### Filed 12/11/18 by Clerk of Supreme Court
IN THE SUPREME COURT
STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

2018 ND 274

Michael Berg, Appellee and Cross-Appellant

v. North Dakota State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Appellant and Cr oss-Appellee

No. 20170413

Apex Engineering Group, Inc., Appellee

v. North Dakota State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Appellant

No. 20170414

Scott Olson, Appellee

v. North Dakota State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Appellant

No. 20170415Dain L. Miller, Appellee and Cross-Appellant

v. North Dakota State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Appellant and Cr oss-Appellee

No. 20170416

Thomas Welle, Appellee and Cross-Appellant

v. North Dakota State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Appellants and C ross-Appellees

No. 20170417

Timothy Paustian, Appellee

v. North Dakota State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors, Appellant

No. 20170418

Appeals from the District Court of Burleigh County, South Centr al Judicial District, the Honorable David E. Reich, Judge.

AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.
Opinion of the Court by Jensen, Justice

.

2Lyle W. Kirmis (argued), Bismarck, ND, for appellants and cross-appellees.
Robert G. Hoy(argued) and Andrew D. Cook (on brief), West Fargo, ND, for appellee and cross-appellant Michael Berg.

Michael J. Geiermann(argued), Bismarck, ND, for appellee Apex Engineering Group, Inc. and appellee Scott Olson.
Kasey D. McNary(argued) and Ronald H. McLean(appeared), Fargo, ND, for appellee and cross-appellant Dain L. Miller and appellee Timothy Paustian.

Ronald H. McLean(argued) and Kasey D. McNary(appeared), Fargo, ND, for appellee and cross-appellant Thomas Welle.

3Berg, Apex, Olson, Miller, Welle, & Paustian v. N.D. State Bd. of Reg. for Prof. Engineers & Land Surveyors Nos. 20170413-20170418
Jensen, Justice. [¶1] The North Dakota State Board of Registration for Profession al Engineers and Land Surveyors (“Board”) appeals from district court judgments affirming in part, reversing in part, and remanding to the Board its disciplinary decisions against Michael Berg, Apex Engineering Group, Inc., Scott Olson, Dain M iller, Thomas Welle, and Timothy Paustian. We conclude a preponderance of th e evidence supports the Board’s disciplinary decisions. We affirm in part and reve rse in part.

I [¶2] Berg, Olson, Miller, Welle and Paustian (“Respondents”) are former employees of Ulteig Engineers, Inc. Olson was terminated from Ulteig in 2009. On November 2, 2010, Berg, Miller, Welle, and Paustian resigned fr om Ulteig and, along with Olson, started a competing business, Apex. [¶3] In the months before leaving Ulteig, the Respondents engage d in the formation of Apex and their discussions included acknowledging that Apex would be competing with Ulteig. Olson sent emails suggesting Apex might be taking over some of Ulteig’s work because Ulteig would not be able to complete the work after the Respondents left. The emails also mentioned how the Respondent s were required to keep Ulteig’s best interests in mind while employed by Ulteig. The final version of the Apex busine ss plan stated “[i]t is also our intention to of fer to complete current contracts that Ulteig holds but will not be able to complete no w that key individuals are no longer with the company.” [¶4] Following the Respondents’ departure from Ulteig, Ulteig su ed Apex and filed an ethics complaint with the Board, alleging Berg, Olson, Mille r, Welle and Paustian violated the Professional Engineers’ Code of Ethics by disclosi ng Ulteig’s confidential information and failing to disclose a potential co nflict of interest by not
1informing Ulteig of their decision to form Apex. Ulteig also a lleged the Respondents knowingly participated in a plan to seek employment for Apex onprojects that Ulteig had been contracted to perform before the Respondents’ departur e from Ulteig. [¶5] Following a December 2014 hearing, the Board found that eac h of the Respondents had violated one or more of the provisions of the c ode of ethics. The Board found Miller, Welle, and Paustian had improperly disclose d Ulteig’s
confidential information. The Board found Welle disclosed to O lson Ulteig’s confidential salary information and a 2008 Ulteig business plan . The Board also found Welle had an adverse interest relating to a water/wastewater services contract from the city of Fargo while employed by Ulteig, and after leav ing Ulteig, represented Apex in the same project. The Board found Miller disclosed to Olson Ulteig’s confidential information relating to its transportation sector. The Board found Paustian downloaded the contents of his Ulteig laptop hard driv e onto an external hard drive before leaving Ulteig and accessed the external hard drive from his Apex laptop. [¶6] The Board found Welle, Berg, and Miller failed to disclose a potential conflict of interest. The Board found their judgment or quality of serv ices could have been influenced because they failed to disclose their participation in the planning and formation of Apex. [¶7] The Board also found Berg, Olson, and Welle knowingly parti cipated in a plan to seek employment for Apex on projects Ulteig had been contrac ted to perform prior to their departure from Ulteig. The Board’s order discussed a Ulteig contract in Jamestown that Apex knew about and became involved in after Ape x was formed. The Board suspended Berg, Olson, and Miller from the practice o f engineering for 60 days and suspended Welle for six months. The Board issued Paus tian and Apex letters of reprimand. [¶8] The Respondents appealed the Board’s disciplinary decisions to the district court. The court affirmed the Board’s decision that Welle, Ber g, and Miller failed to

2disclose a potential conflict of interest. The court reversed the determination that Miller, Welle, and Paustian had improperly disclosed confidenti al information. The court also reversed the decision that Berg, Olson, and Welle kn owingly participated in a plan to seek employment for Apex on projects Ulteig had be en contracted to perform before their departure from Ulteig. The court remanded to the Board for reconsideration the discipline imposed on Berg, Olson, Miller, Welle, and Paustian in light of the court’s reversal of the disciplinary decisions. The court also awarded attorney fees to Berg, Welle, Apex, Olson, Miller, and Paustian

. [¶9] On appeal to this Court, the Board argues the district court wrongfully reversed the Board’s disciplinary decisions because the decisions were s upported by a preponderance of the evidence. The Board also argues the distr ict court erroneously awarded attorney fees to the Respondents. On cross-appeal, Ber g, Miller, and Welle argue they did not have a conflict of interest after deciding t o form Apex.

II [¶10] Chapter 43-19.1, N.D.C.C., governs the licensing of engine ers and land surveyors, and authorizes the Board to regulate the practice of engineering and surveying, including the ado ption of a code of ethics. See N.D.C.C. §§ 43-19.1-01 and 08. The Board is “an administrative agency within the purv iew of chapter 28- 32,” the Administrative Agencies Practice Act. N.D.C.C. § 43-1 9.1-01. [¶11] Under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-46, we must affirm the Board’s disc iplinary decision
unless:
1. The order is not in accordance with the law. 2. The order is in violation of the constitutional rights of the appellant. 3. The provisions of this chapter have not been complied with in the proceedings before the agency. 4. The rules or procedure of the agency have not afforded the appellant a fair hearing. 5. The findings of fact made by the agency are not supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

36. The conclusions of law and order of the agency are not supported by its findings of fact. 7. The findings of fact made by the agency do not sufficiently address the evidence presented to the agency by the appellant. 8. The conclusions of law and order of the agency do not sufficiently explain the agency’s rationale for not adopting any contrary recommendations by a hearing officer or an administrative law judge. [¶12] Under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-49, we review an administrative app eal from a district court judgment in the same manner as the district court reviews the agency’s decision under N.D.C.C. § 28-32-46. Crawford v. Dir., N.D. Dep’t of Transp. , 2017 ND 103, ¶ 3 , 893 N.W.2d 770. This Court has also noted the following withregard to our review of an agency decision: In reviewing an agency’s findings of fact, we do not make independent findings of fact or substitute our judgment for that of the agency; rather, we determine only whether a reasoning mind reas onably could have concluded the agency’s findings were supported by th e weight of the evidence from the entire record. Power Fuels, Inc. v. Elkin , 283 N.W.2d 214, 220 (N.D. 1979). We defer to the agency’s opportunity to judge witnesses’ credibility. Koehly [v. Levi] , 2016 ND 202, ¶ 16 , 886 N.W.2d 689. Once the facts are established, their significance presents a question of law, which we review de nov o. Bell v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp

. , 2012 ND 102, ¶ 20 , 816 N.W.2d 786. Crawford , at ¶ 4

. [¶13] In reviewing the factual basis of an administrative agencydecision, this Court asks three questions: (1) are the findings of fact are support ed by a preponderance of the evidence; (2) are the conclusions of law supported by the f indings of fact; and (3) is the decision in accordance with the law and supported by the conclusions of law? Sletten v. Briggs , 448 N.W.2d 607, 610 (N.D. 1989). “In applying the preponderance-of-evidence standard, we do not make independent findings of fact or substitute our judgment for that of the Board; rather, we decid e only whether a reasoning mind reasonably could have decided the Board’s factua l conclusions were proved by the weight of the evidence from the entire record.” Singha v. N.D. State Bd. of Med. Exam’rs , 1998 ND 42, ¶ 14 , 574 N.W.2d 838 (citing Briggs , at 610 ). Our
4role in reviewing the Board’s decision is not to act as a “supe r board.” Skjefte v. Job
Serv. N.D. , 392 N.W.2d 815, 817 (N.D. 1986). The agency decision is entitled to appreciable deference in technical matters involving agency exp ertise. Singha , at ¶
14

.

III [¶14] The Board found Miller, Welle, and Paustian violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-09, relating to disclosure of confidential informati on: Registrants shall not disclose confidential information concerning the business affairs or technical processes of any p resent or former client or employer without the client’s or employer’s co nsent.

. . . . 2. Without the consent of all interested parties, registrants shall not participate in or represent an adversary interest in connec tion with a specific project or proceeding in which the registrant has ga ined particular specialized knowledge on behalf of a former client o r employer. [¶15] The Ulteig employee handbook defines “confidential information” as:
Confidential information includes but is not limited to: Information about Ulteig or its customers, clients, suppliers, vendors, or affiliates; information regarding Ulteig’s marketing, sales, client develop ment, pricing, and financial strategies; research, services, markets, software, inventions, formulas, technology, designs, drawings, and trade secrets, and any other information deemed confidential by Ulteig.
Upon termination, all employees must immediately surrender and return to Ulteig, all confidential information, business data, and intellectual property (including copies) that is in their posse ssion. [¶16] The former Ulteig employees had signed an Acknowledgment o f Information Technology Policy with Ulteig that provided in part: ii. I understand and agree that any computers, software, and sto rage media provided to me by the company contains proprietary and confidential information about Ulteig Engineers, INC and its

5customers or its vendors, and that this is and remains the property of the company at all times;
iii. I agree that I shall not copy, duplicate (except for backup purposes as part of my job here at Ulteig Engineers, INC), otherwise disclose, or allow anyone else to copy or duplicate any of this information or software;
iv. I agree that, if I leave Ulteig Engineers, INC for any reaso n, I shall immediately return to the company the original and copies of any and all software, computer materials, or computer equipment that I may have received from the company that is either in my possession or otherwise directly or indirectly und er my control.

A [¶17] Before joining Apex, Welle was a Ulteig vice president, ran Ulteig’s water/wastewater sector, and served on Ulteig’s board of direct ors. The Board found Welle violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-09 by disclosing t o Olson Ulteig’s confidential information regarding its business affairs or technical processes. The Board found Welle disclosed a 2008 business plan, salary inform ation, financial information, and information regarding Ulteig’s ongoing busines s contracts. [¶18] The Board compared Apex’s initial business plan to a 2008 Ulteig
Water/Wastewater Services Business Plan and determined the Ulte ig business plan was used as a template for preparing the initial Apex business plan. The two plans contain nearly identical advertising slogans and other statements. Although not formed until November 2010, the initial Apex plan discussed goa ls for 2008 that were nearly identical to Ulteig’s goals for 2008. Welle testified that Ulteig would consider its 2008 plan a confidential document. [¶19] The Board found that Welle disclosed the 2008 Ulteig busin ess plan. The evidence presented at the hearing included an email from Olson dated August 22, 2010, stating “I’ve incorporated [Welle’s Water/Wastewater] Bus iness Plan into the overall Company Business Plan.” Olson testified he had a flashdrive containing the
6Ulteig business plan, but he did not access the information dur ing the formation of Apex. [¶20] The Board found Welle disclosed Ulteig’s salary informatio n. Welle prepared a spreadsheet listing the partners, associates, and employees t hat Welle anticipated would be leaving Ulteig and joining Apex. The spreadsheet incl udes the listed individuals’ current salary with Ulteig and their proposed salary with Apex. It also includes their 2009 hourly rate, their utilization rate, and other specific information. Another document titled “2010 Hourly Rate Schedule” includes th e 2010 hourly rates
for various classifications of U lteig employees, including prin cipals, senior engineers, land engineers, design engineers, analysts, planners, staff sup port, and clerical. [¶21] The Board also found Welle violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28- 03.1-01-09(2) because of his involvement in the Fargo request for proposal (RFP) for a water/wastewater services consulting agreement. Welle’s notes from an October 17, 2010 meeting of the Apex principals provided that “[p]roposal p reparation for Fargo W and WW services is underway.” At the time of the meeting, We lle was still employed by Ulteig and Ulteig hel d a portion of the wastewater services consulting contract with Fargo. After its formation, Apex submitted a pro posal for the contract and replaced Ulteig on the wastewater contract. [¶22] The Board determined Welle had knowledge of the upcoming F argo RFP while employed by Ulteig and subsequently worked on the same project for Apex: The Board finds that Welle, without the consent of all interest ed persons (which included Ulteig) participated in or represented an adversary interest in connection with a specific project or pro ceeding in which Welle had gained particular specialized knowledge on behalf of a former employer, Ulteig, which was in violation of NDAC § 28-03.1-01-09 Subd. 2. The Board finds that such violation occ urred because Welle had an adverse interest in connection with the RF P from the city of Fargo regarding Water/Wastewater services while he was still employed by Ulteig, and then, after leaving Ulteig, proce eded to represent Apex in this same project or proceeding.

7[¶23] A representative from Fargo with knowledge of the RFP test ified other engineering firms knew of it before it was published. He also testified the consulting services agreement is not a specific project. Although that te stimony conflicts with the Board’s findings, we give deference to the Board in its det ermination that Welle’s knowledge and information regarding the consulting services agr eement was “in connection with a specific project or proceeding in which the r egistrant has gained particular specialized knowledge.” N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1- 01-09(2); see Landrum v. Workforce Safety and Ins. Fund , 2011 ND 108, ¶ 20 , 798 N.W.2d 669 (stating this Court “does not substitute its judgment for that of the agency”). The agency resolves conflicts of evidence and weighs the credibility of witnesses. Id

. [¶24] After a review of the record, we conclude the Board’s deci sion that Welle violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-09 is supported by a pre ponderance of the evidence; a reasoning mind reasonably could have decided the Bo ard’s factual conclusions were proven by the weight of the evidence from the entire record. We reverse that part of the district court judgment relating to We lle’s violations of N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-09 and N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-0 9(2).

B [¶25] The Board found Miller violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1 -01-09 by disclosing to Olson Ulteig’s confidential information relating to its transportation sector. Before leaving Ulteig on November 2, 2010, Miller was the vice president of Ulteig’s transportation sector. [¶26] In the same August 22, 2010 em ail from Olson discussing We lle’s water/wastewater business plan, Olson requested Miller contribute to the Apex business plan: “[Miller], if you could adopt a similar format as was used by the Water Group, that would make the entire plan look more consistent.” On September 3, 2010, Olson emailed a revised Apex business plan with Miller’s transportation

8information included. Olson’s email included a statement from an attorney about “being sued for using marketing plans or data that relates back to the previous firm.” [¶27] The Board found Miller disclosed Ulteig’s financial inform ation relating to its transportation department. The financial information included a reference to the “$600,000 in engineering fees that are being managed by departi ng employees.” The information also included a summary of Ulteig’s transportation department revenue for the years 2007, 2008, 2009, and the projected revenue for 2 010. The information
from Miller included comments from Olson that some of it should be removed because it referred too closely to the “previous company.” [¶28] After a review of the record, we conclude the Board’s deci sion that Miller violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-09 is supported by a pre ponderance of the evidence; a reasoning mind reasonably could have decided the Bo ard’s factual conclusions were proven by the weight of the evidence from the entire record. We reverse that part of the distric t court judgment relating to Mi ller’s violation of N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-09.

C [¶29] The Board found Paustian violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03 .1-01-09 by downloading contents of Ulteig’s computer hard drive onto an ex ternal hard drive in early October 2010 after deciding to join Apex. The Board foun d in an earlier deposition Paustian testified he plugged the same external harddrive into his Apex laptop, which constituted disclosure to Apex. [¶30] On October 8, 2010, Olson, Welle, Berg, and Miller held a meeting to invite Ulteig employees, including Paustian, to become Apex employees and stockholders. The meeting agenda included a discussion on confidentiality and a “[c]aution on downloading information.” [¶31] According to Paustian’s deposition testimony in the civil litigation and an expert digital forensic analysis of Ulteig and Apex devices, Paustian downloaded the

9contents of his Ulteig computer hard drive onto an external har d drive. After Paustian testified he did not remember downloading his Ulteig hard drive onto an external hard drive at the Board hearing, his deposition testimony was used t o impeach him. Paustian testified in his deposition he downloaded the contents of his Ulteig laptop
hard drive onto an external de vice. At the Board hearing, Paus tian also testified he did not know if he attached his external hard drive to an Apex device. Paustian testified in his deposition that he attached the external hard drive to his Apex laptop. At the hearing, Paustian agreed some of the files copied from the Ulteig hard drive would have been covered under Ulteig’s definition of confidenti al information. The forensic analysis confirmed Paustian’s external hard drive had over 35,000 unique files that were also on Ulteig computers. The forensic analyst ’s report concluded that “multiple removable storage devices connected to Ulteig compute rs were also connected to Apex computers. Additionally, many non-system use r files located on Ulteig computers were also locat ed on Apex computers and storag e devices. These files included documents and information identified by Ulteig a s proprietary.” [¶32] On the basis of the entire record, including Paustian’s te stimony and the expert forensics analysis, we conclude the Board’s decision that Paust ian violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-09 is supported by a preponderance of the evidence. A reasoning mind reasonably could have decided Paustian, as an ag ent of Apex, disclosed Ulteig’s confidential information to Apex. We reverse that part of the district court judgment relating to Paustian’s violation of N.D . Admin. Code §
28-03.1-01-09.

IV [¶33] The Board found Berg, Miller, and Welle violated N.D. Admi n. Code § 28-03.1-01-10 by failing to disclose to Ulteig their intention to resign from Ulteig and form a competitive firm. The required disclosures of a conflic t of interest are outlined in N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-10, reading in part:

10Registrants shall make full prior disclosures to their employer s or clients of all known or potential conflicts of interest that could influence or appear to influence their judgment or the quality of their services.
1. If the employer or c lient objects to such an association or financial interest, the registrant shall either terminate the association or interest or offer to give up the employment. [¶34] The Board determined Welle, Miller, and Berg, prior to the termination of their employment with Ulteig, had a known or potential conflict of interest that could influence their judgment or the quality of their services. Spe cifically, the Board found a violation occurred by failing to disclose to Ulteig their participation in the formation and planning of a competitive business while continuing to have access to Ulteig’s confidential information and acting on Ulteig’s behalf. Duringthis time Welle was a member of Ulteig’s board of directors, Miller was the vice pr esident of Ulteig’s transportation department, and Berg was a project manager who r eported to Welle. While forming Apex, Welle, Miller, and Berg met with Ulteig’s e xisting and potential clients and discussed existing and future projects. They also participated in or had authority over projects they believed Ulteig would not be able to complete after their departure from Ulteig. The Board found these actions could hav e influenced their judgment or the quality of their services to Ulteig. [¶35] The Board’s factual findings regarding Welle’s, Miller’s, and Berg’s failure to disclose a known or potential conflict of interest are suppo rted by a preponderance
of the evidence. On the basis of the entire record and the bro ad language of N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-10, a reasoning mind reasonably could have decided that their judgment and services either were influenced or could hav e been influenced by their decision to form a competing firm. We affirm those parts of the district court’s judgments relating to the violation of N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03 .1-01-10 by Welle, Miller, and Berg.

V
11[¶36] The Board found Berg, Olson, Welle, and Apex, through its principals, violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-12(6), relating to restr ictions on the
solicitation of work: A registrant shall not knowingly seek or accept employment for professional services for an assignment for which another regis trant is employed or contracted to perform. This prohibition shall not preclude a registrant from responding to a client-initiated or owner-ini tiated solicitation. [¶37] The Board found Welle, Ols on, Berg, and Apex violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-12(6) by targeting Ulteig projects after forming Apex. The Board’s findings primarily derive from the emails sent by Olson and the Apex business plan. Both the emails and Apex’s business plan discuss the possibility of taking over work from Ulteig following the Respondents’ departure from Ulteig. [¶38] The Board’s findings noted a Ulteig project in Jamestown a s an example. Apex obtained work as a subcontractor on the project following the Respondents’ departure from Ulteig. The Board found Berg, as Ulteig’s proje ct manager on the project, contacted the Jamestown city engineer Reid Schwarzkopf following Berg’s resignation from Ulteig. Before speaking with Berg, Schwarzkop f spoke with a Ulteig representative who assured Schwarzkopf Ulteig would get the project finished. After speaking with Berg, Schwarzkopf requested a meeting betwe en Ulteig, Jamestown, and Apex, and Apex was subsequently retained as a su bcontractor on the project. The Board found Apex’s employment did not arise becau se of a clientinitiated solicitation. [¶39] There is evidence contrary to the Board’s findings on the violations of N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-12(6). The evidence includes testimony from Schwarzkopf indicating that he did not believe Apex or the Resp ondents coerced the City of Jamestown into awarding the subcontract to Apex. There is also an absence of direct evidence of solicitation, and the evidence of solicit ation is circumstantial. [¶40] Our standard of review precludes us from making independent findings of fact or substituting our judgment for that of the Board. Singha , 1998 ND 42, ¶ 14 , 574
12N.W.2d 838 (citing Briggs , 448 N.W.2d at 610 ). Our review is limited to deciding whether a reasoning mind reasonably could have decided the find ings made by the Board were proved by the weight of the evidence from the entire record. Power
Fuels , 283 N.W.2d at 220

. [¶41] The record includes numerous emails between the Respondent s, before their departure from Ulteig, contemplating and anticipating completin g work for Ulteig after leaving Ulteig. One of the emails read, in part: If Ulteig refuses to go along with an agreement to complete pro jects that are ongoing, we would then have to convince the clients to terminate Ulteig to allow us to complete the work

. (Emphasis added). When questioned about this, Berg and Olson a greed the statement violated N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-12(6). [¶42] A memo intended to be circulated to Apex employees after i t began operations also addressed potential contact with Ulteig’s clients. That m emo read, in part, as
follows: a. Explain that we will be offering to work as a sub-contractor to Ulteig to complete pending projects. We will encourage the Client and Ulteig to meet and discuss options for projects that are under contract. Explain that we will gladly complete any project that is under contract, but that we will not try to influence the decision of whether we remain involved or not.
b. If we are allowed to complete a project as a sub to Ulteig, w e will assign the project manager and staff that were previously working on the project. [¶43] Drafts of Apex’s business plan included a discussion that initial revenue estimates depended on Ulteig clients being willing to insist onkeeping the existing work with the current project managers that would be leaving to join Apex. The final version of the Apex business plan included the statement that “ [i]t is also our intention to offer to complete current contracts that Ulteig holds but wi ll not be able to complete now that key individuals are no longer with the company.” The district court correctly noted that many of the emails and the memo to e mployees included

13statements that Apex employees should take care not to interfer e with Ulteig’s contracts. However, the emails also discuss convincing the cli ent to terminate Ulteig, and the memo suggests employees offer to complete work as a sub contractor to Ulteig and encourage meetings between the client and Ulteig to discuss options for completing ongoing projects. While it is possible that a diffe rent set of inferences could be drawn from these facts, we cannot conclude reasoning m inds could not have reasonably reached the factual conclusions reached by the Board or that the findings are not supported by the weight of the evidence. This is parti cularly true in light of the secrecy the Respondents engaged in during the formation of Apex. [¶44] A preponderance of the evidence supports the Board’s factu al findings regarding the improper solicitation by Welle, Olson, Berg, and Apex. Those findings support a conclusion that Welle, Olson, Berg, and Apex knowingl y sought or accepted employment for professional services for an assignment for which Ulteig was previously employed or contracted to perform in violation o f N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-12(6). We reverse those parts of the district court’s judgments relating to the violation of N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-12(6) by Well e, Olson, Berg, and Apex.

VI [¶45] With regard to the Respondents’ recovery of attorney fees on appeal from the Board’s disciplinary decisions, the Board argues the 2015 versi on of N.D.C.C. § 43-19.1-25 should apply instead of the 2003 version. The award of attorney fees granted by the district court is moot given our affirmation of the Board’s original decisions against Berg, Welle, Apex, Olson, Miller, and Paustian. We reverse the district court’s award of attorney fees to Berg, Welle, Apex, O lson, Miller, and
Paustian.

VII

14[¶46] We have considered the remaining arguments and conclude th ey are either unnecessary to our decision or without merit. The district court judgments against Berg, Apex, Olson, Miller, Welle, and Paustian are affirmed in part and reversed in part. The Board’s orders against Berg, Apex, Olson, Miller, We lle, and Paustian are
affirmed. [¶47] Jon J. Jensen Gary H. Lee, Dist. Judge Gerald W. VandeWalle, C.J. Jerod E. Tufte

I concur in the result. Daniel J. Crothers
[¶48] The Honorable Gary H. Lee, D.J., sitting in place of McEve rs, J., disqualified.
Tufte, Justice , concurring. [¶49] I agree with the result reached by Justice Jensen’s thorou gh majority opinion. [¶50] There is no challenge before us to the statutes or adminis trative code under which the Board disciplined the Appellees. Our occupational lic ensing cases describe the Legislative Assembly’s broad, but not unlimited, authority to regulate the entry into, and practice of, various occupations. Compare Johnson v. Elkin , 263 N.W.2d 123, 128

- 29 (N.D. 1978) (reversing district court’s determination that lic ensing requirement for house movers was unconstitutional under N.D. Const. art. I , §§ 1, 13, and 20, and citing cases upholding licensing of pharmacists, ta xicabs, and garbage collection) with State v. Cromwell , 72 N.D. 565, 9 N.W.2d 914, 921 (1943) (examining whether “a statute purporting to have been enacted t o protect the public health, the public morals, or the public safety, has no real or substantial relation to those objects” and declaring unconstitutional under N.D. Const. art. I , §§ 1 and 13, a statute prohibiting practicing photography without a license)

. [¶51] We recently recognized “North Dakota has a strong public p olicy against non-compete agreements.” Osborne v. Brown & Saenger, Inc. , 2017 ND 288, ¶ 13 , 904 N.W.2d 34. The disciplinary action taken by the Board again st these professional
15engineers is supported by the law and the code of ethics. It al so has a serious anti-competitive effect. Under the Board’s reading of N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-10 , an engineer may not plan or prepare to start an independent engineering business without first telling his current employer about his plans. Small steps toward an independent business, including saving start-up capital, evaluating office locations, or drafting a business plan (whether for immi nent use or many months in the future), may subject registered professional engi neers to discipline for failing to make “full prior disclosures to their employers . . . of all known or potential conflicts of interest that could influence or appear to influen ce their judgment.” N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-10

. [¶52] An engineering firm may not by contract restrict its emplo yees from starting an independent business in competition with it. N.D.C.C. § 9-08-06 . The only exception to this broad rule permits restriction of a business owner within a specific county or city. N.D.C.C. § 9-08-06(1) and (2) . Although such a contract is prohibited, a substantially equivalent result may be obtained by filing eth ics charges with the Board. An engineer risks disci pline, including su spension or re vocation of the required occupational license, if any steps toward competing wi th a current employer are taken before leaving employment. Any such steps may fairly be considered a potential conflict of interest th at could appear to influence the engineer’s judgment. N.D. Admin. Code § 28-03.1-01-10 . Now that Apex and the Appellees, each of whom has an ownership interest in Apex, are incumbents, they have li ttle incentive to challenge any regulatory excesses that erect barriers to its en gineer employees who may someday wish to depart Apex and compete with it. [¶53] Whether or not this is wise policy is not for the courts t o say. If, in enacting N.D.C.C. § 43-19.1-24 , the Legislative Assembly did not intend to permit the Board to impose the sort of restraint on lawful business that is broa dly precluded by N.D.C.C. § 9-08-06 , it has within its power the ability to strike a different bal ance through further legislation.

16[¶54] Jerod E. Tufte Daniel J. Crothers

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