Filed 11/20/13 P. v. Hauer CA6 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. DWIGHT HAUER, Defendant and Appellant. H039091 (Santa Clara County Super. Ct. No. 211501)

Defendant Dwight Hauer appeals his commitm ent to the State Department of State Hospitals (Department) for an indeterm inate term following the trial court’s determination, after a court trial, that defe ndant is a sexually violent predator (SVP) for purposes of the Sexually Violent Predator Act (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 6600 et seq.; SVPA). 1 On appeal, defendant claims: (1) th e petition for commitment should have been dismissed because it was based on evaluations conducted pursuant to an allegedly invalid assessment protocol prom ulgated by the Department 2 in 2009 (2009 Protocol), in violation of section 6601, subd ivision (c); (2) the 2009 Protocol violates defendant’s substantive due process rights; (3) the SV PA’s conditional release process denies defendant equal protection; and (4) the SVPA’s indeterminate commitment scheme violates various constitutiona l protections, incl uding equal protectio n, due process,

1 Unspecified statutory references ar e to the Welfare and Institutions Code. 2 The 2009 Protocol was developed by the Department of Mental Health, the predecessor to the State Department of State Hospitals.double jeopardy, and the prohib ition of ex post facto laws. For the reasons stated here, we will affirm the tr ial court’s judgment. I. FACTUAL AND PROCED URAL BACKGROUND Because defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the ev idence to support the lower court’s SVP determin ation, we will briefly summari ze the factual basis for the SVP determination before discussing the pr ocedural background in greater detail. In 1975 and 1981, defendant was convic ted of committing le wd and lascivious acts with a total of three boys under the age of 14, in violati on of Penal Code section 288. In 1988, defendant was sentenced to a 40-ye ar prison term after being convicted of committing several sex offenses with three add itional boys. In Febr uary 2010, prior to defendant’s release on parole for the 1988 convictions (whi ch had been extended by use of a 45-day hold (§ 6601.3, subd. (a)) not at issue on appeal), th e District Attorney for the County of Santa Clara petitione d to commit defendant as an SVP. In support of the petition, the People included ev aluations prepared by D r. Craig Updegrove and Dr. Michael Musacco in Fe bruary 2010. In May 2010, defendant filed a motion to dismiss the petition, arguing that the 2009 Protocol was not a “standardized assess ment protocol” as required by section 6601, subdivision (c), because it is insufficiently specific regardin g the proper pr ocedures to follow and tests to use when evaluating potential SVP’s. The trial court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss and, after findi ng probable cause to believe that defendant qualified as an SVP, set a trial date. The court trial ultimately took place in November 2012. De fendant waived his right to a jury trial and his right to be person ally present. At the trial, the court heard testimony from Dr. Updegrove and Dr. Musacco that defendant was likely, as a result of a mental disorder (pedophilia), to engage in sexually violent predatory crimin al behavior if released as a result of that mental disorde r. After the close of evidence, the trial courtdetermined defendant was an SVP and committed him to the Department “for an indeterminate term . . . for a ppropriate treatment and confin ement in a secure facility.” II. DISCUSSION
A. S EXUALLY V IOLENT P REDATOR A CT A sexually violent predator is defined as “a person w ho has been convicted of a sexually violent offense against one or more victims and who has a diagnosed mental disorder that makes the person a danger to the health and safe ty of others in that it is likely that he or she will engage in sexually violent criminal behavior.” (§ 6600, subd. (a)(1).) To obtain an SVP determination, the People must petition the superior court in the county where the potential SVP was previously convi cted of a qualifying sexually violent offense. (§ 6601 , subds. (d), (i).) The petiti on must be accompanied by evaluations prepared by “two practicing psychiatrists or ps ychologists, or one practicing psychiatrist and one practic ing psychologist,” who “con cur that the person has a diagnosed mental disorder so that he or she is likely to engage in acts of sexual violence without appropriate treatment a nd custody . . . .” (§ 6601, subd. (d).) These evaluations must be conducted “in accordance with a sta ndardized assessment pr otocol,” which “shall require assessment of diagnosable mental diso rders, as well as various factors known to be associated with the risk of reoffense among sex offenders.” ( Id. , subd. (c).) Once a petition is filed, the superior co urt holds a hearing to determine whether there is probable cause to believe the poten tial SVP “is likely to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior upon hi s or her release.” (§ 6602, subd. (a).) The potential SVP is entitled to appointed coun sel for the probable cause hearing. ( Ibid. ) If the trial court finds probable cause, th e matter proceeds to trial. ( Ibid. ) At trial, the potential SVP is afforded a number of rights, including the rights to co unsel, a jury trial, appointment of experts, review of records, and proof beyond a reasonable doubt. (§§ 6603, subd. (a), 6604.) Further, unless a jury trial is waived by the potential SVP, the jury verdict must be unanimous . (§ 6603, subds. (e), (f).)If the trier of fact determines the individu al is an SVP, the i ndividual is committed for an indeterminate term to the custody of the Department “for appropriate treatment and confinement . . . .” (§ 6604 .) This indeterminate term of confinement, which forms the basis for defendant’s equal protection challeng e to the SVPA, is the result of Proposition 83, a citizen initiative approved by the voters in November 2006. Before Proposition 83, the commitment term for an SV P was two years, which could be renewed only if the People proved beyond a reasonable doubt that an individual still met the definition of an SVP. (Former § 6604; People v. McKee (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1172, 1183 ( McKee I ).) After commitment, the SVPA provide s methods of securing release from confinement. If the Department determines “the person’s condition has so changed that the person no longer meets the definition of a sexually violent predator,” the director of the Department must authorize the SVP to petition the court fo r release. (§ 6605, subd. (b)(1).) When an SVP petitions with the authorization of th e Department, at the release hearing the People bear the burden of proo f beyond a reasonable doubt to show the individual still meets the definition of an SVP. (§ 6 605, subd. (d).) An SVP may also petition the supe rior court for conditional release without the consent of the Department. (§ 6608, subd. (a).) “[W]henever possible,” the court should review those petitions filed without the consen t of the Department to determine whether they are “based upon frivolou s grounds and, if so, sha ll deny the petition without a hearing.” ( Ibid. ) If the petition is not found frivolou s, the court must hold a hearing where the SVP bears the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she no longer meets the definition of an SVP. (§ 6 608, subd. (i).)
B. C HALLENGES TO THE 2009 P ROTOCOL Dr. Craig Updegrove and Dr. Michael Mu sacco each prepared an evaluation of defendant in 2010, which accompanied th e petition for SVP determination.1. Section 6601, Subdivision (c) Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the pe tition in the trial court, arguing that the evaluations supporting the petition for his co mmitment were based on the 2009 Protocol, which he claimed was not a “standardized as sessment protocol” as required by section 6601, subdivision (c). Defendant renews th is argument on appeal. Because we find no material error in the doctors’ use of the 2009 Protocol regardless of its adequacy, we will not address the merits of the challenge to the validity of the protocol. In criminal proceedings, in firmities in preliminary hear ing procedures that are not jurisdictional in the fundamental sense do not compel reversal on direct appeal absent a showing of prejudice. ( People v. Pompa-Ortiz (1980) 27 Cal.3d 519, 529.) This rule has been applied to civil commitment procee dings pursuant to th e SVPA, including challenges to evaluation protocols. ( Reilly v. Superior Court (2013) 57 Cal.4th 641, 652 ( Reilly ) [requiring “material error” in evaluation process]; see also People v. Hayes (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 34, 50-51.) In Reilly, supra, the Supreme Court clarified that prejudice must be shown even when proce dures are attacked co llaterally through extraordinary writ. ( Id. at pp. 653-655 [disapproving In re Ronje (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 509].) The use of the 2009 Protocol does not result in a lack of fundamental jurisdiction of the trial court to hear the petition. ( People v. Landau (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1, 17.) Thus, defendant must show that the use of th e 2009 Protocol constituted material error to secure reversal on this ground. ( Reilly, supra , 57 Cal.4th at p. 655.) The SVPA, as applied in defendant’s case , precludes a showing of material error. The People’s petition was accomp anied by evaluations prepar ed by two doctors meeting the statutory criteria for evaluators who concu rred that defendant “has a diagnosed mental disorder so that he . . . is likely to engage in acts of sexual violence without appropriate treatment and custody . . . .” (§ 6601, su bd. (d).) This concurrence, however, did not establish defendant as an SVP. Instead, the evaluations simply provided the trial court with a basis to determine whether there was probable cause to believe defendant was“likely to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior upon his . . . release.” (§ 6602, subd. (a).) Once the court was satisf ied that probable cause existed, the SVPA compelled the court to set a trial to determ ine whether defendant was, “by reason of a diagnosed mental disorder, a danger to the health and safety of others in that the person is likely to engage in acts of sexual violen ce upon his or her release . . . .” ( Ibid. ) At the court trial that followed the pr obable cause determination, it was the People’s burden to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant met the statutory definition of an SVP. (§ 6604.) The SV PA afforded defendant procedural rights, including the right to ap pointed counsel and to retain expe rts to assist his defense. (§ 6603, subd. (a).) Defendant also had th e opportunity to cr oss-examine both Dr. Updegrove and Dr. Musacco rega rding the foundation for thei r opinions that he met the definition of an SVP. At the close of thes e proceedings, the court determined defendant was an SVP. Because the evaluations were only the first step in the process of adjudicating defendant an SVP and did not c onclusively establish his status, defendant cannot show prejudice. 2. Substantive Due Process Defendant asserts a substan tive due process argument, cl aiming that the use of the 2009 Protocol made his commitment arbitrar y and unconstitutional. We disagree. Though an SVP co mmitment clearly impacts a fund amental liberty interest, our Supreme Court has noted that “the state ma y involuntarily commit persons who, as the result of mental impairment, are unable to care for themselves or are dangerous to others. Under these circumstances, the state’s interest in providi ng treatment and protecting the public prevails over the individual’s in terest in being free from compulsory confinement.” ( Hubbart v. Superior Court (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1138, 1151 ( Hubbart ).) As detailed above, regardless of which protocol the doctors used when preparing their evaluations, those evaluations were but the first step in the Pe ople’s long road to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant wa s an SVP. Because this SVP commitmentscheme has already been tested and upheld against a substantive due process claim, ( Hubbart, supra, at pp. 1151-1167), defendant’s argument is without merit. Further, defendant’s reliance on Foucha v. Louisiana (1992) 504 U.S. 71 ( Foucha ), is misplaced. In Foucha , the United States Supreme Court’s reversal of a civil commitment did not arise from any constitutional infirmity in civil commitment schemes, like the SVPA, that permit comm itment after a showing that an individual is a danger to society as a result of a mental disorder. ( Id. at p. 80.) Rather, the Court in Foucha reversed the commitment order because th e state was attempting to continue the confinement of an individual who had previously been determ ined not guilty by reason of insanity solely based on th e presence of an antisocial personality disorder without a showing of continued insanity. ( Id. at pp. 77-79.) In reve rsing the commitment order, the court found that “[d]ue process requires that the nature of commitment bear some reasonable relation to the purpose for wh ich the individual is committed.” ( Id. at p. 79.) Turning to defendant’s SVP commitment, the sole reason for his commitment was his mental disorder that made him likely to commit sexually violent predatory criminal behavior if released. Because the nature of defendant’s comm itment was reasonably related to the purpose for which he was committed, Foucha is distinguishable.
C. E QUAL P ROTECTION C HALLENGE TO S ECTION 6608 R ELEASE P ROCEDURES Section 6608 governs petitions for conditio nal release filed by SVP’s without the consent of the Department. Courts must review and dismiss a ny section 6608 petition that is frivolous. (§ 6608, subd. (a).) Even if the trial court does not find a petition frivolous, a hearing on the petiti on cannot occur until at least one year after the date of the order of commitment. (§ 6608, subd. (c).) Defendant argues section 6608 denies SVP’s equal protection in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and article I, section 7 of th e California Constituti on because similarly situated civil committees (e.g., mentally di sordered offenders (MDO’s) and those found not guilty by reason of insan ity (NGI’s)) do not face simila r procedural hurdles. ThePeople respond that this challenge is unrip e because defendant’s appeal arises from his initial commitment as an SVP ra ther than a determination ma de under section 6608. It is a “well-settled rule that courts should ‘avoid advisory opinions on abstract propositions of law. [Cita tions.]’ [Citation.]” ( People v. Ybarra (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 546, 549; People v. Gonzales (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1684, 1700.) To prevent advisory opinions, courts must wait until a case “ ‘has reached, but has not passed, the point that the facts have sufficiently cong ealed to permit an intelligent and useful decision to be made.’ [Citation.]” ( Pacific Legal Foundation v. California Coastal Com. (1982) 33 Cal.3d 158, 171.) Here, the record does not reflect any action taken by defendant pursuant to section 6608. As such, we find his equal protecti on challenge to section 6608 unripe. Our decision is unaffected by People v. McCloud (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 1076, 1086-1088 ( McCloud ), where the First District re manded an appeal from an SVP commitment determination “so that both par ties may fully brief and argue McCloud’s claim that section 6608, subdivision (a), vi olates the equal protection clause.” ( McCloud,

supra, at p. 1088.) Defendant’s reliance on McCloud is misplaced because the decision contains no discussion of ripeness, suggesting that the issue was not before the court. Further, the First District did not decide the matter on the merits, instead stating the argument was not “wholly without merit” and remanding the question for further briefing. ( Ibid. ) Thus, even if we were bound by McCloud , it would not control the outcome of this case.
D. E QUAL P ROTECTION C HALLENGE TO SVPA I NDETERMINATE C OMMITMENT Defendant also challenges the SVPA ’s indeterminate commitment scheme, arguing SVP’s are denied equa l protection because MDO’s a nd NGI’s are only subject to renewable one and two-year terms, respectivel y. (Pen. Code, §§ 2972, subd. (c) [MDO’s held past the maximum possible term of c onfinement for commitment offense subject to renewable one-year terms]; 1026.5, subd. (b)(8) [NGI’s held past the maximum possibleterm of confinement for commitment offense s ubject to renewable two-year terms].) As they addressed an identical challenge , we will begin by summarizing the two McKee opinions. ( McKee I, supra, 47 Cal.4th 1172; People v. McKee (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1325 ( McKee II ).) 1. McKee I and McKee II Equal protection analysis begins with the premise that similarly situated groups of individuals should be treated equally. ( In re Eric J. (1979) 25 Cal.3d 522, 531.) When laws treat similarly situated individuals differently, there mu st be “some justification for this differential treatment.” ( McKee I, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1203.) In McKee I , the Supreme Court concluded that SVP’s are si milarly situated to MDO’s and NGI’s for purposes of determining whether the indete rminate commitment co mpelled by the SVPA denies SVP’s equal protection. ( Id. at pp. 1203, 1207.) After analyzing prior decisions of both the state and federal Supreme Courts , the Court decided that the indeterminate commitment scheme was subject to strict sc rutiny and remanded the matter to the trial court “to determine whether the People . . . can demonstrate the constitutional justification for imposing on SVP’s a greater burden than is imposed on MDO’s and NGI’s in order to obtain re lease from commitment.” ( Id. at pp. 1208-1209.) As formulated by the Court in McKee I , this standard required th e People to show that the state “ ‘ has a “compelling interest” which jus tifies the challenged procedure and that the distinctions drawn by the procedure are n ecessary to further that interest.’ ” ( Id. at p. 1198, quoting In re Moye (1978) 22 Cal.3d 457, 465-466.) The court concluded that to pass constitutional muster, the People would ha ve to show “that, notwithstanding the similarities between SVP’s and MDO’s, the form er as a class bear a substantially greater risk to society, and that therefore imposing on them a greater burden before they can be released from commitment is ne eded to protect society.” ( McKee I, supra, at p. 1208.) On remand from the Supreme Court, the trial court held a 21-day evidentiary hearing where the court heard testimony from numerous witnesses and revieweddocumentary evidence. ( McKee II, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1330, 1332.) The trial court issued a 35-page statem ent of decision “finding the People had met their burden to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the disparate treatment of SVP’s under the [SVPA] was based on a reasonable percep tion of the greater and unique dangers they pose compared to MDO’s and NGI’s.” ( Id. at p. 1332.) After the trial court’s decision on remand, McKee appealed again, asserting that the People failed to provide adequate evidence to pass strict scrutiny. In McKee II , Division One of the Fourth Appellate Dist rict independently reviewed the evidence presented at the 21-day evidentiary hearing a nd held that substantia l evidence supported the SVPA’s “disparate treatment of SVP’s (e .g., by imposing indeterminate terms of civil commitment and placing on them the burden to prove they should be released).” ( McKee
II , supra , at p. 1347.) In holding that the di sparate treatment of SVP’s passed strict scrutiny, the McKee II court focused on the following fa ctors to support its conclusion that SVP’s as a class “bear a substa ntially greater risk to society” ( McKee I, supra, at p. 1208) such that dispar ate treatment was justified: (1) gr eater likelihood of recidivism; (2) greater risk to vulnerable classes of victims; and (3) differences in diagnoses leading to varied treatment, compliance, and success rates. ( McKee II, supra, at pp. 1340-1347.) Regarding recidivism, the McKee II court cited evidence presented by the People showing that SVP’s as a class are “significantly more likely” to recidivate than MDO’s or NGI’s. ( McKee II, supra, at p. 1340.) Though the various studies reviewed by the court contained a range of recidivism rates, the studies, along with testimony from professionals who specialize in the treatment of sex offenders, contained evidence that raised “a reasonable inference or perception that SVP’s pose a higher risk of sexual reoffending than do MDO’s or NGI’s.” ( Id. at p. 1342, italics omitted.) The court then discussed evidence show ing that “victims of sex offenses suffer unique and, in general, greater trauma than victims of nonsex offenses.” ( McKee II,

supra, at p. 1342.) In support, the court c ited the testimony of Dr. Robert Geffner, apsychologist, w ho opined that “[s] exual trauma differs qualitatively from other traumas because of its intrusiveness and long-lasting effects.” ( Ibid. ) Dr. Geffner also explained that sexual trauma adversely affects vic tims in numerous ways: “psychologically, physiologically, socially, and neuropsychologically.” ( Ibid. ) From this testimony, as well as that from other experts, the court c oncluded “there [was] su bstantial evidence to support a reasonable perception by the electorate, as a legislative body, that the harm caused by child sexual abuse and adult sexual assault is, in general, a greater harm than the harm caused by other offenses and is therefore deserving of more protection.” ( Id. at pp. 1343-1344.) The final category of evidence an alyzed by the appellate court in McKee II involved “eviden ce showing SVP’s are significantly different from MDO’s and NGI’s diagnostically and in treatment.” ( McKee II, supra, at p. 1344.) From a diagnostic perspective, the court pointed to testimony of Dr. David Fennell, a psychiatrist and chief of forensics at Atascadero State Hospital, th at while 90 percent of MDO and NGI patients suffer from some form of psychosis, the rate of psychosis in SVP’s is only between one and three percent. ( Ibid. ) While SVP’s had compara tively low psychosis rates, according to the testimonial ev idence “66 percent of SVP’s suffer from pedophilia and 33 percent have another paraphilia.” ( Ibid. ) These differing diagnoses affected both the types of treatment plans afforded to the diffe rent classes of civil committees as well as treatment compliance and success rates. Dr. Fennell explained that psychotropic medications are available that assist in stab ilizing individuals with psychosis, leading to compliance rates of approximately two-thirds of MDO’s and NGI’s. ( Id. at pp. 1344- 1345.) Unlike psychosis, where medication is a ke y aspect to treatmen t plans, treatment for SVP’s focuses on “giving th em the tools to limit their ri sk of sexually reoffending.” ( McKee II, supra, 207 Cal.App.4th at p. 1345.) This change in focus reflects the comparative ineffectiveness of medications to treat pedop hilia and paraphilias, which“may decrease their sexual arousal, but not their deviant sexual interests.” ( Id. at p. 1346.) As for compliance ra tes, “only about 25 percent of SVP’s participate in treatment.” ( Id. at p. 1345.) From the foregoing, the court concluded “there is substantial evidence to support a reasonable percepti on by the electorate that SVP’s have significantly different diagnoses from thos e of MDO’s and NGI’s, and that their respective treatment plans, compliance, a nd success rates are likewise significantly different.” ( Id. at p. 1347.) Based on the foregoing evidence, the co urt concluded the SVPA “does not violate McKee’s constitutional equa l protection rights.” ( McKee II, supra, at p. 1348.) 2. Application of McKee II to Defendant’s Appeal Defendant argues that we are “free to re ach a different conclusion” than the court in McKee II because it was decided by another appellate district. While this is technically true, ( People v. Kim (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 836, 847), we find the reasoning and conclusion reached in McKee II persuasive. The court there independently reviewed voluminous evidence obta ined as a result of an eviden tiary hearing ordered by the Supreme Court and determined that the Pe ople had met their burden of showing the disparate treatment of SVP’s was necessary to further the compelling interest of public safety. ( McKee II, supra, at pp. 1348-1349.) Here, defendant neither presents new evidence nor suggests he woul d be able to present eviden ce compelling an alternative conclusion. The unique procedural nature of the McKee I remand strengthens the persuasiveness of McKee II . As discussed in People v. McDonald (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1367 ( McDonald ), the Supreme Court’s remand for an evidentiary hearing represented a “desire to resolve on a classwide basis the equal protection challenge of all SVP’s to indeterminate commitments under the Amended SVPA.” ( Id. at pp. 1377-1378, italics added; see also People v. McKnight (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 860, 863-864 [“It is plain that McKee II is not to be restricted to Mr. McKee alone or only to those SVP’sconvicted of crimes against children, like him, but rather its holding applies to the class of SVP’s as a whole.”].) The McDonald court points to the remand language in McKee I, where “the Supreme Court expl ained the People’s burden on remand would be to prove that SVP’s ‘as a class’ -and not McKee as an individual -‘bear a subs tantially greater risk to society.’ ” ( McDonald, supra, at p. 1378, quoting McKee I , supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1208.) In addition to this language, the McKee I court’s decision to grant petitions for review in multiple appeals ra ising the equal protection issu e and then stay proceedings until resolution of McKee II suggests the Supreme Court intended McKee II to conclusively resolve this issue. ( McDonald, supra, at p. 1378.)
E. O THER C ONSTITUTIONAL C HALLENGES TO I NDETERMINATE C OMMITMENT In addition to his equal protection arguments, defendant argues the SVPA’s indeterminate commitment scheme violates th e due process, ex post facto, and double jeopardy clauses of the Unite d States Constitution. In McKee I , the Supreme Court considered and rejected identical due pr ocess and ex post facto arguments. ( McKee I,

supra, 47 Cal.4th at pp. 1191-1193 [due process] , 1193-1195 [ex post facto].) We are, of course, bound by the Court’s decision in McKee I . ( Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior
Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) As for defendant’s double jeopardy ar gument, in deciding the SVPA did not violate the ex post facto cl ause, the Court stated in McKee I that the amendments making the term of commitment inde terminate “do not make the Act punitive . . . .” ( McKee I,

supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1195.) Because the Supr eme Court’s determination that the SVPA is not punitive “removes an essential pr erequisite” of a double jeopardy claim, defendant’s argument is without merit. ( Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) 521 U. S. 346, 369; see also McDonald, supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 1383.)III. DISPOSITION Defendant’s commitment order is affirmed.

__________ _______________ ___________ Grover, J.

WE CONCUR:

_____________ _______________ Premo, Acting P.J.

_____________ _______________ Mihara, J.