In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: June 15, 2015

S15A0117. LUE, MAYOR v. EADY et al. 

BENHAM, Justice.

This case involves a highly contentious dispute over certain official

actions of Mary Ann Whipple Lue, Mayor of the City of Gordon, who is

appellant in this case. Mayor Lue was the first African-American to be elected

mayor of this city, and she was sworn into office on January 6, 2014. Barely

two months later, two members of the city council and five other citizens filed

a complaint against Mayor Lue in her official capacity, which was later

amended, seeking removal of Mayor Lue for various actions alleged to be

examples of conduct demonstrating incompetence, misfeasance, and

malfeasance in office, which, according to the complaint, provide grounds for

removal from office pursuant to the City of Gordon Charter. According to the

complaint, these actions fell into three categories: alleged violations of the

Georgia Open Meetings Act, OCGA § 50-14-1, et seq. (“Act”); alleged
violations of the city charter (“Charter”)

1

, city code, and city personnel policy; 

and alleged financial malfeasance. One of the methods for removing an elected

official, as set forth in the Charter, is by order of the Superior Court of

Wilkinson County after a hearing on a complaint filed by any resident of the

city. In addition to removal from office, the complaint sought the award of

attorney fees and fines, pursuant to OCGA § 50-14-5 (b) and OCGA § 50-14-6.

The trial court denied Mayor Lue’s motions to dismiss the complaint. 

Shortly thereafter, the trial court granted the motion for a temporary restraining

order filed by plaintiffs (who are appellees in this appeal), pursuant to which the

mayor was temporarily suspended from office until such time as a hearing could

be held on plaintiffs’ motion for interlocutory injunction. Mayor Lue filed a

motion to recuse the trial court judge, alleging improper ex parte

communications between the judge and plaintiffs’ counsel with respect to the

temporary restraining order hearing, and that motion was denied. After a

hearing on plaintiffs’ motion for interlocutory injunction, the trial court granted

the motion and entered an order, which was later amended, by which Mayor Lue

was reinstated to office, subject to certain conditions imposed on her, including

1

 The City Charter of the City of Gordon is codified at Ga. L. 1988, p. 4375.

2
a prohibition from her meeting privately with three or more council members to

discuss city business and a requirement that any such meetings must be open to

the public with notice provided to the public as required by law. Mayor Lue

appeals the denial of her motions to dismiss, the denial of her motion to recuse

the trial court judge, and certain terms of the interlocutory injunction order and

amended order. For the reasons set forth herein we affirm in part and reverse

in part. 

1. We first address Mayor Lue’s assertion that the trial court judge erred

in denying her motion to recuse himself as the sitting judge in the case. The

motion was based upon two occurrences: First, Mayor Lue asserts the judge

engaged in improper ex parte communications with opposing counsel with

respect to scheduling the hearing on plaintiffs’ motion for a temporary

restraining order; second, Mayor Lue asserts the judge improperly failed to

respond to her counsel’s letter requesting either that the judge recuse or that he

provide counsel with information relating to how the request for a hearing was

made and scheduled. Mayor Lue alleged in the motion to recuse that the trial

judge’s conduct required disqualification pursuant to Canon 3 (E) (1) of the

3
Georgia Code of Judicial Conduct

2

, which provides: “Judges shall disqualify

themselves in any proceeding in which their impartiality might reasonably be

questioned . . . .” The record reflects that plaintiffs’ counsel telephoned the

judge’s secretary to request a date for the TRO hearing and, given the judge’s

availability, it was scheduled for 3:00 p.m. on the date the request was made. 

Mayor Lue’s counsel acknowledged in his motion that he received notice of the

scheduled hearing from a lawyer in plaintiffs’ counsel’s office by telephone call

received at 1:38 p.m. on the day of the hearing. In the order denying the motion

to recuse, the court noted that the affidavit supporting the motion was silent as

to any effort made by Mayor Lue’s counsel to seek a delay in the hearing, either

by request to plaintiffs’ counsel or to the court. The order further shows it was

entered after taking into consideration the standards for disqualification set forth

in Canon 3 (E) and Uniform Superior Court Rule 25.3.

3

2 The version of the Georgia Code of Judicial Conduct applicable to the motion for

disqualification in this case was revised by order of the Supreme Court dated May 14, 2015, to take

effect January 1, 2016. The relevant portion of Canon 3 (E) (1) has not changed and can be found

at Canon 2, Rule 2.11 (A) of the new Code. 

3

 Rule 25. 3 states:

When a judge is presented with a motion to recuse, or disqualify, accompanied by an

affidavit, the judge shall temporarily cease to act upon the merits of the matter and

shall immediately determine the timeliness of the motion and the legal sufficiency

of the affidavit, and make a determination, assuming any of the facts alleged in the

4
Having reviewed the record, we find no error in the trial court’s denial of

the motion to recuse. The practice of communicating ex parte to a judge or the

judge’s staff for administrative and scheduling purposes is authorized as an

exception to the rule prohibiting ex parte communications with a judge, as noted

in the trial court order. Canon 3 (B) (7) (a) expressly authorizes such

communications so long as:

(i) the judge reasonably believes that no party will gain a procedural

or tactical advantage as a result of the ex parte communication, and

(ii) the judge makes provision promptly to notify all other parties of

the substance of the ex parte communication and allows an

opportunity to respond.

4

With respect to the scheduling of hearings, we do not construe this Canon to

require the judge to notify the opposing party personally so long as, as here, the

party requesting the hearing provided adequate reasonable notice. The manner

affidavit to be true, whether recusal would be warranted. If it is found that the motion

is timely, the affidavit sufficient and that recusal would be authorized if some or all

of the facts set forth in the affidavit are true, another judge shall be assigned to hear

the motion to recuse. The allegations of the motion shall stand denied automatically.

The trial judge shall not otherwise oppose the motion. In reviewing a motion to

recuse, the judge shall be guided by Canon 3 (E) of the Georgia Code of Judicial

Conduct.

4

In the amended version of the Code of Judicial Conduct, this authorization is discussed in

Rule 2.9 (A) (1) (a) and (b). 

5
in which the hearing in question in this case was scheduled does not require the

disqualification of the trial judge because it does not present a situation in which

the judge’s “impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” Nor does the trial

judge’s alleged refusal to respond to counsel’s letter demanding either voluntary

recusal or an explanation of the manner in which the request for hearing was

handled. The motion to recuse was duly considered and ruled upon based upon

the motion and affidavit in support of the motion.

2. Next, we address those terms of the interlocutory injunction order

challenged by Mayor Lue. She argues that the objectionable portions of the

order are based upon a misinterpretation of the Charter provisions relating to

what constitutes a quorum of the city council for purposes of transacting city

business, the circumstances pursuant to which the mayor may vote on issues of

city business, as well as other portions of the Charter. As set forth herein, we

agree that the trial court misinterpreted the Charter and reverse the noted

portions of the interlocutory injunction order.

The Open Meetings Act requires all meetings, as that term is defined in

the Act, of certain public agencies to be open to the public. OCGA § 50-14-1

(b) (1). The parties to this case do not dispute that the City of Gordon is an

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“agency” as that term is defined in the Act (see OCGA § 50-14-1 (a) (1) (D))

and that the city council is its governing body. “Meeting” is defined at OCGA

§ 50-14-1 (a) (3) (A) as:

(i) The gathering of a quorum of the members of the governing

body of an agency at which any official business, policy, or public

matter of the agency is formulated, presented, discussed, or voted

upon; or

(ii) The gathering of a quorum of any committee of the members of

the governing body of an agency or a quorum of any committee

created by the governing body at which any official business,

policy, or public matter of the committee is formulated, presented,

discussed, or voted upon.

To evaluate the trial court’s rulings on what constitutes a quorum of the city

council for voting and conducting official business, it is first necessary to

examine the relevant sections of the Charter. 

The Charter as a whole provides that three distinct entities are involved

in city governance–the mayor, the council (as a whole), and “councilmembers,”

as that term is used in the Charter. The Charter, in Section 2.10 labeled “City

council creation; composition; number; election,” provides that the legislative

authority of city government is vested in a city council to be composed of six

councilmembers and a mayor. Throughout the Charter, the term “mayor” and

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the term “councilmember[s]” are referred to as distinct officers with distinct

powers and duties. Pursuant to Section 3.15, labeled “Voting,” the Charter

stipulates that “four councilmembers” shall constitute a quorum authorized to

transact city council business and, “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this

charter,” requires the affirmative vote of “four councilmembers” for adoption

of any ordinance, resolution, or motion. The powers and duties of the mayor are

set forth in Section 3.22, one enumeration of which is to preside over all city

council meetings. Subsection (8) of Section 3.22 authorizes the mayor to

participate in the council’s discussions of all matters brought before the city

council, but limits the mayor’s authority to vote on such matters to only two

instances: (1) when there is a tie vote, and (2) in all elections of officers who are

elected by the city council, as well as impeachment or removal proceedings,

whether or not there is a tie vote. With respect to officers elected by the city

council, the Charter provides in Section 3.11 (b) that the city council shall elect,

by majority vote, a councilmember to serve as mayor pro tempore and a

councilmember to serve as presiding officer. Section 4.12 of the Charter

provides that a city attorney shall be appointed by the city council and shall

serve at the pleasure of the city council. 

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(a) The first provision of the interlocutory injunction order challenged by

Mayor Lue is the prohibition against her meeting privately with three or more

councilmembers to discuss city business. The order states:

Four or more members of the city council shall not meet

privately to discuss city business. This includes occasions where

at least 3 councilmembers and the mayor are present. This applies

at all times and to all places, it does not matter whether the meeting

is in city hall, a private home, a vehicle, a restaurant, or any other

location.

(Emphasis in original.) The order reinstates Mayor Lue to her position as mayor

subject to certain conditions. These conditions include the following:

The Mayor is enjoined from privately meeting with three or more

councilmembers to discuss city business. All such meetings must

be open to the public, and notice of such meetings should be

provided as required by state law.

(Emphasis in original.) 

It is obvious from these sections of the order that they are based upon the

trial court’s assumption that a quorum is created by three councilmembers plus

the mayor. But the language of the Charter, as noted above, specifically defines

a quorum as consisting of “four councilmembers,” and it makes a distinction

between councilmembers and the mayor. Appellees argue that such a reading

of the Charter renders meaningless that section of the Charter permitting the

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mayor to vote in the case of a tie, given that the Charter also requires the

affirmative vote of four councilmembers to pass any ordinance, resolution, or

motion. According to the appellees, if the mayor is considered a

“councilmember” for purposes of providing the necessary fourth vote to break

a tie, then the mayor must also be considered a “councilmember” for purposes

of creating a quorum for a meeting to transact city council business. 

The interpretation of statutes, ordinances, and charters presents a question

of law for the court. Merry v. Williams, 281 Ga. 571, 573 (2) (642 SE2d 46)

(2007); Monticello, Ltd. v. City of Atlanta, 231 Ga. App. 382, 383 (1) (499

SE2d 157) (1998). It is true, as appellees argue, that under the rules governing

statutory construction, “statutes ‘in pari materia,’ i.e., statutes relating to the

same subject matter, must be construed together.” Willis v. City of Atlanta, 285

Ga. 775, 776 (2) (684 SE2d 271) (2009) (quoting Butterworth v. Butterworth,

227 Ga. 301, 303-304 (180 SE2d 549) (1971)). We do not agree, however, that

the Charter section granting the mayor the authority to vote in the case of a tie

vote of councilmembers means the Charter must be construed as granting the

mayor the status of a councilmember for purposes of creating a quorum. The

Charter specifically states that “four councilmembers” constitutes a quorum for

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transacting city council business and it also specifically provides the limited

circumstances under which the mayor can vote. That being the case, a meeting

of three councilmembers plus the mayor does not constitute a quorum of the city

council and is not a meeting that is subject to the Open Meetings Act. The only

reasonable construction of the Charter provisions on voting is that the mayor

does not become a councilmember for purposes of voting when called upon to

break a tie vote; the mayor votes as mayor, a non-councilmember, who is

authorized by theCharter to cast a tie-breaking vote of the councilmembers. See

Palmer v. Claxton, 206 Ga. 860, 863 (2) (59 SE2d 379) (1950). Indeed, the

sentence requiring the affirmative vote of “four councilmembers” to adopt any

ordinance, resolution, or motion opens with the proviso, “[e]xcept as otherwise

provided in this chapter,” and the Charter specifically provides otherwise in

Section 3.22 (8) which authorizes the mayor to vote in the case of a “tie vote.”

In deciding whether to grant an interlocutory injunction, trial courts are

to consider whether:

(1) there is a substantial threat that the moving party will suffer

irreparable injury if the injunction is not granted; (2) the threatened

injury to the moving party outweighs the threatened harm that the

injunction may do to the party being enjoined; (3) there is a

substantial likelihood that the moving party will prevail on the

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merits of [the] claims at trial, and (4) granting the interlocutory

injunction will not disserve the public interest.

(Citation omitted.) SRB Investment Services, LLLP v. Branch Banking and

Trust Co., 289 Ga. 1, 5 (3) (709 SE2d 267) (2011). In SRB Investment Services,

this Court noted that the moving party need not prove all four factors. Id. The

trial court’s broad discretion to grant or deny an interlocutory injunction,

however, will not be reversed “unless the trial court made an error of law that

contributed to the decision, there was no evidence on an element essential to

relief, or the court manifestly abused its discretion.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) Id. 

To the extent that the trial court order enjoins the mayor from meeting

privately with three city council members, it appears that the trial court’s grant

of the injunction with respect to the mayor’s participation in such meetings is

based upon an erroneous interpretation of the Charter.5 That being the case, the

first of the four factors a trial judge is to consider when deciding upon a motion

for interlocutory injunction is not met in this case–the moving parties will not

5 The injunction prohibits the mayor from meeting privately with three or more city council

members. As discussed above, it is permissible for the mayor to meet privately with three city

council members. However, a meeting with four would consitute a quorum and violate the Open

Meetings Act law if done in private.

12
suffer irreparable harm by denial of the motion because the applicable law does

not grant them the right to demand or expect that such meetings will be noticed

and open to the public. A trial court’s discretion to decide whether to grant an

interlocutory injunction is abused, and may be reversed, when it is based on a

misunderstanding or misapplication of the governing law, or in this case, city

charter. See Owens v. Hill, 295 Ga. 302, 309 (4) (758 SE2d 794) (2014). 

Accordingly, we reverse that section of the interlocutory injunction order

requiring compliancewith theOpenMeetingsActfor meetings includingMayor

Lue that do not involve a quorum of four councilmembers.

(b) As set forth in Section 3.22 (8), the Charter authorizes the mayor to

vote on city council business only in the event of a tie vote and also in elections

of officers who are elected by the city council and impeachment or removal

proceedings, whether or not the vote is tied. Another section of the

interlocutory injunction order challenged by Mayor Lue states that the mayor’s

authority to vote with respect to decisions on elected officers does not include

the city attorney or city employees. Specifically, the order states:

The Mayor can only vote when there is a three to three tie. The

only exception is with regard to elected officers, which does not

include the city attorney or city employees. If the Mayor believes

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there is a matter on which she could otherwise vote, she may

petition this Court for guidance. 

(Emphasis in original.) 

Strictly speaking, this section of the interlocutory order correctly applies

the terms of the city charter with respect to the mayor’s authority to vote on

matters before the city council, and the trial court did not err in entering it.

According to the terms of the Charter, neither the city attorney nor city

employees are elected officers. Pursuant to Section 4.12, the city attorney is to

be appointed by the city council and serve at the pleasure of the city council, and

it is the city council which decides upon the city attorney’s compensation

6

,

7

Pursuant to Section 3.22 (2), the mayor has authority to “[a]ppoint and remove

for cause, with confirmation of appointment or removal by the council, all . . .

employees of the city . . . .” City employees are appointed by the mayor and are

6 As with any matter set forth in the Charter on which the city council makes the

determination, in the event of a tie vote, and assuming a quorum of four councilmembers, the mayor

may cast the tie-breaking vote for appointment of the city attorney. The record reflects a dispute

exists with respect to employment of the city attorney. If any decisions have been made to date

regarding the city attorney that do not comply with the terms of the Charter, the proper remedy is to

seek a trial court ruling that the specific action in question is ultra vires and beyond the scope of

authority of the person or entity that took the challenged action as defined by the municipal code or

charter. See, e.g., City of Ludowici v. Brown, 249 Ga. 857 (295 SE2d 857) (1982). 

14
not elected officers, and therefore the challenged provision of the interlocutory

injunction order does not violate the terms of the Charter.8

(c) The final section of the interlocutory injunction order to which

appellant objects states as follows:

The Mayor is enjoined from terminating any city employee

without full due process as is provided by the city charter, state and

federal law, and the approval of this court after the opportunity for

a hearing.

(Emphasis in original.) “Injunction ought not to be granted, unless the injury is

pressing and the delay dangerous, and there is no adequate remedy at law.”

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Cathcart Van & Storage Co. v. City of

Atlanta, 169 Ga. 791 (151 SE 489) (1930). Where there is an adequate remedy

at law, a temporary injunction sought by the petitioner is properly refused. East

v. Henry Darling, Inc., 163 Ga. 760 (136 SE 895) (1927). No allegation is made

that Mayor Lue has improperly terminated or threatened to terminate any city

employee, although the record reflects appellees are concerned that she may

have plans to do so. “Courts of equity will not exercise [the power of injunctive

8 To the extent that this provision of the interlocutory order may be interpreted as placing

a restriction on the mayor’s authority to appoint city employees in the manner set forth in the

Charter, however, that interpretation would be contrary to the express provisions of the Charter. 

15
relief] to allay mere apprehensions of injury, but only where the injury is

imminent and irreparable and there is no adequate remedy at law.” (Citation and

punctuation omitted.) Morton v. Gardner, 242 Ga. 852, 856 (252 SE2d 413)

(1979). This section of the interlocutory injunction order is, therefore, reversed.

3. Mayor Lue filed two motions to dismiss the complaint on the ground

that it failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. In the earlierfiled motion, Mayor Lue asserted she is immune from plaintiffs’ claims for

damages for alleged non-compliance with the Open Meetings Act by virtue of

the doctrine of sovereign immunity and by the doctrine of official or qualified

immunity. She also asserted that plaintiffs failed to state a claim against her

because she, as an individual elected official, is not an “agency” pursuant to the

Open Meetings Act and thus is not a proper party to a complaint for damages

under the Act. Finally, Mayor Lue asserted that even if the plaintiffs were to

prove a violation of the Open Meetings Act, they are not entitled to enforce civil

penalties against her pursuant to OCGA § 50-14-6. In the second-filed motion,

Mayor Lue asserted she, in her capacity as mayor, is not a party capable of being

sued. After these motions were filed, plaintiffs amended their complaint to

make additional claims of violations of the Open Meetings Act, as well as other

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acts which, according to plaintiffs, create grounds for removal from office. The

trial court denied both motions to dismiss, and Mayor Lue appeals. On appeal,

Mayor Lue argues that the trial court’s decision on her motions to dismiss

should be reversed because: (a) in her capacity as mayor, as she is named in the

complaint, she is not an entity or person capable of being sued; (b) she is not

an agency that may be sued under the Open Meetings Act; and (c) in her

capacity as mayor, she is not a proper party to the claim for award of attorney

fees. We also address whether the trial court properly denied the motion to

dismiss with respect to the plaintiffs’ petition to nullify certain city council

decisions and with respect to the petition to remove the mayor. 

(a) We reject Mayor Lue’s assertion that the complaint should be

dismissed in its entirety because the named defendant, “Mary Ann Whipple

Lue, as Mayor of the City of Gordon,” is neither a natural person nor an entity

capable of being sued. Being named as a defendant in a lawsuit in an official

capacity, rather than an individual capacity, does not mean the person so named

is an entity incapable of being sued.

9

In fact, the Civil Practice Act recognizes

9

It is not uncommon for the mayor of a city to be sued in his or her official capacity. See,

e.g., Owens v. City of Greenville, 290 Ga. 557 (772 SE2d 755) (2012); City of Atlanta v. Southern

States Police Benevolent Assn. of Georgia, 276 Ga. App. 446, 447, n. 1 (623 SE2d 557) (2005); City

17
that a public officer may sue or be sued in his or her official capacity. See

OCGA § 9-11-25 (d) (2) (permitting a public officer named in an action in his

or her official capacity to be described as a party by official title rather than by

name, unless the trial court requires his or her name to be added). This Court

has stated that a suit filed against a county employee in his official capacity is,

in essence, a claim against the county. See Gilbert v. Richardson, 264 Ga. 744,

746, n. 4 (2) (454 SE2d 476) (1994); see also City of Atlanta v. Harbor Grove

Apartments, LLC, 308 Ga. App. 57, 58 (706 SE2d 722) (1) (2011). Likewise,

we conclude here that plaintiffs’ claim against Lue, in her official capacity as

mayor is, in essence, a claim against the City of Gordon, which is legal entity

incorporated by the General Assembly10 and capable of being sued. 

(b) Mayor Lue argues that the Open Meetings Act, by its terms, applies

only to an “agency,” as defined by the Act. Pursuant to OCGA § 50-14-1 (a)

(1), a municipal corporation, every department or similar body of the municipal

corporation, and every city is an agency subject to the terms of the Act.11

of Roswell v. Bolton, 271 Ga. App. 1 (608 SE2d 659 (2004). 

10

 See Section 1.10 of the City Charter of the City of Gordon, supra.

11

 In pertinent part, OCGA § 50-14-1 (a) states that, as used in the Open Meetings Act:

(1) “Agency” means:

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Accordingly, Mayor Lue argues she is not an agency subject to the Open

Meetings Act. As is obvious from the caption of the complaint, as well as the

party named in the summons, Lue was sued in her official capacity as mayor,

and she is the sole party named as defendant. Mayor Lue asserts she, alone, is

not the proper defendant to this action alleging violations of the Open Meetings

Act and seeking to enforce damages for violation of the Act. 

It is true that, in general, the Open Meetings Act addresses the obligations

of agencies, as defined by the Act, and not specific individuals or governmental

officers. That section of the Act that imposes penalties, however, refers to “any

person” who violates the requirements of the Act. OCGA § 50-14-6 states as

follows:

Any person knowingly and willfully conducting or participating in

a meeting in violation of this chapter shall be guilty of a

misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be punished by a fine not

to exceed $1,000.00. Alternatively, a civil penalty may be imposed

. . . 

(B) Every county, municipal corporation, school district, or other political

subdivision of this state;

(C) Every department, agency, board, bureau, office, commission, authority, or

similar body of each such county, municipal corporation, or other political

subdivision of this state; [and]

(D) Every city, county, regional, or other authority established pursuant to the laws

of this state; . . . .

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by the court in any civil action brought pursuant to this chapter

against any person who negligently violates the terms of this

chapter in an amount not to exceed $1,000.00 for the first violation.

A civil penalty or criminal fine not to exceed $2,500.00 per

violation may be imposed for each additional violation that the

violator commits within a 12 month period from the date that the

first penalty or fine was imposed. It shall be a defense to any

criminal action under this Code section that a person has acted in

good faith in his or her actions.

Prior to its amendment in 2012, this code section provided only for

misdemeanor criminal penalties for violation of the Act.12 This precluded

private citizens from seeking to impose a penalty for noncompliance with the

Act since they lack standing to initiate a criminal prosecution. See Cardinale

v. City of Atlanta, 290 Ga. 521, 526 (722 SE2d 732) (2012) (affirming dismissal

of that portion of a complaint against a municipality and individual members of

the city council seeking to impose misdemeanor penalties for alleged violations

of the Open Meetings Act, but reversing dismissal of that portion of the

complaint seeking declaratory and injunctive relief for alleged violations). 

Shortly after this Court issued its opinion in the Cardinale case, the General

Assembly amended OCGA § 50-14-6 to provide, in addition to a criminal

12

 See Ga. L. 1988, p. 235, § 1.

20
penalty for knowing and willful violation of the Act, for the imposition of a civil

penalty “in any civil action . . . against any person who negligently violates the

terms of this chapter . . . .”13

In construing a statute, this court applies 

fundamental rules of statutory construction [that] require us to

construe a statute according to its terms, to give words their plain

and ordinary meaning, and to look diligently for the intention of the

General Assembly. OCGA § 1-3-1 (a); [Cit.]. Where the plain

language of a statute is clear and susceptible of only one reasonable

construction, we must construe the statute according to its terms.

Atlanta Independent School System v. Atlanta Neighborhood Charter School,

Inc., 293 Ga. 629, 631 (748 SE2d 884) (2013). Although the open meetings

requirements of the Act apply to agencies, the natural and reasonable reading of

OCGA § 50-14-6 is that the General Assembly recognized that decisions to

comply, or not, with the Act are made by individuals, or “persons,” who are held

accountable by the provisions of that Code section.

14 The complaint in this case,

13 Ga. L. 2012, p. 218, § 1/HB 397. In the same House Bill, a similar provision was

enacted providing for recovery of civil penalties against “any person or entity” who negligently

violates the terms of the Open Records Act, OCGA § 50-18-70 et seq. Ga. L. 2012, p. 218, § 2/HB

397. 

14 See also OCGA § 50-14-1 (e) (2) (B) (requiring minutes to include the identity of

“persons” making motions and voting); OCGA § 50-14-4 (b) (stating that if a meeting is closed to

the public, the “person” presiding must execute an affidavit, and if one or more “persons” in an

21
however, does not name Mayor Lue in her individual, personal capacity; 

instead, she was sued in her official capacity as mayor. Accordingly, that

portion of the complaint seeking to enforce a civil penalty “against any person

who negligently violates the terms of this chapter,” pursuant to OCGA § 50-14-

6 fails to name a proper party defendant and should be dismissed.

15

(c) The complaint also seeks an award of attorney fees, pursuant to

OCGA § 50-14-5 (b), for alleged violations of the Open Meetings Act. Unlike

OCGA § 50-14-6, which provides for the imposition of civil and criminal

penalties against a person who violates the Open Meetings Act, OCGA § 50-14-

5 (b) does not refer to a person who has violated the Act. Instead, it refers only

to an action brought to enforce the Act in which the trial court determines that

“an agency” has acted without substantial justification in violation of the Act. 

Those cases in which an award of attorney fees pursuant to this Code section has

been affirmed involve complaints filed against the governmental agency that

executive session speaks out of turn, the presiding officer must take certain steps); OCGA § 50-14-5

(c) (providing immunity for any “agency or person” who provides access to information in good

faith). 

15

 We therefore need not decide in this case whether private citizens may enforce the new

civil penalty provision and/or collect any civil penalty paid, or if, as in the case of the criminal

penalty provision, only the AttorneyGeneral has standing to enforce and collect the criminal penalty

on behalf of the State, which receives any fine paid. 

22
was subject to the Open Meetings Act, along with individual office holders. 

See, e.g., City of Statesboro v. Dabbs, 289 Ga. 669 (2) (715 SE2d 73) (2011);

Slaughter v. Brown, 269 Ga. App. 211 (603 SE2d 706) (2004); Evans County

Bd. of Commrs. v. Claxton Enterprise, 255 Ga. App. 656 (566 SE2d 399)

(2002). This is appropriate because the clear and unambiguous language of

OCGA § 50-14-5 (b) refers to an agency and not a person. For the reasons set

forth above, we conclude that plaintiffs’ claim against Lue, in her capacity as

mayor, for an award of attorney fees pursuant to OCGA § 15-14-5 (b) is, in

essence, a claim against the City of Gordon, which is an agency pursuant to the

Open MeetingsAct. Consequently, this claimwas not subject to dismissal on the

ground that Lue, in her capacity as mayor, is not a proper party to the claim, and

the trial court did not err in denying Mayor Lue’s motion to dismiss this portion

of the claim. 

(d) The complaint seeks injunctive relief to nullify certain city council

decisions because they were allegedly made at meetings that were not noticed

or otherwise not conducted in compliance with the requirements of the Open

Meetings Act. Injunctive relief, however, does not provide a remedy for acts

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already completed. See, e.g., Moorhead v. Luther, 219 Ga. 242 (2) (a) (132

SE2d 669) (1963); Wiggins v. Bd. of Commrs. of Tift County, 258 Ga. App. 666,

668 (574 SE2d 874) (2002) (in a case alleging violations of the Open Meetings

Act, where it appears that the acts complained of were fully consummated, an

injunction does not lie). Additionally, an injunctive remedy does not lie where

one has a complete remedy at law. Lawrence v. Lawrence, 196 Ga. 204 (1) (a)

(26 SE2d 283) (1943); see also Tobin v. Cobb County Bd. of Educ., 278 Ga. 663

(2) (604 SE2d 161) (2004) (where the Open Records Act provides an adequate

remedy at law, neither mandamus nor equitable relief can be granted). The

Open Meetings Act provides a legal remedy for invalidating any official action

of an agency made in violation of the Act. OCGA § 50-14-1 (b) (2). 

Consequently, the trial court erred in denying Mayor Lue’s motion to dismiss

that portion of the complaint seeking to nullify certain city council decisions on

the ground they were made in violation of the Open Meetings Act. 

(e) The only other equitable relief sought in plaintiffs’ complaint is

Mayor Lue’s removal from office. The Charter provides the manner in which

a mayor may be removed from office, including an order of the Wilkinson

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County Superior court following a hearing on a complaint for removal. It also

sets forth the grounds by which a mayor may be removed, including

incompetence, misfeasance, or malfeasance in office. Plaintiffs in this action

allege that grounds for removal, if proven, are established by Mayor Lue’s

alleged violations of the Open Meetings Act, along with other alleged

wrongdoing. Nevertheless, a complaint for removal fromoffice is one that must

be asserted against the office holder, in her individual capacity, not against the

office.

16 But as noted above, plaintiffs did not name the Mayor in her individual

or personal capacity, but only in her capacity as mayor. Consequently, the trial

court erred in denying Mayor Lue’s motion to dismiss that portion of the

complaint seeking removal from office.

Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part. All the Justices concur.

16

 By analogy, the writ of quo warranto to challenge the right of a person to hold a specific

public office, pursuant to OCGA § 9-6-60, is a proceeding against a named individual. See Malone

v. Minchew, 170 Ga. 687 (153 SE 773) (1930); see also Lopez v. Bd. of Educ., etc., 310 Conn. 576,

591 (81 A3d 184) (2013) (“[A] writ of quo warranto must be directed toward the objectionable

person holding an office and exercising its functions in his or her individual capacity.” [Citations and

punctuation omitted.]) 

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