1The NHSC program was created in 1976 to address a decline in the number of doctors

available to serve rural areas. United States v. Vanhorn 20 F.3d 104, 107 (4th Cir.1994); see

S.Rep. No. 92-1062, 92nd Cong., 2d Sess. (1972), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News at 4832. 

Through the program, scholarship recipients are provided with funds to cover tuition and

educational expenses in return for an agreement to serve for a period of time equivalent to the

greater of the number of years of support received or two years. 42 U.S.C. § 254l (f)(1)(B)(iv). 

All scholars in the program must sign written agreements obligating them to serve in an assigned

Health Manpower Shortage Area (HMSA) as either a commissioned officer of the Public Health

Service or in civilian service. 42 U.S.C. §§ 254e(a)(1), 254n, 254m. The terms of the agreement

between the scholar and the Government are specified by statute. 42 U.S.C. § 254l (f). Congress

has given the Secretary of Health and Human Services the authority both to designate HMSAs

and to assign scholarship recipients to those areas. 42 U.S.C. §§ 254e, 254m. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 96-30692.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Christopher A. BLOOM, Defendant-Appellant.

May 12, 1997.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Before POLITZ, WISDOM and KING, Circuit Judges.

WISDOM, Senior Circuit Judge:

Today we consider the applicability of the six-year statute of limitations contained in 28

U.S.C. § 2415(a) to cases involving default on scholarships awarded through the National Health

Services Corps. We also examine the district court's grant of summary judgment for the government,

and its consequent award of damages. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

In 1979, Christopher A. Bloom was awarded a scholarship through the National Health

Services Corps (NHSC) scholarship program to finance all four years of his medical school

education.1 Under the terms of the NHSC agreement signed by Bloom, he incurred a four-year

service obligation in return for the four years of financial assistance. The program provided Bloom

with an Applicant Information Bulletin which explained the service obligation under the NHSC
 

2

See 42 U.S.C. § 254m(b)(5)(A)(i). 

 

3A scholarship recipient may serve as a civilian employee of the Government, as a

commissioned officer in the Public Health Service, or serve in private practice, as Bloom did. 42

U.S.C. § 254m(b)(1)(A), (B); 42 U.S.C. § 254n. The Private Practice Option requires that the

scholar enter a written agreement for a period of service in a full-time clinical practice in the

HMSA selected by the Secretary. 42 U.S.C. § 254n(a). The obligation period and financial

penalty is the same whether one is in private practice or a Corps member. 42 U.S.C. § 254n. 

scholarship program and the penalties for default.

After Bloom completed medical school, his service obligation was deferred for three years

while he studied internal medicine.2 Bloom received an additional one year suspension because of

personal problems.

In 1986, Bloom chose to fulfill his service obligation as a salaried employee of the DesireFlorida Neighborhood Health Clinic (the Desire Clinic) under the Private Practice Option rather than

as a corps member at a location determined by the NHSC.3 In September, the NHSC conditionally

approved Bloom's placement at the Desire Clinic. Bloom then tendered his resignation effective in

November with Baptist Hospital Immediate Care Clinic. In December, final approval for the Desire

Clinic placement was granted and Bloom was advised that his tentative starting date was July 1987.

Bloom asserts that the NHSC made representations that he could begin immediately.

When Bloom reported to the Desire Clinic on November 1, 1986, he was told that the clinic

had not been funded and, therefore, would not be able to hire him at that time. Bloom was

unemployed until he obtained a position with the St. Bernard Clinic in January. In July, Bloom again

reported to the Desire Clinic. The clinic was experiencing financial difficulties and could offer only

part-time employment. As a result, Bloom resigned from the Desire Clinic on December 31, 1987.

FromDecember 1987 throughFebruary1989,Bloomcommunicated, through many telephone

calls and correspondence, with the NHSC regional office in Dallas and the NHSC central office

regarding the possibility of transferring to another approved site to complete his NHSC service

obligation. After receiving a letter from Bloom dated December 28, 1987, Douglas Mahy, Chief of

the Region VI NHSC branch, telephoned Bloom to discuss the transfer policy, a possible return to

placement in New Orleans, and a one-year deferment.
Bloom then requested a waiver of hisservice obligation. In response, Mahy wrote to Bloom

on July 21, 1988, advising him to plan to return to service in 1989, following a one-year break in

service, or to opt for a buy-out of his scholarship obligation. Mahy requested that Bloom respond

in writing by August 15, 1988, regarding his decision either to request a transfer to another service

site or to elect the buy-out option.

On August 30, 1988, after no response wasreceived, Mahy again wrote to Bloom requesting

that he respond by September 16, 1988. The letter further advised Bloom that if he did not respond

by that date the NHSC would make a recommendation to place him in default. Bloom responded

with a letter again requesting a waiver of his scholarship obligation. This was followed by a request

for a waiver written by Bloom's attorney. The waiver was denied because Bloom presented no

evidence that compliance with eitherthe service or payment obligationwasimpossible or would cause

extreme hardship. Bloom's attorney objected to the denial. The NHSC reiterated its denial and

offered Bloom another chance to be transferred to a site in Louisiana. Mahy telephoned and wrote

Bloom to inform him that a transfer from the Desire Clinic to the Bayou Comprehensive Medical

Center in Lake Charles had been approved. Bloom, through his attorney, responded that he did not

intend to accept the assignment.

Dr.John Dyer, Assistant Surgeon General and RegionalHealth Administrator for Region VI,

wrote Bloom to inform him that he was being recommended for default. He was placed in default

effective February 21, 1989.

The following year, Bloomsued the NHSC and other entitiesto prevent further collection on

the debt. That suit was dismissed for failure to prosecute.

In September 1990, an IRS offset notice wassent to Bloomnotifyinghimofthe Public Health

Service'sintent to have the IRS offset hisincome tax refund against his NHSC scholarship debt. The

letter incorrectly listed the amount past due as $27,200.70. Bloom telephoned Elvis Davis, Chief of

the Accounts Receivable Section of the Health Resources and Services Administration, to verify the

amount due. On that date, Davis responded in a letter with instructions for requesting a Repayment

Agreement and the deadline for requesting such an agreement. On that same day, Bloom wrote a
 

4When a party has mistakenly designated a defense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as a

defense, the court on terms, if justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there had been a

proper designation. Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(c). 

 

5Bloom does not appeal the dismissal of his counterclaim. 

letter confirming this conversation and requesting a "re-payment schedule." A written repayment

agreement was never executed or prepared.

Bloom then made voluntary payments totaling $15,500 toward his NHSC scholarship debt.

Bloom twice submitted checks designated "final payment," but these checks were not cashed. In

addition, Bloom's 1990 federal income tax refund of $2,868.56 was offset and credited toward his

scholarship debt. The Public Health Service calculated his total remaining debt to be $480,191.59.

The United States, for the Department of Health and Human Services, sued Bloom on May

11, 1995 to recover statutory damages due to his default on his NHSC scholarship obligation. The

suit sought a principal amount of $152,579.47, plus interest of $345,410.79. On August 18, 1995,

Bloom filed a motion to dismiss based upon the statute of limitations. The district court agreed with

the United States that the complaint was timely filed and denied the motion to dismiss.

Bloomdid not file an answer, but instead filed a counterclaimsetting forth numerous defenses

and seeking $1.5 million in damages on February 7, 1996.4 On March 4, 1996, the Government filed

a motion for summary judgment, dismissal of the counterclaim, and statutory damages.

On April 26, 1996, Blo om filed a motion to continue the trial on the grounds that he had

recently substituted counsel and he had conducted no discovery. The district court denied the

continuance, but extended the discovery cutoff and the pretrial conference to May 16, 1996.

On May 3, 1996, the district court granted the government's motion for summary judgment.

Bloom timely appealed.5

ANALYSIS

A. Statute of Limitations

 Bloom argues that the government's action against him was time barred under 28 U.S.C. §

2415(a). That section provides, in relevant part, that "every action for money damages brought by

the United States or an officer or agency thereof which is founded upon any contract express or
 

6The parties agreed that § 2415 applied to the NHSC agreement. This court, however, has

never decided the issue directly. 

 

7

35 F.3d 418 (9th Cir.1994). 

 

8

See 42 U.S.C. § 254l. 

 

9

I.N.S. v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 432, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 1213, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987)

(stating that the ordinary and obvious meaning of a statute is not lightly disturbed). 

implied in law or fact, shall be barred unless the complaint is filed within six years after the right of

action accrues...." The parties contest the t imeliness of the complaint based upon their differing

positions regarding when the right of action accrued. Before we reach that issue, however, we must

consider whether the statute of limitations of § 2415(a) applies to NHSC agreements.6 In United

States v. Westerband-Garcia, the NinthCircuit answered this question in the affirmative.7 We agree.

Section 2415(a), by its language, applies to actions by the United States founded upon any

contract. The question arises, then, whether the NHSC agreement is a contract. Upon review of the

statute, we find that the agreement is a contract for the purpose of § 2415(a).

Throughout the statute, Congress describes the agreement between the scholarship recipient

and the government as a "contract".8 This language is strongly presumed to reflect the intent of

Congress.9 Further, the document signed by the recipient is labeled a "contract". Indeed, the NHSC

agreement appears in every way to be in the nature of a contract. We find, therefore, no reason to

hold other than that the NHSC agreement, by its own terms and by the terms of the statute that

provides for its creation, is a contract.

We are mindfulof our holding in United States v. Melendez, 944 F.2d 216 (5thCir.1991)that

common law contract principles are not entirely relevant in interpreting the terms of an NHSC

agreement. Our holding in that case was based upon our observation that the conditions imposed

upon an NHSC scholarship recipient derive not froma negotiated agreement between the parties, but

rather from statutory directives. As such, we held that statutory intent is more relevant to

interpretation of these conditions than are common law contract principles. Nonetheless, that the

parties do not bargain to determine the terms of the agreement, but rather must take the terms as set

forth in 42 U.S.C. § 254l, does not mean that the agreement is not a contract. Rather, the lack of
 

10Melendez, 944 F.2d at 219, citing United States v. Hatcher, 922 F.2d 1402, 1407-07 (9th

Cir.1991). 

 

11Westerband-Garcia, 35 F.3d at 422. 

 

12United States v. Arron, 954 F.2d 249, 251 (5th Cir.1992). 

bargaining has the effect of rendering certain common law contract principles, such as impossibility,

unconscionability, or economic duress, inapplicable in NHSC default cases.10 The statute, however,

does not of its own force subject the parties to conditions contained in § 254l. Not until the

agreement issigned do the parties assume any responsibilities. Hence, our holding in Melendez does

not affect our conclusion that the NHSC agreement is a contract.

Having determined that § 2415(a) appliesto NHSC default cases, we must now decide when

the right of action accrued in this case. Bloom asserts that the right of action accrued on the effective

date of default or, at the latest, when he was placed in default. In either case, he contends, the action

was barred. The government again urges us to follow Westerband-Garcia, where the Ninth Circuit

held that the right of action accrues upon expiration ofthe statutory grace period when the recipient's

debt becomes due in full.11 Unlike the instant case, however, in Westerband-Garcia the debtor had

not made any partial payments toward his debt. That particular fact in the present case obviates the

need for our consideration of when the right of action accrues absent such payments.

The statute itself, in § 2415(a), states that "in the event of later partial payment or written

acknowledgment of the debt, the right of action shall be deemed to accrue again at the time of each

such payment or acknowledgment." The defendant made voluntary payments toward his debt on

January 25, 1991 and on April 19, 1991. The right of action accrued again, under the statute, on each

of these dates. Hence, the government had until April 19, 1997 to file its complaint. The complaint

filed on May 11, 1995 was timely.

B. Summary Judgment

 Bloom next argues that the district court erred in granting the government's motion for

summary judgment. The district court's grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo, applying

the same standard used by the district court.12 Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings,
 

13FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c). 

 

14Arron, 945 F.2d at 251. 

 

15Id. 

 

16Id. 

 

17Bloom also argues that discovery was inadequate for a summary judgment. This argument is

without merit. The summary judgment rule does not require that any discovery take place before

summary judgment can be granted. Washington v. Allstate Ins. Co., 901 F.2d 1281, 1285 (5th

Cir.1990). If a party cannot adequately defend such motion, Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f) provides for a

continuance for further discovery. Id. Further, the party moving for continuance of discovery

before ruling on motion for summary judgment must request extension prior to the court's ruling,

place the court on notice that further discovery pertaining to summary judgment is being sought,

and demonstrate how the requested discovery pertains to the pending motion. Exxon Corp. v.

Crosby-Mississippi Resources, Ltd., 40 F.3d 1474, 1487 (5th Cir.1995). Bloom made no such

motion, nor does he argue that the denial of his April 25, 1996, motion to continue was

erroneous. 

 

18Heckler v. Community Health Services of Crawford County, Inc., 467 U.S. 51, 60-63, 104

S.Ct. 2218, 2224-25, 81 L.Ed.2d 42 (1984); United States v. Marine Shale Processors, 81 F.3d

1329, 1349 (5th Cir.1996). 

 

19Heckler, 467 U.S. at 60, 104 S.Ct. at 2224; Moody v. United States, 783 F.2d 1244, 1246

(5th Cir.1986). 

depositions, answersto interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits,show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law."13 In viewing the summary judgment record, any factual inferences are drawn in

favor of the nonmovant.14 To reverse summary judgment, the appellant "must show that a genuine

fact issue exists that is material to the outcome of the dispute."15 "A fact is material if it might affect

the outcome of the suit under the governing substantive law."16

Bloommaintainsthat genuine fact issues existed concerning whether the government should

be estopped from enforcing the contract and whether the government compromised the debt by

accord and satisfaction. We address each of these in turn.17

1. Estoppel

 Equitable estoppel is a doctrine that is rarely valid against the government.18 Courts have

applied estoppel to the federal government in only the narrowest of circumstances.19 To establish

estoppel against the government, a party must prove affirmative misconduct by the government and
 

20Moody, 783 F.2d at 1246. 

 

21REW Enters., Inc. v. Premier Bank, 49 F.3d 163, 169 (5th Cir.1995). 

also establish the four traditional elements of the doctrine. The four elements of estoppel are: (1)

that the party to be estopped was aware of the facts, and (2) intended his act or omission to be acted

upon; (3) that the party asserting estoppel did not have knowledge of the facts, and (4) reasonably

relied on the conduct of the other to his substantial injury.20

Bloom bases his estoppel argument, in part, on the NHSC's failure to conduct what he terms

a "site analysis" of the Desire Clinic. Bloom produced no evidence, however, establishing that the

NHSC had a duty to conduct a "site analysis". He cites no statute, regulation, or case placing such

a duty upon the NHSC. No legal requirement exists compelling the NHSC to conduct a "site

analysis" before assigning a scholar to a site or approving a scholar's match to a site. The term "site

analysis" does not appear anywhere in the statute, regulations, or scholarship contract. The NHSC

Private Practice Option agreement outlines the obligations of the NHSC and there is no reference to

a "site analysis study."

As another basis for his estoppel claim, Bloom alleges that the NHSC failed to ascertain the

financial viability ofthe Desire Clinic, that the NHSC misrepresented to Dr. Bloom that Desire Clinic

was a match site at which he could discharge his contractual obligation to the government, and that

these actions constitute recklessness and affirmative misconduct on the part of the NHSC.

As in his "site analysis" argument, however, Bloom produced no evidence of an obligation

on the part of the NHSC to determine the financial viability of a match site. Under the terms of the

NHSC agreement, the Secretary has no such obligation.

Finally and fatally, Bloom does not show any affirmative misconduct on the part of the

government as required by the Supreme Court in Heckler. Bloom's assertions of inaction do not

qualify as misconduct.21 Considering the strict standards observed in the application of estoppel

against the government, this failure by Bloom to even discuss any affirmative misconduct further

eviscerates his estoppel argument. Accordingly, we find that summary judgment was proper as to

Bloom's estoppel claim.
 

22Fischbach and Moore, Inc. v. Cajun Electric Power Cooperative, 799 F.2d 194, 197 (5th

Cir.1986). 

 

23Id. at 198. 

 

24Id. 

 

2531 U.S.C. § 3711(a)(2). 

2. Accord and Satisfaction

Bloom maintains that his voluntary payments to the NHSC were for accord and satisfaction

and that fact issues existed sufficient to preclude summary judgment. Under Louisiana law, an accord

and satisfaction is a contract terminating a dispute between parties over obligations claimed due under

a previous contract.22 The three elements essential to the confection of a valid accord and satisfaction

are: (1) a disputed claim, (2) the debtor's tendering of a sum less than that claimed by the creditor,

and (3) the creditor's acceptance of the payment.23 This court has further observed that mutual

consent is "an abso lute requisite to the formation of a contract of accord and satisfaction."24 It is

clear from the evidence that while Bloom tendered two checks labeled "payment in full," they were

not accepted by the Government. Bloom has not shown acceptance by the government and thus has

not fulfilled all of the elements required to prove accord and satisfaction.

In addition, Congress requires the approval of the Attorney General to compromise a debt

over $100,000.25 Bloom has not suggested or produced even a shred of evidence that the agreement

was approved bythe AttorneyGeneral asrequired. As such, summary judgment for the United States

was proper as to the defendant's claim that the government compromised the debt.

C. Damages

Bloom argues that the district court's award of damages was erroneous. This assertion,

however, is based wholly upon Bloom's insistence that the debt was compromised by accord and

satisfaction. Having determined that no accord and satisfaction was entered into by the parties in this

case, Bloom's argument necessarily fails.

CONCLUSION

We hold, in summary, that the six-yearstatute oflimitations contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2415(a)
does apply to NHSC scholarship default cases. We conclude, however, that the government's

complaint wastimelyfiled. We further hold that the grant of summary judgment for the United States

was proper and that the damages award was not erroneous.

AFFIRMED.