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                                                                     EXHIBIT 3.1

                                                    Effective: February 11, 2004

                                     BY-LAWS

                                       OF

                             BIRDS EYE FOODS, INC.,
                             A Delaware Corporation

                                    ARTICLE I

                                     OFFICES

     Section 1. Registered Office. The registered office of the corporation in
the State of Delaware shall be located at 2711 Centerville Road, Suite 400, in
the City of Wilmington, Delaware 19808, in the County of New Castle. The name of
the corporation's registered agent at such address shall be The Corporation
Service Company. The registered office and/or registered agent of the
corporation may be changed from time to time by action of the board of
directors.

     Section 2. Other Offices. The corporation may also have offices at such
other places, both within and without the State of Delaware, as the board of
directors may from time to time determine or the business of the corporation may
require.

                                   ARTICLE II

                            MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

     Section 1. Place and Time of Meetings. An annual meeting of the
stockholders shall be held each year for the purpose of electing directors and
conducting such other proper business as may come before the meeting. The date,
time and place of the annual meeting may be determined by resolution of the
board of directors or as set by the president of the corporation.

     Section 2. Special Meetings. Special meetings of stockholders may be called
for any purpose (including, without limitation, the filling of board vacancies
and newly created directorships), and may be held at such time and place, within
or without the State of Delaware, as shall be stated in a notice of meeting or
in a duly executed waiver of notice thereof. Such meetings may be called at any
time by two or more members of the board of directors or the president and shall
be called by the president upon the written request of holders of shares
entitled to cast not less than fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares of
any series or class of the corporation's Capital Stock.

     Section 3. Place of Meetings. The board of directors may designate any
place, either within or without the State of Delaware, as the place of meeting
for any annual meeting or for any special meeting called by the board of
directors. If no designation is made, or if a special




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meeting be otherwise called, the place of meeting shall be the principal
executive office of the corporation.

     Section 4. Notice. Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take
action at a meeting, written or printed notice stating the place, date, time,
and, in the case of special meetings, the purpose or purposes, of such meeting,
shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting not less
than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting. All such notices
shall be delivered, either personally or by mail, by or at the direction of the
board of directors, the president or the secretary, and if mailed, such notice
shall be deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail,
postage prepaid, addressed to the stockholder at his, her or its address as the
same appears on the records of the corporation. Attendance of a person at a
meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the
person attends for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the
meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully
called or convened.

     Section 5. Stockholders List. The officer having charge of the stock ledger
of the corporation shall make, at least 10 days before every meeting of the
stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at such
meeting arranged in alphabetical order, showing the address of each stockholder
and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list
shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to
the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least 10 days
prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the meeting is to
be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of the meeting or, if not
so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. The list shall also
be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time
thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present.

     Section 6. Quorum. Except as otherwise provided by applicable law or by the
certificate of incorporation, a majority of the outstanding shares of the
corporation entitled to vote, represented in person or by proxy, shall
constitute a quorum at a meeting of stockholders. If less than a majority of the
outstanding shares are represented at a meeting, a majority of the shares so
represented may adjourn the meeting from time to time in accordance with Section
7 of this Article II, until a quorum shall be present or represented.

     Section 7. Adjourned Meetings. When a meeting is adjourned to another time
and place, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and
place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At
the adjourned meeting the corporation may transact any business which might have
been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than
thirty days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the
adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each
stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.

     Section 8. Vote Required. When a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of
the majority of shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting
and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of the stockholders,
unless the question is one upon which by express provisions of an applicable law
or of the certificate of incorporation a different vote is required, in which
case such express provision shall govern and control the decision of such


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question. Where a separate vote by class is required, the affirmative vote of
the majority of shares of such class present in person or represented by proxy
at the meeting shall be the act of such class.

     Section 9. Voting Rights. Except as otherwise provided by the General
Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or by the certificate of incorporation
of the corporation or any amendments thereto and subject to Section 3 of Article
VI hereof, every stockholder shall at every meeting of the stockholders be
entitled to one vote in person or by proxy for each share of common stock held
by such stockholder.

     Section 10. Proxies. Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of
stockholders or to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing
without a meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for him, her or
it by proxy. Every proxy must be signed by the stockholder granting the proxy or
by his, her or its attorney-in-fact. No proxy shall be voted or acted upon after
three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A duly
executed proxy shall be irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and if,
and only as long as, it is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support
an irrevocable power. A proxy may be made irrevocable regardless of whether the
interest with which it is coupled is an interest in the stock itself or an
interest in the Corporation generally.

     Section 11. Action by Written Consent. Unless otherwise provided in the
certificate of incorporation, any action required to be taken at any annual or
special meeting of stockholders of the corporation, or any action which may be
taken at any annual or special meeting of such stockholders, may be taken
without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent or
consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken and bearing the dates of
signature of the stockholders who signed the consent or consents, shall be
signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than a majority of
the shares entitled to vote, or, if greater, not less than the minimum number of
votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at
which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted and shall be
delivered to the corporation by delivery to its registered office in the state
of Delaware, or the corporation's principal place of business, or an officer or
agent of the corporation having custody of the book or books in which
proceedings of meetings of the stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to the
corporation's registered office shall be by hand or by certified or registered
mail, return receipt requested provided, however, that no consent or consents
delivered by certified or registered mail shall be deemed delivered until such
consent or consents are actually received at the registered office. All consents
properly delivered in accordance with this Section 11 shall be deemed to be
recorded when so delivered. No written consent shall be effective to take the
corporate action referred to therein unless, within sixty days of the earliest
dated consent delivered to the corporation as required by this Section 11,
written consents signed by the holders of a sufficient number of shares to take
such corporate action are so recorded. Prompt notice of the taking of the
corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall
be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing. Any action
taken pursuant to such written consent or consents of the stockholders shall
have the same force and effect as if taken by the stockholders at a meeting
thereof.


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                                   ARTICLE III

                                    DIRECTORS

     Section 1. General Powers. The business and affairs of the corporation
shall be managed by or under the direction of the board of directors.

     Section 2. Number, Election and Term of Office.

     (a) The number of directors which shall constitute the board of directors
shall be not fewer than nine (9) members nor more than eleven (11) members,
which number may be increased or decreased from time to time by resolution of
the board of directors; provided, that for so long as (x) the Securityholders
Agreement dated as of August 19, 2002 among (i) Agrilink Holdings LLC, a
Delaware limited liability company, (ii) Vestar/Agrilink Holdings LLC, a
Delaware limited liability company, Vestar/Agrilink Associates Holdings LLC, a
Delaware limited liability company, Vestar/Agrilink Associates II Holdings LLC,
a Delaware limited liability company, Randolph Street Partners V, an Illinois
general partnership, and any other entity or investment fund managed or
controlled by Vestar Capital Partners, a general partnership, that at any time
acquires Securities and executes a counterpart of the Securityholders Agreement
or otherwise agrees to be bound by the Securityholders Agreement (collectively,
"Vestar"), (iii) Pro-Fac Cooperative, Inc., a New York cooperative corporation,
(iv) the initial parties to the Securityholders Agreement who are identified as
employees on the signature pages thereto, and (v) each other holder of
securities of Agrilink Holdings LLC who executes a separate agreement to be
bound by the terms thereof (as in effect from time to time, the "Securityholders
Agreement"), has been filed with the corporation and (y) has not been
terminated, the directors shall be designated as set forth in the
Securityholders Agreement, and, in the event the Securityholders Agreement is
terminated, the directors shall be designated as follows:

          (i) six (6) directors if the board of directors has ten (10) or eleven
     (11) members, or five (5) directors if the board of directors has nine (9)
     members, shall be designated by the Vestar Majority Holders (as defined in
     the Securityholders Agreement) (the "Vestar Directors");

          (ii) two (2) directors designated by the Pro-Fac Majority Holders (as
     defined in the Securityholders Agreement) (the "Pro-Fac Directors");

          (iii) one (1) director, who shall be the chief executive officer of
     the Corporation (the "Management Director"), and, for so long as Dennis M.
     Mullen is the Management Director, who shall serve as the chairman of the
     board of directors of the Corporation; and

          (iv) two (2) directors if the board of directors has eleven (11)
     members, or one (1) director if the board of directors has nine (9) or ten
     (10) members, shall be designated by the Vestar Majority Holders; provided,
     that no such member/director is a member, or former member, of Agrilink
     Holdings LLC or its Subsidiaries' management or an


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     employee or officer or former employee or officer of Agrilink Holdings LLC
     or its Subsidiaries or a principal or former principal of Vestar (the
     "Independent Director").

     (b) If at any time either the Vestar Majority Holders or the Pro-Fac
Majority Holders, as the case may be, shall notify the other parties to the
Securityholders Agreement of their desire to remove, with or without cause, any
individual from the corporation directorship for which such person or persons
have designation rights pursuant to paragraph (a) above, all such parties so
notified shall vote, or cause to be voted, all voting securities of the
corporation over which they have the power to vote or direct the voting, and
shall take all such other actions promptly as shall be necessary or desirable to
cause the removal of such director. If the Management Director ceases to be
employed by Agrilink Holdings LLC or its Subsidiaries, such Management Director
shall be removed promptly after such time from the corporation's board of
directors.

     (c) If at any time any Vestar Director, any Pro-Fac Director or the
Independent Director ceases to serve on the management committee or board of
directors of Agrilink Holdings LLC or any Subsidiary of Agrilink Holdings LLC
(whether due to resignation, removal or otherwise), the shareholders entitled to
designate the Vestar Directors, the Pro-Fac Directors or the Independent
Director as appropriate, shall be entitled to designate a successor director to
fill the vacancy created thereby on the terms and subject to the conditions of
paragraph (a) above, and if the Management Director is removed pursuant to
paragraph (b) above, then the new chief executive officer of the corporation
shall be designated to fill the vacancy created thereby or, if the position of
chief executive officer shall be vacant, the chief operating officer or other
most senior executive officer shall be designated to fill such vacancy.

     Section 3. Removal and Resignation. Subject to the provision of Section 2
of this Article III, any director or the entire board of directors may be
removed at any time, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the
shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors. Whenever the holders
of any class or series are entitled to elect one or more directors by the
provisions of the corporation's certificate of incorporation, the provisions of
this section shall apply, in respect to the removal without cause of a director
or directors so designated, to the vote of the holders of the outstanding shares
of that class or series and not to the vote of the outstanding shares as a
whole. Any director may resign at any time upon written notice to the
corporation.

     Section 4. Vacancies. Subject to the provisions of Section 2 of this
Article III, any vacancy occurring in the board of directors may be filled by a
director appointed by those directors designated by the holders of the
outstanding shares entitled by the Certificate of Incorporation to designate
such director. A director elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected for the
unexpired term of his predecessor in office. Any directorship to be filled by
reason on an increase in the number of directors shall be filled by a director
designated by holders of the outstanding shares of that class or series entitled
by the Certificate of Incorporation to designate such director.

     Section 5. Annual Meetings. The annual meeting of the board of directors
shall be held without other notice than this by-law immediately after, and at
the same place as, the annual


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meeting of stockholders, or at such other time and at such other place
determined by resolution of the board.

     Section 6. Other Meetings and Notice. Regular meetings, other than the
annual meeting, of the board of directors may be held without notice at such
time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined by resolution of
the board. Special meetings of the board of directors may be called by or at the
request of the president or vice president on at least eight (8) hours notice to
each director, either personally, by telephone, by facsimile, by email, by mail,
or by telegraph; in like manner and on like notice the president must call a
special meeting on the written request of at least a majority of the directors.

     Section 7. Quorum, Required Vote and Adjournment. A majority of the total
number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
The vote of a majority of directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is
present shall be the act of the board of directors. If a quorum shall not be
present at any meeting of the board of directors, the directors present thereat
may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than
announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present.

     Section 8. Committees. The board of directors may, by resolution passed by
a majority of the whole board, designate one or more committees, each committee
to consist of one or more of the directors of the corporation, which to the
extent provided in such resolution or these by-laws shall have and may exercise
the powers of the board of directors in the management and affairs of the
corporation except as otherwise limited by law. The board of directors may
designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may
replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. Such
committee or committees shall have such name or names as may be determined from
time to time by resolution adopted by the board of directors. Each committee
shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to the board of
directors when required.

     Section 9. Committee Rules. Each committee of the board of directors may
fix its own rules of procedure and shall hold its meetings as provided by such
rules, except as may otherwise be provided by a resolution of the board of
directors designating such committee. Unless otherwise provided in such a
resolution, the presence of at least a majority of the members of the committee
shall be necessary to constitute a quorum. In the event that a member and that
member's alternate, if alternates are designated by the board of directors as
provided in Section 8 of this Article III, of such committee is or are absent or
disqualified, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not
disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a
quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the board of directors to act
at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified member.

     Section 10. Communications Equipment. Members of the board of directors or
any committee thereof may participate in and act at any meeting of such board or
committee through the use of a conference telephone or other communications
equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear
each other, and participation in the meeting pursuant to this section shall
constitute presence in person at the meeting.


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     Section 11. Waiver of Notice and Presumption of Assent. Any member of the
board of directors or any committee thereof who is present at a meeting shall be
conclusively presumed to have waived notice of such meeting except when such
member attends for the express purpose of objecting at the beginning of the
meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully
called or convened. Such member shall be conclusively presumed to have assented
to any action taken unless his or her dissent shall be entered in the minutes of
the meeting or unless his or her written dissent to such action shall be filed
with the person acting as the secretary of the meeting before the adjournment
thereof or shall be forwarded by registered mail to the secretary of the
corporation immediately after the adjournment of the meeting. Such right to
dissent shall not apply to any member who voted in favor of such action.

     Section 12. Action by Written Consent. Unless otherwise restricted by the
certificate of incorporation, any action required or permitted to be taken at
any meeting of the board of directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken
without a meeting if a majority of all members of the board or committee, as the
case may be, consent thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed
with the minutes of proceedings of the board or committee.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    OFFICERS

     Section 1. Number. The officers of the corporation shall be elected by the
board of directors and may consist of a chairman, a president, one or more vice
presidents, a secretary, a treasurer, and such other officers and assistant
officers as may be deemed necessary or desirable by the board of directors. Any
number of offices may be held by the same person. In its discretion, the board
of directors may choose not to fill any office for any period as it may deem
advisable.

     Section 2. Election and Term of Office. The officers of the corporation
shall be elected annually by the board of directors at its first meeting held
after each annual meeting of stockholders or as soon thereafter as conveniently
may be. The president shall appoint other officers to serve for such terms as he
or she deems desirable. Vacancies may be filled or new offices created and
filled at any meeting of the board of directors. Each officer shall hold office
until a successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her earlier
death, resignation or removal as hereinafter provided.

     Section 3. Removal. Any officer or agent elected by the board of directors
may be removed by the board of directors whenever in its judgment the best
interests of the corporation would be served thereby, but such removal shall be
without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed.

     Section 4. Vacancies. Any vacancy occurring in any office because of death,
resignation, removal, disqualification or otherwise, may be filled by the board
of directors for the unexpired portion of the term by the board of directors
then in office.


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     Section 5. Compensation. Compensation of all officers shall be fixed by the
board of directors, and no officer shall be prevented from receiving such
compensation by virtue of his or her also being a director of the corporation.

     Section 6. The Chairman of the Board. The Chairman of the Board, if one
shall have been elected, shall be a member of the board, an officer of the
Corporation, and, if present, shall preside at each meeting of the board of
directors or shareholders. The Chairman of the Board shall, in the absence or
disability of the president, act with all of the powers and be subject to all
the restrictions of the president. He shall advise the president, and in the
president's absence, other officers of the Corporation, and shall perform such
other duties as may from time to time be assigned to him by the board of
directors.

     Section 7. The President. The president shall be the chief executive
officer of the corporation. In the absence of the Chairman of the Board or if a
Chairman of the Board shall have not been elected, the president shall preside
at all meetings of the stockholders and board of directors at which he or she is
present; subject to the powers of the board of directors, shall have general
charge of the business, affairs and property of the corporation, and control
over its officers, agents and employees; and shall see that all orders and
resolutions of the board of directors are carried into effect. The president
shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed
by the board of directors or as may be provided in these by-laws.

     Section 8. Vice-presidents. The vice-president, if any, or if there shall
be more than one, the vice-presidents in the order determined by the board of
directors shall, in the absence or disability of the president, act with all of
the powers and be subject to all the restrictions of the president. The
vice-presidents shall also perform such other duties and have such other powers
as the board of directors, the president or these by-laws may, from time to
time, prescribe.

     Section 9. The Secretary and Assistant Secretaries. The secretary shall
attend all meetings of the board of directors, all meetings of the committees
thereof and all meetings of the stockholders and record all the proceedings of
the meetings in a book or books to be kept for that purpose. Under the
president's supervision, the secretary shall give, or cause to be given, all
notices required to be given by these by-laws or by law; shall have such powers
and perform such duties as the board of directors, the president or these
by-laws may, from time to time, prescribe; and shall have custody of the
corporate seal of the corporation. The secretary, or an assistant secretary,
shall have authority to affix the corporate seal to any instrument requiring it
and when so affixed, it may be attested by his or her signature or by the
signature of such assistant secretary. The board of directors may give general
authority to any other officer to affix the seal of the corporation and to
attest the affixing by his or her signature. The assistant secretary, or if
there be more than one, the assistant secretaries in the order determined by the
board of directors, shall, in the absence or disability of the secretary,
perform the duties and exercise the powers of the secretary and shall perform
such other duties and have such other powers as the board of directors, the
president, or secretary may, from time to time, prescribe.

     Section 10. The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer. The treasurer shall have
the custody of the corporate funds and securities; shall keep full and accurate
accounts of receipts and


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disbursements in books belonging to the corporation; shall deposit all monies
and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the corporation as
may be ordered by the board of directors; shall cause the funds of the
corporation to be disbursed when such disbursements have been duly authorized,
taking proper vouchers for such disbursements; and shall render to the president
and the board of directors, at its regular meeting or when the board of
directors so requires, an account of the corporation; shall have such powers and
perform such duties as the board of directors, the president or these by-laws
may, from time to time, prescribe. If required by the board of directors, the
treasurer shall give the corporation a bond (which shall be rendered every six
years) in such sums and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to
the board of directors for the faithful performance of the duties of the office
of treasurer and for the restoration to the corporation, in case of death,
resignation, retirement, or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers,
money, and other property of whatever kind in the possession or under the
control of the treasurer belonging to the corporation. The assistant treasurer,
or if there shall be more than one, the assistant treasurers in the order
determined by the board of directors, shall in the absence or disability of the
treasurer, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the treasurer. The
assistant treasurers shall perform such other duties and have such other powers
as the board of directors, the president or treasurer may, from time to time,
prescribe.

     Section 11. Other Officers, Assistant Officers and Agents. Officers,
assistant officers and agents, if any, other than those whose duties are
provided for in these by-laws, shall have such authority and perform such duties
as may from time to time be prescribed by resolution of the board of directors.

     Section 12. Absence or Disability of Officers. In the case of the absence
or disability of any officer of the corporation and of any person hereby
authorized to act in such officer's place during such officer's absence or
disability, the board of directors may by resolution delegate the powers and
duties of such officer to any other officer or to any director, or to any other
person whom it may select.

                                    ARTICLE V

                INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS, DIRECTORS AND OTHERS

     Section 1. Nature of Indemnity. Each person who was or is made a party or
is threatened to be made a party to or is involved in any action, suit or
proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative
(hereinafter a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he or a person of whom
he is the legal representative, is or was a director or officer, of the
corporation or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director, officer, employee, fiduciary, or agent of another corporation or of a
partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with
respect to employee benefit plans, whether the basis of such proceeding is
alleged action in an official capacity as a director, officer, employee,
fiduciary or agent or in any other capacity while serving as a director,
officer, employee, fiduciary or agent, shall be indemnified and held harmless by
the corporation to the fullest extent which it is empowered to do so by the
General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as the same exists or may
hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent
that such amendment permits the corporation to provide broader indemnification
rights than said law


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permitted the corporation to provide prior to such amendment) against all
expense, liability and loss (including attorneys' fees actually and reasonably
incurred by such person in connection with such proceeding and such
indemnification shall inure to the benefit of his or her heirs, executors and
administrators; provided, however, that, except as provided in Section 2 hereof,
the corporation shall indemnify any such person seeking indemnification in
connection with a proceeding initiated by such person only if such proceeding
was authorized by the board of directors of the corporation. The right to
indemnification conferred in this Article V shall be a contract right and,
subject to Sections 2 and 5 hereof, shall include the right to be paid by the
corporation the expenses incurred in defending any such proceeding in advance of
its final disposition. The corporation may, by action of its board of directors,
provide indemnification to employees and agents of the corporation with the same
scope and effect as the foregoing indemnification of directors and officers.

     Section 2. Procedure for Indemnification of Directors and Officers. Any
indemnification of a director or officer of the corporation under Section 1 of
this Article V or advance of expenses under Section 5 of this Article V shall be
made promptly, and in any event within 30 days, upon the written request of the
director or officer. If a determination by the corporation that the director or
officer is entitled to indemnification pursuant to this Article V is required,
and the corporation fails to respond within sixty days to a written request for
indemnity, the corporation shall be deemed to have approved the request. If the
corporation denies a written request for indemnification or advancing of
expenses, in whole or in part, or if payment in full pursuant to such request is
not made within 30 days, the right to indemnification or advances as granted by
this Article V shall be enforceable by the director or officer in any court of
competent jurisdiction. Such person's costs and expenses incurred in connection
with successfully establishing his or her right to indemnification, in whole or
in part, in any such action shall also be indemnified by the corporation. It
shall be a defense to any such action (other than an action brought to enforce a
claim for expenses incurred in defending any proceeding in advance of its final
disposition where the required undertaking, if any, has been tendered to the
corporation) that the claimant has not met the standards of conduct which make
it permissible under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware for
the corporation to indemnify the claimant for the amount claimed, but the burden
of such defense shall be on the corporation. Neither the failure of the
corporation (including its board of directors, independent legal counsel, or its
stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such
action that indemnification of the claimant is proper in the circumstances
because he or she has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the
General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, nor an actual determination by
the corporation (including its board of directors, independent legal counsel, or
its stockholders) that the claimant has not met such applicable standard of
conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that the
claimant has not met the applicable standard of conduct.

     Section 3. Nonexclusivity of Article V. The rights to indemnification and
the payment of expenses incurred in defending a proceeding in advance of its
final disposition conferred in this Article V shall not be exclusive of any
other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute,
provision of the certificate of incorporation, by-law, agreement, vote of
stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.


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     Section 4. Insurance. The corporation may purchase and maintain insurance
on its own behalf and on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer,
employee, fiduciary, or agent of the corporation or was serving at the request
of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any
liability asserted against him or her and incurred by him or her in any such
capacity, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify such
person against such liability under this Article V.

     Section 5. Expenses. Expenses incurred by any person described in Section 1
of this Article V in defending a proceeding shall be paid by the corporation in
advance of such proceeding's final disposition unless otherwise determined by
the board of directors in the specific case upon receipt of an undertaking by or
on behalf of the director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately
be determined that he or she is not entitled to be indemnified by the
corporation. Such expenses incurred by other employees and agents may be so paid
upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the board of directors deems
appropriate.

     Section 6. Employees and Agents. Persons who are not covered by the
foregoing provisions of this Article V and who are or were employees or agents
of the corporation, or who are or were serving at the request of the corporation
as employees or agents of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust
or other enterprise, may be indemnified to the extent authorized at any time or
from time to time by the board of directors.

     Section 7. Contract Rights. The provisions of this Article V shall be
deemed to be a contract right between the corporation and each director or
officer who serves in any such capacity at any time while this Article V and the
relevant provisions of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or
other applicable law are in effect, and any repeal or modification of this
Article V or any such law shall not affect any rights or obligations then
existing with respect to any state of facts or proceeding then existing.

     Section 8. Merger or Consolidation. For purposes of this Article V,
references to "the corporation" shall include, in addition to the resulting
corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a
constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate
existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its
directors, officers, and employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a
director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or
was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director,
officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture,
trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under this Article V
with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as he or she would have
with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had
continued.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                              CERTIFICATES OF STOCK

     Section 1. Form. Every holder of stock in the corporation shall be entitled
to have a certificate, signed by, or in the name of the corporation by the
chairman of the board, the


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president or a vice-president and the secretary or an assistant secretary of the
corporation, certifying the number of shares owned by such holder in the
corporation. If such a certificate is countersigned (1) by a transfer agent or
an assistant transfer agent other than the corporation or its employee or (2) by
a registrar, other than the corporation or its employee, the signature of any
such chairman of the board, president, vice-president, secretary, or assistant
secretary may be facsimiles. In case any officer or officers who have signed, or
whose facsimile signature or signatures have been used on, any such certificate
or certificates shall cease to be such officer or officers of the corporation
whether because of death, resignation or otherwise before such certificate or
certificates have been delivered by the corporation, such certificate or
certificates may nevertheless be issued and delivered as though the person or
persons who signed such certificate or certificates or whose facsimile signature
or signatures have been used thereon had not ceased to be such officer or
officers of the corporation. All certificates for shares shall be consecutively
numbered or otherwise identified. The name of the person to whom the shares
represented thereby are issued, with the number of shares and date of issue,
shall be entered on the books of the corporation. Shares of stock of the
corporation shall only be transferred on the books of the corporation by the
holder of record thereof or by such holder's attorney duly authorized in
writing, upon surrender to the corporation of the certificate or certificates
for such shares endorsed by the appropriate person or persons, with such
evidence of the authenticity of such endorsement, transfer, authorization, and
other matters as the corporation may reasonably require, and accompanied by all
necessary stock transfer stamps. In that event, it shall be the duty of the
corporation to issue a new certificate to the person entitled thereto, cancel
the old certificate or certificates, and record the transaction on its books.
The board of directors may appoint a bank or trust company organized under the
laws of the United States or any state thereof to act as its transfer agent or
registrar, or both in connection with the transfer of any class or series of
securities of the corporation.

     Section 2. Lost Certificates. The board of directors may direct a new
certificate or certificates to be issued in place of any certificate or
certificates previously issued by the corporation alleged to have been lost,
stolen, or destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person
claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen, or destroyed. When
authorizing such issue of a new certificate or certificates, the board of
directors may, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance
thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen, or destroyed certificate or
certificates, or his or her legal representative, to give the corporation a bond
sufficient to indemnify the corporation against any claim that may be made
against the corporation on account of the loss, theft or destruction of any such
certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.

     Section 3. Fixing a Record Date for Stockholder Meetings. In order that the
corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at
any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the board of directors
may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which
the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors, and
which record date shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten days before the
date of such meeting. If no record date is fixed by the board of directors, the
record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a
meeting of stockholders shall be the close of business on the next day preceding
the day on which notice is given, or if notice is waived, at the close of
business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held.


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A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a
meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided,
however, that the board of directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned
meeting.

     Section 4. Fixing a Record Date for Action by Written Consent. In order
that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to consent to
corporate action in writing without a meeting, the board of directors may fix a
record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors, and
which date shall not be more than ten days after the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors. If no
record date has been fixed by the board of directors, the record date for
determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing
without a meeting, when no prior action by the board of directors is required by
statute, shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth
the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the corporation by
delivery to its registered office in the State of Delaware, its principal place
of business, or an officer or agent of the corporation having custody of the
book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Delivery
made to the corporation's registered office shall be by hand or by certified or
registered mail, return receipt requested. If no record date has been fixed by
the board of directors and prior action by the board of directors is required by
statute, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to
corporate action in writing without a meeting shall be at the close of business
on the day on which the board of directors adopts the resolution taking such
prior action.

     Section 5. Fixing a Record Date for Other Purposes. In order that the
corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any
dividend or other distribution or allotment or any rights or the stockholders
entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange
of stock, or for the purposes of any other lawful action, the board of directors
may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which
the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be
not more than sixty days prior to such action. If no record date is fixed, the
record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the
close of business on the day on which the board of directors adopts the
resolution relating thereto.

     Section 6. Subscriptions for Stock. Unless otherwise provided for in the
subscription agreement, subscriptions for shares shall be paid in full at such
time, or in such installments and at such times, as shall be determined by the
board of directors. Any call made by the board of directors for payment on
subscriptions shall be uniform as to all shares of the same class or as to all
shares of the same series. In case of default in the payment of any installment
or call when such payment is due, the corporation may proceed to collect the
amount due in the same manner as any debt due the corporation.


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                                   ARTICLE VII

                               GENERAL PROVISIONS

     Section 1. Dividends. Dividends upon the capital stock of the corporation,
subject to the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, if any, may be
declared by the board of directors at any regular or special meeting, pursuant
to law. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the capital
stock, subject to the provisions of the certificate of incorporation. Before
payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any funds of the
corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the directors from time
to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper as a reserve or reserves to
meet contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining
any property of the corporation, or any other purpose and the directors may
modify or abolish any such reserve in the manner in which it was created.

     Section 2. Checks, Drafts or Orders. All checks, drafts, or other orders
for the payment of money by or to the corporation and all notes and other
evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the corporation shall be signed
by such officer or officers, agent or agents of the corporation, and in such
manner, as shall be determined by resolution of the board of directors or a duly
authorized committee thereof.

     Section 3. Contracts. The board of directors may authorize any officer or
officers, or any agent or agents, of the corporation to enter into any contract
or to execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the
corporation, and such authority may be general or confined to specific
instances.

     Section 4. Loans. The corporation may lend money to, or guarantee any
obligation of, or otherwise assist any officer or other employee of the
corporation or of its subsidiary, including any officer or employee who is a
director of the corporation or its subsidiary, whenever, in the judgment of the
directors, such loan, guaranty or assistance may reasonably be expected to
benefit the corporation. The loan, guaranty or other assistance may be with or
without interest, and may be unsecured, or secured in such manner as the board
of directors shall approve, including, without limitation, a pledge of shares of
stock of the corporation. Nothing in this section contained shall be deemed to
deny, limit or restrict the powers of guaranty or warranty of the corporation at
common law or under any statute.

     Section 5. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be fixed
by resolution of the board of directors.

     Section 6. Corporate Seal. The board of directors may provide a corporate
seal which shall be in the form of a circle and shall have inscribed thereon the
name of the corporation and the words "Corporate Seal, Delaware". The seal may
be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or
reproduced or otherwise.

     Section 7. Voting Securities Owned By Corporation. Voting securities in any
other corporation held by the corporation shall be voted by the president,
unless the board of directors specifically confers authority to vote with
respect thereto, which authority may be general or


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confined to specific instances, upon some other person or officer. Any person
authorized to vote securities shall have the power to appoint proxies, with
general power of substitution.

     Section 8. Inspection of Books and Records. Any stockholder of record, in
person or by attorney or other agent, shall, upon written demand under oath
stating the purpose thereof, have the right during the usual hours for business
to inspect for any proper purpose the corporation's stock ledger, a list of its
stockholders, and its other books and records, and to make copies or extracts
therefrom. A proper purpose shall mean any purpose reasonably related to such
person's interest as a stockholder. In every instance where an attorney or other
agent shall be the person who seeks the right to inspection, the demand under
oath shall be accompanied by a power of attorney or such other writing which
authorizes the attorney or other agent to so act on behalf of the stockholder.
The demand under oath shall be directed to the corporation at its registered
office in the State of Delaware or at its principal place of business.

     Section 9. Section Headings. Section headings in these by-laws are for
convenience of reference only and shall not be given any substantive effect in
limiting or otherwise construing any provision herein.

     Section 10. Inconsistent Provisions. In the event that any provision of
these by-laws is or becomes inconsistent with any provision of the certificate
of incorporation, the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware or any
other applicable law, the provision of these by-laws shall not be given any
effect to the extent of such inconsistency but shall otherwise be given full
force and effect.

                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                   AMENDMENTS

     These by-laws may be amended, altered, or repealed and new by-laws adopted
at any meeting of the board of directors by a majority vote. The fact that the
power to adopt, amend, alter, or repeal the by-laws has been conferred upon the
board of directors shall not divest the stockholders of the same powers.


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