United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 03-1229

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United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

*

v. *

*

Ines Herrera Martinez, *

*

Appellant. *

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 Appeals from the United States

No. 03-1233 District Court for the District

___________ of South Dakota.

United States of America, * [PUBLISHED]

*

Appellee, *

*

v. *

*

Alfonso Cortez-Gomez, *

*

Appellant. *

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Submitted: November 18, 2003

Filed: January 14, 2004

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The Honorable Lawrence L. Piersol, Chief Judge, United States District Court

for the District of South Dakota.

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Before MURPHY, LAY, and FAGG, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM.

A jury found Ines Herrara Martinez and Alfonso Cortez-Gomez guilty of

possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance, and further found Martinez

guilty of illegal reentry after deportation. On appeal, Martinez and Cortez-Gomez

contend the district court*

 erroneously denied their suppression motions because the

initial traffic stop and the continued detention which resulted in the discovery and

seizure of drugs were both illegal. Cortez-Gomez additionally challenges the district

court’s refusal to admit into evidence at trial a purported confession by Martinez. For

the reasons that follow, we affirm.

On April 8, 2002, Martinez and Cortez-Gomez were traveling eastbound on a

South Dakota interstate in a 1988 Dodge Ram, while Trooper Matt Oxner was

traveling westbound with a drug dog in his car. Oxner observed defendants’ vehicle,

noticed at least one Hispanic occupant and a California license plate, and turned

around to follow the vehicle. Oxner observed the right tires of the vehicle cross the

fog line, activated a video camera, ran a registration check, discovered the vehicle

was registered to one Sandoval Crescencio from California, observed no traffic

violations other than the single fog-line crossing during this time, and proceeded to

stop the vehicle for the line-crossing incident. Oxner approached the vehicle and told

Martinez, the driver, Oxner had stopped him because his vehicle crossed the fog line,

and Martinez acknowledged he had done so. Martinez produced his driver’s license,

registration, and insurance information. Martinez, whose driver’s license was from

Washington, D.C., followed Oxner back to the patrol car, told Oxner he had just

purchased the vehicle in Los Angeles, and he and Cortez-Gomez were traveling to
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Chicago to look for work. Oxner told Martinez Oxner was going to issue a warning

ticket for the traffic violation and walk his drug dog around the vehicle. The dog

alerted, and Oxner searched the vehicle, observing certain suspicious things such as

areas where screws had been removed and replaced, but finding no controlled

substances. In the interim, Oxner had questioned Martinez about his nationality and

immigration status, and had called Border Patrol. The vehicle was ultimately

impounded, Martinez and Cortez-Gomez were taken into custody, and packages

containing 4,931.9 grams of cocaine were found inside the back seat of the vehicle.

Martinez and Cortez-Gomez argue the traffic stop was pretextual, despite

Oxner’s testimony that he believed a single incident of crossing the fog line was a

violation of a South Dakota statute requiring the driver to stay “as nearly as

practicable” within one traffic lane. Martinez and Cortez-Gomez contend Oxner’s

testimony he believed Hispanics were often used to transport drugs supports their

contention that he stopped them solely based on their nationality. Further, even if the

initial traffic stop was lawful, they also argue Oxner’s continued detention of them

--questioning them about their citizenship, calling Border Patrol, and pursuing a

search--was illegal, because Martinez appeared to have a valid driver’s license and

responded reasonably to Oxner’s questions. 

Although a pretextual traffic stop violates the Fourth Amendment, any traffic

violation provides a police officer with probable cause to stop a vehicle. See United

States v. Pereira-Munoz, 59 F.3d 788, 791 (8th Cir. 1995). We agree with the district

court’s determinations the stop in this case was supported by probable cause, and

defendants did not show discriminatory enforcement of the traffic laws by

challenging Oxner’s motivation in their case. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S.

806, 813 (1996) (individual officer’s motivation is irrelevant for Fourth Amendment

purposes when there is probable cause for a stop, but selective enforcement of laws

may violate Equal Protection Clause); United States v. Pulliam, 265 F.3d 736, 739

(8th Cir. 2001) (finding probable cause existed to stop vehicle that crossed fog line
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twice); Pereira-Munoz, 59 F.3d at 791 (“[s]o long as the officer is doing nothing more

than he is legally permitted and objectively authorized to do, his actual state of mind

is irrelevant” for purposes of determining stop’s lawfulness). We also find the

continued detention was justified by the events which transpired after the vehicle was

stopped. See United States v. Linkous, 285 F.3d 716, 719-21 (8th Cir. 2002) (officer

making traffic stop does not violate Fourth Amendment by asking driver for his

destination and purpose, checking license and registration, or requesting driver to step

over to patrol car; nor does short detention for dog sniff after completion of traffic

stop violate Fourth Amendment). In our view, the district court correctly denied the

motions to suppress. See id. at 720 (standard of review). 

Turning to Cortez-Gomez’s argument about Martinez’s statement made during

a police interview, during which Martinez purportedly admitted he knew there were

drugs in the car to explore the possibility of cooperating, we find no abuse of

discretion in the district court’s refusal to admit this evidence. See Williamson v.

United States, 512 U.S. 594, 602-03 (1994) (concerning admission of statements

against penal interest as hearsay exception under Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(3); statement

must be truly self-inculpatory rather than attempt to curry favor); United States v.

Mendoza, 85 F.3d 1347, 1351 (8th Cir. 1996) (standard of review). 

We affirm the judgment of the district court.

LAY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

If there ever was a clear case of racial profiling, it is this case. By affirming

these convictions, the majority gives support to police officers in this circuit who

seize and search individuals because of their race. I respectfully dissent. 

In the present case, Martinez and Cortez-Gomez were driving through the State

of South Dakota in broad daylight when a state trooper traveling in the opposite
1

The statute provides in pertinent part: “On a roadway divided into lanes, a

vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a single lane and may

not be moved from such lane until the driver has first ascertained that such movement

can be made with safety.” S.D. Codified Laws § 32-26-6 (emphasis added).

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direction observed their vehicle. The unrefuted evidence is that when the trooper

noticed that the driver (Martinez) was Hispanic and that the vehicle he was driving

bore California plates, the trooper did a “180” on the highway and proceeded to

follow the vehicle. After doing so for approximately five miles, the trooper pulled

the vehicle over for momentarily crossing the fog line in violation of South Dakota

law.1

 I respectfully submit that the obvious purpose of such a statute is to apprehend

only those drivers who are intoxicated or otherwise incapable of controlling their

vehicles; one isolated occurrence of crossing the fog line is not sufficient to constitute

a violation. If it were, practically every driver of a vehicle traveling on a South

Dakota roadway could be stopped. No doubt acknowledging this fact, other courts

construing nearly identical traffic statutes have held that minor conduct such as that

which occurred in this case is an insufficient basis upon which to stop the driver of

the vehicle. See United States v. Freeman, 209 F.3d 464, 466 (6th Cir. 2000) (“We

cannot, however, agree that one isolated incident of a large motor home partially

weaving into the emergency lane for a few feet and an instant in time constitutes a

failure to keep the vehicle within a single lane ‘as nearly as practicable.’”); United

States v. Gregory, 79 F.3d 973, 978 (10th Cir. 1996) (“[A]ny vehicle could be subject

to an isolated incident of moving into the right shoulder of the roadway, without

giving rise to a suspicion of criminal activity.”). 

Even assuming that the Defendants’ singular instance of crossing the fog line

provided the trooper with the requisite justification to stop their vehicle, the facts

amply demonstrate that the trooper’s subsequent conduct went beyond the boundaries

imposed by the Fourth Amendment. It is beyond dispute that when the trooper

stopped their vehicle, the Defendants were seized within the meaning of the Fourth

Amendment. See Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 439 (1984); see also United
2

The sole case relied upon by the majority for its holding that the canine sniff

was lawful, United States v. Linkous, does not support their position. Linkous only

upheld a canine sniff following a routine traffic stop where the police officer had

reasonable suspicion that the driver was engaged in criminal activity. See Linkous,

285 F.3d at 720 (“The combination of suspicious factors here gave Officer Dixon

grounds to detain [the defendants] for a dog sniff of their van. There were a number

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States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 421 (1981). In order to be constitutionally

permissible, such a seizure must be “reasonably related in scope to the justification

for [its] initiation.” Berkemer, 468 U.S. at 439 (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,

29 (1967)) (emphasis added); see also Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500 (1983)

(“The scope of the detention must be carefully tailored to its underlying

justification.”). This circuit has repeatedly stated that when the police engage in a

routine traffic stop of a vehicle, the permissible scope of the seizure is limited to

asking questions regarding the purpose for the stop, as well as “asking for the driver’s

license and registration, requesting that the driver sit in the patrol car and asking the

driver about his destination and purpose.” United States v. Bloomfield, 40 F.3d 910,

915 (8th Cir. 1994). 

It is also well-settled in this circuit that unless this limited investigation gives

rise to reasonable suspicion or probable cause of additional criminal activity, a police

officer is prohibited from expanding the scope of the detention. See United States v.

Ramos, 42 F.3d 1160, 1163 (8th Cir. 1994) (“If, however, no answers are inconsistent

and no objective circumstances supply the trooper with additional suspicion, the

trooper should not expand the scope of the stop.”); see also United States v.

Cummins, 920 F.2d 498, 502 (8th Cir. 1990). The record clearly shows that

Martinez’s driver’s license and registration were in proper order. The record further

shows that Martinez’s responses to the trooper’s questions regarding his destination

and purpose did nothing to arouse suspicion. Simply put, the trooper had no

reasonable or articulable basis upon which to suspect the Defendants of drug

activity.2

 Nevertheless, he subjected their vehicle to a canine sniff. 
of factors which taken together created a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.”).

3

In the present case, the officer told the driver that he routinely used the dog to

sniff all vehicles upon traffic stops. If this were true, I submit that such conduct

would be illegal in the absence of reasonable suspicion or probable cause to believe

that the vehicle contained drugs. However, during the hearing on the motion to

suppress, the trooper testified that his use of the dog during the Defendants’ detention

was only the second time that he had done so. 

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I believe that the use of the drug dog was an unconstitutional expansion of an

otherwise valid Terry stop. To be sure, the use of a well-trained dog to detect the

presence of narcotics does not constitute a search within the meaning of the Fourth

Amendment, see City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32, 40 (2000), but this is

beside the point. As Terry and its progeny make clear, the proper inquiry is whether

the Defendants’ rights to be free from an unreasonable seizure were violated, not a

search. See id. at 47 n.2; see also United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 706-707

(1983) (permitting the use of a canine sniff only after the police had reasonable

suspicion of drug activity to support the seizure of an individual passenger and his

luggage.). Cases from this circuit implicitly (if not explicitly) recognize that conduct

that does not amount to a search can render the prior seizure of a defendant

unconstitutional. Clearly, asking the driver questions about drug activity (or anything

else unrelated to the conduct underlying the traffic stop) does not amount to a search.

Nevertheless, we have strictly prohibited an officer from engaging in this conduct.

See Bloomfield, 40 F.3d at 915; Ramos, 42 F.3d at 1163. Taken to its logical

conclusion, the Government’s position would permit all police officers who have

drug dogs to stop a vehicle on a minor traffic infraction and then conduct a canine

sniff while waiting for the driver’s license and registration to check out. This is

completely contrary to the teachings of Terry.

3

I think it fairly obvious in this case that when the trooper stopped the

Defendants’ vehicle for crossing the fog line, he cared little about the purported

violation. The trooper made no mention of the violation and did not at any time write
4

That the trooper’s true purpose in seizing the Defendants was to search for

drugs is further evidenced by his conduct following the alert by the drug dog. After

no drugs were found during a roadside search of their vehicle, the trooper continued

to detain the Defendants for more than one hour, during which time he asked them

repeated questions about their immigration status. The trooper also called the Border

Patrol, which reported that both parties were in this country as illegal aliens, and

requested that the officers hold both occupants in jail. At the police station, the

vehicle was more thoroughly searched and drugs were found sewn into a seat

cushion, resulting in the Defendants’ convictions. 

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a ticket for the purported violation. Instead, he did so for the express purpose of

inquiring whether the Defendants were transporting drugs. During the hearing on the

motion to suppress, although he denied following the Defendants because of their

race, the trooper could offer no other explanation for doing so. The trooper

acknowledged that at the time he made the “180,” he had observed no traffic violation

on the part of the Defendants; instead, he knew only that the vehicle bore California

license plates and that its occupants were Hispanic. His only rationale for following

the vehicle was that Hispanics from California would no doubt be carrying drugs. I

cannot imagine a more clear case of racial profiling than what occurred here. Cf.

Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996).4

I am aware that the general public feels that since these Defendants were

actually carrying drugs, the actions of the trooper are excusable (or perhaps even

laudable). However, the courts clearly do not condone this type of rationale because

it has long been held that an illegal search or seizure is not justified by the contraband

it uncovers. See Byars v. United States, 273 U.S. 28, 29 (1927) (“Nor is it material

that the search was successful in revealing evidence of a violation of a federal statute.

A search prosecuted in violation of the Constitution is not made lawful by what it

brings to light . . . .”). The Fourth Amendment “guarantee of protection against

unreasonable searches and seizures extends to the innocent and guilty alike.”

McDonald v. United States, 335 U.S. 451, 453 (1948). 
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Involved here is an important issue as to whether police may stop any vehicle

traveling upon a highway because the driver is a member of a minority race, under the

whim that the driver has committed a misdemeanor traffic offense, and then conduct

a full search of the vehicle in the hope of uncovering drugs or other contraband. In

my mind, the Fourth Amendment stands as a bulwark to such action, requiring some

evidence of reasonable suspicion or probable cause of drug activity before a drug

sniff can be used attendant to a seizure, especially one premised upon a superficial

allegation that the driver of a vehicle has crossed over the fog line. The majority

holds otherwise and thereby lends its approval to selective seizures by reason of racial

profiling. I hope our court en banc does not come to that result. 

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