0 to 10 0.00 1.13 2.34 0.02 0.01

10 to 20 0.06 3.67 5.52 0.02 0.52

20 to 30 0.45 8.47 7.57 0.14 4.24

30 to 40 0.92 14.45 11.01 0.21 8.80

40 to 50 1.66 22.40 15.58 0.27 12.83

50 to 60 2.75 31.41 21.12 0.50 9.45

60 to 70 3.96 40.05 26.03 0.78 4.43

70 to 80 6.06 48.61 31.59 1.20 0.93

80 to 90 8.80 58.68 37.05 1.95 0.36

90 to 95 8.64 63.41 39.04 2.79 0.17

95 to 99 3.00 63.70 35.63 6.09 0.16

99 to 99.9 2.23 59.83 27.53 9.34 0.00

99.9 to 100 1.63 55.57 24.24 8.13 0.00

Total 3.04 29.22 19.44 0.98 4.17

* Families with negative incomes are excluded from the lowest income decile but included in the total line. 

**Percentiles begin at family size-adjusted cash income of: $10,902 for 10 to 20; $16,165 for 20 to 30; $21,713 for 30 to 40; $28,753 for 40 

to 50; $37,516 for 50 to 60; $48,381 for 60 to 70; $61,100 for 70 to 80; $80,449 for 80 to 90; $117,224 for 90 to 95; $165,373 for 95 to 99; 

$379,371 for 99 to 99.9 and $1,734,164 for Top .1. 

*** Cash Income consists of wages and salaries, net income from a business or farm, taxable and tax-exempt interest, dividends, rental 

income, realized capital gains, cash and near-cash transfers from the government, retirement benefits, and employer-provided health 

insurance (and other employer benefits). Employer contributions for payroll taxes and the federal corporate income tax are added to place 

cash on a pre-tax basis. Families are placed into deciles based on cash income adjusted for family size, by dividing income by the square 

root of family size. 

Distribution Table 2017 005a

Percent of Families with Tax Benefits for Retirement Savings 

2017 Income Levels and Law

Family Size Adjusted 

Cash Income 

Percentile

Roth Defined 

Contribution Plans and 

Accounts 

(%)

Traditional Defined 

Contribution Plans and 

Accounts 

(%)

Defined Benefit Plans 

(%)

Non-Deductible IRAs 

(%)

Saver's Credit 

(%)

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Office of Tax Analysis

March 30, 2016

1
0 to 10 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00

10 to 20 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00

20 to 30 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.04

30 to 40 0.01 0.15 0.13 0.00 0.05

40 to 50 0.02 0.26 0.21 0.00 0.05

50 to 60 0.02 0.37 0.31 0.00 0.03

60 to 70 0.03 0.52 0.41 0.00 0.01

70 to 80 0.05 0.75 0.58 0.00 0.00

80 to 90 0.09 1.08 0.75 0.00 0.00

90 to 95 0.08 1.25 0.80 0.01 0.00

95 to 99 0.03 1.14 0.63 0.01 0.00

99 to 99.9 0.02 0.62 0.34 0.01 0.00

99.9 to 100 0.00 0.08 0.05 0.00 0.00

Total 0.04 0.71 0.47 0.00 0.01

* Families with negative incomes are excluded from the lowest income decile but included in the total line. 

**Percentiles begin at family size-adjusted cash income of: $10,902 for 10 to 20; $16,165 for 20 to 30; $21,713 for 30 to 40; $28,753 for 40 

to 50; $37,516 for 50 to 60; $48,381 for 60 to 70; $61,100 for 70 to 80; $80,449 for 80 to 90; $117,224 for 90 to 95; $165,373 for 95 to 99; 

$379,371 for 99 to 99.9 and $1,734,164 for Top .1. 

*** Assumptions: Taxes are paid out of savings, tax rates in retirement life are the same as in work life, the return on savings is taxed 

annually at statutory (ordinary) rates if each tax expenditure is eliminated, individuals self-annuitize in a non-inflation adjusted manner at 

retirement and the return on savings is equal to the discount rate. 

  The change in tax burden from tax preferred savings is estimated as the present value of the tax savings on one year's contributions to 

tax preferred retirement accounts and plans. The present value method discounts future tax payments or savings to reflect its current value. 

** *** Cash Income consists of wages and salaries, net income from a business or farm, taxable and tax-exempt interest, dividends, rental 

income, realized capital gains, cash and near-cash transfers from the government, retirement benefits, and employer-provided health 

insurance (and other employer benefits). Employer contributions for payroll taxes and the federal corporate income tax are added to place 

cash on a pre-tax basis. Families are placed into deciles based on cash income adjusted for family size, by dividing income by the square 

root of family size. 

****** The tax benefits for retirement savings measures the change in potential consumption as a result of these benefits, unlike the tax 

expenditure for retirement savings which measures the change in government revenues as a result of providing these benefits.

Distribution Table 2017 005b

Present Value of Tax Benefits for Retirement Savings as a Share of After-Tax Income 

2017 Income Levels and Law

Family Size Adjusted 

Cash Income 

Percentile

Roth Defined 

Contribution Plans and 

Accounts 

(%)

Traditional Defined 

Contribution Plans and 

Accounts 

(%)

Defined Benefit Plans 

(%)

Non-Deductible IRAs 

(%)

Saver's Credit 

(%)

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Office of Tax Analysis

March 30, 2016

2
0 to 10 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0

10 to 20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.7

20 to 30 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.2 11.9

30 to 40 1.1 0.9 1.3 0.5 21.4

40 to 50 2.4 2.1 2.6 0.5 28.0

50 to 60 4.5 3.8 4.7 1.2 22.8

60 to 70 7.8 6.7 8.0 1.7 11.0

70 to 80 16.2 12.3 14.3 4.5 2.3

80 to 90 33.6 23.7 24.6 11.4 1.2

90 to 95 20.7 19.1 18.2 16.1 0.4

95 to 99 9.4 23.0 19.0 42.3 0.2

99 to 99.9 3.4 7.0 5.7 19.5 0.0

99.9 to 100 0.3 0.8 0.8 1.9 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Amount (bil. $) 4.7 83.6 56.1 0.5 1.3

Saver's Credit 

(%)

 * Families with negative incomes are excluded from the lowest income decile but included in the total line. 

** Percentiles begin at family size-adjusted cash income of: $10,902 for 10 to 20; $16,165 for 20 to 30; $21,713 for 30 to 40; $28,753 for 40 to 

50; $37,516 for 50 to 60; $48,381 for 60 to 70; $61,100 for 70 to 80; $80,449 for 80 to 90; $117,224 for 90 to 95; $165,373 for 95 to 99; 

$379,371 for 99 to 99.9 and $1,734,164 for Top .1. 

*** Assumptions: Taxes are paid out of savings, tax rates in retirement life are the same as in work life, the return on savings is taxed annually at 

statutory (ordinary) rates if each tax expenditure is eliminated, individuals self-annuitize in a non-inflation adjusted manner at retirement and the 

return on savings is equal to the discount rate. 

  The change in tax burden from tax preferred savings is estimated as the present value of the tax savings on one year's contributions to tax 

preferred retirement accounts and plans. The present value method discounts future tax payments or savings to reflect its current value. 

** *** Cash Income consists of wages and salaries, net income from a business or farm, taxable and tax-exempt interest, dividends, rental income, 

realized capital gains, cash and near-cash transfers from the government, retirement benefits, and employer-provided health insurance (and other 

employer benefits). Employer contributions for payroll taxes and the federal corporate income tax are added to place cash on a pre-tax basis. 

Families are placed into deciles based on cash income adjusted for family size, by dividing income by the square root of family size. 

****** The tax benefits for retirement savings measures the change in potential consumption as a result of these benefits, unlike the tax 

expenditure for retirement savings which measures the change in government revenues as a result of providing these benefits.

Distribution Table 2017 005c

Share of Present Value of Tax Benefits for Retirement Savings by Income Class 

2017 Income Levels and Law

Family Size 

Adjusted Cash 

Income Percentile

Roth Defined 

Contribution Plans and 

Accounts 

(%)

Traditional Defined 

Contribution Plans and 

Accounts 

(%)

Defined Benefit Plans 

(%)

Non-Deductible IRAs 

(%)

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Office of Tax Analysis

March 30, 2016

3