United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois  60604

Argued April 25, 2013

Decided August 6, 2013

Before

DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

JOHN Z. LEE, District Judge*

No. 12‐3482

Anthony Cooper, individually and on

behalf of others similarly situated,

Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

Asset Acceptance, LLC,

Defendant‐Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Southern District of

Illinois

No. 11‐CV‐906

Michael J. Reagan, Judge.

O R D E R

I. Facts

In October 2004, Anthony Cooper opened a personal line of credit with

Household Finance Corporation III (“HSBC”). He signed an account agreement that

included a standard arbitration rider requiring him to arbitrate “any claim, dispute, or

controversy.” Cooper took a cash advance on the account, but was unable to meet his

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

*

 John Z. Lee, District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
No. 12-3482 Page 2

payment obligations and defaulted. Near the end of July 2007, Asset Acceptance

(“Asset”), a debt collection company, purchased a portfolio of delinquent accounts,

including Cooper’s, from HSBC. Two years later, Asset filed suit against Cooper in

Illinois state court for the full amount owed on the account (at this point, $15,635.28).

The court assigned the matter to arbitration, and in September 2010, the arbitrators

entered an award in Asset’s favor. Cooper filed a rejection to the arbitration award, and

the case was returned to state court.

The court then held a bench trial, and on January 11, 2011, the court found in

favor of Asset and awarded it $15,731.12, plus costs. Cooper appealed, but while the

appeal was pending, the parties reached a settlement agreement. The terms of the

settlement included dismissing the appeal, vacating the judgment of the court, and

dismissing the underlying lawsuit with prejudice. After the suit was dismissed, Cooper

filed suit in Illinois state court on behalf of himself and as a putative class against Asset.

Cooper’s two‐count complaint alleged that (1) Asset violated Section 8 of the Illinois

Consumer Agency Act (“ICAA”) by employing invalid assignment practices, and that

(2) Asset was unjustly enriched by violating the law.

Asset removed the case to federal court in October 2011 and shortly thereafter

filed a motion to dismiss Cooper’s complaint While that motion was pending, the

parties participated in several scheduling conferences. In December, Cooper sought an

additional twenty‐eight days to file his response to Asset’s motion to dismiss. The

district court granted the motion, and Cooper then filed his response in January 2012, to

which Asset filed a reply. While Asset’s motion to dismiss remained pending, the

parties proceeded to discovery. In February, Cooper served Asset with interrogatories

and request for documents. Asset filed its responses (which consisted entirely of

objections) to Cooper’s requests in March, and shortly thereafter served Cooper with its

own discovery  requests. The district court scheduled a discovery dispute conference

for late April, and shortly before the conference, Asset filed a motion to stay discovery.

During this time, Asset also offered to settle Cooper’s claims individually and on a non‐

class basis.2

The district court denied Asset’s motion to stay discovery, and shortly thereafter,

it also denied Asset’s motion to dismiss. Asset then filed a motion to compel arbitration.

2

 Cooper rejected the settlement offer on the grounds that he could not settle the case

because he had filed a Motion for Class Certification in Illinois state court prior to removal,

which prevented him from accepting an individual settlement. Both the district court and Asset

were unaware that this class certification motion had been filed. 
No. 12-3482 Page 3

While the district court was considering this motion, the parties continued to exchange

responses to discovery requests. Cooper responded to Asset’s motion to compel

arbitration in June 2012 and opposed it. Around this time, both parties informed the

district court that they had resolved their discovery disputes. In October 2012, the

district court granted Asset’s motion to compel arbitration and dismissed Cooper’s case

without prejudice. Cooper now appeals the district court’s order granting Asset’s

motion to compel arbitration and dismissing his case.

II. Discussion

The arbitration rider Cooper assented to when he signed his account agreement

with HSBC requires him to arbitrate “any claim, dispute, or controversy” arising from

the account. There is no dispute that this is broad enough to cover Cooper’s claims

against Asset, but Cooper claims that Asset waived its right to arbitrate the case.

Contractual rights can be waived, see St. Mary’s Med. Ctr. of Evansville, Inc. v. Disco

Aluminum Prods. Co., Inc., 969 F.2d 585, 587 (7th Cir. 2002), and the only issue on appeal

is whether Asset waived its right to arbitrate Cooper’s claims. Such waiver can be either

explicit or inferred from a party’s actions, see id., and here, the parties agree that Asset

did not explicitly waive its right to arbitrate. The question we must consider, then, is

whether waiver can be inferred from Asset’s course of conduct prior to filing its motion

to compel arbitration.

The district court ruled that Asset had not waived its right to compel arbitration

and then granted Asset’s motion to compel arbitration and dismissed Cooper’s case

without prejudice. While the factual findings that led to the district court’s conclusion

are reviewed for clear error, “the question of whether [Asset’s] conduct amounts to

waiver is reviewed de novo.” Kawasaki Heavy Indus., Ltd. v. Bombardier Recreational

Prods., Inc., 660 F.3d 988, 994 (7th Cir. 2011) (internal quotations omitted). We must

determine whether, “considering the totality of the circumstances, a party acted

inconsistently with the right to arbitrate.” Id. We focus on several factors when making

this determination, including whether the party attempting to invoke its right to

arbitrate acted diligently in doing so, whether the invoking party participated in

litigation, substantially delayed its request for arbitration, or participated in discovery.

Id. We also consider the degree of prejudice that would be suffered by the party against

whom arbitration has been invoked. See St. Mary’s, 969 F.2d at 590. Finally, we have

held that “when a party chooses to proceed in a judicial forum, there is a rebuttable

presumption that the party has waived its right to arbitrate.” Kawasaki, 660 F.3d at 995.
No. 12-3482 Page 4

Cooper argues that Asset’s conduct showed that it fully intended to participate in

the litigation. He submits that Asset failed to move for arbitration in state court,

removed the case from state to federal court, moved to dismiss the case, and

participated in discovery and various scheduling conferences. This course of conduct,

he contends, shows that Asset fully intended to litigate the case in a judicial forum and

thereby waived its right to invoke arbitration. In support of his argument, he relies

chiefly on St. Mary’s, 969 F.2d 585, and on Cabintree of Wis., Inc. v. Kraftmaid Cabinetry,

Inc., 50 F.3d 388 (7th Cir. 1995). In St. Mary’s, we held that the defendant’s filing of a

motion to dismiss or for summary judgment demonstrated an intent to proceed with

litigation. 969 F.2d at 589. We also discussed the key differences between a mere motion

to dismiss and a motion for summary judgment, which would terminate “the case just

as surely as a judgment entered after a trial.” Id. Here, Asset moved to dismiss the case,

not for summary judgment, and also moved to stay discovery pending the motion’s

resolution. Such actions do not show the clear intent to litigate that we saw in St. Mary’s.

And as we recently held in Kawasaki, a party does not waive its right to arbitrate simply

by filing a motion to dismiss. 660 F.3d at 995.

Cooper’s reliance on Cabintree is likewise unavailing. In Cabintree, the defendant

removed the case to federal court and participated in extensive discovery. 50 F.3d at

389. Considering both the removal and the extensive participation in discovery, we held

that the defendant chose to proceed in litigation, which triggered a presumption of

waiver. Id. at 390‐91. The defendant could not overcome that presumption, and we

ruled that it had waived its right to arbitrate. Id. While Asset did remove the case to

federal court, its participation in discovery was not as extensive as that of the defendant

in Cabintree. Furthermore, Asset moved to stay discovery while its motion to dismiss

was pending, which evinced its desire not to participate in litigation. It only did so

because the district court denied its motion to stay.

Moreover, in Cabintree the defendant waited to file its motion to compel

arbitration until six months before the trial date, effectively “dropp[ing] a bombshell”

into the proceedings. Id. at 389. Here, Asset filed its motion to compel arbitration

fourteen months prior to the trial date, but immediately after the district court declined

to grant its motion to dismiss. As another district court cogently observed, this “modest

delay in [filing a motion to compel arbitration] certainly is nothing extraordinary amid

the delay endemic to the world of the law and does not shock the Court’s conscience.”

Nat’l Loan Exch., Inc. v. LR Receivables Corp., No. 08–527–GPM, 2009 WL 466459, at *3

(S.D. Ill. Feb. 25, 2009). Here, there was no “bombshell” dropped into the litigation, and

any delay in Asset’s filing of its motion to compel arbitration resulted from waiting for
No. 12-3482 Page 5

the district court’s ruling on its motion to dismiss. Finally, any presumption of waiver

due to Asset’s removal of the case to federal court is rebuttable where a party’s

activities did not “signify an intention to proceed in a court to the exclusion of

arbitration.” Cabintree, 50 F.3d. at 390. We see no clear error in the district court’s

determination that Asset did not commit to a non‐arbitral resolution of its dispute with

Cooper, particularly in light of the fact that Asset attempted to stay discovery and only

participated in discovery because the district court declined to do so.3

III. Conclusion

In short, Asset did not waive its right to invoke arbitration. The facts that Asset

removed the case to federal court and filed a motion to dismiss are not sufficient, in the

totality of the circumstances here, for finding waiver, particularly in light of the fact that

Asset only participated in discovery because the district court declined to stay

discovery pending its ruling on the motion to dismiss. The district court properly

weighed the relevant factors and determined that Asset did not waive its right to

arbitrate the case. We see no error in that conclusion, given the strong federal policy in

favor of arbitration. Therefore, the district court’s order granting Asset’s motion to

compel arbitration and dismissing Cooper’s case without prejudice is

AFFIRMED.

3

 We also note that this is the second round of litigation in this case, as Cooper had

already been sued by, and then settled with, Asset after arbitration and a bench trial. These kinds

of collection disputes are best resolved in arbitration, and any prejudice Cooper might suffer as a

result of being compelled to arbitrate his claims is minimal here. He can object to whatever

decision the arbitrators ultimately reach and challenge it in court. The district court, in its sound

discretion, clearly thought that this matter should be resolved in arbitration, and we will not

disturb its order.