PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 17-1548

STEPHEN SIX; DARREN T. KAPLAN; J. AUSTIN MOORE; STUEVE 

SIEGEL HANSON LLP; DARREN KAPLAN LAW FIRM, P.C.,

 Appellants,

and

JAMES DILLON,

 Plaintiff,

v.

GENERATIONS FEDERAL CREDIT UNION,

 Defendant – Appellee,

and

BMO HARRIS BANK, N.A.; FOUR OAKS BANK & TRUST COMPANY; 

BAY CITIES BANK,

 Defendants.

-------------------------------

LAW PROFESSORS,

 Amicus Supporting Appellants. 

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at 

Greensboro. Catherine C. Eagles, District Judge. (1:13-cv-00897-CCE-LPA)
2

Argued: March 20, 2018 Decided: May 31, 2018

Before DUNCAN, KEENAN, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Duncan wrote the opinion, in which Judge 

Keenan and Judge Thacker joined.

ARGUED: Kannon K. Shanmugam, WILLIAMS & CONNOLLY, LLP, Washington, 

D.C., for Appellants. Leslie Sara Hyman, PULMAN, CAPPUCCIO, PULLEN, 

BENSON & JONES, LLP, San Antonio, Texas, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: John S. 

Williams, William T. Marks, WILLIAMS & CONNOLLY, LLP, Washington, D.C., for 

Appellants. Eric A. Pullen, PULMAN, CAPPUCCIO, PULLEN, BENSON & JONES, 

LLP, San Antonio, Texas; Reid C. Adams, Jr., Jonathan R. Reich, WOMBLE CARLYLE 

SANDRIDGE & RICE, LLP, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for Appellee. David C. 

Frederick, Minsuk Han, Jacob E. Hartman, KELLOGG, HANSEN, TODD, FIGEL & 

FREDERICK, P.L.L.C., Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae.
3

DUNCAN, Circuit Judge: 

This appeal arises out of the district court’s order sanctioning three attorneys and 

their law firms under both its inherent authority and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Finding no abuse 

of discretion, we affirm.

I.

The district court based its decision to award sanctions on a comprehensive 

evaluation of the attorneys’ conduct. That conduct was, in many respects, egregious, and 

it continued throughout the various stages of litigation and appeal. As will be explained 

in detail below, the sanctioned attorneys challenged the authenticity of a loan agreement 

for two years before revealing that they possessed an identical copy, obtained from their 

client, before filing the complaint. 

The Appellant attorneys contend that we seek to create a new affirmative duty to 

disclose documents before the opening of discovery. To the contrary, we simply 

conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the 

sanctioned attorneys’ behavior below, which was designed to and in fact did mislead the 

district court and this court and thereby extended the proceedings, should not be 

countenanced. This case presents at least one clear, affirmative misrepresentation: one 

attorney asserted under oath that, after two years of litigation over the authenticity of the 

loan agreement, the plaintiff’s attorneys had never challenged authenticity. The 

remainder of the sanctioned conduct forms a mosaic of half-truths, inconsistencies, 

mischaracterizations, exaggerations, omissions, evasions, and failures to correct known 
4

misimpressions created by their own conduct that, in their totality, evince lack of candor 

to the court and disrespect for the judicial process. The district court relied, to its 

detriment, on these distortions.

To provide full context for the district court’s sanctions order, we set forth the 

factual and procedural background of this case in detail. We first describe the underlying 

litigation that gave rise to the sanctioned conduct. Next, we highlight the sanctioned 

attorneys’ many misrepresentations, obfuscations, and omissions that the district court 

determined manifested bad faith. We focus particularly on their statements and 

omissions that led the court to believe that counsel did not have a copy of the disputed 

loan agreement and the trial strategies that, in light of these statements and omissions, 

reinforced the court’s misapprehension of relevant facts. Finally, we describe the 

sanctions proceedings and the sanctioned attorneys’ continued misstatements,

inconsistencies, and exaggerations that the district court finally concluded “strain[ed] 

credulity and indicate[d] a continued willingness to say whatever is necessary to win in 

the moment.” See Dillon v. BMO Harris Bank, N.A., No. 1:13-CV-897, 2016 WL 

5679190, at *17 (M.D.N.C. Sept. 30, 2016).

A.

James Dillon borrowed money from online lenders in 2012 and 2013 at interest 

rates that he alleged were usurious. Of relevance here, one such loan was a $2,525 

payday loan from Western Sky, an online lender. To take out the loan, Dillon clicked 

through an online loan agreement (“the Western Sky loan agreement”). “Pursuant to 
5

Plaintiff’s agreement with Western Sky,” Dillon’s loan incurred a finance charge of 

$11,332.12 on the principal, to be paid over forty-six months.

1

 J.A. 68 (Dillon Compl.). 

This charge represented an annual interest rate of approximately 139%. Neither Dillon 

nor the lender signed a hard copy of the loan agreement.

In October 2013, Dillon filed a putative class action on behalf of a class and subclass of borrowers against several non-lender banks whose only roles were processing

loan-related transactions through the Automatic Clearing House network. Dillon sought 

to impose liability on these non-lender banks, who were not parties to the loan 

agreements, for providing aid to online lenders in violation of the Racketeer Influenced 

and Corrupt Organizations Act as well as several state laws. Generations Community 

Federal Credit Union (“Generations”) processed debit transactions from Dillon’s bank 

account under the Western Sky loan agreement. Dillon alleged that Generations “derived 

a benefit through the receipt of fees” from the allegedly usurious loans by processing 

these debit transactions. J.A. 69.

Attorneys Stephen Six, J. Austin Moore, and Darren T. Kaplan, among others, 

represented Dillon in his suit. Six and Moore are a partner and associate attorney, 

respectively, at the Steuve Siegel Hanson LLP law firm. Kaplan is the principal 

shareholder of Darren Kaplan Law Firm, P.C.

 1 For the analysis that follows, it is significant that Dillon references his loan 

agreement with Western Sky in his complaint.
6

B.

Generations promptly moved to dismiss Dillon’s complaint, arguing that the 

Western Sky loan agreement’s arbitration, forum-selection, and choice-of-law clauses

each justified dismissal. Generations attached a copy of the Western Sky loan agreement 

as an exhibit to its motion. 

Dillon opposed Generations’s motion to dismiss on grounds that can most 

charitably be described as ambiguous. Of relevance to the dispute that would follow, 

Dillon challenged Generations’s reliance on the Western Sky loan agreement because it 

originated online and “does not bear Plaintiff’s signature (or any signature) and 

Defendant fails to offer any explanation as to how it came into possession of the Loan 

Agreement or whether it is authentic.” J.A. 153 (emphasis added). At some times and 

for some purposes, Dillon’s counsel would characterize this challenge as one to the

authenticity of the document--a substantive challenge that the document was not in fact 

what it purported to be. At other times and for other purposes, Dillon and his attorneys 

would characterize this challenge as one to the authentication of the document--a

challenge to Generations’s failure to follow proper procedures under Rule 901 of the 

Federal Rules of Evidence.

2

 2 Rule 901 of the Federal Rules of Evidence requires that a proponent of evidence 

produce sufficient evidence to support a finding that the evidence is what the proponent 

claims it to be before it may be admitted into evidence. 
7

There is indeed language to suggest that Dillon’s attorneys intended the objection

to be a challenge to the authentication of the document. The section of the brief 

containing this objection is titled “Generations’[s] Exhibit ‘A’ Is Inadmissible Hearsay.” 

J.A. 153. The next sentences go on to argue that Generations had failed to provide a 

declaration under Rules 803(6) or 902(11) of the Federal Rules of Evidence and 

concluded that the Western Sky loan agreement was therefore “inadmissible hearsay”

that “may not be considered in support of Generations’[s] motion” to dismiss. J.A. 153.

Rebutting the possibility that Dillon was challenging authentication, however, is 

the fact that such a challenge would have been untenable at the motion-to-dismiss stage. 

It is well established that a court may “consider documents . . . attached to the motion to 

dismiss, so long as they are integral to the complaint and authentic.” Sec’y of State for 

Defence v. Trimble Navigation Ltd., 484 F.3d 700, 705 (4th Cir. 2007). “At the motion to 

dismiss stage, documents attached to a motion to dismiss need not be accompanied by a 

formal declaration authenticating them.” Solum v. Certainteed Corp., 147 F. Supp. 3d 

404, 409–10 (E.D.N.C. 2015).

Furthermore, of the two possible challenges to the court’s consideration of the 

loan agreements at the motion-to-dismiss phase, Dillon could not plausibly dispute that

the documents were intrinsic to the complaint. Dillon’s complaint quoted terms and rates 

from the Western Sky loan agreement and noted that the allegedly usurious loan was 

made “[p]ursuant to Plaintiff’s agreement with Western Sky.” J.A. 68; see supra at 5 n.1. 

This left authenticity as the only available challenge. However, because some of Dillon’s 

claims relied on the terms of the loan agreements, Generations questioned whether Dillon 
8

actually sought “to dispute the authenticity” of the Western Sky loan agreement. J.A. 

180. Generations’s confusion, which the district court shared, was entirely of Dillon’s 

own making.

At a hearing to consider several pre-trial motions,

3 the district court framed the

“main question” for the parties as whether or not Dillon actually challenged the 

authenticity of the loan agreements. J.A. 206. The court explained:

Everybody said in their reply brief that I can consider [the loan agreements

at this stage of litigation] because their authenticity isn’t challenged, but I 

read the plaintiff’s briefs as challenging their authenticity. It seemed to me 

to be pretty clear. They said things like there is no proof these are authentic 

and we object.

J.A. 206. The court perceived Dillon’s challenge as one based on authenticity, not 

authentication, and Dillon’s attorneys made no effort to correct that impression.

Six responded on behalf of Dillon that he would begin with “the first issue Your 

Honor raised.” J.A. 221. Six explained that he had “drafted the complaint without the 

loan agreement” and that “the claims that we make don’t rely on the loan agreement.” 

J.A. 221. Six also asserted that, “[a]s a threshold manner, they haven’t established these 

are the agreements.” J.A. 222.

4

 Without ever directly answering the court’s question in 

 3 Several of the other non-lender banks had filed their own motions to compel 

arbitration and stay the litigation pursuant to arbitration clauses found in other loan 

agreements. The district court held a hearing to consider pending motions to dismiss 

and/or compel arbitration, including Generations’s, on March 6, 2014.

4 Six further elaborated: 

So I heard your honor’s question, and if it’s a question that’s important to 

you, it’s important to me. You are saying, doesn’t he rely on the loan 

(Continued)
9

the affirmative, Six nevertheless repeatedly challenged the authenticity of the loan 

agreements.

At one point, the court pushed Six to explain whether or not he at least “agree[d] 

that there is some sort of written agreement somewhere.” J.A. 229. When Six evaded the 

question, the court pressed harder: “I’m not saying you should produce it. I am just 

saying, based on your allegations in the complaint, you are the one who refers to the loan 

documents all the time.”5

 J.A. 229. Six still avoided answering the court’s question 

directly, instead asserting “[a]gain, you know, we drafted the complaint without, for 

instance, the Vin Capital loan agreement.” J.A. 229–34. The district court interpreted 

Six’s statements as agreeing that Dillon sought to challenge the authenticity of the loan 

 

agreement? You know, it has in there, in the loan agreement, what the 

APR is, and it says it’s 500 or 700 percent; but Mr. Dillon doesn’t need that 

for his claim. He can prove it through other evidence that it’s a usurious 

loan. He didn’t have, for instance, the Vin Capital, I think I heard one of 

them mention, the Vin Capital loan agreement that we would even have to 

draft the complaint.

. . . . 

Mr. Dillon clicked through an Internet screen with Vin Capital, and 

where do we get that? If we need to bring the loan agreement before the 

Court, where do I find Vin Capital? Where do they exist? What are they? 

Are they still in business? There is nothing in the papers that shows that. I 

don’t know how Mr. Dillon could go get the Vin Capital loan agreement to 

see whether or not it is what these folks purport that it is. 

J.A. 226. 

5 This is a particularly clear refutation of Appellants’ subsequent arguments on 

appeal that the district court imposed some new duty of production. Here, the district 

court was not imposing on counsel an obligation to produce the agreement. It was trying 

to clarify, in the face of Six’s staunch resistance, the nature of his argument.
10

agreements. At the very least, Six “did not disagree with the Court’s interpretation of Mr. 

Dillon’s position on authenticity.” Dillon, 2016 WL 5679190, at *4. 

Under the impression that a good-faith basis existed to challenge the authenticity

of the copy of the loan agreement that Generations produced, the district court denied the 

defendants’ various motions to dismiss or to compel arbitration. Dillon v. BMO Harris 

Bank, N.A., No. 1:13-CV-897, 2014 WL 911950 (M.D.N.C. Mar. 10, 2014). The district 

court explained that “Mr. Dillon disputes the authenticity of the documents and objects to 

their consideration” and further that “Mr. Dillon has not admitted that the proffered 

documents are in fact the loan agreements.” Id. at *1–2. The court further noted that 

while “the moving party is not required to present evidence authenticating a purported 

agreement to arbitrate in the ordinary case,” here “Mr. Dillon clearly objected to the 

authenticity of the documents,” and the court was concerned that the “purported 

agreement was physically signed by no one and the movants are not even parties to it.” 

Id. at *3. Beyond assertions in the banks’ briefs that the loan agreements were authentic, 

the court believed the record to be “silent.” Id. at *2. The court’s opinion and order 

clearly articulated what it perceived as Dillon’s good-faith challenge to the loan 

agreements on authenticity--not authentication--grounds. Any misunderstanding on this 

point was both created and reinforced by Dillon’s attorneys.

Generations renewed its motion to dismiss, this time attaching an affidavit from a 

Western Sky agent authenticating the Western Sky loan agreement. Other defendants 

filed similar motions styled as motions to compel arbitration with authenticating 

affidavits. Dillon again objected, arguing that Generations’s renewed motion was really a 
11

motion to reconsider for which Generations had not shown a basis. If Dillon’s attorneys

had truly sought to challenge authentication instead of authenticity, this proceeding 

offered another opportunity to clarify. Yet they declined to do so. The district court 

agreed with Dillon’s characterization of the motions and denied each.

Several defendants appealed. Six demonstrated on appeal the same determination 

that he had shown before the district court to avoid both answering questions and

clarifying misimpressions. In other words, the pattern continued. In response to a 

question from the panel about how he could simultaneously rely on and reference the 

loan agreements and challenge their authenticity, Six responded:

Well, here’s the answer to that: Mr. Dillon took out a number of loans, like 

a lot of these folks who get trapped in a cycle of debt. It’s happened in 

cyberspace somewhere. And the example I used with Judge Eagles was 

there’s one lender called Vin Capital. We have no idea where they exist. 

They’re off in cyberspace. Mr. Dillon doesn’t have the loan agreement. He 

doesn’t know if that loan agreement the bank has brought on behalf of Vin 

Capital is the loan agreement.

. . . .

So the claim that Mr. Dillon is one of the signatories [and] is in the 

best position to say, [“]Yeah, this unauthenticated writing is the one that 

applies to my loan,[”] who knows. Maybe it is, maybe it isn’t . . . .

J.A. 548. The panel member responded, “I don’t understand your answer at all.” J.A. 

548. The panel member asked Six directly whether there had “ever been a challenge . . . 

to the authenticity of the arbitration agreements” within the loan agreements and 

requested that he “start off with yes or no.” J.A. 548. Six finally answered “yes.” J.A. 

548. Six added: “The banks are complete strangers to the transaction. Mr. Dillon doesn’t 

even have several of these . . . agreements, . . . and so he’s not in a position to say, Yes, in 
12

fact, this is the loan agreement or no its not.”6

 J.A. 548. The Fourth Circuit vacated the 

judgment of the district court and ordered further proceedings on the arbitration issue on 

the merits. See Dillon v. BMO Harris Bank, N.A., 787 F.3d 707 (4th Cir. 2015).

C.

On remand, the parties conducted arbitration-related discovery. Information 

quickly emerged that led the district court to question the good-faith basis for Dillon’s 

attorneys’ authenticity challenges.

In response to requests for admissions on August 28, 2015, Dillon surprised 

Generations by admitting for the first time “that the [Western Sky loan agreement] is a 

true and correct copy of the agreement he electronically clicked-through over the 

Internet.” J.A. 607–08. At Dillon’s deposition the following month, Dillon further 

revealed for the first time that he had printed a copy of the Western Sky loan agreement, 

possibly close to the time he took out the loan, and had provided the copy to his 

attorneys. An attorney representing one of the other non-lender banks asked Dillon why 

he had a copy of the Western Sky loan agreement but not of the other loan agreements. 

In response, Moore educed Dillon’s testimony that it was “possible that Western Sky 

required [him] to fax in a copy of that loan agreement along with [his] void check and a 

copy of [his] driver’s license in order to take out the loan.” J.A. 1350–51. In other 

 6 Yet in one of the more gratuitous instances of misrepresentation, as though this

court could neither read nor hear, Kaplan would later assert in an affidavit opposing 

sanctions that “[a]t no time did Plaintiff’s counsel ever suggest that any of the copies of 

the loan agreements proffered by Defendants were not the actual agreements.” J.A. 795.
13

words, Moore elicited testimony that tended to suggest that Dillon had printed the loan 

agreement in the process of obtaining the loan, and therefore that he had possessed the

copy of the Western Sky loan agreement since that time.

7

Dillon’s counsel provided Generations with a partially redacted version of Dillon’s 

copy of the Western Sky loan agreement several weeks after the deposition. The terms in 

Dillon’s copy were identical to those in the copy that Generations had provided in 

support of its earlier motions to dismiss. Dillon’s attorneys had, however, redacted 

markings around the contractual text under a claim of attorney-client privilege.8

 Dillon’s 

attorneys explained that “[i]n contrast to other loan agreements in this litigation, Plaintiff 

concedes the authenticity of the [Western Sky loan agreement] because he was able to 

locate a copy of the agreement in his own files that is identical to the agreement produced 

by Generations.” J.A. 446 n.1. This statement suggests two things. First, it seems to 

concede that an authenticity challenge could not be sustained in good faith if Dillon had 

an identical copy of the contested document. Second, the wording intimates that Dillon’s 

attorneys dropped the authenticity challenge as soon as Dillon’s copy of the loan 

agreement was discovered. However, such was not the case.

 7 Months later, in his declaration opposing sanctions, Moore would assert that he

did “not believe that Mr. Dillon printed a copy of the Western Sky agreement at the time 

he took out the loan on May 30, 2013.” J.A. 818. The internal conflict between Moore’s 

questioning at Dillon’s deposition and his later declaration serves as yet another example 

of the conflicting and misleading statements that formed part of the overall mosaic of 

half-truths and deception.

8 Appellants’ counsel later added that the redactions were also justified on 

relevance grounds. Appellants’ Br. at 53. 
14

At this stage, Generations knew that (1) Dillon and his attorneys no longer 

challenged the authenticity of the loan agreement, and that (2) a copy of the agreement 

had been in Dillon’s possession for some time. However, Generations did not know that 

Dillon’s attorneys had also possessed the same document since before filing the

complaint. A forensic investigation of Dillon’s laptop computer revealed that Dillon had 

provided his copy of the Western Sky loan agreement to his attorneys on October 1, 

2013--one week before the original complaint in the suit was filed. Moore later 

confirmed that Dillon had faxed the document to Moore’s attention on October 1, 2013. 

J.A. 818. Even more damning, the portions of Dillon’s copy of the loan agreement that 

had been redacted by his attorneys before production to Generations included markings 

indicating that Dillon had submitted the document to his attorneys in 2013. In other 

words, Six stood before the district court and this court challenging the authenticity of the 

loan agreement, describing at length how he “drafted the complaint without the loan 

agreement,” how the loan agreements were somewhere “in cyberspace,” and how “[a]s a 

threshold manner, they haven’t established these are the agreements,” all while his law 

firm had a copy identical to the one that Generations claimed was genuine.

D.

On January 12, 2016, Generations moved for sanctions under the district court’s 

inherent authority and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Generations argued that the existence of the 

Dillon copy rendered Dillon’s attorneys’ authenticity arguments disingenuous and in bad 

faith, misleading to the court, and calculated to obstruct and multiply the proceedings. 
15

Generations sought compensation for the attorney’s fees and costs incurred because of

the added years of litigation stemming from Dillon’s attorneys’ bad-faith challenges to 

the authenticity of the Western Sky loan agreement. Dillon’s attorneys also moved for 

sanctions against Generations, but the court determined that this motion was entirely

“lacking in merit.” Dillon v. BMO Harris Bank, N.A., No. 1:13-CV-897, 2017 WL 

564501, at *4 (M.D.N.C. Feb. 10, 2017).

During the sanctions hearing process, Dillon’s attorneys’ attempts to explain their 

prior conduct were marked by behavior the district court would later characterize as 

manifesting the same level of bad faith. Remarkably, Kaplan’s affidavit in opposition to 

the motion for sanctions argued that there had never been a challenge to authenticity:

At no time did Plaintiff’s counsel ever suggest that any of the copies of the 

loan agreements proffered by Defendants were not the actual agreements 

. . . . Plaintiff’s counsel only argued (correctly) that Defendants had failed 

to properly authenticate the loan agreements they were offering as required 

by the Federal Rules of Evidence.

J.A. 795–96 (emphasis added). Kaplan made this assertion under penalty of perjury, 

despite Dillon’s attorneys’ numerous assertions that they sought to challenge the 

authenticity of the loan agreement, orally and in writing, before the district court and this 

court.

Six, on the other hand, argued that he still doubted the authenticity of the Western 

Sky loan agreement. He asserted in his affidavit that “[a]t the time of the two arguments 

and through to today, I continue [to] hold reasonable and significant doubts about the 

Western Sky loan agreement located by Mr. Dillon.” J.A. 812. This assertion is 

particularly astonishing because he was one of the attorneys who submitted Dillon’s 
16

responses to Generations’s requests for admissions, which admitted “that the [Western 

Sky loan agreement] is a true and correct copy of the agreement [Dillon] electronically 

clicked-through over the Internet.” See J.A. 607–08. At a hearing on the sanctions 

motion, Six also told the court that he “didn’t know that [Dillon would testify that he had 

a copy] on March 6th [2014] when I appeared before you, and I didn’t know it in the 

couple of months before when we were writing these briefs. Everything he told us was, 

he did not have the document.” J.A. 899. But as we have described above, this statement 

is directly contradicted by Moore, an associate at Six’s firm, who confirmed that the firm 

received the document by fax from Dillon on October 1, 2013. 

Moore’s affidavit asserted that he did “not believe that Mr. Dillon printed a copy 

of the Western Sky agreement at the time he took out the loan on May 30, 2013.” J.A. 

818. This directly contradicts Moore’s proffered explanation of why Dillon had the 

Western Sky loan agreement (but not others) during Dillon’s deposition. Moore had 

pushed Dillon to explain that “Western Sky required [him] to fax in a copy of that loan 

agreement along with [his] void check and a copy of [his] driver’s license” when such 

testimony seemed helpful to his case. See J.A. 1350–51. However, when it became more 

favorable to deny that Dillon printed the loan at that time, Moore asserted to the contrary 

that he believed Dillon must have printed the document much later. Such behavior 

supported the district court’s conclusion that the attorneys would say whatever produced 

the necessary result at the moment regardless of its veracity.

On September 30, 2016, the district court granted Generations’s motion for 

sanctions, finding that Six, Kaplan, and Moore “acted in bad faith and vexatiously and 
17

violated their duty of candor by hiding a relevant and potentially dispositive document 

from the Court in connection with a long-running dispute over arbitrability.” Dillon, 

2016 WL 5679190, at *1. Their conduct “multiplied the proceedings, wasted court 

resources, misled the Court, and caused Generations to incur unnecessary attorney’s 

fees.” Id. The district court did not purport to impose a duty to compel any particular 

document before discovery, nor did it impose sanctions based on any single 

misrepresentation. Rather, the court held that “[a]ll of the conduct, taken together” led it

to conclude that sanctioned counsel “intended to hide and did hide relevant facts from the 

[district court] and opposing counsel for almost two years,” and that sanctioned counsel 

“acted in bad faith, unreasonably, and vexatiously and violated their duty of candor to the 

[district court].” Id. at *17.9

In an order dated February 10, 2017, the district court calculated the amount of 

sanctions to be awarded. It concluded that the three attorneys’ bad faith conduct had 

 9 The district court adopted a “clear and convincing evidence” standard to evaluate 

whether misconduct occurred before imposing sanctions under its inherent authority but 

did not state whether any heightened burden applied to evidence of bad faith for sanctions 

under § 1927. Id. at *9. Both parties contend that this heightened burden is required both 

for sanctions imposed under a court’s inherent authority and under § 1927, despite citing 

no circuit precedent supporting these assertions. See Appellants’ Br. at 48; Appellee’s 

Br. at 11, 37. 

This circuit’s precedent does not require a heightened evidentiary burden on a 

court’s finding of bad faith before compensatory sanctions, such as attorney’s fees, may 

be imposed. Here, even if the district court’s application of an unnecessarily high 

standard of proof to its bad-faith analysis were legal error, it would be harmless because 

the district court’s conclusions would nevertheless stand under a lower standard. 

Accordingly, we decline to decide whether a clear-and-convincing evidence standard 

might apply to a finding of bad faith before awarding sanctions in the form of 

compensatory attorney’s fees.
18

generated “attorney’s fees and expenses of $70,147.70 in connection with [Generations’s]

renewed motion to dismiss and the first appeal.” Dillon, 2017 WL 564501, at *8. 

Sanctioned counsel and Generations agreed that this figure represented a “reasonable 

amount for the attorney’s fees and expenses associated with the renewed motion to 

dismiss and the first appeal.” Id. at *2. 

The district court also concluded that the sanctioned attorneys’ bad-faith conduct 

had continued through their defense of the sanctions motion. This conduct, the court 

found, increased Generations’s attorney’s fees by $118,417.33. Id. at *5, *8. However, 

because of “the Fourth Circuit’s admonition in Blue [v. U.S. Dep’t of the Army, 914 F.2d 

525 (4th Cir. 1990),] that attorneys should be allowed to present a fair defense to a 

sanctions motion without fear of additional sanctions,” the district court only awarded 

$79,852.50 of this amount. Id. at *6. The court reasoned that this reduced amount would

“mak[e] Generations whole while not punishing sanctioned counsel for asserting matters 

of legitimate consideration relevant to the sanctions motion.” Id. at *7; see also Blue, 

914 F.2d at 548–49. 

The court also found that the law firms “fully participated in this case and in the 

violation of the duty of candor.” Id. at *1. Six and Moore’s firm “had primary 

responsibility for the factual investigation--or lack thereof--that led to the suppression of 

the Dillon copy.” Id. at *8. Furthermore, both law firms had “ratified the conduct” of the 

three attorneys. Id. Thus, the firms were held jointly liable for the sanctions. In total, 

the court held Six, Kaplan, and their law firms jointly liable for $150,000 in attorney’s 

fees. The court held Moore jointly liable for only $100,000 of that amount because it 
19

reasoned that as an associate attorney Moore performed a lesser role in the bad-faith 

conduct.

The sanctioned attorneys appealed the orders imposing sanctions. Dillon has since 

settled the underlying case with Generations.

II.

We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s award of sanctions, both

pursuant to its inherent authority, Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 55 (1991), and 

under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, EEOC v. Great Steaks, Inc., 667 F.3d 510, 522 (4th Cir. 2012). 

We will not find an abuse of discretion unless “on the entire evidence [we are] left with 

the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Anderson v. City of 

Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985) (quoting United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 

U.S. 364, 395 (1948)).

III.

We consider whether the district court abused its discretion in awarding 

compensatory sanctions totaling $150,000 pursuant to its inherent authority and 28 

U.S.C. § 1927. We conclude that it did not. 

The district court imposed a single sanctions award pursuant to both its inherent 

authority and § 1927. We first explain the legal standard for each source of sanctioning 

authority and the court’s application of each standard. We then explain why we find no 

abuse of discretion.
20

First, federal courts have inherent authority to sanction. This authority derives 

from courts’ “certain ‘inherent powers,’ not conferred by rule or statute, ‘to manage their 

own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.’” Goodyear 

Tire & Rubber Co. v. Haeger, 137 S. Ct. 1178, 1186 (2017) (quoting Link v. Wabash R.R.

Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630–31 (1962)). Among their other affirmative duties, “[a]ttorneys 

are obligated to act with candor in presenting claims for judicial resolution.” McCoy v. 

Court of Appeals of Wis., Dist. 1, 486 U.S. 429, 440 (1988). In particular, “[a] lawyer 

shall not knowingly . . . make a false statement . . . or fail to correct a false statement” of 

material fact to the tribunal, nor shall a lawyer “offer evidence that the lawyer knows to 

be false.” N.C. R. Prof’l Conduct 3.3; see M.D.N.C. Local R. of Practice & P. 83.10e(b) 

(adopting North Carolina State Bar’s Rules of Professional Conduct, including the 

requirement of candor toward the tribunal). Courts are empowered “to fashion an 

appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process,” such as “an order . . . 

instructing a party that has acted in bad faith to reimburse legal fees and costs incurred by 

the other side.” Goodyear Tire, 137 S. Ct. at 1186 (quoting Chambers, 501 U.S. at 44–

45).

Here, the court invoked its inherent authority to create a remedy to address badfaith behavior that abused the judicial process. As the court explained: 

Counsel raised a dispute over the authenticity of a written contract 

proffered by Generations without disclosing that their client, the plaintiff, 

possessed an identical copy. The Dillon Copy was material to and 

potentially dispositive of the authenticity issue. During oral argument, Mr. 

Six implied to the Court that Counsel had no such copy and that no such 

copy existed. Mr. Six deliberately misled the Court in an effort to avoid the 
21

consequences of an arbitration clause in the contract, and none of his cocounsel corrected this misleading argument.

Dillon, 2016 WL 5679190, at *11 (citations omitted). The court noted that “[w]hen a 

litigant contests the authenticity of a document, the litigant must have a good faith basis 

for the objection; a litigant cannot challenge or deny the authenticity of a written 

agreement that he knows to be authentic.” Id. at *10 (citing Fenje v. Feld, 301 F. Supp. 

2d 781, 789 (N.D. Ill. 2003)). Under its inherent authority, the district court found that 

the attorneys acted in bad faith and that through this conduct the attorneys “intended to 

hide and did hide relevant facts from the [district court] and opposing counsel for almost 

two years” and “intentionally misled the [district court] about the relevant facts to gain a 

tactical advantage and prevail on pending arbitration motions.” Id. at *17. In short, the 

sanctioned attorneys’ objections to authenticity abused the judicial process both because 

they lacked a good faith basis and because the attorneys made repeated 

misrepresentations to the court in order to sustain these objections. The district court

found that this conduct justified sanctions imposed under the court’s inherent authority. 

The court also imposed sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, which provides that an 

“attorney . . . who so multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously 

may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and 

attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.” Section 1927 addresses a 

narrower field of conduct than that which may be addressed under the court’s inherent 

authority because § 1927 permits sanctions only for bad-faith conduct that wrongfully 

multiplies proceedings. An award of costs, expenses, and attorney’s fees pursuant to 
22

§ 1927 is compensatory in nature--not punitive. It requires the court to show a causal 

link between wrongful conduct and an unreasonable and vexatious multiplication of 

proceedings, then to connect the costs wrongfully incurred as a result of the sanctioned 

attorney’s conduct to the amount awarded to the moving party. See Goodyear Tire, 137 

S. Ct. at 1186 n.5 (noting that the “because of” language in § 1927 required a court “to 

find . . . a causal connection before shifting fees”). 

Under § 1927, the court found that the attorneys engaged in bad-faith conduct and 

that this conduct multiplied the proceedings unreasonably and vexatiously. First, the 

court explained that throughout the proceedings related to Generations’s renewed motion 

to dismiss: 

Counsel knew or should have known that the Dillon Copy would inevitably 

be disclosed if they met their professional obligations, and they knew or 

should have known that when this happened, any favorable decision on the 

arbitration motion would have to be reconsidered. Instead of disclosing the 

Dillon Copy and consenting to reconsideration, Counsel opposed the 

renewed motion and continued to keep the existence of the Dillon Copy a 

secret. They created the need to litigate an unnecessary side issue: whether 

the Court could consider the renewed arbitration motion on its merits . . . .

Dillon, 2016 WL 5679190, at *16 (citations omitted). The attorneys’ continuing conduct

also generated additional, unnecessary costs of appeal to the Fourth Circuit. The court 

tailored the award of “attorney’s fees and expenses of $70,147.70 in connection with a

renewed motion to dismiss and the first appeal” directly to those costs incurred due to the 

three attorneys’ “bad faith and vexatious conduct . . . in multiplying the proceedings and 

violating their duty of candor to the Court.” Dillon, 2017 WL 564501, at *8.
23

Next, the district court explained how the attorneys’ pattern of unreasonable and 

vexatious conduct had continued through the sanctions proceedings in a way that further 

“increased Generations’[s] attorney’s fees.” The court listed several examples of this 

continuing bad faith conduct through the sanctions proceedings. First, the sanctioned

attorneys’ reciprocal motion for sanctions against Generations had been “so lacking in 

merit” that it suggested that it had been made in bad faith. Id. at *4. Second, the 

attorneys’ continuing misrepresentations and exaggerations of the record, post hoc 

explanations for conduct that the court found “not credible,” and especially Kaplan’s 

brazen “attempt to rewrite history” by asserting “a version of the facts that was 

inconsistent with the record and with the contentions of his co-counsel” all supported a 

finding of continued bad faith. Id. at *4–5. The court also noted that sanctioned 

counsel had presented “shocking” arguments demonstrating “willingness to defend 

cynical gamesmanship and deliberate obfuscation.” Id. at *5 (internal citations and 

quotation marks omitted). The court found sanctioned counsels’ actions to have been 

vexatious and made in bad faith and held that these actions also wrongfully increased 

Generations’s attorney’s fees. The court accordingly awarded a portion of Generations’s 

attorney’s fees incurred through the sanctions proceedings to account for the increase in 

costs directly caused by this behavior.

We conclude that the district court correctly articulated the applicable legal 

standards, made appropriate factual findings, and supported its conclusions with ample 

evidence from the record. In sum, the district court explained: 
24

It is unreasonable and vexatious and a violation of the duty of candor for 

lawyers to bring a lawsuit referring to a written contract, to then challenge 

the Court’s consideration of a document that appears to be that contract 

proffered by the defendant without disclosing that their client possesses an 

identical copy, to then imply in argument to the Court that their client does 

not possess any copy of the contract, and to then cause an unnecessary side 

dispute over whether the Court should treat a renewed motion to dismiss as 

a motion for reconsideration, when it was obvious that a motion to 

reconsider would be granted if the Court knew of the client’s hidden copy.

Dillon, 2016 WL 5679190, at *12. The district court also tailored the amount of 

sanctions to compensate only for costs caused by wrongful conduct. Therefore we find 

that the district court did not abuse its discretion.

The sanctioned attorneys argue that neither the rules of ethics nor the Federal 

Rules of Civil Procedure imposed an affirmative duty to disclose the Dillon copy of the 

Western Sky loan agreement before discovery commenced. Appellants’ Br. at 39–44. 

These arguments miss the point. Counsel are not being sanctioned for their failure to 

disclose the Dillon copy of the Western Sky loan agreement. Rather, counsel are being 

sanctioned for raising objections in bad faith--simultaneously questioning (and 

encouraging the district court to question) the authenticity of a loan agreement without 

disclosing that the Plaintiff provided them a copy of that loan agreement before the 

complaint was filed.

Appellants provide alternative, occasionally conflicting justifications for their

conduct. For example, they assert that it was “clear” that sanctioned counsel sought

merely to object to Generations’s failure “to carry its initial burden of producing evidence 

authenticating the document.” Appellants’ Br. at 52. They go on to explain Six’s 

constant refrain about drafting the complaint without loan agreements as “simply using 
25

the fact that he did not have the Vin Capital agreement as anecdotal support for why the 

claims did not rely on the agreement.” Id. But they also continue to challenge the

authenticity of the Western Sky loan agreement by noting that Dillon’s testimony about 

when he printed his copy was “equivocal and contradictory” and that there are still 

“objective reasons to believe that Mr. Dillon did not print the document until later.” Id. 

at 54–55. Each of these arguments has been considered and rejected by the district court.

As the district court rightly noted, “[t]he effort by counsel to chop down a few 

trees does not mean there is no forest.” Dillon, 2016 WL 5679190, at *22. Under our 

standard of review, the question presented on appeal is not whether the sanctioned 

attorneys can now piece together a plausible good-faith rationale for their conduct, but 

instead whether the district court exercised its authority reasonably. Without losing the 

forest for the trees, we conclude that the district court reasonably described sanctioned 

counsels’ conduct as evincing a multi-year crusade to suppress the truth to gain a tactical 

litigation advantage.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, we find that the district court did not abuse its 

discretion in imposing sanctions on Dillon’s attorneys. We therefore affirm. 

AFFIRMED