IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

October 10, 2002 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE EX REL. MARY E. CLARK

v. VERNON A. WILSON

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County

No. 95D-2682 Carol L. Soloman, Judge

No. M2001-01626-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 23, 2002

The State of Tennessee, ex rel. Mary E. Clark appeals the final order of the trial court awarding

retroactive child support from the date DNA test results established the appellee as the father of the

child in question, instead of from the date of the parties’ separation by divorce decree entered almost

six years earlier. We find that the trial court incorrectly ordered retroactive child support from a date

other than the date of the parties’ separation and failed to make the required written findings to

support a deviation from the guideline amount in its award of retroactive child support. Therefore,

we vacate the trial court’s decision and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Tenn R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court

Vacated and Remanded

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM B. CAIN, J., and

JOHN A. TURNBULL, SP. J., joined.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Stuart F. Wilson-Patton, Senior Counsel; Pamela

Finch, for the appellant, Mary E. Clark.

Mark Walker, Goodlettsville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Vernon A. Wilson.

OPINION

I. Facts

Mary E. Clark and Vernon A. Wilson were married on April 1, 1993, when Ms. Clark was

eight months pregnant. On May 16, 1993, slightly over one month into the marriage, the child was

born. Before their marriage the parties had dated for approximately ten months to one year.

However, Ms. Clark admitted to having had intercourse with another man during the period of

conception. Ms. Clark testified she told Mr. Wilson he could be the father of her child. Mr. Wilson

was listed as the child’s father on her birth certificate. Ms. Clark also testified she always told Mr.
1Mr. Wilson’s brief states that the amount of child support in the Order was for $229.00 per month, but

according to the record the amount Mr. Wilson was ordered to pay was $290.00 per month. The order explained that

Mr. Wilson would pay $66.92 plus the $3.35 fee per week for a total of $70.27 per week.

2

The trial court ordered Mr. Wilson to pay $870.00 as back child support from the date of the DNA test results.

According to the Statement of the Evidence, the amount of child support that would have accrued from the date of the

divorce until the date support was first set, based upon Mr. Wilson’s income during that time, was $16,787.00.

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Wilson he was the child’s father, but also testified that he always denied he was the father. Ms.

Clark and Mr. Wilson were divorced by decree entered on November 7, 1995. No child support was

set in the divorce decree or subsequent to the divorce because Ms. Clark stated in documents to the

court that there were no children born of the marriage. Mr. Wilson did not challenge or correct Ms.

Clark’s representations to the court that there were no children of the marriage.

Four and a half years after the divorce, a Petition to Modify the divorce decree was filed,

alleging that Mr. Wilson was the father of the child, and, thus, was responsible for child support

retroactive to the final divorce decree. Mr. Wilson disputed paternity of the child and filed a Motion

for DNA testing to Determine Parentage. An Agreed Order for DNA Testing to Determine

Parentage was entered. DNA test results received on September 18, 2000, confirmed Mr. Wilson

as the father of Ms. Clark’s child. An Agreed Order of Support was entered on January 10, 2001,

ordering Mr. Wilson to pay child support in the amount of $290.001 per month in accordance with

the Tennessee Child Support Guidelines commencing December 22, 2000. The Agreed Order

reserved the matter of retroactive child support to a hearing set for February 8, 2001. By order

entered on June 19, 2001, the Trial Judge awarded retroactive child support from the date of the

results of the DNA test, September 18, 2000.2

 The trial court found that Ms. Clark was not a

credible witness, and that it would be inequitable to require Mr. Wilson to pay support before the

time he had reason to believe the child was his. The State of Tennessee, ex rel. Mary E. Clark

appealed.

II. Child Support

It is well settled under Tennessee law that every parent is obligated to support his or her

children during their minority. Tenn. Code Ann. § 34-1-102; State ex rel. Vaughn v. Kaatrude, 21

S.W.3d 244, 247 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). This obligation to provide support exists without a court

order. The obligations of parents to support, care for, and nurture their children are joint, and the

extent of their duty to support depends on their ability to provide that support. State ex rel. Grant

v. Prograis, 979 S.W.2d 594, 600-01 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997).

The parent’s obligation to support, as well as the child’s concomitant right to support, exist

whether the parents are married, divorced, or have never been married. When married parents

divorce, the court is authorized to provide for support of the minor children. Tenn. Code Ann. §§

36-5-101(a)(1) and (a)(2)(A). When paternity of a child born out of wedlock is established, the

father is required to provide support, as set by the court, for the child’s benefit. Tenn. Code Ann.
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§ 36-2-311; Berryhill v. Rhodes, 21 S.W.3d 188, 190 (Tenn. 2000). The legal duty of support exists

in all cases. Id. 21 S.W.3d at 191 (citing Smith v. Puett, 506 F. Supp. 134, 142 (M.D. Tenn. 1980)).

The trial court based its determination on its finding that the father “had reason to believe he

was not the father” and, therefore, requiring support for the time before his paternity was

conclusively established would be inequitable. This reasoning is in error for two reasons: (1) a

biological father’s belief as to the paternity of the child, even the biological father’s lack of

knowledge of the existence of the child, cannot act to automatically deprive a child of support; and

(2) the parties were married when the child was born, making Mr. Wilson the child’s presumptive

father unless or until that presumption was rebutted. We note the presumption herein was not

rebutted but, instead, was confirmed by scientific testing. Thus, Mr. Wilson has always been the

child’s legal as well as biological father and has had a continuing obligation to provide support.

III. Support for Children Born Out of Wedlock

The fact situation where a putative father is unsure of the paternity or unaware of existence

of a child more commonly arises when the parents have never been married to each other. In that

situation, the law does not presume fatherhood. However, statutory procedures exist for

acknowledging and establishing paternity. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-305. As our Supreme Court has

explained:

Our paternity and child support statutes and the Child Support Guidelines evince a

policy that children should be supported by their fathers. The paternity statutes

provide a process by which the putative father can be identified. Once identified, the

father is required to furnish support and education for the child. The paternity

statutes incorporate both the child support provisions pertaining to divorce decrees

as well as the Child Support Guidelines.

Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 190-91 (citations omitted).

Once paternity is established, the courts are to set prospective child support as well as

retroactive support. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-311(a)(11); Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 192; Kaatrude, 21

S.W.3d at 248. In that situation, a father’s responsibility for support for a child of his born out of

wedlock arises at the date of the child’s birth. State ex rel. Coleman v. Clay, 805 S.W.2d 752, 755

(Tenn. 1991).

In Coleman, the Supreme Court interpreted the then-existing paternity statutes to authorize

a retroactive award for support in conjunction with an order of paternity but also to give the courts

broad discretion to determine the amount of such a retroactive award. The court further stated:

What the juvenile judge lacks is discretion to limit the father’s liability for child

support in an arbitrary fashion that is not consistent with the provisions in [the

paternity statutes]. For example, nothing in those sections can be interpreted to
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restrict the father’s liability to the date when he knows for certain that the child in

question is his. Such a limitation not only amounts to judicial legislation, but also

encourages the putative father to avoid legitimately instituted court proceedings and

to delay testing . . . in the hope of minimizing the ultimate support award.

Coleman, 805 S.W.2d at 755.

In Coleman, paternity proceedings were not instituted until the child was fourteen years old.

Although the father initially denied paternity, he occasionally visited the child. Blood tests

confirmed that the defendant was the child’s father. The trial court entered a paternity decree and

set prospective support. The court also awarded retroactive support only back to the date when

blood test results were available which established the defendant was actually the child’s father. Id.

805 S.W.2d at 754. The Supreme Court found that “upon determination of paternity, the father of

a child born out of wedlock is statutorily liable for support from and after the child’s birth.” Id. 805

S.W.2d at 755. The court explicitly rejected the trial court’s implicit holding that the father’s

liability is retroactive only to the date on which he knows for certain that he is the child’s father.

Coleman was decided in 1991, and the General Assembly made subsequent changes in the

statutory procedures regarding the establishment of paternity other than by adoption. SeeTenn.Code

Ann. §§ 36-2-301 to -322. However, these changes did not affect the substance of the provisions

relied upon in Coleman. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-311; Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 190-92.

Thus, the obligation to support a child exists from the child’s birth, and upon entry of an

order establishing paternity, the father is liable for support back to that date. Coleman, 805 S.W.2d

at 754-55.

A father’s beliefs concerning his responsibility for a child are irrelevant in cases of

this sort. It is neither uncommon nor unexpected for a father to be disinclined to

support a child he believes is not his. However, once paternity is established, the

obligation to provide support exists notwithstanding the father’s belief that the child

is not his or the fact that, either by choice or circumstance, he has not been a part of

the child’s life.

Kaatrude, 21 S.W.3d at 248.

IV. Support for Children Born During Marriage

Under Tennessee law, a man is presumed to be the father of a child, when, as in this case,

“the man and the child’s mother are married or have been married to each other and the child is born

during the marriage or within three hundred (300) days after the marriage is terminated by death,

annulment, declaration of invalidity, or divorce. . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-304(a)(1). This

presumption may be rebutted “in an appropriate action,” Tenn Code Ann. § 36-2-304(b)(1), by a

preponderance of the evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-304(b)(3).
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In the situation of married parents, the amount of child support is to be set at the time of

divorce. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(a)(1). Courts are authorized to provide for the future support

of children by fixing a definite amount to be paid in regular installments or otherwise, as

circumstances may warrant. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(a)(2)(A). Further, courts must apply the

child support guidelines developed by the Department of Human Services in determining the amount

of such support. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1)(A). The guidelines require a noncustodial

parent to pay support which is “a flat percentage of the obligor’s net income,” Tenn. Comp. R. &

Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.03(2), depending on the number of children to be supported. The amount

dictated by the guidelines is to be applied as a rebuttable presumption of the correct amount of

support. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1)(A). 

Child support is established prospectively at the time of divorce. In that situation, however,

an initial order of support must include an amount due for monthly support from the date of the

parties’ separation. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.04(1)(e).

Obviously, a court can enter an appropriate order for support upon divorce of the child’s

parents only if the court is aware that a minor child is involved. Divorcing parents cannot deprive

a child of support by agreeing that the husband is not the father of the child and agreeing to relieve

that party from any support obligation. Witt v. Witt, 929 S.W.2d 360, 363 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996).

Further, 

a child or children born to a marriage cannot be rendered illegitimate, directly or

indirectly, in any divorce action or other proceeding unless the child and or children

are made parties to the action, afforded the protection of a guardian ad litem, and

counsel, if necessary.

Id.

In Witt, the parents signed a marital dissolution agreement stipulating that a child was born

during the marriage but that the husband was not the father of the child and that the wife was not

living with the husband when the child was conceived. A divorce was granted on the grounds of

irreconcilable differences, and the decree approved the marital dissolution agreement. Almost two

years later the State, which had been providing AFDC benefits to the mother, sought to impose child

support obligations on the former husband and to establish paternity. Blood testing revealed that the

former husband was the child’s biological father.
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In 2000, the legislature adopted a similar result by providing:

No provision, finding of fact or conclusion of law in a final decree of divorce or annulment or other

declaration of invalidity of a marriage which provides that the husband is not the father of a child born

to the wife during the marriage or within three hundred (300) days of the entry of the final decree, or

which names another person as the father of such child shall be given preclusive effect unless scientific

tests to determine parentage are first performed and the results of the test which exclude the husband

from parentage of the child or children or which establish paternity in another person are admitted into

evidence. . . . 

2000 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch. 922 § 9, now codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(t). See also 2000 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch.

922 § 4, now codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-2-304(b)(4).

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This court upheld the trial court’s judgment setting aside, pursuant to Tenn. R. Civ. P. 60,

that portion of the divorce decree dealing with paternity and child support because those provisions

were void as against public policy. Id. 929 S.W.2d at 362.3

The parties herein did not enter into the same agreement in their marital dissolution

agreement as the parties in Witt. However, the effect was the same: the child born during the

marriage was deprived of support by his or her legal and biological father. This was accomplished

without the protections guaranteed in Witt or in the statute quoted above because of omissions in the

divorce papers.

The record herein includes the complaint for divorce, citing grounds of irreconcilable

differences, filed by the wife, now Ms. Clark. The form complaint includes a space for the

complainant to identify “minor children born of this marriage and their dates of birth.” The word

“None” is entered in that space. Although Mr. Wilson did not sign the complaint, he did sign the

marital dissolution agreement which was filed with the court and which did not mention the child.

A divorce on the ground of irreconcilable differences requires that the parties make an

agreement regarding support of minor children and that the court find such agreement reasonable,

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-103(b), reaffirming the legislature’s intent that children born during a

marriage be provided support upon divorce. Because the divorce decree herein did not address the

issue of support, there is no provision which must be set aside. However, because the decree did not

make provision for support of the child, it should be modified to reflect custody and support

decisions related to the child.

The trial court herein found Ms. Clark was not a credible witness because in her divorce

complaint she did not list any children born to the marriage. This finding led the trial court to

discount Ms. Clark’s testimony that she told Mr. Wilson he was the father. Because the child was

born during the marriage, the husband’s belief as to the paternity of the child was not relevant.

Consequently, the credibility determination has no effect on the legal issues to be decided. Further,

while Ms. Clark failed to disclose, or intentionally made an inaccurate statement, Mr. Wilson did

not correct the error. In any event, neither one parent, nor both parents by agreement, can deprive

a child of support. Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 191-92; Witt, 929 S.W.2d at 363.
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Had the complaint or marital dissolution agreement disclosed to the court that a child was

born during the marriage, the court could have taken appropriate action to determine the parentage

and to protect the child’s right to support. Regardless of which parent may bear more responsibility

for the omission, it is the child whose interests are paramount.

Because the child was born during the marriage, Mr. Wilson was the presumptive father, and

support should have been set at the time of the parties’ divorce. Because the parties failed to disclose

to the court the fact that a child had been born during the marriage, there was no judicial

determination of the child’s paternity. The presumption that the husband was the child’s father was

not rebutted. The only evidence ever introduced in court was at the modification hearing involved

in this appeal, and that evidence proved, rather than rebutted, that Mr. Wilson was the child’s father.

V. Duration and Calculation of Retroactive Support

The goal of statutes and regulations governing child support is to assure that children receive

support reasonably consistent with their parent’s or parents’ financial resources. Kaatrude, 21

S.W.3d at 248-49. The Child Support Guidelines state one of their goals is to “ensure that when

parents live separately, the economic impact on the child(ren) is minimized . . . .” Tenn. Comp. R.

& Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.02(2)(e).

It is only because of the unique facts of this case and the trial court’s emphasis on the

reasonableness of Mr. Wilson’s belief that he was not the child’s father that we have discussed

retroactive support in two contexts: divorce and establishment of paternity. The child involved in

this appeal was born during the marriage, and support should have been set at the time of the divorce.

As more fully explained below, however, there is now little difference in how courts are to

award or calculate retroactive support between orders for support as part of a divorce and those

resulting from the establishment of paternity of a child born to parents who were not married to each

other at the time of the birth.

The child support guidelines apply to support ordered as part of a divorce decree as well as

support ordered upon the establishment of paternity of a child born to parents who are not married

to each other. Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 190-91; Kaatrude, 21 S.W.3d at 249. The guidelines apply

in all actions brought to establish support. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.02(3). Under the

guidelines:

In cases where initial support is being set, a judgment must be entered to include an

amount due for monthly support from the date of the child’s birth or date of

separation or date of abandonment whichever is appropriate, until the current support

order is entered.

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.04(1)(e).
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Because support should have been set at the time of divorce, the appropriate date for

determining retroactive support is the date of the parties’ separation. According to the Statement of

the Evidence, Ms. Clark moved out of the marital home in March of 1994. The record is silent as

to whether any support was provided after that time.

Although this case presents an unusual situation in that neither prospective nor retroactive

support was awarded at the time of divorce, we are not without guidance as to how to calculate

retroactive support. First, this court has considered situations where initial child support was

improperly calculated at the time of the divorce. In that situation, the support is to be recalculated,

applying the guidelines to the obligor parent’s actual income, and any amounts which should have

been paid but were not are arrearages. Anderton v. Anderton, 988 S.W.2d 675, 681-82 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1998); Smith v. Smith, No. M2000-01094-COA-R3-CV, 2001 Tenn. App. LEXIS 320, at *23-

*24 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 2, 2001) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed).

Second, the child support guidelines now provide direction. Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 192.

The guidelines “carry what amounts to a legislative mandate.” Id. 21 S.W.3d at 192 (quoting Nash

v. Mulle, 846 S.W.2d 803, 804 (Tenn. 1993)). Under the guidelines, when the court determines the

amount of retroactive support due when entering the initial order for support, the amount of past

support:

must be calculated based upon the guidelines using the average income of the obligor

over the past two years and is presumed to be correct unless rebutted by either party.

An amount should be included in the order to reduce the arrears judgment on a

monthly basis within a reasonable time.

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch 1240-2-4-.04(1)(e).

The Tennessee Supreme Court has determined that the 1994 inclusion in the guidelines of

provisions regarding retroactive support has limited the courts’ discretion in making such awards in

orders establishing paternity. Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 193. Although courts continue to have

discretion, the “broad discretion” to determine the amount of retroactive awards described in

Coleman, 805 S.W.2d at 755, has been narrowed, and any discretion “must be exercised within the

strictures of the Child Support Guidelines.” Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 193.

Thus, the guidelines must be applied. The record herein includes Mr. Wilson’s tax returns

for the years from 1995 through 2000. However, these exhibits are unaccompanied and unexplained

by testimony. Consequently, upon remand, the trial court should apply the guidelines by, first,

determining Mr. Wilson’s average income over the past two years and, then, after giving the parties

the opportunity to present additional evidence, determining whether either party has rebutted the

presumption that this average amount is the correct amount. See Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 193-94

(finding that proof of actual income rebutted the presumption). Then, using the instructions and
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The parties have stipulated this amount to be $16,787. We note that stipulation must be approved by the court

before using the guidelines to review the adequacy of the stipulation. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.02(4).

We also note the stipulation covers the period back to the date of divorce, not to the date of separation.

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formula in the guidelines, the court should determine the amount of child support which would have

been owed under the guidelines.4

VI. Deviation from Guidelines

Having determined the amount of retroactive support that would be owed under the

guidelines, the trial court has the discretion to determine whether facts exist to justify a deviation

from the guidelines. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1)(A) provides that:

In making its determination concerning the amount of support any minor child or

children of the parties, the court shall apply as a rebuttable presumption the child

support guidelines as provided in this subsection. If the court finds that evidence is

sufficient to rebut this presumption, the court shall make a written finding that the

application of the child support guidelines would be unjust or inappropriate in that

particular case, in order to provide for the best interest of the child(ren) or the equity

between the parties. Findings that the application of the guidelines would be unjust

or inappropriate shall state the amount of support that would have been ordered under

the child support guidelines and a justification for the variance.

In addition, Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.01(2) provides that:

T.C.A. 36-5-101 requires that there must be a rebuttable presumption in all child

support cases that the amount of child support determined by an application of these

guidelines is the correct amount to be awarded unless the court makes a written or

specific finding on the record that the application of the guidelines would be unjust

or inappropriate in a particular case. Such a finding would sufficiently rebut the

presumption in that case. The rebuttable presumption must be applied to all child

support awards even if the order is being sought for a retroactive period before

October 13, 1989.

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.02(7) provides that: 

These guidelines shall be applied as a rebuttable presumption in all child support

cases. If the court finds that the evidence is sufficient to rebut the presumption that

the application of the guidelines is the correct amount to be awarded then the court

must make a written or specific finding that the application of the child support

guidelines would be unjust or inappropriate in that particular case. Findings that

rebut these guidelines must state the amount that would have been required under the
5We have held that “an award for retroactive child support is generally considered to have two purposes: (1)

to benefit the parties’ child; and (2) to reimburse the custodial parent for contributing more than [their] fair share to the

child support.” Berryhill v. Rhodes, No. W2001-00748-COA-R3-JV, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 331, at *22 (Tenn. Ct.

App. May 2, 2002) (no Tenn. App. P. 11 application filed) (citing State ex rel. Stewart v. Lockett, No. M2001-00809-

COA-R3-JV, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 66, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 30, 2002) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application

filed) (citing Kaatrude, 21 S.W.3d at 248)).

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guidelines and include a justification for deviation from the guidelines which takes

into consideration the best interest of the child.

The Supreme Court has specifically directed application of these provisions to a retroactive

support award. Berryhill, 21 S.W.3d at 193. The court further explained: 

The guidelines provide a general formula for calculating the appropriate amount of

child support based on an obligor’s income and include a procedure which permits

limited deviation downward from the general formula. The guidelines also mandate

a deviation upward under certain circumstances. The guidelines are a minimum base

for determining child support obligations. “The guidelines expressly provide for

downward deviation where the obligee has utterly ceased to care for the child(ren);

where the obligee clearly has a lower level of child care expense than that assumed

in the guidelines; and where the obligor is saddled with ‘extreme economic

hardship.’” Jones v. Jones, 930 S.W.2d 541, 545 (Tenn. 1996). “Although the rule

does not purport to set forth an exhaustive list of instances in which downward

deviation is allowed, these specific instances nevertheless are a powerful indication

as to the types of situations in which it is contemplated under the guidelines.” Jones,

930 S.W.2d at 545. The guidelines indicate that the court “shall” increase the award

if the obligor is not providing health insurance, if the obligor is exercising less than

average visitation, if extraordinary medical and educational expenses exist, or if the

court finds that equity requires it.

Id. (some citations omitted).

Thus, on remand, the trial court may consider whether a deviation from the amount of

retroactive support dictated by the guidelines’ formula is justified, under appropriate standards. The

guidelines provide that in deviating from the guidelines “primary consideration must be given to the

best interest of the child(ren) for whose support the guidelines are being utilized.” Tenn. Comp. R.

& Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.04(5).5

 The trial court is required to first determine the amount due under

the guidelines and then make specific findings justifying any deviation.

VII. Conclusion

The trial court incorrectly limited retroactive support to the date of DNA test results

establishing paternity instead of the date of the parties’ separation. To the extent the court’s ruling

can be considered a decision to deviate from the child support guidelines, the deviation is not
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supported by the required findings of fact. For those reasons, we vacate the judgment. We have

determined that the case should be remanded for proceedings in which the parties shall be given the

opportunity to present additional evidence relevant to the appropriate standards and for the trial court

to make the requisite determinations and findings. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellee,

Vernon Wilson.

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PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE