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[Congressional Bills 117th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 21 Referred in Senate (RFS)]

<DOC>
117th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                 H. R. 21

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                            January 6, 2021

Received; read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security 
                        and Governmental Affairs

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 AN ACT

 
    To enhance the innovation, security, and availability of cloud 
   computing products and services used in the Federal Government by 
  establishing the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program 
 within the General Services Administration and by establishing a risk 
management, authorization, and continuous monitoring process to enable 
    the Federal Government to leverage cloud computing products and 
   services using a risk-based approach consistent with the Federal 
    Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 and cloud-based 
                  operations, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Federal Risk and Authorization 
Management Program Authorization Act of 2021'' or the ``FedRAMP 
Authorization Act''.

SEC. 2. CODIFICATION OF THE FEDRAMP PROGRAM.

    (a) Amendment.--Chapter 36 of title 44, United States Code, is 
amended by adding at the end the following new sections:
``Sec. 3607. Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program
    ``(a) Establishment.--There is established within the General 
Services Administration the Federal Risk and Authorization Management 
Program. The Administrator of General Services, in accordance with 
section 3612, shall establish a governmentwide program that provides 
the authoritative standardized approach to security assessment and 
authorization for cloud computing products and services that process 
unclassified information used by agencies.
    ``(b) Components of FedRAMP.--The Joint Authorization Board and the 
FedRAMP Program Management Office are established as components of 
FedRAMP.
``Sec. 3608. FedRAMP Program Management Office
    ``(a) GSA Duties.--
            ``(1) Roles and responsibilities.--The Administrator of 
        General Services shall--
                    ``(A) determine the categories and characteristics 
                of cloud computing products and services that are 
                within the jurisdiction of FedRAMP and that require a 
                FedRAMP authorization or a FedRAMP provisional 
                authorization;
                    ``(B) develop, coordinate, and implement a process 
                for the FedRAMP Program Management Office, the Joint 
                Authorization Board, and agencies to review security 
                assessments of cloud computing products and services 
                pursuant to subsections (b) and (c) of section 3611, 
                and appropriate oversight of continuous monitoring of 
                cloud computing products and services; and
                    ``(C) ensure the continuous improvement of FedRAMP.
            ``(2) Implementation.--The Administrator shall oversee the 
        implementation of FedRAMP, including--
                    ``(A) appointing a Program Director to oversee the 
                FedRAMP Program Management Office;
                    ``(B) hiring professional staff as may be necessary 
                for the effective operation of the FedRAMP Program 
                Management Office, and such other activities as are 
                essential to properly perform critical functions;
                    ``(C) entering into interagency agreements to 
                detail personnel on a reimbursable or non-reimbursable 
                basis to assist the FedRAMP Program Management Office 
                and the Joint Authorization Board in discharging the 
                responsibilities of the Office under this section; and
                    ``(D) such other actions as the Administrator may 
                determine necessary to carry out this section.
    ``(b) Duties.--The FedRAMP Program Management Office shall have the 
following duties:
            ``(1) Provide guidance to independent assessment 
        organizations, validate the independent assessments, and apply 
        the requirements and guidelines adopted in section 3609(c)(5).
            ``(2) Oversee and issue guidelines regarding the necessary 
        requirements for accreditation of third-party organizations 
        seeking to be awarded accreditation as independent assessment 
        organizations, including qualifications, roles, and 
        responsibilities of independent assessment organizations.
            ``(3) Develop templates and other materials to support the 
        Joint Authorization Board and agencies in the authorization of 
        cloud computing products and services to increase the speed, 
        effectiveness, and transparency of the authorization process, 
        consistent with standards defined by the National Institute of 
        Standards and Technology.
            ``(4) Establish and maintain a public comment process for 
        proposed guidance before the issuance of such guidance by 
        FedRAMP.
            ``(5) Review any authorization to operate issued by an 
        agency to determine if the authorization meets the requirements 
        and guidelines adopted in section 3609(c)(5).
            ``(6) Establish frameworks for agencies to use 
        authorization packages processed by the FedRAMP Program 
        Management Office and Joint Authorization Board.
            ``(7) Coordinate with the Secretary of Defense and the 
        Secretary of Homeland Security to establish a framework for 
        continuous monitoring under section 3553 and agency reports 
        required under section 3554.
            ``(8) Establish a centralized and secure repository to 
        collect and share necessary data, including security 
        authorization packages, from the Joint Authorization Board and 
        agencies to enable better sharing and reuse of such packages 
        across agencies.
    ``(c) Evaluation of Automation Procedures.--
            ``(1) In general.--The FedRAMP Program Management Office 
        shall assess and evaluate available automation capabilities and 
        procedures to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the 
        issuance of FedRAMP authorizations and FedRAMP provisional 
        authorizations, including continuous monitoring of cloud 
        computing products and services.
            ``(2) Means for automation.--Not later than 1 year after 
        the date of the enactment of this section, and updated annually 
        thereafter, the FedRAMP Program Management Office shall 
        establish a means for the automation of security assessments 
        and reviews.
    ``(d) Metrics for Authorization.--The FedRAMP Program Management 
Office shall establish annual metrics regarding the time and quality of 
the assessments necessary for completion of a FedRAMP authorization 
process in a manner that can be consistently tracked over time in 
conjunction with the periodic testing and evaluation process pursuant 
to section 3554 in a manner that minimizes the agency reporting burden.
``Sec. 3609. Joint Authorization Board
    ``(a) Establishment.--The Joint Authorization Board shall consist 
of cloud computing experts, appointed by the Director in consultation 
with the Administrator, from each of the following:
            ``(1) The Department of Defense.
            ``(2) The Department of Homeland Security.
            ``(3) The General Services Administration.
            ``(4) Such other agencies as determined by the Director, in 
        consultation with the Administrator.
    ``(b) Issuance of FedRAMP Provisional Authorizations.--The Joint 
Authorization Board shall conduct security assessments of cloud 
computing products and services and issue FedRAMP provisional 
authorizations to cloud service providers that meet the requirements 
and guidelines established in subsection (c)(5).
    ``(c) Duties.--The Joint Authorization Board shall--
            ``(1) develop and make publicly available on a website, 
        determined by the Administrator, criteria for prioritizing and 
        selecting cloud computing products and services to be assessed 
        by the Joint Authorization Board;
            ``(2) provide regular updates to applicant cloud service 
        providers on the status of any cloud computing product or 
        service during the assessment and authorization process of the 
        Joint Authorization Board;
            ``(3) review and validate cloud computing products and 
        services and materials submitted by independent assessment 
        organizations or any documentation determined to be necessary 
        by the Joint Authorization Board to evaluate the system 
        security of a cloud computing product or service;
            ``(4) in consultation with the FedRAMP Program Management 
        Office, serve as a resource for best practices to accelerate 
        the process for obtaining a FedRAMP authorization or FedRAMP 
        provisional authorization;
            ``(5) establish requirements and guidelines for security 
        assessments of cloud computing products and services, 
        consistent with standards defined by the National Institute of 
        Standards and Technology, to be used by the Joint Authorization 
        Board and agencies;
            ``(6) perform such other roles and responsibilities as the 
        Administrator may assign, in consultation with the FedRAMP 
        Program Management Office and members of the Joint 
        Authorization Board; and
            ``(7) establish metrics and goals for reviews and 
        activities associated with issuing FedRAMP provisional 
        authorizations and provide to the FedRAMP Program Management 
        Office.
    ``(d) Determinations of Demand for Cloud Computing Products and 
Services.--The Joint Authorization Board shall consult with the Chief 
Information Officers Council established in section 3603 to establish a 
process, that shall be made available on a public website, for 
prioritizing and accepting the cloud computing products and services to 
be granted a FedRAMP provisional authorization.
    ``(e) Detail of Personnel.--To assist the Joint Authorization Board 
in discharging the responsibilities under this section, personnel of 
agencies may be detailed to the Joint Authorization Board for the 
performance of duties described under subsection (c).
``Sec. 3610. Independent assessment organizations
    ``(a) Requirements for Accreditation.--The Joint Authorization 
Board shall determine the requirements for the accreditation of a 
third-party organization seeking to be accredited as an independent 
assessment organization, ensuring adequate implementation of section 
3609. Such requirements may include developing or requiring 
certification programs for individuals employed by the third-party 
organization seeking accreditation. The Program Director of the FedRAMP 
Program Management Office shall accredit any third-party organization 
that meets the requirements for accreditation.
    ``(b) Assessment.--An independent assessment organization may 
assess, validate, and attest to the quality and compliance of security 
assessment materials provided by cloud service providers as part of the 
FedRAMP authorization or the FedRAMP provisional authorization process.
``Sec. 3611. Roles and responsibilities of agencies
    ``(a) In General.--In implementing the requirements of FedRAMP, the 
head of each agency shall, consistent with guidance issued by the 
Director pursuant to section 3612--
            ``(1) create policies to ensure cloud computing products 
        and services used by the agency meet FedRAMP security 
        requirements and other risk-based performance requirements as 
        defined by the Director;
            ``(2) issue agency-specific authorizations to operate for 
        cloud computing services in compliance with section 3554;
            ``(3) confirm whether there is a FedRAMP authorization or 
        FedRAMP provisional authorization in the cloud security 
        repository established under section 3608(b)(8) before 
        beginning the process to award a FedRAMP authorization or a 
        FedRAMP provisional authorization for a cloud computing product 
        or service;
            ``(4) to the extent practicable, for any cloud computing 
        product or service the agency seeks to authorize that has 
        received a FedRAMP authorization or FedRAMP provisional 
        authorization, use the existing assessments of security 
        controls and materials within the authorization package; and
            ``(5) provide data and information required to the Director 
        pursuant to section 3612 to determine how agencies are meeting 
        metrics as defined by the FedRAMP Program Management Office.
    ``(b) Submission of Policies Required.--Not later than 6 months 
after the date of the enactment of this section, the head of each 
agency shall submit to the Director the policies created pursuant to 
subsection (a)(1) for review and approval.
    ``(c) Submission of Authorizations To Operate Required.--Upon 
issuance of an agency authorization to operate, the head of the agency 
shall provide a copy of the authorization to operate letter and any 
supplementary information required pursuant to section 3608(b) to the 
FedRAMP Program Management Office.
    ``(d) Presumption of Adequacy.--
            ``(1) In general.--The assessment of security controls and 
        materials within the authorization package for a FedRAMP 
        authorization or FedRAMP provisional authorization shall be 
        presumed adequate for use in an agency authorization to operate 
        cloud computing products and services.
            ``(2) Information security requirements.--The presumption 
        under paragraph (1) does not modify or alter the responsibility 
        of any agency to ensure compliance with subchapter II of 
        chapter 35 for any cloud computing products or services used by 
        the agency.
``Sec. 3612. Roles and responsibilities of the Office of Management and 
              Budget
    ``The Director shall have the following duties:
            ``(1) Issue guidance to ensure that an agency does not 
        operate a Federal Government cloud computing product or service 
        using Government data without an authorization to operate 
        issued by the agency that meets the requirements of subchapter 
        II of chapter 35 and the FedRAMP authorization or FedRAMP 
        provisional authorization.
            ``(2) Ensure agencies are in compliance with any guidance 
        or other requirements issued related to FedRAMP.
            ``(3) Review, analyze, and update guidance on the adoption, 
        security, and use of cloud computing services used by agencies.
            ``(4) Ensure the Joint Authorization Board is in compliance 
        with section 3609(c).
            ``(5) Adjudicate disagreements between the Joint 
        Authorization Board and cloud service providers seeking a 
        FedRAMP provisional authorization.
            ``(6) Promulgate regulations on the role of FedRAMP 
        authorizations and FedRAMP provisional authorizations in agency 
        acquisition of cloud computing products and services that 
        process unclassified information.
``Sec. 3613. Authorization of appropriations for FEDRAMP
    ``There is authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 each year for 
the FedRAMP Program Management Office and the Joint Authorization 
Board.
``Sec. 3614. Reports to Congress; GAO Report
    ``(a) Reports to Congress.--Not later than 12 months after the date 
of the enactment of this section, and annually thereafter, the Director 
shall submit to the Committee on Oversight and Reform of the House of 
Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental 
Affairs of the Senate a report that includes the following:
            ``(1) The status, efficiency, and effectiveness of FedRAMP 
        Program Management Office and agencies during the preceding 
        year in supporting the speed, effectiveness, sharing, reuse, 
        and security of authorizations to operate for cloud computing 
        products and services, including progress towards meeting the 
        metrics adopted by the FedRAMP Program Management Office 
        pursuant to section 3608(d) and the Joint Authorization Board 
        pursuant to section 3609(c)(5).
            ``(2) Data on FedRAMP authorizations and FedRAMP 
        provisional authorizations.
            ``(3) The average length of time for the Joint 
        Authorization Board to review applications for and issue 
        FedRAMP provisional authorizations.
            ``(4) The average length of time for the FedRAMP Program 
        Management Office to review authorizations to operate.
            ``(5) The number of FedRAMP authorizations and FedRAMP 
        provisional authorizations issued for the previous year.
            ``(6) A review of progress made during the preceding year 
        in advancing automation techniques to securely automate FedRAMP 
        processes and to accelerate reporting as described in this 
        section.
            ``(7) The number and characteristics of authorized cloud 
        computing products and services in use at each agency 
        consistent with guidance provided by the Director in section 
        3612.
            ``(8) The cost incurred by agencies and cloud service 
        providers related to the issuance of FedRAMP authorizations and 
        FedRAMP provisional authorizations, including information 
        responsive to the report required in subsection (b).
    ``(b) GAO Report.--Not later than 6 months after the date of the 
enactment of this section, the Comptroller General of the United States 
shall publish a report that includes an assessment of the cost incurred 
by agencies and cloud service providers related to the issuance of 
FedRAMP authorizations and FedRAMP provisional authorizations.
``Sec. 3615. Federal Secure Cloud Advisory Committee
    ``(a) Establishment, Purposes, and Duties.--
            ``(1) Establishment.--There is established a Federal Secure 
        Cloud Advisory Committee (referred to in this section as the 
        `Committee') to ensure effective and ongoing coordination of 
        agency adoption, use, authorization, monitoring, acquisition, 
        and security of cloud computing products and services to enable 
        agency mission and administrative priorities.
            ``(2) Purposes.--The purposes of the Committee are the 
        following:
                    ``(A) To examine the operations of FedRAMP and 
                determine ways that authorization processes can 
                continuously be improved, including the following:
                            ``(i) Measures to increase agency re-use of 
                        FedRAMP provisional authorizations.
                            ``(ii) Proposed actions that can be adopted 
                        to reduce the cost of FedRAMP authorizations 
                        and FedRAMP provisional authorizations for 
                        cloud service providers.
                            ``(iii) Measures to increase the number of 
                        FedRAMP authorizations and FedRAMP provisional 
                        authorizations for cloud computing services 
                        offered by small businesses (as defined by 
                        section 3(a) of the Small Business Act (15 
                        U.S.C. 632(a)).
                    ``(B) Collect information and feedback on agency 
                compliance with and implementation of FedRAMP 
                requirements.
                    ``(C) Serve as a forum that facilitates 
                communication and collaboration among the FedRAMP 
                stakeholder community.
            ``(3) Duties.--The duties of the Committee are, at a 
        minimum, to provide advice and recommendations to the 
        Administrator, the Joint Authorization Board, and to agencies 
        on technical, financial, programmatic, and operational matters 
        regarding secure adoption of cloud computing products and 
        services.
    ``(b) Members.--
            ``(1) Composition.--The Committee shall be comprised of not 
        more than 15 members who are qualified representatives from the 
        public and private sectors, appointed by the Administrator, in 
        consultation with the Administrator of the Office of Electronic 
        Government, as follows:
                    ``(A) The Administrator or the Administrator's 
                designee, who shall be the Chair of the Committee.
                    ``(B) At least one representative each from the 
                Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and 
                the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
                    ``(C) At least two officials who serve as the Chief 
                Information Security Officer within an agency, who 
                shall be required to maintain such a position 
                throughout the duration of their service on the 
                Committee.
                    ``(D) At least one official serving as Chief 
                Procurement Officer (or equivalent) in an agency, who 
                shall be required to maintain such a position 
                throughout the duration of their service on the 
                Committee.
                    ``(E) At least one individual representing an 
                independent assessment organization.
                    ``(F) No fewer than five representatives from 
                unique businesses that primarily provide cloud 
                computing services or products, including at least two 
                representatives from a small business (as defined by 
                section 3(a) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 
                632(a))).
                    ``(G) At least two other Government representatives 
                as the Administrator determines to be necessary to 
                provide sufficient balance, insights, or expertise to 
                the Committee.
            ``(2) Deadline for appointment.--Each member of the 
        Committee shall be appointed not later than 30 days after the 
        date of the enactment of this section.
            ``(3) Period of appointment; vacancies.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Each non-Federal member of the 
                Committee shall be appointed for a term of 3 years, 
                except that the initial terms for members may be 
                staggered 1-, 2-, or 3-year terms to establish a 
                rotation in which one-third of the members are selected 
                each year. Any such member may be appointed for not 
                more than 2 consecutive terms.
                    ``(B) Vacancies.--Any vacancy in the Committee 
                shall not affect its powers, but shall be filled in the 
                same manner in which the original appointment was made. 
                Any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before 
                the expiration of the term for which the member's 
                predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for 
                the remainder of that term. A member may serve after 
                the expiration of that member's term until a successor 
                has taken office.
    ``(c) Meetings and Rules of Procedures.--
            ``(1) Meetings.--The Committee shall hold not fewer than 
        three meetings in a calendar year, at such time and place as 
        determined by the Chair.
            ``(2) Initial meeting.--Not later than 120 days after the 
        date of the enactment of this section, the Committee shall meet 
        and begin the operations of the Committee.
            ``(3) Rules of procedure.--The Committee may establish 
        rules for the conduct of the business of the Committee, if such 
        rules are not inconsistent with this section or other 
        applicable law.
    ``(d) Employee Status.--
            ``(1) In general.--A member of the Committee (other than a 
        member who is appointed to the Committee in connection with 
        another Federal appointment) shall not be considered an 
        employee of the Federal Government by reason of any service as 
        such a member, except for the purposes of section 5703 of title 
        5, relating to travel expenses.
            ``(2) Pay not permitted.--A member of the Committee covered 
        by paragraph (1) may not receive pay by reason of service on 
        the Committee.
    ``(e) Applicability to the Federal Advisory Committee Act.--Section 
14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not 
apply to the Committee.
    ``(f) Hearings and Evidence.--The Committee, or on the authority of 
the Committee, any subcommittee, may, for the purposes of carrying out 
this section, hold hearings, sit and act at such times and places, take 
testimony, receive evidence, and administer oaths.
    ``(g) Contracting.--The Committee, may, to such extent and in such 
amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts, enter into contracts to 
enable the Committee to discharge its duties under this section.
    ``(h) Information From Federal Agencies.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Committee is authorized to secure 
        directly from any executive department, bureau, agency, board, 
        commission, office, independent establishment, or 
        instrumentality of the Government, information, suggestions, 
        estimates, and statistics for the purposes of the Committee. 
        Each department, bureau, agency, board, commission, office, 
        independent establishment, or instrumentality shall, to the 
        extent authorized by law, furnish such information, 
        suggestions, estimates, and statistics directly to the 
        Committee, upon request made by the Chair, the Chair of any 
        subcommittee created by a majority of the Committee, or any 
        member designated by a majority of the Committee.
            ``(2) Receipt, handling, storage, and dissemination.--
        Information may only be received, handled, stored, and 
        disseminated by members of the Committee and its staff 
        consistent with all applicable statutes, regulations, and 
        Executive orders.
    ``(i) Detail of Employees.--Any Federal Government employee may be 
detailed to the Committee without reimbursement from the Committee, and 
such detailee shall retain the rights, status, and privileges of his or 
her regular employment without interruption.
    ``(j) Postal Services.--The Committee may use the United States 
mails in the same manner and under the same conditions as agencies.
    ``(k) Expert and Consultant Services.--The Committee is authorized 
to procure the services of experts and consultants in accordance with 
section 3109 of title 5, but at rates not to exceed the daily rate paid 
a person occupying a position at Level IV of the Executive Schedule 
under section 5315 of title 5.
    ``(l) Reports.--
            ``(1) Interim reports.--The Committee may submit to the 
        Administrator and Congress interim reports containing such 
        findings, conclusions, and recommendations as have been agreed 
        to by the Committee.
            ``(2) Annual reports.--Not later than 18 months after the 
        date of the enactment of this section, and annually thereafter, 
        the Committee shall submit to the Administrator and Congress a 
        final report containing such findings, conclusions, and 
        recommendations as have been agreed to by the Committee.
``Sec. 3616. Definitions
    ``(a) In General.--Except as provided under subsection (b), the 
definitions under sections 3502 and 3552 apply to sections 3607 through 
this section.
    ``(b) Additional Definitions.--In sections 3607 through this 
section:
            ``(1) Administrator.--The term `Administrator' means the 
        Administrator of General Services.
            ``(2) Authorization package.--The term `authorization 
        package'--
                    ``(A) means the essential information used to 
                determine whether to authorize the operation of an 
                information system or the use of a designated set of 
                common controls; and
                    ``(B) at a minimum, includes the information system 
                security plan, privacy plan, security control 
                assessment, privacy control assessment, and any 
                relevant plans of action and milestones.
            ``(3) Cloud computing.--The term `cloud computing' has the 
        meaning given that term by the National Institutes of Standards 
        and Technology in NIST Special Publication 800-145 and any 
        amendatory or superseding document thereto.
            ``(4) Cloud service provider.--The term `cloud service 
        provider' means an entity offering cloud computing products or 
        services to agencies.
            ``(5) Director.--The term `Director' means the Director of 
        the Office of Management and Budget.
            ``(6) FedRAMP.--The term `FedRAMP' means the Federal Risk 
        and Authorization Management Program established under section 
        3607(a).
            ``(7) FedRAMP authorization.--The term `FedRAMP 
        authorization' means a certification that a cloud computing 
        product or service received from an agency that provides an 
        authorization to operate and the FedRAMP Program Management 
        Office has determined the product or service has completed the 
        FedRAMP authorization process.
            ``(8) FedRAMP program management office.--The term `FedRAMP 
        Program Management Office' means the office that administers 
        FedRAMP established under section 3607(b).
            ``(9) FedRAMP provisional authorization.--The term `FedRAMP 
        provisional authorization' means a certification that a cloud 
        computing product or service has received from the Joint 
        Authorization Board that approves a provisional authorization 
        to operate.
            ``(10) Independent assessment organization.--The term 
        `independent assessment organization' means a third-party 
        organization accredited by the Program Director of the FedRAMP 
        Program Management Office to undertake conformity assessments 
        of cloud service providers and their products or services.
            ``(11) Joint authorization board.--The term `Joint 
        Authorization Board' means the Joint Authorization Board 
        established under section 3607(b).''.
    (b) Technical and Conforming Amendment.--The table of sections for 
chapter 36 of title 44, United States Code, is amended by adding at the 
end the following new items:

``3607. Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program.
``3608. FedRAMP Program Management Office.
``3609. Joint Authorization Board.
``3610. Independent assessment organizations.
``3611. Roles and responsibilities of agencies.
``3612. Roles and responsibilities of the Office of Management and 
                            Budget.
``3613. Authorization of appropriations for FEDRAMP.
``3614. Reports to Congress.
``3615. Federal Secure Cloud Advisory Committee.
``3616. Definitions.''.
    (c) Sunset.--This Act and any amendment made by this Act shall be 
repealed on the date that is 10 years after the date of the enactment 
of this Act.
    (d) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this Act or any amendment 
made by this Act shall be construed as altering or impairing the 
authorities of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget or 
the Secretary of Homeland Security under subchapter II of chapter 35 of 
title 44, United States Code.

            Passed the House of Representatives January 5, 2021.

            Attest:

                                             CHERYL L. JOHNSON,

                                                                 Clerk.
```