FILED

May 26, 1999

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate Court Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE, 

AT NASHVILLE 

_______________________________________________________

)

IN THE MATTER OF: ) Davidson County Juvenile Court

M.C.G. ) No. 9719-32119

)

) C.A. No. 01A01-9809-JV-00461

)

______________________________________________________________________________

From the Juvenile Court of Davidson County at Nashville.

Honorable Andrew J. Shookhoff, Judge 

Kathleen G. Morris, Nashville, Tennessee

Attorney for Petitioner/Appellant.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter

Douglas Earl Dimond, Assistant Attorney General

Attorneys for Respondent/Appellee.

OPINION FILED:

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

FARMER, J.

CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S.: (Concurs)

HIGHERS, J.: (Concurs)
Christy Gower (Mother) appeals the trial court’s judgment terminating her parental

rights to her minor son, M.C.G. We affirm the trial court’s judgment based on our conclusion that

the record contains clear and convincing evidence to support the court’s findings that the Mother had

abandoned M.C.G. and that termination of the Mother’s parental rights was in M.C.G.’s best

interests.

M.C.G. was born in April 1996. In January 1997, when M.C.G. was less than one

year old, the Mother was arrested for attempting to buy illegal drugs from an undercover police

officer. Because M.C.G. was with the Mother at the time of her arrest, the Metro Police Department

contacted the Department of Children’s Services (DCS). DCS subsequently filed a petition in which

it sought an adjudication that M.C.G. was a dependent and neglected child and asked that M.C.G.

be placed in the custody of the Mother’s brother and his wife. See T.C.A. § 37-1-102(b)(12) (1996).

Pursuant to a subsequent settlement agreement reached by the parties, the trial court entered an order

adjudicating M.C.G. to be a dependent and neglected child due primarily to the Mother’s long-term

addiction to Dilaudid. The trial court’s order placed M.C.G. in the joint legal custody of (1) the

Mother and (2) the Mother’s brother and his wife, with the latter to have physical custody of M.C.G.

At a May 6, 1997, dispositional hearing, the trial court was informed that the

Mother’s brother and his wife had returned M.C.G. to the Mother’s care several days previously.

By this time, the Mother was participating in a methadone treatment program in Bowling Green,

Kentucky, and she lived in a motel there. Based upon the evidence presented at the May 1997

hearing, which included the telephonic testimony of a counselor at the methadone treatment center

in Bowling Green, the trial court entered an order placing M.C.G. in the legal custody of DCS. The

trial court’s order indicated that such custody would be “for a very short period of time” and that the

court would review the matter “for possible return of custody to the mother on June 5, 1997.” 

After the May 1997 dispositional hearing, DCS employees did not have any contact

with the Mother again until November 1997. At a hearing held December 9, 1997, the trial court

was informed that the Mother had contacted Peggy Carter at DCS. The Mother had not asked to visit

M.C.G., however, and had told Carter that “it would take her a while to get herself together.” In its

order entered after the hearing, the trial court changed the permanency goal for M.C.G. from the
concurrent goals of “return to parent” and “adoption” to the single goal of “adoption.” By this time,

M.C.G.’s father, the Mother’s estranged husband, had surrendered his parental rights to M.C.G. 

Although the permanency goal for M.C.G. had changed to adoption, DCS still

prepared and discussed a plan of care with the Mother. During this discussion, which took place in

either December 1997 or January 1998, DCS case manager Peggy Carter described to the Mother

the tasks that would be expected of her. These tasks required the Mother to (1) complete treatment

for her drug addiction, (2) remain drug free, (3) make contact with DCS and visit M.C.G. on a

regular basis, (4) maintain a known address, and (5) obtain employment so that she could support

M.C.G. Under this arrangement, the Mother was expected to call DCS at the beginning of each

week if she wanted to schedule a visit with M.C.G. during that week.

On January 15, 1998, the Mother attended her first scheduled visit with M.C.G.

During the visit, Peggy Carter asked the Mother to provide a urine sample for a drug screen, but the

Mother claimed that she could not urinate because she had a bladder infection. 

At a January 28, 1998, hearing attended by the Mother, Peggy Carter reported that

DCS had prepared a petition to terminate the Mother’s parental rights. The trial court set the

appearance date for February 11, 1998, and indicated that the Mother’s former attorney, Kathleen

Morris, would be asked to represent the Mother. 

On January 29, 1998, the Mother arrived at DCS at about 10:10 a.m. for her second

scheduled visit with M.C.G. During this visit, Peggy Carter again asked the Mother to provide a

urine sample for a drug screen. The Mother agreed but stated that she “couldn’t go right now.”

When Carter checked with the Mother about one hour later, the Mother claimed that she “still

couldn’t go.” About one and one-half hours after the Mother’s arrival, Carter left the room for about

fifteen minutes to discuss another case with a coworker. When Carter returned, the Mother informed

her that she had gone to the bathroom while Carter was gone. The Mother never did provide the

requested urine sample.

On February 11, 1998, DCS filed a petition to terminate the Mother’s parental rights.

As grounds for termination, DCS alleged (1) that the Mother had abandoned M.C.G. pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated sections 36-1-102(1)(A)(I) and (iv) by willfully failing to visit M.C.G.

for more than four consecutive months and by failing to make any contribution toward M.C.G.’s

support, (2) that, pursuant to section 36-1-113(g)(3)(A), M.C.G. had been removed from the

Mother’s home for more than six months and the conditions which led to his removal still persisted

with little likelihood that they would be remedied at an early date, and (3) that the Mother

substantially had failed to comply with the statement of responsibilities in the plan of care for

M.C.G. See T.C.A. § 36-1-113(g)(2) (Supp. 1997). 

After the termination petition was filed, the Mother began visiting M.C.G. on a more

regular basis. The Mother visited with M.C.G. on February 19 and on March 2, 12, and 19, 1998.

When the Mother arrived at DCS on March 26, 1998, however, she was informed by case manager

Kelly Windsor that DCS was suspending the Mother’s visitation with M.C.G. until after the

termination hearing, which was scheduled for April 7, 1998. 

On April 22, 1998, after the termination hearing had been continued, DCS filed a

motion to suspend the Mother’s visitation with M.C.G. pending the outcome of the termination of

parental rights hearing. When the Mother opposed the motion, the trial court ordered DCS to

supervise two visits between the Mother and M.C.G. in May 1998. The Mother missed the first May

visit because she had difficulty finding the prearranged meeting place. On the second visit, the

Mother was able to find M.C.G. and the DCS case manager assigned to supervise the visit. This

would be the last visit between the Mother and M.C.G. 

At trial in June 1998, Peggy Carter, the DCS case manager for M.C.G., testified that,

when she asked the Mother why she did not visit M.C.G. between May 1997 and January 1998, the

Mother responded by stating that she had been in jail and that she “had shit to do.” The Mother also

had not paid any support for M.C.G. since Carter assumed responsibility for M.C.G.’s case in June

1997. In Carter’s opinion, the Mother had not complied with the plan of care. When the Mother

first reappeared, she gave Carter an address on Due West Avenue. Two months before trial, the

Mother provided Carter with a different address on Virginia Avenue. Carter testified that the mail

she sent to both of these addresses was returned, but she acknowledged that the Mother appeared to

be living at one of the addresses with an elderly man who provided the Mother with a place to live
in exchange for her housekeeping services. Carter took the position that the Mother had not

completed treatment for her drug addiction and that the Mother had not visited M.C.G. with

sufficient regularity to satisfy the plan of care’s visitation requirement. Carter acknowledged that

the Mother probably would be unable to obtain employment, inasmuch as she was disabled from

injuries she received in a car accident. 

The Mother’s counselors at Volunteer Treatment Center in Chattanooga testified by

telephone. These counselors indicated that methadone treatment was a lifelong process for most

patients and that the Mother probably would remain on methadone for the rest of her life. The

Mother’s primary counselor, Shasta Lillard, testified that the Mother had not tested positive for any

other drugs since Lillard started counseling her. Although Lillard agreed that the negative drug

screens were very good signs, she expressed concern that the Mother was not consistent with her

treatment and that, at times, the Mother even was hurting her own treatment. For example, the

Mother admitted to Lillard that she was arrested for DUI in January 1998 after she overdosed on

methadone “carry-outs” she had received from the Center. The Mother told Lillard that she “just

wanted to check out” because she “couldn’t deal with everything.” The Mother also did not

participate in any support groups, although the Center’s staff encouraged patients to do so. The

Mother often asked for special or additional “carry-outs.” If the Mother’s request was not granted,

she responded by not returning to the clinic for a few days or by requesting a transfer to another

clinic. 

Counselor Lillian Lockhart met with the Mother a few times in Lillard’s absence.

Lockhart last saw the Mother approximately one month prior to trial. At that time, the Mother

appeared to be intoxicated or high. Lockhart suspected that the Mother was using marijuana because

the Center did not screen its patients for marijuana and because the Mother had told Lockhart about

previous marijuana use. Lockhart conveyed this suspicion to the Mother, but the Mother insisted

that she just “was tired.” When Lockhart denied the Mother’s request for more “carry-outs,” the

Mother became angry and asked to be transferred to another treatment facility in middle Tennessee.

When the Mother testified, she admitted that she did not visit M.C.G. from May 1997

until January 1998. The Mother also admitted that she had not paid any support for M.C.G. since
he was placed in DCS’s custody. The Mother first claimed that she was sick with hepatitis for

almost two months during that time period. She also testified that she moved to Chattanooga in May

1997 because she and her husband reconciled and decided to move. The Mother later testified,

however, that she left the Nashville area in May 1997 because she learned of the existence of

outstanding warrants for her arrest and she was afraid of experiencing methadone withdrawal in jail.

The Mother ultimately was arrested on the outstanding warrants in October 1997, and she spent

about six weeks in jail. When she was released in November 1997, she contacted DCS. 

The Mother further admitted that she was arrested for DUI in January 1998 after

overdosing on her methadone “carry-outs.” The Mother spent one or two days in jail, during which

time she tested positive for Valium. The Mother denied using marijuana in the past year. Although

her driver’s license had been revoked, the Mother continued to drive, and she drove to trial in a

friend’s car. The Mother testified that she did not recall canceling several visits with M.C.G. in

February 1998, and she claimed that she visited with M.C.G. each week of that month. The Mother

explained that she missed two days of the April 1998 hearing on DCS’s motion to suspend visitation

because she was hurt in a car accident and was mugged. 

At the time of trial, the Mother lived on Virginia Avenue in east Nashville with a

seventy-eight-year-old man named Olan Johns. The Mother served “more or less” as Johns’

housekeeper in exchange for a place to live. Although the rental home in which Olan Johns lived

was for sale, Johns testified that he did not believe that the house would sell because the owner was

asking too much money for it. Johns agreed that the Mother could continue to live with him

indefinitely, and he testified that M.C.G. could live there, too. The Mother received SSI payments

of $496 per month. Her methadone treatments cost $85 per week. Nevertheless, the Mother

believed that she could support M.C.G. because she knew that there were “agencies that [would]

help people like [her].”

At the trial’s conclusion, the trial court entered an order terminating the Mother’s

parental rights to M.C.G. The trial court first found, by clear and convincing evidence, the existence

of all three bases for termination asserted in DCS’s petition. The court then found, after considering

the relevant factors, that termination of the Mother’s parental rights was in M.C.G.’s best interests.
On appeal from the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights, the Mother

presents the following issues for this court’s review:

I. Whether the Trial Court erred in finding that the

Department of Children’s Services proved by clear and convincing

evidence the persistence of conditions which led to removal of

[M.C.G.] or which would subject [M.C.G.] to further neglect with

little likelihood of early remediation.

II. Whether the Trial Court erred in finding clear and

convincing evidence that [the Mother] willfullyabandoned [M.C.G.].

III. Whether the Trial Court erred in finding clear and

convincing evidence that [the Mother] failed to follow the foster care

plan of care.

IV. Assuming, arguendo, that the Trial Court properly

found clear and convincing evidence of a violation of T.C.A.

§ 36-1-113(g)(3), or of a willful abandonment of [M.C.G.], or of

failure to follow the foster care plan of care, whether the Trial Court

erred in finding clear and convincing evidence that it is in [M.C.G.’s]

best interest for [the Mother’s] parental rights to be terminated. 

We begin our analysis with the well-established premise that a parent has a

fundamental right to the care, custody, and control of his or her child. In re Shipley, No.

03A01-9611-JV-00369, 1997 WL 596281, at *1 (Tenn. App. Sept. 29, 1997) (citing Stanley v.

Illinois, 405 U.S. 645 (1972)). This right, however, is not absolute. A parent’s right to the care,

custody, and control of his or her child may be terminated if clear and convincing evidence justifies

such termination under the applicable statute. In re Shipley, 1997 WL 596281, at *1 (citing

Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)).

Tennessee’s statute provides that a termination of parental rights may be based upon

any of the following grounds:

(1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in

§ 36-1-102, has occurred;

(2) There has been substantial noncompliance by the

parent or guardian with the statement of responsibilities in a

permanency plan or a plan of care pursuant to the provisions of

title 37, chapter 2, part 4;

(3)(A) The child has been removed from the home of the
parent or guardian by order of a court for a period of six (6) months

and:

(I) The conditions which led to the child’s removal or

other conditions which in all reasonable probability would cause the

child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect and which, therefore,

prevent the child’s return to the care of the parent(s) or guardian(s),

still persist;

(ii) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be

remedied at an early date so that the child can be returned to the

parent(s) or guardian(s) in the near future; and

(iii) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child

relationship greatlydiminishesthe child’s chances of early integration

into a stable and permanent home.

T.C.A. § 36-1-113(g) (Supp. 1997).

In reviewing termination decisions,this court has recognized that, under the foregoing

statute, the existence of any one of these bases will support a termination of parental rights.

Department of Children’s Servs. v. Darr, No. 03A01-9706-JV-00213, 1998 WL 128874, at *3

(Tenn. App. Mar. 24, 1998); Department of Human Servs. v. Manier, No. 01A01-9703-JV-00116,

1997 WL 675209, at *5 (Tenn. App. Oct. 31, 1997), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 2, 1998). In the

present case, therefore, we must affirm the trial court’s judgment terminating the Mother’s parental

rights if the record contains clear and convincing evidence to support any one of the three bases

found by the trial court. DCS v. Darr, 1998 WL 128874, at *3; DHS v. Manier, 1997 WL 675209,

at *5; see also In re Musick, No. 03A01-9708-JV-00368, 1998 WL 136561, at *1 (Tenn. App.

Mar. 27, 1998). 

This court recently attempted to describe the clear and convincing evidence standard,

explaining that

Although it does not require as much certainty as the “beyond

a reasonable doubt” standard, the “clear and convincing evidence”

standard is more exacting than the “preponderance of the evidence”

standard. O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d 182, 188 (Tenn. App.

1995); Brandon v. Wright, 838 S.W.2d 532, 536 (Tenn. App. 1992).

In order to be clear and convincing, evidence must eliminate any

serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions

to be drawn from the evidence. Hodges v. S.C. Toof & Co., 833

S.W.2d 896, 901 n.3 (Tenn. 1992); O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d

at 188. Such evidence should produce in the fact-finder’s mind a firm
belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be

established. O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d at 188; Wiltcher v.

Bradley, 708 S.W.2d 407, 411 (Tenn. App. 1985). In contrast to the

preponderance of the evidence standard, clear and convincing

evidence should demonstrate that the truth of the facts asserted is

“highly probable” as opposed to merely “more probable” than not.

Lettner v. Plummer, 559 S.W.2d 785, 787 (Tenn. 1977);

Goldsmith v. Roberts, 622 S.W.2d 438, 441 (Tenn. App. 1981);

Brandon v. Wright, 838 S.W.2d at 536.

Bingham v. Knipp, No. 02A01-9803-CH-00083, 1999 WL 86985, at *3 (Tenn. App. Feb. 23, 1999).

After carefully reviewing the evidence presented in this case, we conclude that clear

and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s termination of the Mother’s parental rights based

upon the court’s finding that the Mother had abandoned M.C.G. As one of the bases for termination,

DCS’s petition asserted the ground of abandonment as that term is defined in Tennessee Code

Annotated sections 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) and (iv). The cited code sections contain the following

definitions of abandonment:

(1)(A) “Abandonment” means, for purposes of terminating

the parental or guardian rights of parent(s) or guardian(s) of a child

to that child in order to make that child available for adoption, that:

(i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months

immediately preceding the filing of a proceeding or pleading to

terminate the parental rights of the parent(s) or guardian(s) of the

child who is the subject of the petition for termination of parental

rights or adoption, that the parent(s) or guardian(s) either have

willfully failed to visit or have willfully failed to support or make

reasonable payments toward the support of the child;

. . . .

(iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the

institution of an action or proceeding to declare a child to be an

abandoned child, or the parent or guardian has been incarcerated

during all or part of the four (4) months immediately preceding the

institution of such action or proceeding, and either has willfully failed

to visit or has willfully failed to support or make reasonable payments

toward the support of the child for four (4) consecutive months

immediately preceding such parent’s or guardian’s incarceration, or

the parent or guardian has engaged in conduct prior to incarceration

which exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child.

T.C.A. § 36-1-102(1)(A) (1996). The legislature has defined “willfully failed to visit” as meaning

“the willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to visit or engage in more than token
1We note that the Mother began visiting M.C.G. on a more regular basis after DCS filed

its petition to terminate the Mother’s parental rights. We also note, however, that the relevant

statute specifically provides that a parent may not repent his or her abandonment by resuming

visitation subsequent to the filing of a termination petition. See T.C.A. § 36-1-102(1)(F) (1996).

visitation.” T.C.A. § 36-1-102(1)(E) (1996).

In the present case, the evidence was undisputed that the Mother visited M.C.G. only

two times in the nine-month period immediately preceding the filing of the termination petition.

Although the Mother contacted DCS in November 1997, she did not attempt to schedule visitation

with M.C.G. until January 1998. Prior to the filing of the termination petition on February 11, 1998,

the Mother scheduled visits with M.C.G. on January 15, 1998, and again on January 29, 1998. Thus,

even when she began visiting with M.C.G., the Mother scheduled visits during only two of the four

possible weeks in which she could have scheduled visitation prior to the filing of the petition.1

Under the circumstances of this case, we conclude that these visits merely constituted “token

visitation” on the Mother’s part. See T.C.A. § 36-1-102(1)(C) (1996) (defining “token visitation”

as “perfunctory visitation or visitation of such an infrequent nature or of such short duration as to

merely establish minimal or insubstantial contact with the child”). Accordingly, we affirm the trial

court’s ruling that the Mother abandoned M.C.G. by willfully failing to visit him pursuant to section

36-1-102(1)(A)(i). See In re Adoption of Kratochvil, No. 03A01-9712-CH-00536, 1998 WL

681334, at **2-4 (Tenn. App. Oct. 2, 1998) (affirming trial court’s order granting December 1996

petition to terminate father’s parental rights based upon finding of abandonment where father visited

child five times during month immediately preceding filing of petition but did not visit child at all

during August, September, or October 1996), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 8, 1999).

On appeal, the Mother points out that she was incarcerated during a portion of the

four-month period preceding the filing of the termination petition. The Mother claims that she left

the Nashville area in May 1997, when she learned of the existence of outstanding warrants for her

arrest, because she feared that she would experience methadone withdrawal in jail. The Mother also

claims that, when she was released from jail in November 1997, DCS employees thwarted her efforts

to visit M.C.G. We will address these contentions in reverse order.

As for the Mother’s claim that DCS employees thwarted her efforts to visit M.C.G.
after her release from jail, we observe that this claim presented a credibility question which the trial

court apparently determined adversely to the Mother. At trial, the Mother testified that, when she

was released from jail in November 1997, she tried to call Eureva Elmore and Peggy Carter at DCS.

The Mother complained that no one called her back, so she asked a friend, James West, “to see what

he could do.” After West tried to call DCS “for a couple of days, finally, somebody called him back,

a supervisor or somebody.” 

In contrast, DCS case manager Peggy Carter testified that it was she, and not the

Mother, who initiated contact with the other party. After receiving the case file in June 1997, Carter

made attempts to locate the Mother. Carter’s efforts did not succeed until late November 1997. On

November 21, 1997, Carter spoke with the Mother’s sister-in-law, who provided Carter with James

West’s phone number and suggested that Carter call West. Carter called West’s phone number but

did not get an answer. On November 24, 1997, the Mother called Carter at DCS, apparently in

response to Carter’s attempts to contact her. 

As our supreme court has explained,

Where the trial judge has seen and heard witnesses, especially where

issues of credibility and weight of oral testimony are involved, on

review considerable deference must still be accorded to those

circumstances. Humphrey v. David Witherspoon, Inc., 734 S.W.2d

315 (Tenn. 1987). Where the issue for decision depends on the

determination of the credibility of witnesses, the trial court is the best

judge of the credibility and its findings of credibility are entitled to

great weight. This is true because the trial court alone has the

opportunity to observe the appearance and the demeanor of the

witnesses. Royal Insurance Co. v. Alliance Insurance Co., 690

S.W.2d 541, 543 (Tenn. App. 1985).

Tenn-Tex Properties v. Brownell-Electro, Inc., 778 S.W.2d 423, 425-26 (Tenn. 1989).

In the present case, the trial court did not make a specific finding relative to the

Mother’s assertion that DCS employees thwarted her efforts to visit M.C.G. In announcing its

decision at the trial’s conclusion, however, the trial court specifically commented on the Mother’s

lack of candor in giving other testimony. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court had ample

justification to reject the Mother’s testimony that DCS employees hindered her efforts to visit
2The record citation provided by the Mother does not appear to support this assertion.

3Despite the Mother’s testimony as to her continuing problems with hepatitis, we note

that the Mother also testified that she never had taken any medication for her hepatitis because it

was “not chronic.”

M.C.G.

Moreover, we note that, at times, the Mother’s own testimonybelied her assertion that

DCS employees thwarted her efforts to visit M.C.G. In her brief on appeal, the Mother asserts that,

although she first met with Carter in December 1997, DCS refused to schedule a visit for her until

January 15, 1998.2

 At trial, however, the Mother testified that she did not visit with M.C.G. in

December 1997, not because she was thwarted from doing so, but because she “had to go see a

medical doctor a couple of times” for her hepatitis.3 

As for the Mother’s assertion that she left the Nashville area in May 1997 because

she feared that she would be arrested on outstanding warrants and would experience methadone

withdrawal in jail, this court previously has rejected the argument that self-created legal problems

can excuse a parent’s failure to visit his or her child. In In re Shipley, No. 03A01-9611-JV-00369,

1997 WL 596281 (Tenn. App. Sept. 29, 1997), one of the father’s asserted reasons for not visiting

his four children was that he “was on the run” from law enforcement. This court explained that,

even if true, this reason

is a problem of his own making. As such, it can hardly serve as a

legal basis for his failure to visit. He could have visited had he

chosen to do so; he chose not to.

In re Shipley, 1997 WL 596281, at *4. We believe that this rationale applies equally to the facts of

the present case.

Finally, we are cognizant of the fact that the Mother was in jail for a portion of the

four-month period immediately preceding the filing of the termination petition. In such cases, the

definition of abandonment set forth in section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) applies rather than the definition

found in section 36-1-102(1)(A)(i). Even under this different standard, however, we still would
affirm the trial court’s finding of abandonment.

Under subsection (1)(A)(i), the critical time period for determining abandonment is

the four-month period immediately preceding the filing of the termination petition. See T.C.A.

§ 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) (1996). In contrast, the critical time period for determining abandonment under

subsection (1)(A)(iv) is the four-month period immediatelyprecedingthe parent’s incarceration. See

T.C.A. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (1996). In the present case, the Mother did not visit with M.C.G. at

all between the May 1997 dispositional hearing and her October 1997 incarceration. Thus,

regardless of which four-month period is examined in this case, the result is the same. During both

of the critical time periods, the Mother willfully failed to visit M.C.G. as that phrase is defined in

the statute. See T.C.A. §§ 36-1-102(1)(D), (E) (1996). Inasmuch as both subsections were cited in

DCS’s termination petition and in the trial court’s final judgment, we adhere to our decision to

affirm the trial court’s finding of abandonment.

In light of our affirmance of the trial court’s ruling on the issue of abandonment, we

need not address the Mother’s contention that the trial court also erred in terminating her parental

rights based upon the court’s findings that the Mother failed to substantially comply with the plan

of care and that the conditions which led to M.C.G.’s removal still persisted with little likelihood

that they would be remedied in the near future.

We find it necessary, however, to address the Mother’s final issue whereby she

contends that termination of her parental rights was not in M.C.G.’s best interests. In order to

terminate a parent’s rights to his or her child, the trial court must make two findings. The court first

must find, by clear and convincing evidence, that one of the asserted grounds for termination has

been established. T.C.A. § 36-1-113(c)(1) (Supp. 1997). Once the court has made this finding, the

court additionally must find that termination of the parent’s rights is in the child’s best interests.

T.C.A. § 36-1-113(c)(2) (Supp. 1997).

In making this best-interests determination, the trial court is required to consider,

inter alia, the following factors:
(1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an

adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it in

the child’s best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

(2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a

lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services

agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not

reasonably appear possible;

(3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular

visitation or other contact with the child;

(4) Whether ameaningfulrelationship has otherwise been

established between the parent or guardian and the child;

(5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical

environment is likely to have on the child’s emotional, psychological

and medical condition;

(6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person

residing with the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical,

sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward other

children in the family or household;

(7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or

guardian’s home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity

in the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol or controlled

substances as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable

to care for the child;

(8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or

emotional status would be detrimental to the child or prevent the

parent or guardian from effectively providing care and supervision for

the child; or

(9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support

consistent with the child support guidelines promulgated by the

department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

T.C.A. § 36-1-113(h) (Supp. 1997).

In finding that termination of the Mother’s parental rights was in M.C.G.’s best

interests, the trial court specifically considered factors (1), (2), (3), (4), and (9). The trial court found

that the Mother had failed to make such an adjustment of circumstances, conduct, or conditions as

to make it in M.C.G.’s best interests to return to the Mother’s home in the foreseeable future; that

the Mother had failed to effect a lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social

services agencies; that the Mother had failed to maintain regular visitation or other contact with

M.C.G.; that the Mother had failed to establish a meaningful relationship with M.C.G.; and that the

Mother had failed to pay any portion of substitute physical care and maintenance for M.C.G.
4A parent has the duty to support his or her child regardless of whether a court order

exists requiring the parent to make child support payments. See Department of Human Servs. v.

Manier, No. 01A01-9703-JV-00116, 1997 WL 675209, at *5 (Tenn. App. Oct. 31, 1997), perm.

app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 2, 1998).

Elsewhere in its judgment, the trial court made findings relative to factor (7). The court found that

the Mother’s long-term drug addiction and its associated medical and legal problems had caused the

Mother to be absent for a majority of M.C.G.’s life. The court further found that these extended

absences significantly damaged an already weakened relationship between the Mother and M.C.G.

We conclude that the evidence supports the trial court’s findings. Although the

Mother had made some progress in her treatment for drug addiction, the Mother’s counselors

testified that this progress was not consistent and that, at times, the Mother acted in such a way as

to hurt her treatment. As recently as January 1998, the Mother had been arrested for DUI after

overdosing on methadone and had tested positive for Valium while in jail. The counselors

suspected, but had no proof, that the Mother still was using marijuana. The Mother failed to follow

the counselors’ recommendation that she participate in support groups. When the counselors denied

her request for more “carry-outs,” the Mother became angry and requested a transfer to another

methadone clinic. 

Moreover, as noted by the trial court, the Mother’s drug addiction and resulting legal

problems caused her to be absent during a large portion of M.C.G.’s life. The most recent absence,

from May 1997 to January 1998, only could have weakened the already fragile relationship between

the Mother and M.C.G. By the time the Mother reentered M.C.G.’s life in January 1998, M.C.G.

knew his foster parents as “Mommy” and “Dad.” When he arrived for scheduled visits with the

Mother, M.C.G. invariably exhibited anxiety at being separated from his foster parents, but he rarely

exhibited any distress at the end of these visits when he was required to leave the Mother. 

Finally, it was undisputed that the Mother paid no portion of the support for M.C.G.

after he was placed in DCS’s custody.4 In light of the foregoing evidence, we decline to disturb the

trial court’s finding that termination of the Mother’s parental rights was in M.C.G.’s best interests.

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed, and this cause is remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the Mother, for which

execution may issue if necessary.

____________________________________

FARMER, J.

______________________________

CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S. (Concurs)

______________________________

HIGHERS, J. (Concurs)