1. Executive summary

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) has completed the preliminary 

problem formulation for the ecological risk, environmental fate, endangered species, and 

drinking water assessments to be conducted as part of the registration review of the 

fungicide cyazofamid. The problem formulation describes the methods planned to be 

used during the completion of drinking water and ecological risk assessments in support 

of registration review and provides an overview of the environmental fate, ecological 

effects, and potential risks associated with the use of cyazofamid as well as uncertainties

unique to risk assessment of cyazofamid. This document also identifies additional 

studies that would be beneficial to the conduct of an ecological risk assessment. Major 

findings include:

Environmental Fate Data Gaps

The fate database for cyazofamid is partially complete with the exception of the 

following studies:

• Environmental Chemistry Methods/Independent Laboratory Validations (OCSPP 

850.6100): ECMs and ILVs in soil, water and sediment should be available.

Ecological Effects Data Gaps

The ecological database for cyazofamid is largely complete with the exception of the 

following studies:

• Estuarine/marine Fish acute toxicity (850.1075)

• Freshwater Invertebrate Life Cycle (850.1300)

• Estuarine/marine Invertebrate Life Cycle (850.1350)

• Estuarine/marine Fish ELS (850.1400)

• Freshwater Invertebrate Life Cycle using CTCA (850.1300)

• Freshwater Fish ELS using CTCA (850.1400)

• Whole sediment Chronic toxicity invertebrates

• Avian Acute Oral with degradate CCIM (850.2100)

• Toxicity to Cyanobacteria (850.4550)

• Acute oral toxicity to larval honey bees (OECD TG237)

• Chronic oral toxicity to adult honey bees (Special)

• Chronic oral toxicity to larval honey bees (Special)

• Field Testing for Pollinators (850.3040)

• Semi-field testing for pollinators (tunnel or colony feeding studies) (Special—

Tier 2)

• Field Trial of residues in pollen and nectar (Special—Tier 2)

2
Uncertainties

The major uncertainties in the environmental fate database are related to the fact that the 

half-lives were obtained from supplemental aerobic soil, and aerobic and anaerobic 

aquatic metabolism studies.

Regarding the application rates of cyazofamid on all registered crops, EFED will use 

application scenarios that result in maximum exposure scenarios for a given use for the 

risk assessment. Any absence of information on the labels that specifies the maximum 

single application rate, the application interval, the annual maximum rate allowed (lbs 

a.i./year), or application method may result in conservative assumptions.

The major uncertainties in the environmental ecological database are related to the 

degradates of cyazofamid with regard to terrestrial risk, specifically CCIM. An acute 

oral toxicity test indicates that CCIM is more toxic to mammals than cyazofamid; 

cyazofamid LD50 >5000 ppm as compared to CCIM LD50 = 324 ppm (MRID 45408910 

and 45408916). Soil metabolism studies indicate the presence of CCIM and the potential 

for organisms to come into contact with CCIM in the field. Toxicity of CCIM to 

terrestrial species other than the rat is largely unknown and thus presents a major 

uncertainty. There is currently no data available to understand the toxicity of CCIM to 

avian species; there is uncertainty as to whether avian species while exhibit the same 

enhanced toxicity to CCIM as compared to the parent that the mammals have exhibited in 

lab toxicity tests. There is additional uncertainty with regards to acute toxicity of 

cyazofamid to larval pollinators as well as oral chronic toxicity to adult and larval 

pollinators. With regard to aquatic risk, there is no data available on the toxicity of 

cyazofamid to benthic organisms; risk to estuarine/marine organisms has been triggered 

in previous assessments and the Koc shows the potential for the chemical to bind to 

sediments. The degradate toxicity database for aquatic species is largely complete and 

presents less of an uncertainty. In previous assessments, the LOC was exceeded for 

chronic risk to freshwater fish; the chronic toxicity value for the parent was used in place 

of the toxicity of CTCA. CTCA is expected to be the major terminal degradate in 

biologically active soils and water/sediment systems thus the potential chronic risk of 

CTCA to freshwater organisms is relevant to risk assessment. 

2. Introduction

EFED evaluated the most recent ecological risk assessments for cyazofamid in 

association with the updated toxicity, exposure, and usage information to determine if 

sufficient data are available and if further updates are needed to support registration 

review. Recent risk assessments include a 2012 assessment for the proposed IR-4 new 

uses for cyazofamid in the product Ranman® 400SC Fungicide (EPA Reg. No. 71512-3)

on succulent beans, shelled beans, leafy greens Subgroup 4A, basil (fresh and dried 

leaves), tuberous and corm vegetables Subgroup 1C, and fruiting vegetables Group 8-10

(DP Barcode D396387). The uses on turf and ornamentals were assessed in 2006 (DP 

Barcode D319107+), the use on carrots was assessed in 2008 (DP Barcode D343415), the 

uses on fruiting vegetables, okra and grapes (east of the Rocky Mountains) were assessed 

3
in 2009 (DP Barcode D356880+), and in 2010 uses on brassica (cole) leafy vegetables & 

turnip greens (Crop Group 5), spinach, and hops were assessed. In addition, EFED 

considered the latest Agency science policies and risk assessment methodologies. The 

structure of cyazofamid, as well as the chemical names and other identifiers can be found 

in the chemical identity table attached to this document (Appendix A).

3. Use Characterization

Cyazofamid (CAS name: 4-Chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1Himidazole-1-sulfonamide; IUPAC name: 4-chloro-2cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-ptolylimidazole-1-sulfonamide; CAS No. 120116-88-3; PC code 085651; Case No. 7056) 

is a selective fungicide. Cyazofamid belongs the FRAC1 Code 21. Cyazofamid is the 

single chemical in the cyano-imidazole chemical group under this FRAC Code. The 

pesticide’s mode of action is respiration inhibition by targeting the fungi complex III 

cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinone reductase) at Q1 site (target site of action code is C4). 

According to the label, cyazofamid has limited systemic activity, so it is used as a 

protectant fungicide applied by ground spray, foliar spray, aerial spray, drip irrigation, 

soil drench or soil surface spray, and sprinkler irrigation, before disease infection.

Cyazofamid controls a variety of pests such as downy mildew, club root, cavity spot, root 

dieback, phytophthora blight, white rust, pythium damping off, cottony leak, pink rot, 

pythium root, crown rot, taro leaf blight, and late blight. Cyazofamid is used on basil, 

brassica (cole) leafy vegetables crop group 5, cucurbit vegetable crop group 9, grapes, 

hops, leafy greens crop subgroup 4A, and succulent podded and succulent shelled beans,

carrots, cucurbit vegetable crop group 9, tuberous and corn vegetables crop subgroup 1C, 

fruiting vegetables crop group 8 and 10, and tomato greenhouse transplants. Cyazofamid 

is also used on turf areas associated with golf courses (greens, tees and fairways), sod 

farms, seed farms, college and professional sports fields, residential and commercial 

lawns. It is formulated in two active Section 3 end-use products as suspension 

concentrates (Ranman 400SC, EPA Reg. No. 71512-3; and Cyazofamid 400SC Turf and 

Ornamental, EPA Reg. No. 71512-13; both products are suspension concentrates 

containing 34.5% A.I. and 3.33 lb A.I./gallon). The registrant for cyazofamid is ISK 

Biosciences Corp.

The chemical profile produced by BEAD, dated February 2, 2015 (USEPA 2015), 

located in the docket, lists the use patterns of maximum exposures for the current uses of 

cyazofamid. EFED will use application scenarios that result in maximum exposure 

scenarios for a given use for the risk assessment. Any absence of information on the 

labels that specifies the maximum single application rate, the application interval, the 

annual maximum rate allowed (lbs a.i./year), or application method may result in 

conservative assumptions.

1 FRAC = Fungicide Resistance Action Committee at http://www.frac.info/index.htm (accessed August 25, 

2014).

4

 
4. Conclusions from Previous Risk Assessments

a. Ecological Risk Assessment 

The Agency has conducted multiple ecological risk assessments on cyazofamid that serve 

as a basis for this problem formulation. EFED evaluated cyazofamid’s potential risks to 

non-target and endangered species for aquatic and terrestrial organisms (including plants) 

(DP Barcodes D319107+ and D356880+). In addition, in the 2012 assessment EFED 

evaluated chronic risk to birds and risk to terrestrial plants, based upon newly reviewed 

data (DP Barcode D396387).

The revised chronic RQ values for the uses on turf and ornamentals for birds ranged from 

0.01-2.20 for single applications and from 0.03-3.87 for multiple applications (LOC ≥ 1). 

Since there was a possibility of risk to birds, reptiles could also be adversely impacted. 

The same EECs calculated in the previous assessment were used to establish risk 

quotients in the assessment (for the parent compound and the initial degradate CCIM and 

applications for the uses on turf and ornamentals). There was also a possibility of acute 

risk from the CCIM degradate to endangered and non-endangered small mammals from 

the use on turf and ornamentals. However, according to the 2009 review (various crops), 

it appeared that no acute or chronic LOCs were exceeded for mammals.

In the aquatic environment, endangered and threatened estuarine/marine invertebrates 

were considered at risk, specifically molluscs. Freshwater fish may be at chronic risk 

from the degradate CTCA, assuming that chronic toxicity for CTCA is the same as the 

parent. However, this RQ value was considered very uncertain because no chronic 

toxicity data was submitted for CTCA.

Based upon results of a newly submitted study, there were no statistically significant 

effects evident in the study on terrestrial plants at the rate of 1.56 lb a.i./A, which is the 

highest rate allowed in the labels; thus risk to terrestrial plants at that rate was considered 

unlikely. In addition, there were no risks to aquatic plants.

At the time, EFED did not assess risk to non-target insects. Results of acceptable studies 

were used for recommending appropriate label precautions. As cyazofamid is practically 

non-toxic to honeybees, low risk was assumed.

Table 1. Summary of risk concerns identified for cyazofamid in previous assessments

Birds Mammals Terr.

Plants

Terr.

Invert

s

Fish BCF Aquatic 

Inverts

Aquatic 

Plants

Groundwater 

Contamination Persistence Degradates of Concern

Yes No No No YesA NA Yes No NA YesA YesB

Yes = at least one LOC has been exceeded in previous assessments; No = LOCs have not been exceeded in 

previous assessments; NA = RQs have not been calculated previously.

A For the degradate CTCA.

B The degradates CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA were considered of concern.

5
b. Drinking Water Exposure Assessments

A drinking water exposure assessment for the IR-4 petition for the use on succulent 

beans, shelled beans, leafy greens Subgroup 4A, basil (fresh and dried leaves), tuberous 

and corm vegetables Subgroup 1C, and fruiting vegetables Group 8-10 (although it is 

noted that at the time, some fruiting vegetables had been registered), was conducted in 

2012 (DP Barcode D396052, dated February 10, 2012). Based on a review of the use 

information, it was found that the proposed new crops had much lower seasonal 

application rates than turf and ornamentals.

The values reported in the assessment of turf and ornamentals, conducted in 2006 (DP 

Barcode D319466, dated September 6, 2006), were used to cover the new crops. The 

Health Effects Division (HED) Metabolism Assessment Review Committee (MARC) 

concluded that cyazofamid and the metabolites CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA should be 

considered to be the major residues of concern in water, and should be included in the 

drinking water assessments (Acierto et al. 2004, DP Barcode D298915).2

 Cyazofamid, 

CCIM and CCIM-AM should be the chemicals present under acute exposure and CTCA 

under chronic exposure. Individual runs were performed for each of the chemicals in 

PRZM/EXAMS, using the residue summation approach (see below), and a summary of 

results is provided in Table 2.

Table 2. Maximum surface and ground water EDWCs for cyazofamid and its 

relevant major degradates for the turf and ornamentals use pattern (DP Barcode

D319466, dated 9/6/06)

Scenario Chemical

Surface water EDWCs (ppb)

Groundwater 

EDWC 

Acute (ppb)

Chronic

“Non-Cancer”

Chronic 

“Cancer”

1st Scenario Cyazofamid 14.362 0.377 0.279 0.01180

2nd Scenario CCIM 17.106 12.094 10.600 0.00061

CCIM-AM 6.699 6.312 3.611 0.00270

3rd Scenario CTCA 136.242 133.458 77.270 2.180

Recommended EDWCs: 38.2 133.5 77.3 2.18

For turf and ornamentals, the surface water acute EDWC was 38.2 ppb. The surface 

water non-cancer chronic value was 133.5 ppb and the cancer chronic EDWC was 77.3

ppb. The value for ground water is 2.18 ppb, which was used for both acute and chronic 

exposures. The reason why the chronic EDWCs are higher than the acute values is that 

CTCA (the chemical expected to be present chronically), demonstrated being more 

persistent than the other species modeled.

The residue summation (RS) modeling strategy requires summation of individual 

residues of concern concentrations to represent the total toxic residues (TTRs). 

Application rates for degradation products need to be adjusted to account for molecular 

2 Acierto, A., et al. “Cyazofamid - Meeting Report of the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee 

(MARC)”, Health Effects Division Memo dated 02/18/2004; DP Barcode D298915.

6

 
weight ratios of degradate to parent and the normalized maximum percentage of 

degradation product formed.

A new drinking water assessment may be necessary following review of requested fate 

and transport data. Once the data are available they will be used in models available at 

that time. In this respect, it is noted that current models are the surface water 

concentration calculator (SWCC) for drinking water from surface water and PRZM 

ground water (PRZM-GW) for ground water; these models are not the same than those 

used in obtaining EDWCs in Table 2 above.

c. Clean Water Act Programs

Cyazofamid is not identified as a cause of impairment for any water bodies listed as 

impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. No Total Maximum Daily Load 

(TMDL) criteria have been developed for cyazofamid

(http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation_cy.cause_detail_303d?p_cause_grou

p_id=885 and 

http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation.tmdl_pollutant_detail?p_pollutant_gr

oup_id=885&p_pollutant_group_name=PESTICIDES). Aquatic benchmarks have been 

established for cyazofamid and are available at 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/ecorisk_ders/aquatic_life_benchmark.htm. Any data 

submitted or otherwise located as part of the registration review process may be used to 

update aquatic life benchmarks if applicable.

5. Environmental Fate and Transport

The main routes of dissipation for cyazofamid [4-Chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-(4-

methylphenyl)-1H-imidazole-1-sulfonamide; CAS No. 120116-88-3; PC code 085651] in

the environment (on soil and in surface water) are aerobic soil metabolism and aqueous 

photolysis. A summary of physicochemical properties of cyazofamid is shown in Table 

3. The chemical is a relatively insoluble compound in acidic, neutral and alkaline 

conditions. The low vapor pressure and Henry’s Law constant of cyazofamid suggest 

partitioning into the air from water and/or dry or wet soil surfaces will not be an 

important route of its dissipation in the environment. Cyazofamid has a KOW = 1,585

suggesting that it will potentially be bioconcentrated by aquatic organisms such as fish.

Table 3. Physicochemical properties of cyazofamid

Parameter Value Ref or MRID

Chemical Classification Cyanoimidazole

Molecular Formula C13H13ClN4O2S 45409038

Chemical Name (IUPAC) 4-chloro-2cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-p-tolylimidazole-1-

sulfonamide

Cyazofamid data 

sheet

Chemical Name (CAS) 4-Chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1Himidazole-1-sulfonamide

CAS Number 120116-88-3 454090-38

Pesticide Classification Fungicide

Molecular Weight 324.79

7
Parameter Value Ref or MRID

Physical State Crystalline solid

Water Solubility (ppm) 0.121 @ pH 5, 0.107 @ pH 7, 0.109 @ pH 9

Solubility in Saltwater 0.0476 ppm @ 20°C 47716306

Vapor pressure (25oC) <9.9810-8 mmHg or <1.33 x10-5 Pa or <1.32x10-10 atm. EPA Fact sheet

Henry's Law Constant <4.0x10-7 atm. m3 mole-1 Calculated

Octanol/Water Partition, KOW 1,585 (log KOW 3.2 @ 25°C) 45409038

Cyazofamid and degradates fate and transport properties are based on previously 

submitted studies and reports (Agency risk assessments dated 2004, 2006, 2008, and 

2012). Cyazofamid’s environmental fate data are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4. Summary of environmental fate data for cyazofamid

Parameter Value1 MRID

Hydrolysis t1⁄2 ~ 11.9 days @ 25oC, pH 4

t1⁄2 ~ 12.9 days @ 25oC, pH 5

t1⁄2 ~ 11.9 days @ 25o

C, pH 7

t1⁄2 ~ 10.8 days @ 25o

C, pH 9

t1⁄2 ~ 13.4, 12.4, 11.2, 9.3 hrs @ 50 o C, pH’s 4, 5, 7, 9, respectively

Major degradates, of the recovered: CCIM (74-83%) and CCIM-AM (9-10% only at pH 9)

45409039,

46537701,

46702701

Aqueous 

photolysis

at pH 5

t1⁄2 ~ 30 Minutes

Major degradates: CCTS (37.9% at 0.13 day), CCIM (39.6% at 0.25 and 2 days), HTID 

(18.5% at 21 days), and CDTS (9.6% at 36 days). The degradate p-toluamide (12.1% at 36 

days) was identified only in the [benzene14C] cyazofamid.

45409102,

46537703,

46702703

Photodegradation

on soil

t1⁄2 ~ 47 days

Major degradates: None.

Minor degradates: CCIM (6%), CCBA (2%), CTCA (1%), and CCIM-AM (<1%). 

45409103,

46537704,

46702704

Aerobic soil 

metabolism

t1⁄2 = 6.1-6.4 days in a loamy sand soil from Ohio, Soil 1 (pH 6.5, %OC 0.66)

Major degradates: CCIM, CCIM-AM, and CTCA

45409106,

46537705

t1⁄2 = 3.7-4.0 days in a sandy loam soil from England, Soil 2 (pH 7.6, %OC= 1.2)

t1⁄2 = 4.3-4.4 days in a sandy loam soil from England, Soil 3 (pH 6.9, %OC= 3.0)

t1⁄2 = 4.9-6.0 days in a sandy soil from Germany, Soil 5 (pH 5.9, %OC= 0.63)

Major degradates: CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA

45409108,

465377062

t1⁄2 = 4.3 days in a sandy loam soil from CA (pH 5.7, %OM= 0.8)

t1⁄2 = 3.0 days in a sandy clay loam from ND (pH~7.8, %OM= 5.8)

Major degradates: CCIM, CCIM-AM, CTCA, CCBA and CCBA-AC

47716301

Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism

t1⁄2 = 14.7- 18.0 days (total system): River water/Sandy loam (~3:1) 

t1⁄2 = 9.5- 10.9 days (total system): Creek water/Sandy loam (~3:1)

Major degradates: CCIM (up to 47%), CCIM-AM (up to 11%), and CTCA (up to 31%)

45409110,

46537712,

467027072

Anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism 1

t1⁄2 = 5.6-6.2 days (total system): Milli-Q water/Sandy loam (~2:1) 

Major degradates (of the applied): CCIM (25%), CCIM-AM (17%); CTCA (22%)

45409109,

46537711,

46702706

t1⁄2 = 10.5 days (total system): Creek water/Sandy loam from OH (~2:1) 

Major degradates (of the applied): CCIM (40.0%), CCIM-AM (19.8%); CTCA (62.8%)

47716302

Adsorption/

Desorption 

(Kd and 

Koc in L · Kg-1

)

[Imidazole-4-

14C]/[Benzene-U14C]:

Loamy sand (Ohio), Soil 1: Kd = 9.99/ 6.96 and Koc = 1,524/1,062

Sandy loam (UK), Soil 2: Kd = 43.31/87.00 and Koc = 1,444/2,900

Sandy loam (UK), Soil 3: Kd = 14.11/13.49 and Koc = 1,176/1,124

Sand (Germany), Soil 5: Kd = 5.14/ 4.14 and Koc = 815/ 657

45409112,

46537713

Sandy loam (CA), Kd = NA/ 7.01 and Koc = NA/ 1,491

Sandy clay loam (ND) Kd = NA/ 39.5 and Koc = NA/ 1,171

477163042

8
Parameter Value1 MRID

Mobility in Soils: 

Column Un-aged 

Leaching (4 soils)

>98% of the applied radioactivity remained on the top 10 cm with very limited leaching.

• Observed rate and pattern of degradation were similar to aerobic soil (Major 

degradates: CCIM, CCIM-AM).

• Leachate constituted <0.3% of the applied radioactivity.

45409113,

46537716

Mobility in Soils: 

Aged Leaching 

(one soil)

>95% of the radioactivity remained on the top 10 cm with very limited leaching.

• Observed rate and pattern of degradation were similar to aerobic soil, with major 

degradates: CCIM, CCIM-AM, and minor degradate CTCA.

• Leachate constituted nearly 1% of the applied radioactivity and was dominated by 

the degradate CTCA only.

• In comparison with unaged soils, radioactivity profile indicated aging may have 

caused increased mobility.

45409111,

46537715

Fish BCF Unacceptable study results are not reported. 45409138, 

45409139, 

46537724

All BCFs are for whole fish and refer to total radioactivity:

BCF: low dose sample 161x; high dose sample 170x. DT50 = 1.0 days for whole fish.

BCFK: low dose sample 123x; high dose sample 132x. DT50 = 0.69 days for whole fish.

Species rainbow trout at ~120C, pH 8.1-8.3.

47716305

NA=not available

1 Soil and aquatic systems range of half-lives are values for the two labels. It is noted that longer half-lives 

were observed for the aerobic/anaerobic aquatic systems in late intervals (a range of 19 to 30 days). 2 Only one radiolabel was used in this experiment.

Available environmental fate studies suggest cyazofamid is not very mobile and degrades 

relatively rapidly into various products, according to the prevalent environmental 

conditions. Among the three major degradates for cyazofamid, relevant to risk

assessment (CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA), the two terminal degradates are CCIM-AM

and CTCA. Of them, CCIM-AM is a major hydrolysate. It is expected to occur initially 

in water. However, CTCA is expected to be the major terminal degradate in biologically 

active soils and water/ sediment systems. Both CCIM-AM and CTCA are stable to 

abiotic hydrolysis, but only CCIM is highly susceptible to biodegradation. Given these 

fate characteristics, cyazofamid could potentially reach surface water via spray drift, or 

runoff under certain environmental conditions, but the potential for it to reach ground 

water is low. CCIM-AM and/or CTCA could potentially be the terminal degradates in 

surface water bodies affected by spray drift and/or runoff depending on the level of 

biological activity. However, CTCA appears to have a higher potential to contaminate 

groundwater due to its high persistence; however, its mobility is relatively low (Table 5).

Based on the referenced data, the main process involved in cyzofamid fate in aqueous 

systems is direct photolysis followed by hydrolysis. Its fate in the soil system appears to 

be controlled by biotic degradation as well as its strong affinity for adsorption to the soil. 

Mobility of cyazofamid in natural environments is expected to be limited because of its 

relatively high affinity to adsorption. 

Available fate and transport data on cyazofamid major degradates CCIM, CCIM-AM and 

CTCA are presented in Table 5.

9
Table 5. Environmental fate data summary for the major and relevant degradates of 

cyazofamid

Parameter 1

Value (t1⁄2 for [phenyl-U14C] - t1⁄2 for [imidazole-4-

14C]

CCIM CCIM-AM CTCA MRID

Solubility in Saltwater @ 20°C 

(ppm)

≥ 115 0.200 98.7 All chemicals:

47716306

Hydrolysis All three were relatively stable @ 50oC for 5 days in pHs 4, 7, and 9. All chemicals:

45409101,

46537702,

46702702

Aerobic soil 

metabolism 2 Soil 3

t1⁄2 = 1.9 - 1.3 days t1⁄2 = 6.3 - 6.6 days 

t1⁄2 >120 days 

(relatively stable) in 

all three soils 

CCIM:

45409107,

46537707,

46552401

CCIM-AM:

45409104,

46537709,

46702705

CTCA:

45409105,

46537710

Soil 4

t1⁄2 = 1.3 - 0.9 days t1⁄2 = 10.0 - 6.6 days

Soil 5

t1⁄2 = 2.9 - 2.6 days t1⁄2 = 20.2 - 12.3 days

Major 

degradates

CCIM-AM,

CTCA,

CCBA-AM

CTCA (max. 49.5-

57.4% AR)

None identified

Adsorption/ 

Desorption 

(Kd and Koc

in L Kg-1)

Using:

[Benzene-U- 14C]

Soil 1 Kd= 3.91

Koc= 594

Kd= 22.43

Koc= 3,398

Kd= 8.96

Koc= 1,357

All chemicals:

45409114,

46537714

Soil 2

Kd= 5.70

Koc= 475

Kd= 23.30

Koc= 1,941

Kd= 9.80

Koc= 816

Soil 3

Kd= 23.57

Koc= 786 

Kd= 62.47

Koc= 2,082

Kd= 17.16

Koc= 572

Soil 5

Kd= 7.3

Koc= 1,158

Kd= 13.64

Koc= 2,165

Kd= 3.77

Koc= 599 1 Soil 1: Loamy Sand, Ohio (pH 6.5, %OC= 0.66); Soil 2: Sandy loam, England (pH 7.6, %OC= 1.2); Soil 3: Sandy loam, 

England (pH 6.9, %OC= 3.0); Soil 4: Loamy sand, England (pH 7.6, %OC= 1.1); and Soil 5: Sandy soil, Germany (pH 

5.9, %OC= 0.63).

2 Range of half-lives are values for the two labels. It was noted that longer half-lives were observed later in the 

experiments (a range of 2-7 days for CCIM and 14-28 days in the first two soils and >112 days for the third soil for 

CCIM-AM.

Data on hydrolysis suggest that the three degradates are stable to this abiotic process. 

Various conclusions are derived from the data on aerobic soil metabolism and mobility. 

The first major degradate, CCIM, appears to be susceptible to leaching; however, it is 

short-lived. CCIM-AM is similar to its parent in its low persistence/mobility. Finally, 

the degradate CTCA shows high persistence, but moderate mobility. The major terminaldegradate in biologically active soil and aquatic environments is expected to be CTCA 

because of the apparent transformation of CCIM to CCIM-AM and finally into the 

persistent CTCA. Cyazofamid reaching surface water is expected to be highly affected 

by hydrolysis, which transforms it into CCIM, which is stable to abiotic hydrolysis. The 

degradates CCBA, CCBA-AM and CCBA-AC may also be observed after further 

metabolism in some studies. The registrant-proposed degradation pathway is presented 

in Figure 1. Further information about all the degradates observed in all the 

environmental fate studies (nomenclature, structures, maximum observed in each study, 

etc.) is provided in Appendix A.

10
Figure 1. Cyazofamid Registrant’s Proposed Degradation Pathway

(Source: MRID# 47716303)

A summary of previously submitted field studies is shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Summary of the terrestrial field dissipation study on cyazofamid

Location (MRID) Half-life1 Soil Dissipation of Cyazofamid and its Degradation Products

Grant County, 

WA

45409116,

46537717,

46552402

t1⁄2 = 1.5 days Loamy sand

pH: 6.5

OM: 0.60%

Cyazofamid: was not detected below 0-15 cm.

Degradation Products: CCIM-AM and CTCA (detected through 540 

days).

CTCA was detected 8 times in the 15-30 cm soil layer throughout 

the 540-day experiment.

11
Location (MRID) Half-life1 Soil Dissipation of Cyazofamid and its Degradation Products

Wayne County, 

NY

45409117,

46537720,

46552403

t1⁄2 = 8.5 days Sandy loam

pH: 6.1

OM: 3.33%

Cyazofamid: was not detected below 0-15 cm.

Degradation Products: CCIM-AM (detected through 28 days), and 

CCBA (detected sporadically at 0.03-0.01 ppm); CCIM and CTCA 

detected at 0.01-0.02 ppm through the 540-day study.

Degradates were not generally detected below 0-15 cm with the 

exception of CTCA which was sporadically detected in the 15-30 cm 

layer. 

Montezuma, GA

45638512,

46537723,

46784201

t1⁄2 = 2.0 days Loam

pH: 6.2

OM: 0.55%

Cyazofamid: was not detected below 15 cm.

Degradation Products: CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA (detected 

through 540 days).

Only CCIM-AM was sporadically detected in the 15-30 cm layer.

Watsonville, CA

45638513,

46537722,

46784202

t1⁄2 = 15 days Loam

pH: 6.5

OM: 2.38%

Cyazofamid: was detected only once below 15 cm.

Degradation Products: CCIM-AM and CTCA were detected through 

582 days with maximum concentrations reaching >10%, CCBA 

(detected through 582 days), and CTCA detected at the end of the 

study period.

Degradates were not detected below 0-15 cm, except of CCIM-AM 

which was sporadically detected.

Pikeville, NC

46587101

t1⁄2 (days):

Grass: 7

Thatch: 29-32 

Soil: 15-120

Sandy loam

pH: 5.7

OM: 2.2%

Cyazofamid: was detected only once in the 7.5-15 cm soil layer.

Degradation Products: CCIM, CTCA, CCIM-AM, and CCBA were 

all detected in minor amounts (<10%) in the three layers.

Only CCIM-AM was detected at >10% of the total applied parent in 

the thatch layer only.

Ashland, VA

46571102

t1⁄2 (days):

Grass: 3

Thatch: 9-26 

Soil: 10-25

Sandy loam

pH: 6.8

OM: 1.1%

Cyazofamid: was detected only once in the 7.5-15 cm soil layer.

Degradation Products: CCIM, CTCA, CCIM-AM, and CCBA were 

all detected in minor amounts in grass and thatch layers.

Only CTCA was detected in minor amounts in the soil layer. 1 t1⁄2 = first order half-life; DT50= Dissipation time of 50% of the compound.

The major uncertainties in the environmental fate database are related to the fact that the 

half-lives were obtained from supplemental aerobic soil, and aerobic and anaerobic 

aquatic metabolism studies.

6. Receptors

Based on the available toxicity information, cyazofamid is particularly toxic to freshwater 

and estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates. However, limited solubility of the substance 

resulted in a number of studies with non-definitive endpoints for both aquatic and 

terrestrial species to which toxicity cannot be determined. 

a. Effects to Aquatic Organisms

In early submissions (45409129, 45409130, 45409132) of freshwater acute fish studies 

classified as supplemental, reliable LC50 values were not measurable due to the 

solubility of the compound and poor recoveries. However, there were no mortalities due 

to toxicity up to the limit of solubility. More recent studies conducted using a formulated 

12
product plus adjuvant(46258206) indicate that the formulation would be classified as 

highly toxic based on the LC50 value. 

Two freshwater fish early life cycle studies were submitted. The study conducted using 

TGAI on the fathead minnow (45409137) fulfills the guideline and is considered 

acceptable. The statistically significant treatment related effects were reduction in 

growth parameters (total length) and impaired coordination. The study conducted using 

the rainbow trout (46258211) using the formulation does not meet the guideline 

requirements and is considered supplemental. 

There are two studies available for the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna conducted using 

the TGAI and the formulated product (46702708). In the bioassay on the TGAI, the test 

substance was observed undissolved as a surface film in the 0.45 ppm test solutions and 

undissolved as surface film and bottom deposit in the 0.79 and 1.3 ppm test solutions. 

The test study author reported that the concentrations tested in this experiment exceeded 

the water solubility by a factor of 10 and that the solubility of the test substance in this 

experiment was greatly limited despite attempts at centrifugation and filtration. After 48 

hours, no mortalities or sub-lethal effects were observed. The limit of solubility was 

reported as being between 0.14 and 0.45 ppm. When tested as the formulation the 

toxicity of cyazofamid is much greater. 

There is one freshwater aquatic invertebrate life cycle study available using the TGAI 

(46702708). The functional limit of water solubility for technical cyazofamid was 

reported as 0.14 ppm. Growth parameters (dry weight) were affected at 0.087 ppm and 

above with a NOAEC of < 0.0087 ppm. A new study should be submitted with a valid 

NOAEC. 

There is one estuarine/marine acute fish study available conducted using TGAI on the 

sheepshead minnow (45409131). Since the LC50 is >0.167 ppm, the toxicity of technical 

cyazofamid can be categorized as highly toxic to estuarine/marine fish on acute basis. 

There was a 15% mortality rate observed on day 4 of exposure in the 0.167 group with a 

NOAEC of 0.108 ppm. The study was deemed supplemental.

Additionally, there are two acute studies available using estuarine/marine invertebrates 

using the TGAI: one using the eastern oyster (45409134) and one using the mysid 

(45409135). Since the EC50 and LC50 are 0.0147 and 0.089, the toxicity of technical 

cyazofamid are categorized as very highly toxic to estuarine/marine invertebrates on an 

acute basis. 

There is one aquatic vascular plant study available using duckweed (45409142) where no 

endpoints were affected; the resulting endpoint was EC50 > 1220 ppb. There was also 

one aquatic nonvascular plant study available using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 

(46258213); the most sensitive endpoint was biomass resulting in an .

There was no data submitted on chronic toxicity of cyazofamid to estuarine/marine fish 

or invertebrates. 

13
Table 2. Summary of the Most Sensitive Endpoints from Aquatic Toxicity Studies for 

Cyazofamid

Taxonomic 

Group

Study 

Type

Surrogate Species Toxicity Value

(all units in 

terms of 

measured active 

ingredient)

Acute 

Toxicity 

Classification 

Source

Freshwater fish1

Acute

Rainbow Trout

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

LC50 >0.14 ppm Not toxic at 

solubility 

limit

Supplemental

45409129

Rainbow Trout

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

LC50 > 0.10 ppm

Not toxic at 

solubility 

limit No 

mortalities

Supplemental

46258206

Rainbow Trout

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

2

LC50 =0.56 ppm Highly toxic Supplemental

46258206

Bluegill Sunfish

(Leopmis 

macrochirus)

LC50 >0.14 ppm

Not toxic at 

solubility 

limit

Supplemental

45409130

Chronic 

(Early 

LifeStage)

Fathead Minnow

(Pimephales 

promelas)

NOAEC = 

0.0901 ppm

LOAEC = 0.179 

ppm

Reduction in 

total length

-- Acceptable

45409137

Rainbow Trout

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)2

NOAEC = 0.57 

ppm

LOAEC = 1.92 

ppm

Swimming 

behavior and 

body color

-- Supplemental

46258211

Freshwater 

invertebrates

Acute

Water Flea (Daphnia 

magna) EC50 > 1.3 ppm

Not toxic at 

solubility 

limit

Acceptable

45409133

Water Flea (Daphnia 

magna)2

EC50 = 0.158 

ppm Highly toxic Acceptable

46258201

Chronic Water Flea 

(Daphnia magna)

NOAEC 

<0.0087 ppm

LOAEC= 0.087 

ppm

Dry weight

--

Supplemental

46702708

Estuarine/marine 

fish Acute

Sheepshead Minnow 

(Cyprinodon 

variegatus)

LC50 >0.167 

ppm Highly toxic Supplemental

45409131

14
Taxonomic 

Group

Study 

Type

Surrogate Species Toxicity Value

(all units in 

terms of 

measured active 

ingredient)

Acute 

Toxicity 

Classification 

Source

Estuarine/marine 

invertebrates Acute

Eastern Oyster 

(Crassostrea 

virginica)

EC50 = 0.0147 

ppm

Very Highly 

Toxic

Acceptable

45409134

Mysid

(Americamysis 

bahia)

LC50 = 0.089 

ppm

Very Highly 

toxic

Acceptable

45409135

Aquatic plants 

and algae

Vascular Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)

EC50 >1220 ppb

No endpoint 

affected

-- Acceptable

45409142

Nonvascular

Green Algae 

(Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata)2

EC50 = 100 ppb

Biomass -- Acceptable

46258213

1 Freshwater fish may be surrogates for aquatic-phase amphibians. 2Conducted using formulation; 35.9% ai

The toxicity database for cyazofamid degradates for acute studies is significant, however 

there are no chronic studies available for CTCA. Submitted studies for freshwater fish 

indicate that degradates are less toxic on an acute basis compared to the parent. The 

degradates are somewhat less toxic to the daphnid than the parent. While the CCIM-AM 

metabolite is classified as highly toxic it should be noted that the test concentration 

recovered were 0.4 to 5.5% due to the limited solubility of the compound. The 

concentration of 0.4 mg/L reflects the solubility of the compound. 

Table 3. Summary of Available Aquatic Studies Using Degradates of Cyazofamid

Species Degradate Name Toxicity Value

(LD50 )

Affected 

Endpoint

Source

Acute 

Freshwater Fish

Rainbow Trout

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

98.7 % CCIM-AM >7.88 ppm Moderately Toxic Supplemental

46258208

99.3 % CTCA >92.2 ppm Slightly toxic Supplemental

46258209

Acute 

Freshwater 

Invertebrate

Daphnia magna

98.1% CCIM 0.413 ppm Highly toxic Acceptable 

46258202

98.7% CCIM-AM >0.4 ppm Highly toxic Supplemental

46258203

99.3% CTCA >99.2 ppm Slightly toxic Acceptable

46258204

Green Algae

Selenastrum 

costatum

98.1% CCIM 680 ppb

Biomass -- Supplemental46258214

98.7% CCIM-AM >400 ppb

None -- Supplemental46258215

99.3% CTCA

>102,000 ppb

Cell density, 

growth rate, 

biomass

-- Supplemental

46258216

15
b. Effects to Terrestrial Organisms

Two acceptable avian acute oral studies are available for risk characterization: one 

conducted using TGAI on the bobwhite quail (45409121) and one conducted using 

formulated product on the mallard (4658212). Both studies resulted in LD50 of >2000 

mg/kg bw thus cyazofamid is considered practically non-toxic to waterfowl and upland 

gamebird species on an acute oral basis. 

Additionally, there are two avian subacute dietary studies available for risk 

characterization: both were conducing using TGAI on the bobwhite (45409123) and 

mallard (45409124). With both studies demonstrating an LC50 > 4740 mg/kg.

Two avian reproduction studies were submitted using TGAI. There were no effects seen in 

the study using the mallard (45638514). The highest concentration did not product effects 

and a LOAEC was not established. In the study using the bobwhite (45638515), no 

parental mortality was observed. However, reproductive parameters were adversely 

affected in the lowest treatment group, 168 ppm. Endpoints that were significantly affected 

at this level were reductions in number of 14-day survivors per hen. Other effects at higher 

levels included eggshell thickness, survivor weight and female weight. An additional study 

was conducted using the Japanese quail (45409125) and was deemed supplemental because 

the test species is not a preferred test subject. Furthermore, the lowest level (27 ppm) 

elicited an adverse effect (number of hatchlings per pen and reduction in mean food 

consumption) thus a NOAEC was not established. Upland gamebird species seem to be 

reproductively more sensitive to cyazofamid exposure than the waterfowl. A new study 

was conducted using the Bobwhite quail and submitted in 2009 to present a valid NOAEC 

(47716308). There were no treatment related effects observed on any adult parameter. Egg 

production was the only reproductive parameter evaluated and this endpoint and this 

endpoint was reduced in a dose-dependent manner and was statistically significant at the 

highest treatment level. The NOAEC was determined to be 170 mg/kg diet. 

An analysis of mammalian toxicity studies conducted using the rat indicated that technical 

cyazofamid is categorized as practically non-toxic to small mammals on an acute oral basis 

(45408910). Cyazofamid produced no effects in the reproduction study (45408935) with a 

NOAEL > 20,000 ppm.

There was one seedling emergence study and one vegetative vigor study available for 

cyazofamid (47716309 and 47716310). Both studies were unable to determine a most 

sensitive endpoint and resulted in an EC50 > 1.56 lb ai/A. 

Submitted studies indicate that cyazofamid is practically non-toxic to honeybees on an 

acute contact and acute oral basis (45409144).

16
Table 3. Summary of the Most Sensitive Endpoints from Terrestrial Toxicity Studies for 

Cyazofamid

Taxonomic 

Group

Study Type Surrogate 

Species

Toxicity Value

(all units in terms 

of measured 

active ingredient)

Acute 

Toxicity 

Classification

Source 

Birds1

Acute

Bobwhite 

quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

LD50 = >2000 

mg/kg-bw

Practically 

non-toxic

Acceptable

454091-21

Mallard

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

LD50 > 2000 

mg/kg-bw2

Practically 

non-toxic

Acceptable

46258212

Sub-acute 

dietary

Bobwhite 

quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

LC50 >4989 ppm

No more than 

slightly toxic

Acceptable

45409123

Mallard

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

LC50 >4740 ppm

No more than 

slightly toxic

Acceptable

45409124

Chronic

Bobwhite 

quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

NOAEC = 170 

mg/kg diet

LOAEC – 1020 

mg/kg diet

Endpoint affected: 

eggs laid per hen

-- Acceptable

47716308

Mammals

Acute Oral

Laboratory rat 

(Rattus 

norvegicus)

LD50 >5000 Practically 

non-toxic

Acceptable

45408910

Chronic

Laboratory rat 

(Rattus 

norvegicus)

NOAEL = 20,000 

ppm

LOAEL> 20,000 

ppm 

No effects

-- Acceptable

45408935

Insects

Acute 

contact

Honey bee 

(Apis mellifera 

L.)

LD50 = >100 

μg/bee

Practically 

non-toxic

Acceptable

45409144

Acute oral

Honey bee 

(Apis mellifera 

L.)

LC50 > 151.7 

μg/bee 

Practically 

non-toxic

Supplement

al

45409144

Terrestrial 

plants

Seedling 

Emergence

Most sensitive 

species could 

not be 

determined

EC50/IC50 > 1.56 

lbs/A -- Acceptable

47716309

Vegetative 

Vigor

Most sensitive 

species could 

not be 

determined

EC50/IC50 > 1.56 

lbs/A -- Acceptable

47716310

1 Birds represent surrogates for terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles. 2Conducted using formulated product with 35.9% ai

17
Degradates were moderately toxic to practically non-toxic (LD50 values ranging from 

324 to >3000 mg/kg). Parent cyazofamid exhibited a toxicity value of >5000 mg/kg; all 

three degradates exhibited higher toxicity than the parent to mammals. Studies are 

tabulated in Table 5. The increased toxicity of CCIM as compared to the parent is of 

concern to organisms on an acute basis.

Table 5. Acute Oral Toxicity of Major Degradates to Mammal Rattus norvegicus 

Degradate Name Toxicity Value (LD50 ) Affected Endpoint Source

99.0% CCIM 324 mg/kg-bw (M)

443 mg/kg- bw (F) Death 45408916

99.6% CCIM-AM >3000 mg/kg-bw None 45408918

99.7% CTCA 2947 mg/kg-bw (M)

1863 mg/kg-bw (F) Death 45408919

c. Ecological Incidents

The ecological incident information system (EIIS) is an OPP database that houses 

ecological incidents that have been reported to the Agency. When available, EIIS 

includes date and location of an incident, type and magnitude of effects observed in 

various species, use(s) of pesticides known or suspected of contributing to the incident, 

and results of any chemical residue analysis or other analyses conducted during incident 

investigation. EIIS incidents are categorized according to the certainty that the incident 

resulted from pesticide exposure. The Avian Monitoring System (AIMS) is a database 

administered by the American Bird Conservancy that contains publicly available data on 

reported avian incidents involving pesticides. Many of the incidents listed in this 

database are also in the EIIS. 

EIIS, AIMS and Aggregate Incident Database were run on November 12, 2014 and did 

not return any incidents.

7. Exposure Pathways of Concern

 

The environmental fate properties and use patterns of cyazofamid indicate that direct 

spray, spray drift, leaching to ground water, and runoff represent potential transport 

mechanisms of cyazofamid to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Drinking water and 

inhalation exposure pathways were screened using the SIP (Screening Imbibition 

Program) and STIR (Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk) screening methods and were 

found to be exposure pathways of low concern (no LOC exceedances are expected). SIP 

and STIR are described in detail at: 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/index.htm.

Results of SIP and STIR can be found in Appendix C and D. SIP results indicate that

drinking water exposure alone is not a potential concern for avian species or mammals on 

18
an acute or chronic basis. STIR results also indicate that inhalation exposure is not likely 

significant for both aerial and soil applications.

8. Analysis Plan

a. Stressors of Concern

i. Ecological Risk Assessment

The stressors of ecological concern for terrestrial organisms are cyazofamid and its

degradates CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA. Submitted studies on mammals indicate that 

CCIM toxicity to mammals is more toxic than cyazofamid; this increased toxicity triggers 

concern on an acute basis. CCIM-AM and CTCA have similar toxicity to the parent. 

For aquatic exposure, the ecological risk assessment will incorporate model estimates of 

cyazofamid residues of concern, which at the present time appear to be parent compound, 

CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA. This is also consistent with the human health residues of 

concern (see reference in the next section). Each of the species will be modeled 

separately, using the residue summation (RS) method or formation/decline (F/D) method. 

In the RS method, the parent application rate is proportionately distributed across the 

species. This modeling strategy requires summation of individual residues of concern

concentrations to represent the total toxic residues (TTRs). Application rates for 

degradation products need to be adjusted to account for molecular weight ratios of 

degradate to parent and the normalized maximum percentage of degradation product 

formed. This method requires environmental fate data for individual residues. It also 

requires manual post-processing of data for estimating 1-in-10 year exposure 

concentrations. [Note that the RS method is different than the total residue method, in 

which the half-life of the decay of the sum of the residues is calculated.] The RS method 

will be utilized since sufficient environmental fate data is available for each of the 

chemicals. Should sufficient data be available to run the formation/decline of the 

residues of concern, EFED may use such approach. In the F/D method, both parent and 

degradates are run simultaneously in the SWCC. Currently, EFED is actively working in 

finalizing the F/D strategy and may use the method in the assessment. It should be noted 

that a maximum of three species can be modeled at the same time in the SWCC (in this 

case, it would be the parent compound and two degradates). EFED may take the 

approach to combine two degradates (such as CCIM and CCIM-AM) in order to model 

them.

Additionally, two degradates identified as major in a more recent fate study: CCBA and 

CCBA-AC may be evaluated for possible inclusion as residues of ecological concern. 

Cyazofamid residues of concern and the approach to be taken for aquatic modeling may 

be reevaluated pending receipt and review of additional environmental fate and 

ecological toxicity data for cyazofamid and its degradates.

19
ii. Drinking Water 

The drinking water assessments conducted to support the registration review human 

health risk assessments of cyazofamid will incorporate model estimates of cyazofamid

residues of concern, which at the present time appear to be parent compound, CCIM, 

CCIM-AM and CTCA in surface and ground waters (Acierto et al. 2004, DP Barcode 

D298915).3 Each of the species will be modeled separately, using the RS or F/D 

methods (see previous section). Additionally, two degradates identified as major in a 

recent fate study: CCBA and CCBA-AC may be evaluated for possible inclusion as 

residues of human health toxicological concern. Cyazofamid residues of concern may be 

reevaluated pending receipt and review of additional environmental fate and human 

health toxicity data for cyazofamid and its degradates.

b. Measures of Exposure 

EFED will use standard available models to evaluate potential exposures to aquatic and 

terrestrial organisms as described at 

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/models_db.htm.

i. Available Monitoring Data

The Agency is not aware of monitoring conducted by federal and state agencies; 

however, this route of exposure will be considered in the assessment to the extent that 

data on cyazofamid are available.

c. Measures of Effect 

Toxicity data presented in Section 3 of this problem formulation will be used to calculate 

risk quotients. Any additional information submitted by the registrant or found in the 

open literature prior to conduct of the risk assessment will also be considered. The open 

literature studies are identified using EPA’s ECOTOXicology database (ECOTOX) 

(USEPA, 2007c), which employs a literature search engine for locating chemical toxicity 

data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife. The evaluation of both sources of 

data can also provide insight into the direct and indirect effects of pesticides on biotic 

communities from loss of species that are sensitive to the chemicals and from changes in 

structure and functional characteristics of the affected communities.

9. Endangered Species Assessments

Consistent with EPA’s responsibility under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the 

Agency will evaluate risks to federally listed threatened and endangered (listed) species 

from registered uses of pesticides in accordance with the Joint Interim Approaches 

developed to implement the recommendations of the April 2013 National Academy of 

3 Acierto, A., et al. Cyazofamid - Meeting Report of the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee 

(MARC), Health Effects Division Memo dated 02/18/2004; DP Barcode D298915.

20

 
Sciences (NAS) report, Assessing Risks to Endangered and Threatened Species from 

Pesticides. The NAS report outlines recommendations on specific scientific and 

technical issues related to the development of pesticide risk assessments that EPA and the 

Services must conduct in connection with their obligations under the ESA and 

FIFRA. EPA will address concerns specific to cyazofamid in connection with the 

development of its final registration review decision for cyazofamid. 

In November 2013, EPA, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine Fisheries 

(the Services), and USDA released a white paper containing a summary of their joint 

Interim Approaches for assessing risks to listed species from pesticides. These Interim 

Approaches were developed jointly by the agencies in response to the NAS 

recommendations, and reflect a common approach to risk assessment shared by the 

agencies as a way of addressing scientific differences between the EPA and the 

Services. Details of the joint Interim Approaches are contained in the November 1, 2013 

white paper, Interim Approaches for National-Level Pesticide Endangered Species Act 

Assessments Based on the Recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences April 

2013 Report.

Given that the agencies are continuing to develop and work toward implementation of the 

Interim Approaches to assess the potential risks of pesticides to listed species and their 

designated critical habitat, this ecological problem formulation supporting the 

Preliminary Work Plan for cyazofamid does not describe the specific ESA analysis, 

including effects determinations for specific listed species or designated critical habitat, 

to be conducted during registration review. While the agencies continue to develop a 

common method for ESA analysis, the planned risk assessment for the registration 

review of cyazofamid will describe the level of ESA analysis completed for this 

particular registration review case. This assessment will allow EPA to focus its future 

evaluations on the types of species where the potential for effects exists, once the 

scientific methods being developed by the agencies have been fully vetted. Once the 

agencies have fully developed and implemented the scientific methods necessary to 

complete risk assessments for listed species and their designated critical habitats, these 

methods will be applied to subsequent analyses of cyazofamid as part of completing this 

registration review.

10. Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

Cyazofamid was not included in the first group of 67 chemicals issued an order to 

conduct Tier 1 EDSP testing. For additional information the EDSP program, visit 

http://www.epa.gov/endo/.

21
11. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps 

a. Environmental Fate

Table 4 and Table 5 identify environmental fate studies by MRID that offer data for each

guideline requirement, as well as study classifications and whether or not further data are 

needed in order to support risk assessment.

Table 4. Submitted Environmental Fate Data for Cyazofamid

OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct risk 

assessment?

Comments

835.2120 Hydrolysis 45409039

46537701

46702701

Acceptable No ---

835.2240 Aqueous 

photolysis

45409102

46537703

46702703

Acceptable No ---

835.2410 Soil photolysis 45409103

46537704

Unacceptable No Up to 37.0% of the applied residues were not extracted from 

the soil, and it was not certain that wavelengths <290 nm were 

filtered out prior to the light reaching the samples. In the 

portion of the study conducted with [imidazole- 14C]cyazofamid, the material balance of the irradiated sample 

was only 82.3% of the applied at the final sampling interval.

46702704 Supplemental The 6 and 12 day samples were treated two days after the 

initial samples, there was no time 0, and there were no 

overlapping sampling intervals to demonstrate that conditions 

in the two sets of samples were equivalent. Also, the study 

was terminated after only 12 days of continuous irradiation, at 

which time 51-68% of the applied cyazofamid remained 

undegraded.

835.4100 Aerobic soil 

metabolism

45409106

46537705

Supplemental No Unextracted residues were >10% of the applied and the soil 

moisture content was >100% of the water holding capacity at 

1⁄3 bar. One soil system was tested.

45409108

46537706

Supplemental Unextracted residues were >10% of the applied. Three soil 

systems were tested.

47716301 Supplemental For the North Dakota sandy clay loam soil only, recovery of 

total [14C]residues decreased by ca. 20% by study termination. 

Two soil systems were tested.

835.4300 Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism

45409110

46537712

46702707

Supplemental No Unextracted residues were >10% of the applied. Two 

sediment systems were tested.

835.4400 Anaerobic

aquatic 

metabolism

45409109

46537711

46702706

Supplemental No Unextracted residues were >>10% of the applied. Two 

sediment systems were tested.

47716302 Supplemental The study was not conducted for a sufficient length of time to 

adequately address the patterns of formation and decline of 

cyazofamid transformation products CCIM-AM and CTCA. 

Not all transformation products detected at ≥10% of applied 

were identified. One sediment system was tested.

22
OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct risk 

assessment?

Comments

835.1230

835.1240

Adsorption/ 

desorption and 

leaching

45409113

46537715

Supplemental No This is an unaged leaching study. Soils were leached with an 

insufficient amount of water (20 cm) rather than the required 

50.8 cm.

45409112

46537713

Supplemental This is an adsorption/desorption study. The concentration of 

residues absorbed to the soil was calculated and not confirmed 

by analysis of the soil.

45409111

46537716

Supplemental This is an aged leaching study. Test soil were leached with an 

insufficient amount of water (20 cm), rather than the required 

50.8 cm; the test soil was foreign and not compared to U.S. 

soils; and degradates were not identified after aging and prior 

to leaching.

47716304 Acceptable The test soils were sterilized using gamma irradiation prior to 

use. Only two soils were tested.

835.1410 Volatility –

laboratory

Not 

available

Not applicable No Cyazofamid has a relatively low vapor pressure and Henry’s 

Law Constant.

835.6100 Terrestrial field 

dissipation

45409116

46537717

46552402

Acceptable No Study was conducted on a bareground plot in WA.

45409117

46537720

46552403

Acceptable Study was conducted on a bareground plot in NY.

45638512

46537723

46784201

Acceptable Study was conducted on a bareground plot in GA.

45638513

46537722

46784202

Acceptable Study was conducted on a bareground plot in CA.

46571102 Acceptable Study was conducted on turfed plot in VA.

46587101 Acceptable Study was conducted on turfed plot in NC.

835.6200 Aquatic field 

dissipation

None Not applicable No Cyazofamid has no aquatic uses.

850.1730 Fish 

bioconcentration

45409138 

45409139 

46537724

Unacceptable No Cyazofamid crystals formed on the input line during exposure 

due to low solubility, and were ingested by the fish; Also, 

cyazofamid degrades quickly (ca. 30 minutes) under normal 

illumination. These issues resulted in variable concentrations

in the water during exposure (less than half nominal 

application rate), and unreliable data for the concentration in 

the fish tissues.

23
OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct risk 

assessment?

Comments

47716305 Supplemental The aquaria water was not analyzed for specific residues at 

several sampling intervals to demonstrate that residues in the 

water consisted primarily of undegraded parent material. The 

study indicates that fluorescent light similar to natural sunlight 

was used. Since cyazofamid is susceptible to aqueous 

photolysis, with a half-life on only 30 minutes and initial 

photoproducts are CCTS and CCIM, it is possible that 

cyazofamid degraded in the study and actual exposure was to 

cyazofamid photoproducts. In the study, the concentration of 14C-cyazofamid was consistently referred to as based on the 

total radioactivity. Residues in edible tissues and non-edible 

tissues were not characterized at the interval when the fish 

contained the highest level of residues. Total organic carbon 

(TOC) ranged from 49.13-49.53 mg carbon/L during the 

exposure period and 0.77-0.89 mg carbon/L during the 

depuration period. OCSPP guidelines recommend to limit the 

TOC to 2 mg/L for the dilution water.

A run was conducted using the model KABAM v.1.0, using 

very conservative inputs, and it resulted in no LOC 

exceedances. At the present time, a new study is not required

(refer to Appendix B).

24
OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct risk 

assessment?

Comments

850.6100 Analytical 

method in soil

45409037 In review Yes The ECM and ILV should be submitted in separate reports. 

Submitted study is in review; however, the issues indicated 

below were noted. Clarification on these issues is required. 

This study is a combined ECM/ILV for the analysis of 

cyazofamid and CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA; however, the 

reported LOQ was higher than the one reported in the field 

studies. Furthermore, CCBA was included among the analytes 

in two terrestrial field dissipation studies conducted in turfed 

plots in NC and VA, but that for these studies no ECM or ILV 

were available. The ILV report should indicate that the 

independent validation was conducted in a separate laboratory

with staff, equipment, and study director that are all separate 

from those of the initial validation. LOQs should be less than 

both, the human health and ecological effects levels of 

concern.

Analytical 

method in water

45409021 In review Yes The ECM and ILV should be submitted in separate reports.

Submitted study is in review; however, the issues indicated 

below were noted. Clarification on these issues is required. 

This study is a combined ECM/ILV study. The ILV includes 

only parent cyazofamid while the ECM includes cyazofamid, 

CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA. No dataset associated with the 

ECM was provided. The ILV report should indicate that the 

independent validation was conducted in a separate laboratory

with staff, equipment, and study director that are all separate 

from those of the initial validation. The LOQ for the 

method(s) should be less than both, the human health and 

ecological effects levels of concern.

Analytical 

method in 

sediment

Not 

available

Not applicable Yes The ECM and ILV should be submitted in separate reports.

Since cyazofamid exhibits a moderately high KOC, method(s) 

and independent validation(s) for the analysis of cyazofamid, 

CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA in sediment are required. The 

LOQ for the method(s) should be less than both, the human 

health and ecological effects levels of concern.

NonguidelineSolubility in 

saltwater

47716306 Supplemental No A definitive solubility of CCIM in saltwater was not 

determined and the study methods were not completely 

described. The solubilities of cyazofamid and CCIM-AM 

were significantly below the limit recommended for the shake 

flask method.

NonguidelineFreezer storage 

stability (soil)

46537719 Acceptable No ---

25
Table 5. Submitted Environmental Fate Data for the Cyazofamid’s Degradates

OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed to 

conduct risk 

assessment?

Comments

835.2120 Hydrolysis 45409101

46537702

46702702

Acceptable No This study was conducted on CCIM, CCIM-AM and 

CTCA.

835.4100 Aerobic soil 

metabolism

45409107

46537707

46552401

Supplemental No Study was conducted on CCIM. Unextracted residues 

were >10% of the applied.

45409104

46537709

46702705

Supplemental No Study was conducted on CCIM-AM. Unextracted 

residues were >10% of the applied.

45409105

46537710

Supplemental No Study was conducted on CTCA. Unextracted residues 

were >10% of the applied.

835.1230 Adsorption/ 

desorption

45409114

46537714

Supplemental No This study was conducted on CCIM, CCIM-AM and 

CTCA. The concentration of residues absorbed to the soil 

was calculated and not confirmed by analysis of the soil.

b. Effects

Table 6 and Table 7 identify ecological effects studies by MRID that offer data for each 

guideline requirement, as well as study classifications and whether or not further data are 

needed in order to support risk assessment. Rationale for the additional data requested is 

presented below the tables.

For the major degradates CCIM, CCIM-AM, and CTCA, acute data are available for 

freshwater fish, freshwater invertebrates and algae. Table 8 identifies ecological effects 

studies that are needed for the effects assessment and rationale for these requests is 

presented below the table.

Table 6. Submitted Aquatic Ecological Effects Data for Cyazofamid

OCSPP

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classification

s

Are 

data 

neede

d to 

condu

ct risk 

assess

ment?

Justification and 

Assumptions EPA will Make 

in Absence of Data

850.1010 Freshwater 

invertebrate 

acute toxicity

45409133 Acceptable No --

46258201 Acceptable

850.1025

850.1035

850.1045

850.1055

Estuarine/marine

invertebrate 

acute toxicity 

45409134 Acceptable No --

45409135 Acceptable

850.1075 45409129 Supplemental No --

26
OCSPP

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classification

s

Are 

data 

neede

d to 

condu

ct risk 

assess

ment?

Justification and 

Assumptions EPA will Make 

in Absence of Data

Freshwater fish 

acute toxicity 

45409130 Supplemental

45409132 Supplemental

46258206 Supplemental

850.1075 Estuarine/marine

fish acute 

toxicity 

45409131 Supplemental Yes A guideline compliant 

saltwater fish acute toxicity test 

is needed. Without 

submission, EPA will make 

conservative assumptions and 

use tools such as QSAR 

estimates, open literature data, 

or data from similar chemicals 

to estimate the toxicity. 

850.1300 Freshwater 

invertebrate 

life cycle 

45409136 Invalid Yes A new study needs to be 

submitted to demonstrate a 

46702708 Supplemental valid NOAEC.

850.1350 Saltwater 

invertebrates 

life cycle 

(None) (N/A) Yes A guideline compliant 

saltwater invertebrate life cycle 

test is needed. Without 

submission of an acceptable 

saltwater invertebrate chronic 

study, EPA will make 

conservative assumptions to 

define a conservative NOAEC 

in saltwater invertebrates using 

data such as QSAR estimates, 

open literature data, or data 

from other similar chemicals. 

Such estimates are likely to 

over-estimate toxicity based on 

NOAECs. 

850.1400 Freshwater fish 

early-life stage

45409137 Acceptable No --

46258211 Supplemental

27
OCSPP

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classification

s

Are 

data 

neede

d to 

condu

ct risk 

assess

ment?

Justification and 

Assumptions EPA will Make 

in Absence of Data

850.1400 Saltwater fish 

early-life stage 

(None) (N/A) Yes A saltwater fish Early-life stage 

toxicity test is needed to 

understand the baseline chronic 

toxicity of the parent.

850.1500 Fish life cycle (None) (N/A) No --

Special Study Whole Sediment 

Chronic toxicity 

invertebrates

(Chironomid, 

Leptochirus, and 

Hyalella)

(None) (N/A) Yes Risk to sediment dwelling 

organisms has been triggered in 

previous assessments. The Koc

shows the potential for the 

chemical to bind to sediments. 

A guideline compliant toxicity 

test should be submitted to 

demonstrate the toxicity of 

cyazofamid to whole sediment 

dwelling organisms. The study 

is requested to be conducted as 

a chronic study because the 

collective half lives exceed 10 

days. It should monitor the 

parent plus all degradates to 

fully understand the scope of 

exposure.

850.4400 Aquatic plant 

Toxicity Test 

using Lemna 

spp.

45409142 Acceptable No --

850.4500 Algal toxicity 45409143 Invalid No --

46258213 Acceptable

46209403 Invalid

46209404 Invalid

850.4550 Cyanobacteria 46209402

Invalid

Yes A guideline compliant toxicity 

test is needed utilizing 

cyanobacteria. Without 

submission, EPA will make 

conservative assumptions and 

use tools such as QSAR 

estimates, open literature data, 

or data from similar chemicals 

to estimate the toxicity.

28
Table 7. Submitted Terrestrial Ecological Effects Data for Cyazofamid

OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed for 

risk 

assessment?

Current Additional Data 

Need

850.2100 Avian oral 

toxicity

45409121 Acceptable Yes An avian acute oral toxicity 

test should be submitted 

using CCIM. Because 

cyazofamid degrades rapidly 

to CCIM in the environment, 

organisms could be exposed 

to both the parent and the 

degradate. CCIM 

demonstrates an increased 

toxicity as compared to the 

parent in mammals thus 

there is uncertainty of the 

toxicity of the degradate to 

avian species on an acute 

basis.

46258212 Acceptable

45409122 Invalid

850.2200 Avian dietary 

toxicity 

45409123 Acceptable No --

45409124 Acceptable

850.2300 Avian 

reproduction

45638515 Supplemental No --

45638514 Supplemental

45409125 Supplemental

47716308 Acceptable

850.3020 Honey bee 

acute contact 

toxicity

45409144 Acceptable No --

OECD 

TG237

Acute oral 

toxicity to 

larval 

honeybees

(None) (N/A) Yes Study requested on the basis 

of assessing risk to larval 

stage of bees which are 

expected to be exposed via 

nectar and/or pollen which 

may be brought back to bee 

colonies from foraging bees.

Special Chronic oral 

toxicity to 

adult 

honeybees

(None) (N/A) Yes A study should be submitted 

to assess the risk to all bee 

life stages as the result of 

exposure of a foraging bee to 

residues that are in turn 

brought back to the colonies 

where in hive bees including 

young adult and developing 

brood may be exposed. 

Therefore, exposure at all be 

life stages would be 

expected. 

29
OCSPP 

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed for 

risk 

assessment?

Current Additional Data 

Need

Special Chronic oral 

toxicity to 

larval 

honeybees

(None) (N/A) Yes A study should be submitted 

to assess the risk to all bee 

life stages as the result of 

exposure of a foraging bee to 

residues that are in turn 

brought back to the colonies 

where in hive bees including 

young adult and developing 

brood may be exposed. 

Therefore, exposure at all be 

life stages would be 

expected. 

850.3040 Field Testing 

for 

Pollinators

(None) (N/A) Yes A study should be submitted 

to fully assess and 

understand the risks of 

exposure to pollinators 

across all life stages on the 

field.

NonGuideline 

(Tier 2)

Semi-field 

testing for 

pollinators 

(tunnel or 

colony 

feeding 

studies)

(None) (N/A) Yes A semi-field study should be 

submitted to fully understand 

exposure to pollinators 

across all life stages. 

NonGuideline 

(Tier 2)

Field trial of 

residues in 

pollen and 

nectar

(None) (N/A) Yes A field trial of residues in 

pollen and nectar should be 

submitted to understand 

alternate routes of exposure 

for pollinators. 

850.4100 Seedling 

Emergence 

and Seedling 

Growth

47716309 Acceptable No --

850.4150 Vegetative 

Vigor

47716310 Acceptable No --

Table 8. Aquatic Ecological Effects Data for the Cyazofamid Degradates CCIM, CCIM-AM 

and CTCA

OCSPP

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed for 

risk 

assessment?

Current Additional Data 

Need

850.1075 46258207 Invalid No --

46258208 Supplemental

30
OCSPP

Guideline

Data 

Requirement

Submitted 

Studies 

(MRID)

Study 

Classifications

Are data 

needed for 

risk 

assessment?

Current Additional Data 

Need

Freshwater 

fish acute 

toxicity 

46258209 Supplemental

46258210 Supplemental

45409128 Invalid

850.1010 Freshwater 

invertebrate 

acute toxicity

46258202 Acceptable No --

46258203 Supplemental

46258204 Acceptable

46258205 Acceptable

850.1300 Freshwater 

Invertebrate 

Chronic 

Study

(None) (N/A) Yes The terminal long term 

degradate of cyazofamid is 

CTCA. In order to properly 

understand chronic toxicity of 

cyazofamid to invertebrates, a 

chronic freshwater

invertebrate study needs to be 

submitted using CTCA. In 

the absence of data, EPA will 

make conservative 

assumptions to estimate the 

toxicity of the degradate, 

including QSAR estimates, 

open literature data, and data 

from other similar chemicals.

850.1400 Freshwater 

Fish Early 

Life Stage

(None) (N/A) Yes The terminal long term 

degradate of cyazofamid is 

CTCA. In order to properly 

understand chronic toxicity of 

cyazofamid to fish, a chronic 

freshwater fish ELS study 

needs to be submitted using 

CTCA. In the absence of 

data, EPA will make 

conservative assumptions to 

estimate the toxicity of the 

degradate, including QSAR 

estimates, open literature 

data, and data from other 

similar chemicals.

850.4500 Nonvascular 

Plants

46258214 Supplemental No --

46258215 Supplemental

46258216 Supplemental

46209403 Supplemental

31
Guideline Number: Special Study

Study Title: Adult Honey Bee Chronic Oral Toxicity

Rationale for Requiring the Data

This study is needed for the assessment to evaluate risks to honey bees if the registered uses of 

cyazofamid will result in adverse effects to honey bees or other insect pollinators. Residues can 

in turn be brought back to bee colonies where in-hive bees including young adult and developing 

brood (i.e., eggs, larvae and pupae) may be exposed. Therefore, exposure at all bee life stages 

would be expected and may extend for chronic exposures.

The Agency finalized its framework to assess risk to pollinators in 2014 (USEPA, 2014). EPA 

now requires this study for all use sites where potential exposure to pollinators may 

occur. Registrants may request a waiver of the study if use practices significantly restrict 

exposure of the pesticide to bees.

Although EPA has not developed a guideline for this study and OECD has yet to finalize test 

guidance for chronic studies, efforts are currently underway to develop standardized guidelines 

for assessing effects from chronic (10-day) exposures to adult bees in the laboratory. At this 

time, EFED is asking that a protocol for the study be submitted beforehand to increase the 

likelihood of an acceptable study submission.

Practical Utility of the Data

How will the data be used and how could the data impact the Agency’s future decisionmaking? 

The 10-day toxicity study with young adult bees provides no-observed adverse effect level 

(NOAEL) and lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for assessing potential chronic 

effects. Data obtained from this study will be used in estimating chronic risk to individual adult 

bees. Risk estimates based on these data will be considered along with other lines of evidence to 

determine whether higher-tier studies are needed at the whole colony level.

These data are needed for the registration review risk assessment and for future endangered species 

assessments. The data would allow the Agency better characterize the potential for risk to insects 

(including beneficial pollinators) from the use of cyazofamid. These data will help the Agency 

determine whether any mitigations are needed. If the registration review and any future 

endangered species risk assessments are performed without these data, the Agency would have to 

assume that cyazofamid "may affect" insects, including bees and beneficial pollinators, directly 

(and endangered species from other taxa indirectly), and uses of cyazofamid might need to be 

restricted in areas where pollinators could be exposed. 

Guideline Number: Non-Guideline

Study Title: Larval Honey Bee Acute and Chronic Oral Toxicity

Rationale for Requiring the Data

This study is needed for the assessment to evaluate risks to honey bees if the registered uses of 

cyazofamid will result in adverse effects to honey bees or other insect pollinators. Therefore, 

cyazofamid residues may result in exposure to foraging bees. Residues can in turn be brought 

32
Guideline Number: Non-Guideline

Study Title: Larval Honey Bee Acute and Chronic Oral Toxicity

Rationale for Requiring the Data

back to bee colonies where in-hive bees including young adult and developing brood (i.e., eggs, 

larvae and pupae) may be exposed. Therefore, exposure at all bee life stages would be expected 

and may extend for chronic exposures.

The Agency finalized its framework to assess risk to pollinators in 2014 (USEPA, 2014). EPA 

now requires this study for all use sites where potential exposure to pollinators may 

occur. Registrants may request a waiver of the study if use practices significantly restrict 

exposure of the pesticide to bees.

Although EPA has not developed a guideline for this study, the 21-day larval toxicity study 

currently under development by OECD provides both acute and chronic oral toxicity data on 

developing bee brood and (when this guidance is finalized) may be used to satisfy the 

requirement for both acute and chronic oral toxicity to honey bee larvae. Registrant may submit 

a separate acute (single dose) larval toxicity study following OECD TG237 as well as the 21-day 

repeat dose chronic toxicity study.

Practical Utility of the Data

How will the data be used and how could the data impact the Agency’s future decisionmaking? 

The 21-day larval toxicity study under development by OECD provides both acute and chronic 

toxicity data on developing bee brood and will yield a median lethal dose (LD50) for assessing 

acute toxicity during the early part of the study as well as a 21-day no-observed adverse effect level 

(NOAEL) and lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for assessing chronic 

effects. Effects on survival and development (adult bee emergence) from repeat exposures to the 

active ingredient will be used in estimating chronic risk to individual brood. Risk estimates based 

on these data will be considered along with other lines of evidence to determine whether highertier studies are needed at the whole colony level.

These data are needed for the registration review risk assessment and for future endangered species 

assessments. The data would allow the Agency better characterize the potential for risk to insects 

(including beneficial pollinators) from the use of cyazofamid. These data will help the Agency 

determine whether any mitigations are needed. If the registration review and any future 

endangered species risk assessments are performed without these data, the Agency would have to 

assume that cyazofamid "may affect" insects, including bees and beneficial pollinators, directly 

(and endangered species from other taxa indirectly), and uses of cyazofamid might need to be 

restricted in areas where pollinators could be exposed.

33
12. References 

USEPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of 

Pesticide Programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. 

Available at http://www.epa.gov/espp/consultation/ecorisk-overview.pdf.

USEPA. 2015. BEAD’s Chemical Profile (BCP) for Registration Review: Cyazofamid 

(085651). United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Biological 

and Economic Analysis Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. Memorandum 

dated February 2, 2015.

34
085651 Cyazofamid Fate Chemistry Bibliography

835.2120 Hydrolysis

MRID Citation Reference

45409039 Hendrix, I.; Neal, T. (1997) A Hydrolysis Study of IKF-916: Lab Project Number: 6578-

95-0181-EF-001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca LLC. 87 p. 

45409101 Repko, T. (1999) A Hydrolysis study of the IKF-916 Metabolites CCIM, CCIM-AM and 

CTCA: Lab Project Number: 98-0045: 7495-98-0045-EF-001. Unpublished study 

prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 50 p. 

46537701 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Hydrolysis of Cyazofamid. Project Number: IB/2005/GAL/001/01, 6578/95/0181/EF/001. 

Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 10 p.

46537702 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes From the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Hydrolysis of the Cyazofamid Degradates CCIM, CCIM-AM, CTCA. Project Number: 

IB/2005/GAL/002/01, 7495/98/0045/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, 

Inc. 11 p.

46702701 Lentz, N. (2005) Report Amendment Number One: A Hydrolysis Study of IKF-916 

(MRID# 45409039). Project Number: 6578/95/0181/EF/001/001, 

6578/95/0181/EF/000/003. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 

33 p.

46702702 Lentz, N. (2005) Report Amendment Number One: A Hydrolysis Study of the IKF-916 

Metabolites CCIM, CCIM-AM, and CTCA (MRID#45409101). Project Number: 

7495/98/0045/EF/001/001, 7495/98/0045/EF/000/001. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 19 p.

835.2240 Photodegradation in water

MRID Citation Reference

45409102 Hendrix, I. (1999) Aqueous Photolysis of (Carbon 14)IKF-916 at pH 5: Lab Project 

Number: 6794-96-0063-EF-001-001: 6794-96-0063-EF-001: 96-0063. Unpublished study 

prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 130 p. 

46537703 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes From the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Phototransformation of Cyazofamid in Water. Project Number: IB/2005/GAL/003/01, 

6794/96/0063/EF/001/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 21 p.

46537725 Leyes, G. (2005) Waiver Request for Hydrolysis/Soil Metabolism Studies on CCTS and 

Other Cyazofamid Aqueous Photolysis Products (161 and 162 Series). Project Number: 

IB/2005/GAL/016/01, 010433/1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 14 p.

46702703 Lentz, N. (2005) Report Amendment Number Two: Aqueous Photolysis of (Carbon 

14)IKF-916 at pH 5 (Including Report Amendment Number One) (MRID#45409102). 

Project Number: 6794/96/0063/EF/001/001, 6794/96/0063/EF/000/004. Unpublished 

study prepared by Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 28 p.

35
835.2410 Photodegradation on soil

MRID Citation Reference

45409103 Shelby, D. (1999) Photochemical Degradation of (Carbon 14) IKF-916 in Soil: Lab Project 

Number: 6830-96-0247-EF-001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 87 p. 

46537704 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Phototransformation of Cyzofamid on Soil. Project Number: IB/2005/GAL/004/01, 

6830/96/0247/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 12 p.

46702704 Hiler, T. (2005) Photodegradation of (Carbon 14)Cyazofamid in/on Soil by Artificial Light. 

Project Number: 1382W/1. Unpublished study prepared by PTRL West, Inc. 134 p.

835.4100 Aerobic soil metabolism

MRID Citation Reference

45409104 Lentz, N.; Korsch, B. (1998) Rate of Degradation in Aerobic Soils of CCIM-AM (A 

Metabolite of IKF-916): Lab Project Number: 7173-97-0089-EF-001-001. Unpublished 

study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 154 p. 

45409105 Landphair, C. (1999) Rate of Degradation in Aerobic Soils of CTCA (A Metabolite of IKF916): Lab Project Number: 7173-97-0090-EF-001. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca, Inc. 132 p. 

45409106 Hartman, D. (1997) An Aerobic Soil Metabolism Study with (Carbon 14) IKF-916: Lab 

Project Number: 6613-95-0215-EF-001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 

124 p. 

45409107 Hatman, D.; Korsch, B. (1999) Rate of Degradation in Aerobic Soils of CCIM (A 

Metabolite of IKF-916): Lab Project Number: 7173-97-0064-EF-001. Unpublished study 

prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 168 p. 

45409108 Hatman, D.; Korsch, B.; Lentz, N. (1999) Rate of Degradation of IKF-916 in Aerobic Soil: 

Lab Project Number: 6861-96-0111-EF-001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, 

Inc. 147 p. 

46537705 Leyes, G. (2005) Response To Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Aerobic Biotransformation of Cyazofamid in Soil and Request for Waiver from 

Conducting Additional Soil Metabolism Studies. Project Number: IB/2005/GAL/005/01, 

6613/95/0215/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 32 p.

46537706 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Aerobic Biotransformation of Cyazofamid in Soil. Project Number: IB/2005/GAL/006/01, 

6861/96/0111/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 65 p.

46537707 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Aerobic Biotransformation of Cyazofamid Metabolite CCIM in Soil. Project Number: 

IB/2005/GAL/007/01, 7173/97/0064/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 

14 p.

36
MRID Citation Reference

46537709 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Aerobic Biotransformation of Cyazofamid Metabolite CCIM-AM in Soil. Project Number: 

IB/2005/GAL/008/01, 7173/97/0089/EF/001/001. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca, Inc. 46 p.

46537710 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Aerobic BioTransformation of Cyazofamid Metabolite CTCA in Soil. Project Number: 

IB/2005/GAL/009/01, 7173/97/0090/EF/001/001. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca, Inc. 12 p.

46552401 DiFrancesco, D. (2004) Report Amendment Number One: Rate of Degradation in 

Aerobic Soils of CCIM (A Metabolite of IKF-916): (MRID# 45409107). Project Number: 

3/97/0064/EF/001/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. and Ricerca 

Biosciences, LLC. 11 p.

46702705 Lentz, N. (2005) Report Amendment Number Two: Rate of Degradation in Aerobic Soils 

of CCIM-AM (A Metabolite of IKF-916) - Amended Report (MRID#34309104). Project 

Number: 7173/97/0089/EF/001/002. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca 

Biosciences, LLC. 45 p.

47716301 Shepler, K. (2009) Aerobic Soil Metabolism of (Carbon 14) Cyazofamid in Two Soils. 

Project Number: 1680W, 1680W/1. Unpublished study prepared by PTRL West, Inc. 182 

p.

835.4400 Anaerobic aquatic metabolism

MRID Citation Reference

45409109 McCall, B.; Waller, R. (1998) An Anaerobic Aquatic Soil Metabolism Study with (Carbon 

14) IKF-916: Lab Project Number: 6834-96-0093-EF-001. Unpublished study prepared 

by Ricerca, Inc. 366 p. 

46537711 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Anaerobic Biotransformation of Cyazofamid in Water-Soil and Request for Waiver from 

Conducting Additional Water/Sediment Testing. Project Number: IB/2005/GAL/010/01, 

6834/96/0093/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 17 p.

46702706 Lentz, N. (2005) Report Amendment Number One: An Anaerobic Aquatic Soil 

Metabolism with (Carbon 14) IKF-916 (MRID#45409109). Project Number: 

6834/96/0093/EF/001/001, 6834/96/0093/EF/000/004. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 41 p.

47716302 DiFrancesco, D. (2009) Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of (Carbon 14) Cyazofamid. 

Project Number: 021402/1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 

155 p.

37
835.4300 Aerobic aquatic metabolism

MRID Citation Reference

45409110 Hartman, D.; Korsch, B.; Repko, T. (1999) IKF-916 Degradation and Fate in a 

Water/Sediment System: Lab Project Number: 6795-96-0065-EF-001. Unpublished study 

prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 178 p. 

46537712 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on the 

Aerobic Biotransformation of Cyazofamid in Water-Soil System and Request for Waiver 

from Conducting Additional Water/Sediment Testing. Project Number: 

IB/2005/GAL/011/01, 6795/96/0065/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 

17 p.

46702707 Lentz, N. (2005) Report Amendment Number One: IKF-916 Degradation and Fate in a 

Water/Sediment System (MRID#45409110). Project Number: 6795/96/0065/EF/001/001, 

6795/96/0065/EF/000/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 20 

p.

47716303 Halarnkar, P. (2009) Request for Waiver Conducting Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism Study 

on Cyazofamid. Project Number: IB/2009/PH/001/01. Unpublished study prepared by ISK 

Biosciences Corporation. 9 p.

835.1230 Leaching/adsorption/desorption

MRID Citation Reference

45409111 Shelby, D. (1998) Aged Residue Leaching Study of (Carbon 14) IKF-916: Lab 

Project Number: 6577-96-0189-EF-001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, 

Inc. 64 p. 

45409112 Landphair, C. (1998) Adsorption and Desorption of IKF-916 in Soils: Lab Project 

Number: 6575-95-0216-EF-001-001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 

206 p. 

45409113 Shelby, D. (1998) Parent Column Leaching Study of (Carbon 14) IKF-916: Lab 

Project Number: 7136-97-0060-EF-001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, 

Inc. 63 p. 

45409114 Murray, M. (1999) Adsorption and Desorption of IKF-916 Metabolites CCIM, CCIMAM, and CTCA: Lab Project Number: 7496-98-0048-EF-001. Unpublished study 

prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 139 p. 

46537713 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on 

the Adsorption-Desorption of Cyazofamid in Soil. Project Number: 

IB/2005/GAL/012/01, 6575/95/0216/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca, Inc. 62 p.

46537714 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on 

the Adsorption-Desorption of Cyazofamid Metabolites CCIM, CCIM-AM, and CTCA 

in Soil. Project Number: IB/2005/GAL/013/01, 7496/98/0048/EF/001. Unpublished 

study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 62 p.

38
MRID Citation Reference

46537715 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on 

the Leaching of Cyazofamid in Soil Columns. Project Number: IB/2005/GAL/014/01, 

7136/97/0060/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 11 p.

46537716 Leyes, G. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report on 

the Leaching of Cyazofamid in Aged Soil Columns. Project Number: 

IB/2005/GAL/015/01, 6577/96/0189/EF/001. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca, Inc. 42 p.

47716304 Schick, M. (2008) Soil Adsorption/Desorption of (Carbon 14) Cyazofamid by the 

Batch Equilibrium Method. Project Number: 1681W, 1681W/1. Unpublished study 

prepared by PTRL West, Inc. 123 p.

835.6100 Terrestrial field dissipation

MRID Citation Reference

45409037 Parker, A. (2001) Independent Laboratory Validation of the Analytical Procedure for 

Determination of Residues of IKF-916 and its Metabolites (CCIM, CCIM-AM, CTCA and 

CCCB) in Soil (Ricerca Method 011141-2): Lab Project Number: 010232-0: 011141-2: 

1375. Unpublished study prepared by Pyxant Labs., Inc. 177 p. {OPPTS 850.7100} 

45409115 Jablonski, J. (2001) Stability of IKF-916 and Metabolites (CCIM, CCBA, CTCA and 

CCIM-AM) in Soil During Freezer Storage Through 250 Days: Lab Project Number: 

010231-1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, LLC. 187 p. 

45409116 Crawford, C. (2001) Dissipation of Residues of IKF-916 and its Metabolites (CCIM, 

CCBA, CTCA, and CCIM-AM) from Soil in Washington: Lab Project Number: 010227-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, LLC. 303 p. 

45409117 Jablonski, J. (2001) Terrestrial Field Dissipation of IKF-916 Applied to Bareground in 

New York: Lab Project Number: 010229-1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca LLC. 

268 p. 

45638511 McFadden, J.; Lucas, F. (2002) Cyazofamid (1KF-916): Revised Summary of 

Environmental Fate, Effects and Risk Assessment: Lab Project Number: 014182-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, LLC. 45 p. 

45638512 Crawford, C. (2001) Dissipation of Residues of IKF-916 and Its Metabolites (CCIM, 

CCBA, CTCA, and CCIM-AM) From Soil in Georgia: Lab Project Number: 010230-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, LLC. 302 p. 

45638513 Crawford, C.; Cassidy, P. (2002) Dissipation of Residues of IKF-916 and Its Metabolites 

(CCIM, CCBA, CTCA, and CCIM-AM) From Soil in California: Lab Project Number: 

010228-1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, LLC. 209 p. 

46537717 Wiedmann, J. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report for 

Terrestrial Field Dissipation of Cyazofamid. Project Number: IB/2005/JLW/001/01, 

010227/1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 8 p.

46537719 Cassidy, P. (2002) Stability of IKF-916 and Metabolites (CCIM, CCBA, CTCA and 

CCIM-AM) in Soil During Freezer Storage: Final Report. Project Number: 010231/2. 

Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 202 p.

39
MRID Citation Reference

46537720 Wiedmann, J. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report for 

Terrestrial Field Dissipation of Cyazofamid. Project Number: IB/2005/JLW/003/01, 

010229/1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 8 p.

46537722 Wiedmann, J. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report for 

Terrestrial Field Dissipation of Cyazofamid. Project Number: IB/2005/JLW/002/01, 

010228/1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 8 p.

46537723 Wiedmann, J. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation Report for 

Terrestrial Field Dissipation of Cyazofamid. Project Number: IB/2005/JLW/004/01, 

010230/1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 8 p.

46552402 Cassidy, P. (2005) Report Amendment: Dissipation of Residues of IKF-916 and its 

Metabolites (CCIM, CCBA, CTCA and CCIM-AM) From Soil in Washington: (MRID# 

45409116). Project Number: 010227/1/1, 010227. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca, Inc. and Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 50 p.

46552403 Cassidy, P. (2005) Report Amendment: Dissipation of Residues of IKF-916 and its 

Metabolites (CCIM, CCBA, CTCA and CCIM-AM) from Soil in New York: (MRID# 

45409117). Project Number: 010229/1/1, 010229. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca, Inc. and Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 42 p.

46571102 Weidmann, J. (2005) Amended Report: Field Soil Dissipation of Ranman 400SC 

Applied to Turf in Ashland, VA - USA 2003. Project Number: IB/2003/JLW/004/01/02, 

ISK/BIOSCIENCES/CORP/1489. Unpublished study prepared by Pyxant Labs Inc. 753 

p.

46587101 Wiedmann, J. (2004) Field Soil Dissipation of Ranman 400SC Applied to Turf in 

Goldsboro, NC - USA 2003. Project Number: B/2003/JLW/002/01/01. Unpublished 

study prepared by Pyxant Labs Inc. 792 p.

46784201

Cassidy, P. (2006) Dissipation of Residues of IKF-916 and its Metabolites (CCIM, 

CCBA, CTCA AND CCIM-AM) from Soil in Georgia. Project Number: 010230-1010230. 

Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 49 p.

46784202

Cassidy, P. (2005) Dissipation of Residues of IKF-916 and its Metabolites (CCIM, 

CCBA, CTCA and CCIM-AM) from Soil in California. Project Number: 010228/1/1, 

010228. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca Biosciences, LLC. 50 p.

850.1730 Fish BCF

MRID Citation Reference

45409138 Caunter, J.; Latham, M.; Morris, D. (1998) IKF-916: Determination of the 

Accumulation and Elimination of (Carbon 14) IKF-916 in Rainbow Trout 

(Oncorhynchus Mykiss): Lab Project Number: AF0381/C. Unpublished study 

prepared by ZENECA Limited. 54 p. {OPPTS 850.1730} 

45409139 Lanphair, C. (1999) (Carbon 14) IKF-916 Laboratory Studies of Pesticide 

Accumulation in Fish: Identification of Residues: Lab Project Number: 010433-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 57 p. {OPPTS 850.1730} 

40
MRID Citation Reference

46537724 Wiedmann, J. (2005) Response to Reviewer Notes from the Data Evaluation 

Report on the Bioaccumulation of Cyazofamid in Fish and Request for Waiver from 

Conducting a Replacement Study. Project Number: IB/2005/JLW/004/01, 

010230/1. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 8 p.

47716305 Blankinship, A.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2008) (Carbon 14)-Cyazofamid: A 

Bioconcentration Test with the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Final 

Report. Project Number: 272A/110, 272/092807/RBT/B10/14C/SUB272. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 92 p.

Non-Guideline Studies

MRID Citation Reference

47716306 Kendall, T.Z., and W.B. Nixon. 2009. Determination of the water solubility of 

IKF916 and metabolites CCIM, CCIM-AM and CTCA in saltwater using the shake 

flask method.

45638511 McFadden, J.; Lucas, F. (2002) Cyazofamid (1KF-916): Revised Summary of 

Environmental Fate, Effects and Risk Assessment: Lab Project Number: 014182-1. 

Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, LLC. 45 p. 

085651 Cyazofamid Eco-Effects Bibliography

71-1 850.2100 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

45409121 van Dreumel, I.; Frieling, W. (1999) Acute Oral Toxicity Study with IKF-916 

Technical in the Bobwhite Quail: Lab Project Number: NOTOX # 182789. 

Unpublished study prepared by NOTOX B.V. 60 p. {OPPTS 850.2100} 

45409122 Ullmann, L. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Mallard Duck 

(Includes Report Amendment NO. 1): Lab Project Number: RCC # 728886. 

Unpublished study prepared by RCC Ltd. 35 p. {OPPTS 850.2100} 

46258212 Heijink, E.; Dreumel, I. (1999) Acute Oral Toxicity Study In The Bobwhite Quail With 

IKF-916 400SC Plus Organosilicone Adjuvant. Project Number: 218442, 74538, 

7360/97/0194/TX/001. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 76 p.

71-2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

41
MRID Citation Reference

45409123 Standens-Peek, W.; Frieling, W. (1999) 5-Day Dietary Toxicity Study in Bobwhite 

Quail with IKF-916 Technical: Lab Project Number: NOTOX # 182813. Unpublished 

study prepared by NOTOX B.V. 68 p. {OPPTS 850.2200} 

45409124 Stadens-Peek, W.; Frieling, W. (1999) 5-Day Dietary Toxicity Study in Mallard Duck 

with IKF-916 Technical: Lab Project Number: NOTOX #218521. Unpublished study 

prepared by NOTOX B.V. 76 p. {OPPTS 850.2200} 

71-4 Avian Reproduction

MRID Citation Reference

45409125 Burri, R. (1999) IKF-916 Technical: Avian Reproduction Test in Japanese Quail: 

Lab Project Number: RCC #729314. Unpublished study prepared by RCC Ltd. 110 

p. {850.2300} 

45409126 Frey, L.; Martin, K.; Beavers, J. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: A Pilot Reproduction 

Study with the Mallard: Lab Project Number: 272-120. Unpublished study prepared 

by Wildlife International, Ltd. 66 p. {OPPTS 850.2300} 

45409127 Frey, L.; Martin, K.; Beavers, J. et al. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: A Reproduction 

Study with the Mallard: Interim Report: Lab Project Number: 272-121. Unpublished 

study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 80 p. {OPPTs 850.2300} 

45638514 Frey, L.; Martin, K.; Beavers, J.; et al. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: A Reproduction 

Study with the Mallard: Final Report: Lab Project Number: WI 272-121: RIC 012760. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 159 p. {OPPTS 850.2300} 

45638515 Frey, L.; Martin, K.; Beavers, J.; et al. (2002) IKF-916 Technical: A Reproduction 

Study with the Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus): Lab Project Number: 

WI 272-127. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 162 p. 

{OPPTS 850.2300} 

46317901 Frey, L.; Martin, K.; Beavers, J.; et al. (2004) IKF-916 Technical: A Reproduction 

Study with the Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus). Project Number: 

WI/272/127. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 22 p.

46329501 Burri, R. (2004) Response to EPA Review and Submission of Supplemental Data: 

Addendum to Report: IKF-916 Technical: Avian Reproduction Test in Japanese 

Quail. Project Number: 729314. Unpublished study prepared by RCC 

Umweltchemie Ag. 88 p.

47716308 Frey, L.; Martin, K.; Beavers, J.; et al. (2009) Cyazofamid: A Reproduction Study 

with the Northern Bobwhite: Final Report. Project Number: 272/140. Unpublished 

study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 89 p.

72-1 850.1075 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID Citation Reference

42
45409128 Bogers, M. (1999) 96-Hour Acute Toxicity Study in Carp with IKF-916 Technical 

(Flow-Through): Lab Project Number: NOTOX #182881. Unpublished study 

prepared by NOTOX B.V. 29 p. {OPPTS 850.1075} 

45409129 Bogers, M. (1999) 96-Hour Acute Toxicity Study in Bluegill with IKF-916 Technical 

(Flow-Through): Lab Project Number: 182846. Unpublished study prepared by 

NOTOX B.V. 25 p. {OPPTS 850.1075} 

45409130 Bogers, M. (1999) 96-Hour Acute Toxicity Study in Rainbow Trout with IKF-916 

Technical (Flow-Through): Lab Project Number: 182857. Unpublished study 

prepared by NOTOX B.V. 29 p. {OPPTS 850.1075} 

45409132 Latham, M.; Morris, D. (1998) IKF-916: Determination of Acute Toxicity to Rainbow 

Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)-Preliminary to Fish Accumulation Study: Lab Project 

Number: AF0381/B. Unpublished study prepared by ZENECA Limited. 21 p. 

{OPPTS 850.1075} 

46258207 Bogers, M. (1999) 96-Hour Acute Toxicity Study in Rainbow Trout With CCIM 

(Static). Project Number: 247861, 79965, 7724. Unpublished study prepared by 

Notox B.V. 21 p.

46258208 Bogers, M. (1999) 96-Hour Acute Toxicity in Rainbow Trout With CCIM-AM (Static). 

Project Number: 247872. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 19 p.

46258209 Bogers, M. (1999) 96-Hour Acute Toxicity Study In Rainbow Trout With CTCA 

(Static). Project Number: 247883, 79983, 7724. Unpublished study prepared by 

Notox B.V. 19 p.

46258210 Seyfried, B. (1999) Acute Toxicity of DMSA (Metabolite of IKF-916) To Rainbow 

Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) In A 96-Hour Static Test. Project Number: 

RCC/734883, 734894. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 33 p.

46258206 Bogers, M. (1999) 96-Hour Acute Toxicity Study in Rainbow Trout With IKF-916 

400SC Plus Organosilicone Adjuvant (Flow-Through). Project Number: 218633. 

Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 28 p.

72-2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID Citation Reference

45409133 Bogers, M. (1999) Acute Toxicity Study in Daphnia Magna with IKF-916 Technical 

(Flow-Through): Lab Project Number: NOTOX #182868. Unpublished study 

prepared by NOTOX B.V. 32 p. {OPPTS 850.1010} 

46258201 Migchielsen, I. (1999) Acute Toxicity Study in Daphnia magna with IKF-916 400SC 

Plus Organosilicone Adjuvant (Flow-Through). Project Number: 218644, 74538, 

7362/97/0196/TX/001. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 29 p.

46258202 Migchielsen, I. (1999) Acute Toxicity Study in Daphnia magna With CCIM (Static). 

Project Number: 247894, 79965, 7723. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 

25 p.

46258203 Migchielsen, I. (1999) Acute Toxicity In Daphnia magna with CCIM-AM (Static). 

Project Number: 247905, 79974, 7723. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 

22 p.

43
46258204 Migchielsen, I. (1999) Acute Toxicity Study in Daphnia magna With CTCA (Static). 

Project Number: 247916, 79983, 7723. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 

19 p.

46258205 Seyfried, B. (1999) Acute Toxicity of DMSA (Metabolite of IKF-916) to Daphnia 

magna in a 48-Hour Immobilization Test. Project Number: RCC/734905, 734916. 

Unpublished study prepared by RCC Umweltchemie Ag. 32 p.

72-3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID Citation Reference

45409131 Boeri, R.; Ward, T. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: Acute Toxicity to the Sheepshead 

Minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus: Lab Project Number: 2008-SK. Unpublished study 

prepared by T.R. Wilbury Laboratories, Inc. 29 p. {OPPTS 850.1075} 

45409134 Boeri, R.; Ward, T. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: Flow-Through Mollusc Shell 

Deposition Test: Lab Project Number: 2009-SK: Unpublished study prepared by T. 

R. Wilbury Laboratories, Inc. 30 p. {OPPTS 850.1025} 

45409135 Boeri, R.; Ward, T. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: Acute Toxicity to the Mysid, 

Americamysis Bahia: Lab Project Number: 2007-SK. Unpublished study prepared 

by T.R. Wilbury Laboratories, Inc. 29 p. {OPPTS 850.1035} 

72-4 850.1400 Fish Early Life Stage

MRID Citation Reference

45409137 Boeri, R.; Ward, T. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: Early Life Stage Toxicity to the 

Fathead Minnow, Pimephales Promelas: Lab Project Number: 2006-SK. 

Unpublished study prepared by T. R. Wilbury Laboratories, Inc. 59 p. {OPPTS 

850.1400} 

46258211 Peither, A. (1999) Sublethal Toxic Effects of IKF-916 400SC Formulation Plus 

Organo-Silicone Adjuvant on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in a Fish 

Juvenile Growth Test Over 28 Days. Project Number: RCC/733500, 733511. 

Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 49 p.

72-4 850.1300 Daphnid chronic toxicity test

MRID Citation Reference

46258211 Peither, A. (1999) Sublethal Toxic Effects of IKF-916 400SC Formulation Plus 

Organo-Silicone Adjuvant on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in a Fish 

Juvenile Growth Test Over 28 Days. Project Number: RCC/733500, 733511. 

Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 49 p.

44
46702708 Hoberg, J. (2005) Technical Cyazofamid (IKF-916) - Full Life-Cycle Toxicity Test 

with Water Fleas, Daphnia magna, Under Flow-Through Conditions. Project 

Number: 13562/6138. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers 

Laboratories. 81 p.

47716307 Hoberg, J. (2008) Response to EPA Review of MRID No. 467027-08: Technical 

Cyazofamid (IKF-916) - Full Life-Cycle Toxicity Test with Water Fleas, Daphnia 

Magna, Under Flow-Through Conditions. Project Number: 13562/6138A. 

Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 5 p.

45409136 Peither, A. (1999) Influence of IKf-916 on Survival and Reproduction of Daphnia 

Magna in a Sesistatic Test Over Three Weeks: Lab Project Number: RCC # 

741251. Unpublished study prepared by RCC Ltd. 41 p. {OPPTS 850.1300} 

45409137 Boeri, R.; Ward, T. (2001) IKF-916 Technical: Early Life Stage Toxicity to the 

Fathead Minnow, Pimephales Promelas: Lab Project Number: 2006-SK. 

Unpublished study prepared by T. R. Wilbury Laboratories, Inc. 59 p. {OPPTS 

850.1400}

122-1 Seed Germination/Seedline Emergence and Vegetable 

Vigor

MRID Citation Reference

45409140 Stewart, E. (2001) Tier 1 Seedling Emergence Study Assessing IKF-916 400SC 

Formulation: Lab Project Number: IB-2000-SARS-002-01. Unpublished study 

prepared by Stewart Agricultural Research Services, Inc. 62 p. {OPPTS 850.4100} 

45409141 Stewart, E. (2001) Tier 1 Vegetative Vigor Study Assessing IKF-916 400SC 

Formulation: Lab Project Number: IB-2000-SARS-002-01. Unpublished study 

prepared by Stewart Agricultural Research Services, Inc. 57 p. {OPPTS 840.4150} 

141-1 Honey bee acute contact

MRID Citation Reference

45409144 Schmitzer, S. (1999) Laboratory Testing for Toxicity (Acute Contact and Oral LD50) 

of IKF-916 Technical on Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)(Hymenoptera, Apidae): Lab 

Project Number: IBACON #2915036. Unpublished study prepared by Institut fur 

Biologische Analytik Und Consulting IBACON GmbH. 31 p. {OPPTS 850.3020

850.4100 Terrestrial plant toxicity, Tier 1 (seeding 

emergence)

MRID Citation Reference

47716309 Greenland, R. (2008) Tier I Seedling Emergence Study Assessing IKF-916 400SC 

Formulation. Project Number: IB/2007/MG/001/00/00. Unpublished study prepared 

by Stewart Agricultural Research Services. 58 p.

45
850.4150 Terrestrial plant toxicity, Tier 1 (vegetative vigor)

MRID Citation Reference

47716310 Greenland, R. (2008) Tier I Vegetative Vigor Study Assessing IKF-916 400SC 

Formulation. Project Number: IB/2007/MG/002/00/00. Unpublished study prepared 

by Stewart Agricultural Research Services. 58 p.

122-2 Aquatic plant growth

MRID Citation Reference

45409142 Boeri, R.; Ward, T. (2001) IKF-916: Toxicity to the Duckweed, Lemna gibba: Lab 

Project Number: 2131-SK. Unpublished study prepared by T.R. Wilbury 

Laboratories, Inc. 33 p. {OPPTS 850.4400} 

45409143 Bogers, M. (1999) 96-Hour Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test with IKF-916 

Technical: Lab Project Number: NOTOX #218767. Unpublished study prepared by 

NOTOX B.V. 41 p. {OPPTS 850.5400} 

46258213 Bogers, M. (1999) Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test With IKF-916 400SC 

Plus Organosilicone Adjuvant. Project Number: 218655. Unpublished study 

prepared by Notox B.V. 43 p.

46258214 Bogers, M. (1999) Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test With CCIM. Project 

Number: 247927, 79965, 7595. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 35 p.

46258215 Bogers, M. (1999) Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test With CCIM-AM. Project 

Number: 247938. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 23 p.

46258216 Bogers, M. (1999) Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test With CTCA. Project 

Number: 247949, 79983, 7595. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 32 p.

850.5400 Algal toxicity, Tiers 1 and II

MRID Citation Reference

46209402 Hoberg, J. (2003) Technical Cyazofamid (IKF-916) - Acute Toxicity to the Marine 

Diatom, Skeletonema costatum. Project Number: 13562/6132, 

060603/OPPTS/SA/SKELETONEMA. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 

Smithers Laboratories. 64 p.

46209403 Hoberg, J. (2003) Technical Cyazofamid (IKF-916) - 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the 

Freshwater Blue-Green Alga, Anabaena flos-aquae . Project Number: 13562/6131, 

012103/OECD/EC/OPPTS/SA/ANABAENA. Unpublished study prepared by 

Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 64 p.

46209404 Hoberg, J. (2003) Technical Cyazofamid (IKF-916) - Acute Toxicity to the 

Freshwater Diatom, Navicula pelliculosa. Project Number: 13562/6130, 

46
060603/OECD/EC/OPPTS/SA/NAVICULA. Unpublished study prepared by 

Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 64 p.

46258213 Bogers, M. (1999) Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test With IKF-916 400SC 

Plus Organosilicone Adjuvant. Project Number: 218655. Unpublished study 

prepared by Notox B.V. 43 p.

46258214 Bogers, M. (1999) Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test With CCIM. Project 

Number: 247927, 79965, 7595. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 35 p.

46258215 Bogers, M. (1999) Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test With CCIM-AM. Project 

Number: 247938. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 23 p.

46258216 Bogers, M. (1999) Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test With CTCA. Project 

Number: 247949, 79983, 7595. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 32 p.

46258217 Seyfried, B. (1999) Toxicity of DMSA (Metabolite of IKF-916) To Scenedesmus 

subspicatus in A 72-Hour Algal Growth Inhibition Test. Project Number: 

RCC/734927. Unpublished study prepared by Notox B.V. 38 p.

Non-Guideline Studies

45408901 Lucas, F. (2001) FQPA Supplemental Information Document (PR Notice 97-1)-

Petition for Tolerance for Cyazofamid in or on Cucurbits, Potatoes, Tomatoes 

and Wine Grapes: Lab Project Number: FQPA-01-001-001. Unpublished study 

prepared by Ricerca, LLC. 9 p. 

45408902 Tucker, K. (2001) Tier 1 Chronic and Acute Dietary Exposure Analyses for 

Potential Residues of Cyazofamid in or on Cucurbits, Potatoes, Tomatoes and 

Wine Grapes: Lab Project Number: CYAZOFAMID 01-01. Unpublished study 

prepared by Novigen Sciences, Inc. 87 p. 

45408909 Lucas, F.; O'Meara, H. (2001) Cyazofamid (IKF-916): Summary of the 

Toxicology: Lab Project Number: 012641-3. Unpublished study prepared by 

Ricerca, Inc. 129 p

47
Appendix A. Cyazofamid and Environmental Degradates

Table A1. Nomenclature for Cyazofamid and Its Major Environmental Degradates

Applicant's Code IUPAC Chemical Names/CAS Name (if reported)

Cyazofamid 4-Chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-p-tolylimidazole-1-sulfonamide (IUPAC) Or 

4-Chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-imidazole-1-sulfonamide (CAS)

(01) CCIM 4-Chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carbonitrile

(02) CCIM-AM 4-Chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carboxamide

(03) CTCA 4-Chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carboxylic acid

(04) CCTS 6-(4-Chloro-2-cyanoimidazol-5-yl)-N,N-dimethyl m-toluenesulfonamide

(05) CDTS 2-Cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-p-tolyimidazole-4-sulfonamide

(06) HTID 5-Hydroxy-5-p-tolyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

(07) p-Toluamide 4-Methylbenzamide

(08) CCBA-AM 4-(4-Chloro-2-amidoimidazol-5-yl)benzoic acid

(09) CTI 4-Chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole

(10) CHCN 4-Chloro-5-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)imidazole-2-carbonitrile

(11) CCBA 4-(4-Chloro-2-cyanoimidazol-5-yl)benzoic acid (IUPAC) Or 

4-(4-Chloro-2-cyano-1H-imidazol-5-yl)benzoic acid (CAS)

(12) CCBA-AC, 

CCBA hydrolysis 

compound #1, or

M-1

4-(4-chloro-2-carboxyimidazol-5-yl)benzoic acid1

 1 Registrant-suggested chemical name.

48
Table A2. Cyazofamid and Its Major Environmental Degradates

Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.

(MRID)

Maximum 

%AR (day)A

Final %AR 

(study length)

PARENT

Cyazofamid

IKF-916

4-Chloro-2-cyano-N,Ndimethyl-5-ptolylimidazole-1-

sulfonamide

CAS No.: 120116-88-3

Formula: C13H13ClN4O2S

MW: 324.78 g/mol

Cc2ccc(c1c(Cl)nc(C#N)n1

S(=O)(=O)N(C)C)cc2

Parent compound

TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS

N

N

H3 C

SO2 N( CH3)2

Cl

CN

49
Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.

(MRID)

Maximum 

%AR (day)A

Final %AR 

(study length)

CCIM 4-Chloro-5-ptolylimidazole-2-

carbonitrile

Formula: C11H8ClN3

MW: 217.66 g/mol

Cc2ccc(c1[nH]c(C#N)nc1

Cl)cc2

Hydrolysis 45409039, 

46537701, 

46702701

82.5% of the 

recovered* @ pH 

7 @ 30 days

82.5% of the 

recovered* @ pH 

7 @ 30 days

Aq photolysis 45409102, 

46537703,

46702703

39.6 @ 2 days 25.3% @ 30 days

Soil photolysis 46702704 6.2% @ 4 days 2.5% @ 12 days

Aerobic soil 45409106, 

46537705

16.3% @ 5 days 3.9% @ 59 days

Aerobic soil 45409108, 

46537706

31.3% @ 10 days 6.9% @ 45 days

Aerobic soil 47716301 29.0% @ 3 days 0.3% @ 3 days

Aerobic aquatic 45409110

46537712

46702707

47.4% @ 21 days 14.4% @ 100 days

Anaerobic aquatic 45409109

46537711

46702706

24.6% @ 7 days 0.5% @ 360 days

Anaerobic aquatic 47716302 35.8% @ 7 days 3.9% @ 180 days

Terr dissipationC 454091-16

465377-17

465524-02

22% @ 1 day <3% @ 498

Terr dissipationC 454091-17

465377-20

465524-03

39% @ 6th app ND @ 498 days

Terr dissipationC 456385-12

465377-23

467842-01

28% @ 1 day 10% @ 540 days

Terr dissipationC 456385-13

465377-22

467842-02

65% @ 7 days <4% @ 582 days

Terr dissipationC 465711-02 Thatch

6.0% @ 2 days

Soil

<LOQ or ND @ all 

intervals

Thatch

3.5% @ 120 days

Soil

ND @ 120 days

N

H

N

H3 C

Cl

CN

50
Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.

(MRID)

Maximum 

%AR (day)A

Final %AR 

(study length)

Terr dissipationC 465871-01 Thatch

5.6% @ 4 days

Soil

12% @ 4 days

Thatch

0.6% @ 120 days

Soil

<LOQ @ 120 days

CCIM-AM 4-Chloro-5-ptolylimidazole-2-

carboxamide

Formula: C11H10N3OCl

MW: 235.67 g/mol

Cc2ccc(c1[nH]c(CON)nc1

Cl)cc2

Soil photolysis 46702704 0.9% @ 4 days 0.5% @ 12 days

Aerobic soil 45409106, 

46537705

13.2% @ 15 days 5.9% @ 59 days

Aerobic soil 45409108, 

46537706

13.7% @ 7 days 3.6% @ 45 days

Aerobic soil 47716301 11.7% @ 7 days 3.0% @ 366 days

Aerobic aquatic 45409110

46537712

46702707

10.7% @ 60 days 5.3% @ 100 days

Anaerobic aquatic 45409109

46537711

46702706

14.1% @ 10 days 2.0% @ 360 days

Anaerobic aquatic 47716302 18.4% @ 56 days 12.7% @ 180 days

Terr dissipationC 454091-16

465377-17

465524-02

17% @ 1 day 5% @ 498 days

Terr dissipationC 454091-17

465377-20

465524-03

57% @ 1 day ND @ 498 days

Terr dissipationC 456385-12

465377-23

467842-01

96% @ 1 day 28% @ 540 days

Terr dissipationC 456385-13

465377-22

467842-02

67% @ 4 days 27% @ 582 days

Terr dissipationC 465711-02 Thatch

9.5% @ 3 days

Soil

<LOQ or ND @ all 

intervals

Thatch

0.1% @ 120 days

Soil

ND @ 120 days

N

H

N

H3 C

Cl

CONH2

51
Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.

(MRID)

Maximum 

%AR (day)A

Final %AR 

(study length)

Terr dissipationC 465871-01 Thatch

0.6% @ 4 days

Soil

<LOQ or ND @ all 

intervals

Thatch

0.2% @ 120 days

Soil

ND @ 120 days

CTCA 4-Chloro-5-ptolylimidazole-2-

carboxylic acid

Formula: C11H9ClN2O2

MW: 236.65 g/mol

Cc2ccc(c1[nH]c(C(=O)O)

nc1Cl)cc2

Soil photolysis 46702704 1.2% @ 4 days 0.0% @ 12 days

Aerobic soil 45409106, 

46537705

9.8% @ 44 days 8.4% @ 59 days

Aerobic soil 45409108, 

46537706

21.3% @ 18 days 14.2% @ 45 days

Aerobic soil 47716301 38.9% @ 245 days 35.2% @ 366 days

Aerobic aquatic 45409110

46537712

46702707

26.2% @ 100 days 26.2% @ 100 days

Anaerobic aquatic 45409109

46537711

46702706

21.3% @ 56 days 10.8% @ 360 days

Anaerobic aquatic 47716302 47.9% @ 180 days 47.9% @ 180 days

Terr dissipationC 454091-16

465377-17

465524-02

39% @ 14 days <3% @ 498 days

Terr dissipationC 454091-17

465377-20

465524-03

42% @ 90 days ND @ 498 days

Terr dissipationC 456385-12

465377-23

467842-01

58% @ 28 days 15% @ 540 days

Terr dissipationC 456385-13

465377-22

467842-02

43% @ 371 & 582 

days

43% @ 582 days

Terr dissipationC 465711-02 Thatch

1.2% @ 2 days

Soil

37% @ 14 days

Thatch

0.1% @ 120 days

Soil

<LOQ @ 120 days

N

H

N

H3 C

Cl

COOH

52
Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.

(MRID)

Maximum 

%AR (day)A

Final %AR 

(study length)

Terr dissipationC 465871-01 Thatch

1.1% @ 7 days

Soil

20% @ 4 days

Thatch

0.3% @ 120 days

Soil

<LOQ @ 120 days

CCBA 4-(4-Chloro-2-

cyanoimidazol-5-

yl)benzoic acid

Formula: C11H6ClN3O2

MW: 247.64 g/mol

Soil photolysis 46702704 2.7% @ 4 days 0.7% @ 12 days

Aerobic soil 47716301 13.9% @ 7 days 4.8% @ 366 days

Terr dissipationC 454091-16

465377-17

465524-02

8% @ 90 days 5% @ 498 days

Terr dissipationC 454091-17

465377-20

465524-03

29% @ 1 day 

post-7th app

ND @ 498 days

Terr dissipationC 456385-12

465377-23

467842-01

38% @ 2nd app 12% @ 540 days

Terr dissipationC 456385-13

465377-22

467842-02

41% @ 6 days 

post-4th app

33% @ 582 days

Terr dissipationC 465711-02 Thatch

6.7% @ 2 days

Soil

<LOQ or ND @ all 

intervals

Thatch

0.2% @ 120 days

Soil

ND @ 120 days

Terr dissipationC 465871-01 Thatch

5.4% @ 7 days

Soil

17% @ 4 days

Thatch

0.3% @ 120 days

Soil

<LOQ @ 120 days

CCBA-AC, CCBA 

hydrolysis compound #1, 

or M-1

4-(4-chloro-2-

carboxyimidazol-5-

yl)benzoic acid

C2(=C(C1=CC=C(C=C1)

C(=O)O[H])[N](C(=N2)C(

=O)O[H])[H])Cl

Aerobic soil 47716301 17.4% @ 245 day 15.7% @ 366 days

N

H

N

Cl

HOOC CN

Cl

COOH

NH N

COOH

53
Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.

(MRID)

Maximum 

%AR (day)A

Final %AR 

(study length)

CCBA-AM 4-(4-chloro-2-

amidoimidazol-5-yl) 

benzoic acid

Formula: C11H8N3O3Cl

MW: 265.66 g/mol

Aerobic soil 47716301 Minor component Minor component

CCTS 6-(4-Chloro-2-

cyanoimidazol-5-yl)-N,Ndimethyl mtoluenesulfonamide

Aq photolysis 45409102, 

46537703,

46702703

37.9% @ 180 min 0% @ 30 days

CDTS 2-Cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-

p-tolyimidazole-4-

sulfonamide

Aq photolysis 45409102, 

46537703,

46702703

9.6% @ 36 days 9.6% @ 36 days

HTID 5-Hydroxy-5-p-tolyl-2,4-

imidazolidinedione

Aq photolysis 45409102, 

46537703,

46702703

18.5% @ 26 days 17.0% @ 36 days

p-Toluamide 4-Methylbenzamide Aq photolysis 45409102, 

46537703,

46702703

12.1% @ 36 days 12.1% @ 36 days

CHCN 4-Chloro-5-(4-

hydroxymethylphenyl)imid

azole-2-carbonitrile

Anaerobic aquatic 45409109

46537711

46702706

≤1.2% @ 7 days 0.0% @ 360 days

N

H

N

Cl

HOOC CONH2

N

H

N

H3 C

Cl

CN

SO2 N( CH3)2

N

H

N

H3 C

( H3 C)2 NO2S

CN

N

H

NH

H3 C

O

O

HO

H3 C CONH2

N

H

N

HOCH2

Cl

CN

54
Code Name/ 

Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.

(MRID)

Maximum 

%AR (day)A

Final %AR 

(study length)

Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide

CAS Number: 124-38-9

Formula: CO2

MW: 44.01 g/mol

Soil photolysis 46702704 Not measured Not measured

Aerobic soil 45409106, 

46537705

Not applicable 14.1% @ 59 days

Aerobic soil 45409108, 

46537706

Not applicable 14.4% @ 45 days

Aerobic soil 47716301 Not applicable 15.9% @ 366 days

Aerobic aquatic 45409110

46537712

46702707

Not applicable 3.2% @ 100 days

Anaerobic aquatic 45409109

46537711

46702706

Not applicable 3.4% @ 360 days

Anaerobic aquatic 47716302 Not applicable 0.5% @ 180 days A Bolded values indicate a major degradate was formed or that a degradate is of toxicological significance

B In a later submission, the recoveries ranged from 91.4-105.3% AR (both labels). C Terrestrial field study percentages represent the ratio of degradate concentration to the maximum parent concentration, both in the top layer of soil (and/or 

thatch).

O C O

55
Appendix B. KABAM v.1.0 Output File

Table 1. Chemical characteristics of Cyazofamid.

Characteristic Value Comments/Guidance

Pesticide Name Cyazofamid Required input

Log KOW 3.2

Required input 

Enter value from acceptable or supplemental study 

submitted by registrant or available in scientific literature.

KOW 1585 No input necessary. This value is calculated automatically 

from the Log KOW value entered above.

KOC (L/kg OC) 1338

Required input

Input value used in PRZM/EXAMS to derive EECs. Follow 

input parameter guidance for deriving this parameter 

value (USEPA 2002).

Time to steady 

state (TS; days) 3 No input necessary. This value is calculated automatically from the Log KOW value entered above.

Pore water EEC 

(μg/L) 0.096

Required input 

Enter value generated by PRZM/EXAMS benthic file. 

PRZM/EXAMS EEC represents the freely dissolved 

concentration of the pesticide in the pore water of the 

sediment. The appropriate averaging period of the EEC is 

dependent on the specific pesticide being modeled and is 

based on the time it takes for the chemical to reach steady 

state. Select the EEC generated by PRZM/EXAMS which 

has an averaging period closest to the time to steady state 

calculated above. In cases where the time to steady state 

exceeds 365 days, the user should select the EEC 

representing the average of yearly averages. The peak 

EEC should not be used. 

Water Column EEC 

(μg/L) 0.096

Required input 

Enter value generated by PRZM/EXAMS water column 

file. PRZM/EXAMS EEC represents the freely dissolved 

concentration of the pesticide in the water column. The 

appropriate averaging period of the EEC is dependent on 

the specific pesticide being modeled and is based on the 

time it takes for the chemical to reach steady state. The 

averaging period used for the water column EEC should 

be the same as the one selected for the pore water EEC 

(discussed above). 

Table 2. Input parameters for rate constants. "calculated" indicates that model will 

calculate rate constant. 

Trophic level

k1 

(L/kg*d)

k2 

(d-1)

kD 

(kg-food/kgorg/d)kE 

(d-1)

kM* 

(d-1)

phytoplankton calculated calculated 0* 0* 0

56
zooplankton calculated calculated calculated calculated 0

benthic 

invertebrates calculated calculated calculated calculated 0

filter feeders calculated calculated calculated calculated 0

small fish calculated calculated calculated calculated 0

medium fish calculated calculated calculated calculated 0

large fish calculated calculated calculated calculated 0

* Default value is 0. 

k1 and k2 represent the uptake and elimination constants respectively, through 

respiration.

kD and kE represent the uptake and elimination constants, respectively, through 

diet.

kM represents the metabolism rate constant. 

Table 3. Mammalian and avian toxicity data for Cyazofamid. These are required inputs.

Animal

Measure of 

effect (units) Value Species

If selected 

species is 

"other," enter 

body weight 

(in kg) here.

Avian

LD50 (mg/kgbw) 2000 mallard duck

LC50 (mg/kgdiet) 4740 mallard duck

NOAEC 

(mg/kg-diet) 170 Northern bobwhite quail

Mineau 

Scaling 

Factor 1.15

Default value for all 

species is 1.15 (for 

chemical specific values, 

see Mineau et al. 1996).

Mammalian

LD50 (mg/kgbw) 324 laboratory rat

LC50 (mg/kgdiet) N/A other

Chronic 

Endpoint 20000

laboratory rat

units of 

chronic 

endpoint*

ppm

*ppm = mg/kg-diet

57
Characteristic Value

Concentration of 

Particulate Organic 

Carbon 

(XPOC; kg OC/ L)

0.00E+00

Concentration of 

Dissolved Organic 

Carbon 

(XDOC; kg OC/L)

0.00E+00

Concentration of 

Dissolved Oxygen 

(COX; mg O2/L)

5.0

Water Temperature 

(T; o

C) 15

Concentration of 

Suspended Solids 

(CSS; kg/L)

3.00E-05

Sediment Organic 

Carbon 

(OC; %)

4.0%

Guidance*

Table 4. Abiotic characteristics of the model aquatic ecosystem.

Default value is 4.0% when using EECs generated by 

PRZM/EXAMS.

Default value is 3.00x10-5 kg/L when using EECs generated by 

PRZM/EXAMS.

Value is defined by the average water temperature of the EXAMS 

pond when using EECs generated by PRZM/EXAMS. Model user 

should consult output file of EXAMS to define this value.

Default value is 5.0 mg O2/L when using EECs generated by 

PRZM/EXAMS.

When using EECs generated by PRZM/EXAMS, use a value of “0” 

for both POC and DOC. 

*When using pesticide concentrations from monitoring data or mesocosm studies, consult Appendix B of 

the User’s Guide for specific guidance on selecting values for these parameters.

Trophic Level

Wet Weight 

(kg) % lipids % NLOM % Water

Do 

organisms 

in trophic 

level 

respire 

some pore 

water?

sediment* N/A 0.0% 4.0% 96.0% N/A

phytoplankton N/A 2.0% 8.0% 90.0% no

zooplankton 1.0E-07 3.0% 12.0% 85.0% no

benthic invertebrates 1.0E-04 3.0% 21.0% 76.0% yes

filter feeders 1.0E-03 2.0% 13.0% 85.0% yes

small fish 1.0E-02 4.0% 23.0% 73.0% yes

medium fish 1.0E-01 4.0% 23.0% 73.0% yes

large fish 1.0E+00 4.0% 23.0% 73.0% no

N/A = not applicable

Table 5. Characteristics of aquatic biota of the model ecosystem.

*Note that sediment is not a trophic level. It is included in this table because it is consumed

by aquatic organisms of the KABAM foodweb.

58
Trophic level in 

diet Zoo plankton

Benthic 

Invertebrates

Filter 

Feeder Small Fish

Medium 

Fish Large Fish

sediment* 0.0% 34.0% 34.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

phytoplankton 100.0% 33.0% 33.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

zooplankton 33.0% 33.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0%

benthic invertebrates 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0%

filter feeders 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

small fish 50.0% 0.0%

medium fish 100.0%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

*Note that sediment is not a trophic level. It is included in this table because it is consumed by aquatic

organisms of the KABAM foodweb.

Diet for: 

Table 6. Diets of aquatic biota of the model ecosystem.

59
Parameter

Phyto 

plankton

Zoo 

plankton

Benthic 

Invertebrates

Filter 

Feeders Small Fish

Medium 

Fish Large Fish

CB 0.000007 0.00000529 0.000006 0.000004 0.000007 0.000007 0.00001

CBD 0.000000 0.00000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

CBR 0.00000719 0.00000528 0.00000575 0.00000382 0.00000738 0.00000737 0.00000736

CS

CWDP

CWTO

k1 283.265 40514.831 3610.888 1612.924 720.467 321.821 143.752

k2 3.679965 735.919482 60.225874 40.567401 9.370816 4.185790 1.869724

kD 0.000000 0.303497 0.107685 0.047114 0.053970 0.038208 0.027049

kE 0.000000 0.059499 0.014942 0.009858 0.005664 0.004909 0.003772

kG 0.100000 0.012559 0.003155 0.001991 0.001256 0.000792 0.000500

kM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

mo 1 1 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1

mp 0 0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0

Σ (Pi * CDi) 0 7.19409E-06 5.86584E-06 5.8658E-06 5.526E-06 6.5859E-06 7.4309E-06

Ф

XPOC

XDOC

KOW

Ф

CS

CSOC

CWDP

KOC

OC

Cox N/A

EW N/A

GV N/A 0.007891472 0.703328201 3.14165167 14.0332425 62.6841919 280

k1 283.2648224 40514.83077 3610.888093 1612.92446 720.466894 321.82074 143.752044

KOW

WB N/A 0.0000001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

k1 283.2648224 40514.83077 3610.888093 1612.92446 720.466894 321.82074 143.752044

k2 3.679964779 735.9194825 60.22587402 40.5674005 9.37081563 4.18578959 1.86972353

KBW 76.97487324 55.05334718 59.95576074 39.7591279 76.8841179 76.8841179 76.8841179

KOW

VLB 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04

VNB 0.08 0.12 0.21 0.13 0.23 0.23 0.23

VWB 0.9 0.85 0.76 0.85 0.73 0.73 0.73

β 0.35

Table 10. Input parameters and calculations relevant to derivation of CB.

Equation A1

Equation A2

0.0000000

0.000005

0.00000010

0.00000010

1.00000000

0.0000000

1585

1585

5

0.0001

1.00000000

Equation A4

Equation A6

0.0000

0.035

1585

Equation A5

0.00000

1338

0.513400158

4%

60
kG 0.1 0.012559432 0.003154787 0.00199054 0.00125594 0.00079245 0.0005

T

WB N/A 0.0000001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Cox N/A N/A N/A 5 N/A N/A N/A

CSS N/A N/A N/A 3.00E-05 N/A N/A N/A

ED N/A

GD N/A 6.07E-08 2.15E-05 9.42E-05 1.08E-03 7.64E-03 5.41E-02

GV N/A N/A N/A 3.14 N/A N/A N/A

kD 0 3.03E-01 1.08E-01 4.71E-02 5.40E-02 3.82E-02 2.70E-02

KOW

T N/A

WB N/A 0.0000001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Cox N/A N/A N/A 5 N/A N/A N/A

CSS N/A N/A N/A 3.00E-05 N/A N/A N/A

ED N/A

GD N/A 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000942 0.0011 0.0076 0.0541

GF N/A 0.000000 0.000015 0.000066 0.000726 0.004965 0.034777

GV N/A N/A N/A 3.1417 N/A N/A N/A

kE 0 0.0595 0.0149 0.0099 0.0057 0.0049 0.0038

KGB N/A 0.2789 0.1977 0.2981 0.1561 0.1978 0.2170

KOW N/A

T N/A

VLB N/A 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04

VLD N/A 0.02 0.01650 0.0165 0.03 0.035 0.04

VLG N/A 0.007966 0.005876 0.005876 0.003571 0.004311 0.004979

VNB N/A 0.12 0.21 0.13 0.23 0.23 0.23

VND N/A 0.08 0.0796 0.0796 0.165 0.22 0.23

VNG N/A 0.03186 0.02835 0.02835 0.09819 0.13548 0.14315

VWB N/A 0.85 0.76 0.85 0.73 0.73 0.73

VWD N/A 0.9 0.9039 0.9039 0.805 0.745 0.73

VWG N/A 0.9602 0.9658 0.9658 0.8982 0.8602 0.8519

WB N/A 0.0000001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

β N/A 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

εL N/A 0.72 0.75 0.75 0.92 0.92 0.92

εN N/A 0.72 0.75 0.75 0.6 0.6 0.6

εW N/A 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

CBCF 7.38959E-06 5.28512E-06 5.75575E-06 3.8169E-06 7.3809E-06 7.3809E-06 7.3809E-06

Equation A8

Equation A9

0.499881161

Calculation of BCF values

15

0.4999

1585

1585

15

15

Equation A7

61
Total 

concentration 

(μg/kg-ww)

Lipid 

normalized 

concentration 

(μg/kg-lipid)

Contribution 

due to diet 

(μg/kg-ww)

Contribution 

due to 

respiration 

(μg/kg-ww)

0 N/A N/A N/A

0 N/A N/A N/A

0 N/A N/A N/A

5 N/A N/A N/A

7 360 N/A 7.19

5 176 0.00 5.28

6 192 0.01 5.75

4 191 0.01 3.82

7 185 0.03 7.38

7 186 0.06 7.37

7 187 0.11 7.36

Phytoplankton

Medium Fish

Small Fish

Large Fish

Zooplankton

Benthic Invertebrates

Ecosystem Component

Water (total)*

Filter Feeders

Sediment (pore water)*

Sediment (in solid)**

Water (freely dissolved)*

Table 11. Estimated concentrations of Cyazofamid in ecosystem components.

* Units: μg/L; **Units: μg/kg-dw

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Zooplankton Benthic

Invertebrates

Filter Feeders Small Fish Medium Fish Large Fish

Concentration (μg/kg)

Trophic Level

Figure 1. Total pesticide concentration 

per trophic level

Contribution due to respiration (μg/kg-ww)

Contribution due to diet (μg/kg-ww)

62
Total BCF 

(μg/kgww)/(μg/L)

Total BAF 

(μg/kgww)/(μg/L)

77 75

55 55

60 60

40 40

77 77

77 77

77 78

Medium Fish

Large Fish

Benthic Invertebrates

Trophic Level

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Table 12. Total BCFand BAF values of Cyazofamid in 

aquatic trophic levels.

Filter Feeders

Small Fish

BCF 

(μg/kglipid)/(μg/L)

BAF 

(μg/kglipid)/(μg/L)

BMF 

(μg/kglipid)/(μg/kglipid)

BSAF 

(μg/kglipid)/(μg/kgOC)

3849 3747 N/A 3

1835 1836 0.49 1

1999 2002 1.09 1

1988 1991 1.08 1

1922 1929 1.01 1

1922 1935 0.98 1

1922 1946 1.01 1

Medium Fish

Large Fish

Trophic Level

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Benthic Invertebrates

Filter Feeders

Small Fish

Table 13. Lipid-normalized BCF, BAF, BMF and BSAF values of Cyazofamid in aquatic 

trophic levels.

63
fog/water shrew 0.02 0.140 0.585 0.003 0.003 0.01

rice rat/star-nosed 

mole 0.1 0.107 0.484 0.011 0.003 0.01

small mink 0.5 0.079 0.293 0.048 0.002 0.01

large mink 1.8 0.062 0.229 0.168 0.002 0.01

small river otter 5.0 0.052 0.191 0.421 0.001 0.01

large river otter 15.0 0.042 0.157 1.133 0.001 0.01

sandpipers 0.0 0.228 1.034 0.004 0.0059 0.01

cranes 6.7 0.030 0.136 0.211 0.0008 0.01

rails 0.1 0.147 0.577 0.010 0.0038 0.01

herons 2.9 0.040 0.157 0.120 0.0010 0.01

small osprey 1.3 0.054 0.199 0.069 0.0015 0.01

white pelican 7.5 0.029 0.107 0.228 0.0008 0.01

Table 14. Calculation of EECs for mammals and birds consuming fish contaminated by 

Cyazofamid.

Avian

Body

Weight

(kg)

Drinking 

Water

Intake

(L/d)

Wet Food 

Ingestion 

Rate (kg-wet 

food/kgbw/day)

Dry Food 

Ingestion 

Rate (kg-dry 

food/kgbw/day)

Dose Based 

(mg/kgbw/d)

Wildlife Species Biological Parameters EECs (pesticide intake)

Dietary 

Based 

(ppm)

Mammalian

64
Dose 

Based 

(mg/kg-bw)

Dietary 

Based 

(mg/kg-diet)

Dose Based 

(mg/kg-bw)

Dietary 

Based 

(mg/kg-diet)

fog/water shrew 680.37 N/A 2099.90 20000

rice rat/star-nosed 

mole 461.54 N/A 1424.50 20000

small mink 304.27 N/A 939.10 20000

large mink 215.15 N/A 664.05 20000

small river otter 166.66 N/A 514.37 20000

large river otter 126.63 N/A 390.84 20000

sandpipers 1038.45 4740.00 N/A 170

cranes 2483.95 4740.00 N/A 170

rails 1253.13 4740.00 N/A 170

herons 2190.74 4740.00 N/A 170

small osprey 1930.94 4740.00 N/A 170

white pelican 2526.33 4740.00 N/A 170

Wildlife Species

Mammalian

Avian

Acute

Table 15. Calculation of toxicity values for mammals and birds 

consuming fish contaminated by Cyazofamid.

Chronic

Toxicity Values

65
Dose 

Based

Dietary 

Based

Dose Based Dietary 

Based

fog/water shrew 0.000 N/A 0.000 0.000

rice rat/star-nosed 

mole 0.000 N/A 0.000 0.000

small mink 0.000 N/A 0.000 0.000

large mink 0.000 N/A 0.000 0.000

small river otter 0.000 N/A 0.000 0.000

large river otter 0.000 N/A 0.000 0.000

sandpipers 0.000 0.000 N/A 0.000

cranes 0.000 0.000 N/A 0.000

rails 0.000 0.000 N/A 0.000

herons 0.000 0.000 N/A 0.000

small osprey 0.000 0.000 N/A 0.000

white pelican 0.000 0.000 N/A 0.000

Avian

Acute Chronic

Table 16. Calculation of RQ values for mammals and birds consuming 

fish contaminated by Cyazofamid.

Wildlife Species

Mammalian

66
Appendix C—SIP Results

Table 1. Inputs

Parameter Value

Chemical name Cyazofamid

Solubility (in water at 25oC; mg/L) 0.121

Mammalian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 5000

Mammalian test species laboratory rat

Body weight (g) of "other" mammalian 

species

Mammalian NOAEL (mg/kg-bw) 20000

Mammalian test species laboratory rat

Body weight (g) of "other" mammalian 

species

Avian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 2000

Avian test species northern bobwhite quail

Body weight (g) of "other" avian species

Mineau scaling factor 1.15

Mallard NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 5100

Bobwhite quail NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 168

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) for other bird species 27

Body weight (g) of other avian species 120

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) for 2nd other bird 

species

Body weight (g) of 2nd other avian species

Table 2. Mammalian Results

Parameter Acute Chronic

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 0.0208 0.0208

Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 3845.8028 15383.2113

Ratio of exposure to toxicity 0.0000 0.0000

Conclusion*

Drinking water exposure 

alone is NOT a potential 

concern for mammals

Drinking water exposure 

alone is NOT a potential 

concern for mammals

Table 3. Avian Results

Parameter Acute Chronic

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 0.0980 0.0980

Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 1440.8590 3.2935

Ratio of exposure to acute toxicity 0.0001 0.0298

67
Conclusion*

Drinking water exposure 

alone is NOT a potential 

concern for birds

Drinking water exposure 

alone is NOT a potential 

concern for birds

*Conclusion is for drinking water exposure alone. This does not combine all routes of exposure. 

Therefore, when aggregated with other routes (i.e., diet, inhalation, dermal), pesticide exposure through 

drinking water may contribute to a total exposure that has potential for effects to non-target animals.

68
Appendix D—STIR Results

Welcome to the EFED 

Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk

This tool is designed to provide the risk assessor with a rapid method for determining the potentia

significance of the inhalation exposure route to birds and mammals in a risk assessment.

Input

Application and Chemical Information

Enter Chemical Name Cyazofamid

Enter Chemical Use Turf

Is the Application a Spray? (enter y or n) n

If Spray What Type (enter ground or air) air

Enter Chemical Molecular Weight (g/mole) 324.79

Enter Chemical Vapor Pressure (mmHg) 1.00E-07

Enter Application Rate (lb a.i./acre) 1.56

Toxicity Properties

Bird

Enter Lowest Bird Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 2000

Enter Mineau Scaling Factor 1.15

Enter Tested Bird Weight (kg) 0.178

Mammal

Enter Lowest Rat Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 5000

Enter Lowest Rat Inhalation LC50 (mg/L) 5.5

Duration of Rat Inhalation Study (hrs) 4

Enter Rat Weight (kg) 0.35

Output

Results Avian (0.020 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation 

(mg/m3) 1.75E-03

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 2.20E-04

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 1.23E+01

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 1.79E-05 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) not applicable

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation 

LD50 not applicable not applicable

Results Mammalian (0.015 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation 

(mg/m3) 1.75E-03

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 2.76E-04

69
Adjusted Inhalation LD50 3.27E+02

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 8.44E-07 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) not applicable

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation 

LD50 not applicable not applicable

Welcome to the EFED 

Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk

This tool is designed to provide the risk assessor with a rapid method for determining the potentia

significance of the inhalation exposure route to birds and mammals in a risk assessment.

Input

Application and Chemical Information

Enter Chemical Name Cyazofamid

Enter Chemical Use Ornamental

Is the Application a Spray? (enter y or n) y

If Spray What Type (enter ground or air) air

Enter Chemical Molecular Weight (g/mole) 324.79

Enter Chemical Vapor Pressure (mmHg) 1.00E-07

Enter Application Rate (lb a.i./acre) 1.02

Toxicity Properties

Bird

Enter Lowest Bird Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 2000

Enter Mineau Scaling Factor 1.15

Enter Tested Bird Weight (kg) 0.178

Mammal

Enter Lowest Rat Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 5000

Enter Lowest Rat Inhalation LC50 (mg/L) 5.5

Duration of Rat Inhalation Study (hrs) 4

Enter Rat Weight (kg) 0.35

Output

Results Avian (0.020 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation 

(mg/m3) 1.75E-03

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 2.20E-04

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 1.23E+01

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 1.79E-05 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 9.80E-02

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation 

LD50 7.99E-03 Exposure not Likely Significant

70
Results Mammalian (0.015 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation 

(mg/m3) 1.75E-03

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 2.76E-04

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 3.27E+02

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 8.44E-07 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1.23E-01

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation 

LD50 3.76E-04 Exposure not Likely Significant

71