[Cite as State v. Wells, 2022-Ohio-2903.]

COURT OF APPEALS

RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO

Plaintiff-Appellee

-vsCRYSTAL WELLS

Defendant-Appellant

JUDGES:

Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.

Hon. John W. Wise, J.

Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. 

Case No. 2021 CA 0077

O P I N I O N 

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal Appeal from the Court of Common 

Pleas, Case No. 2021 CR 0049

JUDGMENT: Affirmed in Part; Reversed in Part and 

Remanded

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: August 17, 2022

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant

GARY BISHOP DARIN AVERY

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY 105 Sturges Avenue

JODIE SCHUMACHER Mansfield, Ohio 44903

ASSISTANT PROSEUTOR

38 South Park Street, Second Floor

Mansfield, Ohio 44902
Richland County, Case No. 2021 CA 0077 2

Wise, J.

{¶1} Appellant Crystal Wells appeals the judgment and sentence of the Richland

County Court of Common Pleas. Appellee is State of Ohio. The relevant facts leading to 

this appeal are as follows.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

{¶2} On January 21, 2021, Appellant was indicted on one count of Possession 

of Cocaine, in violation of R.C. §2925.11, one count of Trafficking in Cocaine, in violation 

of R.C. §2925.03, one count of Aiding and Abetting Trafficking in Cocaine, in violation of 

R.C. §2923.03 and R.C. §2925.03, one count of Possession of a Fentanyl-Related 

Compound, in violation of R.C. §2925.11, and one count of Receiving Proceeds of an 

Offense Subject to Forfeiture, in violation of R.C. §2927.21.

{¶3} On May 17, 2021, Appellant filed a Motion to Suppress evidence seized 

from the vehicle on August 26, 2020.

{¶4} On July 7, 2021, the trial court held a hearing on Appellant’s Motion to 

Suppress.

{¶5} At the Suppression Hearing, Officer Frech testified he was employed as a 

police officer with the City of Mansfield on August 26, 2020. On that date, Frech was 

working criminal interdiction and witnessed a gray Jeep Grand Cherokee with West 

Virginia license plates traveling in the fast lane. The operator of the vehicle was a tall 

male. The operator was leaned back in the vehicle behind the A pillar, did not look at the 

officer as he passed by, immediately moved to the right lane, and exited the highway. As 

part of his training, Officer Frech noted these are sometimes indicators of criminal activity.
Richland County, Case No. 2021 CA 0077 3

{¶6} Officer Frech began to follow the vehicle but lost it. Later he observed the 

vehicle parked at an apartment building on Brookfield Drive. The vehicle was parked in a 

no-parking zone, the driver’s window was down, and Officer Frech could smell the odor 

of marijuana coming from the vehicle.

{¶7} Three individuals were in the vicinity of the vehicle, but none claimed 

ownership of the vehicle. The vehicle was registered to a rental company. Officers then 

entered the apartment complex and knocked on doors, attempting to determine if the 

operator of the vehicle was in the apartment building.

{¶8} After contacting the rental company, officers discovered the vehicle was not 

returned at the end of the rental agreement. The individual who rented the vehicle was 

Keith Higgins. According to the rental agreement, no one else was authorized to use the 

vehicle. 

{¶9} Officers received authorization from the property owner to have the vehicle 

towed. Terry’s Towing and Body Shop towed the vehicle. Before it was towed, the officers 

completed an inventory of the vehicle. 

{¶10} Prior to the inventory search, officers spoke with Appellant, who indicated 

she did not know who was driving the vehicle or to whom it belonged. During the inventory 

search, Appellant stated the vehicle belonged to her, and that the items inside belonged 

to her as well.

{¶11} On July 13, 2021, the trial court denied Appellant’s Motion to Suppress.

{¶12} On August 4, 2021, Appellant pled no contest to one count of Possession 

of Cocaine, in violation of R.C. §2925.11, one count of Trafficking in Cocaine, in violation 

of R.C. §2925.03, one count of Aiding and Abetting Trafficking in Cocaine, in violation of 
Richland County, Case No. 2021 CA 0077 4

R.C. §2923.03 and §R.C. 2925.03, and one count of Possession of a Fentanyl-related 

Compound, in violation of R.C. §2925.11.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

{¶13} Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. She herein raises the following 

Assignments of Error:

{¶14} “I. THE COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S 

MOTION TO SUPPRESS.

{¶15} II. THE COURT ERRED IN FINDING DEFENDANT-APPELLANT GUILTY 

OF THE MISDEMEANOR COUNT OF RECEIVING PROCEEDS OF AN OFFENSE 

SUBJECT TO FORFEITURE.”

I.

{¶16} In Appellant’s First Assignment of Error, Appellant argues the trial court 

erred in failing to suppress evidence. We disagree.

{¶17} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14, 

Article I, Ohio Constitution, prohibit the government from conducting unreasonable 

searches and seizures of persons or their property. See Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S.1, 

88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889; State v. Andrews (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 87, 565 N.E.2d 

1271.

{¶18} Appellate review of a motion to suppress is a mixed question of law and 

fact. State v. Burnside, 100 St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶8. The trial court 

is the finder of fact in evaluating a motion to suppress; therefore, it is in the best position 

to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses. Id. The trial court’s 

findings of fact must be accepted by an appellate court if they are supported by 
Richland County, Case No. 2021 CA 0077 5

competent, credible evidence. Id. “Accepting facts as true, the appellate court must then 

independently determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether 

the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard.” Id. That is, the appellate court will review 

the application of the legal standard to the facts de novo. Id.

{¶19} There are three methods of challenging a trial court’s ruling on a motion to 

suppress on appeal. State v. Goins, 5th Dist. Morgan No. 05-9, 2006-Ohio-74, ¶10. First, 

an appellant may challenge the trial court’s finding of fact. Id. Second, an appellant may 

argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test to correct law to the findings of 

fact. Id. Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test 

or correct law to the findings of fact. Id. Finally, an appellant may argue the trial court has 

incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to suppress. Id. When 

reviewing this type of claim, an appellate court must independently determine, without 

deference to the trial court’s conclusion, whether the facts meet the appropriate legal 

standard in any given case. State v. Curry, 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 96, 641 N.E.2d 1172 (8th

Dist.1994).

{¶20} In the case sub judice, Appellant argues the trial court incorrectly decided 

the ultimate issue raised in the Motion to Suppress as no search warrant was obtained, 

and no exception to the warrant requirement applies in this matter.

{¶21} The trial court predicated its decision on Appellant’s lack of standing.

{¶22} “The suppression of evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth 

Amendment can be urged only by those whose rights were violated by the search itself. 

State v. Burton, 5th Dist. Licking No. 00CA0013, 200 Ohio App. LEXIS 3214. A person 

operating a motor vehicle without the permission of its owner has no standing to challenge 
Richland County, Case No. 2021 CA 0077 6

the validity of a search of the automobile by law enforcement officers. State v. Crickon 

(1988), 43 Ohio App.3d 171. Furthermore, in general, a passenger has no standing to 

challenge the search of a vehicle if the passenger lacks a proprietary or possessory 

interest in the vehicle. See, e.g., State v. Jalloh, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24972, 2012-

Ohio-5314, ¶31, citing State v. Parker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24406, 2012-Ohio-839, 

¶27, citing Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 99 S.Ct. 421, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978); State v. 

Miller, 8th Dist. Nos. 104427 and 104428, 2017-Ohio-961, 86 N.E.3d 695, ¶7 (8th Dist.)

{¶23} In State v. Henderson, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 07COA031, 2008-Ohio-5007, 

¶22, the defendant was operating a rental vehicle in which the drugs were found. 

However, there is absolutely no evidence that he was authorized by the rental agreement 

to do so. Id. The record also lacked any evidence that the defendant was authorized to 

operate the vehicle by the individual who rented the vehicle. Id.

{¶24} In the case at bar, Appellant lacked standing to challenge the search of the 

vehicle. The evidence demonstrated the vehicle was owned by the rental company, it was 

leased to someone other than Appellant, the rental agreement had lapsed, and the record 

does not support Appellant having authorization to use the vehicle. As a result, Appellant 

lacked standing to contest the validity of the search of that vehicle.

{¶25} Accordingly, Appellant’s First Assignment of Error is overruled. 

II.

{¶26} In Appellant’s Second Assignment of Error, Appellant argues the trial court 

erred in finding Appellant guilty of Receiving Proceeds of an Offense Subject to Forfeiture. 

We agree.
Richland County, Case No. 2021 CA 0077 7

{¶27} Appellant cites no statutory, case law, rules of evidence, or learned treatise 

from this or any other jurisdiction to support her argument. Accordingly, Appellant’s brief 

does not comply with App.R. 16(A)(7), which provides,

The appellant shall include in its brief, under the headings and in the 

order indicated, all of the following * * * An argument containing the 

contentions of the appellant with respect to each assignment of error 

presented for review and the reasons in support of the contentions, with 

citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record on which 

appellant relies. The argument may be preceded by a summary.

{¶28} “If an argument exists that can support [an] assignment of error, it is not this 

court’s duty to root it out.” Thomas v. Harmon, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 08CA17, 2009-

Ohio-3299, at ¶14, quoting State v. Carman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90512, 2008-Ohio4368, at ¶31. “It is not the function of this court to construct a foundation for [an 

appellant’s] claims; failure to comply with the rules governing practice in the appellate 

courts is a tactic which is ordinarily fatal.” Catanzarite v. Boswell, 9th Dist. Summit No. 

24184, 2009-Ohio-1211, at ¶16, quoting Kremer v. Cox, 114 Ohio App.3d 41, 60, 682 

N.E.2d 1006 (9th Dist. 1996). Therefore, “[w]e may disregard any assignment of error that 

fails to present any citations to case law or statutes in support of its assertions.” Frye v. 

Holzer Clinic, Inc., 4th Gallia No. 07CA4, 2008-Ohio-2194, at ¶12. See, also, App.R. 

16(A)(7); App.R. 12(A)(2); Albright v. Albright, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 06CA35, 2007-Ohio3709, at ¶16; Tally v. Patrick, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2008-T-0072, 2009-Ohio-1831, at 

¶21-22; Jarvis v. Stone, 9th Dist. Summit No. 23904, 2008-Ohio-3313, at ¶23; State v. 

Paulsen, 4th Hocking Nos. 09CA15, 2010-Ohio-806, ¶6; State v. Norman, 5th Guernsey 
Richland County, Case No. 2021 CA 0077 8

No. 2010-CA-22, 2011-Ohio-596, ¶29; State v. Untied, 5

th Dist. Muskingum No. 

CT20060005, 2007 WL 1122731, ¶141.

{¶29} An appellate court may rely upon App.R. 12(A) in overruling or disregarding 

an assignment of error because of “the lack of briefing” on the assignment of error. Hawley 

v. Ritley, 35 Ohio St.3d 157, 159, 519 N.E.2d 390, 392-393 (1988); Abon, Ltd. v. 

Transcontinental Ins. Co., 5th Dist. Richland No. 2004-CA-0029, 2005 WL 1414486, ¶100; 

State v. Miller, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 04-COA-003, 2004-Ohio-4636, ¶41. “Errors not 

treated in the brief will be regarded as having been abandoned by the party who gave 

them birth.” Uncapher v. Baltimore & Ohio Rd. Co., 127 Ohio St. 351, 356, 188 N.E. 553, 

555 (1933).

{¶30} In the interest of justice, we will proceed to consider this assignment of error.

{¶31} Appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding Appellant guilty of 

Receiving Proceeds of an Offense Subject to Forfeiture Proceedings in violation of R.C. 

§2927.21, the trial court did not advise Appellant of the effect of a no contest plea to this 

count.

{¶32} Crim.R. 11 governs plea. Subsection (A) states:

A defendant may plead not guilty, not guilty by reason of insanity, 

guilty or with consent of the court, no contest. A plea of not guilty by reason 

of insanity shall be made in writing by either the defendant or the 

defendant’s attorney. All other pleas may be made orally either in-person or 

by remote contemporaneous video in conformity with Crim.R. 43(A). The 

pleas of not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity may be joined. If a 
Richland County, Case No. 2021 CA 0077 9

defendant refuses to plead, the court shall enter a plea of not guilty on behalf 

of defendant.

{¶33} In the case sub judice, the trial court did not ask the defendant to plead on 

the record to the fifth count of the indictment: Receiving Proceeds of an Offense Subject 

to Forfeiture Proceedings in violation of R.C. §2927.21. While Appellant did indicate on 

the change of plea form that she intended to enter a plea of no contest to this count, 

Crim.R. 11 requires a defendant plead orally either in person or via remote 

contemporaneous video. The trial court also issued a sentencing entry indicating it found 

Appellant guilty on a “no contest” plea. However, as this count was not discussed in 

person or by remote contemporaneous video at either the change of plea hearing nor the 

sentencing hearing, this assignment of error shall be remanded for further proceedings 

consistent with this opinion.

{¶34} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of 

Richland County, Ohio, is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

By: Wise, J.

Hoffman, P. J., and

Baldwin, J., concur.

JWW/br 0815