[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 19-12266

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cr-20967-FAM-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

DARRON DERRAIN CROMER, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(July 14, 2020)

Before WILSON, ANDERSON and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Darron Cromer pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm and 

ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He entered an unconditional 

guilty plea, waiving all non-jurisdictional challenges to his indictment. See United 

States v. Brown, 752 F.3d 1344 (11th Cir. 2014). He now appeals his conviction 

and 70-month sentence. Cromer makes two arguments on appeal. First, he 

contends that his indictment was jurisdictionally defective in light of Rehaif v. 

United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019), because it did not allege that he knew he 

was a felon or reference 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). Second, he contends that his 70-

month sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable because the district 

court did not adequately consider the mitigating evidence he submitted. Because 

we conclude that the defect in Cromer’s indictment did not strip the district court 

of jurisdiction and Cromer’s sentence was not unreasonable, we affirm. 

I.

A grand jury charged Cromer in a one-count indictment with “knowingly 

possess[ing] a firearm and ammunition . . . in violation of Title 18, [U.S.C. 

§] 922(g)(1)” after “having been previously convicted of a crime punishable by 

imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.” At a change of plea hearing before 

the district court, Cromer entered an unconditional guilty plea to the single count in 

the indictment. At that hearing, the prosecutor and defense attorney recounted 

several of Cromer’s prior criminal convictions, including armed robbery, 

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kidnapping, possession of cocaine, and fleeing and eluding. And the district court 

questioned Cromer about a 1986 conviction for which he was sentenced to 30 

years in prison. Cromer said he remembered the judge who sentenced him and 

remembered that he served 19 years and 7 months in prison. 

Before Cromer’s sentence proceeding, the probation office prepared a 

Presentence Investigation Report. The PSR included, among others, the following 

prior convictions: (1) a 1986 conviction for armed robbery, armed burglary, false 

imprisonment with a weapon, and unlawful possession of a firearm while engaged 

in a criminal offense, for which Cromer was sentenced to 30 years in prison; (2) a 

2008 conviction for battery; (3) a 2009 conviction for petit theft; (4) 2013 and 

2014 convictions for possession of cocaine; and (5) a 2017 conviction for fleeing 

and eluding and resisting an officer. Based on the offense level and Cromer’s 

criminal history category, the PSR calculated an advisory guidelines range of 70 to 

87 months imprisonment. 

Cromer requested a downward variance, arguing that his criminal history 

category substantially overrepresented his criminal history because he had 

committed some of the crimes “when he was 18 and over 30 years ago.” He did 

not dispute any of the facts in the PSR. The government asked for a sentence of 80 

months imprisonment, based largely on Cromer’s “egregious” criminal history and 

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the nature of Cromer’s offense, which involved throwing a loaded firearm out of a 

car window. 

At Cromer’s sentence hearing, the district court noted that it was 

“concerned” with Cromer’s conviction for armed robbery, and was “very 

concerned” with his conviction for kidnapping and his possession of a loaded gun. 

The court also expressed its “worry about [Cromer] doing . . . violent things.” It

noted that, although Cromer had been given a lengthy prison sentence for his 1986 

convictions, it did not think Cromer had been “over-sentenc[ed], particularly 

considering the actual time” Cromer served and in light of the facts of that crime. 

The district court asked Cromer’s attorney to “tell [it] the good things that 

[Cromer] has done, the charitable work, the people he has helped” since he was out 

of prison. Cromer’s attorney said that Cromer had been taking care of his sick 

mother and had started a business that had been operating for about ten years. His 

attorney also argued that, even though Cromer had been convicted of several 

crimes since being released after his 1986 convictions, he had “never been arrested 

or convicted for a gun offense since that case.” 

After hearing from Cromer, the district court found a sentence of 70 months 

imprisonment — the bottom of the guidelines range — appropriate in light of the 

factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The district court noted that, given Cromer’s age 

(51 at the time), the difference between 70 and 87 months in prison “probably 

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doesn’t make any difference to anybody except [Cromer].” Cromer timely 

appealed.

II.

After Cromer filed his notice of appeal, the Supreme Court held in Rehaif v. 

United States that a defendant’s knowledge of his status as a felon is an element of 

the crime of being a felon in possession of a firearm. 139 S. Ct. 2191, 2200 (2019)

(“[I]n a prosecution under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and § 924(a)(2), the Government 

must prove both that the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and that he knew 

he belonged to the relevant category of persons barred from possessing a 

firearm.”). Rehaif overturned our precedent that a defendant need not know his 

status as a felon to be convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm. See

United States v. Reed, 941 F.3d 1018, 1021 (11th Cir. 2019). 

In light of Rehaif, Cromer has established an error in his indictment. Rehaif

made clear that a defendant’s knowledge of his status as a felon is an element of 

§ 922(g)(1). It was error not to allege that knowledge in the indictment. See Reed, 

941 F.3d at 1021. And Cromer’s indictment did not allege that he knew he was a 

felon. But we must still determine whether, in light of his unconditional guilty 

plea, Cromer is entitled to relief for that error. See Brown, 752 F.3d at 1347–48 

(holding that an unconditional guilty plea waives all non-jurisdictional challenges 

to an indictment). He is not. 

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Cromer points to two defects in his indictment that he contends deprived the 

district court of jurisdiction: the indictment did not specifically allege that Cromer 

had knowledge of his status as a felon, and it omitted any reference to 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(a)(2), the penalty provision for § 922(g)(1). Neither defect deprived the 

district court of jurisdiction. 

We review de novo a challenge to the district court’s subject-matter 

jurisdiction. United States v. Iguaran, 821 F.3d 1335, 1336 (11th Cir. 2016). 

District courts have jurisdiction over “all offenses against the laws of the United 

States.” 18 U.S.C. § 3231. In light of § 3231, the district court has jurisdiction to 

hear a criminal case “[s]o long as the indictment charges the defendant with 

violating a valid federal statute as enacted in the United States Code.” Brown, 752 

F.3d at 1354. An indictment that omits an element of a criminal offense is 

defective, but that defect “do[es] not deprive a court of its power to adjudicate [the] 

case.” United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630 (2002). We have recognized 

jurisdictional defects in indictments that charged: a crime that does not exist in the 

United States Code; conduct that falls outside the sweep of the charging statute; or 

a violation of something, such as a regulation, that is not a law for purposes of 

criminal liability. Brown, 752 F.3d at 1353 (discussing cases).

Cromer’s indictment, although defective, was sufficient to give the district 

court jurisdiction over his case. It charged Cromer with violating a law of the 

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United States: § 922(g)(1). And, even though it omitted an element — knowledge 

of Cromer’s status as a felon — “an indictment’s omission of an element of the 

crime does not create a jurisdictional defect.” Id. at 1349. 

The indictment’s failure to reference to 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2), the penalty 

provision for § 922(g)(1), also did not deprive the district court of jurisdiction. 

Rehaif did not conclude that the knowledge-of-status element came solely from 

§ 924(a)(2). See Rehaif, 139 S. Ct. at 2195–97 (discussing both § 922(g) and 

§ 924(a)(2), and relying on both the language of § 924(a)(2) and “the presumption 

in favor of scienter” that operates “even when Congress does not specify any 

scienter in the statutory text” to conclude that § 922(g) requires a criminal 

defendant to have knowledge of his prohibited status). Cromer argues that because 

his indictment did not specifically reference § 924(a)(2), it charged a non-offense 

and deprived the district court of jurisdiction. But Cromer’s indictment referenced 

a criminal statute, § 922(g)(1), and alleged conduct that was criminal, so the cases 

he relies on for this argument are inapplicable. See United States v. Izurieta, 710 

F.3d 1176, 1184 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding that the indictment was jurisdictionally 

defective because it “d[id] not charge a crime”); United States v. Peter, 310 F.3d 

709, 714 (11th Cir. 2002) (holding that the indictment was jurisdictionally 

defective because it alleged conduct “that, as a matter of law, was outside the 

sweep of the charging statute”); United States v. Meacham, 626 F.2d 503, 510 (5th 

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Cir. 1980) (holding that the indictment was jurisdictionally defective because it 

had charged “a nonoffense”).

1

The error in Cromer’s indictment did not deprive the district court of 

jurisdiction under § 3231, so he waived his challenge to the sufficiency of his 

indictment by entering an unconditional guilty plea.

2

III.

Cromer also argues that his sentence was procedurally and substantively 

unreasonable. We review the reasonableness of a sentence for an abuse of 

discretion. United States v. Alberts, 859 F.3d 979, 985 (11th Cir. 2017). In 

determining whether a sentence is procedurally reasonable, we must “ensure that 

the district court committed no significant procedural error” at sentencing, such as 

failing to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 

38, 51 (2007). And we review substantive reasonableness in light of the totality of 

1 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we 

adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before 

October 1, 1981.

2 Even if Cromer had not waived his challenge to the indictment, he would still not be 

entitled to relief. Because Cromer never raised this challenge in the district court, we would 

review for plain error. See United States v. Reed, 941 F.3d 1018, 1021 (11th Cir. 2019). To 

prevail, Cromer would have to show “that an error occurred that was both plain and that affected 

his substantial rights.” Id. To show that his substantial rights were affected, he would have to

“show a reasonable probability that, but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding would have 

been different.” Molina-Martinez v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1338, 1343 (2016) (quotation 

marks omitted). But he can’t make that showing because the record is clear that he knew he was 

a felon when he possessed the firearm and ammunition at issue. See Reed, 941 F.3d at 1022 

(“Because the record establishes that Reed knew he was a felon, he cannot prove that the errors 

affected his substantial rights . . . .”). 

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the circumstances and the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Alberts, 859 F.3d at 

985. A sentencing court abuses its discretion only when it “(1) fails to afford 

consideration to relevant factors that were due significant weight, (2) gives 

significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or (3) commits a clear error 

of judgment in considering the proper factors.” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 

1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quotation marks omitted). We ordinarily 

expect a sentence imposed within the guidelines range to be reasonable. United 

States v. Croteau, 819 F.3d 1293, 1309–10 (11th Cir. 2016).

Cromer’s sentence is procedurally and substantively reasonable. 

As to procedural reasonableness, the district court sufficiently considered the 

§ 3553(a) factors, including Cromer’s history and characteristics. It specifically 

asked Cromer’s counsel to address “the good things that [Cromer] has done, the 

charitable work, the people he has helped” since he was out of prison. It also 

addressed Cromer’s argument for leniency based on the lengthy sentence he had 

served for his armed robbery conviction, but found that Cromer’s earlier sentence 

was not “over-sentencing, particularly considering the actual time that [Cromer] 

did.” The court acknowledged Cromer’s criminal history, noted its concern with 

his robbery and kidnapping convictions, and expressed “worry about [Cromer] 

doing . . . violent things.” These statements show that the district court “listened to 

each argument. . . . [and] considered the supporting evidence.” Rita v. United 

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States, 551 U.S. 338, 358 (2007). Cromer’s sentence was not procedurally 

unreasonable. 

As to substantive unreasonableness, Cromer was sentenced within the 

guidelines range, and identifies nothing that defeats our ordinary expectation that 

such a sentence is reasonable. See Croteau, 819 F.3d at 1309–10. The district 

court pointed to Cromer’s lengthy criminal history, which involved several violent 

offenses, and the seriousness of Cromer’s crime as supporting a sentence within 

the guidelines range. But the court also took into account Cromer’s personal 

characteristics, including his age, to conclude that a sentence at the bottom of the 

guidelines range was appropriate. As a result, Cromer’s sentence was not 

substantively unreasonable. 

AFFIRMED.

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