NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION 

File Name: 07a0796n.06

Filed: November 14, 2007

No. 05-1925

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

JESSE SPENCER,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v. ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

RAYMOND BOOKER, EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

Respondent-Appellee.

____________________________________/

BEFORE: BATCHELDER and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; and STAFFORD, District

Judge.*

STAFFORD, District Judge. The petitioner, Jesse Spencer (“Spencer”), appeals from

the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in state custody. 

We AFFIRM. 

I. BACKGROUND

Following a jury trial, Spencer was convicted of second-degree murder for the 1997 brutal

murder of Buford Hughes, a frail, fifty-three-year-old man who lived with Spencer and his

mother, Evelyn Spencer Love. Spencer was sentenced to an indeterminate sentence of twenty to

forty years’ imprisonment.

Spencer appealed his conviction to the Michigan Court of Appeals. In that appeal,

Spencer raised neither an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim nor any sentencing issues.

 
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* The Honorable William H. Stafford, Jr., United States District Judge for the Northern

District of Florida, sitting by designation.

The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed Spencer’s conviction in an unpublished opinion on May

7, 1999. People v. Spencer, No. 207467, 1999 WL 33445261 (Mich. Ct. App. May 7, 1999). The

Michigan Supreme Court denied Spencer’s delayed application for leave to appeal on November

29, 1999, stating: “[W]e are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this

Court.” People v. Spencer, No. 114803, 605 N.W.2d 317 (Mich. 1999). 

On November 9, 2000, Spencer filed a motion for relief from judgment in which he raised

the same issues that were presented to the Michigan Court of Appeals on direct appeal. He also

raised several additional issues, including ineffective-assistance-of-counsel and sentencing issues. 

Among other things, Spencer argued (1) that his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to

object at sentencing to the improper scoring of prior record variable 2 (“PRV 2”); and (2) that the

trial court denied him a fair sentencing hearing when it based his sentence on erroneous

information. Spencer argued that his motion was not subject to dismissal under the Michigan

procedural default rule, MCR 6.508(D)(3), because (1) the ineffective assistance of his appellate

counsel (who failed to raise ineffective-assistance and sentencing issues on appeal) established

good cause for his default, and (2) the court’s improper reliance on his previous convictions

resulted in an invalid sentence, establishing actual prejudice. 

The state trial court denied Spencer's motion for relief from judgment on September 21,

2001. Among other things, the state trial court rejected—on the merits—Spencer’s ineffectiveassistance-of-counsel and sentencing claims. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied Spencer’s

delayed application for leave to appeal the trial court’s denial of his motion for relief from

judgment, stating that Spencer failed “to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief
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under MCR 6.508(D).” The Michigan Supreme Court denied Spencer’s application for leave to

appeal on October 31, 2003, stating that Spencer had “failed to meet the burden of establishing

entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).” People v. Spencer, 670 N.W.2d 674 (Mich. 2003). 

Proceeding pro se, Spencer thereafter filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal

district court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, raising a number of issues, including (1) whether the

state trial court erred when it failed to find that Spencer was denied the effective assistance of

counsel; and (2) whether the state trial court erred when it failed to find that Spencer was denied a

fair sentencing hearing and, thereby, due process. The district court denied Spencer’s petition,

finding—among other things—that Spencer’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel and due process

claims were without merit. The district court thereafter granted a certificate of appealability,

limited to Spencer’s ineffective-assistance and due process claims. This timely appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

In his federal habeas petition, Spencer challenged the state appellate courts’ refusal to

review his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. In response, citing Coleman v. Thompson, 501

U.S. 722 (1991), Warden Raymond Booker (“Booker”) argued that federal habeas review of

Spencer’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim was barred because, in refusing to review the

claim, the state appellate courts relied on an independent and adequate state procedural ground

and Spencer failed to establish cause and prejudice to excuse his procedural default. See id. at

729 (holding that federal courts may not review “a question of federal law decided by a state court

if the decision of that court rests on a state law ground that is independent of the federal question

and adequate to support the judgment”). The district court rejected Booker’s procedural default
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argument but nevertheless denied relief on the merits. In essence, the district court determined

that Spencer failed to establish prejudice under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 688 (1984),

thus dooming his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. We review the district court’s findings

of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Hicks v. Straub, 377 F.3d 538, 551 (6th

Cir. 2004). 

This court applies a four-part test to determine whether a claim has been procedurally

defaulted:

(1) the court must determine that there is a state procedural rule

with which the petitioner failed to comply; (2) the court must

determine whether the state courts actually enforced the state

procedural sanction; (3) the state procedural rule must have been an

adequate and independent state procedural ground upon which the

state could rely to foreclose review of a federal constitutional claim;

and (4) if the court has determined that a state procedural rule was

not complied with and that the rule was an adequate and

independent state ground, then the petitioner must demonstrate that

there was cause for his failure to follow the rule and that actual

prejudice resulted from the alleged constitutional error.

Hartman v. Bagley, 492 F.3d 347, 357 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Monzo v. Edwards, 281 F.3d 568,

576 (6th Cir. 2002)). If the state courts do not clearly and expressly invoke a state procedural bar

when rejecting a defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim, but instead rule on the merits, then a

federal court may reach the merits of the claim. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 735. 

Here, it is clear that Spencer failed to comply with Michigan’s procedural rule requiring a

defendant to raise ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal. Spencer raised the issue,

not on direct appeal, but in a post-conviction petition for relief from judgment. It is also clear that

the procedural bar set forth in MCR 6.508(D) constitutes “an adequate and independent state

procedural ground upon which the state [may] rely to foreclose review of a federal constitutional
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 M.C.R. 6.508(D) states in relevant part: 1

(D) Entitlement to Relief. The defendant has the burden of establishing entitlement to the relief

requested. The court may not grant relief to the defendant if the motion 

(1) seeks relief from a judgment of conviction and sentence that still is subject to

challenge on appeal pursuant to subchapter 7.200 or subchapter 7.300; 

(2) alleges grounds for relief which were decided against the defendant in a prior

appeal or proceeding under this subchapter, unless the defendant establishes that a

retroactive change in the law has undermined the prior decision; 

(3) alleges grounds for relief, other than jurisdictional defects, which could have

been raised on appeal from the conviction and sentence or in a prior motion under

this subchapter, unless the defendant demonstrates 

(a) good cause for failure to raise such grounds on appeal or in the

prior motion, and 

(b) actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities that support the

claim for relief....

claim.” Hartman, 492 F.3d at 357; see also Howard v. Bouchard, 405 F.3d 459, 477 (6th Cir.

2005) (noting that “[i]t is well-established in this circuit that the procedural bar set forth in Rule

6.508(D) constitutes an adequate and independent ground on which the Michigan Supreme Court

may rely in foreclosing review of federal claims”); Simpson v. Jones, 238 F.3d 399, 407 (6th Cir.

2000) (noting that “we have held that MCR 6.508(D) was being regularly followed [by the

Michigan courts] as of 1990"). What is less clear is whether the state courts in this case actually 1

enforced the state’s procedural bar when denying relief on Spencer’s ineffective-assistance claim.

 Relying on Abela v. Martin, 380 F.3d 915 (6th Cir. 2004), the district court determined

that the Michigan appellate courts’ general incantation of MCR 6.508(D) was inadequate to show

that the state courts denied relief on the basis of the procedural bar set forth specifically in MCR

6.508(D)(3). Finding no “clear and express invocation of a procedural bar,” the district court

concluded that Spencer’s ineffective-assistance claim was not procedurally defaulted. We

disagree with the district court’s conclusion.
Page 6 of 11

In Abela, the court noted:

M.C.R. 6.508(D) states that “[t]he defendant has the burden of

establishing entitlement to the relief requested.” Although

6.508(D)(1), (2), and (3) list specific procedural grounds for

denying a defendant relief from judgment, these procedural grounds

are not the exclusive grounds for which a court may deny relief

pursuant to M.C.R. 6.508(D). A court may deny relief from

judgment under 6.508(D) for the non-procedural reason that the

defendant simply failed to meet his burden of “establishing

entitlement to the relief requested.” As such the Michigan Supreme

Court’s citation to M.C.R. 6.508(D) in its order denying Abela

leave to appeal does not demonstrate that that court denied him

leave to appeal on the basis of a procedural default, much less on

the procedural ground described in M.C.R. 6.508(D)(3), 

Abela, 380 F.3d at 922. Because, in Abela’s case, the state trial court and the state court of

appeals denied relief on the merits of Abela’s federal claims and the Michigan Supreme Court

denied relief on the basis of MCR 6.508(D) in general, a panel of this court found that the claims

raised in Abela’s federal habeas petition were not procedurally defaulted. According to the Abela

court, “given that all of the lower state courts adjudicated Abela’s case on the merits, it is not at

all clear that the Michigan Supreme Court’s summary order relies on a procedural bar, as opposed

to the non-procedural reason that Abela simply failed to meet his burden of ‘establishing

entitlement to the relief requested.’ ” Id. at 923.

Since Abela, a different panel of this court has considered a case factually similar to this

case. McCray v. Metrish, 232 F. App’x 469 (6th Cir. 2007) (unpublished decision). As

happened here, the defendant in McCray (1) raised an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim in a

motion for relief from judgment rather than on direct appeal; (2) the Michigan trial court

addressed and rejected McCray’s claim on the merits; and (3) the state appellate courts—both the

Michigan Court of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court—refused to review McCray’s
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ineffective-assistance claim, stating in one-sentence orders that McCray had “failed to meet the

burden of establishing entitlement to relief under [Michigan Court Rule] 6.508(D).” Id. at 478. 

Citing established Sixth Circuit precedent, our court held that the state appellate courts’ summary

invocation of MCR 6.508(D) made clear that the state courts’ decision to deny relief rested

exclusively on a state procedural rule. Id. at 478 (citing six cases: Luberda v. Tripett, 211 F.3d

1004, 1005 (6th Cir. 2000); Howard v. Bouchard, 405 F.3d 459, 477 (6th Cir. 2005); Munson v.

Kapture, 384 F.3d 310, 314-15 (6th Cir. 2004); Hargrave-Thomas v. Yukins, 374 F.3d 383, 387

(6th Cir. 2004); Burroughs v. Makowski, 282 F.3d 410, 414 (6th Cir. 2002); and Simpson v. Jones,

238 F.3d 399, 407 (6th Cir. 2000)). Rejecting McCray’s Abela-based argument to the contrary,

our court explained that, absent en banc consideration to overrule a published opinion of the

circuit, the Abela court could not have overruled Luberda and its progeny. McCray, 232 F. App’x

at 478 n.1; see, e.g., Luberda, 211 F.3d at 1006 (finding the defendant’s ineffective-assistance-oftrial-counsel claim procedurally defaulted where the state trial court considered the claim on the

merits but the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled that Luberda had “failed to meet the burden of

establishing entitlement to relief under M.C.R. 6.508(D)”); Burroughs v. Makowski, 282 F.3d

410, 414 (6th Cir. 2002) (finding that the Michigan appellate courts’ summary statement that the

petitioner was not entitled to relief under MCR 6.508(D) “presents a sufficient explanation that

their rulings were based on procedural default”). Having found that the state appellate courts’

decision rested on an independent and adequate state procedural ground, this court held that

McCray’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim was barred from federal court review absent a

showing of cause for the default and prejudice arising therefrom.

As the court found in McCray’s case, we find in this case that the Michigan appellate
Page 8 of 11

 “A fundamental miscarriage of justice results from the conviction of one who is 2

‘actually innocent.’ ” Lundgren v. Mitchell, 440 F.3d 754, 764 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Murray

v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986)). Spencer makes no attempt to show that he is “actually

innocent” of the crime with which he was charged. 

courts’ summary statements invoking MCR 6.508(D) made clear that the “decision to deny relief

rested exclusively on a state procedural rule.” McCray, 232 F. App’x at 478. Spencer’s

ineffective-assistance claim, therefore, is barred from review in this court unless Spencer can

show that “there was cause for the default and prejudice resulting from the default, or that a

miscarriage of justice will result from enforcing the procedural default in the petitioner’s case.” 

Coleman, 501 U. S. at 749. Spencer has made no such showing here.

2

Spencer contends that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to object to a sentencing

variable—PRV 2—that was scored incorrectly as 25 points. In Michigan, if ten or more years

elapse between the date on which a prisoner is discharged from a prior conviction and the date of

his or her next offense, the prior conviction may not be used in scoring PRV 2. Spencer in fact

received a PRV 2 score of 25 points based on a 1981 prior conviction. Because Spencer was fully

discharged from that 1981 conviction on September 21, 1983, more than 10 years before his 1997

murder of Buford Hughes, his PRV 2 score should have been 0 and not 25. Booker now concedes

that Spencer’s PRV 2 score was erroneously scored.

Relying on an incorrect PRV 2 score of 25, the state trial court determined that Spencer’s

Guidelines range for the minimum sentence was 15 to 30 years. Had the state trial court instead

used a PRV 2 score of 0, Spencer’s Guidelines range for the minimum sentence would have been

10 to 25 years. In either case, the statutory maximum sentence was life in prison. 

That Spencer’s counsel failed to object to an incorrect PRV 2 score does not mean that
Page 9 of 11

 To establish prejudice arising from a procedural default, “a petitioner advancing an

3

ineffective-assistance claim must make the same showing that he would have been required to

make to establish that the ineffective assistance itself was prejudicial.” McCray, 232 Fed. Appx.

at 479 (citing Joseph v. Coyle, 469 F.3d 441, 462-63 (6th Cir. 2006)). 

Spencer necessarily suffered prejudice. To show prejudice, Spencer must show “that there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a 3

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. Where ineffective assistance

at sentencing is asserted, prejudice is established if the movant demonstrates that his sentence was

increased by the deficient performance of his attorney. Glover v. United States, 531 U.S. 198, 200

(2001). 

Movants must “affirmatively prove prejudice.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693. If “one is left

with pure speculation on whether the outcome of . . . the penalty phase could have been any

different,” there has been an insufficient showing of prejudice. Baze v. Parker, 371 F.3d 310, 322

(6th Cir. 2004). Reviewing courts must consider the totality of the evidence before the finder of 

fact in assessing whether the result would likely have been different absent the alleged errors of

counsel. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695-96.

Here, the trial court sentenced Spencer to an indeterminate term of imprisonment of 20 to

40 years. The 20-year minimum sentence was based upon a minimum Guidelines range of 15 to

30 years, and that minimum sentence did not exceed two-thirds of the maximum as required under

the Michigan Supreme Court’s decision in People v. Tanner, 199 N.W.2d 202, 204-05 (Mich.

1972) (holding that “any sentence which provides for a minimum exceeding two-thirds of the

maximum is improper as failing to comply with the indeterminate sentence act”). As noted in its
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order denying Spencer’s post-conviction motion for relief from judgment, the state trial court

considered Spencer’s 20-year minimum sentence to be “proportional to the crime, especially since

this was a serious offense.” 

Whether the trial court would have imposed a lesser sentence had the PRV 2 score been

correctly calculated is anything but clear. The sentence that Spencer actually received—20 to 40

years—fell within the relevant minimum and maximum sentencing ranges whether Spencer’s

PRV 2 score was 25 points or 0 points. Thus, even if the state trial court had correctly calculated

Spencer’s PRV 2 score, it nonetheless could have imposed the very same sentence without

running afoul of either the state sentencing guidelines range or the Tanner two-thirds rule. 

Because there is nothing in this record to suggest that the state trial court would have been

inclined to impose a lesser sentence given a 0-point PRV 2 score, we find no merit to Spencer’s

argument that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s purported ineffectiveness. Even if we were to

assume, for the sake of argument, that Spencer could establish cause for his procedural default, his

failure to establish prejudice precludes us from excusing that default. Accordingly, we conclude

that Spencer’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim is barred from federal habeas review. 

B. DUE PROCESS 

Spencer contends that he was denied due process because the state trial court relied on an

incorrect PRV 2 score when sentencing him. Like his ineffective-assistance claim, his due

process claim was not raised until Spencer filed his post-conviction motion for relief from

judgment. In denying Spencer’s motion for relief from judgment, the state trial court stated:

[Spencer’s] claim that the presentence report was

inaccurate, has no merit. A defendant cannot

contend that this Court’s reliance on the [inaccurate]

presentence report resulted in a wrongful sentence
Page 11 of 11

because neither he nor his attorney objected to those

matters during the sentencing hearing. 

The Michigan Court of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court denied Spencer’s applications

for leave to appeal because Spencer failed “to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief

under MCR 6.508(D).” Thus, no state court addressed Spencer’s due process claim on the merits. 

As it did with Spencer’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, the district court

addressed—and denied—Spencer’s due process claim on the merits. We again conclude that (1)

an adequate and independent state law ground (procedural default) supported the Michigan

Supreme Court’s judgment denying review of Spencer’s due process claim, and (2) Spencer has

not shown that he was prejudiced by the state trial court’s reliance on an inaccurate PRV 2 score. 

Federal review of Spencer’s due process claim is thus foreclosed.

III. CONCLUSION

Because the federal courts are barred from reviewing Spencer’s ineffective-assistance-ofcounsel and due process claims, we AFFIRM—albeit on different grounds—the district court’s

denial of Spencer’s petition for writ of habeas corpus.