In the Missouri Court of Appeals 

Eastern District

DIVISION FOUR

JOSEPH ZYGLER ) No. ED108543

)

Appellant, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of 

) St. Louis County 

vs. )

) Honorable David L. Vincent III

HAWKINS CONSTRUCTION, ET AL., )

)

Respondent. ) Filed: September 22, 2020

Introduction

Plaintiff-appellant Joseph Zygler (“Appellant”) appeals the entry of summary judgment on 

his negligence claims for defendant-respondents Hawkins Construction & Flat Work Contracting 

Co. (“Hawkins”) and Deluca Plumbing, Inc. (“Deluca”) (“Respondents”). Respondents were 

subcontracted by general contractor K&S Associates to work on a new government building in 

Wildwood, Missouri. Hawkins was hired to perform concrete work and Deluca was hired to 

perform plumbing work. Appellant was an employee of St. Charles Acoustics, the flooring 

subcontractor on the project. The issue here is a question of law: whether the acceptance doctrine 

applies to shield Respondents from liability. 

Appellant raises six points on appeal – three points regarding Deluca’s liability and three 

regarding Hawkins’ liability. Appellant’s arguments are parallel in Points I and IV, Points II and 

V, and Points III and VI. In Points I and IV, Appellant argues summary judgment was improper 
2

because Respondents owed a duty of reasonable care to Appellant under a general negligence 

theory. Respondents contend they are protected from liability by the acceptance doctrine, an 

affirmative defense available to subcontractors under Missouri negligence law. Appellant argues 

the acceptance doctrine does not apply. In Points II and V, Appellant argues even if the acceptance 

doctrine applies, summary judgment was improper because genuine issues of material fact exist 

about whether K&S accepted Respondents’ work before Appellant’s injury. In Points III and VI, 

Appellant argues he was a third-party beneficiary of the contracts between K&S and Respondents 

and Respondents owed a heightened duty of care to protect Appellant from injury. Finding no 

genuine issues of material fact Respondents were entitled to judgment as a matter of law, we 

affirm.

Factual and Procedural History1

In 2012, K&S constructed a government building for the City of Wildwood, Missouri. 

K&S subcontracted various construction tasks to several subcontractors. Three subcontractors 

relate to this appeal. K&S hired subcontractor Hawkins to perform concrete foundation and 

flatwork-related tasks on the project, Deluca to perform plumbing work, and St. Charles Acoustics 

to perform floor tiling.

This case concerns a workplace injury. On November 14, 2012, Appellant was doing floor 

tiling work on the project for St. Charles Acoustics. Around noon, Appellant was walking in an 

unlit hallway when his boot caught on a plumbing cleanout that protruded approximately 3⁄4-1 inch 

from the concrete floor. Appellant tripped, injuring his ankle. Deluca installed the rough plumbing 

including the cleanout. Hawkins poured the concrete floor over the roughed in plumbing and 

around the cleanout. The cleanout had no warning signs or markers around it. Appellant says the 

 

1Because this is an appeal of summary judgment, the facts are set forth in the light most favorable to Appellant’s case.
3

cleanout was difficult to see because it was dirty and similar in color to the surrounding concrete. 

Appellant testified that in his experience on other job sites, plumbing cleanouts are sometimes 

marked with cones or rings to alert others to the possible tripping hazard.

Respondents claim they finished work on the area where Appellant was injured several 

months before the injury. Deluca alleges it finished rough in plumbing work in the hallway where 

Appellant was injured by April 27, 2012 and moved on to other finishing projects throughout the 

building. Hawkins alleges it finished its concrete work in the interior of the building by May 15, 

2012 and performed outdoor work only after that date. Respondents argue K&S reviewed and 

accepted the quality and completeness of their work on the hallway several months before 

Appellant’s injury. Respondents supported their assertions by submitting proof of payment from 

K&S for their work in the hallway, while noting other tasks that were uncompleted had not yet 

been paid.2

Appellant sued K&S on March 7, 2016. He then amended his petition to include 

Respondents on July 8, 2016. Appellant voluntarily dismissed K&S without prejudice on August 

8, 2016. After discovery, Respondents moved for summary judgment on June 14, 2017. The trial 

court granted Respondents’ motion on October 27, 2017. This appeal follows.

Standard of Review

The standard of review on summary judgment is essentially de novo. ITT Commercial 

Finance Corp. v. Mid-America Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 376. When considering 

appeals from summary judgment, we review the record in the light most favorable to the party 

against whom judgment was entered. Id. (citing Zafft v. Eli Lilly, 676 S.W.2d 241, 244 (Mo. banc 

1984)). This Court exercises great care in affirming summary judgment because doing so denies 

 

2Respondents submitted affidavits signed by K&S president Thomas Kraska that certified Respondents’ work in the 

hallway was complete and to K&S’s satisfaction by no later than May of 2012.
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the losing party its day in court. Id. at 377. We accord the nonmoving party the benefit of all 

reasonable inferences from the record. Id. at 376 (citing Martin v. City of Washington, 848 S.W.2d 

487, 489 (Mo. banc 1993)). We will affirm summary judgment when there is no genuine issue of 

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Germania Bank v. 

Thomas, 810 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Mo. App. 1991). 

Discussion

Points I-III apply to Appellant’s action against Hawkins and Points IV-VI apply to 

Appellant’s action against Deluca. Points I and IV, II and V, and III and VI are parallel arguments. 

We will address Appellant’s parallel arguments together. 

Points I & IV: Whether the Acceptance Doctrine Applies

In Points I and IV, Appellant argues Respondents negligently caused his injuries because 

(1) they owed a duty of care to protect Appellant from injury, (2) they failed to perform their duty, 

and (3) their failure was the proximate cause of Appellant’s injury. Appellant also argues the 

acceptance doctrine should not shield Respondents from liability here because the doctrine applies 

only to cases involving premises liability, not general negligence. Appellant notes the single count 

of his amended petition alleged negligence and not premises liability. He argues the acceptance 

doctrine is irrelevant to the question of Respondents’ liability. 

Respondents argue K&S accepted and paid for their work on the plumbing cleanout six 

months before Appellant’s injury. They further argue they had no control over the area at the time 

of the injury because they vacated the space to make way for other subcontractors to work, 

including Appellant’s employer. Respondents argue the acceptance doctrine is a complete 

affirmative defense shielding them from liability. 
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A. The Acceptance Doctrine

The acceptance doctrine is the principle that when a subcontractor completes work on a 

project or portion of a project and relinquishes control to the general contractor, the general 

contractor assumes responsibility for any defects in the work and “relieves the subcontractor of 

liability as to a third person.” Weber v. McBride & Son Contracting, Co., 182 S.W.3d 643, 644 

(Mo. App. E.D. 2005). The purpose of the acceptance doctrine is to cut off subcontractor liability 

after they give up the right of control over their work and the general contractor holds the work 

out as its own, including defects. Id. at 644-45 (citing Casey v. Hoover, 89 S.W. 330, 334 (1905)). 

Under the acceptance doctrine, contractors are liable to third parties only if they had control or the 

right to control the premises at the time of the injury. Coleman v. City of Kansas City, Mo., 859 

S.W.2d 141, 146 (Mo. App. W.D. 1993).

Acceptance of a subcontractor’s work can be proven by an overt act or by constructive or 

practical acceptance through the general contractor’s control or use of the property. Roskowske v. 

Iron Mountain Forge Corp., 897 S.W.2d 67, 71 (Mo. App. E.D. 1995). Acceptance need not be 

made formally. Id. (citing Gruhalla v. George Moeller Construction Co., 391 S.W.2d 585, 597 

(Mo. App. 1965)). If a plaintiff claims work was not accepted, the plaintiff must prove a lack of 

acceptance. Wilson v. Dura-Seal and Stripe, Inc., 519 S.W.3d 479, 482 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017).

B. The Acceptance Doctrine Applies Here

Here, Appellant’s contention that the acceptance doctrine does not apply to subcontractors 

in negligence cases is contradicted by more than a century of case law in Missouri. Missouri courts 

have consistently applied the acceptance doctrine in negligence cases. See, e.g. id. at 482-83; 

Weber, 182 S.W.3d 644-45 (2005); Singleton v. Charlebois Const. Co., 690 S.W.2d 845, 849 

(1985); Gruhalla, 391 S.W.2d 585 (1965); and Casey, 89 S.W. 330. 
6

Appellant relies first on Daoukas v. City of St. Louis to argue the acceptance doctrine 

should shield subcontractors from liability only if a plaintiff asserts a premises liability claim. 228 

S.W.3d 30, 35 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007). This reliance is misplaced. Although Daoukas involved an 

independent contractor’s liability to a third party, the acceptance doctrine was not at issue. Id. at 

32-33. Instead, the independent contractor defense was at issue. Id. at 34. The independent 

contractor defense shields property owners from premises liability claims, but not from general 

negligence, for harm that occurs while a contractor controls the property. Id. Appellant’s 

argument to limit the acceptance doctrine to premises liability is unsupported by Daoukas and 

therefore fails.

Appellant also argues Respondents’ liability can be established solely by their participation 

in creating a dangerous condition. When the acceptance doctrine applies, a general contractor is 

presumed to have inspected the property for defects, assumed responsibility for the property, and 

relieved subcontractors of liability to third parties. See Weber, 182 S.W.3d at 644. Taking the 

facts in the light most favorable to Appellant, even if Respondents created a dangerous condition, 

K&S’s inspection, payment, and control of the workspace is sufficient for the acceptance doctrine 

to apply.

Appellant cites Killian v. Wheeloc Engineering for the proposition that a subcontractor can 

be liable in negligence to a fellow subcontractor sharing a workspace with him. 350 S.W.2d 759, 

761-62 (Mo. 1961). In Killian, the plaintiff carpenter was injured when he stepped on scrap that 

another subcontractor negligently placed in a common area where both were working. Id. The 

plaintiff won at trial and on appeal, with the Missouri Supreme Court finding the subcontractor 

owed a duty of reasonable care to the plaintiff. Id. at 762. Respondents correctly point out the 

defendant subcontractor owed a duty to his fellow worker in Killian because both were still 
7

working on the same area of the same project and had not yet relinquished control of the workspace 

as required by the acceptance doctrine. Killian is therefore distinguishable and inapposite.

Similarly, Appellant relies on Smith v. Dewitt and Assoc., Inc. for the proposition that a 

subcontractor can be liable in negligence for injuries suffered by a plaintiff, even if the 

subcontractor was not in control of the area or dangerous condition at the time of the injury. 279 

S.W.3d 220 (Mo. App. Ct. 2009). In Smith, the plaintiff was at a construction site when he fell 

through a wooden guardrail weakened by a subcontractor repeatedly removing and reattaching it. 

Id. at 222. The movement of the guardrail weakened it over time, eventually creating a dangerous 

condition that ultimately caused the injury. Id. Smith did not involve the acceptance doctrine – it 

was about whether the defendant contractors could prevail on summary judgment if they failed to 

refute the plaintiff’s claim that one defendant loosened the guardrail. Id. at 225. Because the Smith

subcontractors’ work (1) had not been accepted by an authority such as a general contractor or the 

owner of the premises at the time of the injury and (2) the acceptance doctrine was not raised as a 

defense, Smith is inapposite. Id. 

Appellant also relies on Williamson v. Cox to argue a subcontractor can be liable for 

negligence if an injury occurs after the subcontractor relinquished control of a workspace to the 

general contractor with the subcontractor-created dangerous condition still in existence. 844 

S.W.2d 95 (Mo. App. S.D. 1992). In Williamson, a subcontractor tasked with cutting a hole in the 

roof of a building had to temporarily relinquish control of the area to the general contractor while 

the roof was being covered in plastic to keep out rain. Id. at 97. The subcontractor did nothing to 

warn other workers of the hole in the roof or mark it. Id. at 97-98. The general contractor’s 

employee fell through the hole and was injured. Id. at 97. The employee recovered from the 
8

subcontractor in negligence because the subcontractor caused the dangerous condition and did 

nothing to stop the plaintiff from walking toward the concealed hole. Id. 

Appellant’s reliance on Williamson is misplaced. Although the subcontractor temporarily 

relinquished control of the roof, the relinquishment of control regarding that area was not 

permanent and was not because the general contractor accepted his work as complete. The 

subcontractor’s work in the area was only partially done – a hole had been cut in the roof but that 

was only the first step in preparing the roof to install an air conditioning unit. Id. Williamson is 

therefore distinguishable by its facts and inapposite because it did not involve the acceptance 

doctrine. 

Appellant relies on Woodall v. Christian Hospital NE-NW for the proposition that when a 

plaintiff alleges “negligent conduct rather than the condition of the property itself, a negligence 

claim may lie.” 473 S.W.3d 649, 658 (Mo. App. E.D.). In Woodall, an asbestos abatement 

contractor was working on an upper floor of respondent landowner’s building and needed to visit 

the boiler room in the basement. Id. at 652. The contractor did not know the respondent’s 

employees had removed the handrail on the stairs. Id. As a result, he fell and sustained serious 

injuries. Id. The court concluded a genuine issue of material fact existed about whether the 

landowner’s conduct breached a duty of care and whether the breach was the proximate cause of 

the plaintiff’s injuries. Id. at 658. Woodall is inapposite because it does not address the 

fundamental issue raised in Points I and IV: whether Respondents can be liable even though 

Appellant was injured after Respondents returned control of the workspace to K&S. Contrary to 

Appellant’s assertion that the “issue of control of the premises is irrelevant”, the right of a 

subcontractor to control and make changes to a workspace at the time of the injury is the reason 
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the acceptance doctrine exists and is fundamental to determining liability. See Weber, 182 S.W.3d 

at 644-45 and Coleman, 859 S.W.2d at 146. 

The cases Appellant cites are also inapposite because of the timing of the injury. Appellant 

cites cases where subcontractors were liable because they owed a duty to others (1) while they 

were still working on their projects and (2) had not yet been released from their duties in the 

workspace where the injury occurred. The acceptance doctrine applies here because Appellant 

was injured after Respondents finished working on the hallway and were released from 

responsibility for that area six months before the injury. By the time Appellant was injured, 

Hawkins moved on to outside concrete work and Deluca moved on to unrelated “finish” plumbing 

throughout the building. Points I and IV are denied. 

Points II and V: Whether Summary Judgment on the Issue of Acceptance was Warranted

Appellant argues even if the trial court was correct in concluding that the acceptance 

doctrine applies here, genuine issues of material fact remain about whether K&S accepted 

Respondents’ work. Specifically, Appellant argues factual questions remain whether K&S 

formally or constructively accepted the work in the hallway where Appellant was injured. 

Appellant notes if a general contractor did not formally accept a subcontractor’s performance, a 

factual question precluding summary judgment may exist if the facts rebut a presumption of 

acceptance by the general contractor. 

Appellant relies on Fattah v. Tran for the proposition that a subcontractor does not 

relinquish control of a job site by simply leaving the workspace, particularly if there is shared 

access to the site, the general contractor has not inspected the subcontractor’s work, or there was 

no communication between the general contractor and subcontractor after the subcontractor 
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finished working.3 2009 WL 6371480. Appellant analogizes Fattah to the facts here, arguing 

K&S never formally inspected or accepted Respondents’ work. We disagree. In Fattah, the 

accident occurred within hours of the end of the subcontractor’s work. The general contractor did 

not inspect the work or communicate with the subcontractor before the accident. Here 

Respondents produced proof they finished working in the hallway six months before the accident, 

K&S paid for that portion of the work, and authorized other workers to take over the space. Fattah

raises no genuine dispute about whether K&S’s conduct regarding Respondent’s work in the 

hallway rose to the level of acceptance.

The record refutes Appellant’s assertion “there was no evidence submitted to the Trial 

Court that a formal acceptance of [Respondents’] work . . . was ever made by K&S.” Appellant’s 

argument relies on the fact (1) Hawkins continued to lay concrete outside the building after 

completing work on the hallway and (2) Deluca continued its plumbing operations elsewhere in 

the building. Appellant also argues Hawkins’ work outside the building caused one exit to be 

blocked on the day of the accident, forcing Appellant to use the hallway where he was injured.

These facts do not create a genuine issue of material fact about whether K&S accepted 

Respondents’ work on the hallway. Thomas Kraska, the President of K&S, submitted an affidavit 

certifying Hawkins completed work on the interior of the project by May 14, 2012 and K&S 

acknowledged the project as complete on that date.4 Similarly, Kraska certified by affidavit that 

Deluca completed its work on the hallway part of the project by April 27, 2012 and retained no 

control over the area after that day. K&S paid Respondents for their work on the hallway after it 

 

3We note Fattah is an unreported circuit court case. Unpublished opinions, let alone unpublished circuit court 

opinions, are neither binding nor persuasive precedent in this Court. Executive Bd. of Missouri Baptist Convention v. 

Windermere Baptist Conference Ctr., 280 S.W.3d 678, 691 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009).

4Kraska clarified in his deposition that Hawkins finished work a day later, May 15. This single-day difference is not 

material to our analysis.
11

was completed and before the accident. Respondents were only paid for segments of their work 

after each segment was completed to K&S’s satisfaction. There is also no genuine dispute that 

Respondents retained no control over the area after they were paid. It is undisputed that other 

subcontractors – including Appellant’s employer – took over the space after Respondents vacated 

it. Whether Hawkins’ outdoor project blocked an exit is immaterial to acceptance because K&S’s 

payment history shows the outside work and hallway work were separate, unrelated projects. 

Therefore, no reasonable inferences support Appellant’s argument that Respondents’ work was 

not “accepted” by K&S. 

We conclude the trial court correctly determined there are no genuine issues of material 

fact regarding K&S’s acceptance of Respondents’ work. The trial court properly granted summary 

judgment. Appellant’s arguments in Points II and V are denied. 

Points III and VI: Whether Respondents Owed Appellant a Heightened Duty of Care as a 

Third-Party Beneficiary of Their Contracts with K&S

Appellant’s final points on appeal argue the contractual relationship between Respondents 

and K&S imposed heightened duties of care on Respondents. Appellant argues further that he was 

a member of the class owed a heightened duty as an intended third-party beneficiary. Respondents 

argue (1) Appellant was at most an incidental beneficiary of the contract, (2) the terms of the 

contract specifically preclude third party causes of action based on the contract, (3) Appellant 

cannot allege breach of contract on appeal because he pled no contract causes of action, and (4) 

the acceptance doctrine severs any duty owed by subcontractors to third parties after the 

subcontractor finishes working. Appellant’s arguments are without merit.

A third-party beneficiary to a contract can sue on the contract if the contract terms express 

intent to benefit the third party or an identifiable class that the third party is a member of. State ex 
12

rel. William Ranni Assoc., Inc. v. Hartenbach, 742 S.W.2d 134, 140-41 (Mo. banc 1987). Third 

party beneficiaries do not have standing if they are incidental beneficiaries to a contract, where 

they benefit only collaterally from the contract. Id. at 140. 

Appellant claims he was a member of an expressly identified class under the terms of the 

contracts between K&S and Respondents. He directs our attention to language in Respondents’ 

contracts that allegedly impose duties on Respondents to protect employees and other persons at 

the job site. (Emphasis added). In Appellant’s view, he was an “other person” under the contract 

and was owed a heightened duty of care by Respondents as an intended beneficiary. Appellant 

suggests Respondents could have met their duty of care by posting danger notices or erecting safety 

barriers. Appellant argues Respondents breached their contracts with K&S by not taking steps to 

protect other persons after they vacated the workspace. Appellant argues there is a genuine issue 

of material fact about whether Respondents breached their contracts regarding their duty of care 

to third parties and asks us to reverse summary judgment on that basis. 

Appellant’s argument fails for several reasons. First, Respondents accurately note causes 

of action must be pled at the trial court and new issues cannot be raised on appeal of summary 

judgment. LeBlanc v. Patton, 247 S.W.3d 573, 576 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008). Appellant’s First 

Amended Petition contains no contract claims or other claims based on his third-party beneficiary 

status. Appellant raised a contract claim for the first time on appeal. Appellant cannot raise this 

cause of action for the first time on appeal. Id.

Even if Appellant’s argument could have been raised on appeal, it would fail. Appellant 

argues Respondents’ duty to protect people on the job site made him an intended beneficiary under 

the contract. This interpretation is incorrect. Intended third party beneficiaries have a “right to 

maintain a cause of action for breach of contract even though the third party is not privy to the 
13

contract or its consideration.” OFW Corp. v. City of Columbia, 893 S.W.2d 876, 879 (Mo. App. 

W.D. 1995). The question of intent is paramount and should be gleaned from the four corners of 

the contract. Id. 

No reasonable interpretation of the contract between K&S and Respondents indicates intent 

to grant Appellant or those similarly situated a cause of action under the contract. Paragraph 27.3 

of the contracts between K&S and Respondents state “[n]o provision contained in this Subcontract 

shall create or give to third parties any claim or right of action against K&S or Subcontractor in 

addition to those legally existing in the absence of such provision.” As OFW makes clear, when 

the four corners of a contract indicate no intent to create new claims or rights of action for third 

parties, this Court will not create a right. Id. We find no reasonable inference supporting 

Appellant’s assertion he was an intended beneficiary under the contract because the terms of the 

agreement directly contradict his claim. Appellant cites no authority to suggest paragraph 27.3 

should not be given effect. Because Appellant failed to raise this claim in his pleadings and no 

reasonable inference supports his claim of right as an intended beneficiary, we need not reach the 

remainder of Appellant’s arguments under the contract about the acceptance doctrine. Points III 

and VI are denied. 

Conclusion

We have reviewed the record in the light most favorable to Appellant’s case and afforded 

Appellant all reasonable inferences. The material facts surrounding Appellant’s injury are 

undisputed and the law is clear: Missouri’s acceptance doctrine insulates subcontractors from 

liability for their work after they relinquish control of a workspace to the general contractor and 

the general contractor approves the work. Weber, 182 S.W.3d at 644. On this record, there are no 

reasonable inferences Respondents were still working where Appellant was injured at the time of 
14

the injury or K&S did not accept their completed work. Respondents are entitled to judgment as 

a matter of law and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

_______________________________

Philip M. Hess, Judge

Gary M. Gaertner, Jr., P.J. and 

Michael E. Gardner, J. concur.