DA 23-0247

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2024 MT 4

BILLY ANN MERILA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

DANIEL BRIAN BURKE,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DV-21-222

Honorable Jason Marks, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Clifford B. Irwin, Irwin Law Office, P.C., Missoula, Montana

For Appellee:

Martin Rogers, Emily Bruner, Worden Thane, P.C., Missoula, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: November 1, 2023

 Decided: January 16, 2024

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

01/16/2024

Case Number: DA 23-0247
2

Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Daniel Brian Burke appeals the order of the Fourth Judicial District Court, Missoula 

County, expelling him from MBC Partnership (“MBC”), his partnership with Billy Ann 

Merila. We affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to Merila on the ground 

that it was no longer reasonably practicable to carry on the business of the Partnership.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2 Burke and Merila formed MBC in 1993. MBC owns one piece of real property in 

Missoula, which it rents to a single tenant for $3,500 per month. MBC is governed by a 

General Partnership Agreement (“Agreement”). The Agreement provides, in relevant part, 

that “[a] partner may be expelled from the partnership in the event he files bankruptcy, 

becomes insolvent, assigns his assets for the benefit of creditors, or assigns or otherwise 

encumbers his partnership interest or any partnership property without the consent of the 

other partner(s) in violation of this agreement.” The Agreement includes a separate 

provision stating, “Any matters not specifically covered by this [Agreement] shall be 

subject to and construed in conformance with the Uniform Partnership Act.”

¶3 In January 2021, Burke wrote Merila to inform her of several MBC updates. Burke 

told Merila that he filed a second MBC tax return for 2020 and that he intended to amend 

the 2019 MBC tax return, both of which Merila already had filed through an accounting 

firm. Burke also told Merila that he would be amending their capital accounts and possibly 

other accounting due to his belief that Merila withdrew capital from the partnership without 

his consent. Burke cautioned Merila from removing any capital from the partnership 
3

account without his consent, stating that he did not trust her to exercise reasonable 

judgment. He advised Merila that he would be depositing rental receipts into a bank 

account over which Merila had no authority and that her authority to use MBC funds was 

limited to ordinary business expenses unless she obtained consent from him. Burke 

notified Merila that he would not be communicating with her and instead appointed a 

third-party agent to act on his behalf, whom he named as an authorized signor on the new 

MBC bank account. Burke requested Merila not interact with MBC’s current tenant.

¶4 Merila filed an initial complaint seeking all remedies afforded under Montana’s 

Uniform Partnership Act (UPA), including Burke’s expulsion from MBC, based on 

Merila’s belief that Burke threatened to falsify MBC’s income on its tax returns and that 

he adversely and materially affected MBC and Merila’s rights as a partner. She also moved 

for appointment of a receiver. Meanwhile, Burke—a certified public accountant (CPA)—

was convicted on six charges in federal court, unrelated to MBC, of aiding and assisting 

tax fraud. He was sentenced to twenty-four months in prison, followed by a one-year 

period of supervised release.

¶5 After a show-cause hearing, the court issued an order denying Merila’s motion to 

appoint a receiver but directing Burke to place all MBC funds in his personal possession 

into the original MBC checking account, ordering that Merila be granted direct access to 

that account, and instructing both parties to use the MBC account only for partnership 

purposes unless otherwise mutually agreed. The court also directed the parties to appoint 

a mutually agreed upon third-party CPA to complete MBC’s tax returns.
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¶6 Merila filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting that Burke should be 

expelled from the partnership for two reasons: (1) under § 35-10-616(5)(b), MCA, Burke

willfully and persistently engaged in a material breach of the Agreement and breached his 

fiduciary duties to both Merila and MBC by unilaterally changing MBC’s depository; and 

(2) under § 35-10-616(5)(c), MCA, Burke engaged in conduct that has made it not 

reasonably practicable for Merila to carry on the business in partnership with him. She 

also asserted that, should Burke be expelled, she is entitled to purchase his interest in MBC 

under the Agreement. Burke responded that the dissociation is not warranted, that any 

issues between the parties were resolved by the court’s prior order, and that MBC was 

operating as it always had.

¶7 In its summary judgment order, the court relied on § 35-10-616(5)(c), MCA, which 

allows expulsion by judicial decree if a partner engaged in conduct that has made it not 

reasonably practicable for the other to carry on the business in partnership. Noting the 

Agreement’s express reference to the UPA, the court applied the UPA provision because 

the Agreement’s expulsion provision did not address Merila’s assertions. 

¶8 The District Court stated, “the undisputed record shows that Mr. Burke has engaged 

in several instances of conduct that would make it not reasonably practicable for Ms. Merila 

to carry on MBC with him as a partner.” It found that Burke unilaterally created a new 

depository account, blocked Merila’s access to that account, and took MBC’s income from 

the First Interstate Bank of Missoula and deposited it into a new account—actions that 

Burke did not dispute during the hearing or in his response brief. The court found Burke’s 
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undisputed actions to have violated the Agreement—which states, “[t]he depository may 

change from time to time as the partners may decide,” and “[a]ny of the partners shall be 

authorized to draw checks on the partnership accounts,”—as Merila was not involved in 

Burke’s decision to change the depository, nor was she given access to it. Additionally, 

Burke attempted to instruct Merila that she needed his consent to use MBC funds in any 

way except to pay ordinary business expenses, demanded that Merila not interact with 

MBC’s tenant, and unilaterally appointed his son as an agent to act on his behalf in MBC 

matters against Merila’s wishes. The court concluded that this conduct violated the express 

provision of the Agreement that states, “[a]ll partners of the partnership shall have an equal 

voice in the management and conduct of the partnership business. All such decisions shall 

be by majority vote of the [p]artners. . . .” “[P]erhaps most importantly,” the court found, 

“[] Burke has refused to personally interact with [] Merila, beginning at least in January of 

2021.” Finally, given Burke’s federal prison sentence for filing false tax returns, the court 

expressed concern that Burke acted unilaterally to file a 2020 tax return after Merila already 

had done so through an accounting firm and that he intended also to amend the 2019 tax 

return. The court concluded that “in addition to the existing distrust and interpersonal 

issues between the parties, [] Burke’s incarceration further frustrates the practicable ability 

of the parties to carry on MBC as partners.”

¶9 Addressing Burke’s argument, the court found no dispute that MBC is operational 

but that operability is not the relevant standard. Instead, the standard is whether Burke 

engaged in conduct relating to MBC that made it not reasonably practicable for Merila to 
6

carry on the business with him as a partner. The court determined that standard was 

satisfied; it was unreasonable to expect that Merila and Burke could practicably carry on 

together as business partners.

¶10 The court declined to address Merila’s arguments under § 35-10-616(5)(b), MCA—

that Burke willfully and persistently engaged in a material breach of the Agreement and 

breached his fiduciary duties to both Merila and MBC by unilaterally changing MBC’s 

depository—because of its conclusion that Burke should be expelled from MBC by judicial 

decree under subsection (5)(c). Finding no material facts in dispute, the court thus granted 

Merila’s motion for summary judgment and ordered that the parties negotiate a purchase 

price for Burke’s interest in MBC.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶11 We review a district court’s grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, applying 

the criteria of M. R. Civ. P. 56. Krajacich v. Great Falls Clinic, LLP, 2012 MT 82, ¶ 8, 

364 Mont. 455, 276 P.3d 922 (citation omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate when 

there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law. Krajacich, ¶ 8 (citation omitted). A district court’s legal conclusions 

concerning the grant or denial of summary judgment are reviewed for correctness. 

Krajacich, ¶ 8 (citation omitted). We generally review as mixed questions of law and fact 

situations where the applicable law is undisputed and the issue is whether the facts satisfy 

the statutory standard. Citizens Right to Recall v. State, 2006 MT 192, ¶ 6, 333 Mont. 153, 
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142 P.3d 764 (citation omitted). We review mixed questions of law and fact de novo. 

Citizens Right to Recall, ¶ 6 (citation omitted).

DISCUSSION

 Did the District Court err in determining that it was no longer reasonably

practicable to carry on the business of the partnership?

¶12 Montana has enacted the UPA as chapter 10 of Title 35, MCA. Section 35-10-101, 

MCA. “Montana law provides that when a partnership agreement exists, it controls the 

rights and duties of partners.” Krajacich, ¶ 11 (quoting In re Estate of Bolinger, 1998 MT 

303, ¶ 50, 292 Mont. 97, 971 P.2d 767); accord § 35-10-106(1), MCA (“a partnership 

agreement governs relations among the partners and between the partners and the 

partnership”). Montana’s UPA controls when a partnership agreement is silent on an issue. 

See § 35-10-106(1), MCA (“To the extent the partnership agreement does not otherwise 

provide, this chapter governs relations among the partners and between the partners and 

the partnership.”).

¶13 Section 35-10-616, MCA, identifies the events that cause a partner’s dissociation 

from a partnership. Subsection (5) provides for “the partner’s expulsion by judicial decree, 

made on application by the partnership or another partner,” for one of the following 

reasons:

(a) the partner engaged in wrongful conduct that adversely and materially 

affected the partnership business;

(b) the partner willfully or persistently committed a material breach of the 

partnership agreement or of a duty owed to the partnership or the other 

partners under 35-10-405; or
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(c) the partner engaged in conduct relating to the partnership business that 

made it not reasonably practicable to carry on the business in partnership 

with that partner.

Section 35-10-616(5), MCA. The District Court relied on subsection 5(c).

¶14 Burke maintains that his expulsion was unwarranted under that provision because 

MBC continues to be “fully operational” and was not harmed by Burke’s conduct. Burke 

argues that because MBC incurred no damages, his actions “do not make it impracticable 

to run a partnership.” Merila responds that the District Court applied the correct standard

under § 35-10-616(5)(c), MCA, in concluding that Burke’s conduct made it not reasonably 

practicable for Merila to carry on the business of the partnership with Burke.

¶15 In interpreting statutes like the UPA, the role of the court “is simply to ascertain and 

declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been 

omitted or to omit what has been inserted.” Section 1-2-101, MCA. Contrary to Burke’s 

assertion, the plain language of the statute does not require proof that the partnership 

suffered damages or harm.

¶16 In Pankratz Farms, Inc. v. Pankratz, this Court considered a similar statutory 

standard for granting judicial dissolution of a partnership when it became impracticable for 

partners to conduct business with one another. 2004 MT 180, 322 Mont. 133, 95 P.3d 671. 

The business interests of a group of partners in the Pankratz family’s farming and ranching 

enterprise fractured. Pankratz, ¶¶ 17-22. As a result, a portion of the partners split off and 

formed separate business entities, which deteriorated the partners’ ability to communicate 

with each other and operate the partnership in agreement. Pankratz, ¶¶ 22-23. The partners 
9

conducted two years of failed negotiations to buy out the interests of an estranged partner 

who refused to perform some of his partnership duties. Pankratz, ¶¶ 26-27. The estranged 

partner also refused to sign documents necessary for the partnership to secure federal 

funding, and he refused to vacate certain partnership property. Pankratz, ¶¶ 34, 37. We 

held that under the dissolution statute, § 35-10-624(5)(c), MCA, once the court determined 

it was not “otherwise reasonably practicable to carry on the partnership business in 

conformity with the partnership agreement,” the statute “clearly require[d] [the 

partnership’s] dissolution[.]” Pankratz, ¶¶ 49-51. The district court thus erred when it 

declined to order dissolution after it found that good cause existed to dissolve the 

partnership. Pankratz, ¶ 51.

¶17 Similar statutory language governs a partner’s expulsion. In Brennan v. Brennan 

Associates, the Connecticut Supreme Court addressed the application of the same UPA 

provision governing expulsion of a partner. 977 A.2d 107 (Conn. 2009).1In Brennan, the 

plaintiff partner—previously convicted of felony tax fraud—sought to maintain himself as 

the sole signatory on the partnership’s checks to exercise individual control over the 

finances of the partnership and “created an atmosphere of tension” among the partners by 

wrongfully accusing the other partners of fraud. Brennan, 977 A.2d at 116-17. On appeal, 

the plaintiff did not challenge the lower court’s factual findings. Brennan, 977 A.2d at 

118. Instead, he challenged the meaning of the standard for expulsion set forth in 

1

“We have referred to other jurisdictions when interpreting a ‘uniform act’ in order to ‘effectuate 

the general purpose of making uniform the [law] among states enacting it.’” S & P Brake Supply, 

Inc. v. STEMCO LP, 2016 MT 324, ¶ 32, 385 Mont. 488, 385 P.3d 567 (quoting McCone Cnty. 

Fed. Credit Union v. Gribble, 2009 MT 290, ¶ 23, 352 Mont. 254, 216 P.3d 206).
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Connecticut’s UPA, which is substantively identical to Montana’s. Brennan, 977 A.2d at 

118-19.

2 The Connecticut Court held that the plaintiff partner’s actions, including in part 

the fact that he had not been forthright about his prior fraud conviction, led to pervasive 

and entrenched animosity that made it impracticable for the defendant partners to carry on 

in business with him. Brennan, 977 A.2d at 120-22. The plaintiff partner’s dissociation 

was the appropriate remedy. Brennan, 977 A.2d at 122.

¶18 The Brennan Court held that where “irreparable deterioration of a relationship 

between partners is a valid basis to order dissolution,” it also is a valid basis for the 

alternative remedy of dissociation of a partner. Brennan, 977 A.2d at 120. It reasoned that

the legal standard for dissolution of a partnership is identically worded to the grounds for 

expulsion of a partner. Brennan, 977 A.2d at 121. “Thus, there is no textual basis for 

imposing a higher burden of proof for dissociation than dissolution.” Brennan, 977 A.2d 

at 121 (citations omitted). Both methods through which a partner may exit a partnership 

under Montana’s UPA—dissolution or dissociation—similarly contain the “not reasonably 

practicable” standard. See § 35-10-616, MCA (dissociation); § 35-10-624, MCA 

(dissolution). “[I]dentical words used in different parts of the same act are intended to have 

the same meaning.” Sleath v. W. Mont. Home Health Servs., 2000 MT 381, ¶ 50, 304 

Mont. 1, 16 P.3d 1042 (citation omitted); see also U.S. v. Maciel-Alcala, 612 F.3d 1092, 

2 Conn. General Statutes § 34-355(5)(c) (“A partner is dissociated from a partnership upon 

occurrence of any of the following events: (5) On application by the partnership or another partner, 

the partner’s expulsion by judicial determination because (c) the partner engaged in conduct 

relating to the partnership business which makes it not reasonably practicable to carry on the 

business in partnership with the partner. . . . .”). 
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1098 (9th Cir. 2010) (“It is a normal rule of statutory construction that identical words used 

in different parts of the same act are intended to have the same meaning”).

¶19 Burke acknowledges on appeal that he “has refused to personally interact with 

Merila” and that there is a lack of trust between them. Burke’s appellate brief points to 

facts that the District Court used in examining § 35-10-616(5)(c), MCA—namely that 

Burke unilaterally created a new depository account, told Merila not to interact with 

MBC’s tenant, appointed an agent to act on his behalf, and unilaterally decided to file a 

second tax return for 2020. Burke largely admits those facts but contends instead that 

“[Merila] is more guilty than [Burke].” Burke mainly disagrees with the District Court’s 

conclusion that his incarceration frustrated the practical ability of the parties to carry on 

MBC as partners because there were “no frustrations in the operation of the partnership.” 

According to Burke, “all [MBC] needs to do” is “collect[] rent, pay[] bills, and make[] 

distributions to the partners.” The District Court provided several reasons unrelated to 

Burke’s conviction why Burke violated material portions of the Agreement. The record 

shows that the court did not err in determining that it was no longer reasonably practicable

for Merila to continue in the partnership with Burke.

¶20 As the applicable law is undisputed here, the issue is whether the facts satisfy the 

statutory standard. Citizens Right to Recall, ¶ 6. To defeat summary judgment, Burke, the 

nonmoving party, must establish that a genuine issue of material fact exists. Roe v. City of 

Missoula, 2009 MT 417, ¶ 14, 354 Mont. 1, 221 P.3d 1200. “A material fact is a fact that 

involves the elements of the cause of action or defenses at issue to an extent that 
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necessitates resolution of the issue by a trier of fact.” Roe, ¶ 14 (citation omitted). The 

party opposing a motion for summary judgment has an obligation to respond with specific 

facts showing that a genuine issue for a factfinder exists; different interpretations do not 

raise a genuine issue of material fact. State ex rel. Scanlon v. National Ass’n of Ins. 

Comm’rs, 265 Mont. 184, 188-89, 875 P.2d 340, 343 (1994). As the District Court 

correctly observed, Burke raises factual disputes that are not material. Whether MBC could 

continue to collect rent and pay its bills does not inform whether Burke and Merila 

reasonably could continue to operate as partners in the business. Burke has not provided 

this Court with specific facts showing a genuine issue of material fact. The District Court 

correctly determined that the undisputed facts satisfied the statutory standard to expel 

Burke from the partnership.

CONCLUSION

¶21 The District Court correctly applied § 35-10-616(5), MCA. With no genuine issues 

of material fact, Merila is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We affirm the court’s 

order granting Merila’s motion for summary judgment.

/S/ BETH BAKER

We Concur: 

/S/ JIM RICE

/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON