## 1 

# Supplement to the Final Report:

Section 211(B) Tier 2 High End Exposure Study of Conventional and Oxygenated Gasoline

Prepared for

AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 1220 L Street Washington, DC 20005-4070

Prepared by

Barbara Zielinska, Eric M. Fujita, John C. Sagebiel, and David E. Campbell Division of Atmospheric Sciences Desert Research Institute Nevada System of Higher Education 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, NV 89512

## 2 

# Section 1: Quantification of Pers onal Exposures to Motor Vehicle Emissions in High Exposure Microenvi ronments in Atlanta, Houston, and Chicago during Summer and Winter.

Atlanta Summer 2002-2003 Acetaldehyde

ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 ME5 ME7 ME8 ME9 ME10 ME11 ME12 ME13 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Maximum Minimum 75% 25% Median Outliers Extremes



## Figure 1.3.1-1. Time-integrated exposure leve ls (ppbv) in different MEs in Atlanta, Summer 2002 and 2003.

ME1 : In-cabin congested freeway; ME2 : In-cabin urban canyon; ME3 : In-cabin refueling; ME4 : In-cabin underground garage; ME5 : In-cabin toll plaza; ME6 : In-cabin roadway tunnel; ME7 : Out-of-cabin refueling; ME8 :Out-of-cabin sidewalk; ME9 : Out-ofcabin sidewalk/bus stop; ME10 : Out-of-cabin surface parking; ME11 : Out-of-cabin underground garage; ME12 : Outside toll plaza; ME13 : In-cabin trailing high-emitter vehicle



# Atlanta Winter 2004 Acetaldehyde

ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 ME5 ME7 ME8 ME9 ME10 ME11 ME12 ME13 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Maximum Minimum 75% 25% Median Outliers Extremes

## 3 Figure 1.3.1-2. Time-integrated exposure leve ls (ppbv) in different MEs in Atlanta, Winter 2004.

ME1 : In-cabin congested freeway; ME2 : In-cabin urban canyon; ME3 : In-cabin refueling; ME4 : In-cabin underground garage; ME5 : In-cabin toll plaza; ME6 : In-cabin roadway tunnel; ME7 : Out-of-cabin refueling; ME8 :Out-of-cabin sidewalk; ME9 : Out-ofcabin sidewalk/bus stop; ME10 : Out-of-cabin surface parking; ME11 : Out-of-cabin underground garage; ME12 : Outside toll plaza; ME13 : In-cabin trailing high-emitter vehicle



# Chicago Summer 2003 Acetaldehyde

ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 ME5 ME6 ME7 ME8 ME9 ME10 ME11 ME12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Maximum Minimum 75% 25% Median Outliers Extremes



## Figure 1.3.1-3. Time-integrated exposure leve ls (ppbv) in different MEs in Chicago, Summer 2003

## 4 

# Chicago Winter 2004 Acetaldehyde

ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 ME5 ME6 ME7 ME8 ME9 ME10 ME11 ME12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Maximum Minimum 75% 25% Median Outliers Extremes



## Figure 1.3.1-4. Time-integrated exposure leve ls (ppbv) in different MEs in Chicago, Winter 2004.

ME1 : In-cabin congested freeway; ME2 : In-cabin urban canyon; ME3 : In-cabin refueling; ME4 : In-cabin underground garage; ME5 : In-cabin toll plaza; ME6 : In-cabin roadway tunnel; ME7 : Out-of-cabin refueling; ME8 :Out-of-cabin sidewalk; ME9 : Out-ofcabin sidewalk/bus stop; ME10 : Out-of-cabin surface parking; ME11 : Out-of-cabin underground garage; ME12 : Outside toll plaza; ME13 : In-cabin trailing high-emitter vehicle


# Houston Summer, 2004 Acetaldehyde

ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 ME5 ME6 ME7 ME8 ME9 ME10 ME11 ME12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Maximum Minimum 75% 25% Median Outliers Extremes

## 5 Figure 1.3.1-5. Time-integrated exposure leve ls (ppbv) in different MEs in Houston, Summer 2004.

ME1 : In-cabin congested freeway; ME2 : In-cabin urban canyon; ME3 : In-cabin refueling; ME4 : In-cabin underground garage; ME5 : In-cabin toll plaza; ME6 : In-cabin roadway tunnel; ME7 : Out-of-cabin refueling; ME8 :Out-of-cabin sidewalk; ME9 : Out-ofcabin sidewalk/bus stop; ME10 : Out-of-cabin surface parking; ME11 : Out-of-cabin underground garage; ME12 : Outside toll plaza; ME13 : In-cabin trailing high-emitter vehicle.



# Houston Winter 2005 Acetaldehyde

ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 ME5 ME6 ME7 ME8 ME9 ME10 ME11 ME12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Maximum Minimum 75% 25% Median Outliers Extremes



## Figure 1.3.1-6. Time-integrated exposure leve ls (ppbv) in different MEs in Houston, Winter 2005.


# Section 4: Relationships of Attach ed Garage and Home Exposures to Fuel Type and Emission Levels of Garage Sources

Table 4.3-6. Summary of Backgr ound Concentrations in Kitchen and Garage. Units are ppbv, except as noted.

## 6 Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Kitchen Backgrounds Summer 0.08 1.70 6.50 0.67 2.30 1.05 0.42 0.35 49.83 1215.58 13.57 Winter 0.21 3.93 7.47 4.82 7.47 4.32 1.31 0.87 13.51 5.47 Garage Backgrounds Summer 0.02 2.68 8.87 0.92 3.25 1.14 0.20 0.15 20.29 6.28 Winter 0.12 2.29 5.40 0.85 3.13 1.21 1.11 0.78 7.70 2.65

Kitchen, all Min 0.02 0.73 3.33 0.37 1.25 0.50 0.00 0.15 5.50 53.60 3.00 Max 1.33 11.76 15.49 38.21 32.27 24.64 6.16 5.29 106.63 2194.10 24.56 Garage, all Min 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.85 0.90 1.20 Max 0.90 11.47 25.72 3.19 11.33 4.27 3.78 7.01 35.63 1475.60 13.89



## Budi13 = 1,3BD; Benze = benzene; Tolue = toluene, Mp_xyl = m,p-xylene; o_xyl = o-xylene, Formal = formaldehyde; EtOH = ethanol, Acetal = acetaldehyde



## Table 4.3-7. Summary of Test Concentration Ranges in Ki tchen and Garage. Units are ppbv, except as noted.

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Kitchen, all Min 0.02 0.18 2.49 0.25 0.78 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 158.80 0.00 Max 1.64 11.17 15.58 3.02 9.06 5.12 13.27 10.85 95.59 670.20 23.86

Garage, all Min 0.03 1.33 2.48 0.39 1.25 0.51 0.00 0.20 0.00 5.80 0.00 Max 36.35 65.44 93.67 18.23 50.72 19.36 185.63 39.16 174.20 27.70 30.79



## Table 4.3-8. Seasonal Impact on Observed Ma ximum Concentrations (Units are ppbv, except as noted).

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Kitchen Max-S 1.42 7.77 14.64 1.84 6.44 2.98 10.49 1.62 95.59 670.20 23.86 Max-W 1.64 11.17 15.58 3.02 9.06 5.12 13.27 10.85 54.78 15.51 Garage Max-S 36.35 65.44 93.67 18.23 50.72 19.36 93.63 28.60 174.20 27.70 30.79 Max-W 8.47 24.68 34.61 6.05 22.78 8.04 185.63 39.16 54.78 15.51


## Table 4.3-9. Seasonal Impact on Observed Ma ximum Concentrations (Units are ppbv, except as noted), Normal Mode Vehicles Only.

Normal Only Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Kitchen Max-S 0.29 4.87 14.35 1.80 6.44 2.48 1.59 0.81 95.59 519.70 23.86 Max-W 1.55 11.17 14.80 2.76 8.50 3.44 13.27 3.07 31.31 11.00 Garage Max-S 4.76 21.02 48.73 6.99 19.92 7.73 8.95 3.86 58.53 27.70 13.79 Max-W 8.47 24.68 34.61 6.05 22.78 8.04 185.63 39.16 54.78 15.51



## Budi13 = 1,3BD; Benze = benzene; Tolue = toluene, Mp_xyl = m,p-xylene; o_xyl = o-xylene, Formal = formaldehyde; EtOH = ethanol, Acetal = acetaldehyde



## Table 4.3-10. Seasonal Impact on Observed Average Concentrations (Units are ppbv, except as noted), Normal Mode Vehicles Only.

## 7 Normal Only Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Kitchen Ave-S 0.16 3.25 11.54 1.39 4.58 1.97 0.56 0.39 53.33 339.25 13.48 Ave-W 0.43 4.38 7.24 1.31 4.12 1.72 3.76 0.92 14.54 4.99 Garage Ave-S 1.87 8.72 20.36 3.06 8.67 3.51 2.47 1.82 26.44 17.35 6.26 Ave-W 2.35 8.15 14.44 2.54 9.00 3.39 36.64 6.45 18.72 4.79


## Table 4.3-11. Effect of Fuel and Operational Mode of the Sedan on Observed Levels in the Kitchen and Garage (Units are ppbv, except as noted).

Location Fuel Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Normal Garage Atlanta 0.55 2.40 6.09 0.98 3.24 1.38 0.82 0.31 7.16 1.78 Houston 0.95 3.56 9.78 1.51 5.20 2.08 10.81 0.56 22.25 5.11 Chicago 1.19 3.40 8.29 1.39 4.91 2.06 0.48 0.45 11.75 27.70 3.81

Kitchen Atlanta 0.06 2.01 8.42 1.03 3.61 1.45 0.10 0.10 63.45 16.78 Houston 0.24 2.82 7.49 1.10 3.69 1.59 3.35 0.52 24.01 6.65 Chicago 0.06 3.82 8.45 1.26 4.40 1.91 0.27 0.29 13.38 158.80 2.48

Malfunction Garage Atlanta 1.42 26.80 44.40 4.03 13.08 4.86 16.67 6.27 23.35 9.03 Houston 2.54 12.45 25.68 4.20 14.11 5.53 49.97 13.29 30.72 7.35 Chicago 1.92 9.54 11.26 1.65 5.64 2.18 1.13 12.16 13.08 19.00 7.35

Kitchen Atlanta 0.86 9.13 15.11 2.06 6.47 2.92 0.35 5.59 21.99 6.97 Houston 0.23 4.14 9.68 1.74 5.42 2.65 10.19 1.30 26.19 8.37 Chicago 0.23 2.81 6.04 1.03 3.51 1.53 0.30 0.76 25.93 670.20 9.88


## Table 4.3-12. Effect of Fuel and Operational Mode of the Truck on Observed Levels in the Kitchen and Garage (Units are ppbv, except as noted).

Location Fuel Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Normal Garage Atlanta 2.40 11.28 26.45 3.79 11.05 4.32 0.44 2.13 38.17 8.25 Houston 1.39 9.69 24.99 3.83 11.12 4.46 10.46 2.15 38.12 8.85 Chicago 2.55 9.64 15.61 2.99 8.56 3.41 1.74 2.87 0.00 7.00 0.00

Kitchen Atlanta 0.12 1.65 8.23 0.83 2.58 1.04 0.10 0.28 35.68 8.88 Houston 0.37 4.57 9.68 1.62 4.85 2.28 7.20 0.82 45.47 13.40 Chicago 0.92 8.02 14.08 2.27 6.97 2.78 1.95 1.94 21.61 519.70 7.25

Malfunctio n Garage Atlanta 3.74 16.19 26.42 3.87 12.22 4.58 0.38 8.03 45.11 9.79 Houston 22.41 45.06 64.14 12.14 36.75 13.70 139.63 33.88 114.49 23.15 Chicago 2.73 7.72 11.55 1.85 5.87 2.16 0.06 2.52 32.96 5.80 17.28

Kitchen Atlanta 0.24 3.25 7.65 1.99 5.67 3.15 0.13 0.68 42.56 10.91 Houston 0.80 4.23 9.05 1.42 4.25 1.89 4.57 1.33 52.72 14.55 Chicago 0.11 4.11 7.29 1.45 4.67 1.92 0.03 0.28 29.37 414.10 7.65

## 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Bu

di

13 Benze T olu

e Etbz Mp _x

yl O _ xyl M TB

E CO ,p

pm Formal Et O

H A cet

a l



### compoundppbv Atlanta-N
Atlanta-F
Houston-N
Houston-F Chicago-N Chicago-F



## Figure 4.3-1. Effect of fuel and mode on observed concentrations in the garage. The legend “N” is normal and “F” is malfunction. Th e 1,3-BD value for Houston-F is suspect.

## 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Bud

i 13 Ben ze T o l u e Et b z Mp_xyl O_xyl M TBE CO ,p

p m
F o rmal Et OH Acetal



### compoundppbv Atlanta-N
Atlanta-F
Houston-N
Houston-F Chicago-N Chicago-F 

### 339,542



## Figure 4.3-2. Effect of fuel and mode on observed concentrations in the kitchen. The legend “N” is normal and “F” is malfunction. The 1,3-BD value for Houston-F is suspect.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal compoundGarage, ppbv Atlanta-N
Atlanta-F
Houston-N
Houston-F Chicago-N Chicago-F



## Figure 4.3-3. Effect of fuel and mode on observed sedan gara ge levels. The legend “N” is normal and “F” is malfunction. The 1,3-BD level for Houston-F is suspect.

## 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO,ppm Formal EtOH Acetal 

### compoundGarage, ppbv Atlanta-N
Atlanta-F
Houston-N
Houston-F Chicago-N Chicago-F



## Figure 4.3-4. Effect of fuel and mode on observed truck gara ge levels. The legend “N” is normal and “F” is malfunction. The 1,3-BD level for Houston-F is suspect



# Section 5. Effect of Ventilation, Proximity, and Emission Levels on InCabin Exposures of Trailing Vehicle

Table 5.3-1. Summary of Su mmer and Winter Background Concentrations.

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Mean Summer (n=6) 0.02 0.27 0.44 0.07 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.13 5.80 261 2.80 % std dev 54% 26% 15% 24% 46% 48% 131% 18% 84% (n=1) 90%

Mean Winter (n=12) 0.03 0.32 0.52 0.11 0.38 0.16 0.08 0.21 5.62 22.07 4.05 % std dev 46% 46% 67% 61% 63% 62% 101% 38% 63% 88% 42%

Mean all 0.03 0.31 0.49 0.10 0.31 0.14 0.07 0.19 5.68 81.81 3.64 % std dev 50% 42% 58% 59% 72% 63% 107% 41% 68% 147% 56%



## Budi13 = 1,3BD; Benze = benzene; Tolue = toluene, Mp_xyl = m,p-xylene; o_xyl = o-xylene, Formal = formaldehyde; EtOH = ethanol, Acetal = acetaldehyde

## 11 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal/10 Acetal/10Concentrations (ppbv or ppmv)

Mean Summer (n=6) Mean Winter (n=12)



## Figure 5.3-1. Comparison of Summer and Wi nter Background Concentrations with Standard Deviations. Formaldehyde and acet aldehyde is divided by 10 for scale.

Table 5.3-2. Summary of Test C oncentrations for Su mmer, Winter and Overall. Units are ppbv, except CO as noted.

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal Acetal EtOH Mean Summer (n=12) 0.69 1.40 2.32 0.43 1.25 0.59 0.44 1.00 6.84 5.61 2308.07 % std dev 103% 69% 56% 65% 62% 63% 230% 72% 47% 71% 102%

Mean Winter (n=24) 0.59 1.20 1.99 0. 37 1.30 0.50 0.83 1.72 4.82 2.54 1.70 % std dev 96% 76% 73% 77% 74% 76% 220% 91% 70% 75% 51%

Mean all 0.62 1.26 2.09 0.39 1.28 0.53 0.70 1.49 5.53 3.63 693.61 % std dev 100% 75% 67% 73% 70% 71% 233% 91% 63% 89% 250%



## Budi13 = 1,3BD; Benze = benzene; Tolue = toluene, Mp_xyl = m,p-xylene; o_xyl = o-xylene, Formal = formaldehyde; EtOH = ethanol, Acetal = acetaldehyde

## 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal AcetalConcentrations (ppbv or ppmv)



### Mean Summer (n=12) Mean Winter (n=24)



## Figure 5.3-4. Comparison of Summer and Winter Concentrations for the Trailing tests.

Table 5.3-3. Summary of Concen trations Observed During Idle Tests. Units are ppbv except CO as noted.

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal EtOH Acetal Mean Summer (n=11) 1.50 3.77 4.96 0.80 2.45 0.99 1.54 2.16 9.61 1030.68 9.04 % std dev 149% 116% 103% 110% 109% 104% 195% 160% 43% 59% 65%

Mean Winter (n=12) 0.66 2.57 3.01 0.48 1.71 0.65 0.54 3.06 6.53 3.86 3.37 % std dev 156% 137% 136% 111% 111% 96% 169% 118% 40% 61% 28%

Mean all 1.08 3.17 3.99 0.64 2.08 0.82 1.04 2.61 8.00 517.27 6.08 % std dev 163% 124% 116% 114% 110% 103% 214% 133% 46% 131% 81%



## Table 5.3.4. Effect of Vehicle, Fuel, and Operational Mode. Units are ppbv, except CO as noted. Number of measurements = n

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal Acetal Truck only (n=12) 0.64 1.40 2.32 0.45 1.46 0.61 0.87 1.56 4.55 3.67 Car only (n=12) 0.59 1.13 1.87 0.33 1.11 0.45 0.53 1.42 5.90 3.59 Atl fuel only (n=8) 0.53 1.44 2.79 0.51 1.66 0.68 0.14 1.41 5.99 3.39 Hou fuel only (n=8) 0.89 1.52 2.20 0.48 1.58 0.66 2.17 1.91 5.61 4.37 Chi fuel only (n=8) 0.48 0.87 1.32 0.20 0.66 0.28 0.03 1.22 4.20 3.19 Normal only (n=12) 0.06 0.46 1.05 0.21 0.73 0.31 0.16 0.41 5.21 3.26 High emitter only (n=12) 1.06 1.95 2.99 0.55 1.77 0.71 1.21 2.50 5.37 3.37 St Dev high emitter only 28% 36% 38% 41% 44% 44% 177% 52% 52% 64%

## 13 Table 5.3-5. Influence of high emitting vehicles and each fuel on traili ng vehicle in-cabin concentrations. Units are ppbv except CO as noted

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal Acetal High Emiter, Atl (n=4) 1.02 2.35 3.97 0.67 2.12 0.85 0.03 2.48 5.04 2.80 High Emiter, Hou (n=4) 1.43 2.18 3.08 0.69 2.24 0.93 3.45 2.81 6.00 5.77 High Emiter, Chi (n=4) 0.91 1.40 2.02 0.31 0.98 0.42 0.06 2.08 5.42 3.90



## Table 5.3-6. Summary of Seasonal Differe nces in the High Emitter Samples.

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal Acetal Summer High 1.23 2.15 3.33 0.61 1.79 0.82 0.76 1.52 8.02 7.66 Winter High 1.06 1.89 2.86 0.53 1.78 0.69 1.39 2.92 4.22 2.27



## Table 5.3-7. Comparison of High and Low In- cabin Ventilation Conditions, Winter 2005 only. Units are ppbv except CO as noted.

Budi13 Benze Tolue Etbz Mp_xyl O_xyl MTBE CO, ppm Formal Acetal High Vent only 0.52 1.15 2.07 0.40 1.35 0.54 0.74 1.54 4.38 2.13 Low Vent only 0.64 1.24 1.91 0.35 1.25 0.47 0.91 1.89 4.65 3.08