1United States v. Merida, 765 F.2d 1205 (5th Cir.1985). 

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 92-5506.

Summary Calendar.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Dempsey Buford MERIDA, Defendant-Appellant.

March 5, 1993.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.

Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, DAVIS and JONES, Circuit Judges.

POLITZ, Chief Judge:

Dempsey Buford Merida was convicted in 1983 of multiple offenses stemming from his

maintenance of a drug manufacturing and importing enterprise. We affirmed on direct appeal.1

Merida moved to vacate his convictions under 28 U.S.C. § 2255; the district court denied relief. We

affirm.

Background

In 1983 a San Antonio grand jury returned a 21-count indictment against Merida and a jury

found him guilty on all counts. In affirming we noted the character and extent of the "Dempsey

Merida Organization," headquartered in Houston, Texas. We detailed a full account of the

internationalscope of the operation. For present purposes it suffices to observe that Merida headed

an organization dedicated to the production, importation, and distribution of drugs, including, most

notably, cocaine, heroin, marihuana, methamphetamine, and amphetamine. The evidence adduced

in an extended trial disclosed a number of collateral illegal activities aimed at supporting the

international distribution network, including the theft of heavy equipment and vehicles and, perhaps,

even homicide.

Merida now seeksto set aside his conviction because the trial court received, by his account,
 

2Much of Merida's argument assails the credibility of various government witnesses. Such

assessments are the function of the jury observing the witnesses. United States v. Sanchez, 961

F.2d 1169 (5th Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 330, 121 L.Ed.2d 248 (1992)

(weighing credibility of witnesses is solely the province of the jury). 

 

3

See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). 

 

4Before proceeding further, we stress that relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is limited to cases in

which the petitioner suffers constitutional deprivation or "that narrow compass of other injury that

12 "hearsay exhibits."2 Merida's trial counsel lodged vague objections to the admission of these

exhibits continually referring only to previous objections and motions made out of the presence of

the jury. The record reflects that those initial objections went to matters other than hearsay or the

confrontation clause, which Merida now advances.

The magistrate judge found that trial counsel did not present contemporaneous hearsay

objections to the ledgers and concluded that Merida had failed to demonstrate cause for this failure.

Merida objected to the magistrate judge's report and recommendation, arguing that his trial counsel

had in fact objected to the three ledgers. In response the government conceded that Merida objected

to one of the three ledgers, the first blue ledger. The district court then recommitted the matter to

the magistrate judge who again found Merida's claims with respect to the three ledgers barred for a

lack of objection or cause therefor; this time, however, she also found that the receipt of this

evidence was neither plain error nor prejudicial. Thus, according to the magistrate judge, Merida

could not have been harmed by his appellate counsel's failure to raise the issue because the error was

not sufficient to warrant reversal on appeal. The district court adopted the supplemental findings and

denied relief; Merida timely appealed.

Analysis

Merida advancestwo distinct claims. He maintains that the admission of the exhibits violated

Fed.R.Evid. 802 as well as his constitutional right to confrontation. He also argues that even if the

admission does not warrant collateral relief, the failure of his appellate counsel to pursue the hearsay

and confrontation quest ions on direct appeal rendered the assistance he received constitutionally

inadequate.3 We first consider admission of these exhibits as an independent source of constitutional

error.4
could not have been raised on direct appeal and would, if condoned, result in a complete

miscarriage of justice." United States v. Capua, 656 F.2d 1033, 1037 (5th Cir.1981) (citations

omitted). That said, we look for error in the admission of evidence or in appellate counsel's

handling of the initial appeal which rises to the level of a constitutional deprivation. Because we

agree with the district court's conclusion that the claims are procedurally defaulted, we need not

also address at this point the court's conclusions that no harm resulted from the admission,

erroneous or otherwise, of these ledgers. 

 

5Of the remaining nine exhibits, the magistrate judge found seven were not hearsay and the

remaining two were not harmful. 

 

6After the magistrate judge's first report, which found the nine nonledger exhibits to have been

admitted for purposes other than to prove the truth of the matters asserted, Merida limited his

argument. Wesson v. Oglesby, 910 F.2d 278 (1990). 

 

7United States v. Shaid, 916 F.2d 984 (5th Cir.1990), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct.

978, 117 L.Ed.2d 141 (1992). 

 

8The magistrate judge conducted a thorough review of the record and concluded that as to

each ledger, trial counsel simply failed to lodge hearsay or confrontation clause objections. Our

independent review of the record confirms this decision. 

A. Admission of the Exhibits

Merida initially complained of the admission in evidence of 12 exhibits; three drug

ledgers—two blue and one red—showing receipts and disbursements, and nine other exhibits.5

Because he has abandoned his claims involving the nine nonledger exhibits we consider only the

ledgers.6

 The district court and Merida disagree whether trial counsel preserved for collateral attack

the arguments Merida now advances. It cannot be gainsaid that a defendant's assertions of trial error

are ordinarily beyond review where he did not make contemporaneous objections.7 In such a case,

he must show both cause for the failure to object and actual prejudice from the asserted error. Failing

to acquit himself of either burden, Merida's position is totally dependent on our accepting his

interpretation of events at trial. This massive record is not new to this organ of the court . A

revisiting persuades that the magistrate judge has correctly viewed this record.8

The admission into evidence of the three ledgers raises concerns under not only the rules of

evidence, but also the confrontation clause. The government contends that Merida's complaints are

barred by the doctrine of procedural default. The government alternatively contends that even if not
 

9While we note that there is substantial support for the government's implicit argument that the

decision to object to these ledgers on only fourth amendment grounds reflects a prudent decision

to avoid meritless hearsay objections, we need not reach that issue. 

 

10The court was well within its discretion in ordering that testimony. See Fed.R.Evid. 611(a). 

 

11We might infer that counsel believed, as the government strenuously argues, that the ledger

entries were admissions of a party opponent, directly, or through a coconspirator. See United

States v. Postal, 589 F.2d 862 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 832, 100 S.Ct. 61, 62 L.Ed.2d 40

(1979). As noted, we do not reach that issue. 

so barred, the evidence did not constitute hearsay or a violation of Merida's confrontation rights.9

The red ledger, denoted government's exhibit 1011 in the record, contains names, dates, and

details of drug transactions and was first introduced on October 12, 1983 during the testimony of

CharlesNewlin, Merida's attorneyand accomplice. The government asked Newlin if he could identify

the ledger. When he could not, defense counsel objected to further testimony about its contents:

"Your Honor, may I have a predicate? I object to the reference to the document. The witness has

said he is not familiar with the document." This objection was not sufficient to raise a question about

the hearsaycharacter ofthe ledger, nor wasthe cited exchange between defense counsel and the court

about an early ruling on "James" matters which, we are all aware, relate solely to hearsay testimony

of coconspirators.

When the government asked Newlin if an entry in the ledger referred to him, Merida's counsel

objected "to any allusion to a document not in evidence." During the ensuing bench conference, any

mystery as to the basis for the objection was clarified. The government indicated that it would later

callthe witness who retrieved the ledger to provide the necessary evidentiary predicate.10 It was clear

to all involved that defense counsel was objecting to testimony regarding the contents of a document

which had not yet been authenticated. It was also clear that counsel was not making an objection to

the hearsay nature of the ledger.11

The experienced trial judge conditionally admitted the ledger subject to the promised

testimony and instructed the jury of the conditional nature of its admission. The dispute surrounding

the admission of the red ledger ended with ChiefJudge Sessions noting for the record that "1101 has

been offered by the government and has been admitted by the court subject to later rulings[emphasis
 

12That the red ledger was admitted at this point was confirmed on October 18 when Judge

Sessions reminded defense counsel that the ledger had already been admitted and that objections

to the admission were no longer timely. At no point during the debate surrounding the admission

or use of this or any other ledger did counsel lodge a specific and timely hearsay or confrontation

clause objection. 

 

13Counsel had made specific hearsay and confrontational objections to other exhibits. He had

never requested nor received a running objection in lieu of repeating these objections, and had

never made such objections to any of the three ledger exhibits. 

added]."12 The missing predicate was later provided by the testimony of IRS Special Agent McCoy

who retrieved it from Merida's home.

Merida argues that defense counsel's request on October 19 for a "running bill," adopting

previous objections by reference, somehow preserved the hearsay and confrontation points. It did

not. The red ledger had already been admitted into evidence and any objection at this point would

have been untimely. In addition, the attempt to secure a running objection, even if we were inclined

to treat it as sufficient to preserve error, referenced only objections made to the blue ledgers and for

which counsel had been granted a continuing objection. The objections so referenced were not

hearsay objections; rather, counsel lodged still more vague objections referring to events occurring

earlier in the trial. A review in turn of those incidents confirms that counsel had then sought to

exclude the two blue ledgers as fruits of an illegal search. Such an objection is obviously not the

equivalent of or an adequate substitute for a specific hearsay objection. We would be hesitant to find

the request for a continuing objection sufficient to preserve errors to which it so vaguely referred;

we would not allow it to preserve error as to matters to which it did not refer at all.13

The two blue ledgers were received into evidence on October 18, 1983 over objection. Once

again counsel cryptically objected by "reurg[ing] the objection heretofore made." As noted above,

at this point counsel had not made any hearsay or confrontation clause objections to these ledgers.

Counsel apparently sought to preserve the question whether the seizure of the documents violated

the fourth amendment. His specific objection was sufficient to preserve that question alone. It was

not until October 19 that counsel objected to hearsay after further testimony regarding the contents

of the second blue ledger, exhibit 1102A. The magistrate judge viewed this as an objection to the

testimony ofthe witness, rather than to the ledger itself. In either event, the objection came well after
 

14Lofton v. Whitley, 905 F.2d 885 (5th Cir.1990). 

 

15An error is "plain" where leaving it uncorrected, despite the failure to protest below, would

result in a miscarriage of justice or undermine confidence in the judicial process. See United

States v. Ruiz, 860 F.2d 615 (5th Cir.1988). 

the admission of the exhibit; in fact, the objection came after this very witness had extensively

testified as to its contents.

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel on Appeal

Merida also claimsthat his appellate counselfurnished constitutionally inadequate assistance

by failing to brief the hearsay and confrontation clause issue o n appeal. An ineffective

appellate-assistance claim is governed by the same standard announced in Strickland, there applied

to ineffective assistance provided at trial.14 Under Strickland, a petitioner must show that appellate

counsel failed to perform according to reasonable professionalstandards which resulted in prejudice

to his appeal.

 Merida is only entitled to collateral relief if, indulging the assumption that counsel's failure

to raise the issue was below reasonable professional standards, the admission of the exhibits would

have in fact occasioned reversal on appeal. Because no timely and specific objection preserved the

point at trial, Merida must demonstrate plain error in the admission.15 In light of the substantial

evidence of guilt apart from the ledgers, such as Newlin's testimony confirming their incriminating

aspects, we would not be persuaded to term any presumed error sufficient to warrant reversal even

if the point had been preserved. We therefore perforce find no manifest miscarriage of justice

warranting a reversal.

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.