STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST CIRCUIT

NO. 2020 CA 0762 R

r CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS, INC. 

D/B/A JOHN CURTIS CHRISTIAN SCHOOL

VERSUS

LOUISIANA HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION, 

EDDIE BONINE AND B. J. GUZZARDO, JR. 

Judgment Rendered. 

MAY 18 2022

Appealed from the

19th Judicial District Court

In and for the Parish of East Baton Rouge

State of Louisiana

Case No. 654874

The Honorable Donald R. Johnson, Judge Presiding

Gilbert V. Andry, IV Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant

New Orleans, Louisiana Christian Schools, Inc. d/ b/ a

John Curtis Christian School

Walter M. Sanchez

Lake Charles, Louisiana

Everett R. Rineran

New Orleans, Louisiana

Mark D. Boyer Counsel for Defendants/Appellees

Diana L. Tonagel Louisiana High School Athletic

Denham Springs, Louisiana Association, Eddie Bonine and

B. J. Guzzardo, Jr. 

BEFORE: THERIOT, WOLFE, AND HESTER, JJ. 
THERIOT, J. 

This appeal, involving a judgment dismissing the plaintiff's suit on

exceptions of lack of subject matter jurisdiction and no cause of action, is before us

on remand from the supreme court. For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiff, Christian Schools, Inc., d/b/ a John Curtis Christian School (" John

Curtis"), filed a suit for damages against the Louisiana High School Athletic

Association, Inc. (" LHSAA"), LHSAA Executive Director Eddie Bonine, and

LHSAA employee Buster John Guzzardo, Jr. ( collectively " the LHSAA

defendants"), on January 30, 2017. This suit arose from a determination by the

LHSAA that John Curtis had violated LHSAA rules on recruiting and the resulting

imposition of penalties.' In its petition, John Curtis alleged that the LHSAA

defendants " intentionally and or negligently punish[ ed], defame[ d] and violate[ d] 

the due process and equal protection rights of John Curtis Christian School." In

addition to monetary damages, John Curtis sought to have the trial court overturn

the LHSAA' s finding that a recruiting violation occurred and reinstate its forfeited

football wins. 

The LHSAA defendants raised an exception of lack of subject matter

jurisdiction in their answer to the petition, noting that under applicable

jurisprudence, the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the claims

asserted in John Curtis' s petition, and seeking dismissal of the entire suit with

prejudice. The LHSAA defendants also filed an exception of no cause of action

with regard to John Curtis' s claims for violation of its due process and equal

protection rights. 

The factual basis for the LHSAA' s conclusion that a recruiting violation occurred was that an athlete was allowed

to live with a John Curtis assistant football coach while the athlete attended John Curtis and participated on the

varsity football team. John Curtis alleged that as a result of the LHSAA' s ruling that it committed a recruiting

violation, John Curtis was forced to forfeit twenty football wins, including the 2013 LHSAA State Championship, 

and a monetary fine was imposed. 

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John Curtis filed a supplemental and amending petition, in which it alleged

that the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over its tort claims because the

LHSAA breached its duty to govern or administer athletic events, in which its

members ( such as John Curtis) participate, in a reasonably prudent way. John

Curtis further alleged that the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction over

constitutional issues presented by this fact pattern to the extent that [ the

LHSAA' s] actions or inactions are in violation of Constitutional or statute

provisions." 

Following the filing of John Curtis' s supplemental and amending petition, 

the LHSAA defendants reurged their exceptions of lack of subject matter

jurisdiction and no cause of action and moved to have the exceptions set for

hearing. A hearing was held on the exceptions, as well as a motion for partial

summary judgment filed by John Curtis, on December 9, 2019. After taking the

matter under advisement, the trial court rendered a judgment on January 14, 2020, 

noting that the " LHSAA is a private organization, not a public body, and ... there

is no jurisdiction to interfere with the internal proceedings of the LHSAA," and

further that " John Curtis' [s] pleadings fail to set forth a due process claim under

color of state action or law, or any fundamental or express constitutional right, 

state or federal, allegedly violated by LHSAA as the basis for a cause of action or

subject matter jurisdiction upon which this Court may grant relief." The trial court

sustained both exceptions and dismissed John Curtis' s suit with prejudice " for lack

ofjurisdiction and failure to state a cause of action." John Curtis appealed. 

On appeal, John Curtis raised two assignments of error, both of which

concern the trial court' s conclusion that John Curtis failed to state a cause of

action. In its first assignment of error, John Curtis argued that the trial court erred

in sustaining the exceptions because John Curtis " state[ d] a cause of action based

on the arbitrary and capricious, bad faith conduct of the LHSAA that was ultra

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vires under its own rules, and which fell below the standard of care for its

members." In its second assignment of error, John Curtis alleged that the trial

court erred in finding that it had " failed to state a cause of action against the

individual defendants, Eddie [ Bonine] and B. J. Guzzardo, Jr., for breach of their

fiduciary duties under the Louisiana Non -Profit Act and for defamation." John

Curtis failed to raise or brief any assignment of error with respect to the trial

court' s sustaining of the exception of lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Christian

Schools, Inc. v. Louisiana High School Athletic Association, 20- 0762, pp. 3- 4

La.App. 1 Cir. 2/ 19/ 21), 320 So.3d 1164, 1166, reh' g denied (Apr. 16, 2021). 

Noting that this court only reviews issues raised on appeal, and further

noting that all assignments of error and issues for review must be briefed, this court

concluded that the propriety of the trial court' s ruling on the exception of lack of

subject matter jurisdiction was not properly before us. Furthermore, as a result of

John Curtis' s failure to seek reversal of the sustaining of the exception of lack of

subject matter jurisdiction, we concluded that its assignments of error concerning

the exception of no cause of action have been deprived of any legal significance

and are moot. For these reasons, we affirmed the judgment of the trial court. 

Christian Schools, Inc., 20- 0762 at p. 5, 320 So. 3d at 1167. John Curtis filed an

application for a writ of certiorari, which was granted, and the supreme court

remanded the matter " with instructions to address whether the district court erred

in sustaining the defendants' ... exceptions of lack of subject matter jurisdiction

and no cause of action." Christian Schools, Inc. v. Louisiana High School Athletic

Association, 21- 00686 (La. 10/ 05/ 21), 325 So.3d 359 ( per curiam). 

DISCUSSION

Subject Matter Jurisdiction

Subject matter jurisdiction is the legal power and authority of a court to hear

and determine a particular class of actions or proceedings, based upon the object of

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the demand, the amount in dispute, or the value of the right asserted. La. C. C.P. 

art. 2. Subject matter jurisdiction is created by the constitution or by legislative

enactment; the parties cannot confer or waive it. See La. C. C.P. art. 3; Firestone

Polymers, LLC v. Louisiana Department ofEnvironmental Quality, 19- 0283, p. 4

La.App. 1 Cir. 11/ 15/ 19), 291 So.3d 228, 232, writ denied, 20- 00131 ( La. 3/ 9/ 20), 

294 So.3d 482. Generally, a district court shall have original jurisdiction over all

civil and criminal matters and shall have appellate jurisdiction as provided by law. 

La. Const, art. V, § 16. 

An objection to the lack of subject matter jurisdiction is raised by a

declinatory exception. La. C. C.P. art. 925A(6). At the hearing on the declinatory

exception, evidence may be introduced to support or controvert the objection, 

when the grounds thereof do not appear from the petition. See La. C. C.P. art. 930. 

Where, as in the present case, no evidence is introduced at the hearing on the

exception, the court must accept the allegations of the petition as true for the

purpose of ruling on the exception. However, this rule applies only to properly

pled material allegations of fact; the court is not required to accept conclusory

allegations or allegations of law as true for purposes of the exception. Beasley v. 

Nezi, LLC, 16- 1080, p. 4 ( La.App. 1 Cir. 9/ 8/ 17), 227 So.3d 308, 311- 12. The

district court' s determination of whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over a

case is subject to de novo review. Louisiana Environmental Action Network, Inc. 

v. Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, 2019- 1551, p. 8 ( La.App. 1

Cir. 9/ 23/ 20), 314 So.3d 841, 848. 

The Amateur Sports Act, 36 U.S. C. § 220501, et seq., provides that an

amateur sports organization that conducts amateur athletic competition shall have

exclusive jurisdiction over that competition if participation is restricted to a

z The Amateur Sports Act defines " amateur sports organization" as " a not-for-profit corporation, association, or

other group organized in the United States that sponsors or arranges an amateur athletic competition." 36 U.S. C. § 

220501( b)( 3). 

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specific class of amateur athletes, such as high school students, college students, 

members of the Armed Forces, or similar groups or categories. 36 U.S. C. 

220526( a). The LHSAA is an amateur sports organization as provided for in the

Amateur Sports Act. See Menard v. Louisiana High School Athletic Association, 

09- 0800, pp. 4- 5 ( La.App. 1 Cir. 12/ 23/ 09), 30 So.3d 790, 793, writ denied, 10- 

0169 ( La. 4/ 5/ 10), 31 So.3d 370. 

The LHSAA is a private, nonprofit corporation, whose membership consists

of high schools within Louisiana. The member high schools apply and are

approved for membership in accordance with the LHSAA' s articles of

incorporation, constitution, and bylaws. Each school that joins the LHSAA does

so voluntarily and is not compelled to join by any state law. Louisiana High

School Athletic Association, Inc. v. State, 12- 1471, p. 2 ( La. 1/ 29/ 13), 107 So. 3d

John Curtis challenges the LHSAA' s investigation of the alleged recruiting

violation, its finding that a violation occurred, and its imposition of penalties. The

trial court has no subject matter jurisdiction to address these issues, which clearly

relate to the internal affairs of a voluntary association. See Menard, 09- 0800 at pp. 

4- 5, 30 So.3d at 793. The LHSAA' s actions in investigating and enforcing its own

internal regulations are clearly not conducted under color of state law. Id. Further, 

as this Court has previously noted, 36 U.S. C. § 220526( a) serves to preempt John

Curtis' s state law claims for damages and deprives the trial court of subject matter

jurisdiction regarding the merits, interpretation, and enforcement of the LHSAA' s

internal rules and regulations. See Menard, 09- 0800 at pp. 4- 5, 30 So.3d at 793. 

The exception of lack of subject matter jurisdiction was properly sustained with

regard to these claims. 

The holding in Menard did distinguish the plaintiff' s claims for damages for

deprivation of constitutional rights, holding that subject matter jurisdiction did

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exist for the trial court to determine the viability and merits of those claims raised

in Menard' s petition. Thus, the trial court may have subject matter jurisdiction in

this matter to the extent the properly pled material allegations of fact in John

Curtis' s original and amending petitions allege a deprivation of constitutional

rights. 

In its original petition, John Curtis made only a conclusory allegation, 

unsupported by any allegations of fact, that Guzzardo and Bonine violated its due

process and equal protection rights. Following the filing of the exceptions, John

Curtis' s First Supplemental and Amending Petition added the following allegation

regarding " constitutional issues": 

Also, this Honorable Court has subject matter jurisdiction over

constitutional issues presented by this fact pattern to the extent that

this association[' s] ( LHSAA[' s]) actions or inactions are in violation

of Constitutional or statute provisions. . . . In fact, in Menard v. 

LHSAA, 30 So.3d 790 ( La. 1 Cir. 2009)[,] the Louisiana First Circuit

Court of Appeal stated that "[ t]he trial court was incorrect in

concluding that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to determine those

issues, which clearly relate to the internal affairs of a voluntary

association." Distilled, this Honorable Court has subject matter

jurisdiction. 

We are compelled to note John Curtis changed the language of this direct

quote from Menard in order to suit its purposes. The actual language used by this

court in Menard was that "[ t]he trial court was correct in concluding that it lacked

subject matter jurisdiction to determine those issues, which clearly relate to the

internal affairs of a voluntary association." Menard, 09- 0800 at p. 4, 30 So. 3d at

793 ( Emphasis added). Nevertheless, the misquoted language was taken out of

context ( it actually referred to Menard' s tort claims rather than constitutional

claims) and is of no consequence to our consideration of whether the trial court has

subject matter jurisdiction over John Curtis' s constitutional claims.3

With regard to the merits of the exception of lack of subject matter

jurisdiction, John Curtis' s minimal allegations referencing " constitutional issues" 

s John Curtis again misquoted Menard in opposition to the LHSAA defendants' reurged exceptions. 

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are merely conclusory allegations of law, which are not accepted as true for

purposes of an exception of lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Beasley, 16- 

1080 at p. 4, 227 So. 3d at 311- 12. To the extent that John Curtis' s petition and

amending petition may state a claim for violation of its constitutional rights to due

process and equal protection, subject matter jurisdiction would presumably exist

for the court to consider the merits of those claims. However, since we conclude

herein that John Curtis' s petition and amending petition failed to state a cause of

action for violation of its due process and equal protection rights, any such claims

were properly dismissed. 

Cause ofAction

The purpose of an exception raising the objection of no cause of action is to

determine the sufficiency in law of the petition by determining whether the law

affords a remedy on the facts alleged in the pleading. Calloway v. Lobrano, 16- 

1170, p. 4 ( La.App 1 Cir. 4/ 12/ 17), 218 So.3d 644, 648. For purposes of the

exception, the well -pleaded facts in the petition must be accepted as true. Dodson

Hooks, APLC v. Louisiana Community Development Capital Fund, Inc. 

Capfund, " 19- 1516, p. 7 ( La.App. 1 Cir. 12/ 30/ 20), 318 So.3d 939, 944; see La. 

C. C.P. arts. 927 and 931. Furthermore, the facts shown in any documents annexed

to the petition must also be accepted as true. Dodson & Hooks, 19- 1516 at p. 7, 

318 So.3d at 944; see also La. C. C.P. art. 853 (" A copy of any written instrument

that is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof."). The burden of demonstrating

that no cause of action has been stated is on the party raising the objection. 

Dodson & Hooks, 19- 1516 at p. 7, 318 So.3d at 944. 

In ruling on an exception of no cause of action, the trial court must

determine whether the law affords any relief to the claimant if he were to prove the

factual allegations in the petition and annexed documents at a trial. Adams v. 

Owens- Corning Fiberglas Corporation, 04- 1296, p. 3 ( La.App. 1 Cir. 9/ 23/ 05), 

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921 So.2d 972, 975, writ denied, 05- 2501 ( La. 4/ 17/ 06), 926 So. 2d 514. An

exception of no cause of action is triable solely on the face of the petition and any

annexed documents thereto. See La. C.C. P. art. 931; Dodson & Hooks, 19- 1516 at

p. 8, 318 So.3d at 945. The only documentary evidence that may be considered on

an exception of no cause of action is that annexed to the petition, unless the

evidence is admitted without objection to enlarge the petition. Calloway, 16- 1170

at pp. 4- 5, 218 So.3d at 648. 

In reading a petition to determine whether a cause of action has been stated, 

it must be interpreted, if possible, to maintain the cause of action instead of

dismissing the petition. Adams, 04- 1296 at p. 3, 921 So.2d at 975- 76. Any

reasonable doubt concerning the sufficiency of the petition must be resolved in

favor of finding a cause of action has been stated. Adams, 04- 1296 at p. 3, 921

So.2d at 976. The petition must set forth material facts upon which the cause of

action is based. La. C.C. P. art. 891( A); Lambert v. Riverboat Gaming Enforcement

Div., 96- 1856, p. 4 ( La.App. 1 Cir. 12/ 29/ 97), 706 So.2d 172, 175. The correctness

of conclusions of law is not conceded for the purposes of a ruling on an exception

of no cause of action. CamSoft Data Systems, Inc. v. Southern Electronics Supply, 

Inc., 15- 1260, p. 12 ( La.App. 1 Cir. 9/ 23/ 15), 182 So.3d 1009, 1016. 

When the grounds of the objection pleaded by the peremptory exception

may be removed by amendment of the petition, the judgment sustaining the

exception shall order such amendment within the delay allowed by the court. Ifthe

grounds of the objection raised through the exception cannot be so removed, or if

the plaintiff fails to comply with the order to amend, the action, claim, demand, 

issue, or theory shall be dismissed. La. C. C.P. art. 934. 

On appeal, the reviewing court conducts a de novo review of a trial court' s

ruling sustaining an exception of no cause of action, since the exception raises a

question of law. Adams, 04- 1296 at p. 4, 921 So.2d at 976. 

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John Curtis' s allegations regarding the alleged violation of its constitutional

rights were merely the conclusory allegations that Guzzardo and Bonine " took it

upon themselves, individually and in their official capacities within the LHSAA, to

intentionally and or negligently ... violate the due process and equal protection

rights of John Curtis Christian School, all in the manner set forth herein." 

As this court noted in Menard, in order to prevail on a due process claim, a

plaintiff must show the existence of some property or liberty interest that has been

adversely affected by state action. Menard, 09- 0800 at p. 5- 6, 30 So.3d at 794. 

To have a property interest protected by due process, a person must have more than

an abstract need or desire for it; he must have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it

rather than a unilateral expectation of it. This court has held that there is no

procedural or substantive due process right to participate in interscholastic athletics

regulated by the LHSAA. Menard, 09- 0800 at pp. 5- 7, 30 So. 3d at 794- 95; 

Johansen v. Louisiana High School Athletic Association, 04- 0937, p. 9 ( La.App. 1

Cir. 6/ 29/ 05), 916 So.2d 1081, 1088. Thus, John Curtis did not allege any property

or liberty interest that was adversely affected by state action, and has failed to state

a cause of action for violation of its due process rights. The exception of no cause

of action was properly sustained as to these claims. Because no property or liberty

interest is at stake, no amendment of the factual allegations of John Curtis' s

petition could cure this fundamental flaw in the purported cause of action. See

Menard, 09- 0800 at p. 7, 30 So. 3d at 795; Johansen, 04- 0937 at p. 9, 916 So. 2d at

1088; La. C.C.P. art. 934. 

Likewise, John Curtis provided no material facts upon which it based its

conclusory allegation that its right to equal protection of the law was violated. 

John Curtis made no allegations of any fundamental or express constitutional right

or " suspect" class or other enumerated class as the basis for discrimination. See

Menard, 09- 0800 at p. 8, 30 So.3d at 795. As such, the use of any other

10
classification as the basis for discrimination is subject to the minimal or lowest

level of scrutiny under the guarantees of the federal and state constitutions. Id. 

Such a classification is unconstitutional only if proven to not be rationally related

to any legitimate state interest. Id. 

The Louisiana Supreme Court has held that prevention of "the evils of

recruiting" high school athletes is a legitimate state interest. Chabert v. Louisiana

High School Athletic Association, 323 So.2d 774, 780 ( La. 1975). The LHSAA' s

rules on recruiting prohibit " the use of undue influence and/or special inducement

by anyone connected directly or indirectly with an LHSAA school in an attempt to

retain a student at a school for the purpose of participating in interscholastic

athletics."' Evidence of undue influence or special inducement specifically

includes offer or acceptance of room and board, residence, or free transportation, 

when such is not made available to all applicants who apply to or enroll in the

school. 5 The good intent of this rule is evident. The rule is not arbitrary or

inherently suspect, nor does it encroach on a fundamental constitutional right. See

Chabert, 323 So.2d at 779. As such, the plaintiff' s petition fails to set forth any

factual basis for a violation of its equal protection rights, and the exception of no

cause of action was properly granted. See Menard, 09- 0800 at pp. 8- 9, 30 So.3d at

795. Further, we conclude, in our considered discretion, that the grounds for the

objection of no cause of action for violation of John Curtis' s equal protection rights

cannot conceivably be removed by amendment of the petition under La. C. C.P. art. 

934. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court' s judgment sustaining the exception of

no cause of action and dismissing John Curtis' s suit with prejudice. 

a LHSAA Handbook, Recruiting, Rule 2. 1. 

5 LHSAA Handbook, Recruiting, Rule 2. 2. 1. 

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CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth herein, the January 14, 2020 judgment of the trial

court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are assessed to plaintiff, Christian Schools, 

Inc., d/b/a John Curtis Christian School. 

AFFIRMED. 

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