Filed 12/17/18

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

K.P.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D074577

 (Super. Ct. No. RIF1303602)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County, Ronald L. 

Taylor, Judge. Affirmed.

Christine Vento, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Meredith S. White and Eric A. 

Swenson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

A jury found K.P. not guilty by reason of insanity after he shot and killed his 

father. In this appeal, we address whether the recent amendment to subdivision (h) of 
Penal Code1 section 12022.53, giving a trial court discretion to strike or dismiss a 

firearm enhancement, applies retroactively to a person—whose case is not yet final—

committed to a state hospital after being found not guilty by reason of insanity.2 As we 

shall explain, we conclude that amended section 12022.53 does not apply to an insanity 

acquittee.

Anticipating this result, K.P. contends that denying an insanity acquittee the ability 

to have a firearm enhancement under section 12022.53, subdivision (d) dismissed based 

on a trial court's exercise of discretion under section 12022.53, subdivision (h) violates

the equal protection clause of the state and federal constitutions. We disagree as a 

rational basis exists for the disparity. 

BACKGROUND

Seventeen-year-old K.P. was charged as an adult with murder after he walked into 

his father's bedroom and shot him five times with a shotgun. (§ 187, subd. (a).) Fearing 

that his father might get up and kill him, K.P. ran back to his bedroom, grabbed a loaded 

AR-15, and shot his father five more times. K.P. then listened as his mother called 911 

and waited for police to arrive. During a police interview after the crime, K.P. claimed 

that his father had verbally bullied him, that he could not be around his father anymore,

and that he "made a terrible decision." 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

2 For brevity, we refer to a person found not guilty by reason of insanity as an 

insanity acquittee. 

2

 
K.P. pleaded not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity. (§ 1026.) At the guilt 

phase of trial, a jury found K.P. guilty of second degree murder and found true the 

allegation that he personally used a firearm causing death (§§ 12022.53, subd. (d), 

1192.7, subd. (c)(8)). At a subsequent bifurcated proceeding, the jury determined that 

K.P. was insane when he committed the offense. The trial court committed K.P. to 

Patton State Hospital and fixed his maximum period of confinement at 40 years to life, 

representing 15 years to life for the murder and a consecutive term of 25 years to life for

K.P.'s act of personally discharging a firearm causing death. K.P. timely appealed.

DISCUSSION

I. LAW GOVERNING CRIMINAL DEFENDANTS FOUND TO BE INSANE

A defendant who pleads not guilty by reason of insanity is presumed sane at the 

time of the offense and a jury determines whether the defendant is guilty of the charged 

offense. (§ 1026, subd. (a).) If the defendant is found guilty, then the jury determines 

whether the defendant was insane at the time of the offense. (Ibid.) To establish this 

defense the accused person must prove "by a preponderance of the evidence that he or 

she was incapable of knowing or understanding the nature and quality of his or her act 

and of distinguishing right from wrong at the time of the commission of the offense." 

(§ 25, subd. (b).) Our Supreme Court has interpreted this statutory language to mean that 

insanity can be shown under either the "nature and quality" or the "right from wrong"

prong of the test. (People v. Skinner (1985) 39 Cal.3d 765, 775-777; People v. Powell

(2018) 5 Cal.5th 921.) 

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Where a criminal defendant has been found to have been insane at the time the 

offense was committed, "unless it appears to the court that the sanity of the defendant has 

been recovered fully," the court may order the defendant committed to the "State 

Department of State Hospitals" or any other appropriate facility for care and treatment. 

(§ 1026, subd. (a).) Once a criminal defendant has been found not guilty by reason of 

insanity, that person "is no longer a criminal defendant, but a person subject to civil 

commitment." (People v. Lara (2010) 48 Cal.4th 216, 222, fn. 5.) "The purpose of 

commitment following an insanity acquittal, like that of civil commitment, is to treat the 

individual's mental illness and protect him and society from his potential dangerousness. 

The committed acquittee is entitled to release when he has recovered his sanity or is no 

longer dangerous." (Jones v. United States (1983) 463 U.S. 354, 368 (Jones).) 

In a commitment order the trial court is required to state the " 'maximum term of 

commitment' [meaning] the longest term of imprisonment which could have been 

imposed for the offense or offenses of which the person was convicted, including the 

upper term of the base offense and any additional terms for enhancements and 

consecutive sentences which could have been imposed less any applicable credits as 

defined by Section 2900.5, and disregarding any credits which could have been earned 

pursuant to Article 2.5 (commencing with Section 2930) of Chapter 7 of Title 1 of Part 

3." (§ 1026.5, subd. (a)(1).)

At the end of the maximum term of commitment, the state may petition to extend 

the commitment. (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(1)-(2).) After a jury trial, the court may extend the 

commitment for an additional two years if the person "by reason of a mental disease, 

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defect, or disorder represents a substantial danger of physical harm to others." (§ 1026.5, 

subd. (b)(1), (4), (8).) Any additional recommitments are for two years and require 

additional jury trials. (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(8).) An insanity aquittee who recovers his or 

her sanity need not remain confined for the maximum term of commitment; rather, 

release is possible at any time following a mandatory, 180-day commitment period 

(§ 1026.2, subd. (d)) if the individual demonstrates fitness for release, first by 

successfully completing one year under supervision in a community mental health 

program and then in a sanity-restoration trial. (§ 1026.2 subd. (e).)

II. AMENDED SECTION 12022.53 DOES NOT APPLY TO INSANITY AQUITTEES

At the time of K.P.'s sentencing hearing, the former version of section 12022.53 

required the trial court to impose a consecutive enhancement of 25 years to life for the 

jury's true finding on the allegation that K.P. personally and intentionally discharged a 

firearm in committing the murder. (See People v. Hurlic (2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 50, 54; 

former § 12022.53, subds. (d), (h).) "On October 11, 2017, the Governor signed Senate 

Bill 620, which amends section 12022.53 to give trial courts the authority to strike in the 

interests of justice a firearm enhancement allegation found true under that statute." 

(People v. Watts (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 102, 119.) "Our Legislature or the voters may 

'expressly . . . declare[ ]' an intent to apply the new law retroactively [citation]; and, 

absent an express indication to the contrary, courts will infer an intent to apply a new law 

retroactively to all nonfinal convictions where that new law 'mitigat[es]' or lessens 'the 

punishment for a particular criminal offense' [citations] . . . Applying this body of law, 

the courts have unanimously concluded that Senate Bill No. 620's (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.)

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grant of discretion to strike firearm enhancements under section 12022.53 applies 

retroactively to all nonfinal convictions." (Hurlic, at p. 56.)

K.P. asserts that amended section 12022.53 applies to him and that his case must 

be remanded to allow the trial court to exercise its discretion in deciding whether to 

dismiss his firearm enhancement. The People assert that amended section 12022.53 does 

not apply to insanity aquittees because the Legislature included no language in amended 

section 12022.53 suggesting that it applies to insanity aquittees. Moreover, the People 

note that just six months before enacting amended section 12022.53, the Legislature

expressly extended the benefits of Propositions 36 and 47 to insanity aquittees. The 

People assert the omission of similar language in amended section 12022.53 expresses a 

different legislative intent with regard to amended section 12022.53. We agree with the 

People.

Proposition 36 enacted section 1170.126, which gives many inmates now serving 

a third strike sentence an opportunity to request resentencing as a second-strike offender 

if their "sentence under [Proposition 36] would not have been an indeterminate life 

sentence." (§ 1170.126, subd. (a)-(c).) The court in People v. Dobson (2016) 245 

Cal.App.4th 310 (Dobson), interpreted Proposition 36 as not applying to insanity 

acquittees committed to the state hospital system based on its express term that "section 

1170.126 applies exclusively to certain 'persons presently serving an indeterminate term 

of imprisonment. . . .' (§ 1170.126, subd. (a), italics added.) Dobson is not presently 

serving any term of imprisonment whatsoever; he has been committed to a state hospital 

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as an [insanity aquittee]. He falls outside the scope of section 1170.126's plain 

language." (Dobson, at p. 315.) 

Effective June 27, 2017, the Legislature added section 1170.127 to "nullify"

Dobson, supra, 245 Cal.App.4th 310.3 (Legis. Counsel's Dig., Assem. Bill No. 103, 

approved by Governor, June 27, 2017 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) § 2, p. 8.) The Legislature 

also amended section 1170.18, subdivision (p) of Proposition 47 to similarly allow people 

committed to a state hospital upon a not guilty by reason of insanity finding to petition a 

court to have certain felony offenses reduced to misdemeanors.4 (Ibid.) 

About six months later, the Legislature amended section 12022.53 to provide: 

"The court may, in the interest of justice pursuant to Section 1385 and at the time of 

sentencing, strike or dismiss an enhancement otherwise required to be imposed by this 

section. The authority provided by this subdivision applies to any resentencing that may 

occur pursuant to any other law." (Amended § 12022.53, subd. (h), italics added; see 

Stats. 2017, ch. 682, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 2018.) An insanity aquittee is not sentenced; he or 

she is committed to a state hospital for treatment. (§ 1026.) Thus, by its express terms, 

3 Subdivision (a) of section 1170.127 provides in part: "A person who is committed 

to a state hospital after being found not guilty by reason of insanity pursuant to Section 

1026 may petition the court to have his or her maximum term of commitment, as 

established by Section 1026.5, reduced to the length it would have been had Section 

1170.126 been in effect at the time of the original determination."

4 Subdivision (p)(1) of section 1170.18 provides in part: "A person who is 

committed to a state hospital after being found not guilty by reason of insanity pursuant 

to Section 1026 may petition the court to have his or her maximum term of commitment, 

as established by Section 1026.5, reduced to the length it would have been had the act 

that added this section been in effect at the time of the original determination."

7

 
amended section 12022.53 does not apply to insanity aquittees.5 (Droeger v. Friedman, 

Sloan & Ross (1991) 54 Cal.3d 26, 38 [" 'It is axiomatic that in the interpretation of a 

statute where the language is clear, its plain meaning should be followed.' "].)

The Legislature "is presumed to be aware of all laws in existence when it passes or 

amends a statute. [Citations.] ' "The failure of the Legislature to change the law in a 

particular respect when the subject is generally before it and changes in other respects are 

made is indicative of an intent to leave the law as it stands in the aspects not 

amended." ' " (In re Greg F. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 393, 407.) Accordingly, if the 

Legislature had wanted to extend the relief under amended section 12022.53 to insanity 

aquittees, it knew how to do so.

K.P. acknowledges this established principle of statutory construction, but 

contends that, if amended section 12022.53 is construed to exclude insanity aquittees, the 

statute violates equal protection. We address this contention below.6

5 "Only when the language of a statute is susceptible to more than one reasonable 

construction is it appropriate to turn to extrinsic aids, including the legislative history of 

the measure, to ascertain its meaning." (Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc. v. Superior 

Court (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1036, 1055.) Nevertheless, we reviewed the legislature history 

of Senate Bill 620 and found that it is silent regarding the Legislature's intent regarding 

whether amended section 12022.53 applies to insanity aquittees. 

6 Although not argued by the parties, there is an additional reason suggesting that 

the Legislature did not intend amended section 12022.53 to apply to insanity acquittees. 

Under subdivision (a)(1) of section 1026.5 the trial court is required to impose the "

'maximum term of commitment' " which includes "any additional terms for enhancements 

. . . which could have been imposed." (Italics added.) This language requires that the 

trial court impose the additional terms for any firearm enhancements. Thus, even 

assuming, arguendo, that the discretion given to trial courts by amended section 12022.53 

8

 
III. NO EQUAL PROTECTION VIOLATION

A. General Legal Principles

" ' "The equal protection guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United 

States Constitution and the California Constitution are substantially equivalent and we 

analyze[] them in a similar fashion." ' " (People v. Noyan (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 657, 

666.) " 'Equal protection requires the state to treat similarly situated persons alike, with 

some exceptions in which the disparate treatment is sufficiently related to the purpose of 

the [law] in question.' [Citation.] The equal protection clause applies to civil 

commitment statutes 'to ensure that a particular group of civil committees is not unfairly 

or arbitrarily subjected to greater burdens.' [Citation.] The similarly situated inquiry 

examines whether two groups are similarly situated for purposes of the law challenged, 

not whether they are similarly situated for all purposes. [Citation.] The threshold 

question is 'whether two classes that are different in some respects are sufficiently similar 

with respect to the laws in question to require the government to justify its differential 

treatment of these classes under those laws.' [Citation.] 'If persons are not similarly 

situated for purposes of the law, an equal protection claim fails at the threshold.' " 

(People v. Bocklett (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 879, 892.)

" 'If groups are similarly situated but treated differently, the state must then 

provide a rational justification for the disparity. [Citation.] However, a law that 

interferes with a fundamental constitutional right or involves a suspect classification, 

could apply to insanity acquittees, subdivision (a)(1) of section 1026.5 takes that 

discretion away.

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such as race or national origin, is subject to strict scrutiny requiring a compelling state 

interest.' " (People v. Wolfe (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 673, 686-687.)

B. Analysis

K.P. concedes that he does not fall within the literal terms of amended section 

12022.53 because he was committed to a state hospital and not sentenced. He claims 

that a literal application of amended section 12022.53, subdivision (h) violates his 

constitutional right to equal protection under the state and federal constitutions because,

as an insanity aquittee who used a firearm to murder, he is similarly situated with 

criminal defendants adjudicated for the same crime and enhancement. For purposes of 

analysis, we assume without deciding that insanity aquittees and criminal defendants 

convicted of the same crime and subjected to the same firearm enhancement are similarly 

situated. (In re C.B. (2018) 6 Cal.5th 118, 134 [applying similarly situated assumption]; 

People v. Chatman (2018) 4 Cal.5th 277, 290 [same].)

Relying on People v. Olivas (1976) 17 Cal.3d 236 (Olivas), K.P. argues that in 

determining whether the differential treatment of insanity aquittees and criminal 

defendants is justified, we should apply the strict scrutiny standard of review, under 

which "the state must first establish that it has a compelling interest which justifies the 

law and then demonstrate that the distinctions drawn by the law are necessary to further 

that purpose." (Id. at p. 251, italics omitted.) He claims that strict scrutiny is appropriate 

because amended section 12022.53 affects a fundamental interest, his personal liberty.

In Olivas, supra, 17 Cal.3d 236, the Supreme Court addressed the commitment of 

a juvenile convicted in adult court to the Youth Authority for a period longer than the 

10
maximum prison sentence that might have been imposed for the same offense if 

committed by a person over the age of 21 years. (Id. at p. 239.) In analyzing whether 

this disparity violated equal protection, the court stated that the juvenile had a " 'personal 

liberty interest' " in being free from incarceration as well as other restraints and controls 

by the Youth Authority. (Id. at p. 245.) The court determined that personal liberty is a 

fundamental interest and that strict scrutiny applied to the challenged classification. (Id.

at p. 251.)

K.P. contends that strict scrutiny applies here because he is potentially subject to a 

longer period of incarceration than similarly situated criminals to whom amended section 

12022.53 applies. As a preliminary matter, the subject of the classification here is not 

incarceration because insanity acquittees are not incarcerated; rather, they are committed 

to a state hospital for treatment until the person recovers his or her sanity. (§§ 1026, 

subd. (a), 1026.2.) In any event, our high court has explained that Olivas, supra, 17 

Cal.3d 236 should not be read as requiring strict scrutiny review "whenever one 

challenges upon equal protection grounds a penal statute or statutes that authorize 

different sentences for comparable crimes." (People v. Wilkinson (2004) 33 Cal.4th 821, 

837; People v. Flores (1986) 178 Cal.App.3d 74, 88 [appellant does not have a 

fundamental interest in a specific term of imprisonment].) Rather, where the issue is not 

whether a deprivation of an individual's liberty will occur, but rather the duration of that 

deprivation, rational basis review is appropriate because " ' " 'the power to define crimes 

and fix penalties is vested exclusively in the legislative branch.' "' " (People v. Farley 

(2009) 46 Cal.4th 1053, 1119.) Accordingly, we find that the rational basis standard 

11
applies because the issue here is the duration of the commitment period, not whether 

insanity acquittees will be deprived of their liberty.7

Under the rational basis standard, " 'equal protection of the law is denied only 

where there is no "rational relationship between the disparity of treatment and some 

legitimate governmental purpose." ' [Citation.] 'This standard of rationality does not 

depend upon whether lawmakers ever actually articulated the purpose they sought to 

achieve. Nor must the underlying rationale be empirically substantiated. [Citation.] 

While the realities of the subject matter cannot be completely ignored [citation], a court 

may engage in " 'rational speculation' " as to the justifications for the legislative choice 

[citation]. It is immaterial for rational basis review "whether or not" any such speculation 

has "a foundation in the record." ' [Citation.] To mount a successful rational basis 

challenge, a party must ' "negative every conceivable basis" ' that might support the 

disputed statutory disparity. [Citation.] If a plausible basis exists for the disparity, courts 

may not second-guess its ' "wisdom, fairness, or logic." ' " (Johnson v. Department of 

Justice (2015) 60 Cal.4th 871, 881.)

7 K.P. appears to argue that strict scrutiny review should apply because the burden 

of proof for continued commitment shifts to the People at the end of the maximum term 

of commitment. Specifically, insanity acquittees have the burden to prove restoration of 

sanity by a preponderance of the evidence to obtain release before the end of their 

maximum term of commitment (§ 1026.2), and the People have the burden to prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt that an insanity acquittee convicted of a felony "by reason of a 

mental disease, defect, or disorder represents a substantial danger of physical harm to 

others" to obtain a two-year commitment extension after expiration of the maximum 

commitment term. (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(1), (8).) This difference, however, again impacts 

the length of an insanity acquittee's commitment, not whether a deprivation of liberty will 

occur.

12

 
Amended section 12022.53 gives a trial court discretion to strike or dismiss a

firearm enhancement imposed on a criminal defendant. (§ 12022.53, subd. (h).) 

Amended section 12022.53 does not extend this benefit to insanity acquittees. We 

conclude that a rational basis exists for the Legislature to exclude insanity acquittees 

from the ameliorative provisions of amended section 12022.53. 

The Legislature could have concluded that, given the distinct purpose and 

structure of the insanity commitment scheme (as distinguished from the purpose of a 

prison term), striking or dismissing firearm enhancements for insanity acquittees would 

not further the purpose of insanity commitments and serve no practical purpose.

Criminal defendants are sentenced to a period of incarceration "to reflect society's 

view of the proper response to commission of a particular criminal offense, based on a 

variety of considerations such as retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation." (Jones, 

supra, 463 U.S. at pp. 368-369.) In sharp contrast, the purpose of a hospital commitment 

following an insanity acquittal is to treat the individual's mental illness and protect the 

individual and society. (Id. at p. 368.) Additionally, there is no correlation between the 

severity of the offense and length of time necessary for recovery of sanity. (Id. at p. 369.) 

Accordingly, the United States Supreme Court pronounced that "[t]he length of the 

acquittee's hypothetical criminal sentence . . . is irrelevant to the purposes of his 

commitment." (Ibid.) 

Under the California insanity commitment scheme, insanity aquittees must be 

confined or placed on outpatient status for a minimum of 180 days from the date of the 

order of commitment. (§ 1026.2, subd. (d).) After this minimum commitment term, 

13
insanity aquittees may annually petition for release on a showing, by a preponderance of 

the evidence, that the individual's sanity has been restored. (§ 1026.2, subds. (h), (j), (k).) 

Insanity aquittees who were committed based on the commission of a felony and who 

represent a substantial danger of physical harm to others by reason of a mental disease, 

defect, or disorder may have their commitments extended beyond the maximum term of 

commitment in two-year increments when the prosecution proves, beyond a reasonable 

doubt, that "by reason of a mental disease, defect, or disorder" the defendant "represents a 

substantial danger of physical harm to others" and that as a result of the mental disease, 

defect or disorder, the defendant had, "at the very least, serious difficulty controlling his 

potentially dangerous behavior." (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(1), (8); People v. Zapisek (2007) 

147 Cal.App.4th 1151, 1165.) Accordingly, insanity aquittees can potentially remain 

hospitalized for life.

Thus, while striking or dismissing a firearm enhancement would shorten the 

maximum term of commitment, it would be of no practical benefit to insanity aquittees 

because expiration of the maximum term of commitment does not ensure their release. 

Instead, insanity aquittees are provided a statutory procedure to seek and obtain release 

from commitment, potentially well before expiration of their maximum term of 

commitment. (§ 1026.2.) In contrast, striking or dismissing a firearm enhancement for a 

criminal defendant has the immediate benefit of shortening the individual's period of 

incarceration by 10, 20 or 25 years. (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), (d).)

14
In summary, we conclude that the Legislature could rationally distinguish between 

insanity aquittees and criminal defendants when enacting amended section 12022.53. 

According, we discern no equal protection violation.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

NARES, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

DATO, J.

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