IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs July 12, 2005

KENNETH GAINES v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. P-24763 Carolyn Wade Blackett, Judge

No. W2004-01940-CCA-R3-PC - Filed September 6, 2005

The petitioner, Kenneth Gaines, appeals from the Shelby County Criminal Court’s denial of postconviction relief. Because we discern no error in the post-conviction court’s proceedings and

because the record supports that court’s determinations, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Criminal Court is Affirmed.

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JERRY L. SMITH and

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JJ., joined.

Robert Wilson Jones, District Public Defender; and John H. Parker, II, Assistant Public Defender,

for the Appellant, Kenneth Gaines.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General & Reporter; Jennifer L. Bledsoe, Assistant Attorney General;

William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Stephanie Johnson, Assistant District Attorney

General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

In this appeal, the petitioner claims that the post-conviction court erred in holding that

trial counsel rendered effective assistance and that his guilty pleas were knowing and voluntary. 

Pursuant to the petitioner’s guilty pleas, the Shelby County Criminal Court entered

judgments on February 29, 2000, convicting the petitioner of, and sentencing him for, second degree

murder and two counts of especially aggravated kidnapping. He received a 25-year sentence for

second degree murder to run consecutively to an aggregate 20-year sentence for especially

aggravated kidnapping. The defendant filed the petition for post-conviction relief now under review

on March 5, 2001. In the petition, he claimed that his convictions resulted from ineffective

assistance of trial counsel. The post-conviction court appointed counsel, who amended the petition

to add a claim that the defendant’s plea was involuntary or unknowing. The court conducted an
-2-

evidentiary hearing and afterward entered in writing its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and

adjudication of denial of relief. 

In the evidentiary hearing, the petitioner testified that he was charged along with 14

co-defendants in a gang-type abduction and homicide. Several of the co-defendants were put on trial

and convicted before the parties disposed of the petitioner’s case. The petitioner testified that the

state’s plea offer was for an aggregate sentence of 45 years and that he believed his release eligibility

date would occur after the service of 70 percent of the sentence. He testified that he was dismayed

to learn that his sentence carried no release eligibility date. 

The petitioner testified that he believed that he could not receive a fair trial because

he was “[y]oung, black, [and] affiliated [with a gang].” He testified that his trial counsel told him

that if he went to trial, he would likely receive two concurrent life sentences without the possibility

of parole to be served consecutively to a term of 50 years. The petitioner thought that the state’s plea

offer of 45 years served at 70 percent would be his best option. 

The petitioner testified that trial counsel failed to obtain an expert to challenge the

state’s evidence, particularly the gun used to kill one of the victims. He complained that counsel

failed to interview witnesses. He testified that at the time of the plea, he thought, “I’m signing for

eighty-five percent so I’ll get good time in the penitentiary by working . . . .” He testified that he

believed the net effect of reductions to his sentence would avail him release after serving 70 percent

of his sentence. He testified that trial counsel told him he would be eligible for release upon serving

85 percent of the sentence. He testified that he believed his plea agreement “was the best deal at the

time” but that he later learned that he “shouldn’t [have given up his] rights because [he] was . . .

young and didn’t know no better then, didn’t know nothing about no law.” 

The petitioner admitted that his trial counsel conferred with him and provided him

with copies of documents filed in the case. He complained, however, that he had given counsel a

list of questions to ask at trial and that counsel “changed them around” and “put [them] like in his

own words.” He opined that trial counsel “could have presented the case . . . better, show[n] interest

in my case, investigated my case better, more thoroughly.” Still, the petitioner testified, “I feel that

he was – he was giving me his best advice with being able to . . . get a chance to see the streets again

one day at the time.”

The petitioner testified that he believed he was convicted solely upon his “affiliation”

with the Gangster Disciples. He also claimed that because he had resigned from the Gangster

Disciples while his trial was pending, he felt threatened by gang members and by the news that a codefendant had been stabbed in the penitentiary. He testified that he did not receive the beneficent

plea offer that his co-defendants received. 

On cross-examination, the petitioner admitted that trial counsel visited him in the jail,

provided him with copies of the state’s responses to discovery requests, and discussed with him

“different options” for defending the charges. He further acknowledged that he gave counsel only
-3-

the names of people who could serve as character witnesses; he proposed no “fact” witnesses. He

admitted that counsel was aware ofthe expected testimony from prosecution witnesses. He admitted

that he answered affirmatively to the trial judge’s questions about whether his guilty plea and his

waiver of trial rights were voluntary. When asked about several passages in the guilty plea hearing

transcript that referred to 100 percent of service of the proposed sentence, the petitioner testified that

he did not hear the references because he was not listening. The petitioner admitted that he pleaded

guilty on the first day scheduled for trial and that his counsel was ready for trial at that time. 

Trial counsel testified that all of the co-defendants who were tried before the

petitioner’s trial date were convicted. Counsel represented the petitioner in the preliminary hearing

and through the guilty plea. The victim who survived the co-defendants’ attack testified at the

preliminary hearing. When the petitioner’s case went to criminal court, counsel obtained discovery

materials from the state, and the trial court appointed an investigator to assist him in preparing a

defense. Copies of the documents garnered by the defense were given to the petitioner, and the

petitioner signed a receipt for them. These materials included a transcript of the petitioner’s

preliminary hearing and transcripts of previous trials of some of the co-defendants. Counsel testified

that he also gave the petitioner copies of statements of prosecution witnesses and of co-defendants

in the case. Counsel testified that he made 17 trips to the jail to visit the petitioner, and the

investigator visited the petitioner at the jail two or three times. Counsel also met with the petitioner

at the courthouse when hearings or appearances were set. Counsel recalled that, in each meeting

with the petitioner, he “updated him as to the progress of the investigator and the information that

[counsel] had . . . received from the [s]tate.” 

Counsel testified that he was prepared to go to trial on the scheduled date. 

Concerning the issue of the petitioner’s gang involvement, counsel testified that the defense

investigator interviewed the defendant’s proposed character witnesses. Although counsel was

prepared to call character witnesses, he expressed concern to the petitioner that the tactic would

“open the door for the [s]tate to put on bad character proof, and there were some things on his record

that would not have otherwise come into the trial but for the door being open.” Counsel testified

that the petitioner provided the names of no witnesses other than potential character witnesses. 

Counsel testified that prior to the trial date, the state’s only offer called for a life

sentence with the possibility of parole. Counsel advised the petitioner that such a sentence would

entail serving 51 years before being eligible for parole. On the day of trial, the two co-defendants

who were going to trial with the petitioner pleaded guilty. Counsel and the prosecutor engaged in

plea bargaining, resulting in the state’s offer to accept an aggregate sentence of 45 years, which

counsel relayed to the petitioner. Counsel testified that he explained to the petitioner that because

the proposed conviction offenses of second degree murder and especially aggravated kidnapping are

violent offenses, he would be required to served 100 percent of the aggregate sentence. Counsel

emphatically opined that the petitioner “went in understanding” the 100 percent feature of the

sentence. Counsel testified that, before pleading, the petitioner discussed the plea proposal with his

grandmother and decided to accept the offer. In the evidentiary hearing, counsel introduced copies

of the plea documents, which reflected that 100 percent of the sentence must be served in
-4-

confinement. Counsel testified that he reviewed the plea petition and waiver with the petitioner

“verbatim, read it line by line, asked him did he understand each paragraph.” Counsel said that he

reviewed the filled-out judgment forms with the petitioner in the same manner. Counsel pointed out

that the judgments included provisions for the 100 percent service of the sentences. Counsel opined

that the petitioner fully understood the details of the plea agreement. 

On cross-examination, counsel testified that he was familiar with the expected

testimony of prosecution witnesses because he had represented the petitioner in his preliminary

hearing and either he or the investigator attended the trials of co-defendants. Counsel stated that the

investigator followed up on inconsistencies in witnesses’ testimony as revealed in the series of court

proceedings. 

Counsel acknowledged that throughout the pendency of the proceedings the petitioner

was concerned about reprisals from the Gangster Disciples. Counsel recounted that, after the plea

was submitted and accepted, the petitioner told him about an individual being attacked by Gangster

Disciples in a particular correctional facility. Counsel testified that he obtained an order from the

trial judge to have the petitioner incarcerated at a different facility. 

Subsequent to the evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court entered an order

expressing its findings of fact and conclusions of law and denying post-conviction relief. The court

found that trial counsel fully advised the petitioner during the course of his case and furnished the

petitioner with transcripts and documents obtained through the discovery process. The court found

that trial counsel thoroughlyapprised the petitioner ofthe nature of the charges, the range of possible

sanctions, the available theories of defense, and the probabilities of results. Essentially, the court

determined that counsel did not perform deficiently in failing to advise and counsel the petitioner.

In addition, the post-conviction court found that counsel, through his own efforts and

those of an investigator, thoroughly investigated the case and prepared it for trial. The court found

that counsel was fully prepared for trial. The court discerned no deficiency of counsel’s performance

in investigating and preparing the petitioner’s case.

The court furtherfound that the petitioner did not carry his burden of establishing that

counsel did not adequately explain the terms of the plea agreement. The court determined that trial

counsel and the trial judge fully acquainted the petitioner with the terms of the agreement, including

the mandatory provision for serving 100 percent of the sentence.

The post-conviction court then addressed the petitioner’s claim that his plea was

involuntary or unknowing. The court first found that the petitioner failed to establish that he was

misinformed about his release eligibility date. The judge cited the various written notations in the

plea papers and the judgments that correctly referred to the 100 percent-of-service requirement.

Additionally, the court found no basis for concluding that the petitioner was uninformed about the

nature of the charges against him and the applicable minimum and maximum penalties provided by

law. The post-conviction court determined that the trial judge adequately informed the petitioner
-5-

of these aspects of the charges during the plea colloquy. The court held that the petitioner’s plea was

based upon a full comprehension of the rights he was waiving and was, therefore, knowing and

voluntary.

A post-conviction petitioner bears the burden of establishing, at the evidentiary

hearing, his allegations by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-210(f) (2003).

Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no serious or substantial doubt about the correctness

of the conclusions drawn from the evidence. Hodges v. S.C. Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 901, n.3

(Tenn. 1992). An appellate court is bound by the trial court’s findings of fact unless it concludes that

the evidence in the record preponderates against those findings. Hicks v. State, 983 S.W.2d 240,

245 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998).

The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, section 9 of

the Tennessee Constitution both require that a defendant in a criminal case receive effective

assistance of counsel. Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930 (Tenn. 1975). When a defendant claims

ineffective assistance of counsel, the standard applied by the courts of Tennessee is “whether the

advice given or the service rendered by the attorney is within the range of competence demanded by

attorneys in criminal cases.” Hicks, 983 S.W.2d at 245 (quoting Summerlin v. State, 607 S.W.2d

495, 496 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980)).

In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), the United States

Supreme Court defined the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. First, the

appellant must show that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness

under prevailing professional norms and must demonstrate that counsel made errors so serious that

he was not functioning as “counsel” guaranteed by the Constitution. Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064.

Second, the petitioner must show that counsel’s performance prejudiced him, that the errors were

so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, and call into question the reliability of the

outcome. Id.

A reviewing court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls

within the range of reasonable professional assistance and must evaluate counsel’s performance from

counsel’s perspective at the time of the alleged error and in light of the totality of the evidence. Id.

at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2070. The petitioner must demonstrate that there is a reasonable probability

that but for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would have been different.

Id., 104 S. Ct. at 2070.

To establish ineffective assistance of counsel in Tennessee, evidence stemming from

a failure to prepare a sound defense or present witnesses must be significant. However, a reasonable

probability of being found guilty of a lesser charge, or a shorter sentence, satisfies the prejudice

requirement of Strickland. Hicks, 983 S.W.2d at 246. 

In cases involving a guilty plea or plea of nolo contendere, the petitioner must show

prejudice by demonstrating that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty but would
-6-

have insisted upon going to trial. See Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59, 106 S. Ct. 366, 370 (1985);

Hicks, 983 S.W.2d at 246.

In the present case, the record supports the trial court’s conclusions that trial counsel

did not perform deficiently. Indeed, upon our review of the record, we conclude that trial counsel

rendered a high level of performance. The petitioner utterly failed to demonstrate ineffective

assistance of counsel. 

We now address the petitioner’s claim that his pleas were not voluntarily and

knowingly made. Certainly, when a defendant opts to plead guilty, the plea must be voluntarily,

understandingly, and knowingly entered to pass constitutional muster. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S.

238, 244, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 1713 (1969). In Tennessee, a plea must be made voluntarily and with full

understanding of its consequences. State v. Neal, 810 S.W.2d 131, 134-35 (Tenn. 1991), overruled

in part on other grounds byBlankenship v. State, 897 S.W.2d 902 (Tenn. 1993); State ex rel. Barnes

v. Henderson, 220 Tenn. 719, 727, 423 S.W.2d 497, 501 (1968). Entry of a guilty plea constitutes

a waiver of constitutional rights including the privilege against self-incrimination, the right to

confront witnesses, and the right to a trial by jury. Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243, 89 S. Ct. at 1714. 

Waiver of these constitutional rights may not be presumed from a silent record. Id.; Hicks, 983

S.W.2d at 246.

In the present case, the issue of the validity of the guilty plea is narrowed to a claim

that the conviction court did not fully advise the petitioner pursuant to the provisions of Tennessee

Rule of Criminal Procedure 11. Specifically, the petitioner claims that the conviction court did not

apprise him that he might be acquitted at trial, failed to explain the minimum and maximum

sentences provided by law, and failed to explain that his conviction would serve to enhance his

punishment should he later be convicted of another crime. 

In determining whether a plea of guilty was voluntarily, understandingly, and

intelligently entered, this court, like the trial court, must consider all of the relevant circumstances

that existed at the entry of the plea. State v. Turner, 919 S.W.2d 346, 353 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

A reviewing court may look to any relevant evidence in the record to determine the voluntariness

of the plea. Id. Rule 11 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure and our supreme court’s

decisions in State v. Mackey, 553 S.W.2d 337 (Tenn. 1977), and State v. McClintock, 732 S.W.2d

268 (Tenn. 1987), control the guilty plea process in Tennessee. Trial judges are required to adhere

substantially to the procedure prescribed in the rule. A submission hearing transcript must establish

on its face that the trial court substantially complied with the requirements of Rule 11 and Boykin

v. Alabama and the teachings of Mackey and McClintock. See Turner, 919 S.W.2d at 352.

As mentioned above the federal constitution requires that a guilty plea be knowing

and voluntary. See generally Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243, 89 S. Ct. at 1712. “To be voluntary [the plea]

must be knowledgeable and the failure to properly instruct a defendant is a violation of due process

and the guilty plea is void.” State v. Newsome, 778 S.W.2d 34, 35 (Tenn. 1989). The

constitutionally required instructions, however, relate to the waiver of certain “federal constitutional
-7-

rights,” namely, the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, the right to a jury trial, and the

right to confront the accusing witnesses. Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243, 89 S. Ct. at 1712; Neal, 810

S.W.2d at 135.

In Mackey, a direct appeal of a conviction based upon a guilty plea, the Tennessee

Supreme Court, in an exercise of its “supervisory power to insure that the courts of this State afford

fairness and justice to defendants in criminal cases,” promulgated a procedure for trial courts to

follow when accepting guilty pleas. See Mackey, 553 S.W.2d at 340. The court acknowledged that

the litany of instructions contained in the procedure were “stricterstandards than those mandated by

. . . Boykin.” Id. This litany includes instructions on the mandatory minimum and the maximum

possible penalties which the accused faces and advice on the possibility that punishment may be

based upon a consideration of prior convictions. Id. at 341. 

Many, but not all, of the Mackey guilty plea requirements are now set forth in

Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c). However, the three basic waiver issues that were

identified in Boykin – the privilege against compulsoryself-incrimination and the rights to a jury trial

and to confront witnesses – continue to be the touchstone for constitutional concerns about guilty

pleas. See, e.g., State v. Prince, 781 S.W.2d 846, 852 (Tenn. 1989); Bentley v. State, 938 S.W.2d

706, 711 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by State v. West, 19 S.W.3d 753

(Tenn. 2000). The additional procedural requirements set forth in Rule 11, Mackey and McClintock

do not raise “issue[s] of constitutional dimensions.” Prince, 781 S.W.2d at 852; see also Bryan v.

State, 848 S.W.2d 72, 75 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). Thus, the petitioner’s instant complaints about

his guilty pleas are based upon non-constitutional elements of Mackey. See Neal, 810 S.W.2d at 138

(failing to warn that “the resulting judgment of conviction may be used in a subsequent proceeding

to enhance the punishment” does not raise a matter of constitutional concern); Prince, 781 S.W.2d

at 853 (stating that advice about the “future use of prior convictions and the future use of the case

under consideration . . . is not based upon any constitutional provision”); Bryan, 848 S.W.2d at 75

(stating that advice about minimum and maximum punishments is not constitutionally based). As

such, these complaints are not justiciable in a post-conviction proceeding. See Tenn. Code Ann. §

40-30-103 (2003) (establishing constitutional violations as the sole bases for post-conviction relief);

Wills v. State, 859 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tenn. 1993); McClintock, 732 S.W.2d at 271; Bryan, 848

S.W.2d at 75.

Accordingly, the petitioner’s claims that the conviction court inadequately advised

him pursuant to Rule 11(c) are not cognizable in this post-conviction proceeding.

For the reasons explained above, the judgment of the post-conviction court is

affirmed.

___________________________________ 

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE