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### STATE OF MICHIGAN

COURT OF APPEALS

JOHN DOES 1-7, and all others similarly situated,

Plaintiffs-Appellees, FOR PUBLICATION August 25, 2015

v No. 321013; 321756
Washtenaw Circuit Court DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, GOVERNOR, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS DIRECTOR, CORRECTIONAL
FACILITIES ADMINISTRATION DEPUTY DIRECTOR, CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES
ADMINISTRATION DEPUTY DIRECTOR RETIRED, CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES
ADMINISTRATION CHIEF DEPUTY DIRECTOR, CARSON CITY CORRECTIONAL FACILITY WARDEN, GUS HARRISON CORRECTIONAL FACILITY WARDEN,
RICHARD A. HANDLON CORRECTIONAL FACILITY WARDEN, OAKS CORRECTIONAL FACILITY WARDEN, THUMB CORRECTIONAL FACILITY WARDEN,
CHIPPEWA CORRECTIONAL FACILITY WARDEN, MARQUETTE BRANCH PRISON WARDEN, BELLAMY CREEK CORRECTIONAL FACILITY WARDEN,
CHARLES EGELER RECEPTION & GUIDANCE CENTER WARDEN, E.C. BROOKS CORRECTIONAL FACILITY WARDEN, LC No. 13-001196-CZ

Defendants-Appellants.

Before: R IORDAN , P.J., and D ONOFRIO and B ECKERING , JJ.

B ECKERING

, J. ( concurring in part and dissenting in part).

This case is about the alleged rape, sexual harassment, and ph ysical assault of minors who are confined in adult prisons operated by the Michigan Depa rtment of Corrections. At issue in this appeal is the Legislature’s attempt to shield the State from liability for its conduct in allegedly condoning, perpetuating, and even participating in su ch grievances—and any other-2- civil rights violations for tha t matter—upon our state’s incarc erated individuals. Because I find that the Legislature’s amendment of the Elliot-Larson Civil Rig hts Act (ELCRA), MCL 37.2101

et seq ., specifically MCL 37.2301(b), by excluding prisoners from the scope of the act, is unconstitutional, I would affirm the trial court’s denial of de fendants’ motion for summary disposition on this issue. Because I find that plaintiffs have stated a claim, I would also affirm
the trial court’s denial of defe ndants’ motion for summary disp osition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). Finally, because I am bound by precedent, I must concur with the majority’s ruling with respect to plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the disclosu re requirements of the Prisoner Litigation Reform Act (PRLA), specifically MCL 600.5507(2), alt hough dismissal would be without prejudice. Were I not bound by precedent, I would allo w plaintiffs to file an amended complaint in compliance with MCL 600.5507(2).

I. PRISON LITIGAT ION REFORM ACT

Defendants contend that plaintiffs failed to meet the disclosure requirements set forth in the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), MCL 600.5501, specific ally MCL 600.5507(2), which provides that “[a] prisoner who brings a civil action or appeal s a judgment concerning prison conditions shall, upon commencement of the action or initiation of the appeal, disclose the number of civil actions and appeal s that the prisoner has previ ously initiated.” The majority agrees with defendants, and so do I. And I am bound by precede nt to agree that dismissal is the proper remedy.

When filing suit in this case, plaintiffs identified the follo wing on the face of their complaint:

A civil action between these parties or other parties arising out of the transaction or occurrence alleged in the complaint has been pre viously filed in this court, where it was given docke t number 13-1049-CZ and was assi gned to Judge Kuhnke. The action is no longer pending.

In addition, a civil action between these parties or other parties arising out
of the transaction or occurrence alleged in the complaint has p reviously been filed in the Eastern District of Michigan and was assigned to Judge C leland. The action remains pending.

I agree with the majority’s opinion that the above disclosure has all the earmarks of a disclosure in accordance with MCR 2.113(C)(2), rather than an e ffort to comply with MCL 600.5507(2). Despite plaintiffs’ assertions that the disclosur e satisfies the PLRA requirements, like the majority, I must disagree. The disclosure failed to i dentify the parties of the previous litigation and left no clues as t o how many other lawsuits plai ntiffs previously initiated. The statute unambiguously mandates th e disclosure of the number of civil actions previously initiated, “even when that number is zero.” Tomzek v Dep’t of Corrections , 258 Mich App 222, 225; 672 NW2d 511 (2003).-3- Although plaintiffs argue that th e disclosure requirements of MCL 600.5507(2) apply only to civil actions filed by prisoners seeking indigency status, I agree with the majority that subsection (2) is not so limited. It broadly imposes the discl osure requirements on “[a] prisoner who brings a civil action” and does not qualify such language a s applying only to a certain class of prisoner litigants. See Barrow v Detroit Election Comm , 301 Mich App 404, 414-415; 836 NW2d 498 (2013) (the Legislature’s use of the indefinite articl e “a” refers to a general item, not a particular item). And for reas ons that are adequately explai ned by the majority, there is no merit to plaintiffs’ argument that either the context of the st atute or the act’s legislative history require a different result.

I write separately to voice my c oncerns about the proper inter pretation of MCL 600.5507(3) concerning whether and when dismissal of a lawsuit is required. MCL 600.5507(3) provides in pertinent part that:

(3) The court shall dismiss a civil action or appeal at any t ime, regardless of any filing fee that may have been paid, if the court finds a ny of the following:

***

(b) The prisoner fails to comply with the disclosure requirements of subsection (2). [Emphasis added.]

As the majority notes, employmen t of the phrase “shall dismiss” deems an action mandatory, and
this Court in Tomzek , 258 Mich App at 223, he ld that such phrase “mandates dismissa l” “without regard to how or when the issue was raised.” In light of Tomzek , I must concur in the result reached by the majority, although I would note that the dismiss al is without prejudice. 1 My concern, however, is that this in terpretation ignores the prese nt tense aspect of subsection (3)(b), wherein it states that dismissal is required if the prisoner “f ails to comply” with the disclosure requirements of subsection (2). Such phrase could be interpret ed one of two ways in the context of the statute. One could conclude, as does Tomzek and the majority, that s ubsection (3) requires a civil action to be dismissed if the plaintiff failed to provi de the necessary disclosure information in keeping with the temporal requirement of subsect ion (2), being “upon commencement of the action or initiation of the appeal.” 2 However, one could also conclude that subsection (3) only requires dismissal if the plaintiff “f ails to” comply with the disclosure requirement, meaning that he or she has not provided the disclosure information, and thus, he or she is subject to dismissal as a consequence of such failure. 3 The former interpretation is quite

1 Given the majority’s correspond ing substantive rulings, the na ture of dismissal with respect to
the PRLA issue is rendered immaterial.

2 MCR 2.101(B) describes “Commencement of Action” as follows: “[ a] civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with a court.”

3 The present tense of a verb is used to “express present time ” and to “make a statement that is

true at all times .” Sabin, The Gregg Reference Manual(11th ed) (New York: Glenco McGraw– Hill, 2011), p 313. A court is to interpret and enforce statut es as written, and “[t]his includes,-4- literal, and begets a “Simon Says” procedural requirement. The latter is more logical and comports with the present tense verb provided in subsection (3) , as there is no discernible reason why a case should be dismissed if the plaintiff filed the discl osure, albeit not on the face of the initial complaint, but did in fact make the disclosure. 4 What is the point of dismissal if the plaintiff has complied and defendant has the necessary informat ion required by subsection (2)? It would be a purely punitive measure, as dismissing a lawsuit even after the plaintiff has filed the necessary disclosure information would serve no other purpo se, especially since subsection (2), as it applies to nonindigen t prisoners, serves no apparent purpose.

Interpreting MCL 600.5507(3) as does the majority and Tomzek also creates fertile ground for gamesmanship. For instance, if a plaintiff fails to comply with the statute, nothing would prevent a defendant from waiting a year or two after the lawsuit is filed to raise the issue and gain dismissal of the suit. In fact, a defendant could lit igate the matter on the merits, and upon receiving an unfavorable ver dict, simply invoke the plaint iff’s failure to timely comply with MCL 600.5507(2) as a post-judgment par achute. Given the p resent interpretation, dismissal would be required years into the litigation, even if the plaint iff had filed his or her disclosure shortly after filing the complaint. Put simply, MCL 600.5507, as previously interpreted by this Court, creates an escape hatch or “get out of jail free” card t o be used at the leisure of the defendant. Had this Court not already interpreted the meaning of subsection (3), I would permit plaintiffs to file an amended complaint with the requisite disc losures under MCL 600.5507(2) such that dismissal would not be required. 5 MCR 7.215(C)(2).

II. ELCRA AND CONST 1963, ART 1, § 2

“[W]hen you take away the freedom of equality or justice of an y individual, you all suffer.” Statement of Mr. Dade, 1 Official Record, Constitutio nal Convention 1961, p 743. Somewhat befitting of the present controversy, this statement w as made in relation to the adoption of Const 1963, art 1, § 2, the provision at issue in this case. Yet, despite a clear
constitutional mandate that the enabling legislation to be impl emented in compliance with Const 1963, art 1, § 2, apply to all citizens, without limitation, in 19 99 the Legislature attempted to take away the rights of prisoners w ho seek redress under the ELCRA. It is this exclusion from

without reservation, the Legisl ature’s choice of tense.” Holland v Consumers Energy Co , 308 Mich App 675, __ NW2d __ (2015), slip op at 5.

4 One could also interpret more generally the phrase “upon comme ncement of the action,” as used in MCL 600.5507(2), as meaning at the outset of the case, rather than necessarily being tied to the actual filing of the complaint.

5 I note that plaintiffs were without the option of voluntarily dismissing the complaint in order to re-file and comply with the disclosure requirements because the y had already voluntarily dismissed once, and a second voluntary dismissal would have ope rated as an adjudication on the merits. MCR 2.504(A)(1). I also note that the trial court, be fore ruling on defendants’ motion for summary disposition based on the disclosure requirements, s tated that it would give plaintiffs leave to amend if they wished. It does not appear that plainti ffs took the opportunity to amend at
that time.-5- protection under the ELCRA that, in my opinion, renders the 199 9 amendment to the ELCRA
unconstitutional.

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

At issue in this case is the constitutionality of a 1999 amend ment to the ELCRA, a question that we review de novo. See Mich Dep’t of Treasury v Tomkins , 481 Mich 184, 190- 191; 749 NW2d 716 (2008). 6 In my view, the constitutionality of the 1999 amendment turns on an examination of Const 1963, art 1, § 2 and the directive to t he Legislature cont ained therein. “When interpreting the Constitution, our task is to give effect to the common understanding of the text[.]” Lapeer Co Clerk v Lapeer Circuit Court , 469 Mich 146, 155; 665 NW2d 452 (2003).

B. DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION

1. THE MICHIGAN CONSTI TUTION GUARANTEES PROT ECTION TO ALL CITI ZENS

Michigan’s equal protection c lause, set forth in Const 1963, a rt 1, § 2, provides:

No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws; nor shall any

person be denied the enjoyment of his civil or political rights or be discriminated against in the exercise thereof because of religion, race, colo r or national origin. The legislature shall implement this section by appropriate legislation. [Const 1963, art 1, § 2 (emphasis added).]

The second clause in the first sentence of Const 1963, art 1, § 2 guarantees certain civil rights to all, as it provides that “nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of his civil or political rights or be discriminated agains t in the exercise thereof beca use of religion, race, color, or national origin.” This guarantee is made to “any person,” with out exclusion or qualification.
The official record of the constitutional convention demonstrat es that it was unquestionably the intent of the ratifiers that civil rights protections be extend ed to any and allpersons. 7 Indeed, the record emphasized that art 1, § 2 was in line with the “distinc t trend in state constitutions” that “civil rights clau ses apply to all persons . . . .” 1 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, p 740 (emphasis added). A committee report from the cons titutional convention states that
the ratifiers intended

that each of our citizens, all of our citizens , shall enjoy equal protection of the law in all areas of living which involve fundamental human rights, fundamental civil rights in this our belove d state of Michigan.

6 In reviewing the constitutionality of the statute, this Court is to presume that the statute is constitutional, and we are “to construe a statute as constituti onal unless its unconstitutionality is clearly apparent.” Taylor v Smithkline Beecham Corp , 468 Mich 1, 6; 658 NW2d 127 (2003).

7 “Records of the constitutional convention may be consulted to ascertain the intent of the provision” at issue. Kuhn v Secretary of State , 228 Mich App 319, 324; 579 NW2d 101 (1998).-6- Such intent, the intent that each of Michigan’s citizens have “equal access” to the “fundamental rights in our complex society” . . . should in our opinion be stated simply and clearly . . . .” [1 Official Record, Constit utional Convention, 1961, p 741 (emphasis added). 8 ]

While the second clause of the first sentence mandates to whom protections are to apply, the second sentence of art 1, § 2 imposes a mandate on the Legi slature: “[t]he legislature shall implement this section by appropriate leg islation.” The directive given to the Legislature is a mandatory one. See Co Rd Assoc of Mich v Governor , 260 Mich App 299, 306; 677 NW2d 340 (2004), aff’d in part 474 Mich 11 (2005) (when interpreting a p rovision of the Michigan Constitution, “[i]t is well-established that the use of the wor d ‘shall’ rather than ‘may’ indicates a mandatory, rather than discretionary, action.”). Thus, when re ad in combination, Const 1963, art 1, § 2 provides that the Legislature must enact legislation protecting the rights of any or all persons, without limitation. In short, art 1, § 2 required the enactment of legislation designed to protect the civil rights of all , and the mandatory nature of such language makes apparent that the Legislature was without authority to exclude anyone from protec tion under the resulting legislation.

2. THE LEGISLATURE COMPLIES WITH MANDATORY ENABLING ACT REQUIREMENTS

In response to the mandate imposed by our Constitution, the Le gislature enacted the Civil Rights Act, now known as the El liot-Larsen Civil Rights Act (EL CRA), MCL 37.2101 et seq. The act was intended to “centralize and make uniform the patchw ork of then-existing civil rights statutes” in the private sector and to “broaden the scope of th e then-existing civil rights statutes to include governmental action.” Neal v Department of Corrections (Neal II) , 232 Mich App 730, 738; 592 NW2d 370 (1998). See also Forton v Waterford Tw p Dep’t of Parks &

Recreation , 425 Mich 173, 186; 387 NW2d 821 (1986). The ELCRA provides t hat a person
shall not

“[d]eny an individual the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of a plac e of public
accommodation or public service because of religion, race, color, national origin, age, sex, or marital status.” MCL 37.2302(a) (emphasis added).

8 Although various drafts of art 1, § 2 were proposed throughoutthe process of drafting the Constitution, the notion that “each person” was entitled to civ il rights protection or that “no person” shall be denied civil rights was maintained throughout the constitutional convention. 1 Official Record, Constituti onal Convention 1961, p 739-742, 749 , 995; 2 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, p 2887-2889.-7- MCL 37.2301(b), as enacted in 1976, defined “public service” as

a public facility, department, agency, board, or commission, ow ned, operated, or managed by or on behalf of the state, a political subdivision, or an agency thereof or a tax exempt private agenc y established to provide service t o the public.

The above definition of public service remained unchanged for o ver 20 years.

In the mid 1990s, a group of women housed in facilities operat ed by the MDOC filed a class-action suit against the MDOC alleging that male correctio ns personnel were systematically engaging in a pattern of sexual harassment of fe male inmates. Neal v Dep’t of

Corrections , 230 Mich App 202; 583 NW2d 249 (1998) ( Neal I ). Specifically, plaintiffs complained that

the MDOC assigns male officers to the housing units at all wome n's facilities without providing any training re lated to cross-gender supervis ion; that women are forced to dress, undress, and perform basic hygiene and bod y functions in the open with male officers observing; that defendants allow male o fficers to observe during gynecological and other intimate medical care; that defe ndants require male officers to perform body searches of women prisoners that include patdowns of their breasts and genita l areas; that women prisoners are routinely subjected to offensive sex-based sexual harassment, offensive t ouching, and requests for sexual acts by male officers; and that there is a pattern of male officers' requesting sexual acts from women prisoners as a cond ition of retaining good-time credits, work details, and educational and rehabilitative program opportunities. [ Id at 205.]

In Neal I

, this Court initially held that prisons were not a place of “pub lic service” as the term is
used in the ELCRA. Id. at 215. However, on rehearing, this Court held that prisons are places of “public service” and that the ELCRA was intended to protect pri soners, among others. Neal II

, 232 Mich App at 736-738.

3. IN RESPONSE TO NEAL , THE LEGISLATURE ATTEMPTS TO CARVE OUT
PRISONERS FROM ALL CIVIL RIGHTS PROTECTIONS UNDER THE ENABLING ACT

In response to Neal II, in 1999 the Legislature attemp ted to carve out from protectio n under the ELCRA one subset of individuals—persons in our state who are incarcerated. To do so, the Legislature amended the definition of “public service” as the term is used in the ELCRA. The term “public service” is nowdefined in the statute to mean :

a public facility, department, agency, board, or commission, ow ned, operated, or managed by or on behalf of the state, a political subdivision, or an agency thereof or a tax exempt private agency established to provide service t o the public, except that public service does not include a state or county correc tional faci lity with respect to actions and decisions regardi ng an individual serv ing a sentence of imprisonment . [MCL 37.2301(b) (emphasis added).]-8- As if there were any doubt that the 1999 amendment was intended to specifically exclude prisoners, 1999 PA 202 stated that the amendment to the ELCRA w as:

curative and intended to correctany misinterpretation of legis lative intent in the court of appeals decision Neal v Department of Corrections, 232 Mich App 730 (1998). This legislation further expresses the original intent of the legislature that an individual serving a sentence of imprisonment in a state or county correctional facility is not within t he purview of this act.

In light of that clear intention to exclude prisoners from the scope of the ELCRA’s protections, it is undisputed that the 1999 amendm ent would prohibit the instan t litigation. The remaining inquiry, in my mind, should focus on whether the Legislature ha d authority to enact such an
exclusion in the first instance.

C. THE 1999 AMENDMENT VIOLA TES A CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE

The parties and the majority frame the issue at hand as one ca lling for a determination of whether the 1999 amendment to the ELCRA violates equal protecti on by denying prisoners, as a class, protections under the ELCRA. In my opinion, this focus is directed at the wrong section of Const 1963, art 1, § 2. I believe that the analysis misses a m ore significant and dispositive issue. That is, whether the Legislature has authority, given the const itutional directive in Const 1963, art 1, § 2 pertaining to all citizens , to carve out a particular cl ass of individuals and exclude th em from the protections of the ELCRA.

I would hold that the Legislature acted outside of its constitutional authority by removing prisoners from the scope of the ELCRA and thereby denying prote ction to all. Where the analysis in this case should start, and end, in my opinion, is with the idea that Const 1963, art 1, § 2 contains more than just the guarantee of equal protection o f the laws; it contains a directive to the Legislature to implement legislation that protects the righ ts of allcitizens. Again, that clause provides:

No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of his civil or political rights or be discriminated against in the exercise thereof because of religion, race, color or nat ional origin. The legislature shall implement this section by appropriate legisla tion. [Const 1963, art 1, § 2 (emphasis added).]

As noted, the necessary corollary of the phrase “nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of his civil rights” is that all persons, without exclusion, are entitled to have certain civil rights protected by “appropriate legis lation.” The problem with the 1 999 amendment to the ELCRA is that, by excluding a certain class of indi viduals—prisoners—fro m the protections of the ELCRA, the Legislature has acted in a w ay that is contrary to Const 19 63, art 1, § 2. 9

9 From the outset, the 1999 amendment was a legislative attempt to exclude prisoners from ELCRA protection, following the S tate being held accountable fo r the assault of female prisoners-9- Thus, rather than honoring the constitutional mandate to imple ment civil rights legislation as to “all,” the 1999 amendment expressly excludes prisoners fr om any protection under the ELCRA. The mandates and directives of Const 1963, art 1, § 2 c ould not have been clearer. Const 1963, art 1, § 2 did not state that the Legislature “shal l implement” the civil rights guarantees provided to those whom it deems worthy of receiving such protection. Rather, the constitution clearly and explicit ly provides that “[n]o person” shall be denied equal protection” “nor shall any person be denied” the enjoyment of his civil rig hts. Such language leaves no room for reservation or qualific ation. The Legislature cannot ignore that plain, unambiguous constitutional mandate. Indeed, “[a] fundamental and indisputa ble tenet of law is that a
constitutional mandate cannot be restricted or limited by the w hims of a legislative body through
the enactment of a statute.” AFSCME Council 25 v Wayne Co , 292 Mich App 68, 93; 811 NW2d 4 (2011). Given that the resulting civil rights legislati on was to apply to “any person” without limitation, the Legislature could no sooner enact an am endment to the ELCRA excluding prisoners from the scope of the statute as it could decide to e xclude from the act blue-eyed individuals, African-Americans , or anyone named “Steve.” See id. See also Durant v State Bd of Ed , 424 Mich 364, 392; 381 NW2d 662 (1985) (“The state may not av oid the clear requirements [of a constitutional mandate] either by specific s tatute or by implementation of definitions adverse to the mandate of the people.”). To the ex tent a statute infringes on a constitutional directive, the statute must “succumb to the prim acy of the Michigan Constitution.”

AFSCME Council 25 , 292 Mich App at 95. Because the 1999 amendment excluding prisoners from protection under the ELCRA i s incongruous with the directi ves contained in Const 1963, art 1, § 2, it violates the Michigan Constitution and cannot st and. 10 Where the ratifiers saw fit to extend the protections under Const 1963, art 1, § 2, to “any pe rson,” the Legislature was without authority to enact legislation denying those protections to a p articular group of individuals. See

id.

To this end, the instant sit uation is analogous to our Supreme Court’s decision in Midland Cogeneration Venture Ltd Partnership v Naftaly , 489 Mich 83; 803 NW2d 674 (2011). That
case concerned whether MCL 211.34c (6) could prevent aggrieved p arties from appealing a
decision of the state tax commi ssion regarding classification c omplaint decisions. Id. at 87-88. The constitutional provision at issue, Const 1963, art 6, § 28, guaranteed judicial review of administrative decisions—assuming the administrative decision m et certain requirements—and provided that those decisions “sh all be subject to direct revie w by the courts as provided by law .”

in Neal II . Indeed, as noted, 1999 PA 202 was never shy about the notion that it expressly intended to exclude prisoners fro m the scope of protection unde r the ELCRA. The act stated that “[t]his legislation further expr esses the original intent of th e legislature that an individual serving a sentence of imprisonment in a state or county correctional fa cility is not within the purview of

this act .”

10 In this regard, it matters not whether prisoners, although the y are excluded from the protections of the ELCRA, can obt ain injunctive or declaratory relief for certain civil rights violations under Const 1963, art 1, § 2. Instead, what matters is what the constitution requires

— that the Legislature enact statutes protecting the civil rights of all—and what the Legislature

did —it enacted statutes protecting the civil rights of all, except for prisoners . The decision to exclude prisoners violated the “any person” mandate and is unco nstitutional.-10- (Emphasis added). The defendants in that case argued that the “as provided by law” language meant that the Legislature could implement limited judicial rev iew. Midland Cogeneration Venture Ltd Partnership , 489 Mich at 93. This Court agreed. See Iron Mt Info Mgt, Inc v State

Tax Comm , 286 Mich App 616, 621; 780 NW2d 923 (2009). However, our Sup reme Court reversed, holding that while “as provided by law” meant that th e Legislature could enact legislation as to the manner in which judicial review occurred, it could not preclude judic ial review, as such judicial review was mandated by the Constitutio n. Midland Cogeneration Venture Ltd Partnership , 489 Mich at 94. The Court held that “[t]he Legislature may n ot eradicate a constitutional guarantee in reliance on the languag e” in the same constitutional amendment granting certain implementation authority to the Legi slature. Id. Further, the Court explained that the implementing language at issue in that case did “not grant the Legislature the authority to circumvent the protections that the section guaran tees. If it did, those protections would lose their strength because the Legislature could render the entire provision mere surplusage.” Id. at 95.

Turning back to the instant case, the Legislature is not permi tted, pursuant to the implementation language contai ned in Const 1963, art 1, § 2, to define the persons to whom civil rights are guaranteed. The Constitution already answers that q uestion, unequivocally guaranteeing that legislation to protect civil rights must be e xtended to all, without reservation or limitation. Any implementation language contained in Const 196 3, art 1, § 2 should not be construed as giving the Legislat ure “the authority to circumven t the protections that the section guarantees.” See id. If it did, just as the Court cautioned in Midland Cogeneration Venture Ltd Partnership , the protection of “any person” would “lose [its] strength” an d the Legislature would render meaningless such protection. See id. Consequently, I would find that the 1999 amendment, by eradicating a const itutional guarantee, violates Const 1963, art 1, § 2.

Moreover, our Supreme Court in Sharp v Lansing , 464 Mich 792; 629 NW2d 873 (2001), has recognized that the implementation mandate found in Const 1 963, art 1, § 2 does not confer discretion on the Legislature to change the mandated protection s found in art 1, § 2. Despite the fact that it was given authority to implement the constitutional protections at issue, the Legislature was not given authority to define those protections in a manner that was inconsistent
with the Constitution.

While the second sentence of art 1, § 2 commits its affirmative “implementation” to the Legislature, the first sentence of this constitutional p rovision commands that “[n]o person shall be denied the equal protection of the l aws; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of his civil or political rights or be discriminated against in the exercise thereof because of religion, race, colo r, or national origin.” The duty imposed on the Legislature by the second sentence of art 1, §

2 to implement art 1, § 2 is not a power to ultimately define the substantive meaning of the first sentence. [ Sharp , 464 Mich at 801-802.]

Here, the Legislature went beyond its authority of implementing art 1, § 2 by “appropriate legislation” and attempted to define the meaning of the constit utional mandate by narrowing the scope of protected individuals. Where the constitution mandate d that the Legislature was to provide “by appropriate legislati on” certain protections to eve ryone, without reservation or limitation, the Legislature was not justified in excluding some from that protection.-11- As further illustration of the constitutional violation occasi oned by the 1999 amendment, I compare the instant constitutional provision to Const 1963, a rt 4, § 52, which provides for the preservation of natural resources and requires the Legislature to take action to do so:

The conservation and development of the natural resources of th e state are hereby declared to be of paramount pub lic concern in the interest of t he health, safety and general welfare of the people. The legislature shall provide for the protection of the air, water and other natural resources of the state from pollution, impairment

and destruction . [Emphasis added.]

“[I]t is clear that [the second sentence of art 4, § 52] must b e read as a mandatory command to the legislature.” State Hwy Comm v Vanderkloot , 392 Mich 159, 180; 220 NW2d 416 (1974) (opinion by W ILLIAMS , J). See also Genesco, Inc v Mich Dep’t of Environmental Quality , 250 Mich App 45, 54; 645 NW2d 319 (2002) (recognizing that the dutyimposed on the Legislature to protect the state’s natural resources is mandatory). 11 Consider the following hypothetical scenarios. Consistent with the mandate in Const 1963, art 4, § 52, could the Legislature decide that the protection of water and other natural resources was de sirable, but deem the protection of air too inconvenient, and enact legislation stating that there are to be no regulations as to air quality or air pollution? Or, for that matter, could the Legis lature decide to protect air, water, and natural resources from destruction, but enact legislation s tating that there was to be no regulation, whatsoever, with regard to the pollution of those s ame resources? Surely no one would argue that these hypotheti cal legislative enactments woul d be constitutional, as they clearly violate the constitutional mandate set forth in Const 1 963, art 4, § 52. Yet, that is precisely what has occurred in this case. In enacting the 1999 amendment to the ELCRA, the Legislature has declined to honor the entire constitutional man date found in Const 1963, art 1, § 2.

As a result, I would hold that the 1999 amendment to the ELCRA is unconstitutional. I would affirm the trial court’s ruling, albeit for the reasons s tated above rather than finding that the statute violates equal protection guarantees. See Messenger v Ingham Co Prosecutor , 232 Mich App 633, 643; 591 NW2d 393 (1998) (“When this Court conclu des that a trial court has reached the correct result, this Court will affirm even if it d oes so under altern ative reasoning.”). Given this conclusion, there is no need to evaluate the exclusi on of prisoners from the scope of the ELCRA on equal protection grounds. 12 The analysis of the constitutionality of the 1999 amendment should begin with the d irective given to the Legislat ure in Const 1963, art 1, § 2 and
end with the conclusion that the 1999 amendment is constitution ally infirm because it is contrary to the directive contained in art 1, § 2. See Midland Cogeneration Venture Ltd Partnership , 489 Mich at 94; AFSCME Council 25 , 292 Mich App at 93.

11 To comply with this constitutional provision, the Legislature enacted what is now known as the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, MCL 324 .101, et seq. See Genesco

, 250 Mich App at 54.

12 Nevertheless, as discussed below, I would find that the amendm ent cannot withstand an equal protection challenge.-12- III. EQUAL PROTECTION

While I find it unnecessary to perform an equal protection ana lysis, I would agree with the trial court that the 1999 amendment, even assuming it did n ot violate the constitutional authority conferred upon the Legis lature, amounted to an equal protection violation.

“Equal protection is guaranteed under the federal and state co nstitutions.” Morales v

Mich Parole Bd , 260 Mich App 29, 49; 676 NW2d 221 (2003), citing US Const, Am XIV; Const 1963, art 1, § 2. The Equal Protection Clause requires that al l persons similarly situated be treated alike under the law; it does not guarantee that people in different circumstances will be
treated the same. Shepherd Montessori Ctr Milan , 486 Mich at 318; In re Parole of Hill , 298 Mich App 404, 420; 827 NW2d 407 (2012). “Courts apply one of t hree tests when reviewing a party’s challenge of a legislative classification as violative of equal protecti on. Which test applies depends on the type of classification made by the statu te and the nature of the interest
affected.” Proctor v White Lake Twp Police Dep’t , 248 Mich App 457, 469; 639 NW2d 332 (2001). Because the legislation at issue neither infringes on a fundamental right nor involves a suspect class or quasi-suspect class, rational basis review app lies. Shepherd Montessori Ctr Milan v Ann Arbor Charter Twp , 486 Mich 311, 318-319; 783 NW2d 695 (2010).

1. SIMILARLY SITUATED

As a threshold matter, I would find that plaintiffs, who are p risoners, are similarly situated to non-prisoners in regard to the legislation at issue concerning the protection of a person’s civil rights. “In typica l equal protection cases, pla intiffs generally allege that they have been arbitrarily classified as members of an identifiable group .” Davis v Prison Health Servs

, 679 F3d 433, 441 (CA 6, 2012) (citation and quotation marks omi tted). See also Engquist v Oregon Dep’t of Agriculture , 553 US 591, 601; 128 S Ct 2146; 170 L Ed 2d 975 (2008). Plaintiffs, as an identifia ble group, i.e., prisoners, 13 are being treated differently than nonprisoners. The question then becomes: are prisoners and non-pr isoners similarly situated? This inquiry does not focus on whether the two groups are similarly situated in general, nor is it relevant whether courts have found that prisoners and non-priso ners are not similarly situated in different, unrelated contexts. 14 Rather, “[t]he similarly situated inquiry focuses on whether the

13 This Court has, in rejecting th e assertion that state prisoner s are a suspect class, treated prisoners as an identifiable group for purposes of equal protec tion claims. See People v Groff

, 204 Mich App 727, 731; 516 NW2d 532 (1994).

14 In concluding that plaintiffs, as prisoners, are not similarly situated to non-prisoners, the majority opinion cites several cases in support of its conclusi on. However, the analysis in those cases involved issues that were quite different from the issue in the case at bar, and I find those cases do not resolve the similarly situated issue here. For in stance, the majority cites Samson v California , 547 US 843, 848; 126 S Ct 2193; 165 L Ed 2d 250 (2006), and Hudson v Palmer

, 468 US 517, 525-526; 104 S Ct 3194; 82 L Ed 2d 393 (1984); howe ver, those cases simply stated that prisoners—or pr obationers in the case of Sampson —do not enjoy the same liberties as the average citizen does. The other cases cited by the majority pertained to issues that are unrelated to the challenged governmental action in this case. See Niemic v UMass Correctional-13- plaintiffs are similarly s ituated to another group for purposes of the challenged government

action .” Klinger v Dep’t of Corrections , 31 F3d 727, 731 (CA 8, 1994) (emphasis added). Hence, the issue is whether plaintiffs are similarly situated t o non-prisoners in regard to their entitlement to civil rights prote ction and the ability to seek redress from the government for civil rights violations. This inquiry r equires consideration of whet her plaintiffs are similar to nonprisoners “in all relevant respe cts,” but does not require thatplaintiffs are identical to nonprisoners in all respects. See Nordlinger v Hahn , 505 US 1, 10; 112 S Ct 2326; 120 L Ed 1 (1992) (“It [the Equal Protection Clause] keeps governmental de cisionmakers from treating differently persons who are in a ll relevant respects alike.”).

Although it is axiomatic that prisoners and non-prisoners are not similarly situated in every respect, I would find that, for purposes of the challenge d governmental action in this case, they are similarly situated in all relevant respects. I see no reason why prisoners are any different in regard to their entitlement to remedying civil rig hts violations. Just like nonprisoners, prisoners are interacting with and receiving at least some level of services from the government on a regular basis. For instance, prisoners receive food, shelter, protection, discipline at times medical care, and a host of other benefits from the government. See Johnson

Health , __ F Supp 3d __ (D Mass, 2015) (finding that prisoners were n ot similarly situated to non-prisoners for purposes of admi nistering certain medical tre atment); Pratt v GEO Group, Inc

, 802 F Supp 2d 1269, 1272 (WD Okla, 2011) (declaring that prison ers were not similarly situated to non-prisoners for purposes of applying the statute of limita tions to certain claims); Hertz v
Carothers , 174 P3d 243, 248 (Alas, 2008) (prisoners were not similarly s ituated to non-prisoners for purposes of certain filing fees); McGuire v Ameritech Servs, Inc , 253 F Supp 2d 988, 1001 (SD Ohio, 2003) (prisoners and non-prisoners were not similarly situated for purposes of claims relating to collect telephone cal ls between prisoners and non-p risoners); Smith v Corcoran , 61 Fed Appx 919 (CA 5, 2003) (prison ers not similarly situated to non-prisoners for purposes of a claim that the postal inspector unjustly refused to investigate the plaintiff’s claim of mail tampering); Roller v Gunn , 107 F3d 227, 234 (CA 4, 1997) (prisoners and non-prisoners no t similarly situated with regard to the payment of certain filing fees); Rudolph v Cuomo , 916 F Supp 1308, 1323 (SD NY, 1996) (held that prisoners were not sim ilarly situated to non-prisoners for purposes of obtaining an indi gency waiver for Motor Vehicle and Parks laws on surcharges); Scher v Chief Postal Inspector , 973 F2d 628, 683-684 (CA 8, 1992) (prisoners not similarly situated to non-prisoners for purposes of complaints about mail tampering); Hrbek v Farrier , 787 F2d 414, 417 (CA 8, 1986) (prisone rs were not similarly situate d as non-prisoners with regard to a claim that prison officials’ withholding of a portion of wage s earned by an inmate on work release).

Lastly, I find the primary Michigan case on which the majority relies, People v Maxson

, 181 Mich App 133, 135; 449 NW2d 422 (1989), to be distinguishab le. Contrary to the majority’s conclusions, I find th at the entitlement to civil ri ghts while receiving services from the government is markedly different, for constitutional purposes, than a situation concerning whether prisoners and non-prisoner s are similarly situated in r espect to a prosecutor’s decision about whether to prosecute the possession of metallic knuckles. One involves certain rights that are otherwise guaranteed to all, a nd the other involves the all ocation of prosecutorial resources being weighed against internal prison disciplinary decisions.-14- v Wayne Co , 213 Mich App 143, 152; 540 NW2d 66 (1995) (“The Eighth Amendm ent imposes duties on prison officials to provide humane conditions of conf inement, ensure that inmates receive adequate food, shelter, and medical care, and take reas onable measures to guarantee the safety of the inmates.”). 15 See also Neal II , 232 Mich App at 736-737. Nothing about the nature of their confinement suggests that prisoners should be treated any differently than non-prisoners with regard to civil rights protections. It has never been arg ued in this case that there are any safety justifications for treati ng prisoners and non-prisoners differently in regard to their ability to claim protections to civil rights. Nor do any such safety c oncerns seem apparent in this case. In short, prisoners and non-prison ers are similar in respect to their entitlement to civil rights protections in their interactio ns with the government. Therefo re, I would find that, for purposes of claiming redress for violation of their civil rights, prison ers are similarly situated to nonprisoners in regard to receiving c ertain benefits and services from the State.

Defendants argue, and the majority agrees, that because prison ers receive services and benefits from the government involuntarily, by nature of the fa ct that their incarceration is not voluntary, they are not similarly situated to non-prisoners. While it is true that, but for involuntary confinement mandated by the State, prisoners would not be inclined to take residence inside prison walls, I do not believe that the involu ntary receipt of services changes the equation. That is, I do not agree that those who involuntarily interact with the government are any less deserving of the right to protection of their civil ri ghts and a remedy for violations upon those rights than those who voluntarily do so. To this end, I would note that nearly all citizens are compelled, at times, to receive public services in a manner that is somewhat less than voluntary. For instance, childre n under a certain age are comp elled to attend school, 16 to some degree, yet no one would dispute that children receive public s ervices while they attend public school. Likewise, litigants may be required, subject to the co urt’s contempt powers, to appear at certain court proceedings, but no one would contend that they d o not receive public services simply by virtue of the fact that their presence in court was n ot entirely voluntary. And, for that matter, most trips to the Secretary of State offices are not en tirely voluntary. For example, if left to their own accord, most citizens would likely not find it con venient or necessary to register and pay taxes on a newly-purchased motor vehicle or boat; rather, t hey do so because the State requires them to do so. Along a similar vein, prisoners reside in prison and receive certain services therein because the State mandates that they do so. F urthermore, even assuming that prisoners were the only ones who received public services in a manner that was less than voluntary, I fail to see any reason why this prevents prisoners from being similarly situated to non-prisoners in regard to their entitlement to civil rights. Regardless of whether the receipt of services is voluntary or involunt ary, the fact remains that all citizens are in a position where they expect, rightfully, to have certain civil rights honored in the ir respective dealings with the

15 In fact, one could argue that the average prisoner has far mor e encounters with government actors on a daily basis than does the average citizen. Prisone rs’ entire existence in prison is dependent upon and supported by government actors. Thus, in co mparison to non-prisoners, prisoners have far more potential encounters during which they need the protections of the

ELCRA.

16 See MCL 380.1561, outlining compulsory school attendance as we ll as certain exceptions.-15- government. 17 Thus, in my view, prisoners and non-prisoners are similarly s ituated with regard
to their entitlement to civil rights in dealings with the gover nment because, regardless of a person’s abode—either behind bars and concrete blocks or in a t wo-story colonial—he or she is
still entitled to basic civil ri ghts that are otherwise guarant eed to all.

2. RATIONAL BASIS REVIEW

Because I would find that plaintiffs, as prisoners, are similarly situated to non-prisoners for purposes of the challenged legislation, the salient inquiry becomes whether the classification
drawn in this case can withstand rational basis review. “Under the rational basis test, the challenged legislation ‘is presum ed constitutional, and the par ty challenging it bears a heavy burden of rebutting that presumption.’ ” In re Parole of Hill , 298 Mich App at 421, quoting People v Idziak , 484 Mich 549, 570; 773 NW2d 616 ( 2009). “Specifically, ‘[t]o prevail under this highly deferential standard of review, a challenger must s how that the legislation is arbitrary and wholly unrelated in a rationa l way to the objective of the statute.’ ” In re Parole of Hill , 298 Mich App at 422, quoting Idziak , 484 Mich at 570-571. Rational basis review “is a paradigm of judicial restraint” and “is not alicense for courts to judge t he wisdom, fairness, or logic of legislative choices.” Fed Communications Comm v Beach Communications, Inc , 508 US 307, 313-314; 113 S Ct 2096; 124 L Ed 2d 211 (1993). Indeed, ration al basis review acknowledges
that

Most laws classify, and many aff ect certain groups unevenly, ev en though the law itself treats them no differently from all other members of the class described by the law. When the basic classification is rationally based, un even effects upon particular groups within a class are ordinarily of no constitut ional concern. [ Personnel Admin of Massachusetts v Feeney , 442 US 256, 271-272; 99 S Ct 2282; 60 L Ed 2d 870 (1979).]

Nevertheless, the United Stat es Supreme Court has cautioned, “ even the standard of rationality as we so often have defined it must find some footi ng in the realities of the subject addressed by the legislation.” Heller v Doe , 509 US 312, 321; 113 S Ct 2637; 125 L Ed 2d 257 (1993). “The State may not rely on a classification whose rela tionship to an asserted goal is so
attenuated as to render the dis tinction arbitrar y or irrational .” City of Cleburne, Texas v Cleburne Living Ctr , 473 US 432, 446; 105 S Ct 3249; 87 L Ed 2d 313 (1985). When a right is afforded, “it cannot be granted to some litigants and capriciou sly or arbitrarily denied to others without violating the Equal Protection Clause.” Lindsey v Normet , 405 US 56, 77; 92 S Ct 862;

17 I acknowledge that prisoners do not enjoy all the rights of no n-prisoners. Among others, prisoners are subject to having a ll telephone calls and other c ommunications monitored, are subject to searches and seizures without a warrant, and have va rious other freedoms curtailed for purposes of safety and other legitimate reasons. Nevertheless, I do not believe that this changes the equation. The pertinent anal ysis concerns not whether pris oners and non-prisoners are similarly situated with regard to those freedoms; instead, the analysis concerns whether the two groups are similarly situated for purposes of seeking redress f or civil rights violations. I see no meaningful reason to treat the gr oups differently for that purp ose.-16- 31 L Ed 2d 36 (1972). “Furthermore, some objectives—such as a bare desire to harm a politically unpopular group are not legitimate state interests. ” City of Cleburne , 473 US at 446- 447 (citation and quotation marks omitted). See also United States v Windsor , __ US __; 133 S Ct 2675, 2693; 186 L Ed 2d 808 (2013); United States Dep’t of Agriculture v Moreno , 413 US 528, 534; 93 S Ct 2821; 37 L Ed 2d 782 (1973).

C. THE CHALLENGED LEGISLATION LACKS A RATIONAL BASIS

Even under the deferential rati onal basis standard, I would fi nd that the classification drawn in this case, which prevents prisoners, but no one else, from seeking relief under the ELCRA, violates equal protection. Like the court in Mason v Granholm , unpublished opinion of
the Eastern District Court of Michigan, issued January 23, 2007 (Docket No. 05-73943), 18 my reasoning on this issue is guide d by the Supreme Court’s decisi on in Romer v Evans , 517 US 620; 116 S Ct 1620; 134 L Ed 2d 855 (1996). At issue in Romer was an amendment to the Colorado Constitution, “Amendment 2,” which prohibited all legi slative, executive, or judicial action at any level of state or local government designed to pr otect homosexual individuals. Id

, 517 US at 623-624. The Court held that Amendment 2 failed rati onal basis review for two reasons. First, “the amendment has the peculiar property of im posing a broad and undifferentiated disability on a single named group, an excepti onal and, as we shall explain, invalid form of legislation.” Id. at 632. The amendment was “at once too narrow and too broad. It identifies persons by a single trait and then denies them pr otection across the board.” Id. at 633. The Court explained that “[e]qual protection of the laws is not achieved through indiscriminate imposition of inequalities.” Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted).

Respect for this principle expl ains why laws singling out a cer tain class of citizens for disfavored legal status or general hardships are rare. A l aw declaring that in general it shall be more difficult for one group of citizens th an for all others to seek aid from the government is itself a denial of equal protec tion of the laws in the most literal sense. [ Id. ]

As for the second reas on identified by the Romer Court for concludi ng that Amendment 2 failed rational basis review, t he Court found that the “shear b readth” of the amendment was “so
discontinuous with the reasons offered for it that the amendmen t seems inexplicable by anything
but animus toward the class it affects . . . .” Id. at 632. If the concept of equal protection was to mean anything, reasoned the Court, “ ‘it must at the very least mean that a bare . . . desire to harm a politically unpopular group cannot constitute a legitimate governmental interest.’ ” Id. at 634, quoting Moreno , 413 US at 534. The classificat ion in that case could not be explained by any of the proffered rationales; thus, Amendment 2 did not bear a rational relationship to a legitimate governmental purpose. Id. at 635.

18 Plaintiffs argue that this Court is bound by the decision in Mason . I believe the majority accurately concludes that we are not bound by an unpublished fe deral district court decision. The majority also correctly concludes that the application of o ffensive non-mutual collateral estoppel is not appropr iate in this case.-17- Similarly, where the 1999 amendment falls short is that it pai nts with far too broad a brush. It targets a specific gr oup—prisoners—and prevents that group, and only t hat group, from filing claims under the ELCRA. As recognized in Romer , 517 US at 633, “[c] entral both to the idea of the rule of law and to our own Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection is the principle that government and e ach of its parts remain open on impartial terms to all who seek its
assistance.” It is for that r eason that a law singling out a p articular class and imposing hardships
on that class “is itself a denial of equal protection of the la ws in the most literal sense.” Id. Here, the law imposes a hardship —no statutory relief for civil rights violations—on only one group. The decision to single outthis particular group and ca tegorically deny prisoners, and only prisoners, the ability to seek relief renders the constitutiona lity of the 1999 amendment doubtful
from the onset. See id.

Further, just as in Romer , this targeted classification be ars no rational relationship t o a legitimate governmental interest. Two primary rationales have been advanced for justifying the classification at issue: (1) maintaining prison order; (2) prev enting frivolous actions and preserving the public fisc. As to the first proffered rational e, I agree with the majority’s
conclusion that there is no merit to defendants’ assertion that the challenged statute is rationally related to the legitimate governme ntal interest of prison order and management. There does not appear to be any connection be tween limiting a prisoner’s abili ty to seek relief under the ELCRA and maintaining prison order.

Where I diverge from the majority opinion is in the conclusion that the second offered purpose—deterrence of frivolous and meritless lawsuits and main taining the public fisc—does
not suffice as a rational basi s in this case. There is no doub t that deterring frivolous lawsuits is designed to and does protect the public fisc, and that doing so is a legitimate government purpose. See Barlett v North Ottawa Comm Hosp , 244 Mich App 685, 695; 625 NW2d 470 (2001) (“Deterring the filing of frivolous lawsuits against any party or group is a legitimate governmental interest.”). Also, it is well established that pr isoners, as a group, tend to file more litigation than non-prisoners. See, e.g., Johnson v Daley , 339 F3d 582, 592 (CA 7, 2003). The proper inquiry is whether the ends in this case legally justify the means. In other words, is the connection between preventing fr ivolous lawsuits by prisoners a nd maintaining the public fisc and the decision to deny an iden tifiable class of individuals p rotections under the ELCRA—an act designed to protect the civ il rights of all persons—too att enuated such that the classification is arbitrary? Given the sweeping prohibitions drawn by the cla ssification at issue and that it completely severs the rights of inmates to seek redress for vio lations of civil rights—rights which are regarded as those that should be given the “highest priorit y,” in terms of protection, see Barczak v Rockwell Intern Corp , 68 Mich App 759, 763; 244 NW2d 24 (1976), I find the restriction arbitrary and contrary, if not repugnant, to the id eals of equal prote ction. The only discernible purpose of the 1999 ame ndment is to snuff out all l awsuits filed by prisoners.

Indeed, rather than targeting frivolous claims, the only purpo se of the 1999 amendment is the elimination of prisoners ’ ability to bring claims of any kind under the ELCRA and to limit the State’s liability in civil rights claims by prisoners. Thi s cannot serve as a legitimate government purpose. See Johnson , 339 F3d at 612 (R OVNER , J., dissenting) (“The government . . . does not and cannot argue that [the Legislatur e] has a legitimate interest in discouraging meritorious litigation by inmates.”). See also Rodriguez v Brand West Dairy

, __ P3d __ (Docks Nos. 33,104; 33,675, issued June 22, 2015, New Me xico Court of Appeals), slip-18- op at 15-18 (holding that a New M exico statute that excluded fr om the scope of workers’ compensation coverage farm and ranch laborers violated equal pr otection because the
classification drawn was arbitr ary and not rationally related t o the goal of preserving resources); Willoughby v Washington Dep’t of Labor & Indus , 147 Wash 2d 725, 737; 57 P3d 611 (2002) (invalidating, on equal protection grounds, a statute that barr ed the distribution of industrial insurance permanent partial disability benefits to prisoners be cause the statute was unrelated to a legitimate governmental purpose and “saving money is not a suff icient ground for upholding an otherwise unconstitutional statute in any event.”). There is s imply no effort in the 1999 amendment to target frivolous claims; rather, the amendment is a blunt and obtuse prohibition on all claims, regardless of merit, under the ELCRA. Although “eq ual protection analysis does not require that every classification be drawn with precise ‘mathem atical nicety[,]’ the classification drawn in this case is more than merely imprecise, “it is whollywithout any rational basis.”

Moreno , 413 US at 538. See also Mason , unpub op at *4 (concluding that the ELCRA was “too broad to be rationally related to” the asserted governmental in terests of “deterring frivolous suits and protecting the public treasury”). In my view, the 1999 ame ndment’s “sheer breadth is so
discontinuous with the reasons offered for it that the amendmen t seems inexplicable by anything but animus toward the class it affects; it lacks a rational rel ationship to legitimate state interests.”

Romer , 517 US at 632. 19

19 The majority cites cases such as Morales , 260 Mich App at 52 (finding that legislation precluding prisoners from appealing the decision of the parole board was rationally related to the legitimate governmental interes t in saving funds in response to frivolous requests by prisoners),
and Proctor , 248 Mich App at 469 (no equal protection violation in the Leg islature’s decision to single out incarcerated prisoners with regard to FOIA exclusion s, based on the conclusion that prisoners often file frivolous requests). I find these cases t o be unavailing. Initially, the rational basis analysis in both cases was rather cursory, as Proctor , 248 Mich App at 469, summarily concluded “that the Legislature’ s FOIA exclusions singling out incarcerated prisoners rationally relate to the Legislature’s legitimate interest in conserving the scarce governmental resources squandered responding to frivolous FOIA requests by incarcerate d prisoners.” The pertinent analysis in Morales was similarly short, as the opinion cited Proctor and concluded that “the exclusion of prisoners’ abili ty under MCL 791.234 to appeal par ole denials is rationally related to the Legislature’s legitimate interest in saving public funds in response to innumerable frivolous requests by incarcerate d prisoners for the review of the Parole Board’s denials of parole.” Moreover, the statutes at issue in both cases were si gnificantly different from the 1999 amendment to the ELCRA. Notably, the ELCRA places an outright ban on allprisoner actions under the ELCRA, a ban which is contrary to the constitutional directive contained in Const 1963, art 1, § 2. By contrast, Morales dealt with parole, a right to which prisoners are not entitled. And, the prisoners in Morales were afforded at least some review of their parole eligibility, as the parole board had to first make a determinat ion as to eligibility; here, by comparison, the 1999 amendment cuts off all review from the out set. As to Proctor , I would not
consider the denial of a FOIA re quest to be of the same importa nce as an individual’s ability to seek redress for constitutionally guaranteed civil rights. Mor eover, I would note that the
existence of the PLRA makes the instant case different from both Morales and Proctor . That is, the PLRA is already a targeted attempt at curtailing frivolous prisoner litigation with regard to-19- In addition, I find it significant that, independent of the 19 99 amendment, the Legislature had already enacted several, more targeted statutes designed to ferret out frivolous prison litigation. These more targeted statutes are found in the PLRA , and include, among others, the pleading requirements discussed in Issue I, MCL 600.5507, the e xhaustion of administrative remedies, MCL 600.5503(1), various screening provisions that ca ll for dismissal set forth in the PLRA, including those that impose a duty on courts to review co mplaints and dismiss frivolous claims, such as MCL 600.5503(2), MCL 600.5505(2), MCL 600.5509( 1)-(2), as well as the list maintained by the state court administrator’s office of the fri volous civil actions brought by prisoners concerning prison conditions, MCL 600.5529. “The exi stence of these provisions necessarily casts considerabl e doubt upon the proposition” that the 1999 amendment “could rationally have been intended to prevent those very same” conce rns. See Moreno , 413 US at 536-537 (explaining that where other safeguards in the Food Sta mp Act already existed, the challenged provision, which exclud ed from eligibility for food stamps those individuals who resided with non-relatives, was not rationally related to a leg itimate governmental purpose and instead was arbitrary). Given t he existence of the much more t argeted safeguards in the PLRA, it
is dubious whether the 1999 amendme nt was intended to target fr ivolous claims.

Defendants attempt to rationalize the prohibition placed on pr isoners’ abilities to bring claims under the ELCRA by arguin g that prisoners can still seek injunctive and declaratory relief under the Constitution for civil rights violations; therefore, according to defendants, the classification is permissible. At first glance, this argument has some appeal, but upon further inquiry, it is found to be wanting. 20 The argument removes the focus from the proper inquiry in this case. The pertinent inquiry is not concerned with what other avenues of relief are available to prisoners. Rather, the salie nt concern focuses on the class ification drawn in the statute at issue
and whether that classification is wholly arbitrary or whether it is rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest. See Baxstrom v Herold , 383 US 107; 86 S Ct 760; 15 L Ed 2d 620 (1966) (focusing on the classi fication drawn, not external concerns). 21 And, as noted above,

prison conditions. The statutes at issue in Morales and Proctor lacked this type of aggressive safeguard against frivolous actions. Thus, unlike the statutes at issue in Morales and Proctor , the likelihood that the 1999 amendment was rationally related to th e asserted interest of curtailing
frivolous actions is significantly lessened.

20 I also note that from a practical standpoint, prisoners who ca nnot afford to fund their own lawsuit seeking declaratory or i njunctive relief would be hard pressed to find anyone but a pro bono or nonprofit attorn ey willing to take their case; other th an pursuing a case in pro per, the lack of financial redress effectively limits a prisoner’s acces s to the courthouse in seeking to enforce his or her constitutional rights. And again, it is onlyprisoners who are carved out from
relief under the ELRCA.

21 I find it particularl y troubling that the Legislature would ch oose to preclude monetary relief for something as significant as civil rights violations. Civil rig hts actions have long been recognized as significant, not only for th e litigants but for the public a t large. See, e.g., Rivera , 477 US at 574. Not only that, but a damages remedy has been recognized a s an integral component of remedying civil rights violations. See Owen v City of Independence, Mo , 445 US 622, 651; 100 S Ct 1398; 63 L Ed 2d 673 (1980) (“A damages remedy against the offending party is a vital component of any scheme for vindicating cherished constitutiona l guarantees, and the-20- I would conclude that the classification is not rationally rela ted to a legitimate governmental
interest.

I find the classification drawn in this case particularly trou bling in light of the
constitutional mandate estab lished in Const 1963, art 1, § 2, w hich is emphasized and discussed in detail in Part II of this opinion. The Constitution prohibi ts discrimination against “any person,” and requires the Legislature to implement that directi ve. In enacting the 1999 amendment at issue, the Legislature, rather than honoring that mandate as to “any person,” has spurned an identifiable group of individuals. The mandate did not say “all to whom you feel like giving the privilege”; it said “all” without limitation. In th is respect, the Legislation is nothing but a targeted curtailment of the rights of prisoners to seek t he very same relief that all others enjoy. This targeted curtailment of the right of prisoners to seek the very same relief that is available to all others appears, in my mind, so incongruous with the purpose of legislation that was designed to protect civil ri ghts that it is capricious and unrelated to any legitimate governmental purpose. See Windsor , __ US at __; 133 S Ct at 2693 (“The Constitution’s guarantee of equality must at the very least mean that a bare c ongressional desire to harm a politically unpopular group cannot j ustify disparate treatment of that group.”); Moreno , 413 US at 534 (“For if the constitutional conception of ‘equal protect ion of the laws’ means anything, it must at the very least mean that a bare congressional desire to harm a politically unpopular group cannot constitute a legitimate governmental interest.”). See a lso Mason , unpub op at *4 (noting that “[t]he ELCRA amendment denie s prisoners the basic protecti ons against discrimination that all others are afforded under Michigan law, as required by ” Const 1963, art 1, § 2, and concluding that “[t]here is no rational basis for denying allprisoners . . . and no one else[ ] the ability to seek redress for illegal discrimination that occurre d in prison.”). Thus, in addition to demonstrating that the 1999 amendment is unconstitutional becau se it contravenes the Legislative mandate, the betrayal of the mandate also illustrat es the capriciousness of the amendment, thereby eroding the a sserted rational basis for the legislation.

I am also troubled by the implications of the majority’s decis ion. The 1999 amendment provides no avenue for monetary r elief, and, potentially, no re dress whatsoever under state law for any type of discrimination not articulated in Const 1963, a rt 1, § 2, e.g., discrimination based on age, sexual orientation, mar ital status, or gender. With no threat of a monetary judgment, or, perhaps in some cases, any judgment at all, no state law would stand in the way of prisons and prison officials intentionally discriminating against prisoners based on certain qualifications that would be prohibited in all other walks of life. For instance, the majority’s decision would provide no remedy under state law if prison officials, with no consideration of security concerns or other penological in terests, simply denied certain services or benefits, such as educational classes, exercise time, or countless others, to certain classif ications of prisoners with no
ramification under the ELCRA. An d, for that matter, there woul d be no damages available under

importance of assuring its efficacy is only accentuated when th e wrongdoer is the institution that has been established to protect the very rights it has transgre ssed.”); Davis v Passman , 442 US 228, 245; 99 S Ct 2264; 60 L Ed 2d 846 (1979). Further, damage s have been recognized as “particularly beneficial” in cases such as this one that allege “those ‘systemic’ injuries that result not so much from the conduct of any single individual, but from the interactive behavior of several government officials . . . .” Owen , 445 US at 652.-21- the ELCRA if prison officials dr ew those classifications based on prisoners’ race. And, the majority’s decision would provide no remedy under state law aga inst sexual harassment—a type of sexual discrimination, per MCL 37.2103(i), under the ELCRA. In other words, prison guards and other officials could perpet uate sexual harassment that wou ld, in all other walks of life, be unquestionably banned by the ELCRA, and, by some twisted sense of irony, be insulated from liability under state law by the very same act. As pointed out by plaintiffs, the 1999 amendment only applies to those serving a sentence of imprisonment. Thus , guards and prison officials could sexually harass inmates and face no liability under state law, but face liability under the ELCRA for the very same conduct if it were committed against a visitor to the prison, rather than an inmate. The simple, arbitrary fact that one victim in this scenario wore an orange jumpsuit and the other wore street clothes would insulate the guards and prison officials under the ELCRA. This, in my mind, highlights the capricious nature of t he 1999 amendment and why it
cannot withstand even the most deferential rational basis revie w. See City of Cleburne , 473 US at 446 (“The State may not rely on a classification whose relat ionship to an asserted goal is so
attenuated as to render the dis tinction arbitrary or irrational .”). See also Baxstrom , 383 US at 115 (“The capriciousness of the classification employed by the State is thrown sharply into focus by the fact that the” benefit at issue was withheld only in reg ard to certain incarcerated individuals). The ELCRA, an act designed to protect civil righ ts, should not be used as a safe harbor against claims of se x discrimination—or any type of disc rimination for that matter.

The implications of the majority’s decision are even more trou bling in light of the fact that it would completely bar, regardless of the merits of the c ase, any liability on the part of the State for the conduct alleged i n this case, which was an ongoin g and well-documented problem. 22 The conduct alleged in this case, sexual assaults committed aga inst young inmates, is not a new or unheard of problem. The Federal Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA), 42 USC 15601(4), enacted in 2003, expressly recognized this very issue, stating that “[y]oung first-time offenders
are at increased risk of sexual victimization. Juveniles are 5 times more likely to be sexually assaulted in adult rather than juvenile facilities—often within the first 48 hours of incarceration.” While, for the past 12 years the federal government has been aw are of and attempting to eradicate the very problem alleged to have occurred in this cas e—the sexual assault of juvenile prisoners—Michigan has been try ing to eliminate the rights of j uveniles—and other prisoners— to seek monetary relief for this and other civil rights violati ons. I cannot, in good conscience, countenance this attempt at shirking liability and responsibili ty.

In sum, although I find that the issue need not be reached bec ause the unconstitutionality of the 1999 amendment is apparent for the reasons discussed in Section II of this dissent, I would
conclude that the amendment viol ates equal protection because i t draws a classification between similarly situated individuals and that classification is not r ationally related to a legitimate governmental interest.

22 This should not be viewed as a substantive evaluation of the m erits of plaintiffs’ claims in the
instant case.-22- IV. REMAINING ARGUMENTS

Lastly, defendants argue that the trial court should have gran ted their motion for summary disposition under MCR 2. 116(C)(8), claiming that plaint iffs failed to adequately allege that they had notice of the conduct at issue. 23 This Court reviews de novo motions for summary disposition. Citimortgage, Inc v Mortgage Electronic Registration Sys, Inc , 295 Mich App 72, 75; 813 NW2d 332 (2011). Summary disposition is proper under M CR 2.116(C)(8) if “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal suffici ency of the complaint on the allegations of the pleadings alone. Feyz v Mercy Mem Hosp , 475 Mich 663, 672; 719 NW2d 1 (2006). A reviewing court on a (C)(8) motion “must accept as true all factual allegations supp orting the claim, and any reasonable inferences or conclusions that might be drawn from those facts.” Gorman v American Honda Motor Co, Inc , 302 Mich App 113, 131; 839 NW2d 223 (2013). In addition, a court must construe all well-pleaded allegations in a light mos t favorable to the nonmoving
party. Johnson v Pastoriza , 491 Mich 417, 435; 818 NW2d 279 (2012). “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may be granted only when the claims alleged “are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justif y recovery.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiffs brought claims under the ELCRA against defendant fo r sex discrimination (hostile environment) and age discrimination. Defendants do no t address plaintiffs’ claims individually; instead, they argue that plaintiffs’ claims must fail because they lacked notice of the alleged harassment. In addition, defendants’ arguments only ap pear to pertain to plaintiffs’ claims about sex discrimination. As such, I only evaluate defe ndants’ arguments as to the claims
of sex discrimination.

Under the ELCRA, discrimination on the basis of sex, which inc ludes, by definition, sexual harassment, is prohibited. MCL 37.2103(i). The act def ines sexual harassment to
include:

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and othe r verbal or physical conduct or communication of a sexual nature under the following
conditions:

23 Defendants raised this argument before the trial court, but th e court did not rule on the matter. Because the issue was preserved by virtue of defendants having raised it before t he trial court,

see Klooster v Charlevoix , 488 Mich 289, 310; 795 NW2d 578 (2011), and because I would remand for dismissal without prejudice, see Issue I, I find it necessary to weigh in on defendants’
argument.-23- ( i ) Submission to the conduct or communication is made a term or condition either explicitly or implicitly to obtain employment, public accommodations or public services, education, or housing.

( ii ) Submission to or rejection of the conduct or communication byan individual is used as a factor i n decisions affecting the indiv idual’s employment, public accommodations or public ser vices, education, or housing

.

( iii ) The conduct or communication has the purpose or effect of substantially interfe ring with an individual’s employment, publ ic accommodations or public services, education, or housing, or cr eating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive employment, public accommod ations, public services, educational, or housing environment. [MCL 37.2103(i) .]

The last category is at issue in this case; this type of harass ment “is commonly labeled hostile
environment harassment.” Chambers v Trettco, Inc , 463 Mich 297, 310; 614 NW2d 910 (2000).

To establish hostile environment harassment, a plaintiff in a case such as this one must

prove:

(1) the [plaintiff] bel onged to a protected group;

(2) the [plaintiff] was subjected to communication or conduct o n the basis of sex;

(3) the [plaintiff] was subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct o r communication;

(4) the unwelcome sexual conduct or communication was intended to or in fact did substantially interfere withthe [plaintiff’s public servic es or creates a hostile environment with regard t o those public services]; and

(5) respondeat superior. [ Radtke v Everett , 442 Mich 368, 382-383; 501 NW2d 155 (1993).]

At issue in this case is the fifth element, respondeat superio r. Plaintiffs seek to hold defendants vicariously liable for acts committed by their respe ctive agents. In a hostile environment claim, an employer may avoid liability for hostile environment harassment if, upon notice of the alleged harassment, it adequately investigated an d took prompt and appropriate
remedial action. Id. Thus, a defendant must have actual or constructive notice of the alleged harassment before liability will attach. Sheridan v Forest Hills Public Schs , 247 Mich App 611, 621; 637 NW2d 536 (2001). A plaintiff can demonstrate notice i f he or she complained to “higher management” about the harassment, or “by showing the pe rvasiveness of the harassment, which gives rise to the inference of knowledge or constructive knowledge.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). “[N]otice of sexual harassment is ad equate if, by an objective standard, the totality of the ci rcumstances were such that a re asonable employer would have been aware of a substantial probabilitythat sexual harassment was o ccurring.” Chambers , 463 Mich

at 319.-24- Taking the allegations raised in plaintiffs’ complaint as true and construing them in a light most favorable to plainti ffs, as is required under MCR 2. 116(C)(8) review, see Johnson

, 491 Mich at 435; Gorman , 302 Mich App at 131, I would find that defendants were not entitled to summary disposition because factual development could possib ly justify recovery on plaintiffs’ sexual harassment claims. Most notably, I find that because of the pervasiveness of
the harassment and sexual violen ce alleged, plaintiffs sufficie ntly pleaded knowledge on the part
of defendants that a hostile environment existed at each of the facilities. Plaintiffs raised numerous allegations of abuse atall of the correctional facili ties. These allegations included claims that some of the plaintiffs were repeatedly and continuo usly harassed and/or sexually assaulted by adult male prisoners. Some plaintiffs were harass ed and assaulted at multiple Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) facilities following transfers. According to plaintiffs’ complaint, some of the assaults/harassment occurred in front of MDOC staff members and/or were even facilitated at times by MDOC staff opening cel l doors to allow prisoners to commit the assaults. The complaint alleged that the assaults w ere committed in an open and obvious manner, and that there was medical evidence documenting some of the sexual assaults. All of this is in addition to the fact that the complaint alleg ed that some of the complained-of sexual assaults were perpetrated by MDOC staff members or that MDOC staff members threatened to help facilitate se xual assault against plaintiffs as punishment. These facts, taken in a light most favorable to plaintiffs, show wide-spread, pervasi ve sexual assaults at several
MDOC facilities.

Furthermore, regarding the harassment perpetrated by adult mal e prisoners, all of which was alleged to have occurred between the fall of 2010 and Decem ber 2013, plaintiffs alleged that the MDOC placed prisoners between the ages of 14 and 17 in adul t prisons and that it maintained a policy of placing 17-year-old p risoners in cells with adult p risoners. Plaintiffs also alleged that the MDOC failed to separate juvenile prisoners from adult priso ners in various programming, showers, yards, and eating areas . All of this, despite the fac t that the PREA, which was enacted in 2003, was expressly designed to prevent youthful inmates fro m being “placed in a housing unit in which the youthful inmat e will have sight, sound, or ph ysical contact with any adult inmate through use of a shared dayroom or other common space, s hower area, or sleeping quarters.” 28 CFR 115.14. Given the directives of the PREA an d the allegations that defendants took actions that were contrary t o those directives, combined w ith the pervasiveness of the alleged harassment, I find that plaintiffs sufficiently pleaded facts to establish that defendants had knowledge or should have had knowledge of a hostile environ ment in all 10 facilities at
issue. See Chambers , 463 Mich at 319; Sheridan , 247 Mich App at 621. Plaintiffs are not, as defendants contend, trying to hol d defendants “strictly liable” for the alleged sexual assaults. Rather, they are, as is demonstr ated by their numerous allegati ons, attempting to hold defendants liable for failing to remedy a hostile environment—an environme nt that defendants either knew about or should have known about—based on the facts alleged. D efendants were not entitled to summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). See Johnson , 491 Mich at 435.

IV. CONCLUSION

Because I am bound by existing precedent interpreting the PLRA , I concur with the majority in regard to the issue of whether dismissal was requir ed under MCL 600.5507(3), although dismissal would be withou t prejudice. In all other re spects, I respectfully dissent from the majority decision. I would affi rm the trial court’s declar ation that the 1999 amendment to the-25- ELCRA is unconstitutional; however , I would do so on the altern ate ground that the statutory amendment contravenes the clear and express directive given to the Legislature in Const 1963, art 1, § 2 to protect the civil rights of all persons. I would also find that the amendment is
unconstitutional because it fails the rational basis test. Fin ally, I would find that plaintiffs pleaded sufficient claims to survive a motion for summary dispo sition under MCR 2.116(C)(8).

/s/ Jane M. Beckering