J-A07025-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

RAYMOND THOMAS 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 664 MDA 2019

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 14, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-22-CR-0001446-2017

BEFORE: OLSON, J., DUBOW, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED APRIL 21, 2020

Appellant, Raymond Thomas, appeals from the Judgment of Sentence 

entered after a jury convicted him of Robbery, Kidnapping for Ransom, 

Aggravated Assault, and Conspiracy to Commit each of those crimes, and 

Unlawful Restraint.1 He challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting 

his conviction for Aggravated Assault, and the weight of the evidence 

supporting all of his convictions. After careful review, we affirm.

We glean the underlying facts from the trial court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) 

Opinion and the certified record. In January 2017, an individual by the name 

of “Jerome” contacted the victim via phone about purchasing a townhouse the 

victim owned located on the 800 block of North 18th Street in Harrisburg (“the

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1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3701(a)(1)(ii), 2901(a)(1), 2702(a)(1), 903, and 2902(a)(1), 

respectively.
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townhouse”). The victim and “Jerome” agreed to meet at the townhouse on 

January 11, 2017.

On January 11, 2017, two individuals were waiting on the porch of the 

townhouse when the victim arrived. The victim proceeded to show the two 

individuals the townhouse and eventually led them down to the basement. 

While the victim was showing the individuals the water heater, he was hit on 

the back of his head. The individuals then tased the victim in the chest and 

kicked him in the head. They zip-tied the victim’s arms, duct-taped his wrists 

and feet, and demanded $100,000 while choking and pistol whipping him. The 

individuals threatened to burn the victim with a blowtorch and to harm the 

victim’s parents if he did not cooperate. 

The victim told his assailants that he did not have $100,000, but could 

give them $30,000 and marijuana. The assailants agreed and allowed the 

victim to call his friend Steve to retrieve the money and marijuana.

At some point, the assailants left the townhouse and the victim was able 

to cut the zip-ties, run out of house, and meet Steve. Steve drove the victim 

to his parents’ house while the victim called the police to alert them that his 

parents may be in danger. 

When the victim arrived at his parents’ house, he was met by Police 

Officer Christopher Haines. The victim was covered in blood; therefore, Officer 

Haines called an ambulance.
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On January 14, 2017, while shopping at a store, the victim saw Appellant 

and identified him as one of his assailants. As soon as Appellant saw the 

victim, he fled. The victim then followed Appellant in his car to a Sheetz, and 

called the police and informed them of Appellant’s license plate number. 

Detective Jason Paul of the Harrisburg City Police Department was 

assigned to the case. After running the license plate number that Appellant 

provided to the police, Detective Paul and other officers went to Appellant’s 

house.2 Appellant was eventually charged with the above crimes.

A three-day jury trial commenced on January 14, 2019, at which the 

Commonwealth called, inter alia, Detective Paul, Officer Haines, Appellant’s 

wife, and the victim to testify. Appellant did not call any witnesses. At the 

conclusion of trial, the jury convicted Appellant of all of the above crimes. 

The court ordered a Post-Sentence Investigation (“PSI”). On March 14, 

2019, the court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of 6 to 12 years of 

imprisonment. Appellant filed a Post-Sentence Motion, which the court denied.

Appellant timely appealed. He filed an ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) 

Statement, and the trial court filed a responsive Rule 1925(a) Opinion.

Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

1. Was not the evidence insufficient to sustain a conviction for 

aggravated assault under 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1) when the 

Complainant did not suffer serious bodily injury and when the 

evidence was insufficient to show that [Appellant] attempted to 

cause serious bodily injury?

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2 The car was registered to Appellant’s wife. 
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2. Did not the lower court abuse its discretion by failing to grant 

defendant a new trial on the basis that the guilty verdicts were 

against the weight of the evidence when the totality of the 

evidence with respect to [Appellant’s] identity as the perpetrator 

was unreliable, contradictory, and incredible?

Appellant’s Brief at 6.

In his first issue, Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient 

to sustain his Aggravated Assault conviction. Specifically, he asserts that the 

Commonwealth failed to prove the requisite mens rea, i.e., intent. Appellant’s 

Br. at 25-27. He argues that the victim’s assailants did not make any 

statements that they intended to inflict serious bodily injury, and that the 

threat to burn the victim was isolated and the assailants did not carry out the 

threat. Id. at 27. 

“A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law.” 

Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). “We review 

claims regarding the sufficiency of the evidence by considering whether, 

viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the 

verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find 

every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. 

Miller, 172 A.3d 632, 640 (Pa. Super. 2017) (internal quotation marks and 

citations omitted). “Further, a conviction may be sustained wholly on 

circumstantial evidence, and the trier of fact—while passing on the credibility 

of the witnesses and the weight of the evidence—is free to believe all, part, or 
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none of the evidence.” Id. “In conducting this review, the appellate court may 

not weigh the evidence and substitute its judgment for the fact-finder.” Id.

A person is guilty of Aggravated Assault if he “attempts to cause serious 

bodily injury to another, or causes such injury intentionally, knowingly or 

recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value 

of human life[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a).

“Serious bodily injury” is defined as “[b]odily injury which creates a 

substantial risk of death or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement, 

or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or 

organ.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301. Additionally, “bodily injury” constitutes 

“[i]mpairment of physical condition or substantial pain.” Id.

“A person commits an attempt when, with intent to commit a specific 

crime, he does any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the 

commission of that crime.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 901(a). “An attempt under § 

2702(a)(1) requires a showing of some act, albeit not one causing serious 

bodily injury, accompanied by an intent to inflict serious bodily injury.”

Commonwealth v. Matthew, 909 A.2d 1254, 1257 (Pa. 2006) (citation 

omitted).

“A person acts intentionally with respect to a material element of an 

offense when . . . it is his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature 

or to cause such a result[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b)(1)(i). “[I]ntent can be proven 

by direct or circumstantial evidence; it may be inferred from acts or conduct 
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or from the attendant circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Franklin, 69 A.3d

719, 723 (Pa, Super. 2013) (citation omitted). See also Commonwealth v.

Gray, 867 A.2d 560, 568 (Pa. Super. 2005) (holding that infliction of multiple 

stab wounds with screwdriver demonstrated intent to inflict serious bodily 

injury).

Moreover, “simple assault[3] combined with other surrounding 

circumstances may, in a proper case, be sufficient to support a finding that an 

assailant attempted to inflict serious bodily injury, thereby constituting 

aggravated assault.” Matthew, 909 A.2d at 1257 (citation omitted)

(concluding the defendant committed aggravated assault when he placed a 

loaded gun against the victim’s throat, repeatedly pointed it at the victim, and 

threatened to kill the victim numerous times).

Based on our review of the certified record, we agree with the 

trial court that the evidence is sufficient to sustain Appellant’s Aggravated 

Assault conviction.4 

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3 A person is guilty of Simple Assault if he “attempts to cause or intentionally, 

knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 

2701(a)(1).

4 The Aggravated Assault conviction was based on attempt to cause serious 

bodily injury. See N.T. Trial at 265-66. However, the trial court’s Rule 1925(a) 

Opinion concludes that Appellant caused the victim serious bodily injury. Trial 

Ct. Op. at 9.
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The trial court recounted the victim’s testimony in which he described 

how his assailants, including Appellant, hit him in the head, choked him, 

tasered him in the chest, kicked him, and pistol whipped him. Trial. Ct. Op. at 

9. In addition, the court noted that the victim testified that his assailants 

constrained him with zip ties and duct tape while assaulting him and 

threatening to burn him with a blow torch if he did not meet their demands. 

Id. at 3, 9; N.T. at 56-57.5 The victim also recalled that the assault occurred 

for approximately two hours and that he needed 10 to 20 stitches to treat one 

of the wounds he sustained on his head. N.T. Trial at 66-67.

Officer Haines testified that when the victim arrived at his parents’ house 

after the attack, the victim was covered in blood; had a contusion on his lip, 

cut around his left eye and bump on top of his head; and had the remains of 

duct tape and zip ties around his wrists and feet. Trial Ct. Op. at 4. Officer 

Haines commented that the victim “was so bloody that he was unable to tell 

the race of the victim[.]” Id. at 9 n.13; N.T Trial at 105-106.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth 

as the verdict winner, and taking all reasonable inferences in favor of the

Commonwealth, the evidence was sufficient to demonstrate that Appellant 

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5 The victim also testified that he thought he was going to die because his 

assailants did not wear masks and did not care if he knew what they looked 

like. N.T. Trial at 66.
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attempted to inflict serious bodily injury, thereby constituting aggravated 

assault. See Matthew, 909 A.2d at 1257; Gray, 867 A.2d at 568.

Appellant next contends that the trial court erred in refusing to grant his 

Post-Sentence Motion in which he requested a new trial based on a challenge 

to the weight the jury gave to the testimony of the Commonwealth’s 

witnesses. Appellant highlights discrepancies between the victim’s trial 

testimony and police statements and other anomalies regarding the victim, 

the victim’s friend Steve, and the assailants’ actions. He avers that there was 

no forensic or physical evidence to tie Appellant to the crime and no evidence 

of a connection between the victim and Appellant.

6 He also contends that he 

does not match the victim’s description of the assailants. Appellant’s Br. at 

29-31.

When considering challenges to the weight of the evidence, we apply 

the following precepts. “The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder 

of fact, who is free to believe all, none[,] or some of the evidence and to 

determine the credibility of the witnesses.” Commonwealth v. Talbert, 129 

A.3d 536, 545-46 (Pa. Super. 2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

“Resolving contradictory testimony and questions of credibility are matters for 

the factfinder.” Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 747 A.2d 910, 917 (Pa. Super. 

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6 Appellant also states that “it was apparent that the robbers had some sort 

of ‘inside information’ marking [the victim] as a prime robbery target because 

he was a marijuana dealer who had cash and who was unlikely to report the 

robbery to the police.” Appellant’s Brief at 30-31.
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2000). It is well-settled that we cannot substitute our judgment for that of the 

trier of fact. Talbert, supra at 546.

Moreover, appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the trial 

court's exercise of discretion in denying the weight challenge raised in the 

post-sentence motion; this court does not review the underlying question of 

whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. See id. at 545-46. 

“Because the trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence 

presented, an appellate court will give the gravest consideration to the 

findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial court's 

determination that the verdict is [or is not] against the weight of the 

evidence.” Id. at 546 (citation omitted). “One of the least assailable reasons 

for granting or denying a new trial is the lower court's conviction that the 

verdict was or was not against the weight of the evidence and that a new trial 

should be granted in the interest of justice.” Id. (citation omitted).

Furthermore, “[i]n order for a defendant to prevail on a challenge to 

the weight of the evidence, the evidence must be so tenuous, vague and 

uncertain that the verdict shocks the conscience of the court.” Id. (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted). As our Supreme Court has made clear, 

reversal is only appropriate “where the facts and inferences disclose a palpable 

abuse of discretion[.]” Commonwealth v. Morales, 91 A.3d 80, 91 (Pa. 

2014) (citations and emphasis omitted).
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In addressing the weight challenge, the trial court reviewed the victim’s 

testimony supporting the Appellant’s convictions, including the victim’s 

identification at trial that Appellant was one of his assailants. Trial Ct. Op. at 

4. The court concluded that it was not against the weight of the evidence for 

the jury to credit the victim’s testimony and give little weight to any of the 

discrepancies and anomalies highlighted by Appellant. Id. at 10-12.

Appellant essentially asks us to reassess the credibility of the victim and 

reweigh the testimony and evidence presented at trial. We cannot and will not 

do so. Our review of the record indicates that the evidence supporting the jury 

verdict is not tenuous, vague, or uncertain, and the verdict was not so contrary 

as to shock the court’s conscience. We discern no abuse of discretion in the 

trial court's denial of Appellant’s weight challenge.

Because neither of Appellant’s issues warrants relief, we affirm his 

Judgment of Sentence.

Judgment of Sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 04/21/2020