FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

MARCH 13, 2012

JOHN LEY

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 11-15052 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 1:06-cv-00142-WLS

JAMES STANLEY BRANSCOMB, 

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, 

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendant-Appellee.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Middle District of Georgia

 ________________________

(March 13, 2012)

Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, MARCUS, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
Appellant James Stanley Branscomb, proceeding pro se, appeals the district

court’s grant of the Navy’s motion for summary judgment as to his complaint

alleging disability discrimination and retaliation, in violation of the Americans

with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C § 12101, et seq.; the Rehabilitation Act

of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 701, et seq.; and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

(“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1)-(2). Specifically, Branscomb argues that

the district court erred in granting the Navy’s motion for summary judgment as to

(1) his disability discrimination claims brought under the ADA and the

Rehabilitation Act, (2) his claims of retaliation, in violation of the Rehabilitation

Act, and (3) his claims brought pursuant to Title VII. Additionally, Branscomb

argues that the district court erred in allowing the Navy to recover its litigation

costs. 

I.

We review de novo a grant of summary judgment. Holloman v. Mail-Well

Corp., 443 F.3d 832, 836 (11th Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is appropriate

when the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,

presents no genuine issue of fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); Holloman, 443 F.3d at 836-37. The moving

party bears the initial burden of production. Shiver v. Chertoff, 549 F.3d 1342,

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1343 (11th Cir. 2008). If this burden is met, the nonmoving party must respond

with evidence showing that a reasonable jury could find in its favor. Id. While

agency determinations generally may be significant evidence, they are not binding

on the district court, which must review de novo the employee’s claims. Moore v.

Devine, 767 F.2d 1541, 1550–51 (11th Cir. 1985); see also Ellis v. England, 432

F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir. 2005) (noting a federal employee’s entitlement to de

novo review of his claims).

Both the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and the Rehabilitation

Act prohibit employers from discriminating against disabled persons. See 42

U.S.C. § 12112(a); 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). Discrimination claims brought under these

acts are governed by the same standards. 29 U.S.C. § 794(d); Cash v. Smith, 231

F.3d 1301, 1305 (11th Cir. 2000). Under both acts, a plaintiff makes a prima facie

case of disability discrimination by showing that he (1) is disabled, (2) is a

qualified individual, and (3) was subjected to unlawful discrimination because of

his disability. Cleveland v. Home Shopping Network, Inc., 369 F.3d 1189, 1193

(11th Cir. 2004). 

Under the first prong, a person is “disabled” only if he suffers from a

physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major

life activities. 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A); 29 U.S.C. § 705(9)(B) (here incorporating

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the ADA’s definition); Chanda v. Engelhard/ICC, 234 F.3d 1219, 1221 (11th Cir.

2000). Major life activities are “functions such as caring for oneself, performing

manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, and

working.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(i); Chanda, 234 F.3d at 1222. 

An impairment “substantially limits” such an activity only if it renders the

individual unable to perform “a major life activity that the average person in the

general population can perform” or significantly restricts the “condition, manner

or duration under which an individual can perform a particular major life activity

as compared to the condition, manner, or duration under which the average person

in the general population can perform that same major life activity.” Chanda, 234

F.3d at 1222 (internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, the regulations

discuss (1) the nature and severity of the impairment; (2) the duration or expected

duration of the impairment; and (3) the expected permanent or long-term impact. 

29 C.F.R. §§ 1630.2(j)(1)(i), (ii). A “diminished activity tolerance for normal daily

activities such as lifting, running and performing manual tasks” does not satisfy

this requirement. Chanda, 234 F.3d at 1222.

When a plaintiff claims that he is substantially limited in the major life

activity of working, his condition must significantly restrict his ability to perform

“either a class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes as compared to

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the average person having comparable training, skills and abilities.” 29 C.F.R. §

1630.2(j)(3)(I); Pritchard v. S. Co. Serv., 92 F.3d 1130, 1133 (11th Cir. 1996). 

“An impairment does not substantially limit the ability to work merely because it

prevents a person from performing either a particular specialized job or a narrow

range of jobs. Nor does the inability to perform a single, particular job . . .

constitute a substantial limitation in the major life activity of working.” Pritchard,

92 F.3d at 1133 (internal quotation marks omitted). For example, we have held

that both the occupations of an airplane pilot and a police officer are too narrow a

range of jobs to constitute a “class of jobs” for the purposes of establishing a

disability under the ADA. See Witter v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 138 F.3d 1366,

1369–70 (11th Cir. 1998) (airline pilot); Rossbach v. City of Miami, 371 F.3d

1354, 1361-62 (11th Cir. 2004) (police officer). 

EEOC regulations list several factors that a court may consider in

determining if a plaintiff is substantially limited in his ability to work, including:

the geographical area to which the plaintiff has reasonable access; the job from

which the individual has been disqualified because of impairment; and the number

and types of jobs using and not using similar training, knowledge, skills, or

abilities, within the geographic area. Mullins v. Crowell, 228 F.3d 1305, 1314

(11th Cir. 2000). A plaintiff is not required, however, to present expert evidence

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regarding the number of jobs available or unavailable in the relevant geographic

area but may sufficiently demonstrate the limitation on his ability to work with

testimony regarding his or her own job search. Id. at 1314 n.18. 

Under the second prong, a “qualified individual” is an individual who, with

or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the

employment position at issue. 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). The plaintiff, in other words,

“must show either that he can perform the essential functions of his job without

accommodation, or, failing that, show that he can perform the essential functions

of his job with a reasonable accommodation.” Davis v. Fla. Power & Light Co.,

205 F.3d 1301, 1305 (11th Cir. 2000). Thus, if the plaintiff is unable to perform

an essential function of his job, even with an accommodation, “he is, by definition,

not a ‘qualified individual’ and, therefore, not covered under the ADA.” Id.

Additionally, a plaintiff cannot maintain a claim of disability discrimination

based on his employer’s failure to provide a reasonable accommodation unless he

specifically demanded such an accommodation. Gaston v. Bellingrath Gardens &

Home, Inc., 167 F.3d 1361, 1363 (11th Cir. 1999). A reasonable accommodation

may include reassignment to a vacant position. 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B); Lucas v.

W.W. Grainger, Inc., 257 F.3d 1249, 1256 (11th Cir. 2001). However, even if a

disabled employee is qualified for and capable of performing another existing

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position, the employer is not required to reassign the employee if there is no

vacancy. Id. at 1257.

Here, we conclude from the record that the district court did not err in

granting the Navy’s motion for summary judgment because Branscomb did not

make a prima facie showing of disability discrimination. Branscomb was not

“disabled” under the statutes. The Navy offered evidence that Branscomb’s

restrictions would not prevent him from working, even as a welder. Branscomb

offered no contrary evidence, beyond generally pointing to his medical records,

and nothing indicates that his injuries were so egregious that he could not grip

tools or perform repetitive work below shoulder-level.

Additionally, we conclude that Branscomb was not a “qualified individual”

under the statutes. Branscomb conceded that, due to his physical limitations, he

would be unable to obtain the necessary certifications or perform the duties of his

former welding position even with reasonable accommodations. 

Finally, for the sake of discussion, Branscomb has failed to show that the

Navy violated its statutory duty to provide him with reasonable accommodations.

He now argues that the Navy should have reassigned him to a vacant position, but

he did not show that he applied for or expressed interest in any such position. The

day of his termination, he did suggest reassignment to a position as a security

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guard, but he did not offer evidence that he was qualified for this position, was

physically capable of performing this position, or that it was vacant.

II. 

An employer may not retaliate against an employee for opposing any

employment practice made unlawful by the ADA. 42 U.S.C. § 12203(a);

Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and Sch. v. E.E.O.C, ___ U.S. ___,

132 S. Ct. 694, 701 (2012). To avoid summary judgment on a retaliation claim,

the plaintiff must show (1) that he engaged in a protected activity, (2) that he

suffered an adverse employment action, and (3) that the protected activity was

causally connected to the adverse employment action. Garrett v. Univ. of Ala. at

Birmingham Bd. of Tr., 507 F.3d 1306, 1315-16 (11th Cir. 2007). To recover for

retaliation, “the plaintiff need not prove the underlying claim of discrimination

which led to h[is] protest, so long as []he had a reasonable good faith belief that

the discrimination existed.” Meeks v. Computer Assoc. Int’l, 15 F.3d 1013, 1021

(11th Cir. 1994) (discussing a retaliation claim brought under Title VII) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Once a prima facie case has been established, the

employer has the burden of articulating a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for

the challenged employment decision. Farley v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 197

F.3d 1322, 1336 (11th Cir. 1999). The plaintiff then must show that the

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employer’s proffered nondiscriminatory reason is “a pretextual ruse designed to

mask retaliation.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Here, we conclude that the district court erred in granting the Navy’s motion

for summary judgment as to Branscomb’s claim of retaliation, in violation of the

ADA and the Rehabilitation Act, because it failed to address this claim. Instead,

without mentioning Branscomb’s separate allegations of retaliation, the court

granted summary judgment as to Branscomb’s claims of disability discrimination

because he was not a “disabled person” or a “qualified individual.” This

determination was not dispositive of Branscomb’s retaliation claim, which

required only a reasonable belief that the Navy had violated the statutes. 

Accordingly, we must vacate the grant of summary judgment as to the retaliation

claim and remand it to the district court to address the claim in the first instance.

III. 

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”) prohibits

discrimination based on an individual’s “race, color, religion, sex, or national

origin” in federal employment practices. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(a). Absent

discrimination based on one of these enumerated characteristics, unfair treatment

cannot be an unlawful employment practice under Title VII. Coutu v. Martin

Cnty. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’r, 47 F.3d 1068, 1074 (11th Cir. 1995). 

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Further, an employer may not discriminate against an employee for

opposing any practice made unlawful under Title VII. 42 U.S.C § 2000e-3(a); see

also 29 C.F.R. § 1614.101(b) (“No person shall be subject to retaliation for

opposing any practice made unlawful by [T]itle VII of the Civil Rights Act”). In

establishing a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII, as under the ADA, a

plaintiff must first show that he engaged in a statutorily protected activity.

Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator Co., Inc., 513 F.3d 1261, 1277 (11th Cir. 2008). 

A plaintiff engages in a “statutorily protected activity” only by opposing an

unfair employment practice that is at least facially actionable under Title VII. See

Coutu, 47 F.3d at 1074. In this respect, a plaintiff must show that he had a good

faith, reasonable belief that the employer was engaged in unlawful employment

practices. Howard v. Walgreen Co., 605 F.3d 1239, 1244 (11th Cir. 2010),

petition for cert. filed, 80 U.S.L.W. 3378 (U.S. Dec. 9, 2011) (No. 11-780). The

plaintiff need not prove that the conduct he opposed was actually unlawful, but the

court must measure the reasonableness of plaintiff’s belief that his employer

engaged in an unlawful employment practice against existing substantive law. Id.

Here, we conclude from the record that the district court did not err in

granting the Navy’s motion for summary judgment as to Brancomb’s claims under

Title VII. Branscomb alleged employment discrimination based only on his

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purported disability, which is not a characteristic enumerated in Title VII. Further,

based on this substantive law, Branscomb could not have reasonably believe that

the Navy engaged in any employment practice made unlawful by Title VII and,

accordingly, his opposition was not a statutorily protected activity.

IV. 

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1), costs should be allowed to

the prevailing party, unless “a federal statute, these rules, or a court order provides

otherwise.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d)(1). Pursuant to this rule, the prevailing party may

submit a bill of costs to be taxed by the court against the nonprevailing party. Id.;

see Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1039 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).

Ordinarily, the entry of judgment may not be delayed in order to tax costs. Fed. R.

Civ. P. 58(e). A motion for costs does not amend or otherwise compromise the

finality of the judgment, because it “does not seek reconsideration of substantive

issues resolved in the judgment, but relates exclusively to the collateral question

of what is due because of the judgment.” Lucas v. Fla. Power and Light Co., 729

F.2d 1300, 1301 (11th Cir. 1984). 

Here, this issue is not ripe for review because the district court’s judgment

did not actually assess any costs against Branscomb, but instead merely invited the

Navy to seek recovery. At the time of Branscomb’s appeal, the Navy had not filed

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a bill of costs and, accordingly, the court had not taxed any costs against him.

Further, as any future award of costs would not amend the instant judgment,

Branscomb would be required to separately appeal from this award. Accordingly,

we dismiss this part of Branscomb’s appeal. 

For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment in

part, dismiss in part, and vacate and remand in part.

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AFFIRMED IN PART, DISMISSED IN PART, VACATED AND

REMANDED IN PART. 

We also DENY Branscomb’s motion to strike the Navy’s appellate brief as untimely.

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