UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

FEDERICA MENNELLA, et al., 

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

DAHLQUIST STUDIOS, INC., 

et al., 

Def end ants. 

Civil Action No. 16-538 (GK) 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

On March 28, 2016, Defendants Dahlquist Studios, Inc. and Jeffrey Dahlquist ("Dahlquist" 

or "Defendants") filed a Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment against 

Plaintiffs Federica Mennella and Dr. Luca Gattinoni, M.D., her husband ("Plaintiffs") [Docket No. 

5]. Defendants request that the Complaint be dismissed pursuant to Rules 12(b)(6) and 56 of the 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. On April 12, 2016, Plaintiffs filed an Opposition [Dkt. No. 6], 

and on April 19, 2016, Defendants filed their Reply [Dkt. No. 7]. 

Plaintiffs are suing Defendants for $100,000 because of dissatisfaction with a custom-made 

bookcase which was priced at $12,400. The Court concludes that the Motion should be denied for 

the following reasons. 

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

In November, 2014, Plaintiffs commissioned Inscape Studios, Inc. ("Inscape") to design a 

custom built bookcase to be constructed and then installed at their residence located in the District 

of Columbia. 
Defendants quoted an amount of $12,400 which Plaintiffs accepted and, as agreed, paid 

Dahlquist Studios $6,200 so that it could purchase the necessary materials to manufacture the 

bookcase at its shop in Virginia. 

Plaintiffs became dissatisfied with the bookcase before and after it was installed and, 

thereafter, contacted another contractor to review Defendants' work. The second contractor 

inspected the project and indicated that some of the flaws could not be repaired. 

However, according to the Managing Principal of Inscape, Gregory Kearley, Dahlquist 

Studios manufactured the bookcase in conformity with (a) Inscape's design; (b) its approved shop 

drawings, and ( c) industry standards for architectural mill work. Plaintiffs have refused to pay the 

remaining $6,200 they owed. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

A Motion to Dismiss, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), "tests the legal sufficiency of a 

complaint." Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). The Supreme Court has 

ruled that the pleading must contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 

pleader is entitled to relief .... " Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). In ruling 

on a Motion to Dismiss, the Court "may consider only the facts alleged in the complaint, documents 

attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint, and matters about which the court 

may take judicial notice." EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial School, 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. 

Cir. 1997). In addition, "[t]he court must construe the complaint liberally in the plaintiffs favor and 

credit plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences deriving from the complaint." Kruger v. 

Cogent Commc'ns. Inc., 2016 WL 125783, *3 (D.D.C., March 30, 2016) (citing Kowal v. MCI 

Commc'ns. Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1984). 

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III. ANALYSIS 

A. Motion to Dismiss and/or Motion for Summary Judgment 

Plaintiffs argue that the document filed by Defendants is not a Motion to Dismiss, but a 

Motion for Summary Judgment. In particular, Plaintiffs point out that with regard to a Motion to 

Dismiss, the Court "may consider only the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either 

attached to or incorporated in the complaint, and matters of which [the court] may take judicial 

notice." EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial School, 117 F.3d 621, 624-25 (D.C. Cir. 1997). 

However, Plaintiffs point out that Defendants did not restrict their claims to the allegations contained 

within the four comers of the Complaint, and instead relied on nine exhibits, seven of which were 

either not attached to the Complaint or incorporated in it. Those exhibits were referred to often in 

Plaintiffs' "Factual Background." Thus, it is clear that Defendants did not comply with the ruling 

in St. Francis Xavier. 

However, even if the Court treats the Motion as a Motion for Summary Judgment, 

Defendants still do not prevail because Local Rule 7(h)(1) requires that" [ e] ach motion for summary 

judgment shall be accompanied by a statement of material facts as to which the moving party 

contends there are no genuine issues, which shall include references to the parts of the record relied 

on to support the statement." LCvR 7(h)(l) (2016). Defendants did not comply with any of these 

requirements. There are numerous factual issues either in dispute or not clear from the Complaint. 

For example, it is not at all clear why Plaintiffs became dissatisfied and what they were dissatisfied 

about. It is also not clear whether their complaints had any merit given the affidavit of Mr. Kearley, 

which certainly contradicts the opinion of the second contractor company. 

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This is simply not a case that fits within the Motion for Summary Judgment rubric and, 

therefore, even if Defendants were filing their papers as a Motion for Summary Judgment, the 

Motion could not be granted. "When a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is treated as a motion for summary 

judgment prior to the parties being 'provided with notice or an opportunity for discovery,' the parties 

must have had a reasonable opportunity to contest the matters outside of the pleadings such that they 

are not taken by surprise." Kruger, 2016 WL 1257834 at *3. 

However, Defendants are not filing a Motion for Summary Judgment, but a Motion to 

·Dismiss which, as already noted, only requires that the Plaintiffs have filed a Complaint which, on 

its face, contains "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to 

relief," Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at 555, and which may be construed liberally in the Plaintiffs favor. 

Kruger v. Cogent Commc'ns. Inc., 2016 WL 125783, *3 (D.D.C., March 30, 2016), citing Kowal 

v. MCI Commc'ns. Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C .. Cir. 1984). This Complaint clearly satisfies 

that standard. 

CONCLUSION 

The Parties have raised a number of straightforward legal issues in their papers which may 

or may not be correct. However, those legal issues cannot be resolved by a Motion to Dismiss nor 

a Motion for Summary Judgment, as Defendants have attempted to do. Rather, counsel should be 

raising them after discovery in pretrial motions when the case, as a whole, has been fleshed out. 

For all these reasons, the Court concludes that Defendants' Motion should be denied. 

December 28, 2016 

Gladys KeSSief 

United States District Judge 

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