UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Tenth Circuit

Byron White United States Courthouse

1823 Stout Street

Denver, Colorado 80294

(303) 844-3157

Patrick J. Fisher, Jr. Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk Chief Deputy Clerk

February 24, 1997

TO: All recipients of the captioned opinion

RE: No. 95-2100, USA v. Leos-Quijada

 February 20, 1997

Please be advised of the following correction to the captioned decision:

On the first page of the concurrence and dissent, the letter “R” is shown as the first

initial for Judge McWilliams. The letter should be “J” for judge.

A corrected version is attached for your convenience.

Very truly yours,

Patrick Fisher, Clerk

Susie Tidwell

Deputy Clerk

encl.
*Honorable Joseph F. Weis, Jr., Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the

Third Circuit, sitting by designation.

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F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

FEB 20 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. No. 95-2100

REGINALDO LEOS-QUIJADA,

Defendant - Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO

(D.C. NO. 94-CR-217-MV)

John B. Leyba, Las Cruces, New Mexico, for Appellant.

Charles L. Barth, Assistant U.S. Attorney (John J. Kelly, United States Attorney, with him on the

brief), Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Appellee.

Before ANDERSON, McWILLIAMS, and WEIS*

, Circuit Judges.

ANDERSON, Circuit Judge.
1Deputy Schneider testified at trial that, because the Sheriff’s Office is close to the border,

he and the other officers are cross-certified as United States Customs Agents. 

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Appellant Reginaldo Leos-Quijada was charged with one count of aiding and abetting in

the importation of more than 50 kilograms of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a),

960(a)(1) and (b)(3), and 18 U.S.C. § 2, and one count of aiding and abetting in the possession of

marijuana, with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) and 18

U.S.C. § 2. Leos-Quijada filed a motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of a traffic

stop that allegedly violated his Fourth Amendment rights. After an evidentiary hearing, the

district court denied the motion to suppress. Leos-Quijada subsequently went to trial and the jury

acquitted him of the importation charge, but convicted him of aiding and abetting the possession

of marijuana with intent to distribute. Leos-Quijada now appeals his conviction arguing that (1)

the district court erred in denying his pretrial motion to suppress evidence; (2) the evidence

presented at trial was insufficient to support the conviction for aiding and abetting in the

possession of marijuana with intent to distribute; and (3) the prosecutor’s alleged misconduct

during closing argument denied him his constitutional right to a fair trial. We reverse.

I. Background

The evidence adduced at the suppression hearing revealed the following facts. On March

17, 1994, Deputy Schneider of the Hidalgo County Sheriff’s Office in Animas, New Mexico,1

received a call at 6:50 a.m. from a confidential informant who said that a vehicle was parked at

an area called Taylor Mill. The confidential informant had not personally observed the vehicle,

but was relating information from a third party, the grandson of the owner of Taylor Mill, who
2At the trial, Deputy Schneider testified that subsequent to the suppression hearing he

spoke to the confidential informant and she informed him that she was probably within an eighth

or quarter mile of the vehicle when she observed it through field glasses.

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had called her to report an unfamiliar vehicle at Taylor Mill. The confidential informant

explained that she was concerned because the vehicle was on private property and might have

been criminally trespassing. Based on this information, Deputy Schneider drove southbound on

state road 338 toward Taylor Mill. While en route, Deputy Schneider received another call from

the confidential informant who said that since her first report, she had driven toward Taylor Mill

and personally observed the vehicle with field glasses or binoculars from a quarter to half mile

distance.2

 She confirmed the vehicle description which she had relayed earlier as a silver or gray

Jeep Cherokee with Arizona license plates occupied by two males. She then reported that the

vehicle had left Taylor Mill heading northbound on state road 338 at a “high rate of speed.” The

average volume of traffic on this segment of state road 338 includes about five or six vehicles on

“a real busy day.” R. Vol. II at 75-76. Shortly after Deputy Schneider learned that the vehicle

was traveling northbound, he observed a vehicle matching the description, and occupied by two

males, heading toward him at a high rate of speed. He immediately turned around and pulled the

vehicle over without incident. The stop took place about fifteen miles from Taylor Mill. 

Deputy Schneider testified that he pulled the vehicle over based on the tip from the

confidential informant, which he believed revealed a number of suspicious factors. First, he

considered the confidential informant reliable because she had provided previous tips to the

Hidalgo County Sheriff’s Office and the Border Patrol regarding possible drug smuggling loads,

illegal aliens, and people wanted for other crimes. Based on her previous tips, Deputy Schneider

personally had discovered three marijuana loads. Deputy Schneider testified that her tips led to
3At oral argument and in his brief, appellant suggested that Deputy Schneider testified

that the confidential informant’s previous tips were “accurate only fifty percent of the time.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 6. However, a careful review of Deputy Schneider’s testimony reveals he

stated that the confidential informant’s tips led to successful apprehension fifty percent of the

time, not that her tips were accurate fifty percent of the time. See R. Vol. II at 32, 39.

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successful apprehension approximately fifty percent of the time.3

 Deputy Schneider also testified

that the vehicle seemed suspicious because it was parked in the Taylor Mill area about fifteen

miles north of the Mexican border. Taylor Mill is private property with two windmills and a set

of corrals owned by Gray Ranch as part of a “viable cattle operation.” R. Vol. II at 13. It is an

isolated desert area approximately 125 yards away from state road 338 and is accessed by a dirt

road. The area is the center of a known trail for smuggling aliens and narcotics from Mexico. Id.

at 46-48. 

After stopping the vehicle because he suspected the occupants might be involved in

smuggling narcotics or aliens, Deputy Schneider called the license plate number into the

dispatcher. He then approached the vehicle on the driver’s side and asked the driver, in his

limited Spanish, to produce a driver’s license. The driver, Leos-Quijada, indicated that he did

not have a driver’s license but provided a resident alien card. Deputy Schneider then asked the

passenger, Hector Haro-Banuelo, where he lived and he replied Mexico. But when asked for

identification or immigration documentation, Haro-Banuelo could not provide any. Deputy

Schneider testified that because the men apparently spoke little English, he had difficulty

communicating with them. 

After discovering that Leos-Quijada did not possess a driver’s license and that HaroBanuelo was a resident of Mexico who could not provide identification or documentation,

Deputy Schneider returned to his car and radioed Deputy Umphries to provide backup and the
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Border Patrol to provide Spanish assistance and to check on Haro-Banuelo’s immigration status. 

Deputy Schneider then checked New Mexico and Arizona driver records and found no

information on Leos-Quijada. Deputy Schneider testified that under the laws of New Mexico,

Leos-Quijada could not drive without a valid license. Deputy Schneider testified that while he

was waiting for backup to arrive, Leos-Quijada was “very cool, calm, [and] possessed,” while

Haro-Banuelo was “exceedingly nervous.” R. Vol. II at 41. Before the other officers arrived,

Deputy Schneider received the license plate check results indicating that the vehicle was not

registered to either Leos-Quijada or Haro-Banuelo, but rather to an owner from Tucson, Arizona,

with an English surname. 

Deputy Umphries, a narcotics officer, arrived within ten to twenty minutes of the initial

stop. Deputy Umphries interviewed both Leos-Quijada and Haro-Banuelo, asking them where

they were coming from and where they were going. Leos-Quijada told him they were going to

work in Animas at a ranch owned by Don Lakateka for whom Leos-Quijada had previously

worked. Deputy Umphries testified that this story was suspicious because he knew all the ranch

owners in Animas and he had never heard of Lakateka or any similar name. Haro-Banuelo, on

the other hand, told Deputy Umphries they were looking for work on a farm to pick chile. 

Deputy Umphries considered the men’s stories inconsistent and implausible. He testified that

there are no chile ranches in the area and that it was not chile picking season. Deputy Umphries

then asked Leos-Quijada if he had any money, narcotics, or other contraband in the vehicle, to

which he responded in the negative. Deputy Umphries asked if he could search the vehicle and

Leos-Quijada consented. Deputy Umphries testified that he asked to search because the vehicle

had come from Taylor Mill, a known narcotics smuggling area, and because he smelled a strong
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scent of air freshener, a known cover scent for marijuana. Deputy Umphries found no drugs or

drug residue, but he did find a small bottle of air freshener in front. He did not find any work

clothes or lunches, which he found inconsistent with the men’s stories that they were going to

work. 

Deputy Umphries testified that he believed the men had gone to Taylor Mill to pick up a

load of marijuana, basing his conclusion on the following facts: Haro-Banuelo was nervous, the

presence of a cover scent, the inconsistent stories, the vehicle registered to another owner, and

the “suspiciously clean vehicle.” He explained that the vehicle was suspiciously clean because

there were no clothes, lunches, stray soda cans, or any other personal belongings typically found

in vehicles. He further testified that this was consistent with drug smuggling because all the

space would be needed for the narcotics. 

Border Patrol Agent Hackworth, who speaks Spanish fluently, arrived at the scene at

about 7:40 or 7:45 a.m. Upon Deputy Schneider’s request, Agent Hackworth asked LeosQuijada about the status of his driver’s license and asked both men about their citizenship. LeosQuijada indicated that he last had a driver’s license in California which was suspended in 1986. 

The officers called the dispatcher who ran a driver’s license search in the California records and

confirmed that Leos-Quijada’s license was suspended in 1986 for driving while intoxicated. In

response to Agent Hackworth’s questions about citizenship, both men indicated they were

citizens of Mexico. Haro-Banuelo said he entered the United States on visitor status in 1992. He

said he had been granted two week visitor status, which led Agent Hackworth to conclude that

Haro-Banuelo had overstayed his visit by about two years. Haro-Banuelo also indicated that he

had been working in the United States, which Agent Hackworth knew violates visitor rules. 
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Agent Hackworth arrested Haro-Banuelo as an illegal alien and advised him of his Miranda

rights. Haro-Banuelo agreed to speak and told Agent Hackworth that Leos-Quijada knew HaroBanuelo was in the United States illegally. Based on this information, Agent Hackworth arrested

Leos-Quijada for transporting an illegal alien. Deputy Schneider issued a ticket to Leos-Quijada

for driving on a suspended license and then released both men to Agent Hackworth’s custody. 

The evidence at trial regarding the information from the confidential informant, the traffic

stop, and the eventual arrest of Haro-Banuelo and Leos-Quijada was consistent with that revealed

at the suppression hearing. At trial, Deputy Schneider further testified that during the course of

the traffic stop he also became suspicious that Leos-Quijada and Haro-Banuelo were involved in

drug smuggling based upon his experience in investigating drug smuggling and several factors--a

vehicle registered to a third party, a vehicle with Arizona license plates because most of the drugs

are going to Tucson or Phoenix, a recreational vehicle, tinted windows, Leos-Quijada had only a

resident alien card and Haro-Banuelo had no identification, Haro-Banuelo was an undocumented

alien, and the vehicle was suspiciously clean. 

The officers suspected that Leos-Quijada and Haro-Banuelo were at Taylor Mill at 6:50

a.m. to pick up a load of narcotics, but that they were scared away when they saw the confidential

informant approach in her vehicle. Deputy Umphries and Agent Villa, a border patrol agent who

had arrived sometime after Agent Hackworth, devised a plan to determine whether Leos-Quijada

and Haro-Banuelo had gone to Taylor Mill to pick up drugs. Deputy Umphries testified that,

based on his experience in conducting surveillance of drug smuggling, the occupants of “load

vehicles” often drive to the location where they are supposed to meet the mules and honk the

horn and whistle to call the drug mules to the vehicle to make the drug exchange. Deputy
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Umphries testified that in his experience the mules commonly do not know the people that are

coming to pick up the load, but rather only “know the vehicle” they are supposed to meet. R.

Vol. IV at 142. He did not explain, however, what particular characteristics of the vehicle are

known to the drug mules. 

Because Agent Villa and Deputy Umphries were both wearing plain clothes and because

Deputy Umphries was driving an unmarked Chevy S-10 Blazer which was “[s]imilar in color” to

the Jeep Cherokee, Id. at 118, the officers decided to drive Deputy Umphries’ vehicle to Taylor

Mill to pose as those they believed were going to pick up narcotics. When they arrived at Taylor

Mill the officers discovered footprints, which Agent Villa testified matched those of LeosQuijada, and tire tracks which matched those of the Jeep Cherokee that Leos-Quijada was

driving. Agent Villa testified that the footprints and tire tracks indicated that Leos-Quijada had

been in the Jeep Cherokee which the confidential informant had seen parked at Taylor Mill and

that Leos-Quijada had exited the vehicle and stood near the vehicle. Next, the officers blew the

vehicle horn several times and whistled. 

Deputy Umphries testified that within a few moments a man “came out of the brush,

down a canyon and was running towards [their] location.” Id. at 119. The individual was

motioning to the officers to come toward him. When the officers did not come toward him, he

came closer. When the individual got close to the vehicle, he suddenly stopped and then changed

his route. Because of the significance of this event, we recount the specific testimony of each

officer. Deputy Umphries testified:

He was making a beeline for our vehicle. He appeared to me that he recognized

that we weren’t exactly the people that he was supposed to meet with. He turned
4At some point Deputy Schneider and Deputy Latham had arrived at Taylor Mill to

provide assistance.

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and went down a fence line to the windmill and got a drink of water. Then he

crossed over a fence, separating him from us and the pasture.

Id. at 120.

Agent Villa testified:

He jumped over the fence and was walking toward us and he was waving to us

because he thought he was recognizing, or, you know, he displayed that in his face

that you might be, you know recognizing us and as he drew closer to us he

stopped and you could tell in his face that, you know, we were not the people that

he was supposed to encounter, or meet up with and he stopped short . . . . 

Id. at 148-49. 

The officers exited the vehicle, coaxed the man over to them, determined that he was

illegal, and arrested him. The officers found grass twine in his pockets which is consistent with

narcotics smuggling because it is used to tie the burlap sacks which contain the narcotics. Agent

Villa backtracked the man’s footprints until he discovered the tracks of six to seven individuals,

which indicated that the people were walking toward Taylor Mill and then turned and ran away

in a westwardly direction. Agent Villa followed the tracks on foot while other officers drove in

vehicles.4

 The officers in vehicles spotted six people in a canyon and the individuals turned and

started running. The officers stopped them, discovered they were also illegal, and arrested them. 

The officers arrested these men approximately a mile to a mile and a half from Taylor Mill. 

Agent Villa then backtracked the six sets of footprints which led him to bundles of marijuana. 

Agent Villa found the marijuana in a bushy area at the bottom of a creek bed. It was

found approximately one half of a mile to a mile west of Taylor Mill and a little bit north. It was

packed in cellophane bags enclosed in burlap sacks tied with twine similar to that found on the
5

In its brief and at oral argument, the government contended that the initial stop was

reasonable based on Deputy Schneider’s observation of the vehicle speeding. We agree that

under Whren v. United States, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1774 (1996), such an observed traffic violation

would justify the initial stop regardless of whether Deputy Schneider’s true motive was a hope of

discovering drugs, illegal aliens, or other illegal activity. However, the district court did not

make any findings of fact regarding whether or not Deputy Schneider observed a traffic violation. 

Accordingly, we decline to rely on such a basis when specific findings of the district court

regarding the tip from the confidential informant are sufficient to uphold the legality of the stop.

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first man the officers encountered at Taylor Mill, as well as on several of the six suspects found

near the marijuana. Deputy Schneider testified that in his experience it is common for drug

smugglers to put marijuana in burlap sacks tied with twine to form makeshift “backpacks” which

allows the smugglers to carry the marijuana on their backs or shoulders for long distances. One

of the six backpackers told Agent Villa that they were supposed to carry the marijuana to the

windmill. Agent Johnson testified the marijuana had an estimated value of $120,000 and

weighed about 145.9 pounds, an amount consistent with distribution.

II. Motion to Suppress

Leos-Quijada contends that Deputy Schneider did not have reasonable suspicion

warranting the investigatory stop and, thus, the evidence obtained as a result should have been

suppressed. The district court held that Deputy Schneider had reasonable, articulable suspicion

because the confidential informant provided information about the vehicle which was sufficiently

detailed, and Deputy Schneider verified the description of the vehicle when he encountered it on

the road.5

 We agree with the district court that the initial stop was lawful. 

In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the factual findings of the

district court unless they are clearly erroneous and we view the evidence in the light most
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favorable to the government. United States v. Botero-Ospina, 71 F.3d 783, 785 (10th Cir. 1995),

cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 2529 (1996). The ultimate determination of whether the traffic stop and

subsequent detention were reasonable under the Fourth Amendment is a question of law which

we review de novo. Id. 

A traffic stop is an investigative detention which we analyze according to the principles

set forth in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Botero-Ospina, 71 F.3d at 786. In order to conduct

a lawful investigatory stop of a vehicle, the detaining officers must have, based on all the

circumstances, “a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the particular person stopped

of criminal activity.” United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18 (1981); see also United

States v. Lambert, 46 F.3d 1064, 1069 (10th Cir. 1995) (an investigative detention must be

supported by “articulable suspicion” that the person is engaged in criminal activity). In this case,

Deputy Schneider suspected Leos-Quijada was involved in criminal activity--either smuggling

drugs or illegal aliens from Mexico--based on the tip from the confidential informant, as well as

his own observations. 

A confidential tip may justify an investigatory stop if under the totality of the

circumstances the tip furnishes both sufficient indicia of reliability and sufficient information to

provide reasonable suspicion that criminal conduct is, has, or is about to occur. Alabama v.

White, 496 U.S. 325, 328-30 (1990); United States v. Elkins, 70 F.3d 81, 83 (10th Cir. 1995). In

determining whether under the totality of the circumstances the tip is sufficiently reliable to

provide reasonable suspicion, we consider the credibility or veracity of the informant, the basis of

the informant’s knowledge, and the extent to which the police are able independently to verify

the reliability of the tip. White, 496 U.S. at 328-29, 331-32 (discussing credibility of informant
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and police verification as factors in assessing reliability of tip); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S.

143, 147-148 (1972) (same); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230 (1983) (discussing all three

factors in assessing reliability of tip in context of probable cause); Elkins, 70 F.3d at 83

(discussing police verification in assessing reliability of tip); United States v. Melendez-Garcia,

28 F.3d 1046, 1051 (10th Cir. 1994) (same).

There was testimony in this case establishing the reliability of the informant and her tip--

Deputy Schneider testified her previous tips resulted in the discovery of at least three marijuana

loads and led to successful apprehensions approximately fifty percent of the time. See United

States v. Gonzales, 897 F.2d 504, 507 (10th Cir. 1990) (affirming district court’s implied finding

that informant was reliable based on police officer’s testimony that informant had been used as a

source before, and that informant was “very much” a “reliable citizen type,” who “was reliably in

a job position”). Furthermore, although the confidential informant initially provided information

from a third party, she later confirmed the information and provided further information about

the vehicle based on her personal observations. Finally, Deputy Schneider was able to

corroborate some of the details of the confidential informant’s tip when he encountered the

vehicle; he noted that the vehicle was occupied by two males, was traveling northward, was

traveling at a high rate of speed, and fit the description relayed by the informant. In view of the

limited scope of our review, we accept the district court’s apparent conclusion that the

confidential informant and her tip were reliable. 

Thus, we turn to the content of the information provided by the confidential informant. 

The informant received information from the grandson of the owner of Taylor Mill that a sports

utility vehicle, a vehicle capable of carrying large quantities of narcotics or a number of illegal
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aliens, was parked at Taylor Mill. The fact that the information first came from the grandson of

the owner of Taylor Mill suggested that the occupants of the vehicle did not have permission to

be on the private property. Moreover, the fact, based on the informant’s personal observations,

that the vehicle was parked on the isolated private property in the desert fifteen miles north of

Mexico, apparently without permission, indicated that the occupants likely had no legitimate

reason to be there. The informant also saw the vehicle leave the area at a “high rate of speed,”

suggesting that the occupants of the vehicle had seen the confidential informant approach in her

vehicle and were leaving quickly to avoid detection. The informant gave Deputy Schneider a

detailed description of the vehicle and reported that the vehicle was heading northbound. Deputy

Schneider was confident that the vehicle he stopped was the same one which the informant had

seen parked at Taylor Mill because of the confirmed details of the report and the extremely

minimal amount of traffic (five or six cars on a busy day) on that segment of the road. 

 In determining whether an officer had reasonable suspicion warranting an investigative

stop, a court may consider the characteristics of the area, its proximity to the border, the usual

traffic patterns on the road, and the officer’s previous experience with illegal trafficking in the

area. United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 884-85 (1975); United States v. Barbee,

968 F.2d 1026, 1028 (10th Cir. 1992). Considering these factors and the other facts in this case,

we conclude that Deputy Schneider was entitled to stop the vehicle to investigate further his

suspicions that the occupants were involved in smuggling activities. In an analogous line of

cases, the Supreme Court and we have held that under similar circumstances border patrol agents

had reasonable suspicion to stop vehicles to investigate further whether the occupants were

involved in smuggling narcotics or aliens from Mexico. See, e.g., Cortez, 449 U.S. at 421 (based
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on investigation of footprints in Arizona desert area known for alien smuggling, agents suspected

an alien “pickup” would occur in the area and were entitled to stop a camper for the “limited

purpose . . . to question the occupants of the vehicle about their citizenship and immigration

status and the reasons for the round trip in a short time span in a virtually deserted area”); United

States v. Cantu, 87 F.3d 1118, 1122 (10th Cir.) (agents had reasonable suspicion to stop vehicle

as suspected “scout” vehicle after finding a load of marijuana in vehicle which had approached

checkpoint immediately after suspected scout vehicle, driver of suspected scout vehicle had told

agent at checkpoint that passenger was a United States citizen when she was not, occupant of

suspected scout vehicle had told checkpoint agent that they were traveling home in a certain

direction when the license plate on the vehicle was from a state in a different direction, and after

uncovering the marijuana in the load vehicle the scout vehicle was seen traveling back toward the

checkpoint inconsistent with the stated travel plans), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 265 (1996); see also

United States v. Lopez-Martinez, 25 F.3d 1481, 1485-87 (10th Cir. 1994). 

Therefore, because Deputy Schneider’s stop of Leos-Quijada was predicated on

reasonable articulable suspicion, the district court properly denied the motion to suppress and

admitted the evidence at trial.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Leos-Quijada asserts that the government offered insufficient evidence to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that he knowingly or intentionally possessed marijuana with the intent to

distribute. The trial court acknowledged that the evidence was “somewhat weak . . . connecting
6The district court instructed the jury that “[a] person, who although not in actual

possession, knowingly has both the power and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion

or control over a thing either directly or through another person or persons is then in constructive

possession of it.” R. Vol. IV at 201. 

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this defendant to those individuals in the desert.” R. Vol. IV at 184. Nonetheless, the court

denied the defense motion for judgment of acquittal. 

“We review a district court’s denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal viewing all the

evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the prosecution.” 

United States v. DeLuna, 10 F.3d 1529, 1553 (10th Cir. 1993) (quoting United States v. Young,

954 F.2d 614, 616 (10th Cir. 1992)). The motion must be denied if any rational trier of fact

could have found each essential element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Although

the jury may draw reasonable inferences from direct and circumstantial evidence, such inferences

must be more than speculation and conjecture in order to be reasonable, and the conviction must

not be obtained by piling inference upon inference. United States v. Jones, 49 F.3d 628, 633

(10th Cir. 1995); United States v. Jones, 44 F.3d 860, 865 (10th Cir. 1995). Moreover, the

evidence supporting conviction must be substantial and must do more than raise a mere suspicion

of the defendant’s guilt. United States v. Torres, 53 F.3d 1129, 1133-34 (10th Cir.) (citing

United States v. Sanders, 928 F.2d 940, 944 (10th Cir. 1991)), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2599, and,

116 S. Ct. 220 (1995). 

 The prosecution’s theory of the case, as demonstrated by the prosecutor’s opening

statement and closing argument, was that the seven people arrested at or near Taylor Mill had

actual or constructive possession6 of the marijuana which they had carried or “backpacked” to

that location as part of a criminal venture in which Leos-Quijada participated by driving the load
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vehicle to Taylor Mill to pick up the drugs. Accordingly, the prosecution argued, Leos-Quijada

aided and abetted in the possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. 

 “Whoever . . . aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures [the] commission [of

a crime] is punishable as a principal.” 18 U.S.C. § 2(a). To be guilty of aiding and abetting the

commission of a crime, the defendant must willfully associate himself with the criminal venture

and seek to make the venture succeed through some action of his own. United States v.

McKneely, 69 F.3d 1067, 1072 (10th Cir. 1995); DeLuna, 10 F.3d at 1533-34. Participation in

the criminal venture may be established by circumstantial evidence and the level of participation

may be of “relatively slight moment.” McKneely, 69 F.3d at 1072 (quotations omitted); United

States v. Esparsen, 930 F.2d 1461, 1470 (10th Cir. 1991). The issue we face is whether the

government presented sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude beyond a reasonable

doubt that Leos-Quijada drove to Taylor Mill to pick up the drugs. We conclude that the

government did not present sufficient evidence. 

The government relies on the following evidence to prove that Leos-Quijada went to

Taylor Mill to pick up the drugs. Leos-Quijada was parked in the Jeep Cherokee at Taylor Mill

at 6:50 in the morning, got out of the vehicle and stood near it, and then left at a high rate of

speed shortly after the confidential informant approached in her vehicle. An hour or so later

officers returned to Taylor Mill in a sports utility vehicle of a similar color to the Jeep Cherokee. 

Deputy Umphries testified that he believed this decoy might work because in his experience the

drug mules often only “know the vehicle” which is supposed to meet them. R. Vol. IV at 142. 

Consistent with the signals which in their experience had been used by the occupants of load

vehicles to alert drug mules, the officers honked and whistled. Soon thereafter a man emerged
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from the desert and ran towards them, but apparently realizing that the officers were not the

people he was supposed to meet, he altered his direction as if to avoid them. After the officers

arrested the man, Agent Villa backtracked his footprints to the other six individuals in the desert

and then backtracked their footprints to the marijuana. All of this occurred in the early hours of

the morning in an isolated desert area known as a trail for drug smuggling. 

This case requires the fact finder to pile inference upon inference in order to conclude that

Leos-Quijada participated in a criminal venture to possess and distribute drugs. First, the fact

finder must infer that Leos-Quijada went to Taylor Mill to alert the drug mules in the desert to

bring the drugs to the vehicle. However, there was no evidence that Leos-Quijada or HaroBanuelo honked, whistled, or otherwise attempted to communicate with the persons hiding in the

desert. 

Second, the fact finder must infer that the man in the desert knew the type of vehicle he

was supposed to meet and that he approached the officers because they were driving a vehicle

similar enough to be confused with the Jeep Cherokee. Besides Deputy Umphries’ testimony

that the mules often “know the vehicle” they are supposed to meet, there was no evidence that

these mules were supposed to meet a certain vehicle or the characteristics of the vehicle. While

one backpacker admitted that they were supposed to carry the drugs to the windmill, he did not

indicate who they were supposed to meet or how they were to identify the person or persons. 

Further, while the jury certainly could have concluded that sport utility vehicles of different

makes but of like color are very similar, there is no evidence that the man in the desert was

responding to the vehicle. Agent Villa testified that the man “was recognizing, or, you know, he

displayed that in his face that you might be, you know recognizing us,” but there was no evidence
-19-

whether the display of recognition was directed at the silver or gray colored sports utility vehicle,

at the physical characteristics of the officers, at the honking and whistling of the officers, or

merely the location of the officers near the windmills.

Third, the fact finder must infer that the man in the desert responded to the officers for the

purpose of making a drug exchange. While this inference is certainly reasonable, it is an

inference tacked on to a string of inferences such that the jury’s final determination that LeosQuijada aided and abetted the possession of drugs with intent to distribute is too speculative. 

The government also relied on a number of factors which did not specifically link LeosQuijada to the drugs in the desert, but which, according to the officers, indicated that he fit the

profile of the driver of a load vehicle. Leos-Quijada and Haro-Banuelo were suspicious because

Haro-Banuelo was nervous, they told inconsistent stories about their travel plans, they had no

clothing or lunches appropriate for the work they claimed to seek, and Leos-Quijada had little

identification while Haro-Banuelo had no identification. The Jeep Cherokee was suspicious

because of the presence of a strong air freshener scent and the bottle of air freshener, it was

registered to a third party in Arizona, it was exceedingly clean, it was a sport utility model

capable of carrying a large cargo, and it had tinted windows. While most of these factors are

consistent with innocent behavior, they are relevant, especially in aggregate, of drug activity. 

Nonetheless, they are not enough to transform the government’s weak evidence connecting LeosQuijada to the particular drug venture near Taylor Mill into proof beyond a reasonable doubt. 

 

In a similar case, we found the evidence of a defendant’s proximity to illegal activity and

other suspicious factors insufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v.
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McMahon, 562 F.2d 1192 (10th Cir. 1977), involved an appeal by a defendant who was

convicted by a jury of aiding and abetting the transportation of illegal aliens. The evidence was

that a directional sensor device near the border registered the passage of two vehicles in a short

time span on a road known as a route to avoid the checkpoint. The border patrol agents went to

the area and saw a car with a CB antenna but did not see a second vehicle follow. The agents

returned to the checkpoint and later the sensor again registered two vehicles. The agents went to

the area and saw the same car with a CB antenna but did not see a second vehicle. This time the

agents concluded that a second vehicle did not follow because the car was warning the vehicle

via CB that the agents were in the area. The agents quickly headed toward a high spot where

they could see a truck heading away from the sensor and upon stopping the truck they discovered

it contained eleven illegal aliens. The agents then proceeded back in the direction of the car and

found that the car had turned around and stopped on the side of the road. The defendant was

driving the car and the agents learned that he and a passenger in the truck were brothers-in-law. 

The officers also located CB radios in both vehicles. 

The government’s theory in McMahon was that the defendant aided and abetted the

criminal venture by driving a “scout car” to warn the truck of the location of the border agents,

that the vehicles communicated by CB radios, that both times when the border patrol agents

arrived at the area and saw the scout car, the truck did not follow because the car had warned the

truck via CB radio that the agents were in the area, and that when the agents were able to stop the

truck by quickly driving to a high spot, the defendant’s car had turned around to check what had

happened to the truck. We determined that the government’s circumstantial case of aiding and

abetting was insufficient to support the conviction. After considering all the circumstantial
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evidence, we noted that “there was no proof of any incriminating contacts by defendant with the

load car occupants.” Id. at 1196. We concluded that “the observation of the [car] in the general

vicinity and its movement do not reasonably support an inference that the defendant was aiding

the movement of the aliens with the requisite knowledge to establish criminal intent. Mere

presence in such circumstances may create suspicion, but it does not establish participation or

guilt.” Id.

Likewise, in the present case we have circumstances which create a strong suspicion that

Leos-Quijada was in the Taylor Mill area for the purpose of picking up drugs. However, such

circumstances are not enough to establish Leos-Quijada’s participation beyond a reasonable

doubt. Just as the McMahon car was seen in the vicinity of the truck carrying illegal aliens,

Leos-Quijada’s vehicle was seen at Taylor Mill one half mile to a mile from where the drugs

were found an hour or so later. The McMahon car was also observed acting suspiciously in that

it twice turned around and headed the opposite direction and even stopped after the truck was

stopped. Likewise, Leos-Quijada’s vehicle was observed leaving the Taylor Mill area at a high

rate of speed after the confidential informant arrived at the area. Finally, in the McMahon case

there were circumstances linking the alleged lead car and load car: both had CB radios, the car

seemed to turn around when the truck did, the truck turned around after speaking in the CB, and

there was a brother-in-law relationship between the driver of the car and a passenger in the truck. 

In the present case, the only circumstances linking the backpackers in the desert with LeosQuijada were his presence in the general vicinity and the fact that when law enforcement officers

arrived at Taylor Mill in a sports utility vehicle of a similar color to the vehicle driven by LeosQuijada, the man in the desert responded to the honking and whistling. 
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After carefully reviewing the record in this case, we conclude that a reasonable jury could

not find Leos-Quijada guilty of aiding and abetting the possession of marijuana with intent to

distribute beyond a reasonable doubt. Because of this disposition, we do not reach the issue of

prosecutorial misconduct.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE Leos-Quijada’s conviction.
No. 95-2100, United States v. Leos-Quijada

McWilliams, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part. 

I agree with that part of the majority opinion which holds that the district court did

not err in denying the defendant’s motion to suppress. I dissent from that part of the

majority opinion which holds that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s

verdict that the defendant knowingly and intentionally aided and abetted others in

possessing marijuana with an intent to distribute.

At the conclusion of the government’s case, the defendant moved for a judgment

of acquittal. The district court denied that motion and defense counsel rested his case,

calling no witnesses. So, this is not a case that involves conflicting testimony. Rather,

the question is whether the government’s evidence is legally sufficient to support the

jury’s guilty verdict. I believe it is.

The majority opinion fairly and accurately summarizes the government’s evidence. 

As the majority opinion states, when Agent Villa and Deputy Umphries arrived at the

Taylor Mill, they “discovered footprints, which Agent Villa testified matched those of

Leos-Quijada, and tire tracks which matched those of the Jeep Cherokee that LeosQuijada was driving. Agent Villa testified that the footprints and tire tracks indicated that

Leos-Quijada had been in the Jeep Cherokee which the confidential informant had seen

parked at Taylor Mill and that Leos-Quijada had exited the vehicle and stood near the
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vehicle . . . .” Further, as the majority opinion notes, the Taylor Mill was located in a

desolate area in Southern New Mexico about 15 miles from the boundary between the

United States and Mexico. So, the jury could well conclude that the defendant, LeosQuijada, was at the so-called “scene of the crime” and was there at about 6:50 a.m!

Moments later, and not too many miles away from Taylor Mill, Leos-Quijada,

driving the Jeep Cherokee, was stopped by officers. The majority opinion fully recites

what occurred at that time, itemizing the conflicting and sometimes inherently improbable

statements made by Leos-Quijado and his companion. The foregoing, in my view,

supports the prosecutor’s theory of the case, namely that Leon-Quijado and his

companion had gone to the Taylor Mill area at 6:50 a.m. to pick up a load of marijuana

and were scared off by the officers’ confidential informant who was surveying the scene

with field glasses about an eighth to a quarter mile away.

In short, the majority opinion convinces me that there is sufficient evidence to

support the jury’s verdict.