A few weeks before trial, Nuncio married Fonseca by proxy and changed her last name to 1

Fonseca. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 2.006 (West 1998). We will refer to her as Nuncio in order

to distinguish between her and appellant.

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-03-00480-CR

Wenceslao Fonseca, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 167TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 2012473, HONORABLE MICHAEL J. MCCORMICK, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Appellant Wenceslao Fonseca appeals his conviction bya juryfor felony assault with

family violence and his sentence of ten years’ confinement. In three issues, he argues that (1) the

victim’s oral statement to police was admitted in violation of the hearsay rule and his sixth

amendment right of confrontation, (2) his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance, and (3) the

evidence is factually insufficient to support his conviction. We will affirm.

BACKGROUND

At 11:52 p.m. on December 2, 2001, Dianna Nuncio called 911. Travis County 1

deputy sheriffs Guillermo Martinez and Demetrio Medina were dispatched to Nuncio’s home. The
Sergeant Darren Long testified that the cut on Fonseca’s arm appeared to be an old injury 2

that had some scabbing but had just been reopened.

2

911 operator notified them that a family disturbance was in progress and gave them a description of

Fonseca. The operator also told them that Nuncio reported that Fonseca was intoxicated, that he had

slapped Nuncio and broken her vehicle’s windshield with a sledgehammer, and that Fonseca had cut

his wrist two weeks ago and would probably tell the police that Nuncio had inflicted the wound.

The deputies arrived at the scene at approximately 11:59 p.m. Martinez observed

Fonseca standing next to a vehicle in the front yard. Nuncio and her two children were inside a

white vehicle in the driveway. The white vehicle had a shattered windshield and damage to the hood

and right fender. Fonseca was raising his arm in the air, exclaiming that Nuncio had cut him.

Martinez asked Nuncio about Fonseca’s claims, and she told him that Fonseca had been in a previous

accident that caused the wound.2

Deputy Medina testified that as soon as he got out of his car, he noticed that the white

car had “some pretty serious damage to it.” Specifically, “there was a fairly large dent on the hood

and the windshield on the driver’s side, directly in front of the steering wheel, had a big hole in it

and the window was smashed.” The fender had also been significantly damaged.

Nuncio told Medina that she had been sleeping in her bed with her two daughters

when Fonseca returned home intoxicated and demanded that Nuncio go with him to another

bedroom. After she refused, he grabbed her t-shirt and began pulling her out of the bed. Nuncio’s

daughters woke up and began yelling at Fonseca, but he dragged Nuncio into the kitchen where he

grabbed her hair with one hand and squeezed her jaw with his other hand. Eventually, Nuncio broke

free, and she and her daughters ran outside to the car. After struggling with Fonseca at the car,
Nuncio told Medina that she hit the vehicle because she could not see due to the damage 3

to the windshield.

Nuncio also claimed that she did not realize her written statement was made under oath and 4

that she wrote it because she was tired and wanted the police to leave.

3

Nuncio managed to get inside with her daughters; Fonseca remained outside kicking and hitting the

car. Nuncio recounted that, after getting the door open, he again grabbed her by the hair and slapped

her three or four times before Nuncio could close the car door. Nuncio attempted to start the car to

flee. Fonseca retrieved a sledgehammer from histruck, stood in front of Nuncio’s car, and slammed

the hood of the car with the sledgehammer. He then swung the sledgehammer at the windshield in

front of the steering wheel. Nuncio began to drive away, sideswiped another vehicle, and stopped 3

to call 911.

Nuncio told Medina that she had pain and soreness in her head, jaw, neck, and left

arm. Medina observed that Nuncio’s shirt was torn and that the vehicles had been damaged

consistent with Nuncio’s oral statement. Later that night, Nuncio gave a written statement, which

was substantially identical to her description of events to Medina.

Fonseca was arrested and indicted for aggravated assault and felony assault with

family violence. At trial, deputies Martinez and Medina testified about what they had seen and heard

the night of the incident. Over Fonseca’s objection, Medina also testified about Nuncio’s oral

statement to him. Fonseca called Nuncio to testify, and she recanted her previous statements. She

testified that she was the one who had harmed Fonseca and that he was innocent of the assault

charges. A jury found Fonseca not guilty of aggravated assault but guilty of felony assault with 4

family violence, and after hearing evidence of other convictions, sentenced him to ten years’
4

confinement. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §§ 12.34, 22.01(b)(2) (West 2003 & Supp. 2005). This

appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

In three issues, Fonseca contends that the trial court erred by permitting Medina to

testify about Nuncio’s oral statement, that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance, and that

the evidence is factually insufficient to support his conviction.

Admission of Nuncio’s oral statement to Medina

In his first issue, Fonseca argues that Nuncio’s statement to Medina was improperly

admitted in violation of the hearsay rule and his sixth amendment right of confrontation. See U.S.

Const. art. VI; Tex. R. Evid. 802. There is no dispute that Medina’s testimony was hearsay; our

inquiry is whether the excited utterance exception applies. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(2).

Hearsay

We will not reverse a trial court’s decision to admit evidence over objection absent

a clear abuse of discretion. Apolinar v. State, 155 S.W.3d 184, 186-87 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)

(citing Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). The trial court abuses its

discretion when the decision lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. (citing Cantu v.

State, 842 S.W.2d 667, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)).

Hearsay statements are generally not admissible unless the statement falls within a

recognized exception to the hearsay rule. See Tex. R. Evid. 802; Apolinar, 155 S.W.3d at 186.

However, there is an exception for an excited utterance, which is defined as “[a] statement relating
5

to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused

by the event or condition.” See Tex. R. Evid. 803(2); Apolinar, 155 S.W.3d at 186. The exception

is based on the assumption that the declarant is not, at the time of the statement, capable of the kind

of reflection that would enable him to fabricate information. Apolinar, 155 S.W.3d at 186. To

determine whether a statement is an excited utterance, trial courts should determine “whether the

declarant was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the event or condition”

when the statement was made. Id. (quoting Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 596); see Lagunas v. State, No.

03-03-00566-CR, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 6957, at *23 (Tex. App.—Austin August 26, 2005, pet.

filed). Factors that the trial court may consider include the length of time between the occurrence

and the statement, the nature of the declarant, whether the statement is made in response to a

question, and whether the statement is self-serving. Id. (citing Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 595-96). No

single factor is dispositive but bears on our ultimate determination. Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 596; see

also Lawton v. State, 913 S.W.2d 542, 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).

Fonseca acknowledges that “[c]learly, a startling event had occurred” and that

“[s]everal facts corroborate the existence of a recent dramatic episode.” However, he urges us to

find that Nuncio’s statement was not an excited utterance but was “indicative of reflection” because

Nuncio told both the 911 operator and Medina that Fonseca would claim she cut him but that it was

not true. Furthermore, Medina’s report states that the girls were “afraid, crying, [and] upset” but

does not state that Nuncio was “hysterical” or “nervous.” He argues that although “the time frame

between the event’s conclusion and the statement was a mere handful of minutes,” Nuncio’s injuries

did not require medical attention, she was able to call 911 without his interference, and by the time
6

police arrived she had already separated herself from Fonseca. These facts, he concludes, do not

justify admission of the hearsay under the excited utterance exception.

Nuncio called 911 at 11:52 p.m. Deputies Martinez and Medina were dispatched to

the scene and were told that the incident was in progress; they arrived at 11:59. When Medina

arrived, he saw Fonseca, Nuncio, and Nuncio’s two young daughters. As he approached Nuncio and

the girls, he observed that “[t]hey were all pretty hysterical. They were crying. And all three

huddled together, kind of hugging each other.” Right away, Medina noticed that Nuncio was visibly

injured. Fonseca was standing nearby and “was, in a very loud voice and swinging his arms around

in the air, he was yelling at us that she had cut him in the arm.”

Two or three minutes after the police arrived—approximately ten minutes after the

assault occurred—Medina asked Nuncio what had happened. Medina noted that when he

approached her, she was “still crying, still very upset, and appeared to be extremely afraid”; she

“most definitely” appeared to be “under the stress of an excited event.” Approximately twenty

minutes after the deputies arrived, sergeant Darren Long took Nuncio’s written statement. Long

testified that at the beginning of Nuncio’s statement, “it looked like she was still traumatized and

shaking and looked like she had been crying.”

The fact that Medina did not expressly identify Nuncio as “hysterical” on the police

report is not dispositive. Nuncio’s oral statement was made approximately ten minutes after the 911

call and two or three minutes after police arrived. Medina testified that when police arrived, Nuncio

and her daughters were hysterical, crying, and huddled together, hugging each other. Fonseca was

nearby, yelling that Nuncio had cut him. Under these circumstances, we hold that there is sufficient

evidence that Nuncio was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the assault
7

when her oral statement was made. Thus, the excited utterance exception applied. See Tex. R. Evid.

803.

Furthermore, even if the excited utterance exception did not apply, the improper

admission of evidence is not reversible error when substantially the same facts are proven by

unobjected-to testimony. See Burks v. State, 876 S.W.2d 877, 898 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994);

Anderson v. State, 717 S.W.2d 622, 626-27 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Hitt v. State, 53 S.W.3d 697,

708 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref’d).

In addition to Medina’s testimony regarding what Nuncio told him, he also testified

about what the 911 operator was told by Nuncio and what the operator reported to the deputies.

Fonseca did not object to this testimony. Moreover, Medina, Long, and Nuncio testified without

objection about the contents of Nuncio’s written statement. We hold that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in permitting Medina to testify about Nuncio’s description of the incident.

Alternatively, any error was not reversible because substantially the same facts were introduced

through other unobjected-to testimony. See Burks, 876 S.W.2d at 898.

Sixth amendment right to confrontation

Next, Fonseca argues that admission of Medina’s testimony about Nuncio’s oral

statements violated his sixth amendment right of confrontation because the statements lacked indicia

of reliability, were not originally made under oath, and were later repudiated under oath at trial. See

U.S. Const. art. VI; Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59 (2004); Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56,

66 (1980). We review the trial court’s ruling de novo. Davis v. State, 169 S.W.3d 660, 665 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2005, no pet.); see Zamorano v. State, 84 S.W.3d 643, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
8

The Confrontation Clause applies to those who “bear testimony”—“[a] solemn

declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.” Crawford,

541 U.S. at 51 (quoting Webster’s American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)). When the

declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the Confrontation Clause does not place any

constraints on the use of his prior testimonial statements. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59 (confrontation

clause does not bar admission of statement aslong as declarant is present at trial to defend or explain

it) (citing California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 162 (1970) (where declarant is not absent, but is

present to testify and submit to cross-examination, cases support conclusion that admission of his

out-of-court statements does not create confrontation problem)).

Even if Nuncio’s statements were testimonial, the Confrontation Clause does not

constrain the use of her prior statements because she appeared for cross-examination at trial. See

Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59; see also Carter v. State, 150 S.W.3d 230, 241 n.13 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.) (confrontation clause not violated because victim of felony assault

on family member actually testified at trial). We overrule Fonseca’s first issue.

Ineffective assistance of counsel

Next, Fonseca argues that his trial counsel’s failure to object to Nuncio’s written

statement or request a limiting instruction regarding its use constituted ineffective assistance of

counsel. The State responds that the statement was admissible and, alternatively, that counsel’s

failure to object did not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel because the statement was

cumulative of other evidence, such as testimony about Nuncio’s statements to the 911 operator,

which was admitted without objection.
9

Under the Strickland standard, Fonseca must first demonstrate that his trial counsel’s

performance was deficient. Scheanette v. State, 144 S.W.3d 503, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Next, he must show that his counsel’s deficient

performance was so serious that it prejudiced his defense, rendering the trial unfair and the verdict

suspect. Id. Appellate review of defense counsel’s representation is highlydeferential and presumes

that counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable and professional assistance.

Scheanette, 144 S.W.3d at 509 (citing Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)).

To overcome this presumption, the allegations of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the

record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness. Mallett v. State,

65 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The fact that another attorney may have pursued a

different tactic at trial is insufficient to prove a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

Scheanette, 144 S.W.3d at 509-10 (citing McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824, 844 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1992)).

Under most circumstances, the record on direct appeal will not be sufficient to show

that counsel’s representation was so deficient and so lacking in tactical or strategic decision-making

as to overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s conduct was reasonable and professional. Id.

(citing Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 833). Ineffective assistance claims are not built on retrospective

speculation; rather, they must “be firmly founded in the record.” Id. Fonseca is required to prove

by a preponderance of the evidence that there is, in fact, no plausible professional reason for his

counsel’s omission. Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 836.

A motion for new trial was not filed in this case, and the record does not contain any

evidence regarding the professional choices made by Fonseca’s counsel. We are not permitted to
10

speculate about counsel’s reasons for not objecting to Nuncio’s written statement or not requesting

a limiting instruction. See Scheanette, 144 S.W.3d at 510. We note, however, that Fonseca does not

complain about similar evidence being admitted, without objection, via testimony from Martinez and

Mendez about what the 911 operator reported to them. See Burks, 876 S.W.2d at 898.

Without any evidence to overcome the presumption, we must presume that counsel

acted pursuant to a reasonable trial strategy. Scheanette, 144 S.W.3d at 510. We overrule Fonseca’s

second issue.

Insufficient evidence

Fonseca admits that the evidence is sufficient to support a finding that he assaulted

Nuncio and caused her bodily injury by grabbing her and tearing her t-shirt, pulling her hair on two

occasions, squeezing her jaw, and grabbing her arm. However, he contends in his third issue that

the evidence is factually insufficient to show that he caused Nuncio bodily injury—physical

pain—by striking her with his hand as charged in count two of the indictment. See Tex. Pen. Code

Ann. § 1.07 (West 2003) (defining bodily injury as physical pain).

In a factual-sufficiency analysis, the evidence is viewed in a neutral light. Drichas

v. State, No. PD-1015-04, 2005 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1775, at *9 (Tex. Crim. App. October 19,

2005) (citing Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). There is only one

question to be answered in a factual-sufficiency review: Considering all of the evidence in a neutral

light, was a jury rationally justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt? Zuniga v. State, 144

S.W.3d 477, 484-85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). There are two ways in which the evidence may be

insufficient: either the evidence supporting the finding, considered alone, is too weak to support the
11

jury’s finding beyond a reasonable doubt or the contravening evidence may be so strong that the

State could not have met its burden of proof. Drichas, 2005 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1775, at *9

(citing Zuniga, 144 S.W.3d at 484-85).

A person commits the offense of assault if the person intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly causes bodily injury to another. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.01 (West 2003). “Bodily

injury” means physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition. Id. § 1.07. The

definition is broad and encompasses “even relatively minor physical contacts so long as they

constitute more than mere offensive touching.” Lane v. State, 763 S.W.2d 785, 786 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1989).

Furthermore, a fact-finder may infer that a victim actually felt or suffered physical

pain because people of common intelligence understand pain and some of the natural causes of it.

Randolph v. State, 152 S.W.3d 764, 774 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). When considering

whether evidence is sufficient to establish that a victim suffered “bodily injury,” juries are free to use

common sense and apply common knowledge, observation, and experience gained in ordinary affairs

of life, while giving effect to inferences that may reasonably be drawn from evidence. See

Wawrykow v. State, 866 S.W.2d 96, 99 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1993, pet. ref’d) (any rational factfinder could have inferred that blows to head area “hurt” or caused “physical pain” beyond a

reasonable doubt) (citing United States v. Heath, 970 F.2d 1397, 1402 (5th Cir. 1992)); see also

Goodin v. State, 750 S.W.2d 857, 859 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988, pet. ref’d) (construing

meaning of “bodily injury”; people of common intelligence understand both physical pain and some

natural causes of pain, and it is a reasonable inference men of common intelligence could certainly

make that Macklin’s bruises and muscle strain caused him “physical pain”).
There was no objection or request that the statement be limited to impeachment purposes. 5

Therefore, it was admissible for all purposes. See Richardson v. State, 786 S.W.2d 335, 337 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1990).

12

In this case, Medina testified that the 911 operator told him that Nuncio’s “windshield

has been broken and she has been slapped.” He also testified that Nuncio told him that Fonseca

“reached in [the car] and grabbed her by the hair and slapped her three or four times before she was

able to close the door again.” Moreover, Nuncio testified regarding the statement that she wrote the

night of the assault:

Q: Do you recall saying, “He then slapped in the face [sic] about three times?”

A: I don’t recall him doing that, but if that’s what it says.

Q: Does it say, “He then slapped me in the face about three times”; does it say that?

A: Yes.

Q: And do you recall telling the sergeant this hurt at the time?

A: That is what it says.

Fonseca does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence that he slapped Nuncio. He merely

argues that there is no evidence that the slap(s) caused physical pain. However, Nuncio’s testimony

about her written statement to police on the night of the assault, in which she stated that the slap

“hurt at the time,” provides evidence from which the jury could find that Fonseca caused Nuncio

physical pain and, thus, bodily injury. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 1.07. Furthermore, the jury was 5

entitled to draw an inference that the slap caused Nuncio physical pain. See Lane, 763 S.W.2d at

786; Randolph, 152 S.W.3d at 774; Wawrykow, 866 S.W.2d at 99. The evidence supporting the
13

finding, considered alone, is not too weak to support the jury’s finding beyond a reasonable doubt.

See Zuniga, 144 S.W.3d at 484-85.

Moreover, although Nuncio testified that her written statement was not true, the jury

was the trier of fact, and we give great deference to its fact determinations and its decisions about

the credibility of witnesses. See Hanks v. State, 137 S.W.3d 668, 671 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

Factual disputes almost always turn on witness credibility. Id. We do not decide who or what the

jury should have believed; we consider only whether a reasonable jury could have reached that

verdict. See Zuniga, 144 S.W.3d at 484-85.

Considering Nuncio’s testimony as a whole, the fact that she refused to acknowledge

the veracity of her abuse allegations did not constitute contravening evidence that was so strong that

the State could not have met its burden of proof. See id. We hold that the evidence was factually

sufficient to support Fonseca’s conviction. We overrule Fonseca’s third issue.

CONCLUSION

Having overruled Fonseca’s issues, we affirm the order of the trial court.

__________________________________________

W. Kenneth Law, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Puryear

Affirmed

Filed: December 15, 2005

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