If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

In re FISHER, Minors

UNPUBLISHED

July 28, 2022

No. 359040

Wayne Circuit Court

Family Division

LC No. 18-002358-NA

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and MURRAY and BORRELLO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Appellant-mother appeals as of right the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights

to her minor children ADF, AAF, and RF, under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii) (failure to rectify other 

conditions); MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) (reasonable likelihood that the child would be harmed if 

returned to the parent); and MCL 712A.19b(5) (best interest factors). Mother challenges both the 

trial court’s findings regarding the statutory grounds for termination, as well as the determination 

that termination was in the children’s best interests. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

The primary barrier to reunification throughout the case was mother’s drug addiction and 

lack of engagement with her children. Mother consistently missed her weekly drug screenings

and, more often than not, tested positive for various illicit substances, including cocaine, THC,

benzoylecgonine, phentermine, and oxycodone. Moreover, mother only partially complied, at 

best, with the court ordered treatment plan designed to help her overcome her substance abuse and 

reunify with her children. 

The children first came into care in 2018 when mother failed to address the severe mental 

health needs of her oldest child, NF. At the time the Department of Health and Human Services

(DHHS) filed its petition in 2018, ADF was ten years old and had lived with her maternal 

grandmother her whole life. AAF, who at the time was three, had lived with mother but in the 
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maternal great-grandmother’s home.1 The trial court authorized the petition, finding it clearly 

contrary to the welfare of the children to remain in mother’s care, and placed AAF and ADF in 

their maternal grandmother’s care. Mother subsequently admitted to the allegations in the petition, 

conceding that she could not provide the proper care for her children as she was homeless and 

suffered from depression. Mother was not employed at this time and only received social security 

disability payments following an accident in 2013, where mother’s ex-boyfriend shot her in the 

head, causing severe limitations, neurological and physical problems.

At the initial disposition hearing in January of 2019, the court ordered mother to complete 

a treatment plan consisting of parenting classes, counseling services, a psychological evaluation, 

a psychiatric evaluation, and an in-patient program to combat her substance abuse. In February of 

2019, mother gave birth to her daughter RF, who tested positive for cocaine. Months later, DHHS 

discovered RF during a scheduled visit where mother lied about still being pregnant and hid the 

baby in an upstairs bedroom. DHHS filed an additional petition seeking termination of mother’s 

rights to RF, and the trial court placed RF in the maternal grandmother’s care. In March of 2020, 

AAF, ADF, and RF were removed from the maternal grandmother’s care because of multiple 

maltreatment and care complaints.2 The children were then placed with the maternal grandfather. 

However, shortly after, ADF was removed from her maternal grandfather’s care because of her 

poor behavior and was placed with her paternal grandmother.

The record shows that over almost three years mother only partially participated in the 

court ordered treatment plan. In that intervening time, mother had completed parenting classes 

and was deemed compliant with substance abuse therapy. Mother also completed a psychiatric 

evaluation and was diagnosed with bipolar and post-traumatic stress disorders. By the time of the 

termination hearing in August of 2021, mother had secured a month-to-month lease on a fourbedroom home she claimed to live in alone despite DHHS reporting a man living with her.

On the other hand, mother showed minimal progress toward combating her drug addiction. 

She had actively failed to attend many of her drug screens, and when she did attend, her results 

were mostly positive for illicit substances. Over almost three years, the court ordered mother to 

partake in roughly 128 drug screens. Of the 128 required screenings, mother presented for only 

 

1

It is unclear whom mother and AAF were living with at the time the petition was filed in 2018. 

While mother testified that they were living with mother’s grandmother, she admitted it was not 

her “real” grandmother but rather fictive kin, someone she looked to as a grandmother. 

2 The children were removed from the maternal grandmother’s care because multiple complaints 

regarding the maternal grandmother’s drunkenness were filed. The foster care specialist testified 

at trial that on one occasion, the maternal grandmother called the police while intoxicated, 

reporting that ADF and AAF were lost. Police officers responded to the call, and when they 

discovered ADF and AAF in the garage, the maternal grandmother assaulted the children, 

prompting the police to file a complaint and the children’s subsequent removal from the maternal 

grandmother’s home. 
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30 and rendered positive results on 21 of the 30 tests. Mother was also terminated from her parent 

partner because of a lack of engagement with services. 

Mother did not take an active role in the children’s lives and failed to attend 81 of 135 

scheduled visitations with her children. During the in-person visitations that she did attend, she 

spent most of the time watching TV or talking with the other adults while the kids played with

each other. On one occasion, mother presented to visitation at the maternal grandfather’s home 

with a runny nose and white residue powder underneath her nose. Mother also brought an 

unauthorized visitor claiming to be RF’s father with her to visitations. The maternal grandfather 

ceased in-person visitations because of these issues, which mother did not contest, sharing that she 

preferred virtual visits instead of supervised in-person visits with the agency. Even with virtual 

visits, mother was still only partially compliant. On multiple occasions, she would call past the 

children’s bedtime, would not charge her phone and needed to cut visits short, or would not call at 

all. The conversations during these visits would be led primarily by the children without mother 

inquiring about their well-being, such as the progress of their therapy and treatments. Mother did 

not provide financial support or suitable resources to her children or their caregivers aside from 

broken toys or clothes that did not fit. 

The foster care specialist who authored the petitions for termination testified at trial that 

mother treats the children like friends and opined that mother did not benefit from the parenting 

classes as she still did not try to bond with the children at visitations. The maternal grandfather 

similarly testified that mother had established more of a big sister or friend relationship with her 

children because mother hardly interacted with her children and contributed no lesson or 

instruction to their lives. 

On August 17, 2021, the trial court terminated mother’s parental rights to the children, 

finding that mother did not rectify the conditions that brought the children into care in terms of her 

substance abuse. The trial court found that despite the extraordinary length of this case, almost 

three years, mother continued to abuse dangerous drugs, including while RF was in utero, and had 

shown ongoing neglect of her children. 

The following month, the trial court found that termination of mother’s parental rights was 

in the children’s best interests. The trial court noted that mother did not partake in quality parenting 

time or demonstrate a healthy parent and child relationship. Mother did not benefit from the 

services she had engaged in as she continued to test positive for dangerous drugs3and never 

inquired about her children’s well-being or progress. 

II. ANALYSIS

 

3

In fact, in the time between the termination hearing on August 17, 2021, and the best interest 

hearing on September 23, 2021, mother failed to attend three of six mandatory drug screenings 

and tested positive for substances including cocaine, THC, cannabinoid, and benzoylecgonine, at 

the three screenings she did attend. 
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Mother argues that the trial court erred by finding clear and convincing evidence supporting 

a statutory ground for termination, and that termination was not in the best interests of the children. 

“This Court reviews for clear error the trial court’s factual findings and ultimate 

determinations on the statutory grounds for termination.” In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 709; 

846 NW2d 61 (2014). This Court also reviews for clear error the trial court’s decision regarding 

the child’s best interest. In re LaFrance Minors, 306 Mich App 713, 723; 858 NW2d 143 (2014). 

“A finding is clearly erroneous if the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction 

that a mistake has been made.” Id.

A. STATUTORY GROUNDS

At the end of the termination hearing, the trial court stated on the record that the statutory 

basis for terminating mother’s parental rights was pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii) and (j). 

However, the trial court subsequently entered an order including additional statutory grounds for 

termination, specifically, MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and (g). It is well settled law that courts only 

speak through written judgments and orders, and not oral statements. Brausch v Brausch, 283 

Mich App 339, 353; 770 NW2d 77 (2009). Nevertheless, mother only challenges the trial court’s 

findings related to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii) and (j).

4

 Therefore, we will only analyze whether the 

trial court erred when it terminated mother’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii) and 

(j), which permit termination of parental rights under the following circumstances:

(c) The parent was a respondent in a proceeding brought under this chapter, 182 or 

more days have elapsed since the issuance of an initial dispositional order, and the 

court, by clear and convincing evidence, finds . . .

(ii) Other conditions exist that cause the child to come within the court’s 

jurisdiction, the parent has received recommendations to rectify those conditions, 

the conditions have not been rectified by the parent after the parent has received 

notice and a hearing and has been given a reasonable opportunity to rectify the 

conditions, and there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified 

within a reasonable time considering the child’s age.

 

4 The failure to challenge all statutory bases for termination requires affirmance of the trial court 

order. In re HRC, 286 Mich App 444, 461; 781 NW2d 105 (2009). Mother also cites and quotes 

two provisions of the statute, MCL 712A.19b(A)(i) and(A)(ii), that were not cited by the trial 

court. Additionally, mother did not provide an analysis of how each statutory provision relied on 

by the trial court was erroneously applied. Instead, mother lumps together her analysis of every 

statutory challenge into a single argument section without any direction as to which fact or 

analytical point concerns which portion of the statute. Therefore, mother has abandoned her 

challenges to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii) and (g) by failing to properly brief them. See Seifeddine v 

Jaber, 327 Mich App 514, 520; 934 NW2d 64 (2019) (stating that failure to brief an issue 

constitutes abandonment). 
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* * *

(j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of the child’s 

parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the home of the 

parent.

Before terminating a respondent’s parental rights, the trial court must find by clear and convincing 

evidence that at least one statutory ground for termination exists. In re HRC, 286 Mich App 444, 

459; 781 NW2d 105 (2009). To terminate parental rights, only one statutory ground for 

termination needs to be satisfactorily proven. MCL 712A.19b(3).

5

 

Upon review of the record, we hold that the trial court did not err in finding that the grounds 

for termination set forth in MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii) and (j) were met. The record evidence clearly 

shows that mother had been before the trial court more than 182 days since entry of the initial 

disposition order, and that the conditions which brought the children within the court’s jurisdiction, 

mother’s substance abuse and neglect of the children, were not rectified. The trial court gave 

mother a meaningful opportunity to participate in services, yet mother showed minimal progress 

over almost three years. Although mother had completed parenting classes, attended substance 

abuse therapy, and had secured suitable housing, she still did not appreciate the significance of her 

actions. Mother did not comply with several other aspects of her treatment plan, and mother was 

terminated from her parent partner for noncompliance. The record shows that mother repeatedly 

avoided her weekly drug screenings and tested mostly positive at the screenings she did attend. 

Mother blatantly disregarded visitation rules and guidelines, and the maternal grandfather and 

foster caseworker both testified that during the scheduled visitations that mother did attend, she 

did not partake in quality parenting time and did not engage with her children. Mother would 

spend many scheduled visitations watching TV or conversing with the other adults present while 

her children played together. Mother sometimes brought unauthorized individuals with her to 

visitation.

The trial court also did not clearly err in finding a reasonable likelihood that the children 

would be harmed if returned to her care, given mother’s unshakable addiction and neglect of her 

children.

6

 Mother habitually used dangerous drugs, including during her pregnancy with RF, and 

even showed up to visitation with white residue powder under her nose. Mother carries her 

addiction with her daily, inevitably creating an environment unsuitable for-and dangerous to

children. Mother was not in tune with reality and made poor decisions about her and her children’s 

 

5 Mother relies on People v Hicks, 149 Mich App 737; 386 NW2d 657 (1986), arguing that this 

Court should not deprive a parent of the custody of their children without “extremely good cause.” 

Interestingly, this fictitious standard is not found anywhere in Hicks. The controlling standard for 

termination of parental rights is set out in the statute, MCL 712A.19b, which contains no 

requirement that “extremely good cause” be shown. 

6 Although we have determined that the trial court did not err in terminating mother’s parental 

rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii), we will still address mother’s challenge to section (j) as a 

matter of completeness. 
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welfare. Indeed, the children came under the purview of DHHS when mother failed to address 

NF’s severe mental health needs. The record shows that mother demonstrated continued neglect 

of her children. The foster care specialist testified at trial that mother never inquired about her 

children’s well-being or the progress of their therapy, despite ADF’s severe mental health issues.

7

Mother could not achieve reunification nor demonstrate the ability to safely parent her children. 

The trial court, therefore, did not clearly err by finding that clear and convincing evidence 

established a ground for termination under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(ii) and (j). 

B. BEST INTERESTS

Mother next challenges the trial court’s determination that termination of her parental 

rights served the children’s best interests. “If the court finds that there are grounds for termination 

of parental rights and that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court 

shall order termination of parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of the 

child with the parent not be made.” MCL 712A.19b(5). The court may consider several factors 

when deciding if termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interests, including the child’s 

bond to the parent, the parent’s parenting ability, the child’s need for permanency, stability, and 

finality, and the advantages of a foster home over the parent’s home. In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich 

App 35, 41-42; 823 NW2d 144 (2012). The court may also consider psychological evaluations, 

the child’s age, parenting techniques during parenting time, and a parent’s history. In re Jones, 

286 Mich App 126, 131; 777 NW2d 728 (2009). “The trial court should weigh all the evidence 

available to determine the children’s best interests.” In re White, 303 Mich App at 713. In 

considering the child’s best interests, the trial court’s focus must be on the child, not the parent. 

In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 88; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). Whether termination of parental rights 

is in a child’s best interests must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 90. 

The trial court found several factors weighing in favor of termination, including mother’s 

lack of quality parenting time, the broken bond between mother and her children, mother’s

continued abuse of dangerous drugs, and her avoidance and lack of appreciation of services 

provided. Mother neglected scheduled visitations and ample opportunities to build a meaningful 

relationship with her children. When mother presented at visitation, she was disinterested and 

hardly engaged with her children. 

A preponderance of the evidence established that the children would not be safe in mother’s

care. Despite mother’s assertions to the contrary, she only partially complied with her treatment 

plan. Completing parenting classes without an actual appreciation of the lessons learned is 

equivalent to not having completed the course at all. See In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App at 43

(finding that respondents’ failure to derive any lasting benefits from the services provided to her 

weighed in favor of termination). See also In re Frey, 297 Mich App 242, 248; 824 NW2d 569 

(2012) (emphasizing that while there is a “responsibility to expend reasonable efforts to provide 

services to secure reunification, there exists a commensurate responsibility on the part of 

respondents to participate in the services that are offered[,]” and ultimately held that insufficient 

compliance and benefit from the services provided necessitated the termination of parental rights). 

 

7 By the time of the termination hearing in 2021, ADF was hospitalized because she attempted to 

overdose on her antidepressants. 
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The same holds true for her completion of substance abuse therapy, as the evidence shows that she 

continued to abuse drugs. 

The trial court found that AAF and RF received excellent care, structure, stability, and 

permeance in their maternal grandfather’s care. And the record supports the trial court’s findings. 

At trial, the maternal grandfather described AAF as a blank slate academically when he assumed 

guardianship over her. AAF, 5 years old at the time, could not read nor identify letters, numbers, 

colors, and shapes. After only 15 months with the maternal grandfather, AAF learned how to read, 

perform simple math equations, tell time on a clock, and could identify a variety of letters, 

numbers, colors, and shapes. When RF first came under the guardianship of the maternal 

grandfather, she would have night terrors, which have dissipated considerably since leaving 

mother’s care. ADF suffers from severe mental health issues but receives biweekly mental health 

services and monthly psychiatric evaluations under the paternal grandmother’s care. We are not 

left with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court erred by finding that termination was in 

the children’s best interest. 

Affirmed.

/s/ Michael J. Kelly 

/s/ Christopher M. Murray 

/s/ Stephen L. Borrello