2022 IL App (1st) 220106-U

FIFTH DIVISION

December 23, 2022

No. 1-22-0106 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). 

______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

GILBERTO VARGAS, 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the Circuit Court

of Cook County.

No. 10 CR 11999

Honorable 

Vincent M. Gaughan, 

Judge, presiding.

JUSTICE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court.

 Presiding Justice Connors and Justice Lyle concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER 

Held: We reverse, in part, the circuit court’s denial of defendant’s petition for leave to 

file a successive postconviction petition because the petition set forth a colorable 

actual innocence claim. We affirm the court’s denial of leave for defendant to file 

his sentencing claim because he could not demonstrate cause for failing to raise

the claim in his initial petition. 

¶ 1 Defendant Gilberto Vargas appeals from the circuit court’s denial of his petition for leave 

to file a successive petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et 

seq. (West Supp. 2021)). He contends the court erred regarding two claims—one for actual 
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innocence, and the other that his sentence is unconstitutional. We reverse the court’s ruling 

regarding the actual innocence claim and remand for further proceedings on that claim, but 

affirm the court’s ruling regarding defendant’s sentencing claim. 

¶ 2 BACKGROUND

¶ 3 In People v. Vargas, 2020 IL App (1st) 172568-U, this court recited the facts adduced at 

trial and those relating to the resolution of defendant’s direct appeal and resolved his appeal from 

the dismissal of his initial postconviction petition. Herein, we update some facts and repeat those 

which are most relevant to his current claims.

¶ 4 Defendant’s conviction arose from the shooting death of Jose Galaviz on June 20, 2009, 

in Chicago. After his arrest, defendant was charged by indictment with multiple counts of first 

degree murder, attempt first degree murder, and aggravated discharge of a firearm. The State 

proceeded on six counts of first degree murder. At defendant’s 2012 jury trial, Yesenia Galaviz 

testified that on the day in question, she and her brother, Jose, gathered with several friends.

1

Early that evening, the group set out in a minivan for the Puerto Rican Day parade in Humboldt 

Park. Larry Garvin drove, Danny Olave sat in the front passenger seat, Erick Alamo and Jose sat 

in the middle row, and Jessica Macias and Yesenia sat in the back row. All the minivan’s 

windows were rolled down and both sliding doors were open. 

¶ 5 Shortly before 7 p.m., as the group was stopped in southbound traffic on Western Avenue 

near the intersection with Hirsch Street in Chicago, a man approached the passenger side of the 

minivan. He was about four feet from Yesenia and nothing obstructed her view of his face. He 

had a short haircut, “[a]most bald, but not quite.” In court, Yesenia identified defendant as this 

man. Defendant asked Jose if he or anyone in the minivan was a gangbanger. Jose said, “[N]o. 

1 Because Jose and Yesenia share a last name, we will refer to them by their first names.
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We don’t gangbang. We’re partying.” Defendant responded that they were “cool” and walked 

back to the corner, where he joined several other men.

¶ 6 Garvin briefly continued driving southbound on Western, but the group decided to go 

home because the encounter gave them a “bad feeling” that something would happen. As they 

were waiting on Western to turn left onto North Avenue, a vehicle occupied by two men pulled 

beside the driver’s side of the minivan so that the vehicle’s passenger was in-line with 

Jose. Yesenia recognized the passenger as defendant from his interaction with Jose 10 minutes 

earlier. Defendant said, “I thought you all don’t gangbang” and shot Jose. When Jose leaned 

forward, Yesenia grabbed him, looked to her left, and made eye contact with defendant. 

Defendant told the driver of the vehicle to “keep going” and the vehicle drove off. Yesenia 

pulled Jose into the back row of seats and hit his face repeatedly in an effort to keep him 

conscious as Garvin drove to St. Elizabeth Hospital.

¶ 7 While at St. Elizabeth Hospital, Yesenia spoke with the police. She told them what 

happened and provided a description of defendant. At some point, Jose was transferred to Stroger 

Hospital, where he died. Yesenia spoke with the police at Stroger Hospital and, later that 

evening, went to the police station. There, she identified defendant in a photo array. On June 23, 

2009, she identified him in a lineup.

¶ 8 On cross-examination, Yesenia agreed that she never saw the vehicle’s passenger with a 

firearm, never saw a firearm in his hand, and never saw a firearm extend out of the vehicle’s 

window. When asked, “You saw the passenger lean back and then you heard the shot, right?” she 

answered affirmatively.

¶ 9 Macias, Olave, Alamo, and Garvin testified to substantially the same events as Yesenia. 

They agreed that defendant, whom they all identified in court and described as having a short or 
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“low” hairstyle, approached their minivan on foot and asked about gang affiliation. They denied 

gang affiliation and drove off, but shortly thereafter turned around, and while they were waiting 

to turn left onto North Avenue, a vehicle pulled beside them. Defendant, who was in the 

passenger seat, made a comment about gangbanging.

¶ 10 Macias testified that she saw defendant pull out a firearm, point it at Jose, and fire. Olave 

testified that defendant shot Jose; he specified that he saw a firearm in defendant’s hand and 

heard a “big pop.” Alamo stated that he saw defendant draw a firearm and shoot Jose. Garvin 

testified that he saw defendant raise and point a firearm at Jose, ducked, accelerated, and heard 

one gunshot. At the police station, Garvin identified defendant from a “bunch of pictures,” and 

Olave and Alamo also testified that they identified defendant in photo arrays. Macias, Olave, 

Alamo, and Garvin all testified that they later identified defendant in lineups.

¶ 11 Erick Ortiz testified that on June 20, 2009, he saw defendant, who was his cousin’s 

boyfriend, at the corner of Western and Hirsch. Defendant was with two other men, one whom 

Ortiz did not know, and the other whom he knew as “G-Man.” Ortiz joined defendant, who was 

“looking around, watching people, and just looking at people into cars and stuff like that.” Later 

in the afternoon, defendant and G-Man left the corner and jogged across the street toward a 

barber shop. After 20 to 30 minutes, Ortiz called defendant. He then went to a friend’s house to 

meet defendant in the gangway. Defendant, who was with G-Man and some other men, said, “I 

f*** up.” Ortiz asked what he meant, but defendant just kept repeating himself.

¶ 12 Chicago police sergeant John Folino testified that on June 22 and 23, 2009, he and a 

detective who had Mirandized defendant had several video- and audio-recorded conversations 

with defendant while he was in custody. Defendant stated that on the day of the shooting, his 

son’s mother dropped his son off at his house. He and his son were inside all day because his son 
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had a “double ear infection.” Then, around 7 p.m., defendant’s mother dropped him and his son 

off at a barbeque at a friend’s house, where they stayed until 10 or 11 p.m.

¶ 13 Patricia Sasso, the mother of defendant’s son, testified that on the day of the shooting, she 

went to the Puerto Rican Day festival and left their son at home with her other child’s 

grandmother. Sasso stated that she did not drop their son off at defendant’s house and that 

defendant had no contact with him that day. She also denied that their son had a double ear 

infection. 

¶ 14 Chicago police detective Demosthenes Balodimas testified that he responded to St. 

Elizabeth Hospital. There, he spoke with Yesenia, Garvin, Macias, Olave, and Alamo, and 

received a description of the shooter. Early the next morning, the witnesses went to the police 

station. Garvin identified defendant as the shooter from a “pile” of 29 photos. Then, Yesenia, 

Olave, and Alamo identified defendant in separate six-person photo arrays. On June 23, 2009, 

Yesenia, Garvin, Macias, Olave, and Alamo returned to the police station and each separately 

identified defendant in a lineup. 

¶ 15 Balodimas spoke with defendant’s mother, Norma Vargas, on June 23, 2009. She said 

she did not drive defendant to a barbecue on the day of the shooting. The last time she saw him 

was about a week before her interview. 

¶ 16 On cross-examination, Balodimas admitted that Macias did not report to him that the 

shooter was the same individual who had approached the group earlier, and could not identify 

defendant in a photo array.

¶ 17 Defendant did not testify or present evidence. The jury found defendant guilty of first 

degree murder and that he personally discharged a firearm causing Jose’s death. 
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¶ 18 Defendant’s pre-sentence investigation report (PSI) indicated his highest education level 

was eighth grade, from which he graduated while incarcerated. He was single but had two 

children. Defendant belonged to the Spanish Cobras gang. His father had little involvement in his 

upbringing, but defendant did not suffer physical, sexual, or mental abuse, and he denied having 

alcohol or drug problems. 

¶ 19 At sentencing, defense counsel argued defendant was “young and immature” at the time 

of the offense. The circuit court imposed a sentence of 30 years in prison for first degree murder, 

plus 25 years for personally discharging a firearm, for a total sentence of 55 years.

¶ 20 On direct appeal, defendant contended that the circuit court failed to adequately consider 

his age and family ties as mitigating factors at sentencing. This court affirmed. People v. Vargas, 

2015 IL App (1st) 130189-U.

¶ 21 On October 2, 2015, through private counsel, defendant filed a postconviction petition 

asserting that Gerardo “G-Man” Gonzalez, the driver of the vehicle, shot and killed Jose.

Defendant claimed, in relevant part, actual innocence based on newly discovered evidence, and

supported his petition with a self-executed affidavit, affidavits from Lucas Mercado, Anthony 

Pitts, and Marina Cruz, and an article from a news website reporting that on October 25, 2009, 

Gonzalez hanged himself and died in a Chicago police lockup.

¶ 22 Defendant stated in his affidavit that he approached the van on June 20, 2009, and asked 

the occupants whether they “gangbang.” Afterwards, defendant entered Gonzalez’s vehicle and 

Gonzalez pulled beside the van. Defendant tried to persuade Gonzalez that the occupants were 

not gang members, so he lowered his window and said, “yall [sic] don’t bang right?” Then, 

Gonzalez reached across defendant, fired one shot at the van, and drove away. Defendant 

explained that he gave the police a false alibi because immediately after the shooting, Gonzalez 
No. 1-22-0106 

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held a firearm to his head and threatened to kill him and his family if he told anyone the truth. 

Defendant stated that when Ortiz met him after the shooting, defendant was telling Gonzalez that 

Gonzalez “f*** up.” Defendant also stated, “Shortly after [Gonzalez] and I parted ways I 

decided to keep my distance from him.”

¶ 23 Mercado stated in his affidavit, dated June 9, 2015, that on June 20, 2009, he was 

standing by an alley near the intersection of Western and North when he saw Gonzalez pull 

beside a van. Gonzalez reached across a person in the passenger seat, fired a single shot out of 

the vehicle’s passenger-side window toward the van, and drove away at a high speed. Mercado 

did not previously come forward with this information because he feared being a “snitch.”

¶ 24 Pitts stated in his affidavit, dated April 21, 2015, that he was friends with Garvin, who 

once visited him in jail. During the visit, Garvin said he felt guilty about defendant being 

incarcerated for Jose’s murder. Garvin told Pitts defendant was innocent of the shooting, as it 

was the driver of the other vehicle who shot into the van.

¶ 25 Cruz stated in her affidavit, dated September 24, 2015, that on September 27, 2009, 

Gonzalez, with whom she had an intimate relationship, told her he shot and killed a man in a van 

at North and Western during the Puerto Rican week festival. Gonzalez told Cruz that although 

defendant was in Gonzalez’s vehicle with him, defendant had no knowledge that Gonzalez had a 

firearm and would shoot the man in the van. 

¶ 26 The circuit court granted the State’s motion to dismiss the petition at the second stage. 

This court affirmed. People v. Vargas, 2020 IL App (1st) 172568-U. 

¶ 27 On September 9, 2021, defendant filed a pro se petition for leave to file a successive 

postconviction petition. In the petition, defendant, in relevant part, claimed actual innocence and 
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that his sentence violated the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. 

Const. 1970, art. 1, § 11). 

¶ 28 To support his actual innocence claim, defendant attached affidavits from Garvin (dated

March 15, 2021), Olave (April 10, 2021), Ortiz (August 14, 2020), and Jennifer Morales (August 

14, 2020). Defendant claimed each affidavit was unavailable at the time of trial. In their 

affidavits, Garvin, Olave, and Ortiz each retracted their trial testimony, and claimed they only 

testified against defendant because Balodimas coerced them. Garvin and Olave now claimed that

Gonzalez, not defendant, was the actual shooter, while Ortiz stated that defendant never said, “I 

f*** up.” Defendant also attached to the petition information regarding other cases where 

Balodimas allegedly coerced false testimony or testified falsely himself.

¶ 29 Morales, the mother of defendant’s child, stated in her affidavit that she told Balodimas 

she heard Gonzalez confess, but Balodimas threatened her to testify against defendant, or 

Balodimas would imprison her and she would lose her child. Morales further stated that she 

interacted with Gonzalez in the police station, who said that he had already confessed he was the 

shooter. 

¶ 30 Defendant also attached the previous affidavits of Mercado, Pitts, and Cruz, along his 

own affidavit, in which he claimed he had no prior knowledge that Gonzalez had a firearm or 

planned to shoot Jose. 

¶ 31 Defendant also argued that his 55-year sentence constituted a de facto life sentence under 

People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, and thus violated the proportionate penalty clause as applied 

to him because his brain development was more akin to that of a juvenile at the time of the 

offense. Specifically, defendant claimed that his father abused him and his mother, then 

abandoned the family home; his living conditions as a child were poor; and he was forcefully 
No. 1-22-0106 

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inducted into the Spanish Cobras when he was 12 years old because the gang threatened to kill 

his mother and brother if he did not join. Defendant further contended that he began abusing 

drugs and alcohol at the age of 10. He claimed these circumstances affected his development, 

leaving him with “incomplete brain maturation,” and that “at the time of the offense” his 

maturity was “that of a juvenile.” Defendant attached law review articles and scientific studies

regarding brain development in young adults to the petition.

¶ 32 On December 15, 2021, the circuit court denied defendant leave to file his successive 

petition. In its written order, the court stated, in relevant part, that defendant’s actual innocence 

claim failed because the argument that defendant was not the shooter was available at the time of 

trial, recantation testimony is untrustworthy, and the allegations that Balodimas coerced 

testimony were immaterial. The court further explained that the affidavits were not conclusive 

because multiple witnesses besides Olave and Garvin testified at trial that defendant was the 

shooter. The court stated that res judicata barred the proportionate penalty clause claim because 

defendant challenged his sentence on direct appeal, and even if was not barred, the claim lacked 

merit because the sentencing court appropriately considered and weighed the relevant factors in 

aggravation and mitigation. Defendant timely appealed. 

¶ 33 ANALYSIS

¶ 34 On appeal, defendant first claims the circuit court erred by denying him leave to file his 

successive postconviction petition because the petition set forth a viable claim of actual 

innocence. 

¶ 35 The Act provides criminal defendants a mechanism to challenge a conviction on the 

grounds that it violates their constitutional rights. People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 42. A 

defendant may file only one petition as of right, and must receive leave from the circuit court to 
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file successive petitions. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West Supp. 2021). Leave is appropriate under two 

circumstances: (1) the defendant can demonstrate cause for not raising the claim earlier, and 

prejudice should he not be permitted to pursue the claim, and (2) the defendant can demonstrate 

a colorable claim of actual innocence. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 42. A petition for leave to 

file a successive postconviction petition is reviewed using a higher standard than initial 

postconviction petitions, which must only raise claims that are not frivolous or patently lack 

merit. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 24-29. 

¶ 36 A defendant need not show cause and prejudice to state a colorable claim of actual 

innocence. People v. Taliani, 2021 IL 125891, ¶ 58. Instead, the defendant must show that the 

evidence at issue is (1) newly discovered, (2) material and noncumulative, and (3) conclusive. Id.

Conclusiveness is the most important element. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47. Evidence is 

newly discovered if it is discovered post-trial, and could not have been discovered earlier 

through due diligence. Id. “Evidence is material if it is relevant and probative of the petitioner’s 

innocence.” Id. Evidence is non-cumulative if it “adds to the information that the fact finder 

heard at trial.” Id. To establish conclusiveness, the defendant must show that the new evidence, 

considered alongside the trial evidence, would probably lead to a different result at retrial. Id. 

The new evidence need not be entirely dispositive, as, “Probability, not certainty, is the key as 

the trial court in effect predicts what another jury would likely do, considering all the evidence, 

both new and old, together.” People v. Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 97. The credibility of newly 

discovered evidence is not considered at the leave to file stage. People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 

118123, ¶ 42. We review a court’s denial of leave to file a successive postconviction petition de 

novo. Taliani, 2021 IL 125891, ¶ 52.
No. 1-22-0106 

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¶ 37 Defendant claimed actual innocence in his initial postconviction petition based on the 

newly discovered evidence of affidavits from Mercado, Pitts, and Cruz. Here, he again claims 

actual innocence, based on the additional affidavits of Garvin, Olave, and Ortiz, alongside his 

own affidavit, and the affidavits from his initial petition (defendant admits in his reply brief that 

Morales’ affidavit is irrelevant to his actual innocence claim). 

¶ 38 Defendant contends that the affidavits of Garvin, Olave, and Ortiz are newly discovered 

evidence because as recantations of trial testimony, the evidence was necessarily unavailable at 

trial. The State responds that defendant has failed to demonstrate the recantations of Garvin, 

Olave, and Ortiz were not available earlier through due diligence. 

¶ 39 First, we note that defendant’s own affidavit cannot be considered newly discovered

because the information therein, specifically that defendant did not know Gonzalez had a firearm 

and intended to shoot Jose, was information known to defendant before trial. See Robinson, 2020 

IL 123849, ¶ 53. Thus, we cannot consider his affidavit when analyzing his actual innocence 

claim. 

¶ 40 Respecting Garvin, Olave, and Ortiz’s affidavits, however, we find that defendant has 

demonstrated that the affidavits are “newly discovered” for purposes of his actual innocence 

claim. As the court in People v. Harper, 2013 IL App (1st) 102181, explained in addressing 

whether a recantation affidavit from a trial witness was newly discovered evidence, “Clearly, due 

diligence could not have compelled [the witness] to testify truthfully at the first trial.” Harper, 

2013 IL App (1st) 102181, ¶ 42. In Harper, the recanting witness claimed that “his trial 

testimony was a lie and that police officers threatened him to obtain the testimony.” Id.

Similarly, here, defendant could not have known before trial of the alleged coercion by 

Balodimas, and the role that coercion played in procuring Garvin’s, Olave’s and Ortiz’s trial
No. 1-22-0106 

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testimony. See People v. Ayala, 2022 IL App (1st) 192484, ¶ 134 (in the context of a newly 

discovered evidence analysis for an actual innocence claim, the due diligence requirement 

“applies to the diligence shown before trial”). 

¶ 41 Next, the State concedes that the affidavits of Garvin and Olave are material and noncumulative, but contends Ortiz’s affidavit is immaterial because he did not witness the shooting 

itself. We disagree, and find Ortiz’s testimony to be material and non-cumulative. Ortiz’s trial 

testimony was that defendant repeatedly stated “I f*** up” when Ortiz saw him shortly after the 

shooting, with the implication that defendant was demonstrating regret for shooting Jose. Ortiz’s 

affidavit now claims that defendant said that Gonzalez “f*** up,” with the implication now 

switching to defendant chastising Gonzalez for the shooting. Should the jury accept this 

evidence, it would be relevant to support defendant’s theory that Gonzalez was the shooter. 

Additionally, the jury did not hear any evidence at trial contending that it was Gonzalez, and not 

defendant, who was the shooter, making Ortiz’s new testimony non-cumulative.

¶ 42 Finally, we find that the new evidence as described in Garvin, Olave, and Ortiz’s 

affidavits, if accepted as true by the jury, could change the result at trial such that defendant has 

satisfied his conclusiveness showing at this stage. See Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 60. Garvin 

and Olave identify Gonzalez as the shooter, and Ortiz’s affidavit claims that defendant stated that 

Gonzalez “f*** up” shortly after the shooting. Additionally, as defendant argues, there is no 

confession or physical evidence linking defendant to the shooting. Should the jury accept this 

testimony, along with the contention that Balodimas coerced Garvin and Olave into identifying 

defendant as the shooter, the jury could credit the affiants’ version over that of the other 

eyewitnesses and acquit defendant on the theory Gonzalez was the shooter. 
No. 1-22-0106 

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¶ 43 The State argues that the affidavits are not sufficiently conclusive because they do not 

defeat defendant’s guilt via an accountability theory. Our supreme court in Robinson, however, 

considered and rejected this same argument from the State. Id. ¶ 75. In Robinson, the court 

rejected the argument as “entirely without merit” because “the State never introduced an 

accountability theory into the case.” The same is true here; the State never wavered from the 

theory that defendant was the shooter, and as such, factoring in an accountability theory to 

determine how a hypothetical jury would weigh the new evidence alongside the existing trial 

evidence is improper.

¶ 44 The State also argues that the testimony of the other van occupants and eyewitnesses,

Macias, Alamo, and Yesenia, remains unrecanted, and thus the affidavits are insufficient to 

establish a probability of a different result at retrial. Balancing the weight of their testimony 

against the new hypothetical testimony of Garvin and Olave, however, would require us to assess 

Garvin and Olave’s credibility. Such an assessment is improper at this stage, and should only 

occur at the third stage of postconviction review at an evidentiary hearing. Id. ¶ 61. Here, we 

must assume a jury would accept Garvin and Olave’s version of events as true and credible; 

given that circumstance, the potential for the newly discovered evidence to change the result at 

trial is clear. See Id. ¶ 60. This also negates the State’s argument that Garvin’s affidavit should 

be discounted because it is inconsistent with Pitts’ statement of Garvin’s motive for testifying 

falsely at trial; any contradiction could affect the credibility of Garvin’s affidavit at an 

evidentiary hearing, but at this stage, Garvin’s version must be accepted as true. Accordingly, the 

circuit court erred in dismissing the actual innocence claim in the successive post-conviction 

petition, and we remand for second stage proceedings on that claim.
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¶ 45 Our decision that defendant’s actual innocence claim should go forward does not 

conclude our review here, however, because the circuit court had to apply a different standard to

determine whether to grant defendant leave to file his sentencing claim. As mentioned above, for 

the circuit court to grant a defendant leave to file a claim in a successive postconviction petition

(outside of an actual innocence claim), that defendant must establish cause as to why he did not 

include the claim in his initial postconviction petition, and prejudice should he be denied the 

chance to pursue the claim. People v. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 32. “[A] petitioner must 

establish cause and prejudice as to each individual claim asserted in a successive petition.” 

People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 463 (2002); see also People v. Woods, 2020 IL App (1st) 

163031. 

¶ 46 To establish cause, the defendant must identify an “objective factor that impeded the 

ability to raise a specific claim during the initial postconviction proceeding.” Id. Again, we 

review a circuit court’s denial of leave to file a successive postconviction petition de novo, and 

additionally, we may affirm the court’s denial on any basis supported by the record, regardless of 

the court’s reasoning. People v. Anderson, 401 Ill. App. 3d 134, 138 (2010). 

¶ 47 Defendant here argues his 55-year sentence constitutes an unconstitutional de facto life 

sentence in violation of principles derived from Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), People 

v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, and People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327. In Miller, the United States 

Supreme Court held that mandatory life sentences without the possibility of parole for juvenile 

offenders violated the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution. Miller, 567 U.S. at 

479. In Harris, the Illinois Supreme Court explained that while Miller itself only applied to 

juveniles, its reasoning could be applied to young adult offenders who establish that their brain 

development was akin to that of a juvenile via a claim based on the proportionate penalties 
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clause of the Illinois Constitution. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶¶ 34-48. Finally, in Buffer, the 

Illinois Supreme Court found that a sentence of longer than 40 years constituted a de facto life 

sentence for juvenile offenders. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 41. 

¶ 48 Defendant claims he can establish cause for not raising this claim in his initial 

postconviction petition because a claim under the proportionate penalty clause, derived from 

Miller as applied to him by Harris and Buffer, arises from case law that post-dates his initial 

postconviction petition. The State responds that the fact that defendant’s initial petition pre-dated 

Miller and its progeny does not provide cause for purposes of a successive postconviction 

petition, citing Dorsey. In Dorsey, where the defendant was 14 years old, the Illinois Supreme 

Court stated that, “we find that Miller’s announcement of a new substantive rule under the eighth 

amendment does not provide cause [for purposes of a petition for leave to file a successive 

postconviction petition] for a defendant to raise a claim under the proportionate penalties 

clause,” reasoning that “Illinois courts have long recognized the differences between persons of 

mature age and those who are minors for purposes of sentencing.” Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 74. 

Reviewing courts have applied Dorsey to find young adult defendants could not rely on the 

unavailability of the Miller/Harris framework at the time of their initial postconviction petitions 

to establish cause for purposes of obtaining leave to file a successive petition. See People v. 

Walker, 2022 IL App (1st) 201151, ¶ 30. 

¶ 49 Based on Dorsey and its subsequent application by this court as explained above, we find 

that defendant here has not established cause for not raising his proportionate penalties claim in 

his initial postconviction petition because he relies solely on the fact that his initial petition predated Miller and its progeny. As the Walker court stated, “If Miller’s announcement of a new 

substantive rule does not provide a minor cause to bring a successive petition, it follows that 
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[Harris and its progeny] *** does not provide cause for a young adult’s successive petition 

either.” Walker, 2022 IL App (1st) 201151, ¶ 29. While the circuit court did not discuss this 

issue, but we may affirm its decision on any basis supported by the record. Anderson, 401 Ill. 

App. 3d at 138.

¶ 50 Defendant argues that certain panels of this court have previously found that the 

Miller/Harris framework’s unavailability at the time of an initial petition established cause. 

However, this court has previously distinguished these holdings, reasoning that the panels that

have allowed such claims only did so when the State conceded cause; however, “when cause has 

been fully litigated *** this court has universally applied the holding in Dorsey to conclude that 

cause has not been established based on the prior unavailability of Miller and its progeny.”

People v. Walsh, 2022 IL App (1st) 210786, ¶¶ 32-33 (contrasting the case with People v. 

Horshaw, 2021 IL App (1st) 182047, ¶ 122, amongst other matters, where the State conceded 

cause). The State contests cause here.

¶ 51 Defendant also argues that the Dorsey language at issue was obiter dictum, and thus need 

not be followed by this court. A different panel of this court addressed and rejected this same 

argument, on the basis that we must follow the supreme court’s obiter dictum as precedential 

unless erroneous. See People v. Winters, 2021 IL App (1st) 191625-U, ¶ 51 (citing Cates v. 

Cates, 156 Ill. 2d 76, 80 (1993)). We agree with this reasoning, and follow it here. 

¶ 52 Finally, because we find defendant cannot establish cause, we need not resolve whether 

his petition demonstrated prejudice. 

¶ 53 CONCLUSION

¶ 54 Defendant’s petition set forth a colorable claim of actual innocence, and as such, the 

circuit court erred by denying him leave to file his successive petition to pursue that claim. The 
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court correctly denied leave regarding the sentencing claim, however, because defendant cannot 

establish cause for not raising it in his initial petition. Accordingly, we remand for second stage 

proceedings on the actual innocence claim alone. 

¶ 55 Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded with instructions in part.