated using the re asonable rate for comparable legal services in the local community for noncontingent litigation of the same type, multiplied by the reasonable number of hours spent on the case.” ( Nichols v. City of Taft (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 1233, 1242

- 1243

. ) The trial took place in Placer County. Mako
and Zephyr offered evidence of rates at large law firms in cities across the United States, not rates applicable in the local community. We cannot find the trial court abused its discretion in determining the reasonable rates for attorney services in Placer County.
C osts Mako and Zephyr claim the trial court abused its discretion in reducing the amount of costs awarded. The trial court has broad discretion to allow or deny costs , and we reverse only if there is a clear abuse of discretion and a miscarriage of justice. ( Chaaban v. Wet Seal, Inc. ( 2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 49, 52.) In essence, Mako and Zephyr echo their earlier arguments that the trial court erred in finding Zephyr “ did not prevail on the bulk of its claims and that it spent the bulk of this case litigating unsuccessful tort claims.” As noted, we find this argument unpersuasive and accordingly cannot find an abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
reduction of costs.
WEST COAST’S CROSS

- APPEAL
In its cross

- appeal, West Coast presents a single contention: the trial court erred in instructing on the consequences of Zephyr’s failure to maintain a qualified individual. According to West Coast, Steven Cruz, designated as r esponsible m anaging o fficer of
Cruz Ex cavating, disassociated himself in August 2008, which resulted in Cruz33

Excavating’s license being automatically suspended in November 2008, long before the Project began. However, West Coast asserts the trial court ’s instruction to the jury made
no mentio n of license suspension but stated the effective date of disassociation is when written notice is received at the licensing board’s headquarters . West Coast asserts this was error and requests that we reverse the judgment and award West Coast its attorney fees and costs on appeal: “Reversal based on the licensing issue renders moot all of the issues in the appeal.” Background Corporations can operate as licensed contractors only through the association of a qualified individual. (Bus. & Prof. Code , §§ 7065 , subd. (c)(3) , 7068 , subd. (b)(3).) In 2008 Steven Cruz was the qualified individual or r esponsible m anaging o fficer (RMO) for Cruz Excavating. On August 9, 2008, Steven Cruz sold his interest in Cruz Excavating. In December 2008 Cruz Excavating f iled its annual list of officers, directors , and registered agent with the Nevada Secretary of State. The list added Vince Scott in place of Steven Cruz. Jury Instruction The court instructed the jury on t he d isassociation s tatute : “ The California
Contr actor’s License L aw requires that if a Responsible Managing Officer (‘RMO’) is no longer associated with a license, the RMO and the Licensee each have an independent duty to give written notice of the disassociation to the Contractor [ sic ] State License
Bo ard (the ‘Board’) as the agency that oversees contractor licensing.

“ If the written notice is not made to the Board with in [ sic ] 90 days of the date of disassociation, then the effective date of disassociation is when written notice is received
at the Bo ard’s headquarters.

“ The RMO is responsible for the construction operations of the licensee until the
date of disassociation or the date the Board receives the written notification of disassociation, whichever is later.”34

West Coast challenges the instruction, arguing : “During the course of trial, the Court concluded that the failure to give the registrar notice of disassociation, within
90 days of disassociation, does not result in the automatic suspension of the license. The Trial Court’s instru ction to the Jury made no reference to license suspension, and incorrectly stated that the ‘effective date of disassociation is when written notice is received at the Board’s headquarters.’ [West Coast’s judgment notwithstanding the
verdict ] motion reques ted judgment based on a correct interpretation of the statute, but that request was denied.” The Statutory Scheme
Business and Professions Code s ection 7031 , subdivision (a) states , in part: “ [ N ] o person engaged in the business or acting in the capacity of a contractor , may bring or maintain any action, or recover in law or equity in any action, in any court of this state for the collection of compensation for the performance of any act or contract where a license is required by this chapter without alleging that he or s he was a duly licensed contractor

at all times during the performance of that act or contract, regardless of the merits of the cause of action brought by the person

. . . . ”
Business and Professions Code s ection 7068 .2 states , in pertinent part: “(a) If the responsible managing officer, responsible managing employee, responsible managing member, or responsible managing manager disassociates from the licensed entity, the licensee or the qualifier shall notify the registrar in writing within
90 days after the date of disassociation. The licensee shall have 90 days after the date of disassociation in which to replace the qualifier. Upon failure to replace the qualifier within 90 days after the date of disassociation, the license shall be automatically
susp ended or the classification remov ed at the end of the 90 days. [¶] . . . [¶]

“ (c) Upon failure of the licensee or the qualifier to notify the registrar of the disassociation of the qualifier within 90 days after the date of disassociation, the license

s hall be automatically suspended or the classification removed and the qualifier removed35

from the license effective the date the notification is received at the board’s headquarters
office.

“ (d) The person qualifying on behalf of a licensee under [Busines s and Professions Code] S ection 7068 shall be responsible for the licensee’s construction operations until the date of disassociation or the date the board receives the written notification of disassociation, whichever is later.

“ (e)(1) Upon a showing of good cause by the licensee, the registrar may review and accept a petition for one 90

- day extension to replace the qualifier immediately following the initial 90

- day period described in subdivision (a) only under one or more of the following circumstances : [¶] . . . [¶]

“ (f) Failure of the licensee or the qualifier to notify the registrar of the qualifier’s disassociation within 90 days after the date of disassociation shall constitute gro unds for disciplinary action.”
Discussion A party is entitled , u pon request , to correct, nonargumentative jury instructions on every theory advanced by the party that is supported by substantial evidence. However, the trial court is not required to give instructions that are not correct statements of the law
or that a re incomplete or misleading. ( Norman v. Life Care Centers of America, Inc. (200 3) 107 Cal.App.4th 1233, 1242.) Whether an instruction correctly state s the law is a question of law we review de novo. ( Gunnell v. Metrocolor Lab oratories, Inc. (2001) 92 Ca l.App.4th 710, 718

- 719 .) However, we reverse only if it is reasonably probable a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been reached in the absence of the error. ( Huffman v.
Interstate Brands Corp. (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 679, 691

- 692

. )
West Coast insists that under Business and Professions Code section 7068.2 license suspension is automatic 90 days after disassociation of a qualified individual, even if the licensee fails to report the disassociation. Therefore, the trial court erred in36

not so instructing. West Coast comes to this conclusion after a rather tortured reading of section 7068.2, subdivisions (a) and (c); we are not persuaded.
Business and Professions Code s ection 7068.2, subdivision (a) applies when notice
of disassociation by a qualifier or licensee notifies the registrar within 90 days of disassociation. At that point the licensee has 90 days to replace the qualifier. If replacement does not take place within 90 days, “the license shall be automatically

sus pended.” In contrast, subdivision (c) of Business and Professions Code section 7068.2 applies when, as in the present case, the licensee or qualifier fails to notify the registrar of the disassociation within 90 days. In this situation “the license shall be automatically suspended or the classification removed and the qualifier removed from the license effective the date the notification is received at the board’s headquarters office. ” ( Ibid ., i talics added

. ) In addition, subdivision (f) of section 7068 .2 states that failure of the licensee or qualifier to notify the registrar within 90 days of disassociation “shall constitute grou nds for disciplinary action.”
West Coast contends the automatic 90

- day suspension described in subdivision (a)
of Business a nd Professions Code section 7068.2 also applies in subdivision (c) of that
section . The wording of what is now subdivision (c) supported this interpretation: “If the licensee or his responsible managing officer or responsible managing employee qualifying for the license or classification fails to notify the registrar in writing or replace the qualifier within 90 days, the license shall be automatically suspended or the
classification removed retroactively to 90 days from the date of disassociation. ” ( Sta ts. 1984, ch. 1174, § 3, p. 4017, i talics added.) However, in 1987 the L egislature deleted “retroactively to 90 days from the date of disassociation” and added the current language. ( Stats. 1987, ch. 930, § 5, p. 3139; § 7068.2, subd. (c) .) The same
198 7 am endment added the language now found in subdivision (f).37

West Coast also attempts to distinguish the provisions of Business and Professions
Code former section 7083. Former s ection 7083 states: “All licensees shall notify the registrar, on a form pr escribed by the registrar, in writing within 90 days of any change to information recorded under this chapter. This notification requirement shall include, but not be limited to, changes in business address, personnel, business name, qualifying
individual bond exemption pursuant to [Business and Professions Code] Section 7071. 9 , or exemption to qualify multiple licenses pursuant to [Business and Professions Code]
Section 7068.1.

“ Failure of the licensee to notify the registrar of any change to information within 90 days shall cause the change to be effective the date the written notification is received at the board’s headquarters office.

“ Failure to notify the registrar of the changes within the 90 days is grounds for disciplinary action.” ( Italics adde d.) The court instructed the jury with a variation of
former section 7083; West Coast does not object to this instruction. West Coast argues Business and Professions Code former section 7083 is
irrelevant: “Whether Zephyr violated its Section 7083 obligation to provide the CSLB [Contractors State License Board] with notice so the CSLB could update its own records
is irrelevant. Whether the CSLB could have instituted disciplinary proceedings against Zephyr f or its violation of S ection 7083 is irrelevant.” However, the very information
former section 7083 covers, a change in personnel

— in this case Cruz

— and a change in qualifying for multiple licenses under Business and Professions Code section 7068.1

— in
this case the change in qualifying for multiple licenses from Cruz’s sale o f his stock

— are at issue here. The trial court did not err in instructing the jury pursuant to Business and
Professions Code section 70 83

.38 DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed. The p arties shall bear their own costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a) (5).)

RAYE , P. J.

We concur:

NICHOLSON , J.

HOCH , J.