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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: 2012-NMCA-065

Filing Date: May 18, 2012

Docket No. 30,951

STATE OF NEW MEXICO ex rel. 

CHILDREN, YOUTH AND FAMILIES

DEPARTMENT,

Petitioner-Appellee,

v.

CARL C.,

Respondent-Appellant,

and

DANA H.,

Respondent,

and

IN THE MATTER OF CHEYENNE C. and

CAYLIE C.,

Children.

and

Docket No. 31,305

STATE OF NEW MEXICO ex rel. 

CHILDREN, YOUTH AND FAMILIES

DEPARTMENT,

Petitioner-Appellee,

v.
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DANA H.,

Respondent-Appellant,

and

CARL C.,

Respondent,

and

IN THE MATTER OF CHEYENNE C. and

CAYLIE C.,

Children.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF MCKINLEY COUNTY

Grant L. Foutz, District Judge

New Mexico Children, Youth and Families Department

Oneida L’Esperance, Chief Children’s Court Attorney

Daniel J. Pearlman, Children’s Court Attorney

Santa Fe, NM 

for Appellee in Carl C.

New Mexico Children, Youth and Families Department

Oneida L’Esperance, Chief Children’s Court Attorney

Rebecca J. Liggett, Children’s Court Attorney

Santa Fe, NM 

for Appellee in Dana H.

Lopez & Sakura, LLP

Julie Sakura

Santa Fe, NM 

for Appellant Carl C.

Alex Chisholm

Albuquerque, NM 
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for Appellant Dana H. 

Robert Ionta

Gallup, NM 

Guardian Ad Litem

OPINION

VANZI, Judge.

{1} Both Dana H. (Mother) and Carl C. (Father) appeal the district court’s adjudication

that Cheyenne C. (Infant Child) and Caylie C. (Older Child) (collectively, Children) were

abused pursuant to NMSA 1978, Section 32A-4-2(B)(1) (2009), finding alternatively that

Mother and Father each either physically abused Infant Child or that they did not recognize

or acknowledge that the other parent had perpetrated the abuse. We combined the appeals

due to the shared record and to address in one opinion Mother’s and Father’s identical

argument that the district court erred in finding that Children were abused without making

a finding assigning the abuse to a specific parent. Father further argues that Section 32A-4-

2(B), as applied to him, is unconstitutionally vague. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

{2} The following facts were established at the adjudicatory hearing on July 27 and 28,

2010. On February 11, 2010, Infant Child was hospitalized for a respiratory issue. Upon

admission, an x-ray and full skeletal survey were performed, which revealed a fracture in

Infant Child’s left clavicle. The fracture appeared to be healing, and no other fractures were

found. Infant Child was discharged to Mother and Father on February 18, 2010. 

{3} On February 25, 2010, Mother brought Infant Child back to the hospital, reporting

that Infant Child had been ill the previous night. During Infant Child’s hospital stay, the

hospital staff determined that Infant Child had suffered three seizures, and Infant Child was

transferred to a different hospital. On March 3, 2010, the hospital performed an MRI and

skeletal survey that revealed that Infant Child had two subdural hematomas, a right skull

fracture, a fracture in one of the bones of the right forearm, and an injury to the right

clavicle. Of the subdural hematomas, one appeared to be approximately two weeks old, and

the other appeared to be less than one week old. Further examination revealed a right femur

fracture, a right parietal skull fracture, and ischemic brain tissue damage. Based on Infant

Child’s extensive injuries, the Children, Youth and Families Department (CYFD) filed an

abuse/neglect petition pursuant to Section 32A-4-2, alleging that Mother and Father had

abused and neglected Children.

{4} When speaking to CYFD, both Mother and Father denied having knowledge of what

caused Infant Child’s injuries. On various occasions, they blamed the injuries on Older
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Child (who was less than two years old at the time), on the hospital staff, and on an evil spirit

residing in their household. At the hearing, both Mother and Father refused to testify on

Fifth Amendment grounds. 

{5} Dr. Gwen Lattimore testified as an expert in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment

of children suspected of having been abused and/or neglected. She testified to Infant Child’s

various injuries and ultimately concluded that Infant Child was injured through nonaccidental or abuse trauma occurring on at least two separate occasions and that the head

trauma was the cause of Infant Child’s seizures. Dr. Lattimore testified that the kinds of

injuries observed on Infant Child were caused by adults and not by short falls or small

children. She further testified that, while Infant Child’s fractures were not readily apparent

to the naked eye, injuries like those Infant Child received would have produced behaviors

or reactions from Infant Child that her caretakers would have noticed, even if they could not

tell specifically what the injuries were. 

{6} CYFD called two other witnesses, Officer Jimmy Ramos of the New Mexico State

Police Department, and Lynette Mose, a social worker assigned to the case. Officer Ramos

testified that Mother had told him that she and Father were the primary caretakers for

Children and that her mother, Children’s grandmother, watched them on Wednesday

evenings for a couple of hours while Mother and Father attended a college class. Officer

Ramos further testified that Mother had said that Children’s grandmother was the only

person who was with Children when Mother and Father were not around. Ms. Mose testified

that, in her investigation, she had interviewed Mother and Father, the grandmother, and a

CYFD employee. She also reviewed various documents, including Dr. Lattimore’s

consultation report, the abuse and neglect petition, and an affidavit. Based on her

investigation and her observations of the previous testimony, she believed that the continued

care of Children by Father and Mother would likely result in serious emotional or physical

damage to Children. 

{7} Before entering its findings, the district court noted that it had “no problem” finding

by clear and convincing evidence that Mother or Father caused the injuries, but it could not

determine which parent specifically was the perpetrator. Later, in the district court’s

findings of fact and conclusions of law, the district court found that Mother and Father were

the “primary caretakers [for Children] between February 12, 2010[,] and March 2, 2010[,]”

and that Infant Child “suffered non-accidental trauma (physical abuse) by . . . [Mother]

and/or [Father].” The district court further found that Mother and Father “either physically

abused [Infant Child], or the physical abuse of [Infant Child] was perpetrated by [one parent]

and [the other] did not recognize and/or acknowledge . . . the abuse and [therefore] is a threat

to the safety of [Children].” Regarding Older Child, the court stated, “[t]he non-accidental

trauma (physical abuse) of [Infant Child] by [Mother and/or Father] places [Older Child] at

risk of suffering serious physical and emotional harm if placed back in the care of [Mother

and/or Father].” The court further clarified that “if there is a non-abusing parent, [the nonabusing parent’s] inaction resulted in an ‘abused child’ as defined in [Section] 32A-4-2(B).”

The court adjudicated Children as abused, and these appeals followed.
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DISCUSSION

The Adjudication of Children as Abused

{8} Mother and Father ask us to interpret Section 32A-4-2(B)(1) and find that the statute

requires a specific determination of which parent’s actions or inactions caused Children to

be put at risk. Interpretation of a statute is a question of law that an appellate court reviews

de novo. Morgan Keegan Mortg. Co. v. Candelaria, 1998-NMCA-008, ¶ 5, 124 N.M. 405,

951 P.2d 1066. “In interpreting statutes, we seek to give effect to the Legislature’s intent,

and in determining intent we look to the language used and consider the statute’s history and

background.” Key v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 121 N.M. 764, 768-69, 918 P.2d 350, 354-55

(1996). 

{9} Mother and Father argue that the district court erred in adjudicating Children as

abused without determining which parent actually caused the injuries suffered by Infant

Child. To support their argument, Mother and Father each rely on this Court’s interpretation

of a previous version of the child abuse statute, Section 32A-4-2 (1993), as analyzed in State

ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Department v. Vincent L., 1998-NMCA-089, ¶¶ 8-12,

125 N.M. 452, 963 P.2d 529. In analyzing Mother’s and Father’s argument, we find it

helpful to examine the historical background and amendments to the relevant portions of the

child abuse statute.

{10} Prior to 1997, the child abuse statute provided the following definition for “abused

child.” 

“Abused child” means a child:

(1) who has suffered physical abuse, emotional abuse or

psychological abuse inflicted by the child’s parent, guardian or custodian;

(2) who has suffered sexual abuse or sexual exploitation inflicted

by the child’s parent, guardian or custodian;

(3) whose parent, guardian or custodian has knowingly,

intentionally or negligently placed the child in a situation that may endanger

the child’s life or health; or

(4) whose parent, guardian or custodian has knowingly or

intentionally tortured, cruelly confined or cruelly punished the child[.]

Section 32A-4-2(B) (1993). 

{11} In our analysis of this version of the child abuse statute, we found that, prior to its

amendment in 1997, the definition of “abused child” did not permit the children’s court to
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adjudicate a child abused or neglected without assigning responsibility for the abuse or

neglect to a parent, guardian, or custodian. Vincent L., 1998-NMCA-089, ¶ 1. The 1997

amendment added an additional paragraph, Section 32A-4-2(B)(1), to the definition that

stated that an “abused child” is a child “who is at risk of suffering serious harm[.]” Section

32A-4-2(B)(1) (1997). This Court recognized that the amended language allowed a court

to adjudicate a child as abused without determining who was the abuser. See Vincent L.,

1998-NMCA-089, ¶ 12. In 1999, the Legislature amended Section 32A-4-2(B)(1) to its

current version, which now reads that an “abused child” is a child “who is at risk of suffering

serious harm because of the action or inaction of the child’s parent, guardian or custodian[.]”

Section 32A-4-2(B)(1) (1999). Mother and Father argue that although Vincent L. analyzed

a prior version of the Act, Vincent L. controls because the 1999 amendment returned Section

32A-4-2(B)(1) to its pre-1997 meaning. We are not persuaded.

{12} Even if we were to agree with Mother’s and Father’s interpretation that Vincent L.

requires a specific identification of the abusing parent, we disagree with their reading of the

statute and interpretation of the 1999 amendment. “In engaging in statutory construction,

our primary purpose is to give effect to the intent of the Legislature.” Town & Country Food

Stores, Inc. v. N.M. Regulation & Licensing Dep’t, 2012-NMCA-___, ¶ 9, ___ N.M. ___,

___ P.3d ___ (Nos. 30,921 and 30,922, March 22, 2012). “The first rule is that the plain

language of a statute is the primary indicator of legislative intent. Courts are to give the

words used in the statute their ordinary meaning unless the Legislature indicates a different

intent.” Id. (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Here, we read the

plain language of the statute to indicate that, when adjudicating a child as abused, the court

must determine that it was a parent, guardian, or custodian who placed the child at risk by

his or her action or inaction. We decline to read language into the child abuse statute that

would require a court to determine which parent, guardian, or custodian was the abuser. See

id. (“The court will not read into a statute . . . language which is not there, particularly if it

makes sense as written.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Therefore,

evidence that the abuse was perpetrated by either Mother or Father is sufficient for a court

to conclude that the action or inaction of a parent, guardian, or custodian caused the abuse,

bringing the case within the ambit of the statute. Had the Legislature intended to require a

court to specifically find which parent caused the abuse, it would have so specified. See id.

¶ 11 (stating that the Legislature would have provided clearer language if it had intended to

require a condition precedent to the imposition of administrative penalties).

{13} Instead of returning the statute to a previous meaning, we interpret the 1999

amendment to clarify that a child may only be adjudicated as abused if the risk of harm is

caused by a parent, guardian, or custodian of the child. Section 32A-4-2(B)(1) (1999). The

previous version of the statute, which read only that an “abused child” means a child “who

is at risk of suffering serious harm[,]” would have, by its plain language, allowed a child to

be adjudicated as abused in situations where, for example, a child was being bullied at

school, a child was being sexually abused by a neighbor, or perhaps even when a child was

playing in a particularly rough football league. See § 32A-4-2(B)(1) (1997). In these

situations, the child’s parent, guardian, or custodian may not be putting the child in harm’s
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way and, therefore, it would not be beneficial to adjudicate a child as abused, take the child

into CYFD custody, and begin a process leading to the termination of parental rights. 

{14} Our interpretation is consistent with the policy considerations underlying the child

abuse statute. In every case brought under the Children’s Code, the “child’s health and

safety shall be the paramount concern.” NMSA 1978, § 32A-1-3(A) (2009). We have long

held that all parents have a duty to protect their children from harm. Perry v. Williams,

2003-NMCA-084, ¶ 19, 133 N.M. 844, 70 P.3d 1283. Courts must “recognize that the

child’s best interest is paramount throughout the proceedings. Thus, the district court need

not place children in a legal holding pattern, while waiting for the parent to resolve the issues

that caused their children to be deemed neglected or abused.” State ex rel. Children, Youth

& Families Dep’t v. Maria C., 2004-NMCA-083, ¶ 53, 136 N.M. 53, 94 P.3d 796 (citation

omitted). Given these policy concerns, it would be illogical to read the statute in a way that

would allow parents to abuse a child so long as there are no witnesses, the child is too young

to provide evidence, and neither parent admits to the abuse or provides evidence against the

other parent. See Hess Corp. v. N.M. Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 2011-NMCA-043, ¶ 12,

149 N.M. 527, 252 P.3d 751 (holding that statutes “are to be interpreted in accordance with

the legislative intent and in a manner that will not render the statutes’ application absurd,

unreasonable, or unjust” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)), cert. denied, 2011-

NMCERT-003, 150 N.M. 619, 264 P.3d 520. 

{15} Additionally, we disagree with Mother’s and Father’s interpretation of Vincent L. and

read Vincent L. to draw the same conclusion as we have in this case. While Vincent L. held

that, under the pre-1997 version of the statute, the court was required to assign responsibility

for the abuse or neglect to a parent, guardian, or custodian, it did not hold that the court was

required to specifically assign responsibility between two parents. 1998-NMCA-089, ¶¶ 1,

10. We find this distinction significant. The district court in Vincent L. specifically noted

that, at all relevant times, the infant child had been in the custody of the mother, father,

grandmother, and a babysitter. Id. ¶ 4. There is no indication that the court determined that

it could rule out the grandmother and the babysitter as potential abusers. Id. ¶ 7. Without

ruling out the grandmother and the babysitter, the district court could not make a

determination that the abuse was caused by the action or inaction of “a parent, guardian, or

custodian.” Id. ¶¶ 7-10.

{16} Conversely, the district court in this case was able to determine that the abuser was

either Mother or Father and, therefore, that the abuse was caused by “a parent, guardian, or

custodian” as required by the statute. At all relevant times, Infant Child was in the custody

of Father, Mother, the grandmother, and medical staff at the hospital. Both parents denied

inflicting the abuse, and neither parent blamed the other. They offered different explanations

as to who may have inflicted the injuries, including Older Child, the hospital staff, and an

evil spirit in their home. The medical experts specifically rejected these theories as

inconsistent with the types of injuries sustained by Infant Child, and the district court

indicated that it did not believe Mother’s and Father’s explanations for Infant Child’s

injuries. The court specifically rejected Mother’s and Father’s arguments, stating that it had
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“no problem” determining that the abuse was caused by either Mother or Father. We see a

significant distinction between a court being unable to determine whether the abuser was a

parent, grandparent, or a babysitter and a court being unable to determine whether the abuser

is a mother or father.

{17} To the extent that Father separately argues that there was insufficient evidence to

adjudicate Older Child as abused, we disagree. This Court has held that “[w]hile abuse of

a sibling may be insufficient to justify terminating parental rights, it is evidence that should

be considered in determining whether a child has been placed in danger.” In re I.N.M., 105

N.M. 664, 668, 735 P.2d 1170, 1174 (Ct. App. 1987); see State ex rel. Children, Youth &

Families Dep’t v. Shawna C., 2005-NMCA-066, ¶ 26, 137 N.M. 687, 114 P.3d 367 (noting

that past harm to other children is relevant in determining the abuse and neglect of a different

child). In In re I.N.M., this Court found that a sibling’s serious injuries combined with

testimony about the parents’ physical abuse of a sibling “support[ed] the [district] court’s

finding that the parents have placed [the child] in situations that could have endangered his

life or health[.]” 105 N.M. at 669, 735 P.2d at 1175. As we explained, “[u]nder our statutes,

it is not necessary to wait until a child has been injured, since knowingly, intentionally, or

negligently placing a child in danger constitutes abuse . . . and is a ground for terminating

parental rights.” Id. Similarly, in State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Department v.

David F., Sr., we found that even though the child was “taken into CYFD custody at the time

of birth, and was therefore never in [the p]arents’ care, the court could rely on evidence of

neglect or abuse to the other children as a factor in determining whether parental rights to

[the child] should be terminated.” 1996-NMCA-018, ¶ 36, 121 N.M. 341, 911 P.2d 235.

{18} Here, where there was evidence showing multiple serious injuries to Infant Child,

and the district court had determined that the injuries were caused by Infant Child’s primary

caretakers, either Mother or Father or both, there was sufficient evidence to find abuse of

Older Child. “[W]hile a court may not speculate as to the future care of a child, the primary

consideration is the best interests and welfare of the child and the court should not be forced

to refrain from taking action until each child suffers an injury.” In re I.N.M., 105 N.M. at

669, 735 P.2d at 1175. 

{19} Finally, we note that at this point in the proceedings, the district court was only

adjudicating Children as abused and not terminating parental rights. Adjudicating a child

as abused begins the process of implementing a parenting plan and, if the parents are not able

to abide by the parenting plan, then their parental rights eventually may be terminated.

However, at this stage in the proceedings, it is important for CYFD to act quickly to protect

children from serious harm like the injuries suffered by Infant Child in this case. We affirm

the district court’s adjudication of Children as abused. 

The Statute Is Not Unconstitutionally Vague 

{20} Father also argues that the term “risk” as used in Section 32A-4-2(B)(1), as applied

to him, is unconstitutionally vague because it fails to adequately notify Father of the conduct
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it proscribes. “We review a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute de novo.” Shawna

C., 2005-NMCA-066, ¶ 24. “A void-for-vagueness attack need not be preserved to enable

our review.” Id.

{21} Before analyzing Father’s argument, we note that Father only cites one case, Shawna

C., for his argument that the term is unconstitutionally vague. However, this Court in

Shawna C. expressly held that the term “at risk of suffering serious harm” was not

unconstitutionally vague, as applied to the mother in that case. Id. ¶ 31 (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). Although Shawna C. analyzed an “as applied” vagueness

challenge, id., we find no reason to depart from its holding here.

{22} A strong presumption of constitutionality underlies each statute, and Father bears the

burden of proving unconstitutionality beyond all reasonable doubt. State v. Laguna,

1999-NMCA-152, ¶ 24, 128 N.M. 345, 992 P.2d 896. A claim of vagueness is analyzed

according to the particular facts of each case. State v. Luckie, 120 N.M. 274, 276, 901 P.2d

205, 207 (Ct. App. 1995). “In determining vagueness, we consider the words in the context

in which they are used.” State ex rel. Health & Soc. Servs. Dep’t v. Natural Father, 93 N.M.

222, 225, 598 P.2d 1182, 1185 (Ct. App. 1979). 

{23} “A statute may be void for vagueness if its meaning is so uncertain that the court is

unable, by the application of known and accepted rules of construction, to determine what

the Legislature intended with any reasonable degree of certainty.” State v. Castillo,

2011-NMCA-046, ¶ 22, 149 N.M. 536, 252 P.3d 760 (alterations, internal quotation marks,

and citation omitted), cert. denied, 2011-NMCERT-004, 150 N.M. 648, 264 P.3d 1171. We

concluded above that Children were properly adjudicated as abused under the plain language

of Section 32A-4-2(B)(1). Because we are able to determine the legislative intent through

established rules of statutory interpretation, the statute is not unconstitutionally vague. See

Castillo, 2011-NMCA-046, ¶ 22. For these reasons, we are not persuaded that Section 32A4-2(B)(1) is unconstitutionally vague as applied to Father.

CONCLUSION

{24} We affirm the district court’s order adjudicating Children as abused by Mother and

Father. Further, we hold that the child abuse statute is not so vague as to violate Father’s

substantive due process protections.

{25} IT IS SO ORDERED.

____________________________________

LINDA M. VANZI, Judge

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
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JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge

____________________________________

CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge

Topic Index

CHILDREN

Termination of Parental Rights

CRIMINAL LAW

Child Abuse and Neglect

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Vague or Overbroad

STATUTES

Interpretation

Legislative Intent