106 T.C. No. 26

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

P & X MARKETS, INC., Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 15836-95. Filed June 13, 1996.

P, a corporation, filed a lawsuit against various

defendants alleging breach of contract, malicious

prosecution, intentional interference with business

relationship, fraud, and violation of fiduciary and

statutory duties. P received $850,000 to settle the

suit, and it paid $198,367 in legal fees in connection

therewith. On its Federal income tax return, P

included $83,608 of the settlement proceeds in its

gross income. P relied on sec. 104(a)(2), I.R.C., to

exclude the remaining proceeds (net of the legal fees)

from its gross income. R determined that P’s gross

income includes the total proceeds, less the legal

fees. Held: None of the proceeds are excludable from

P’s gross income under sec. 104(a)(2), I.R.C., because

the settlement proceeds were not received on account of

a personal injury.
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1 Petitioner petitioned the Court to redetermine

respondent’s determination of an $85,528 deficiency in its

taxable year ended Sept. 30, 1990.

Marvin B. Starr, for petitioner.

Margaret A. Martin, for respondent.

OPINION

LARO, Judge: The case is before the Court on respondent’s

motion for summary judgment.1 Respondent moves for summary

adjudication in her favor, arguing that proceeds received by

petitioner in settlement of a lawsuit are not within section

104(a)(2) for lack of a personal injury. Respondent supports her

motion with the pleadings and the following exhibits: 

(1) Petitioner’s 1989 Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax

Return; (2) petitioner’s “FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES”

(the Complaint), which was filed in the Superior Court of the

State of California mainly against three individuals, three

corporations, a California limited partnership, and 50 Does

(the Defendants); (3) the settlement agreement (the Agreement)

that resolved the litigation surrounding the Complaint; and

(4) the subject notice of deficiency. Petitioner objects to

respondent’s motion, alleging that the settlement proceeds would

have been within section 104(a)(2) if its president/sole

shareholder, John Magaddino, had operated its business as a sole
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2 The “facts” presented in this Opinion are stated solely

for purposes of deciding the motion and are not findings of fact

for this case. Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a); Sundstrand Corp. v.

Commissioner, 98 T.C. 518, 520 (1992), affd. 17 F.3d 965

(7th Cir. 1994).

proprietorship. Petitioner argues that it qualifies under

section 104(a)(2) because it is a “small, individually-owned

‘family business’ that has been incorporated for liability,

insurance and perhaps tax purposes”. Petitioner’s objection is

supported by the affidavit of Mr. Magaddino.

We hold for respondent. Unless otherwise stated, section

references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the

year in issue. Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of

Practice and Procedure. Dollar amounts are rounded to the

nearest dollar.

Background2

Petitioner is a corporation that was incorporated on

August 2, 1947. It owns and operates a retail grocery store in

San Leandro, California. When it petitioned the Court, its

principal place of business was in Danville, California.

On December 18, 1989, petitioner filed a lawsuit in the

Superior Court of the State of California against the Defendants. 

The Complaint set forth six causes of action. The first cause

alleged that some of the Defendants had breached their lease with

petitioner by overcharging it $101,041. The Complaint prayed for

return of this overcharge, as well as statutory attorney's fees
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with respect thereto. The second and third causes alleged that

some of the Defendants had maliciously prosecuted two lawsuits

against petitioner for unlawful detainer. The Complaint prayed

for special damages totaling $17,864, general damages for injury

to reputation in amounts to be proven at trial, and punitive

damages. The fourth cause alleged that some of the Defendants

had intentionally interfered with the business relationship of

petitioner and its customers. The Complaint prayed for lost

profits in an amount to be proven at trial, but not to exceed

$2.8 million, and punitive damages. The fifth cause alleged that

some of the Defendants had made fraudulent representations to

petitioner with respect to certain payments. The Complaint

prayed for accounting fees and punitive damages. The sixth cause

alleged that some of the Defendants had violated fiduciary and

statutory duties owed to petitioner with respect to the lease. 

The Complaint prayed for petitioner’s out-of-pocket losses, as

well as punitive damages. The Complaint also prayed for

prejudgment interest and costs with respect to all six causes of

action. 

The Defendants denied all material allegations in the

Complaint. Some of the Defendants filed a cross-complaint for

unspecified amounts allegedly due under the lease. 

On or about June 28, 1990, petitioner and the Defendants

settled the lawsuit through the Agreement. The Agreement stated

that petitioner would receive $850,000. The Agreement did not
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specify what the $850,000 payment was meant to compensate. 

Petitioner paid legal fees of $198,367 in connection with the

lawsuit. 

Petitioner reported on its 1989 Form 1120 that only $83,608

of the $850,000 was taxable, and it deducted $19,494 of the legal

fees. Respondent determined that petitioner’s gross income

included the net proceeds of $651,633; i.e., $850,000 total

proceeds minus $198,367 of legal fees.

Discussion

Summary adjudication is intended to expedite litigation and

avoid unnecessary and expensive trials of phantom factual issues. 

A decision on the merits of a taxpayer's claim can be made by way

of summary adjudication "if the pleadings, answers to

interrogatories, depositions, admissions, and any other

acceptable materials, together with the affidavits, if any, show

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a

decision may be rendered as a matter of law." Rule 121(b). 

Because summary adjudication decides against a party before

trial, we grant such a remedy cautiously and sparingly, and only

after carefully ascertaining that the moving party has met all

the requirements for summary adjudication. Associated Press v.

United States, 326 U.S. 1, 6 (1945); Boyd Gaming Corp. v.

Commissioner, 106 T.C. (1996).

This case is ripe for summary adjudication. The parties

agree on all material facts. The parties’ sole disagreement is
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3 Sec. 104(a)(2) generally provides that gross income does

not include "the amount of any damages received (whether by suit

or agreement * * *) on account of personal injuries or sickness". 

whether petitioner received the settlement proceeds on account of

a personal injury. Section 104(a)(2) and the regulations

thereunder exclude settlement proceeds from a taxpayer’s gross

income when: (1) The underlying cause of action giving rise to

the recovery of these funds is based upon tort or tort type

rights and (2) the funds are received on account of personal

injuries or sickness.3 When a taxpayer fails either of these

tests, the settlement proceeds are not excludable under section

104(a)(2). Sec. 104(a)(2); sec. 1.104-1(c), Income Tax Regs.;

see also Commissioner v. Schleier, 515 U.S. , 115 S. Ct. 2159,

2163 (1995); United States v. Burke, 504 U.S. 229, 233 (1992);

Banks v. United States, 81 F.3d 874 (9th Cir. 1996).

Respondent argues that petitioner, because it is a

corporation, did not suffer a personal injury for purposes of

section 104. Petitioner argues that it did receive the proceeds

on account of a personal injury, given the fact that it had only

one shareholder. Petitioner argues that the consequences of the

Defendants’ “wrongful conduct” fell entirely upon Mr. Magaddino,

because he was its sole shareholder and it was conducting his

business. Petitioner argues that it should not be denied the

benefit of section 104(a)(2) merely because Mr. Magaddino chose

to conduct his business as a corporation.
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We agree with respondent. Respondent’s position is

supported by statements of this Court and the Court of Appeals

for the Ninth Circuit, although the issue was not squarely

before either Court. The Court of Appeals stated in Roemer v.

Commissioner, 716 F.2d 693, 699 n.4 (9th Cir. 1983), revg.

79 T.C. 398 (1982), that “a corporation by its very nature cannot

suffer a personal injury. A corporation is a business entity and

not a human being”. This Court later stated in a Court-reviewed

opinion that “Exclusion under section 104 will be appropriate if

compensatory damages are received on account of any invasion of

the rights that an individual is granted by virtue of being a

person in the sight of the law.” Threlkeld v. Commissioner,

87 T.C. 1294, 1308 (1986), affd. 848 F.2d 81 (6th Cir. 1988). We

noted, referring to the Court of Appeals statement above, that

“Although a corporation is treated as a ‘person’ for many

purposes, it is, nonetheless, a business entity and not a human

being. We do not suggest that a corporation could avail itself

of the exclusion granted by sec. 104(a)(2).” Id. at 1308 n.7. 

This issue was squarely presented in Boyette Coffee Co. v.

United States, 775 F. Supp. 1001 (W.D. Tex. 1991), where the

court held that the taxpayer/corporation did not suffer a

personal injury as a matter of law. The language of section 104,

when read as a whole, helped to persuade the court in that case

that the term “personal injury” as used in section 104(a)(2) does

not apply to a corporation. We likewise hold that petitioner did
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4 We are mindful of Castner Garage, Ltd. v. Commissioner,

43 B.T.A. 1 (1940), in which the Board ruled that a similar

revenue provision allowed the corporate taxpayers to exclude from

their gross income insurance payments which were received on

account of the sickness of an individual, who was their president

and majority shareholder. We distinguish the Castner case from

the one at hand. The payments in the Castner case were received

by corporations on account of sickness suffered by an individual.

not suffer a personal injury for purposes of section 104(a)(2). 

We decline petitioner’s invitation to find a personal injury in

this case because it had only one shareholder. In opting to

incorporate, petitioner assumed both the benefits and burdens of

the corporate form, and the Court will not ignore that form under

the facts herein.4 Moline Properties, Inc. v. Commissioner,

319 U.S. 436 (1943). 

We have considered all arguments made by petitioner for a

contrary holding and, to the extent not discussed above, have

found them to be without merit. To reflect the foregoing,

An appropriate order

and decision will be entered.