SUPERIOR COURT

OF THE 

STATE OF DELAWARE

ABIGAIL M. LEGROW LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER

 JUDGE 500 N. KING STREET, SUITE 10400

 WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19801

 TELEPHONE (302) 255-0669

Submitted: January 25, 2023

Decided: February 16, 2023

To: All Counsel of Record

Re: Viacom Inc., n/k/a Paramount Global v. U.S. Specialty Insurance Co., et al.

(N22C-06-016 AML CCLD)

National Amusements, Inc., et al. v. Endurance American Specialty 

Insurance Co., et al. (N22C-06-018 AML CCLD)

Shari E. Redstone v. ACE American Insurance Co., et al. (N22C-06-020 

AML CCLD)

Dear Counsel,

This short letter opinion addresses the following motions: (1) Certain 

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or Stay in Viacom v. U.S. Specialty, et al., N22C06-016 AML CCLD (the “Viacom Coverage Case”); (2) the Unique 2016 Insurers’ 

Motion to Dismiss in the Viacom Coverage Case; and (3) Certain Defendants’ 

Motion to Dismiss or Stay in Redstone v. ACE American Insurance Co., et al., 

N22C-06-020 AML CCLD (the “Redstone Coverage Case”).1 The law in this area 

1 Plaintiffs’ Motion to Dismiss Relation-Back Counterclaims and to Strike Relation-Back 

Affirmative Defenses in National Amusements, Inc., et al. v. Endurance American Specialty 
February 16, 2023

Page 2

is settled, and an extensive analysis of that precedent in the context of the pending 

motions would not meaningfully add to the law’s development. In other words, the 

motions are straightforward and can be resolved with a concise explanation of the 

Court’s reasoning.

Factual and Procedural Background

Only a brief factual background is warranted. There are three related 

insurance coverage disputes pending before the Court regarding coverage for two 

actions pending in the Court of Chancery (collectively, the “Chancery Cases”). The 

Chancery Cases arise from the 2019 merger between Viacom Inc. and CBS 

Corporation and assert Viacom’s and CBS’s directors, officers, and controlling 

shareholders breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the merger. 

Litigation in the Chancery Cases has involved exhaustive pretrial discovery and 

motion practice, and trial in the first action is scheduled to proceed this summer. 

The damages sought in the Chancery Cases far exceed the various towers of 

insurance implicated and at issue in the coverage cases pending before this Court. 

In the three related coverage disputes, Viacom, National Amusements, Inc., 

and Shari Redstone seek insurance coverage for damages they ultimately may be 

ordered to pay as a result of a settlement or judgment in the Chancery Cases. The 

Insurance Co., et al., N22C-06-018 AML CCLD remains under advisement. A separate decision 

will be issued with respect to that motion.
February 16, 2023

Page 3

Viacom Coverage Case and the Redstone Coverage Case seek coverage under 

Viacom’s tower of directors and officers (“D&O”) liability insurance policies.2 

Although Viacom’s insurers have paid the defense costs incurred by some of their 

insureds in the Chancery Cases,3they have denied any coverage obligation for a 

judgment or settlement. Among the reasons the insurers articulate for denying 

coverage is: (i) a dispute as to which policy period is implicated by the Chancery 

Cases; and (ii) whether the so-called “Bump Up Exclusion” in Viacom’s policies 

bars coverage for any damages that might be awarded in the Chancery Cases. There 

are other potential disputes between the parties with respect to coverage, including 

“conduct exclusions” that could be implicated if a judgment is entered, and 

allocation of coverage in the event there are both covered and uncovered losses. 

Although the parties mediated the coverage disputes, the insurers steadfastly 

maintain there is no coverage and therefore have refused to offer any money toward 

possible settlement of the underlying Chancery Cases. 

In June 2022, the plaintiffs filed their complaints asserting declaratory 

judgment and anticipatory breach of contract claims relating to the insurers’ refusal 

to acknowledge a coverage obligation. The complaints in the Viacom Coverage 

2

In the third coverage action, National Amusements, Inc. v. Endurance American Specialty 

Insurance Co., et al., N22C-06-018 AML CCLD, the plaintiffs seek coverage under National 

Amusements, Inc.’s D&O insurance policies. That action is not the subject of this opinion.

3 Viacom’s insurers have denied coverage for Ms. Redstone’s defense costs and also have denied 

any coverage obligation for any settlement or adverse judgment entered against her in the Chancery 

Cases. See Compl. ¶ 3 in Redstone v. Ace American Insur. Co., et al., N22C-06-020 AML CCLD.
February 16, 2023

Page 4

Case named as defendants the insurers for both Viacom’s 2019 insurance tower and 

its 2016 insurance tower because some of the 2019 insurers have taken the position 

that the 2016 tower, rather than the 2019 tower, is implicated by the claims in the 

Chancery Cases. Some of the defendant insurers answered the complaints, while 

others (collectively, the “Moving Defendants”) moved to dismiss on the basis that 

the plaintiffs’ claims are not ripe and will not be ripe unless and until the Chancery 

Cases resolve through settlement or by entry of a judgment against the insureds. The 

Moving Defendants additionally argue the claims are not ripe because the plaintiffs 

failed to comply with an alternative dispute resolution clause in the insurance 

policies. Finally, the insurers who issued policies in the 2016 tower, but did not 

issue policies in the 2019 tower (the “Unique 2016 Insurers”) argue the complaint 

fails to state a claim against them because the plaintiffs only are seeking coverage 

under the 2019 tower.

Analysis

The Moving Defendants’ primary argument is that this coverage dispute is not 

ripe. The Court considers a motion to dismiss for ripeness under Superior Court 

Civil Rule 12(b)(1).4 Although the plaintiffs have alleged breach of contract claims, 

the focus of the parties’ coverage dispute is contained in—and likely can be resolved 

4 Energy Transfer Equity, L.P. v. Twin City Fire Insur. Co., 2020 WL 5758027, at *5 (Del. Super. 

Sept. 28, 2020).
February 16, 2023

Page 5

through—the declaratory judgment claims. In order for this Court to exercise its 

jurisdiction to award declaratory relief, there must be an “actual controversy” 

between the parties.5 Delaware courts consider four factors in determining whether 

an “actual controversy” exists; the only factor the Moving Defendants challenge is 

whether the controversy is “ripe for judicial declaration.”

6

Delaware courts adopt a “common sense” approach to assessing ripeness. 

That approach balances the interests of the party seeking immediate relief against 

the interests of a court in refraining from addressing questions until they are in a 

concrete or final form.7 Generally speaking, a dispute is ripe if “litigation sooner or 

later appears to be unavoidable and where the material facts are static.”8 Several 

factors, known as the Schick factors, are relevant to this “common sense” ripeness 

analysis: (1) a practical evaluation of the plaintiff’s legitimate interests in a prompt 

resolution of the question presented; (2) the hardship threatened by further delay in 

resolving the question; (3) the possibility that future factual development might 

affect the resolution; (4) the need to conserve scarce judicial resources; and (5) 

respect for identifiable policies of law concerning the matter in dispute.9

5

10 Del. C. § 6501; Gannett Co., Inc. v. Bd. of Managers of the Delaware Criminal Justice Info. 

Sys., 840 A.2d 1232, 1237 (Del. 2003).

6

See Stroud v. Milliken Enters., Inc., 552 A.2d 476, 479 (Del. 1989). The Unique 2016 Insurers 

challenge two other factors, which are discussed briefly below.

7 XL Specialty Ins. Co. v. WMI Liquidating Trust, 93 A.3d 1208, 1217 (Del. 2014).

8

Id. at 1217 (quoting Julian v. Julian, 2009 WL 2937121, at *3 (Del. Ch. Sept. 9, 2009)).

9

Schick Inc. v. Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union, 533 A.2d 1235, 1239 (Del. Ch. 

1987).
February 16, 2023

Page 6

Applied to the facts of this case, those factors weigh in favor of finding that 

the plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claims are ripe. The plaintiffs are named as 

defendants in the two pending Chancery Cases, and their ability to assess the risks 

associated with resolving the claims versus proceeding to trial hinges in no small 

part on an understanding of the insurance coverage available. Delaying a decision 

as to coverage could result in a substantial expenditure of party and judicial resources 

to try a case the plaintiffs otherwise would resolve if they understood their exposure 

risk. Application of the “Bump Up Exclusion” and determination of the relevant 

policy period likely can be accomplished on the basis of the underlying pleadings 

and the established facts in the Chancery Cases, and deciding those issues will not 

impose unreasonably on judicial resources. Finally, allowing this case to proceed is 

consistent with the purpose of the Declaratory Judgment Act, which is liberally 

construed to “afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, 

status and other legal relations.”10 

The Moving Defendants, however, insist the Delaware Supreme Court’s 

decision in XL Specialty Insurance Co. v. WMI Liquidating Trust compels a different 

conclusion.11 According to the Moving Defendants, XL Specialty stands for the 

proposition that “any judgment as to the availability of indemnity coverage issued 

10 10 Del. C. § 6512.

11 93 A.3d 1208 (Del. 2014).
February 16, 2023

Page 7

prior to a judgment or settlement of the underlying action would improperly rest on 

the court’s predicted outcome of that underlying action” and therefore declaratory 

judgment coverage claims are not ripe before the underlying action is resolved.12 

The decision in XL Specialty was not nearly so broad. Rather, XL Specialty confirms 

that ripeness depends on the type of case-specific analysis conducted above, and 

coverage disputes become ripe when a plaintiff “establish[es] a ‘reasonable 

likelihood’ that coverage under the disputed policies will be triggered.”13 

In XL Specialty, the plaintiff sought a declaration as to whether a particular 

tower of insurance would provide coverage for potential litigation that had not yet 

been filed. Importantly, as the XL Specialty Court pointed out, another insurance 

tower was providing coverage for defense costs, the plaintiff had not alleged that 

that tower was close to being exhausted, and there were no facts from which the 

Court could find a reasonable likelihood that any of the policies in the tower at issue 

would be triggered.14 The Supreme Court reasoned that resolving coverage 

questions under those circumstances “would necessarily be premised on uncertain 

and hypothetical facts.”15 

12 Opening Br. in Supp. of Mot. of Certain Defs. to Dismiss or in the Alternative Stay, N22C-06-

016 AML, at 17.

13 93 A.3d at 1218 (quoting Hoechst Celanese Corp. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 

Pa., 623 A.2d 1133, 1137 (Del. Super. 1992)).

14 Id. at 1222.

15 Id. at 1218.
February 16, 2023

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Notwithstanding that holding, XL Specialty and the cases that precede it make 

clear that, in order to find the plaintiffs’ claims are ripe, the Court need not conclude 

with certainty that the Moving Defendants’ policies will be triggered. A reasonable 

likelihood of coverage is enough.16 In fact, several policies within Viacom’s 2019 

tower already have been exhausted through the payment of defense costs. As set 

forth above, there are disputes regarding the applicable policy period and the 

meaning of the Bump Up Exclusion that can be resolved now on the basis of concrete 

facts. If the plaintiffs prevail in their coverage claim, it is reasonably likely that a 

settlement or judgment could exhaust the entire insurance tower at issue. Under 

those circumstances, the plaintiffs’ claims are ripe.17

The Moving Defendants raise two other bases for dismissal. First, the Moving 

Defendants contend Viacom’s policy contains an alternative dispute resolution 

provision (the “ADR Provision”) and the plaintiffs did not allow the “cooling-off 

period” in that provision to expire before filing their complaints. The ADR 

Provision pertinently provides: “in the event of mediation, . . . no [] judicial 

proceeding shall be commenced until at least 60 days after the date the mediation 

16 Id. at 1217-18.

17 The plaintiffs acknowledge there may be other coverage issues that could arise depending on 

the outcome of the Chancery Cases, including with respect to allocation and the conduct exclusion. 

For the time being, however, there are disputes between the parties that are ripe for resolution by 

this Court. If the plaintiffs prevail in the dispute regarding the Bump Up Exclusion, and the Court 

determines the appropriate policy period implicated by the Chancery Cases, the Court could, if 

necessary, stay the remaining claims until the Chancery Cases are resolved. 
February 16, 2023

Page 9

shall be deemed concluded or terminated.”18 It is undisputed that: (i) the parties in 

the underlying Chancery Cases mediated those disputes in January 2022; (ii) the 

insurers and insureds engaged in a coverage-specific mediation in March 2022; and 

(iii) in both those mediations, the insurers denied any coverage obligations.19 The 

plaintiffs filed their complaints in these cases in June 2022, more than 60 days after 

the March mediation. The Moving Defendants, however, argue that another 

mediation session occurred in May 2022, less than 60 days before the plaintiffs filed 

suit, the mediation never was concluded or terminated, and the plaintiffs’ complaints 

therefore were premature. The plaintiffs respond that the May mediation was not 

related to coverage and point out that several insurers and Ms. Redstone’s coverage 

counsel did not even participate in the May mediation.20

The Court cannot resolve a factual dispute in a pleadings-based motion, and 

that alone is a sufficient basis to deny the motions to dismiss on the basis of the ADR 

Provision. In addition, the plaintiffs present a compelling argument that the insurers 

have uniformly denied coverage, did not change their position in either the January 

or March mediation sessions, and the May mediation session did not relate in any 

way to coverage disputes. Under those circumstances, it is reasonably conceivable 

18 2019-2020 Chubb Primary Policy, Coverage Form § XXIV. Although the ADR Provision did 

not require the insureds to mediate, they elected to do so and thereby became subject to the 

requirements of that clause.

19 Decl. of Peter Welsh, Esq.; N22C-06-020 AML CCLD, dated Sept. 29, 2022, at ¶¶ 6-7 

(hereinafter, “Welsh Decl.”).

20 Welsh Decl. ¶¶ 8-9.
February 16, 2023

Page 10

that the mediation could be “deemed concluded or terminated” in March 2022, such 

that the complaints were filed after the cooling-off period expired. Dismissal on the 

basis of the ADR Provision therefore is not appropriate at this time.

Finally, the Unique 2016 Insurers argue the plaintiffs’ claims against them in 

the Viacom Coverage Case are not ripe because the plaintiffs only are seeking 

coverage under Viacom’s 2019 tower. The Unique 2016 Insurers contend: (i) the 

plaintiffs’ claims would not affect the Unique 2016 Insurers’ rights; (ii) there is no 

adverse interest between the plaintiffs and the Unique 2016 Insurers; and (iii) the 

dispute regarding the applicable policy period is not ripe. The Court disagrees. First, 

the plaintiffs allege there is a dispute regarding which policy period was implicated 

by the Chancery Cases, and some insurers in the 2019 tower who are not part of the 

2016 tower have argued the 2016 policies are triggered for coverage. That dispute 

is ripe for consideration and places the parties in this case in adverse positions, both 

as between the various insurers and as to the plaintiffs.21 Second, the Unique 2016 

Insurers’ participation in this action is consistent with the Declaratory Judgment Act, 

which provides that “all persons shall be made parties who have or claim any interest 

which would be affected by the declaration.”22 Third, the Court can determine what 

21 See, e.g. Benefytt Techs., Inc. v. Capitol Specialty Insur. Corp., 2022 WL 16504, at *6-7 (Del. 

Super. Jan. 3, 2022) (refusing to dismiss insured’s declaratory judgment action against insurer in 

prior policy period when the various insurers were disputing which policy period applied because

the insured “ha[d] a legitimate interest in binding all potentially interested and at-risk insurers to 

the judgment.”)

22 10 Del. C. § 6511.
February 16, 2023

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policy period is implicated now, without relying on hypotheticals, and it is 

reasonably likely that the Unique 2016 Insurers’ policies could be triggered. 

For the foregoing reasons, the motions to dismiss in the Viacom Coverage 

Case and the Redstone Coverage Case are DENIED. The defendants shall answer 

the various complaints and the parties shall confer regarding entry of Case 

Management Orders in all three coverage cases. To the greatest extent possible, 

scheduling and discovery should be coordinated among the three cases. 

Additionally, within three days of this opinion’s issuance, the parties in the Viacom 

Coverage Case shall contact chambers to obtain an argument date for Plaintiff’s 

Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. Once that date is set, counsel shall submit a 

stipulated briefing schedule. Having stayed briefing on the summary judgment 

motion at the Moving Defendants’ request while the motions to dismiss were 

resolved, the Court will expect Defendants to agree to prompt deadlines so the 

summary judgment motion may be addressed as expeditiously as possible. IT IS 

SO ORDERED.

Sincerely, 

/s/ Abigail M. LeGrow

Abigail M. LeGrow, Judge