H-2.i

APPENDIX H-2. GRIM OPERATING PRINCIPLES

H-2.1 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-2.1

H-2.2 MODEL DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-2.1

H-2.3 INCOME STATEMENT (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-2.4

TABLES

Table H-2.1 Calculation of Net Income Before Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-2.4
H-2.1

APPENDIX H-2. GRIM OPERATING PRINCIPLES

(Tailored to conduct Water Heater Manufacturers’ Cash-Flow Analysis)

H-2.1 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

The purpose of the Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM) is to help identify the

effects of various efficiency regulations and other regulations on manufacturers. The basic mode of

analysis is to determine the change in value of the manufacturers(s) following a regulation or a series

of regulations. The model structure also allows an analysis of multiple products with regulations

taking effect over a period of time, and of multiple regulations on the same product.

Industry value is defined, for the purposes of this analysis as the present value of cash flows

for the manufacturer(s) in question. Cash flow is calculated by the user entering shipment volumes

and manufacturer prices (i.e., prices from manufacturers to the first customer, such as a wholesaler)

and then selecting user-defined regulatory levels. The model calculates the actual cash flows by year

and then determines the present value of those cash flows both without regulations (the preregulation base case) and with regulations (the post-regulation standards case).

Output comes from the model in terms of summary statistics, graphs of major variables, and,

when appropriate, access to the complete cash flow calculation.

H-2.2 MODEL DESCRIPTION

The basic structure of the GRIM is a standard annual cash flow analysis which uses price and

volume information as an input, builds on fundamental base cost information, and accepts a set of

regulatory conditions as changes in costs and investments. The cash flow analysis is separated into

two major blocks: income and cash flow. The income calculation determines the profit after taxes

but before financial charges. The cash flow calculation converts profit after taxes into an annual cash

flow by including investment and non-cash items. Below are definitions of listed items on the

printout of the output sheet. (see Section 3.0)

(1) Income Statement: Overall calculation of Net Income Before Financing (17) using

revenue and cost items subject to income tax effects as described in (2) through (17).

(2) Unit Sales: Annual shipments; entered as an input variable by user. 

(3) Revenues: Annual revenues; computed by multiplying Price/Unit (2) by Unit Sales (3).

(4) Base Costs: Costs per unit prior to regulations entered as input

(Labor, Material, Overhead) variables by the user.
H-2.2

(5) New Costs: Costs per unit following regulations; entered as 

(Labor, Material, Overhead) input variables by the user.

(6) Labor: Factory direct labor and fringe benefit costs; entered as an input variable by the user.

(7) Material: Purchased materials and components; entered as an input variable by the user.

(8) Overhead: Factory overhead excluding depreciation; entered as an input variable by the

user.

(9) Depreciation: Annual depreciation on pre-regulation assets; computed as a percentage of

Revenues (4). Annual depreciation on post-regulation assets is computed by dividing Capital

Expenditures (24) by a useful life from Major Assumptions. For post-regulation years, Depreciation

is the sum of depreciation on pre- and post-regulation assets.

(10) Cost of Sales: Total cost of sales, computed by adding Labor (7), Material (8), Overhead

(9) and Depreciation (10).

(11) R&D: Research and development costs unrelated to regulations; computed as a percentage

of Revenues (4). From Major Assumptions.

(12) Product Conversion: Expensable costs related to meeting a regulation, often including

product redesign costs and expensable factory conversion expenses. Also includes costs incurred for

new product literature and catalogs, product obsolescence, and various related marketing expenses.

GRIM computation based on regulatory level selected by user.

(13) SG&A: Selling, general and administrative costs are computed as a percentage of Revenues

(4).

(14) Profit Before Tax: Profit before taxes and any financing costs; computed by subtracting

the Cost of Sales (11) and SG&A (14) from Revenues (4).

(15) Taxes: Taxes on Profits Before Tax; computed by multiplying the tax rate contained in

Major Assumptions by Profit Before Tax (15).

(16) Net Income: Profits after taxes; computed by subtracting Taxes (16) from Profit before

Tax (15).

(17) Cash Flow Statement: Overall assessment including net income, other cash related items and

adjustments and investments.

(18) Cash Flow: Determination of cash flow generated from operations.

(19) Net Income: Net income; identical to Net Income (17).
H-2.3

(20) Depreciation: Depreciation is a non-cash cost and is added back into Net Income (20) as part

of the cash flow calculation; identical to Depreciation (10).

(21) Change in Working Capital: Additional accounts receivable, inventory, and other cash

investments necessary to support increased revenues; computed by multiplying a percentage from

Major Assumptions by the change in Revenues (4).

(22) Cash Flow from Operations: The cash flow from operating activities; computed by adding

Net Income (20), Depreciation (21) and subtracting Change in Working Capital (22).

(23) Capital Expenditures: Investment to maintain and replace existing production assets;

computed as a percentage of base year Revenues (4) using a percentage contained in Major

Assumptions. Post-regulation capital expenditures equal pre-regulation expenditures plus

depreciation on Conversion Expenditures (25).

(24) Conversion Expenditures: Depreciation costs for meeting regulations, typically including

plant, equipment, tooling and the like; GRIM computation based on regulatory level selected by user.

(25) Cash Used in Investments: Cash required for assets; computed by adding Capital

Expenditures (24) and Conversion Expenditures (25).

(26) Net Cash Flow: Annual cash flow from operations and investments; computed by

subtracting Cash Used in Investments (26) from Cash Flow from Operations (23).
H-2.4

Table H-2.1 Calculation of Net Income Before FinancingH-2.3 INCOME STATEMENT (1)

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Unit Sales (2) 9.56 9.71 9.90 10.08 10.29 10.51 10.75 11.00 11.28Revenues (3) 1494 1517 1547 1577 1609 1950 1994 2041 2093(6) Labor (10) Cost of Sales

102.56 104.12 106.10 108.08 110.28 125.01 127.85 130.85 134.22

(7) Material 660.12 670.37 683.55 696.62 711.14 922.51 943.90 966.05 990.74(8) Overhead 462.27 469.60 478.84 487.99 498.09 550.95 563.30 576.41 591.16(9) Depreciation 46.3 47.1 48.0 48.9 49.9 76.8 78.5 80.3 82.3(13) SG&A 134.5 136.6 139.3 141.9 144.9 175.5 179.5 183.7 188.4(11) R&D 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 19.5 19.9 20.4 20.9(12) Product Conversion > > 6.6 9.3 10.6 0.5 >> >

(14) Profit Before Tax 73.7 74.9 69.7 68.5 68.8 79.3 81.8 83.7 85.8(15) Taxes 28.0 28.4 26.5 26.0 26.2 30.2 31.1 31.8 32.6(16) Net Income 45.7 46.4 43.2 42.5 42.7 49.2 50.7 51.9 53.2(19) Net Income(17) (18) Cash Flow

45.7 46.4 43.2 42.5 42.7 49.2 50.7 51.9 53.2

(20) Depreciation 46.3 47.1 48.0 48.9 49.9 76.8 78.5 80.3 82.3
H-2.5

Table H-2.1 Calculation of Net Income Before Financing (continued)

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

(21) Change in Work Capital > (3.7) (4.7) (4.6) (5.1) (53.3) (7.0) (7.3) (8.2)

(24) Conversion Expenditure(23) Capital Expenditures (67.2) (68.3) (69.6) (71.0) (72.4) (99.9) (102.2) (104.6) (107.2)(22) Cash Flow from Operations 92.0 89.8 86.5 86.8 87.5 72.7 122.2 124.9 127.4

> > (28.9) (40.4) (46.2) >> > >

(26) Net Cash Flow(25) Cash Used in Investments (67.2) (68.3) (98.5) (111.4) (118.6) (99.9) (102.2) (104.6) (107.2)

24.8 21.5 (12.0) (24.6) (31.2) (27.3) 20.0 20.3 20.1