1 **United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service**  **Plant Protection and Quarantine**


# Importation of Fresh **Fruits of Jackfruit (**  **Artocarpus heterophyllus**  **), Pineapple**  **( Ananas comosus**  **), and**  **Starfruit (** 

**Averrhoa carambo la**  **) with Stems**  **, from**  **Malaysia into the Continental United States**

**Risk Management Document** 

June 20, 2012

**United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service**  **Agency Contact: juan.a.roman**  **@aphis.usda.gov**2



### I. **Executive Summary:** The Government of Malay sia requested permission to export fresh fruits of j ackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. ), p ineapple ( Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ), and s tarfruit ( or carambola, Averrhoa carambola L. ) . These commodities have not been exported from Malaysia to the United States before, so Malay sia provided detailed information on pests associated with these commodities in that country

. Malay sia further proposed to treat each fruit with an APHI S approved generic irradiation tre atment that would mitigate pathway risks from most insect pests. Based on the pest information provided by Malaysia and the fact that Malaysia would treat all export commodities with an APHI S
- approved irradiation tr eatment, APHI S determined that a pest list that would identify all quarantine pests ass ociated with the commodities and likely to follow the pathway

would be su f

ficient information to evaluate pathway risks , and that more detai led pest risk assessments analy zing likeli hood of introduction of each pest were not needed. This streamlined approach would also meet one of APHI S’ objectives behind the development of a generic irradiation treatment for most plant pests. APHI S’ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

(CPHST) compiled a pest l ist for each of the three commodities based on (1) the information provided by

Malaysia, (2) the published scientific literature and (3) pest interception records of the United States Department of Agriculture (P e st ID , 2011 a) . In these pest lists, CPHST a lso identified pests of quarantine significance that could potentially follow the pathway of each fruit (USDA, 2011 a ; USDA, 2010b ; USDA , 2010c) and recommended measures for pests not targeted by

the irradiation treatment. While developing the pest list for jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) , CPHST noted that s yn ony ms of Artocarpus heterophyllus include A. integrifolius a uct. ( not L. f. ) ; A. integrifolia L. f.; A. integra Merr.; Rademachia integra Thunb. (Morton, 1987), and A. integer auct. (NRCS, 2008 ) and that the commodity may include portions of stem up to 5 cm in length attached to the fruit. Li kewise in the case of pineapple, it was assumed that the fruit would arrive with some or all of the crown (leaf) material and that the taxonomy for pineap ple includes the following sy nony ms: A nanas ananas (L.) Voss, A
. sativus Schult. and Schult. f., Bromelia ananas L. , and Bromelia comosa L. Analysis of the pest lists indicated that most of the pests likely to follow the pathway

are insect pests and w ould be effectively neutralized 1 with the irradiation generic dose of 400 Gy (USDA , 2006). Inaddition to insect pests, there are several other pests which could also follow the commodity

pathway . These includ e one mite, s even fungi and one m o l lusk

. These no n - insect pests may not effectively be neutralized by irradiation and would require additional measures to prevent their introduction into the United States. A commodity

- by

- commodity analysis of pest risks and their mitigations are discussed further

. This risk management document outlines the phy tosanitary measures that APHI S will require for the importation of the proposed Malaysian commodit ies , and documents the evidence used by

1 A pest is considered neutralized whe n it is killed, rendered sterile or its further development into becoming an adult is stopped.3

APHI S to conclude that these measures will effectively prevent the introduct ion of quarantine pests.


### II. **Commodity -**  **by -**  **Commodity Analysis of**  **Pests and**  **Measures Required for t**  **heir Management** 
**1. JACKFRUIT**  **A. Introduction** The pest list completed by CPHST for jackfruit identified 24 quarantine pests that could potentially follow the pathway o f jack fruit , which could include a portion of the stem not to exceed 5 cm in length. , from Malaysia (USDA , 2011 a ; Table 1 ). These in clude 23 insect pests and one fungus as follows: **Table 1**  **.** Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

on fre sh jackfruit with maximum of 5 cm stem from Malaysia **Species Order**  **Family Insects**  Bactrocera albistrigata (de Meijere) Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera frauenfeldi (Schin.) Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera tau Walker Diptera Tephritidae Bactrocera umbrosa Fabricius Diptera Tephritidae Cerogria anisocera Wied. Coleoptera Lagriidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Hemiptera Coccidae Coccotrypes gedeanus (Eggers) Coleoptera Scoly tidae Coccotrypes medius (Eggers) Coleoptera Scoly tidae Coccus formicarii (Green) Hemiptera Coccidae Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) Lepidoptera Crambidae Dysmicoc cus neobrevipes Beardsley Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Glyphodes caesalis Walker Lepidoptera Py ralidae Neosaissetia laos (Takahashi) Hemiptera Coccidae Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) Hemiptera Pseu dococcidae Planococcus lilacinus Cock Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Planococcus minor (Maskell) Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908) Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus invadens Williams Hemiptera Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus spi nosus Robinson Hemiptera Pseudococcidae4

**Pathogens** Phy tophthora meadii McRae Oomycetes Py thiales Since deve lopment of the pest list in 2011 , PPQ had the opportunity to review the status of certain pests associated with imported commodities. Based on that review, in April 2012, PPQ concluded that one of the pests listed above, Planococcus minor, no longer met our definition of quarantine pests and therefore required no regulatory action (USDA, 2012a, USDA, 2012b). **B. Risk M anagement**  **Measures** APH IS proposes to allow the importation of the fresh fruit of jackfruit , which may include a stem not to exceed 5 cm in length, from Malaysia into the continental United States under the following conditions: (a) The fruit must be commercially produced and be p art of a commercial consignment as defined in 7 CFR Section 319.56

- 2. (b) The fruit must be irradiated with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy and follow the requirements of 7 CFR parts 305 and 319. (c) Fruit must originate from an orchard that was treated with a fungicide appropriate to control the fungus Phytophthora meadii during the growing season, and the fruit must be inspected prior to harvest and found free of the fungus Phytophthora meadii , or the fruit must receive a post - harvest fungicidal dip appropri ate to control the fungus Phytophthora meadii

. (d) Each consignment of fruit must be accompanied by a Phy tosanitary Certificae (PC) with two Additional Declaration s (AD s ) as follows :  If irradiation is applied outside the United States, e ach consignment of fruit must be inspected jointly

by APHI S and Malaysia inspectors and accompanied by a PC issued by the national plant protection organization (NPPO) of Malaysia certifying that the fruit received the required irradiation treatment with 400 Gy as the minimum absorbed dose

. T he PC must also include two AD s stating that (1) "The fruit originated from an orchard that was treated with a fungicide appropriate to control the fungus Phytophthora meadii during the growing season, and the fruit was inspected prior to harvest and was found free of the fungus Phytophthora meadii , " or "The fruit received a post - harvest fungicidal dip appropriate for the fungus Phytophthora meadii ," and (2) "The fruit in this consignment was inspected prior to shipment and found free o f Phytophthora meadii.  If irradiation is to be applied upon arrival in the United States, e ach consignment of fruit must be inspected by Malay sia inspectors prior to departure and accompanied by a PC issued by

the NPPO of Malaysia

. T he PC must also include two AD s stating that (1) "The fruit originated from an orchard that was treated with a fungicide appropriate to control the fungus Phytophthora meadii during the growing season, and the fruit was inspected prior to harvest and was found free of th e fungus Phytophthora meadii , " or "The fruit received a post

- harvest fungicidal dip appropriate for the fungus Phytophthora meadii ," and (2) "The fruit in this consignment was inspected prior to shipment and found free of Phytophthora meadii. (e) Each consignment is subject to inspection at the U

. S
. ports - of

- entry
.5

**C. Evide**  **nce for the**  **E ffecti** **ve Removal of Pests of Concern from the Pathway** (i) Insect Pests : Twenty
- three of the twenty
- four pests likely to follow the pathway are insect pests . A mi nimum abos orbed dose of 400 Gy has been determined by

APHI S regulations ( cf. 7 CFR § 305.9 ) to be adequate to neutralize all insect pests excluding adults and pupae in the order L epidoptera. Of the twenty

- three insect pests likely to follow the pathway , two belong to the order L epidoptera. These are: Conogethes punctiferalis and Glyphodes caesalis **.** Since there is no evidence to suggest that either of these L epidopteran pests pupate inside the fruit , and since their adults are not expected to remain with the comme rcial consignment, the generic irradiation treatment is therefore a valid treatment for all insect pests on this pest list

. Additionally , both Conogethes punctiferalis and Glyphodes caesalis larvae can be readily detected by frass on the surface of fruit during phy

tosanitary inspection and certification. (ii) Fungi : Commercial production areas where Phytophthora meadii is present and active ly causing disease will require fungicidal field treatments to reduce fungus inocumlum and fruit drop. Zoospore s of Phytophthora are spread by splashing rain and water or insects . Small water

- soaked lesions appear on the fruit then enlarge. Rotted fruit mummify on the tree and serve as inoculum sources for secondary

spread of the fungus (Sangchote, et al

. , 2003). Copper
- based fungicides or combinations of copper, m e talaxyl, mancozeb and others are reported to provide field control (Haq , 2006; L ee and Lum , 2004; Sangchote, et al. , 2003) Application of a fungicide during the growing season , coupled with finding th e fruit free of disease sy mptoms during pre

- harvest orchard inspection , or a post - harvest fungicidal dip treatment followed by a pre - departure inspection , are considered sufficient to mitigate the risk from P. meadii. This and another similar species of Phytophthora, P. tropicalis, are al so known to occur in H awaii , and j ackfruit from Hawaii are currently allowed into the continental United States with irra diation and fungicidal application as described above. There have be e n n o record s of pest intercepti on s from irradiated jackfruit coming from Hawaii since 2007 when they first became enterable (Pest ID, 2010 b )

. As part of the U

. S
. requirements (7CFR 305.9) governing the use of irradiation as a phy tosanitary treatment, APHI S and the NPPO of Malaysia mus t jointly develop an operational work plan (OWP). The work plan shall include details of activities including inspection of articles that NPPO must perform before the treatment or departure. In spection of the fruit and freedom from pests not targeted by irradiation as declared on the PC will further ensure that all pests of concern are removed from the pathway

.6

**2 . PINEAPPLE**  **A. Introduction** The pest list completed by CPHST for fresh pineapple fruit with some or all of the crown (leaf) material fro m Malaysia identified 2 2 quarantine pests that could potentially follow the pathway on fresh pineapple fruit (USDA , 2010 b ; Table 3 ). These include 1 5 insect pests , one mite, f ive fung i and one mollusk as follows: **Table 3**  . Quarantine pests likely to foll ow the pathway on fresh pineapple fruit with some or all of the crown (leaf) material from Malaysia. **Type Organism**  **Taxonomy** Arthropods Adoretus sinicus Burmeister Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Coccus viridis (Green) Hemiptera: Coccidae Darna trima (Moore) Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Acari: Tetranychidae Glycyphana sinuata Wallace Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) Hemiptera: Coreidae Melanitis leda (L.) Lepidoptera: Saty ridae Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Parasa lepida (Cramer) Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Planococcus minor (Maskell) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) Coleoptera: C urculionidae Setothosea asigna (van Eecke) Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Spodoptera litura (F.) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Stephanitis typica (Distant) Hemiptera: Tingidae Thrips flavus Schrank Thy sanoptera: Thripidae Fungi Gliomastix luzulae (Fuckel) E.W . Mason

Marasmiellus scandens (Massee) Dennis & D.A. Reid Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes: Agaricales Marasmius crinis

- equi F. Muell. ex Kalchbr. Basidiomycetes: Agaricales Marasmius palmivorus Sharpl es Basidiomycetes: Agaricales Prillieuxina stuhlmannii (Henn.) Arx Ascomycetes Mollus c s Achatina fulica Bowdich Achatinidae Since development of the pest list in 2010, PPQ had the opportunity to review the status of certain pests associated with impo rted commodities. Based on that review, in April 2012, PPQ concluded that two pests listed above, Coccus viridis and Planococcus minor, no longer met our definition of quarantine pests and therefore required no regulatory actions (USDA, 2012a, USDA, 20 12b).7

**B. Risk M anagement**  **Measures** APHI S proposes to allow the importation of the fresh pineapple fruit with some or all of the crown (leaf) material from Malaysia into the continental United States under the following conditions: (a) Th e fruit must be commercially produced and be part of a commercial co n signment as defined in 7 CFR Section 319.56

- 2. (b) The fruit must be irradiated with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy and follow the requirements of 7 CFR parts 305 and 319. (c) The fruit must originate from fields that w ere treated with a broad spectrum fungicide during the growing season , and the fruit must be inspected prior to harvest and found free of all the diseases of concern, or the fruit must receive a post

- harvest fungicidal dip using an appropriate broad spectrum fungicide

. (d) The fruit must receive a spray with high

- pressure water or compressed air to remove the mite, Eutetranychus orientalis, and the mollusk, Achatina fulica, from its surface

. (e) Each consignment of fruit must be accompanied by a Phy t osanitary Certificat e (PC) with two Additional Declarations (ADs) as follows:  If irradiation is applied outside the United States, e ach consignment of fruit must be inspected jointly

by APHI S and Malaysia inspectors and accompani e d by a PC issued by the n ational plant protection organization (NPPO) of Malaysia certifying that the fruit received the required irradiation treatment with 400 Gy as the minimum absorbed dose

. T he PC must also include two AD s stating that (1) "The fruit originated from fields that w ere previously treated with a broad

- spectrum fungicide during the growing season and a pre

- harvest inspection of the fields found the fruit free of all the disease s of concern , ” or “T he fruit receive d a post - harvest fungicidal dip using an appropriate broad

- spectrum fungicide ” and (2) "The fruit in this consignment was inspected prior to shipment and found free of all quarantine pests not targeted by

irradiation ; i.e , mites, molluscs and pathogens. ”  I f irradiation is to be applied upon arrival in th e United States, e ach consignment of fruit must be inspected by Malay sia inspectors prior to departure and accompanied by a PC issued by

the NPPO of Malaysia

. T he PC must also include two AD s stating that (1) "The fruit originated from fields that w ere p reviously treated with a broad

spectrum fungicide during the growing season and a pre

- harvest inspection of the fields found the fruit free of all the disease s of concern , ” or “The fruit receive d a post harvest fungicidal dip using an appropriate broad spe ctrum fungicide” and (2) "The fruit in this consignment was inspected prior to shipment and found free of all quarantine pests not targeted by irradiation ; i.e

. , mites, molluscs and pathogens.” (f) Each consignment is subject to inspection at the U

. S
. port s - of

- entry
. **C. Evidence for th e**  **Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the Pathway** (i) Insect Pests8

Fifteen of the twenty

- two pests likely to follow the pathway are insect pests . A minimum abosorbed dose of 400 Gy has been d e termined by

APHI S re gulations ( cf. 7 CFR § 305.9 ) to be adequate to neutralize all insect pests , excluding adults and pupae in the order Lepidoptera . Of the fifteen insect pests li kely to follow the pathway , five belong to the order Lepidoptera. These are: Darn a trima, Melanitis leda, Parasa lepida, Setothosea asigna, and Spodoptera litura **.** The larvae and eggs are the most likely life stages to be found with fruit and are mitigated by a 400 Gy treatment. Adults would likely be disturbed by

handling of the fruit. T here is no evidence to suggest that any of these five Lepidopteran pests pupate inside the fruit

. The generic irradiation treatment is therefore a valid treatment for all insect pests. (ii) Mites : Oriental red mite (also known as citrus brown mite) , Eutetran ychus orientalis, is the only mite considered likely

to follow the pineapple fruit pathway . This is an external feeder and , because of its size (410 x 280 μm ) , the pest is detectable during inspections with the use of a magnifying lens ( CABI , 2010)

. Thi s pest generally feeds on leaves and branches , and causes leaves to become chlorotic. Pale yellow streaks develop along the midrib and veins , and some webbing is produced. W e are requiring that the fruit receive a spray with high

- pressure water or compre ssed air , and that the NPPO examine the fruit prior to departure and include an AD in the Phy tosanitary C ertificate stating that the consignment was inspected by the Malaysia inspectors and found free of any

mite

. (iii) Mollus c s: There is one mollus c , Achatina fulica, which is considered likely to follow the fruit pathway

. This is a suface pest and , because of its size , can be readily detected during inspection. We are requiring that the fruit receive a spray with high

- pressure water or compressed a ir , and that the NPPO examine the fruit prior to departure and include an AD in the Phy tosanitary C ertificate stating that the consignment was inspected by the Malaysia inspectors and found free of any mollusc

. We believe that inspection provides adequate mitigation for this pest. (i v ) Fungi: Gliomastix luzulae : Although the fungus has been recorded in Malaysia as associated with pineapple leaves, it considered of rare occurrence (Williams & L iu, 1976). A ccording to the technical document produced for pineapple market access by the Malaysian government in 2004, the fungus is considered to be absent from Malaysia. Application of a broad

- spectrum fungicide during the growing season , coupled with finding the fruit free of disease sy mptoms during pre

harv est orchard inspection , or a post - harvest dip treatment with a broad

- spectrum fungicide followed by

a pre - departure inspection , are considered sufficient to mitigate the risk from this pest. Marasmius crinis

- equi causes horsehair blight on a number of hos ts, with pineapple considered a minor host (CABI , 2007 ; MAAIM , 2004 ). Ingeneral, the disease is more common in unattended9

fields where field sanitation practices are poor and infrequent. The likely means of spread of the disease is through fallen infected twigs and spores of the fruit bodies. Fructification of the fungus occurs during long periods of continuous rain. Fruiting bodies or basidiomata are small with the upper surface of pileus being light brown, sessile or borne on short black stalks. In fectio n is external , and black shiny

mycelial strands of the pathogen are clearly visible on infected parts of plants (CABI , 2007). M. crinis

- equi forms an irregular network of black mycelial hair

- like strands entangling the leaves of the branches. These strands are loose hanging from branches or leaves. Leaves that are so entangled are easily detached. In fection by Marasmius palmivorum is usually characterized by

the appearance of fan

- shaped rhizomorphs of the fungus growing over the affected parts of the plant, including fruits, leaves and growing points (CABI , 2007)

. Disease sy mptoms are easily

visible and can be recognized by the presence of whitish fan

- shaped fungal mats on the affected parts. In the advanced stages, fructifications are produced in abundan ce (CABI , 2007). Marasmiellus scandens is one of the fungi that causes white thread blight on a number of hosts (CABI , 2007; MAAIM , 2004; Li m and Sangchote , 2003) . The disease spreads mainly through hy phal ramification from leaf to leaf or along branches within a tree, and from tree to tree through infected fallen branches from tall shade trees (CABI , 2007; L im and Sangchote , 2003)

. The fungus forms a network of white mycelial strands that ramify across the leaves, petioles and branches. The infected leav es then undergo abscission and are then held together by the fungal threads and dense mycelial pads. The pathogen grows on the surface of the leaves and stems, and is clearly visible. Infected plant parts are easily avoided (CABI , 2007; DAFF , 2004). Prill ieuxina stuhlmannii (sy nony m: Asterinella stuhlmannii ) has been reported to cause brown spots on the leaves of pineapple in Puerto Rico (Stevenson , 1926). The brown spots expand rapidly to cover the entire area with black fruiting bodies (Stevenson , 1926)

. We are requiring that the NPPO examine the fruit prior to departure and include an AD in the Phy tosanitary C ertificate stating that the consignment was inspected by the Malaysia inspectors and found free of all quarantine pests not targeted by irradiati on and described in the operational work plan as non

- target pests
. All fungal pests produce clearly visible sy

mptoms that can be detected by

inspection

. C onsequently , our finding is that inspection provides adequate mitigation for them. As part of the U

. S
. requirements (7 CFR § 305.9) governing the use of irradiation as a phy tosanitary treatment, APHI S and the NPPO of Malaysia must jointly develop an operational work plan (OWP). The work plan shall include details of activities including inspection of articles that NPPO must perform before the treatment or departure. Inspection of the fruit for the presence of pests , including pupae of Lepidoptera not targeted by irradiation , will further ensure that all pests of concern are removed from the pathway

.10

**3 . STARFRUIT**  **( CARAMBOLA** **) A. Introduction**  The pest list completed by CPHST for star f

ruit from Malaysia identified 1 4 quarantine pests that could potentially follow the pathway on starfruit (USDA , 2010 c ; Table 4 ). These include 13 insect pests and one fungus ( Phoma averrhoae ) as follows:
**Table 4**  **.** Summary

of quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

of fresh carambola fruit (also known as starfruit) imported from Malaysia into the United States **Type Taxonomy**  **Organism Arthropods**  Diptera, Tephri tidae Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet) Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) Bactrocera occipitales (Bezzi) Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Maconellicoccus hirs utus (Green) Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Planococcus minor (Maskell) Pseudococcus aurantiacus Williams Lepidoptera, Crambidae Conogethes punctiferalis (Guen ẽe) Lepidoptera, Tortricidae Cryptophlebia encarpa (Meyrick) Cryptophlebia spp. **Pathogen** Fungus Phoma averrhoae Subramon. & V.G. Rao Since development of the pest list in 2010, PPQ had the opportunity to review the status of certain pests assoc iated with imported commodities. Based on that review, in April 2012, PPQ concluded that one of the pests listed above, Planococcus minor, no longer met our definition of quarantine pests and therefore required no regulatory action (USDA, 2012a, USDA, 20 12b). **B. Risk M anagement**  **Measures** APHI S proposes to allow the importation of the fresh star fruit (carambola) from Malaysia into the continental United States under the following conditions: ( a) The fruit must be commercially produced and be part of a commercial consignment as defined in Section 319.56

- 2. (b) The fruit must be irradiated with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy and follow the requirements of 7 CFR parts 305 and 319. ( c ) Prior to departure from Malaysia, e ach consignment must be ins pected by the NPPO using a sampling procedure mutually agreed upon by

APHI S and the NPPO. A representative sample of fruit must be drawn from each lot, inspected and found free from Phoma11

averrhoae

. The fruit in the sample shall then be cut open, inspect ed and found free from the pupae of Cryptophlebia sp p . , including Cryptophlebia e ncarpa . (d) A Phy tosanitary Certificae (PC) with an Additional Declaration (AD) is required to accompany

each consignment:  If irradiation is applied outside the United States , e ach consignment of fruit must be inspected jointly

by APHI S and Malaysia inspectors and accompanied by a Phy tosanitary C ertificate (PC) , issued by the national plant protection organization (NPPO) of Malay sia , certifying that the fruit received the requ ired irradiation treatment. T he PC must also include an A dditional D eclaration (AD) stating that the consignment was treated with 400 Gy as the minimum absorbed dose , and was inspected prior to shipment and found free from Phoma averrhoae and the pupae of Cryptophlebia sp p .  If irradiation is to be applied upon arrival in the United States, e ach consignment of fruit must be inspected by Malay sia inspectors prior to departure and accompanied by a PC , issued by the NPPO of Malay sia , with an AD stating that the consignment was inspected by the Malay sia inspectors and found free from Phoma averrhoae and the pupae of Cryptophlebia sp p . ( e ) Each consignment is subject to inspection at the United States ports

- of

- entry
. **C. Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the Pathway**  (i) Insect Pests Thi rtee n of the fourteen pests lik el y to follow the pathway are insect pest s. A minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy

has been determined by

APHI S regulations ( cf. 7 CFR § 305.9 ) to be adequate to neutralize all insect pests , excluding adults and pupae in the order L epidoptera. Of the thirteen insect pests likely

to follow the pathway , three belong to the order L epidoptera

. The se are: Conogeth es punctiferal is, C ryptophlebia e ncarpa , and Cryptophlebia spp. T he larvae and eggs are the most likely

life stages to be found with fruit , and are mitigated by a 400 Gy treatment. Adults would likely

be disturbed by

handling of the fruit. Although there is no evidence to suggest that either of the two L epidopteran pests, Conogethes punctiferalis or Cryptophlebia e ncarpa , pupate inside the fruit , there is some evidence to suggest that larv a e of a closely

related species of Cryptophlebia , C. peltasica, may occasionally

pupate inside the fruit (Grov é , 1999; de Villier s, 2001). Although irradiation with a generic dose of 400 Gy is not an approved treatment for pupae of L epidoptera, some research findings suggest that the dose might be sufficient to neutralize the pupae of this pest and thereby mitigate the pathway risks . Research by

Follett and L ower (2000) has shown that a dose as low as 250 Gy was sufficient to cause complete sterility among the pupae or the resulting progeny of Cryptophlebia illepida, which led the authors to believe that the dose would likely have s imilar effects on other species of Cryptophlebia as well. However, in the absence of a comparative study involving different species of Cryptophlebia or large

- scale confirmatory tests performed on members of the genus , a measure of confidence could not be established. Therefore additional measures are required to supplement the irradiation treatment.12

Members of the genus Cryptophlebia produce visible holes on the fruit skin, leaving brown frass on the surface, which are easily detectable during inspect ion. Biometric sampling, fruit cutting and phy tosanitary inspections by

NPPO are considered adequate to detect the internal pupae. This sampling regime may be adjusted to provide 95% confidence for the detection of 3% or less infestation rate , as may

be agreed upon by

APHI S and the NPPO. Other life stages such as eggs and larvae are effectively managed by

the irradiation dose of 400 Gy (USDA , 2006). (ii) Fungus : Phoma averrhoae can cause significant losse s to starfruit (c arambola) crops in India, but is considered an unimportant pathog en in Malaysia (Sepiah and Cooke , 2003). Visible f un gal lesions develop slowly

in green fruit or may

remain latent until fruit begin to ripen. The lesions initially are small, dark brown and dry , but as they enlarge th ey

blacken and become sunken. Pycnidia form at the center and , in the presence of rain, these pycnidia produce conidiospores

. The fungus survives on branches, twigs and leaves and is controlled in the field with a combination of pruning to increase venti lation and fungicide treatments (Sepiah and Cooke , 2003). As part of the United S tates requirements (7 CFR § 305.9) governing the use of irradiation as a phy tosanitary treatment, APHI S and the NPPO of Malaysia must jointly develop an operational work plan (OWP). The work plan shall include details of activities , including inspection of articles that NPPO must perform before the treatment or departure. Inspection of the fruit for the presence of pests , including pupae of Lepidoptera not targeted by irrad iation , will further ensure that all pests of concern are removed from the pathway

. 

### I **II . Conclusion**  The phy tosanitary requirements described above include treatment of all fruit from Malaysia with irradiation using a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy and p hy tosanitary inspections for pests not targeted by

the irradiation treatment. B ased on the evaluation of effectiveness of these measures directed against the pests of concern , APHI S finds that the safeguards of 7 CFR § 319.56 and the additional mitigation s described here in will result in the effective removal of the pests of concern i dentified by

the pest lists for the importation of fresh jackfruit, pineapple and starfruit from Malay sia into the continental United States

. 

### I **V. Author:** In der Paul S. Gadh, Ph.D. Senior Risk Manager

– Treatments Devaiah A. Muruvanda, Ph.D. Senior Risk Manager

– Entomology13

Edward V. Podleckis, Ph.D. Senior Risk Analy st - Plant Pathology 

### V. **Literature Cited:** CAB I
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