## M ar ket a nd T ec hnolog y Assess m e nt U . S
. Department of Energy Workshop on Standards for Distribution Transformers

November 1
. 2000 Lance N . McCold Oak Ridge National Laboratory
OAK RIDGE NATI ON AL LAB O RA

TO R Y U. S. D EP

ARTMENT OF ENER GY UT-BATTELLE 1M a rket a nd T ec hnology Assess m e nt

P rovi d es D at a in Suppo rt of t h e St a ndard s Setting P ro cess • Develop a detailed understanding of the

- D esign - Manufacture - Distribution - Application

of distribution transformers • Provide background information for future analysesThe Market and Technology Assessment Provides Input To:

• Screening analysis • Engineering analysis • Life-cycle cost analysis • N ational energy savings • Manufacturer impact analysis • Utility impacts analysis • N et national employment impactsWe H ave Th ree I ssues of S p ecia l C oncern R e l ate d to t h e M &TA
Identification of Product Classes

• Selection of Baseline Models

• Determination of cost-price relationshipTh e Ty p es a nd U ses of Di stri bu ti on T ra n sfo rm ers M ay R e qu ire D ef i ning S evera l Pr

oduct Classes • Distribution transformers may be separated into product classes if capacity or other performance-related features inherently affect efficiency and warrant a separate standard • Because product features may affect the cost vs . efficiency relationship , separate efficiency standards will be considered for product classesTh e D e p artm e n t D esires to U se t h e F ewest P rodu ct Cl asses Po ssi bl e

• NEMA TP1 uses 73 product classifications

• Each product class requires separate analysisSeveral Distribution Transformer Product Classifications Are in Use Capacity (kVA) Insulation system (liquid vs. dry) Number of phases (single vs. three) Voltage level (low vs. medium) Temperature-rise categories Pole-mount vs. pad-mount Encapsulated vs. ventilated Harmonics (K-factor) typesT ra n sfo rm er U sa g e M ay Al s o G ive R ise t o P rodu ct Cl assi f ica t io n s • Different types or capacities may be loaded differently , e . g .:

- Large vs
. small capacity

- Three-phase units usually serve motor loads • Outdoor applications and high primary voltages require higher insulation levels • Harsh environments
... • Other?Th ere A re M a n y Qu es t i on s Th at R e l at e to P rodu ct Cl ass Should encapsulated and ventilated be required to meet the same efficiency levels? In what applications are liquid- and dry-type transformers interchangeable? Should medium voltage transformers be divided into two or more classes by pri m ary voltage? Un d er what conditions can scaling rules such as the 0.75 power rule for losses, costs, etc. be applied? Should pad-mount and polemount transformers meet the same efficiency standards? Do "K-factor" transformers warrant a product class of their own? Do differences in loading of large and small transformers affect whether product classes should be created based on capacity? How much does high BIL increase transformer losses?

9D ecisi on s on P rodu ct Cl ass H ave a Sp ecific Log ic

• Does a transformer characteristic or feature inherently affect efficiency? • What utility does the feature provide? Why is the feature valuable or important? • Can a scaling or correction factor be used to adjust efficiency for the presence of the feature?A B ase l i n e Mod e l I s N ee d e d fo r E ac h P rodu ct Cl ass

• The baseline is the model against which efficiency levels will be compared • The baseline model is a typical, low efficiency model in the marketplace • The baseline model is used as a point of comparison in the life-cycle cost and payback analyses -benefits and costs are estimated by comparison with the baseline modelThe D epartment Seeks Comment on the B aseline Models For low-voltage transformers , 150-degree rise units may be the baseline models For medium-voltage transformers , lowcost (i ,. e ., unevaluated) models may be used Are there better choices?

### P ri ces, Co sts, a nd M ar kup s are U se d i n S everal An a l yses
• The engineering analysis examines the costs of improved transformer efficiency • The price-cost relationship relates the costs of efficiency improvements to price paid by owner • Transformer price is used in the life-cycle cost and national impacts analyses • Transformer cost and price is used in the manufacturer impacts analysesN either P rice nor Marku p A re Clear for D istribution Transformers

• The actual transformer price paid is often much less than catalog price • Distributor markups affect price • The contractor who installs a transformer may add a markup • The price of the transformer may be bundled with other parts of the electrical systemTh e D e p art m e n t M ay U se S evera l App ro ac h es t o D e t er m i n e M ar kup s
• For commodity-like transformers we anticipate contacting distributors • For utility transformers we anticipate relying on information from manufacturers • For other non-utility transformers we anticipate collecting information from manufacturers, distributors, and electrical contractors/designers/consultantsThe Department Seeks Comments on Transformer Markup • Suggestions on how to collect markup information • Manufacturers , distributors , contactors , utilities who can provide markup information Other approaches to collect price and cost information