Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS, 441 U.S. 1, 19-20 (1979).

1

 See id.

2

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20580

Michael Bloom

Assistant Director for Policy & Coordination

Direct Dial

(202) 326-2475

July 2, 2012

Eugene A. Guilford, Jr.

President

Independent Connecticut Petroleum Ass’n

10 Alcap Ridge

Cromwell, Connecticut 06416

Re: FTC Staff Advisory Opinion

Dear Mr. Guilford:

This letter responds to your request, on behalf of the Independent Connecticut Petroleum

Association (“ICPA”), for an FTC staff advisory opinion. You seek the staff’s assessment of the

ICPA’s contemplated system for collecting a voluntary per-gallon assessment from heating oil

retailers to fund a variety of educational and training programs.

Three issues are of potential concern here. Do the structure and purposes of the program suggest

that it “would always or almost always tend to restrict competition and decrease output,” such 1

that it might be deemed unlawful per se, that is, without further analysis? Might increased retail 2

dealer costs result in anticompetitive price increases? And is it possible that firms may use the

reporting features of this system to gain competitively sensitive information about the pricing

and behavior of others? 

We understand, however, that the ICPA’s plan incorporates features intended to minimize these

concerns: (1) wholesaler and retailer participation in the program will be voluntary, with

participants remaining free to withdraw from the program at any time; (2) given the noncoercive structure of the program, potential effects on retailer prices likely will be tempered by

competition and offset by efficiencies; and (3) information about purchase volumes will be

aggregated into combined numbers at each step of the reporting process, with the ICPA reporting

to its members only the total combined numbers for all participating wholesalers. This level of

aggregation likely will prevent firms from obtaining competitively useful information about

individual rivals. In view of these facts, the FTC staff has no present intention of recommending

to the Commission that it challenge the implementation of this program.
 See Public Law 106-469, sections 701 et seq. 3

2

In forming this intention, we have relied entirely on a review of the written materials and other

representations that you have given to the FTC staff. Should there be information that we are

unaware of that qualifies, modifies, or contradicts any of these materials or representations or

that calls in to question the conclusions we have drawn from them, or should the proposed

activities materially change in the future, then we may change our recommendation accordingly. 

The background facts

The Independent Connecticut Petroleum Association is a voluntary association organized under

Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. It is made up primarily of retail heating oil

dealers operating in the state of Connecticut, plus their associated businesses. There are

approximately six hundred such heating oil retailers registered with the state’s Department of

Consumer Protection. They are supplied by thirteen wholesalers.

Some consumer industries benefit from congressionally-sanctioned programs under which the

industry assesses a fee on each unit produced or sold, with the proceeds going to an industry

association for use in improving, or increasing consumer familiarity with, its products. Well

known programs financed in this way include “Cotton, the Fabric of Your Life,” and “Pork, the

Other White Meat.” At present there are about 24 such programs authorized by statute in the

United States.

For several years the home heating oil industry operated such a congressionally-sanctioned

program, which was implemented through the National Oilheat Research Alliance. The statute

3

authorized collection of a fee of one-fifth of a cent per gallon, assessed at the wholesale level. 

After the fee was collected by the wholesalers, the revenue was sent to the Alliance’s national

office, and then 75 percent of the revenue collected from each state was sent back to the

authorized state association for consumer education, technology research, and training subsidies

for people working in the industry. In the case of Connecticut, that association was the ICPA.

The statutory authorization for collecting the mandatory fees has since lapsed. The original

statute was passed and signed by President Clinton in 2000, and was reauthorized in 2005. It

was then scheduled to terminate in 2010, unless further extended. Congress did not make such

an extension. There are two bills presently pending in Congress to revive the program, which

the ICPA supports. 

In the meantime, the ICPA is considering a voluntary program that will replicate many features

of the lapsed statute. This will permit financing of some of the former program activities while

Congress considers reauthorization. The planned activities will include consumer education and

technical training for retailers. Presumably the ICPA program will provide some measure of

benefit to consumers and the industry even if Congress does not renew the statutory program.

The proposed ICPA program 

The ICPA proposes to implement its program through a series of contracts. Willing retailers

would authorize participating wholesalers to add the fees to their bills, and the wholesalers

would commit to sending the collected sums to the ICPA. The amount of the fee would be

twelve points (twelve hundredths of a cent) per gallon, somewhat less than the fee had been
 Section 1 of the Sherman Act condemns only contracts, combinations, and 4

conspiracies–i.e., agreements–that unreasonably restrain trade. See 15 U.S.C. 1. It does not

condemn independent single-firm conduct, irrespective of its purpose or effect. See Monsanto

Co. v. Spray-Rite Serv. Corp., 465 U.S. 752, 761 (1984).

 814 F.2d 358 (7 Cir. 1987). 5 th

 See id. at 368. 6

 Without first performing a formal market definition exercise it is not possible to know 7

whether or to what extent the ICPA members are actual competitors in one or more of the

Connecticut markets. For purposes of this analysis we assume that the members are competitors,

at least respecting some relevant markets for heating oil. 

3

under the statutory program. The contractual program would automatically terminate when and

if the original Oilheat Alliance legislation is renewed. 

It is this program that has prompted your request for an advisory opinion.

The issues presented

The program presents three issues for consideration: (1) Do the structure and purposes of the

program, which is the product of agreement among industry participants, suggest that it should 4

be judged on a per se basis or according to the rule of reason? (2) Does the program threaten to

cause consumer prices to rise in a way attributable to a lessening of competition? (3) Will the

processes for collecting, reporting, and conveying the fees result in some firms learning sensitive

information about other market participants?

Structure and purposes of the agreement

The threshold question involves the structure and purposes of the program. This is important

because it will affect whether the competitive import of the plan here should be reviewed under a

per se standard or according to the rule of reason. 

Naked agreements among competitors on price are condemned on a per se basis, without

elaborate inquiry. Some agreements on association assessments have been characterized as per

se violations in this way. For example, an agreement among competitors to coerce universal

participation in an industrywide program that raised firms’ costs was condemned as unlawful per

se in Premier Electrical Construction Co. v. National Electrical Contractors Ass’n. Such a 5

conclusion might be reached if the coercion were applied directly to holdout rivals, or applied

indirectly through the assistance of another entity that was in a position to influence the rivals.6

Here, however, it appears that any agreement among industry participants is voluntary. Your 7

letter explains that non-participating companies will not suffer adverse consequences as a result

of any decisions to not participate or to withdraw from participation. Participation is to occur

“on an entirely voluntary basis without any coercion whatsoever . . . . Those who choose not to
 Letter from Eugene A. Guilford, Jr., President, ICPA to Donald Clark, Secretary of the 8

Federal Trade Commission, at p.3 (Feb. 17, 2012). 

 See nn.10-12, infra. See also Premier Electrical Construction, supra, at 371 n.3. 9

 See Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass’n, 544 U.S. 550, 554 (2005); Michigan Pork 10

Producers Ass’n v. Veneman, 348 F.3d 157, 160 (6 Cir. 2003), vacated and remanded on other th

grounds, 544 U.S. 1058 (2005). In these cases there were issues as to whether the fee

assessment programs involved improperly compelled speech, but the collective conduct of the

programs was not challenged on antitrust grounds. 

 See American Society of Mechanical Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corp., 456 U.S. 556, 11

559, 576 (1982).

 See California Dental Ass’n v. FTC, 526 U.S. 756, 765 (1999). 12

 Id. at 781. 13

 See Polygram Holdings, 136 F.T.C. 310 (2003) (applying principles from the Supreme 14

Court’s decision in California Dental Ass’n, supra). If a quick look indicates that there is a

plausible and cognizable efficiency underlying a restraint, a more searching rule of reason

analysis may be warranted.

4

participate would face no significant economic consequences as a result of that decision.” An 8

agreement to form a voluntary group for educational purposes, without coercing firms outside of

the agreement, will be judged under the rule of reason.9

Price effects under the rule of reason 

Once it is determined that rule of reason analysis is applicable to an agreement, a variety of

effects and benefits can be considered. Industry-wide trade associations are not intrinsically

suspect under the antitrust laws. To be sure, they involve agreements among firms that may be

competitors in other respects, but the collaborative activities of an association do not necessarily

reduce competition – they may instead increase output and enhance consumer welfare. 

Acceptable collaborative activities of this sort can include consumer awareness campaigns,

10

development of industry technical standards, and professional training programs. These are 11 12

the kinds of activities that the new ICPA program is reportedly intended to pursue. 

A rule of reason analysis need not always go so far as to require a full scale assessment of all

potentially relevant considerations; rather, “what is required . . . is an enquiry meet for the case,

looking to the circumstances, details, and logic of a restraint.” As the Commission’s Polygram 13

opinion establishes, under some circumstances it is appropriate to perform a “truncated rule of

reason” or “quick look” in which the Commission considers the capacity of the conduct at issue

to facilitate competitive harm against its tendency or ability to further plausible and cognizable

procompetitive ends.14

One element in a rule of reason assessment is an examination of likely price effects. As a

threshold matter, it appears that the assessments that are made will increase the expenses of

participating retail dealers, however modestly. It is therefore possible that some of those
 These costs would not exceed 85 cents per year for a household using the statewide 15

average of 708 gallons of heating oil. 

 See United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 438 U.S. 422, 441 n.16 (1978) 16

(information exchanges among competitors should be judged by the rule of reason, at least when

no evidence of actual agreement to limit competition, because they do not always produce

anticompetitive effects, but can also have procompetitive consequences by increasing

efficiency).

 Id. See United States v. Container Corp., 393 U.S. 333 (1969) (condemning price 17

exchange agreement, without detailed proof of market effects, largely because of the nature of

the information exchanged, structure of the market, and absence of a benign justification).

5

increased costs would be passed on to consumers. For two reasons, however, it appears that 15

any such possibility here would not call the ICPA proposal into question.

First, it is not clear that prices will increase as a result of the proposed program. If retailers find

that the incremental expenses imposed by the fees are offset by the increased efficiency that

participation in the program brings, then the retailers’ true net costs will not have been increased,

and we would not expect the program to have an adverse effect on consumer prices. Moreover,

even if stated transaction prices do go up by as much as the entire fee assessment amount, twelve

hundredths of one cent per gallon, it is possible that any such price increases will reflect

increased value to consumers, resulting directly or indirectly from the fee-funded programs of

training and information. 

Second, it does not appear that any price increase, in either of these respects, would have been

the product of a lessening of competition. The voluntary context of the program is central in

reaching this conclusion. If any retailer believes that the assessed fees are causing a measurable

and unwarranted rise in consumer prices – in either stated prices or quality-adjusted ones – it

can, and seemingly would have an incentive to, withdraw from the program, secure a modest

cost advantage over its rivals who continue to participate, and reduce its prices to that extent so

as to compete more effectively for consumers’ business. The continuing possibility of such a

shift by competitors will limit the price risks that the ICPA program poses to consumers, such

that any price effects likely would not be attributable to a reduction in competition. 

Information exchanges

A final question presented by the proposed program involves the possibility of anticompetitive

information exchanges. The program might raise concerns if it were intended to facilitate

collusion, or if there were some feature in it that would give businesses competitively sensitive

data about the prices paid or charged by their rivals.

Under the antitrust laws, the legality of information exchanges among competitors is also

analyzed under the rule of reason. Here the rule of reason balances the potential for competitive

harm against efficiencies or other procompetitive effects, if any, that the information exchange

generates. Among other factors, a rule of reason analysis may inquire into market structure and 16

the nature of the exchanged information to assess whether the exchange is likely to reduce the

vigor of competition.17

Applying this methodology, it does not appear that the information sharing contemplated here is

likely to result in competitive harm. 
 See “Statements of Health Care Antitrust Policy,” Statement 6, available at 18

http://www.ftc.gov/bc/healthcare/industryguide/policy/statement6.htm . 

 We note, however, that in other contexts the exchange of information as to quantities 19

sold could be anticompetitive. For example, the exchange of such information among members

of an oligopoly could enable the oligopolists to better observe changes in market share, which in

turn could facilitate or be part of an agreement to avoid the type of aggressive pricing that can

undermine a pricing consensus.

 You point out that the participation rate in the program cannot be known with certainty

20

until the program is actually offered to the industry. You believe that a high participation rate is

likely. If the facts develop in ways that we have not anticipated, however, and if competitive

problems appear as a result, then the agency retains the right to withdraw this opinion, as

described in the concluding section of the letter. 

6

The flow of data will largely follow the procedures that had been established under the nowexpired Research Alliance program. Wholesalers will collect the per-gallon contribution on an

ongoing basis as they bill their retail dealer customers. The wholesalers will then aggregate

these collections and send a single payment to the ICPA each quarter. Because the per-gallon

rate is known, the ICPA could deduce from the size of the payment how many total gallons a

wholesaler had sold to participating retailers in the previous quarter. But the actual transaction

prices could not be deduced from the payments, nor could an observer identify the division of

sales among particular retailer customers.

Data will be further aggregated at the association level. The ICPA has committed itself to a

policy of keeping the contributions from individual wholesalers confidential. It will

communicate to its members only the total combined sum received from all wholesalers during

the previous quarter. From this it would not appear possible to deduce even overall retailer

participation rates in any particular market. The ICPA reports will be issued in the ordinary

course of business, as part of an accounting of the revenues received and the research and

promotional activities that are financed.

Information aggregated in these ways is unlikely to lead to anticompetitive results. In reaching

this conclusion we have been guided by the Commission’s statements on information exchanges

in the context of the health care industry. One of these addresses “Provider Participation in

Exchanges of Price and Cost Information.” Those guidelines were originally drafted for a 18

different industry, but their analytical principles have wider relevance. Moreover, the guidelines

were drafted to assess a more sensitive kind of information exchange than is involved here,

because they address exchanges of data on prices, wages, costs, and salaries, and not just

information on quantities of product sold.19

The Price Exchange guidelines provide a safety zone for aggregated data that is: (1) managed by

a third party such as a trade association; (2) made up of information from at least five

participants; (3) not reliant on any one firm for more than 25 percent of the weight of a particular

statistic; and (4) using data more than three months old.

The proposed ICPA program appears to be reasonable in light of these tests. The data here

would be collected by a trade association, and not circulated. Because there are about six

hundred heating oil retailers in the state, and thirteen wholesalers, it is likely that there will be

data from at least five firms behind each statistic. For similar reasons, it is unlikely that any 20

one firm will account for more than 25 percent of the weight of any one statistic. On the fourth

point – the age of the data – the proposed plan does not meet the guidelines’ safe-harbor test of

using information more than three months old. However, the guidelines recognize that conduct
7

falling outside the safety zone nevertheless may be unlikely to harm competition, and should be

assessed on a case by case basis. The quantity-sold data to be exchanged under the ICPA

program is, in the context of this industry, unlikely to be competitively sensitive. Accordingly,

its exchange among competitors is unlikely to facilitate anticompetitive outcomes.

Conclusion

On the basis of these features, FTC staff concludes that the proposed ICPA program would be

unlikely to harm competition. Staff believes that the particular data being shared here is not

especially sensitive in light of the workings of this industry, and, in any event, that it will be

sufficiently aggregated to substantially eliminate any risk that it will facilitate anticompetitive

effects at either the wholesale or the retail level. The program appears, moreover, to be

voluntary rather than coercive, and to have the goal of financing potentially output-enhancing

and safety-enhancing features. 

For these reasons, the Bureau of Competition staff has no present intention to recommend that

the Commission undertake an enforcement action against the program upon its implementation. 

This opinion of the FTC staff is predicated on the accuracy of the information you have provided

to us. In accordance with normal practice, the Bureau of Competition reserves the right to

reconsider the questions involved and, with notice to the requesting party, to rescind the opinion

if actual conduct respecting the ICPA program proves to be anticompetitive in any purpose or

effect, or if facts change significantly in the future such that it would be in the public interest to

bring an enforcement action. 

The views of FTC staff contained herein are provided as authorized by Rule 1.1(b) of the

Commission’s Rules of Practice, 16 C.F.R. 1.1(b). Under Commission Rule 1.3( c), 16 C.F.R.

1.3( c), the Commission is not bound by this staff opinion.

Sincerely,

Michael Bloom

Assistant Director for Policy & Coordination 

Bureau of Competition 

Federal Trade Commission

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20580