OVERVIEWAhmedAbou‐SayedAdvantekInternationalSustainable Fracturing RationaletoReach Well Objectives –The Impact of Uncertainties and complexitiesonCompliance Assurances

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEVariety of Fracturing ConfigurationsFrac PackHigh PermSelectiveStimulationLongitudinalFracturesMultiple TransverseFracturesSelective/ WholeMatrix TreatmentStimulation forSelective Injectivity

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEMIGRATION,BREACHING&FAULT/SEALINTEGRITYDeepest Protected AquiferFault Dipping at ~xoDistanceftDistanceftTop of Injection LayerTop of Upper Containment LayerLeak Rate ft3/minInvasion Rate ft3/minLithology Markers

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEFracture Shape & ProppantConcentration DiagramFor Different InjectionScenarios and ComplexModels25003000350040004500500055004752 ft Injection PointMid Sand Layers Modeled5390 bbls Injected0.81 psi/ft Shale Stress Gradient3280 ft Injection PointMid Sand Layers Modeled14000 bbls Injected0.85 psi/ft Stress Gradient4752 ft Injection PointMid Sand Layers Not Modeled13400 bbls Injected0.81 psi/ft Stress Gradient1.2.3.PropConcentration0.6135940.5726880.5317810.4908750.4499690.4090630.3681560.327250.2863440.2454380.2045310.1636250.1227190.08181250.04090630.6240.5930.5630.5320.5010.4710.4400.4090.3790.3480.3170.2870.2560.2250.195PropConcentration0.6135940.5726880.5317810.4908750.4499690.4090630.3681560.327250.2863440.2454380.2045310.1636250.1227190.08181250.04090633280 ftCasing Shoe4752 ftCasing Shoe1.2.3.Depth(ft TVD)4752ft4752ft3280 ft

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCESTRESSANISOTROPYEFFECT40-600100200300400500600IncreasedInterceptPressure(psi)20-400-200-3060-9030-605666696Well Deviation(degrees)Well Azimuth(degrees)Number of wells incategoryInjectorFractureσhmaxσhmin

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEFractured Horizontal Wells02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,0000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000Deviation from Vertical (ft)Maersk MF-A15Tate Unrein #4TipTop #77X-17G, 14-8, 33-16J. Snowden #7Mordred 48/12c-SSoehlingen Z-10Ameland 204Parks #19-29, 14-20, 24-1, HC-23, TX-C1Witt 2-5Tip Top 14-16Rhodes #4White 3,4Parks 9-4

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEp gShmaxShminx - linked gel plugpressure operated vent1st treatment2nd treatment2000 -3000'Pump into annulusPump into tbgShmaxShminFracture2200' - 5000'

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEHorizontal Well Technology (Completions/Stimulation)Multiple - Simultaneous transverse fracturing: cased holeShmaxShminA - Zone Pre - conditioningIndividual breakdownsimultaneous extreme OBperforationstim propellant fracture( frac 1 bigger than frac 2 )11B -Pumping with doublerate in limited entryperforation

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEGas PotentialEffect of Number of Fractures on Cum Production0510 15Time (days × 10^3)0102030

Gas Cum. Production (MMscf × 10^3)(1)(3)(2)(1) 7 Fracs(2) 5 Fracs(3) 3 Fracs

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEGas PotentialEffect of Fracture Length on Cumulative Production0510 15Time (days × 10^3)0102030

Gas Cum. Production (MMscf × 10^3)(1)(2)(3)(4)(1) Lf = 500 ft(2) Lf = 300 ft(3) Lf = 150 ft(4) Lf = 100 ft

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCE1000m13- 3/8" @ 1000m MD9- 5/8" @ 2950m MD4- 1/2" Frac & Production Tubing7" Liner @ 4576m MDRetrievable Bridge Plug5" Cemented Liner with 5" HW Joints for setting Bridge Plugs (1484m)5" HW JointsCases 2B: 5" CompletionPBRMulti-Frac Horizontal Well

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEPRESSURE DURINGSEQUENTIALPUMPING0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000Time (min)0500100015002000

Bottomhole Pressure (PSI)Atoka InjectionsBHP80100120140160180 Temp (f)TempStress along Well due toConcurrent Parallel FracturesPressure Increase dueto Series FracturesConcurrent FracturesInjected FluidPlugged Tip ZoneNewFracture

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCE• Stronglyanisotropic,layeredstressfieldMULTIPLE FRACTURING OF LONG HORIZONTAL WELLS– ANISOTROPICSTRESS

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEFRACTURENETWORK IN AWEAKLYANISOTROPICSTRESSFIELDAfter Olson, ARMA 2008Conjugate Fractures

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCECONCLUDINGREMARKS

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCE• HydraulicfracturinghasbeenareliablecontributortoUSO&Gsupplyforhalfacentury.Theymustbethoroughlydesigned• Fracturedesignrequiressite/wellspecificinput,routinerecipesolutionsarenotappropriateforassurance.• Welltrajectoriesvis avis stressfieldazimuthplayamajorroleinestablishingtreatmentpressuresandwellconnectivity.• Breaching,lossofcontainmentandfrac fluidmigrationneedalwaysbesignificantfactorsinjobdesignandimplementation.• Assurancemustbeaprimaryfactorinstimulationviacompletedatacollection,sophisticatedmodelingandlivemonitoring.• Pressuretransienttestshaveadvancedandarecurrentlysufficientandnecessaryforbetteridentificationoffractures.• MultiplefracturesinsinglewellsmustbedesignedwithsufficientcertaintyandcomplexitiesandneedclosemonitoringCONCLUDINGREMARKS

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCE

# EPA FRACTURING DESIGN and ASSURANCEHalf Fracture Length (ft)

Fracture Height (ft)05001000-400-300-200-10001002003004005001.1061.0330.9590.8860.8130.7400.6670.5940.5200.4470.3740.3010.2280.1550.081Fracture Shape and Width (inches)(V = 14000 bbls at 4 bpm w/o Solids)High Leakoff0 1000 2000 3000Half Fracture Length (ft)-50005001000150020002500

Fracture Height (ft)0.5500.5040.4570.4110.3650.3180.2720.2250.1790.1330.0860.040Solids Concentration By VolumeSolid particles were simulated as2 ppg proppant. Solid pluggingand dehydration are indicatedwhen the fracture enters into thepermeable sand (at the top).0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Half Fracture Length (ft)-1000-50005001000

Fracture Height (ft)0.8230.7680.7140.6590.6050.5510.4960.4420.3880.3330.2790.2250.1700.1160.061Modulus BarrierWidth (in)Layer with High Elastic ModulusHigh StiffnessStress BarrierStrengthHalf Fracture Length (ft)

Fracture Height (ft)0100200300400500600700-200-10001002003000.6240.5930.5630.5320.5010.4710.4400.4090.3790.3480.3170.2870.2560.2250.195Solid Concentration by VomuleSchematic ofStress ProfileComplex Medelling