IN THE SUPREME COURT

STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

2022 ND 208

State of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee

v.

Kengi Sabanaya Moses, Jr., Defendant and Appellant

No. 20220101

Appeal from the District Court of Cass County, East Central Judicial District, 

the Honorable Tristan J. Van de Streek, Judge.

AFFIRMED.

Opinion of the Court by Tufte, Justice, in which Chief Justice Jensen and 

Justices VandeWalle, Crothers, and McEvers joined. Justice McEvers also filed 

a separate opinion concurring specially.

Nicholas S. Samuelson (argued) and SheraLynn Ternes (on brief), Assistant 

State’s Attorneys, Fargo, North Dakota, for plaintiff and appellee.

Alexis L. Madlom (argued), Moorhead, Minnesota, and Stormy R. Vickers

(appeared), Fargo, North Dakota, for defendant and appellant.

FILED 

IN THE OFFICE OF THE 

CLERK OF SUPREME COURT 

NOVEMBER 23, 2022 

STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA
1

State v. Moses

No. 20220101

Tufte, Justice.

[¶1] Kengi Moses appeals from an amended order deferring imposition of 

sentence entered upon a conditional plea of guilty to unlawful possession of a 

firearm. We affirm, concluding that Moses’ prior juvenile adjudication qualifies 

as a predicate conviction under the statute prohibiting possession of a firearm 

following a criminal conviction and that he received due process under the law.

I

[¶2] In December 2015, the juvenile court entered an order finding Moses 

committed the delinquent act of theft of a dirt bike, which “would be a Class C 

Felony if committed by an adult.” In September 2020, Moses possessed a 

firearm at a Fargo shooting range. The State charged him with unlawfully 

possessing a firearm within five years after a felony conviction. Moses moved 

to dismiss, asserting that the 2015 juvenile adjudication was not a “conviction” 

and thus did not prohibit him from possessing a firearm and that the firearm 

prohibition statute violated his due process rights. The district court denied 

the motions to dismiss. Moses conditionally pled guilty, reserving his right to 

appeal. The court entered an amended order deferring imposition of sentence.

II

A

[¶3] Moses argues his prior juvenile adjudication does not qualify as a

predicate felony conviction under the firearm prohibition statute. Construction 

of a criminal statute is a question of law, fully reviewable on appeal. State v. 

Laib, 2002 ND 95, ¶ 13, 644 N.W.2d 878. “Our primary objective in interpreting 

a statute is to determine the intent of the legislation, as expressed in its 

statutory language.” In re Estate of Hall, 2019 ND 196, ¶ 8, 931 N.W.2d 482.

In ascertaining the intended meaning of legislation, we first look to the 

statutory language and give the language its plain, ordinary and commonly 

understood meaning. N.D.C.C. § 1-02-02. “We interpret statutes to give 
2

meaning and effect to every word, phrase, and sentence, and do not adopt a 

construction which would render part of the statute mere surplusage.” Laib, at 

¶ 13.

[¶4] Under the statute at issue here, a person is prohibited from possessing a 

firearm for five years following conviction of a felony or certain misdemeanors:

A person who has been convicted anywhere of a felony offense of 

this or another state or the federal government not provided for in 

subdivision a or who has been convicted of a class A misdemeanor 

offense involving violence or intimidation in violation of chapters 

12.1-16 through 12.1-25 or an equivalent offense of another state 

or the federal government and the offense was committed while 

using or possessing a firearm, a dangerous weapon, or, as defined 

in section 12.1-01-04, a destructive device or an explosive, is 

prohibited from owning a firearm or having one in possession or 

under control from the date of conviction and continuing for a 

period of five years after the date of conviction or the date of release 

from incarceration, parole, or probation, whichever is latest.

N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(1)(b) (emphasis added). Under a prior version of this

statute, we construed a similar “and” clause (italicized above) to limit only the 

class A misdemeanor provision, not felonies. State v. Eldred, 1997 ND 112, 

¶ 21, 564 N.W.2d 283.

1 Accordingly, under our prior interpretation, a person 

need not be convicted of a felony “committed while using or possessing a 

firearm” to be prohibited from possessing a firearm. Any felony conviction will 

serve as a predicate. Moses does not argue that the current version of the 

statute should be interpreted differently from the prior statute or that the 

reasoning underlying our prior interpretation should be revisited in this case. 

We therefore take guidance from our past interpretation and conclude a person 

1 The statute previously stated, “A person who has been convicted of any felony not provided for in 

subsection 1 or has been convicted of a class A misdemeanor involving violence or intimidation and 

that crime was committed while using or possessing a firearm or dangerous weapon, as defined in 

chapters 12.1-16 through 12.1-25, is prohibited from owning a firearm or having one in possession or 

under control from the date of conviction and continuing for a period of five years after the date of 

conviction or release from incarceration or probation, whichever is the latter.” Eldred, 1997 ND 112, 

¶ 16 (emphasis added) (quoting N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2) (1996)).
3

convicted of any felony is prohibited from possessing a firearm under N.D.C.C. 

§ 62.1-02-01(1)(b).

[¶5] The statute provides a broad definition of “conviction”:

2. For the purposes of this section, “conviction” means a 

determination that the person committed one of the abovementioned crimes upon a verdict of guilt, a plea of guilty, or a 

plea of nolo contendere even though:

. . . .

f. The person committed an offense equivalent to an offense 

described in subdivision a or b of subsection 1 when that 

person was subject to juvenile adjudication or proceedings 

and a determination of a court under chapter 27-20 or of a 

court of another state or the federal government was made 

that the person committed the delinquent act or offense.

N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f) (2020).2 Read together with N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-

01(1)(b), these provisions allow a juvenile adjudication of a delinquent act 

equivalent to a felony to qualify as a predicate felony conviction prohibiting the 

possession of a firearm for five years.

[¶6] Moses argues that because N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2) requires a finding of 

guilt—a verdict of guilt, plea of guilty, or plea of nolo contendere—a finding of 

delinquency in a juvenile adjudication does not satisfy the statute. The juvenile 

court “found by proof beyond a reasonable doubt or admission that the child 

committed the following delinquent act” of theft, which “would be a Class C 

Felony if committed by an adult.” If we were to construe N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-

01(2) as Moses asserts—a “verdict of guilt” or “plea of guilty” means only a 

verdict or plea in a criminal case, not a juvenile case—subdivision (f) of

N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2) would be mere surplusage. See State v. Buchholz, 

2005 ND 30, ¶ 9, 692 N.W.2d 105 (construing what is now subdivision (d), 

N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2), to avoid “render[ing] part of the statute mere 

surplusage”). To avoid rendering N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f) mere surplusage, 

2 N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f) was amended effective July 1, 2021, after Moses was charged, adjusting 

the chapter identified in subdivision (f) from ch. 27-20 to ch. 27-20.4.
4

we conclude that a juvenile court determination that a juvenile has committed 

a delinquent act equivalent to a felony satisfies N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f).

Accordingly, Moses’ juvenile adjudication qualifies as a predicate “conviction” 

under the firearm prohibition statute.

B

[¶7] Moses asserts N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f) conflicts with several 

provisions of the Uniform Juvenile Court Act, ch. 27-20.

[¶8] First, Moses argues N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f) conflicts with N.D.C.C. 

§ 27-20-33 (repealed eff. July 1, 2021),3 which provided:

1. An order of disposition or other adjudication in a proceeding 

under this chapter is not a conviction of crime and does not 

impose any civil disability ordinarily resulting from a 

conviction . . . .

2. The disposition of a child and evidence adduced in a hearing in 

juvenile court may not be used against the child in any 

proceeding in any court other than a juvenile court, whether 

before or after reaching majority, except for impeachment or in 

dispositional proceedings after conviction of a felony for the 

purposes of a presentence investigation and report.

[¶9] The State contends N.D.C.C. §§ 62.1-02-01(2)(f) and 27-20-33 can be 

reconciled under N.D.C.C. § 1-02-07, which states:

Whenever a general provision in a statute is in conflict with 

a special provision in the same or in another statute, the two must 

be construed, if possible, so that effect may be given to both 

provisions, but if the conflict between the two provisions is 

irreconcilable the special provision must prevail and must be

construed as an exception to the general provision, unless the 

general provision is enacted later and it is the manifest legislative 

intent that such general provision shall prevail.

3 Section 27-20-33, N.D.C.C., was in effect at the time of Moses’ 2015 juvenile adjudication and at the 

time he was charged in this case. The same statute is now codified at N.D.C.C. § 27-20.2-16.
5

See also State v. Beilke, 489 N.W.2d 589, 593 (N.D. 1992) (“We construe statutes 

to harmonize them and avoid conflicts.”); State v. Woytassek, 491 N.W.2d 709,

712 (N.D. 1992) (“If two or more statutes relating to the same subject matter 

conflict, we attempt to give meaningful effect to each without rendering one or 

the other useless.”).

[¶10] Although N.D.C.C. §§ 62.1-02-01(2)(f) and 27-20-33 conflict on the 

surface, they can be harmonized and construed to give effect to both statutes. 

Specifically, N.D.C.C. § 27-20-33 provides a general rule that a juvenile 

adjudication “is not a conviction of crime and does not impose any civil 

disability ordinarily resulting from a conviction.” Subdivision (f) of N.D.C.C. 

§ 62.1-02-01(2), however, provides an exception “[f]or the purposes of [the 

firearm prohibition] section” and broadly defines “conviction” to include a 

juvenile adjudication of a delinquent act equivalent to a felony. Thus, to 

harmonize the statutes and avoid conflict, subdivision (f) considers a juvenile 

adjudication to be a conviction only for the limited purpose of deciding whether 

a person is prohibited from possessing a firearm. This is consistent with 

N.D.C.C. § 1-02-07, which requires effect be given to both, but if they are 

irreconcilable, the special provision, N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f), must prevail 

and be construed as an exception to the general provision, N.D.C.C. § 27-20-

33.

[¶11] Washington has a similar juvenile statute preventing juvenile 

adjudications from being deemed a “conviction,” which states: “An order of 

court adjudging a child a juvenile offender or dependent under the provisions 

of this chapter [Basic Juvenile Court Act] shall in no case be deemed a 

conviction of crime.” Wash. Rev. Code § 13.04.240. In United States v. Mendez, 

765 F.3d 950 (9th Cir. 2014), the Ninth Circuit analyzed whether a juvenile 

adjudication could serve as the predicate felony conviction under the federal 

firearm statute in light of Wash. Rev. Code § 13.04.240. The court noted that 

the federal firearm statute requires looking to state law to determine what 

constitutes a “conviction” of a “crime.” Mendez, at 952. Acknowledging Wash. 

Rev. Code § 13.04.240, the court nevertheless concluded that under 

Washington law juvenile adjudications may be used as predicate offenses for 

certain crimes, including Washington’s firearm prohibition statute. Mendez, at 
6

952-53. Under Washington law, “Notwithstanding . . . any other provisions of

law, as used in this chapter, a person has been ‘convicted,’ whether in an adult 

court or adjudicated in a juvenile court, at such time as a plea of guilty has 

been accepted, or a verdict of guilty has been filed . . . .” Mendez, at 953 (quoting 

Wash. Rev. Code § 9.41.040(3)). The Ninth Circuit rejected the defendant’s 

argument that “Washington law establishes a general rule barring the 

treatment of juvenile adjudications as ‘convictions’ of ‘crimes,’” reasoning that 

“Washington courts have held that juvenile adjudications for a ‘serious offense’ 

may serve as the predicate for a § 9.41.040 [firearm] prosecution.” Mendez, at 

953. The Ninth Circuit concluded that under Washington law, the defendant’s

juvenile adjudication constitutes a “conviction” of a “crime” under the federal 

firearm statute. Id.; see also Barr v. Snohomish Cty. Sheriff, 440 P.3d 131, 133 

(Wash. 2019) (“The legislature has thus made it clear that in the context of 

firearm possession, an unsealed juvenile adjudication carries the same 

consequences as an adult conviction.”); State v. Wright, 946 P.2d 792, 794-95 

(Wash. Ct. App. 1997) (holding Washington’s 1994 firearm statute allows 

juvenile adjudication to be a predicate offense); State v. McKinley, 929 P.2d 

1145, 1149-50 (Wash. Ct. App. 1997) (same for 1995 version).

[¶12] In North Dakota, N.D.C.C. § 27-20-33, now codified at N.D.C.C. § 27-

20.2-16, is the general rule on juvenile adjudications and N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-

01(2)(f) applies only to the firearm prohibition statute. However, given 

Washington’s similar statutory scheme and the Ninth Circuit’s and 

Washington courts’ conclusions that juvenile adjudications can serve as the 

predicate conviction under the federal and Washington firearm statutes, 

respectively, these cases are persuasive in analyzing the interaction between 

N.D.C.C. §§ 62.1-02-01(2)(f) and 27-20-33 and ultimately reaching the same

result under our statutory scheme.

[¶13] Second, Moses contends the firearm prohibition statute conflicts with 

N.D.C.C. § 27-20-52(1) (repealed eff. July 1, 2021),4 which provided:

4 Section 27-20-52, N.D.C.C., was in effect at the time of Moses’ 2015 juvenile adjudication and at the 

time he was charged in this case. This statute is now codified at N.D.C.C. §§ 27-20.2-23, 27-20.4-25.
7

Unless a charge of delinquency is transferred for criminal 

prosecution under section 27-20-34, the interest of national 

security requires, or the court otherwise orders in the interest of 

the child, the law enforcement and correctional facility records and 

files of a child alleged or found to be delinquent, unruly, or deprived 

are not open to public inspection . . . .

However, the 2015 juvenile adjudication, in and of itself, does not consist of law 

enforcement records or correctional facility records of a delinquent child, and 

Moses does not provide the meaning of “files” as it relates to this statute. 

Further, no “public inspection” of records is alleged to have occurred in this 

case as those terms are commonly understood in the context of an open records 

request. Therefore, we conclude N.D.C.C. § 27-20-52(1) is inapplicable and does 

not conflict with the firearm prohibition statute.

III

[¶14] Moses argues his due process rights were violated because he was not 

provided notice of his inability to possess a firearm and the firearm statute is 

unconstitutionally vague.

[¶15] Moses asserts the due process clause requires that he be notified that he 

is prohibited from possessing a firearm. “Notice and an opportunity to be heard 

are fundamental requirements of due process.” State v. Sorenson, 2009 ND 147, 

¶ 38, 770 N.W.2d 701. “Under N.D.R.Crim.P. 11, a trial court must inform a 

defendant of all ‘direct consequences’ of a plea, but need not advise the 

defendant of ‘collateral consequences.’” State v. Abdullahi, 2000 ND 39, ¶ 9, 

607 N.W.2d 561; see, e.g., Davenport v. State, 2000 ND 218, ¶ 10, 620 N.W.2d 

164 (concluding sex offender registration is a collateral consequence, which the 

court was not required to inform the defendant of before he pled guilty); In re 

L.T., 2011 ND 120, ¶¶ 21-22, 798 N.W.2d 657 (concluding notice of sex offender 

registration not required during adjudication stage of juvenile delinquency 

proceeding). Direct consequences of pleading guilty are identified under 

N.D.R.Crim.P. 11(b). See Abdullahi, at ¶ 18. A firearm prohibition is a 

collateral consequence, and there is no constitutional requirement that a 

defendant or juvenile delinquent be notified of such prohibition or the 

possibility of a future firearm conviction for violating the prohibition. See State 
8

v. Buchholz, 2006 ND 227, ¶¶ 15-16, 723 N.W.2d 534 (concluding district court

was not required to inform defendant of collateral consequence of firearm 

prohibition); see also United States v. Amerson, 599 F.3d 854, 855-56 (8th Cir. 

2010) (concluding federal firearm prohibition was a collateral consequence and 

state court was not required to advise defendant of prohibition). The plain 

language of the firearm prohibition statute provides adequate notice that a 

person may not possess a firearm if a juvenile court found he committed the 

equivalent of a felony.

[¶16] Moses argues notice of his firearm prohibition was required under 

N.D.C.C. § 12.1-32-07(3), which states, “The court shall provide as an explicit

condition of every probation that the defendant may not possess a firearm, 

destructive device, or other dangerous weapon while the defendant is on 

probation.” However, Moses was not placed on probation as a result of his 

juvenile adjudication. Rather, he was committed to the custody of juvenile 

services. Moses was not prohibited from possessing a firearm as a condition of 

probation, but he was prohibited from possessing a firearm under the firearm 

prohibition statute. Thus, N.D.C.C. § 12.1-32-07(3) did not apply in Moses’ 

juvenile adjudication.

[¶17] Moses contends N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f) is unconstitutionally vague 

because it does not warn a reasonable person of what conduct is prohibited. 

“Whether a statute is unconstitutional is a question of law, which is fully 

reviewable on appeal.” State v. Holbach, 2009 ND 37, ¶ 23, 763 N.W.2d 761. “A 

law is not unconstitutionally vague if: (1) the law creates minimum guidelines 

for the reasonable police officer, judge, or jury charged with enforcing the law, 

and (2) the law provides a reasonable person with adequate and fair warning 

of the prohibited conduct.” Interest of D.D., 2018 ND 201, ¶ 12, 916 N.W.2d 765. 

“A law is not unconstitutionally vague if the challenged language, when 

measured by common understanding and practice, gives adequate warning of 

the conduct proscribed and marks boundaries sufficiently distinct for fair 

administration of the law.” Id. (quotations omitted); see also Grayned v. City of 

Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108-09 (1972).
9

The fair warning requirement . . . does not demand absolute 

precision in the drafting of criminal statutes. A statute is not vague 

which by orderly processes of litigation can be rendered sufficiently 

definite and certain for purposes of judicial decision. . . . In fact, it 

is the duty of the courts to adopt a construction which will sustain 

a statute and avoid constitutional conflict if its recitation permits 

such a construction.

State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559, 567 (Tenn. 2012). Subdivision (f) of N.D.C.C. 

§ 62.1-02-01(2) provides a reasonable person with adequate and fair warning

of the prohibited conduct—possessing a firearm for five years after having been 

adjudicated delinquent for committing a felony-equivalent offense. We

conclude N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f) is not unconstitutionally vague.

IV

[¶18] Moses argues he was denied equal protection under the law because 

juveniles in juvenile proceedings are not afforded the same protections as 

adults in criminal proceedings, such as the right to a jury trial. The United 

States Supreme Court has held that a jury trial is not constitutionally required 

in the adjudicative stage of a juvenile delinquency proceeding. McKeiver v. 

Pennsylvania, 403 U.S. 528, 545 (1971); see also In re R.Y., 189 N.W.2d 644, 

651 (N.D. 1971) (concluding statute requiring juvenile court to try issues 

without a jury did not violate North Dakota’s prior constitutional provision 

requiring a jury trial). Under McKeiver and R.Y., there is no fundamental right 

to a jury trial in juvenile court, and Moses has identified no suspect 

classification or other basis for heightened scrutiny under the Equal Protection 

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Moses presents no persuasive argument

that the Legislative Assembly may not prohibit an individual from possessing 

firearms for a period of time following a juvenile delinquency adjudication for 

a felony-equivalent offense. We conclude this argument is without merit. State 

v. Ehli, 2004 ND 125, ¶ 15, 681 N.W.2d 808 (“Without citations to relevant

authority or supportive reasoning, an argument is assumed to be without 

merit.”).
10

V

[¶19] We affirm the amended order deferring imposition of sentence.

[¶20] Jon J. Jensen, C.J.

Gerald W. VandeWalle

Daniel J. Crothers

Lisa Fair McEvers

Jerod E. Tufte

McEvers, Justice, concurring specially.

[¶21] I agree with, and have signed with, the majority. I write separately to 

suggest the legislative assembly revisit whether delinquent behavior, which 

would be a class C felony if committed by an adult, should continue to serve as 

a predicate offense under N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(1)(b). Moses was 14 years old 

when he committed the underlying delinquent act of theft of a dirt bike in 2015. 

The first question is whether the legislature wants the poor judgment and 

impulsive behavior of a juvenile to serve as a predicate offense to felony 

possession of a firearm when the underlying behavior is non-violent and did 

not include the use of a weapon.

[¶22] A second consideration is whether a juvenile should receive notice of 

potential collateral consequences of a juvenile adjudication. The record here 

does not reflect that Moses was informed he could not lawfully possess a 

firearm for five years following his juvenile adjudication. It is highly unlikely 

that a juvenile would be aware of the collateral consequences to this juvenile 

adjudication. However, in this case, knowing it was a crime to possess a firearm 

is not relevant because N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01 is a strict liability crime. State v. 

Eldred, 1997 ND 112, ¶ 31, 564 N.W.2d 283. 

[¶23] At the very least, the legislative assembly should consider whether 

N.D.C.C. § 27-20.2-16, which provides the general rule that an order of

disposition or other adjudication is not a conviction of a crime, should be 
11

amended to reflect that N.D.C.C. § 62.1-02-01(2)(f) provides an exception for 

the purposes of prohibited possession of firearm. See Majority, at ¶ 10.

[¶24] Lisa Fair McEvers