IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

RICHARD DELMAN,

 Plaintiff,

 v.

GIGACQUISITIONS3, LLC, AVI 

KATZ, RALUCA DINU, NEIL 

MIOTTO, JOHN MIKULSKY, 

ANDREA BETTI-BERUTTO, and 

PETER WANG,

 Defendants.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

 C.A. No. 2021-0679-LWW

OPINION

Date Submitted: September 23, 2022

Date Decided: January 4, 2023

Michael J. Barry, GRANT & EISENHOFFER, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; 

Michael Klausner, Stanford, California; Attorneys for Plaintiff Richard Delman

John L. Reed, Ronald N. Brown & Kelly L. Freund, DLA PIPER LLP (US), 

Wilmington, Delaware; Melanie E. Walker & Gaspard Rappoport, DLA PIPER LLP

(US), Los Angeles, California; Attorneys for Defendants GigAcquisitions3, LLC, Avi 

Katz, Raluca Dinu, Neil Miotto, John Mikulsky, Andrea Betti-Berutto & Peter Wang

WILL, Vice Chancellor
1

Over the latter half of the 2010s, special purpose acquisition companies (or 

SPACs) became wildly popular investment vehicles. Successful SPACs are 

structured to create value for multiple participants. For private companies, SPACs 

provide an efficient path to access the public equity markets without a traditional 

initial public offering. The SPAC’s management team (or sponsor) can obtain 

substantial profits on nominal invested capital. And the public stockholders who 

purchase the SPAC’s units have a chance to invest early in an emerging company’s 

lifecycle.

Because the ultimate investment opportunity is initially unknown, a SPAC’s 

public stockholders rely on the entity’s sponsor, officers, and directors to identify a 

favorable merger target. Public stockholders are given redemption rights, allowing 

them to reclaim their funds—held in trust—before a merger if they choose to forego 

investing in the combined company. For a SPAC organized as a Delaware 

corporation, stockholders are also assured that the entity’s fiduciaries will abide by 

standards of conduct.

The plaintiff in this action asserts that the sponsor and directors of a SPAC

failed to live up to those fiduciary obligations. The defendants allegedly undertook

a value destructive deal that generated returns for the sponsor at the expense of

public stockholders. The plaintiff claims that the defendants impaired stockholders’

ability to decide whether to redeem or to invest in the post-merger company. Public 
2

stockholders were left with shares worth far less than the guaranteed redemption 

price; the sponsor received a windfall.

Barring legislation providing otherwise, the fiduciaries of a Delaware 

corporation cannot be exempted from their loyalty obligation and the attendant 

equitable standards of review that this court will apply to enforce it. That the 

corporation is a SPAC is irrelevant. Long-established principles of Delaware law 

require fiduciaries to deal candidly with stockholders and avoid conflicted, unfair 

transactions. Here, it is reasonably conceivable that the defendants breached those 

duties by disloyally depriving public stockholders of information material to the

redemption decision. The defendants’ motion to dismiss is therefore denied.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Unless otherwise noted, the following facts are drawn from the plaintiff’s 

Verified Class Action Complaint (the “Complaint”) and the documents it 

incorporates by reference.1

1 Verified Class Action Compl. (Dkt. 1) (“Compl.”); see In re Books-A-Million, Inc. 

S’holders Litig., 2016 WL 5874974, at *1 (Del. Ch. Oct. 10, 2016) (explaining that the 

court may take judicial notice of “facts that are not subject to reasonable dispute” (citing 

In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 170 (Del. 2006))); Omnicare, 

Inc. v. NCS Healthcare, Inc., 809 A.2d 1163, 1167 n.3 (Del. Ch. 2002) (“The court may 

take judicial notice of facts publicly available in filings with the SEC.”).

Citations in the form of “Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. __” refer to exhibits to the Unsworn 

Declaration of Kelly L. Freund to Defendants’ Opening Brief in Support of Their Motion 

to Dismiss Verified Class Action Complaint. Dkt. 18.
3

A. Gig3’s Formation and Sponsor

GigCapital3, Inc. (“Gig3” or the “Company”)—now Lightning eMotors, Inc. 

(“New Lightning”)—is a Delaware corporation formed as a special purpose 

acquisition company (SPAC) in February 2020.2 

A SPAC is a financial innovation that traces its origins to the “blank check” 

companies of the 1980s.3 It is a shell corporation, most commonly incorporated in 

Delaware, that lacks operations and takes a private company public through a form 

of reverse merger. The number of SPAC mergers skyrocketed in 2020 and 2021.

4

 

That trend has recently slowed.5

SPAC structures have become largely standardized.6 The SPAC is formed by 

a sponsor that raises capital in an initial public offering (IPO). Its IPO units are 

customarily sold for $10 each and consist of a share and a fraction of a warrant (or 

2 Compl. ¶¶ 1, 35, 39. 

3

Id. ¶ 2; see Hamilton P’rs, L.P. v. Englard, 11 A.3d 1180, 1189 n. 3 (Del. Ch. 2010) 

(discussing blank check companies as “common instruments of fraud in the 1980s”) 

(citations omitted).

4 Compl. ¶ 2; see Michael Klausner, Michael Ohlrogge & Emily Ruan, A Sober Look at 

SPACs, 39 Yale J. Reg. 228, 230-31 & 231 fig.1 (2022) (noting that in January 2020 

through November 2021, SPAC IPOs accounted for more than half of total IPOs and, 

among all firms that went public, SPAC mergers accounted for 22% in 2020 and 34% in 

2021).

5

See Aziz Sunderji & Amrith Ramkumar, SPAC Activity in July Reached the Lowest Levels 

in Five Years, Wall St. J. (Aug. 17, 2022), https://www.wsj.com/articles/spac-activity-injuly-reached-the-lowest-levels-in-five-years-11660691758.

6 Compl. ¶¶ 2-8; see In re MultiPlan Corp. S’holders Litig., 268 A.3d 784, 793-96 (Del. 

Ch. 2022) (discussing typical SPAC structure).
4

alternatively a warrant to purchase a fraction of a share). The IPO proceeds are held 

in trust for the benefit of the SPAC’s public stockholders, who have a right to redeem 

their shares after a merger target is identified. These redemption rights essentially 

guarantee public IPO investors a fixed return. 

The sponsor, most often a limited liability company, is responsible for 

administering the SPAC. Sponsors are compensated by a “promote.” Though that

can take many forms, it is usually 20% of the SPAC’s post-IPO equity—issued as

“founder shares”—for a nominal price. The sponsor will also make an investment 

concurrently with the IPO to cover the SPAC’s underwriting fees and other 

expenses, since those expenses cannot be paid using cash in the trust. At the time of 

its merger, a SPAC may also issue new shares as private investment in public equity 

(PIPE).

The SPAC’s charter sets a fixed period—generally between 18 and 24 

months—to complete a de-SPAC transaction with a yet-to-be-identified private 

company. The SPAC must liquidate if it fails to merge within that window. In the 

event of liquidation, the trust distributes its cash (IPO proceeds plus accrued interest) 

to the SPAC’s public stockholders. The founder shares, meanwhile, become 

worthless. 

Gig3 fell within these structural norms. 
5

Its sponsor was defendant GigAcquisitions3, LLC (the “Sponsor”), a 

Delaware limited liability company.7 The Sponsor was responsible for incorporating 

the entity, appointing its directors, and managing its IPO.

8

 

In February 2020, shortly after it was incorporated, Gig3 issued founder 

shares to the Sponsor amounting to approximately 20% of Gig3’s post-IPO equity 

for the nominal sum of $25,000.9 This came to about five million founder shares, 

referred to as the “Initial Stockholder Shares,” at a price of $0.005 per share.10 

The Initial Stockholder Shares differed from those that would later be offered

to the public. The Initial Stockholder Shares could not be redeemed and lacked 

liquidation rights.11 They were also subject to a lock-up that prohibited the Sponsor 

from transferring, assigning, or selling the shares until a set time.12

7 Compl. ¶¶ 4, 26.

8

Id. ¶ 4.

9

Id. ¶ 39; see also Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 3 (“Prospectus”) at 13-14.

10 Compl. ¶¶ 7, 39. Specifically, there were 4,985,000 Initial Stockholder Shares. See 

GigCapital3, Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Amendment No. 3 to Form S-4) (“Proxy”) 

at 5 (Mar. 22, 2021), available at https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1802749/

000119312521088347/d70436ds4a.htm.

11 Compl. ¶ 8; see also Prospectus at 15, 26.

12 Prospectus at 14-15. 
6

B. Gig3’s IPO

Gig3 completed its IPO on May 18, 2020, selling 20 million units to public 

investors at $10 per unit and raising proceeds of $200 million.13 The units were 

offered pursuant to a Form S-1 Registration Statement, filed with the Securities and 

Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 25, 2020, and a May 13, 2020 

prospectus.14 The prospectus disclosed certain conflicting interests between the 

Sponsor and Gig3’s public stockholders:

Since our Sponsor will lose its entire investment in us if 

our initial business combination is not consummated, and 

our executive officers and directors have significant 

financial interests in our Sponsor, a conflict of interest 

may arise in determining whether a particular acquisition 

target is appropriate for our initial business combination.15 

Each unit consisted of a share of common stock and three-quarters of a 

warrant to purchase a share of common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per 

share.16 The shares of common stock had redemption and liquidation rights. If Gig3 

failed to complete a de-SPAC merger within 18 months, it would liquidate and 

public stockholders would receive their $10 per share investment back plus 

13 Compl. ¶ 40; see also Prospectus at 9.

14 See generally Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 5; Prospectus.

15 Prospectus at 46.

16 Compl. ¶ 40; see also Prospectus at 9. For example, the warrants contained in four units 

would allow the holder to purchase three common shares at $11.50 per share.
7

interest.17 If Gig3 identified a target, public stockholders could redeem their shares 

for $10 per share plus interest but keep the warrants included in the IPO units.

18

 The 

warrants were essentially free for public IPO investors.

19

 

The IPO proceeds were deposited in a trust. The cash in the trust was 

earmarked for the exclusive purposes of redeeming shares in the first instance, 

contributing the remainder to a merger, or returning funds to stockholders in the 

event of a liquidation.20

Nomura Securities International, Inc. (“Nomura”) and Oppenheimer & Co. 

Inc. (“Oppenheimer”) acted as the joint lead book-running managers for the offering, 

and Odeon Capital Group LLC acted as co-manager.21 The underwriters agreed to 

defer two-thirds (or $8 million) of their underwriting fees until a merger was 

accomplished.22

17 Compl. ¶ 4; see also Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 9 (“Charter”) § 9.1(b); Prospectus at 26.

It bears noting that the transaction discussed in this decision is technically a series 

of business combinations involving Gig3’s merger subsidiary and the target, leading to the 

target becoming a subsidiary of Gig3. See Proxy at A-13.

18 Compl. ¶¶ 8, 40; see also Prospectus at 20. Whole warrants became exercisable after 

the merger closed.

19 Compl. ¶ 40. In the event of a liquidation, the warrants would expire worthless. In the 

event of a merger, public stockholders could redeem their shares—recouping the cost of 

purchasing IPO units—and retain the warrants. 

20 Id.

21 Prospectus at Cover Page.

22 Compl. ¶ 52.
8

Simultaneously with the IPO, the Sponsor purchased 650,000 Gig3 units for 

$10 per unit in a private placement.23 The $6.5 million in proceeds were used to pay 

Gig3’s underwriting fees and operating expenses.24 The IPO underwriters also 

collectively purchased 243,479 private placement units for $10 per unit.25 Like an 

IPO unit, each private placement unit consisted of a share of common stock and 

three-quarters of a warrant to purchase a share of common stock.26 But unlike the 

IPO shares, the shares included in the private placement units lacked liquidation or 

redemption rights and were subject to a lock-up.

27

C. Gig3’s Directors and Officers

Defendant Avi Katz is a “serial founder of SPACs” affiliated with GigCapital 

Global, where Katz is a founding managing partner, Chief Executive Officer, and 

Executive Chairman.28 Katz served as a member of Gig3’s Board of Directors (the 

“Board”) and as Gig3’s Executive Chairman, Secretary, President, and Chief 

23 Id. ¶ 41. 

24 Id.

25 Id. ¶ 52; see also Prospectus at 110.

26 Prospectus at 110.

27 Id.; see supra notes 11-12 and accompanying text. 

28 Id. ¶¶ 6, 37; see id. ¶¶ 27-32 & ¶ 27 n.1; GigCapital, https://www.gigcapitalglobal.com

(last visited Jan. 1, 2023).
9

Executive Officer.

29

 He held a controlling interest in the Sponsor and was its 

managing member.30

Katz, through the Sponsor, had the power to select Gig3’s initial directors and 

officers.31 Katz appointed defendants Raluca Dinu (his spouse), Neil Miotto, John 

Mikulsky, Andrea Betti-Berutto, and Peter Wang to the Board.32 These individuals 

have prior ties to Katz, are associated with GigCapital Global, and have held multiple 

roles at GigCapital Global affiliated business.33 

The directors also held membership interests of an undisclosed quantity or 

value in the Sponsor, which in turn held Gig3 Initial Stockholder Shares.

34

 In 

addition, Wang and Betti-Berutto were each given 5,000 Gig3 common shares as 

consideration for future services (the “Insider Shares”).35 Like the Initial 

29 Compl. ¶ 27; see Prospectus at 109.

30 Compl. ¶ 26; see Prospectus at 109 (“The shares held by our Sponsor are beneficially 

owned by Dr. Katz . . . who has sole voting and dispositive power over the shares held by 

our Sponsor.”).

31 Compl. ¶¶ 4, 6, 9.

32 Id. ¶¶ 28-32.

33 Id. ¶¶ 42-45; see infra notes 185-96 and accompanying text.

34 Compl. ¶ 43. Miotto held a 10% ownership interest in GigFounders, LLC, which held

membership interests of an undisclosed quantity or value in the Sponsor. Id. 

35 Id.; see also Prospectus at 14. Non-party Brad Weightman, Gig3’s Chief Financial 

Officer and Vice President, was likewise given 5,000 Insider Shares. Prospectus at 14.
10

Stockholder Shares, the Insider Shares lacked redemption and liquidation rights and 

were subject to a lock-up restriction.36

D. Lightning eMotors

After the IPO, Gig3’s officers and directors began to search for a merger 

target. They identified Lightning eMotors Inc. (“Lightning”), an electric vehicle 

manufacturer focused on zero-emission medium duty vocational vehicles and shuttle 

buses.37 Katz and Dinu “dominated” the Company’s negotiations with Lightning.38

Oppenheimer and Nomura—two of the three IPO underwriters—were hired 

to serve as Gig3’s financial advisors.39 The Board did not ask Oppenheimer or 

Nomura to provide a fairness opinion on the merger.

40

 

On December 9, 2020, the Board approved a proposed transaction with 

Lightning.41 The next day, Gig3 and Lightning announced that they had entered into 

a merger agreement.42 The merger agreement provided that Lightning stockholders 

would receive consideration in the form of Gig3 common shares plus a right to 

36 See Prospectus at F-8; supra notes 11-12 and accompanying text.

37 Compl. ¶ 65; see also Proxy at 244.

38 Compl. ¶ 51.

39 Id. ¶ 52.

40 Id. ¶ 53.

41 Id. ¶ 17.

42 Id. ¶ 46.
11

receive additional shares in an earnout.43 Upon the completion of the transactions 

contemplated by the merger agreement, Gig3 would change its name to New 

Lightning and its common stock would trade on the New York Stock Exchange 

under the symbol “ZEV.”

44

 

E. PIPE and Convertible Note Financing

At the same time that it announced the proposed merger, Gig3 entered into a 

PIPE subscription agreement and a convertible note subscription agreement. Both 

agreements were contingent on the merger closing.45

Gig3 met with 46 potential PIPE investors, hoping to raise between $100 

million and $150 million in PIPE financing at $10 per share based on a $899 million 

valuation of Lightning’s equity.

46

 Initial feedback indicated that Gig3 would have 

to improve the share exchange (that is, reduce the valuation of Lightning) to justify 

a $10 investment in common stock.

47

 Lightning’s valuation was then lowered to 

$539 million to support a PIPE financing of at least $75 million.48 Gig3 ultimately 

43 Id.

44 Proxy at Cover Page.

45 Compl. ¶ 47.

46 Id. ¶ 61; Proxy at 151.

47 Compl. ¶ 61.

48 Proxy at 152.
12

raised $25 million in PIPE financing from a single investor, who “was the largest 

owner of Lightning’s pre-merger equity.”

49

With the failure of the PIPE, Gig3 pursued a dilutive convertible debt

financing.50 It entered into an agreement with 30 undisclosed investors—20 of 

whom had declined to participate in the PIPE—for the purchase of convertible notes 

(the “Notes”) at an aggregate price of $100 million.51 The Notes have a three-year 

term and accrue 7.5% interest annually.52 They are convertible into 8,695,652 shares 

of Company common stock at a conversion price of $11.50 per share.53 Under the 

terms of the convertible note subscription agreement, if the conversion right is 

exercised before the Notes mature, the Company is responsible for future interest 

payable on the Notes.

54

 The Note holders also received—at no additional cost—

49 Compl. ¶ 61.

50 Id. ¶ 62; see also Proxy at 154.

51 Compl. ¶¶ 47-48, 62; see also Proxy at 2, 156-57.

52 Compl. ¶ 47.

53 Id. New Lightning has the option to force conversion after one year if Gig3’s stock price 

exceeds $13.80 per share for 20 out of 30 trading days. Id.

54 Id. ¶ 47 & n.2. For example, assume New Lightning’s stock price was $14 per share at 

the end of year one. If the conversion right was exercised, the Note holders would receive 

nearly $15 million in cash (from the future interest payable for the two remaining years), 

plus 8,695,652 shares worth $14—for a price of $11.50. In total, the Note holders would 

gain $36,114,130. That is a $2.50 per share profit times 8,695,652 shares, plus 23/24 of 

$15 million in remaining interest. Id.
13

8,695,652 warrants to purchase common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per 

share.55 

F. The Proxy

Gig3’s definitive proxy statement (the “Proxy”) was filed with the SEC on 

March 22, 2021.56 The Proxy informed stockholders that a special meeting would 

be held on April 21.57 Stockholders were invited to vote on the Lightning merger 

and related transactions, including the PIPE and convertible note financings. 

Stockholders were also informed that the deadline to exercise their 

redemption rights was April 19—two business days before the special meeting.58

They were reminded that redeeming would entitle them to “approximately $10.10 

55 Id. ¶ 48. Continuing the example in footnote 54, if the Note holders exercised their 

warrants along with their conversion rights, they would receive a profit of $2.50 on another 

8,695,652 shares—for an additional profit of $21,739,130 and a total profit of $57,853,260. 

Id. That would equate to approximately a 58% return over one year on the $100 million 

investment. Id. 

56 Id. ¶ 49.

57 Proxy at Cover Page. 

58 Compl. ¶ 49; see also Proxy at 25. 
14

per share” from the trust.59 The Proxy emphasized that “[p]ublic stockholders may 

elect to redeem their shares even if they vote for the [merger].”60

The Proxy indicated that the merger consideration to be paid to Lightning 

stockholders consisted of Gig3 stock valued at $10 per share.61 It defined 

“Aggregate Closing Merger Consideration” to mean “a number of shares of [Gig3] 

Common Stock equal to the quotient of (a) the Aggregate Closing Merger 

Consideration Value divided by (b) $10.00.”62 The Proxy also disclosed a general 

risk of dilution caused by the merger and related transactions, including the PIPE 

financing and the Notes.

63

 

59 Proxy at Cover Page, 3, 23-24. The Proxy also warned that there could be insufficient 

funds to pay redemptions if a third party brought a claim that the Sponsor was unable to 

indemnify. Compl. ¶¶ 88-91; see also Proxy at 81, 84. The Proxy explained “[t]he Sponsor 

may not have sufficient funds to satisfy its indemnity obligations” because Gig3 “ha[d] not 

asked the Sponsor to reserve for such indemnification obligations.” Compl. ¶ 90 (quoting 

Proxy at 84). The plaintiff alleges that the likelihood of the SPAC being unable to satisfy 

redemptions was extremely low; public sources indicate it has never occurred. 

Id. ¶¶ 90-91.

60 Proxy at Cover Page, 23, 123. As a practical matter, because the record date was 

March 15, 2021, public stockholders could elect to redeem their shares and then vote at the 

April 21 special meeting. See id. at 19.

61 Id. at Cover Page, A-14.

62 Id. at Cover Page, A-2. “Aggregate Closing Merger Consideration Value” was 

equivalent to the valuation of Lightning equity ($539 million) adjusted for Lightning’s 

outstanding options, debt, and cash. Id.; see id. at 152. 

63 E.g., id. at 14, 87 (“Warrants will become exercisable for our Common Stock, which 

would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and 

result in dilution to our stockholders.”), 94 (“Our public stockholders will experience 

dilution as a consequence of [the merger and related transactions].”). 
15

Gig3’s Proxy contained projections prepared by Lightning management that 

forecast dramatic growth over the next five years. From 2020 to 2025, Lightning’s 

revenues were predicted to rise from $9 million to more than $2 billion and its annual 

gross profits would grow from zero to more than $500 million.64 The Lighting 

management projections reported to stockholders in the Proxy were as follows:65

In 2019 and 2020 combined, Lightning delivered 97 vehicles and built an 

additional 12 demonstration and test vehicles.66 The Proxy stated that Lightning 

would “expand[] its production facility by roughly 107,000 square feet to prepare 

for capacity expansion to 3,000 vehicles per shift per year” from its current capacity 

of 500 vehicles per shift per year.67 It explained that Lightning had built “a complete 

64 Compl. ¶¶ 65-66; Proxy at 164.

65 Compl. ¶ 65; Proxy at 164.

66 Compl. ¶ 67.

67 Proxy at 161; see also Compl. ¶¶ 68, 69 (quoting Proxy at 253).
16

modular software and hardware solution” that “broaden[ed] and strengthen[ed]” its 

access to a $67 billion total addressable market.68

Finally, the Proxy disclosed potential conflicts of interest between Gig3’s 

Sponsor and Board, on one hand, and its public stockholders, on the other. One such

conflict was caused by “the fact that [the] Sponsor, officers and directors w[ould] 

lose their entire investment in [Gig3] and w[ould] not be reimbursed for any out-ofpocket expenses if an initial business combination [wa]s not consummated by the 

applicable deadline.”69

Approval of the merger required the affirmative stockholder vote of a majority 

of the votes cast at the special meeting.70 Stockholders overwhelmingly approved

the transaction, with more than 98% of the votes cast being in favor.71 

Approximately 29% of public stockholders elected to redeem 5.8 million shares.

72

 

G. Post-Merger Performance 

On May 6, 2021, a merger subsidiary of Gig3 merged with and into Lightning, 

with Lightning surviving the merger.73 Upon closing, Gig3 changed its name to 

68 Proxy at 246; see also Compl. ¶ 68.

69 Proxy at 5; see also supra note 15 and accompanying text.

70 Proxy at Cover Page. 

71 Compl. ¶ 50; see also Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 6 (“April 21, 2021 Form 8-K”) at Item 5.07.

72 Compl. ¶ 50.

73 Id. ¶ 36; see also Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 1 (“May 6, 2021 Form 8-K”) at Item 2.01.
17

Lightning eMotors, Inc.

74

 New Lightning subsequently elected a nine-member

board of directors, which included Miotto, Dinu, and Katz.75

Before the vote, Gig3’s stock price had traded around the redemption price, 

closing at $10.07 on April 15.

76

 By the May 6 closing date, Gig3’s stock price had 

fallen to $7.82 per share.77 Still, the Initial Stockholder Shares were worth more 

than $39 million when the merger closed.

78

 

On May 17, New Lightning issued a press release announcing its first quarter 

2021 financial results and 2021 projections.79 It announced quarterly revenues of 

$4.6 million and reduced its 2021 revenue guidance, stating that projected 2021 

revenues would “be in the range of $50 million to $60 million.”80 Taking the 

midpoint ($55 million), this was a 12.7% downward revision from the projection in 

the Proxy.81

74 Compl. ¶ 1; see also May 6, 2021 Form 8-K at Item 2.01.

75 Compl. ¶ 11; see also May 6, 2021 Form 8-K at Item 5.02.

76 Compl. ¶ 92. 

77 Id. ¶ 93.

78 Id. ¶ 96.

79 Id. ¶ 72.

80 Id.

81 Id. ¶ 73; see supra note 65 and accompanying text (noting that the 2021 projection was 

$63 million).
18

By August 2, Gig3’s stock price had fallen to $6.57 per share.82 As of the day 

before this opinion was filed, trading closed at $0.41 per share.

83

 

H. This Litigation

Plaintiff Richard Delman has held stock in Gig3 since August 26, 2020.84 On 

August 4, 2021, he filed a putative class action Complaint on behalf of himself and 

current and former Gig3 stockholders.85 

His Complaint advances three claims. Count One is a direct claim for breach 

of fiduciary duty against the six members of the Gig3 Board.86 Count Two is a direct 

claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Katz and the Sponsor as the controlling 

stockholders of Gig3.87 Count Three is a direct claim for unjust enrichment against 

the Sponsor and the director defendants.88

82 Compl. ¶ 94.

83 NYSE, Lightning eMotors Incorporated (ZEV), https://www.nyse.com/quote/ZEV (last 

visited Jan. 3, 2021).

84 Compl. ¶ 25.

85 Id. ¶¶ 99-107. 

86 Id. ¶¶ 108-15.

87 Id. ¶¶ 116-24.

88 Id. ¶¶ 125-28.
19

The defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint on August 31, 2021.89 

Briefing was completed on March 1, 2022.90 I heard oral argument on the motion to 

dismiss on September 23.91

II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

The defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint under Court of Chancery 

Rule 23.1 for failure to plead demand futility and under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to 

state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 

The standard that governs a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is well 

settled:

(i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; 

(ii) even vague allegations are “well-pleaded” if they give 

the opposing party notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must 

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving 

party; and [(iv)] dismissal is inappropriate unless the 

“plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any 

reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of 

proof.”92

The “pleading standards for purposes of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion ‘are minimal.’”93

The “reasonable conceivability” standard a plaintiff must meet to survive a Rule 

89 Dkt. 8. 

90 See Dkt. 31. This matter was reassigned to me on August 1, 2022. Dkt. 36.

91 Dkts. 38, 39. 

92 Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (citations omitted). 

93 In re China Agritech, Inc. S’holder Deriv. Litig., 2013 WL 2181514, at *23 (Del. Ch. 

May 21, 2013) (quoting Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Cap. Hldgs. LLC, 27 

A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011)). 
20

12(b)(6) motion asks only “whether there is a ‘possibility’ of recovery.”94 I “must 

draw all reasonable inferences in favor” of the plaintiff but am “not required to 

accept every strained interpretation of the [plaintiff’s] allegations.”

95

The plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claims are akin to those considered by 

this court in In re MultiPlan Corp. Stockholders Litigation.

96

 There, the defendants 

undertook a value-decreasing de-SPAC merger that allegedly benefitted them to the 

detriment of public stockholders for whom liquidation would have been preferable. 

The defendants were purportedly incentivized to minimize redemptions to secure 

significant returns for themselves. The claim recognized in MultiPlan was that “the 

defendants’ actions—principally in the form of misstatements and omissions—

impaired public stockholders’ redemption rights to the defendants’ benefit.”97 

The plaintiff here likewise alleges that the defendants breached their fiduciary 

duties by “prioritizing their own financial, personal, and/or reputational interests [in]

approving the [m]erger, which was unfair to Gig3’s public stockholders.”98 The 

plaintiff also avers that the defendants acted on these conflicts by depriving 

94 China Agritech, 2013 WL 2181514, at *24 (quoting Cent. Mortg., 27 A.3d at 537 n.13). 

95 Gen. Motors (Hughes), 897 A.2d at 168.

96 268 A.3d 784 (Del. Ch. 2022). 

97 Id. at 800. For the sake of brevity, I at times refer to a claim concerning the impairment 

of stockholders’ redemption rights as a “MultiPlan claim.”

98 Compl. ¶ 111.
21

stockholders of information necessary to decide whether to redeem or to invest in 

the combined company.99 The essential difference between the present case and 

MultiPlan lies in the manner in which stockholders’ redemption rights were 

allegedly compromised.

The defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint for a panoply of reasons. 

They assert, among other things, that the plaintiff’s claims are derivative and must 

be dismissed under Rule 23.1 or are impermissible “holder” claims. Similar 

positions were considered and rejected in MultiPlan. Still, I address them given the 

defendants’ insistence that a different outcome is appropriate here. The defendants’

arguments fail. 

I then consider the merits of the plaintiff’s claims and assess the applicable 

standard of review. Applying the entire fairness standard, I determine that the 

plaintiff has pleaded reasonably conceivable breach of fiduciary duty claims against 

the Board and the Sponsor. The unjust enrichment claim also survives.

A. The Plaintiff’s Claims Concern Individually Compensable Harm.

As an initial matter, the plaintiff’s claims are direct rather than derivative. The 

crux of the plaintiff’s fiduciary duty claims is that the defendants’ disloyal conduct 

deprived Gig3 public stockholders of information needed to decide whether to 

99 See id. ¶¶ 109, 112-13, 118, 122.
22

exercise their redemption rights.100 The unjust enrichment claim is based on the 

Sponsor and Board being enriched because of that informational imbalance.101

These harms are individually compensable, separate and distinct from any potential 

injury to Gig3 caused by the merger. 

The defendants nonetheless characterize this case as an “overpayment” action 

challenging a “bad deal.”102 Their assessment is misplaced. In an overpayment 

claim, “the corporation’s funds have been wrongfully depleted, which, though 

harming the corporation directly, harms the stockholders only derivatively so far as 

their stock loses value.”103 In a MultiPlan claim, by contrast, the funds being 

depleted are held in trust for the SPAC’s public stockholders.104 If a stockholder’s 

redemption right had not been manipulated and she chose to redeem her shares, she 

would retrieve her pro rata portion of the trust. Any subsequent overpayment by 

the SPAC—regardless of the amount—would be irrelevant.105

100 Id. ¶¶ 113, 122.

101 Id. ¶¶ 126-27.

102 Defs.’ Opening Br. in Supp. of Their Mot. to Dismiss Verified Class Action Compl.

(Dkt. 18) (“Defs.’ Opening Br.”) 25-30.

103 El Paso Pipeline GP Co., L.L.C. v. Brinckerhoff, 152 A.3d 1248, 1261 (Del. 2016).

104 See MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 802.

105 See id. at 804 n.118. Whether the SPAC overpaid for the target by $1 or $100 billion, 

the damages available to the plaintiff for impairment of his redemption right would remain 

the same. 
23

Application of the two-pronged Tooley test, which considers “(1) who 

suffered the alleged harm” and “(2) who would receive the benefit of any recovery 

or other remedy,” confirms the direct nature of these claims.106 

First, Gig3 public stockholders suffered the harm pleaded in the Complaint. 

The plaintiff asserts that the defendants disloyally failed to provide stockholders 

with the information necessary to decide whether to redeem and how to vote. 

Because of a SPAC’s distinctive structure and the absence of a meaningful vote on 

the merger,107 the redemption right is the central form of stockholder protection and 

the focus of the harm alleged. Interference with that right produces an injury that 

would not run to the corporation. 

Second, the recovery would accrue only to stockholders who suffered a harm 

to their redemption rights.

108

 Any restoration of value to the Company that indirectly 

benefitted stockholders pro rata would be inapt for two reasons. The loss of value 

involves the public stockholders’ funds held in trust, which do not belong to the 

Company until after redemption requests are satisfied.

109 And many stockholders 

who would indirectly benefit from a derivative recovery lack a redemption right.

106 Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 845 A.2d 1031, 1033 (Del. 2004).

107 See infra notes 202-07 and accompanying text.

108 MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 803-05.

109 See supra note 20 and accompanying text.
24

Although the redemption right was only carried by shares issued to the public in 

Gig3’s IPO, a recovery to the corporation would be shared with various pre-merger 

and PIPE investors as well as other stockholders of New Lightning.

110

Furthermore, the remedy for a direct claim brought by public stockholders 

would not lead to a double recovery if a derivative overpayment claim were brought 

by the SPAC.111 The defendants acknowledge that this court previously recognized 

as much.112 They nevertheless argue that the calculation of overpayment damages 

and redemption damages in this case would be the same. By the defendants’ logic, 

damages under either theory would address whether stockholders were harmed 

110 Cf. El Paso, 152 A.3d at 1264 (“Were the [plaintiff] to recover directly for the alleged 

decrease in the value of the Partnership’s assets, the damages would be proportionate to 

his ownership interest. The necessity of a pro rata recovery to remedy the alleged harm 

indicates that his claim is derivative.”).

111 Cf. In re J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. S’holder Litig., 906 A.2d 766, 773 (Del. 2006) (“[I]f 

the plaintiffs’ damages theory is valid, the directors of an acquiring corporation would be 

liable to pay both the corporation and its shareholders the same compensatory damages for 

the same injury. That simply cannot be.”); Lenois v. Lawal, 2017 WL 5289611, at *20 

(Del. Ch. Nov. 7, 2017) (holding that plaintiff’s direct claims were disallowed to prevent 

the defendants from paying identical damages to the company and to stockholders for the 

same underlying behavior). The Delaware Supreme Court’s decision in J.P. Morgan 

concerned an alleged disclosure violation for which no “quantifiable amount” of damages 

could be inferred from stockholders “individually . . . being deprived of their right to cast 

an informed vote.” 906 A.2d at 773 (emphasis omitted). The claim here presents a 

different scenario: the disclosure violation is related to the stockholders’ right to redeem 

their $10 per share investment plus interest. 

112 Defs.’ Reply Br. in Supp. of Their Mot. to Dismiss Verified Class Action Compl. (Dkt. 

24) (“Defs.’ Reply Br.”) 23; see MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 804 n.118 (demonstrating the 

separate calculations for overpayment and redemption damages with a numerical example).
25

because rather than receiving something worth $10 (either cash if redeeming or a 

share in New Lighting if investing), they received something worth less.

113

 Not so. 

In an overpayment case, damages would be based on the difference between 

the amount the SPAC paid for the target and the target’s true value at the time of the 

merger (i.e., if it had been valued correctly).114 But the plaintiff’s recovery for 

impairment of his redemption right would be based on the $10.10 redemption 

price.115 In the hypothetical (and unlikely) scenario where a derivative overpayment 

claim were brought in parallel with a MultiPlan claim, the corporation’s damages 

would presumably be net of the amount owed to public stockholders in relation to 

their redemption rights.

B. The Plaintiff Does Not Advance “Holder” Claims.

The defendants next insist that the plaintiff’s claims should be dismissed as 

“holder” claims. A holder claim is “a cause of action by persons wrongfully induced 

113 Notably, the plaintiff avers that the corporation had less than $10 per share to contribute 

to the merger. See discussion infra Section II.C.2.a.

114 See MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 804 n.118.

115 See id.
26

to hold stock instead of selling it.”116 It is predicated on circumstances where a 

stockholder is not “forced” or “even asked” to make a decision.117

The plaintiff’s claims are not of that ilk. The Proxy expressly stated that 

stockholders were being “provid[ed] . . . with the opportunity to redeem” and 

instructed stockholders how to complete the redemption process.

118

 That the default 

action was to invest—that is, no physical action need be taken—does not mean a 

stockholder was “holding.” Instead, a stockholder who opted not to redeem chose 

to invest her portion of the trust in the post-merger entity. This affirmative choice

is one that each SPAC public stockholder must make. There is no continuation of 

the status quo.

The defendants argue that the Proxy did not seek stockholder action on the 

redemption decision because public stockholders could redeem even if they did not 

vote on the merger.

119

 But whether stockholders were also asked to make a voting 

decision is of no moment. Irrespective of how they voted, Gig3’s public 

stockholders were required “to decide whether to request that their cash be returned 

116 Citigroup Inc. v. AHW Inv. P’ship, 140 A.3d 1125, 1132 (Del. 2016) (quoting Small v. 

Fritz Cos., Inc., 65 P.3d 1255, 1256 (Cal. 2003) (emphasis in original)).

117 In re CBS Class Action & Deriv. Litig., 2021 WL 268779, at *23-24 (Del. Ch. Jan. 17, 

2021).

118 Proxy at 23.

119 Cf. MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 803 (noting that stockholders were “obligated” to vote on 

the merger in order to redeem).
27

to them from the trust or to invest that cash in the proposed business combination.”120 

This “investment decision” is comparable to those that the Delaware Supreme Court 

has recognized as calls for “stockholder action,” including “purchasing and 

tendering stock or making an appraisal election.”121

Further, the practical reasons that prevent holder claims from being pursued 

on behalf of a class are not present here. Holder claims are grounded in common 

law fraud or negligent misrepresentation, which require proof of reliance.122 

Individual questions of justifiable reliance predominate over common questions of 

law or fact, making class wide treatment inappropriate. 

120 Id. at 807.

121 Dohmen v. Goodman, 234 A.3d 1161, 1168 (Del. 2020) (citing In re Wayport, Inc. 

Litig., 76 A.3d 296, 314 (Del. Ch. 2013)). By way of imperfect analogy, a stockholder 

seeking appraisal may opt not to vote on a merger and nonetheless perfect her appraisal 

rights. See Roam-Tel P’rs v. AT&T Mobility Wireless Operations Hldgs. Inc., 2010 WL 

5276991, at *13 (Del. Ch. Dec. 17, 2010) (“In order for a dissenting stockholder to perfect 

his appraisal rights in the case of a long-form merger, he must either vote against the merger 

or not vote at all . . . .”). In the tender offer context, of course, there is no vote. See Latesco 

v. Wayport, 2009 WL 2246793, at *6 (Del. Ch. July 24, 2009) (discussing that a “call for 

stockholder action” included the “collective action problem” of asking stockholders to 

“tender their shares”). 

122 See CBS, 2021 WL 268779, at *20 (discussing that holder claims cannot be brought as 

class claims because “individual questions of law or fact, particularly as to the element of 

justifiable reliance, will inevitably predominate over common questions of law or fact”); 

Gaffin v. Teledyne, Inc., 611 A.2d 467, 474 (Del. 1992) (“A class action may not be 

maintained in a purely common law or equitable fraud case since individual questions of 

law or fact, particularly as to the element of justifiable reliance, will inevitably predominate 

over common questions of law or fact.”).
28

The redemption right, though individual in nature, created a “collective action 

problem” for stockholders such that it would be “impractical, if not impossible, for 

each stockholder to ask and have answered by the corporation its own set of 

questions regarding the decision presented for consideration.”123 Stockholders must 

choose to redeem or invest based upon the disclosures provided by the SPAC. “[A] 

reasonable inference can be drawn that the stockholder relied upon the disclosure 

and that, assuming it is ‘material,’ any harm flowing from the stockholder’s action 

proximately resulted from such reliance.”124 Individual proof of reliance is 

unnecessary.

C. The Fiduciary Duty Claims Are Reasonably Conceivable.

Directors of Delaware corporations owe duties of care and loyalty to the entity 

and its stockholders.

125

 Those duties give rise to a duty of disclosure, the obligations 

of which “are defined by the context in which the director communicates.”126 A 

controlling stockholder also “owes fiduciary duties to the corporation and its 

123 Latesco, 2009 WL 2246793, at *6.

124 CBS, 2021 WL 268779, at *23; see Malone v. Brincat, 722 A.2d 5, 12 (Del. 2006) 

(explaining that an action for a disclosure violation does not concern reliance, causation, 

or quantifiable damages but rather includes “a connection to the request for shareholder 

action”).

125 See Stone ex rel. AmSouth Bancorporation v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del. 2006).

126 Dohmen, 234 A.3d at 1168; see Pfeffer v. Redstone, 965 A.2d 676, 684 (Del. 2009)

(observing that the fiduciary duty of disclosure “is not an independent duty, but derives 

from the duties of care and loyalty”).
29

minority stockholders, and it is ‘prohibited from exercising corporate power . . . so 

as to advantage [itself] while disadvantaging the corporation.’”

127

 The duties owed 

by the fiduciaries of a SPAC organized as a Delaware corporation are no different.128

The plaintiff contends that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties by 

disloyally interfering with Gig3 public stockholders’ redemption rights.

129

 But the 

defendants refute that their duties of care and loyalty extend to the redemption right 

in the first place. They insist that the plaintiff is limited to bringing a breach of 

contract (or quasi-contract) claim because the redemption right is provided by 

Gig3’s charter. In that case, the plaintiff’s claim would solely implicate the SPAC 

as the contracting party, rather than the Sponsor or Board.130

The plaintiff is not asserting that Gig3 breached its obligation to provide him 

with a redemption right. Rather, he is claiming that the defendants disloyally 

hindered his ability to exercise it. Gig3’s charter does not speak to the actions that 

its fiduciaries must undertake in connection with the right. Requiring the defendants 

127 Carr v. New Enter. Assocs., Inc., 2018 WL 1472336, at *22 (Del. Ch. Mar. 26, 2018)

(quoting Thorpe v. CERBCO, Inc., 1995 WL 478954, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 9, 1995))

(emphasis omitted).

128 See infra notes 149-53 and accompanying text.

129 Compl. ¶¶ 111-13.

130 In the defendants’ view, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing would 

provide the only recourse to the plaintiff. See Defs.’ Reply Br. 26-28.
30

to abide by their fiduciary duties would neither “rewrite the contract”131 nor 

“undermine the primacy of contract law.”132

The right to redeem is the primary means protecting stockholders from a 

forced investment in a transaction they believe is ill-conceived. It is a bespoke check 

on the sponsor’s self-interest, which is intrinsic to the governance structure of a 

SPAC. It follows that a SPAC’s fiduciaries must ensure that right is effective, 

including by disclosing “fully and fairly all material information” that is reasonably 

available about the merger and target to inform the redemption decision.133 To hold 

otherwise would lead to the illogical outcome that SPAC directors owe fiduciary 

duties in connection with the “empty” vote on the merger, but not the redemption 

choice that is of far greater consequence to stockholders.134

131 Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1126, 1129 (Del. 2010) (addressing a claim where 

the “nature and scope of the [d]irectors’ duties,” when causing the company to exercise a 

right to redeem shares acquired under a stock plan agreement, were “defined solely by 

reference to that contract”).

132 Gale v. Bershad, 1998 WL 118022, at *5 (Del. Ch. Mar. 4, 1998) (addressing a claim 

regarding breach of a preferred stockholder’s explicit rights provided for in a charter).

133 Loudon v. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., 700 A.2d 135, 143, 137 (Del. 1997); see 

Alidina v. Internet.com Corp., 2002 WL 31584292, at *8 (Del. Ch. Nov. 6, 2002) (holding 

that direct claims for breach of fiduciary duty arose in the context of a tender offer when it 

was alleged that “defendants failed to disclose all material information to the shareholders 

in the 14D-9 and Amended 14D-9”). Moreover, as discussed above, stockholders were 

collectively called upon to make a redemption decision. See discussion supra Section II.B.

134 See generally infra notes 202-07 and accompanying text.
31

1. Standard of Review

The standard of review supplies the appropriate lens through which the court 

evaluates whether the defendants complied with their fiduciary obligations.135 The 

business judgment rule, Delaware’s default standard of review, presumes “that in 

making a business decision, the board of directors ‘acted on an informed basis, in 

good faith and in the honest belief that the action was taken in the best interests of 

the company.’”136 “[T]he judgment of a properly functioning board will not be 

second-guessed and ‘[a]bsent an abuse of discretion, that judgment will be respected 

by the courts.’”

137

 

Where the presumption of the business judgment rule is rebutted, deference is 

no longer afforded and a more exacting review is required. The corporate 

fiduciaries’ actions are examined under the entire fairness standard.138 

135 See In re Trados Inc. S’holder Litig., 73 A.3d 17, 35-36 (Del. Ch. 2013) (“The standard 

of review is the test that a court applies when evaluating whether directors have met the 

standard of conduct.”); Metro Storage Int’l LLC v. Harron, 275 A.3d 810, 841 (Del. Ch. 

2002) (“For the equitable tort, the court evaluates the question of breach through the lens 

of one of several possible standards of review.”); Williams Cos., Inc. v. Energy Transfer 

Equity, L.P., 159 A.3d 264, 275-76 (Del. 2017) (Strine, C.J., dissenting) (“[T]he lens that 

a judge uses”—i.e., the “burden of proof” and “standard of review”—are “supposed to 

influence how [s]he assesses the evidence before h[er].”).

136 Solomon v. Armstrong, 747 A.2d 1098, 1111 (Del. Ch. 1999) (quoting Aronson v. Lewis, 

473 A.2d 805, 812 (Del. 1984)), aff’d, 746 A.2d 277 (Del. 2000) (TABLE). 

137 Orman v. Cullman, 794 A.2d 5, 20 (Del. Ch. 2002) (quoting Aronson, 473 A.2d at 811).

138 See Cinerama, Inc. v. Technicolor, Inc., 663 A.2d 1156, 1162 (Del. 1995) (stating that 

where “the presumption of the business judgment rule has been rebutted, the board of 
32

Here, the “entire fairness standard of review applies due to inherent conflicts 

between the SPAC’s fiduciaries and public stockholders in the context of a valuedecreasing transaction.”139

 The plaintiff pleads facts supporting two independent 

grounds for that conclusion. First, the de-SPAC merger with Lightning was a 

conflicted controller transaction. Second, a majority of the Board was not 

disinterested or independent.

140

 

The defendants ask me to put the question of fairness to the side and focus 

first on whether the plaintiff has shown that the Proxy informing the redemption 

decision was materially false or misleading.141 That approach would be suitable if 

the plaintiff had advanced a straightforward disclosure claim. But the plaintiff’s 

allegations give rise to a single claim where the deficient disclosures are 

“inextricably intertwined” with the disloyal behavior that caused them.142

directors’ action is examined under the entire fairness standard” (citing Unitrin, Inc. v. Am. 

Gen. Corp., 651 A.2d 1361, 1371 n.7 (Del. 1995))).

139 MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 792.

140 See, e.g., Larkin v. Shah, 2016 WL 4485447, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 25, 2016) (“Delaware 

courts will apply the most stringent level of review, entire fairness, in circumstances where: 

(1) properly reviewable facts reveal that the propriety of a board decision is in doubt 

because the majority of the directors who approved it were grossly negligent, acting in bad 

faith, or tainted by conflicts of interest; or (2) the plaintiff presents facts supporting a 

reasonable inference that a transaction involved a controlling stockholder.”).

141 E.g., Defs.’ Reply Br. 5-11.

142 MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 800 & n.92 (citing Jack B. Jacobs, The Fiduciary Duty of 

Disclosure after Dabit, 2 J. Bus. & Tech. L. 391, 397 (2007)).
33

The core thesis of the Complaint is that the defendants were incentivized to 

undertake a value-decreasing transaction because it led to colossal returns on the 

Sponsor’s investment, without regard to whether public stockholders were better 

served by liquidation. By providing inadequate disclosures about the merger, the 

defendants could discourage redemptions and ensure greater deal certainty. These

“quintessential Delaware concerns” would go unresolved if the court’s analysis 

began and ended with materiality.

143

 

To view the disclosures in a vacuum would evade any meaningful assessment 

of whether the redemption choice was manipulated to maximize the sponsor’s profits 

at public stockholders’ expense. The SPAC’s fiduciaries, motivated to close a 

de-SPAC transaction, would not be held to account for failing to undertake the

thorough and careful process their duties to stockholders require. This court cannot 

wear blinders where conflicts are alleged to infect the decision-making of a board 

majority or a transaction benefitting a controller to other stockholders’ detriment. 

Instead, Delaware law mandates the application of entire fairness review.144 

The defendants further argue that these misaligned economic incentives 

should play no role in the court’s analysis because they were disclosed in the 

143 In re Lordstown Motors Corp. S’holders Litig., 2022 WL 678597, at *4 (Del. Ch. Mar. 

7, 2022) (describing similar allegations as “quintessential Delaware concerns” and not “a 

rebranding of securities claims about material misstatements as fiduciary duty claims”).

144 See Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 703 (Del. 1983).
34

prospectus when the plaintiff invested in Gig3 and again in the Proxy when he opted 

not to redeem.

145

 In other words, they believe that the plaintiff is estopped from 

invoking the duty of loyalty and a heightened standard of review because he 

implicitly assented to the conflicts. 

The sole decision cited in support of this estoppel theory held that a 

stockholder plaintiff lacked standing to pursue derivative claims challenging an 

insider transaction that was disclosed in the IPO prospectus.

146

 The court addressed

whether the plaintiff could demonstrate contemporaneous ownership because the 

terms of the challenged transaction were set before the IPO in which the plaintiff 

purchased stock.147 Nothing in that decision indicates that the plaintiff waived 

loyalty claims by tacitly consenting to a conflicted arrangement when investing.148 

Nor does it suggest that this court is barred from applying entire fairness if the 

conflicts triggering that standard of review were disclosed. 

145 Defs.’ Opening Br. 41-42 n.6.

146 In re SmileDirectClub, Inc. Deriv. Litig., 2021 WL 2182827, at *12 (Del. Ch. May 28, 

2021) (“In view of the Prospectus’s thorough disclosures about the Company’s plans to 

complete the Insider Transactions at the IPO price, ‘it would seem to follow that plaintiff 

would be barred from suing by reason of its knowledge of the alleged wrong when it 

purchased the stock.’” (quoting 7547 P’rs v. Beck, 1995 WL 106490, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 

24, 1995))).

147 Id.

148 See MultiPlan, 268 A.2d at 812.
35

Such an approach would be inconsistent with the fundamental principles of 

our law. Delaware corporate law “does not allow for a waiver of the directors’ duty 

of loyalty.”149 And it does not exempt SPAC mergers from the application of entire 

fairness review to enforce that obligation.150 Neither the nature of the SPAC nor the 

presence of the redemption right permits otherwise. 

The Delaware General Assembly alone “has the authority to eliminate or 

modify fiduciary duties and the standards that are applied by this court, or to 

authorize their elimination or modification.”151 Whether it is wise to “create a 

business entity in which the managers owe the investors no duties at all except as set 

forth” by statute or the entity’s governing documents is a “policy judgment” left to 

149 Schock v. Nash, 732 A.2d 217, 225 n.21 (Del. 1999).

150 Totta v. CCSB Fin. Corp., 2022 WL 1751741, at *2, *14-16 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2022) 

(rejecting the defendants’ argument that enhanced scrutiny did not apply because the 

company’s charter contained a provision stating that the board’s decisions made “in good 

faith and on the basis of such information and assistance as was then reasonably available 

for such purpose shall be conclusive and binding upon the Corporation and its 

stockholders”; noting that such provisions could not “alter the directors’ fiduciary 

obligations and the attendant equitable standards a court will apply when enforcing those 

obligations”); cf. Glassman v. Unocal Expl. Corp., 777 A.2d 242, 243 (Del. 2001) (“By 

enacting a statute [8 Del. C. § 253] that authorizes the elimination of the minority without 

notice, vote, or other traditional indicia of procedural fairness, the General Assembly 

effectively circumscribed the parent corporation’s obligations to the minority in a shortform merger. The parent corporation does not have to establish entire fairness, and, absent 

fraud or illegality, the only recourse for a minority stockholder who is dissatisfied with the 

merger consideration is appraisal.”).

151 Totta, 2022 WL 1751741, at *15. 
36

that legislative body.152 Unless and until that occurs, a SPAC taking the Delaware 

corporate form “promises investors that equity will provide the important default 

protections it always has.”153 It is not for this court to grant an exemption.

a. The Conflicted Controller Allegations

The plaintiff alleges that a “chain of control” allowed Katz to dominate Gig3, 

its Board, and the merger with Lightning.154 Katz owned and controlled the Sponsor 

which, in turn, controlled Gig3. The defendants reject the characterization of the 

Sponsor as a controlling stockholder because it owned less than a majority of Gig3’s 

pre-merger shares.155

A stockholder is deemed a “controlling stockholder” if “it owns a majority 

interest in” the corporation or owns less than a majority but “exercises control over 

152 Auriga Cap. Corp. v. Gatz Props., 40 A.3d 839, 856 (Del. Ch. 2012).

153 Id.; Minor Myers, The Corporate Law Reckoning for SPACs 1 (Aug. 2, 2022),

https://ssrn.com/abstract=4095220 (“For a SPAC that has elected to organize as a 

corporation, in Delaware, and sold shares of common stock to the public, the core attributes 

of the privately-ordered bargain are deceptively simple: (1) the mandatory loyalty 

obligation for fiduciaries and (2) the limited ways to satisfy that obligation short of a 

judicial inquiry.”).

154 Compl. ¶ 6.

155 Defs.’ Opening Br. 37-38 n.5; Oral Arg. Tr. (Dkt. 39) 13-14. By my calculation, the 

Sponsor held 21.76% of the pre-merger shares (5,635,000 out of a total of 25,893,479 

shares). See Proxy at 1, 5. The Sponsor held 4,985,000 Initial Stockholder Shares and 

650,000 common shares from the private placement units. 
37

the business affairs of the corporation.”

156

 Delaware courts have long been chary of 

determining that minority stockholders—particularly those who are not significant 

blockholders—have effective control.157 In cases where “soft” control has been 

found, the controller generally possesses a potent “combination of stock voting 

power and managerial authority that enables him to control the corporation, if he so 

wishes.”158 

Although the Sponsor held less than a quarter of Gig3’s voting power at the 

time of the merger, the governance structure of the SPAC makes it reasonably 

conceivable that the Sponsor was its controlling stockholder.159 The sponsor of a 

SPAC controls all aspects of the entity from its creation until the de-SPAC 

transaction. In Gig3’s case, the Sponsor created the Company and incorporated it in 

156 Kahn v. Lynch Commc’ns Sys, Inc., 638 A.2d 1110, 1113 (Del. 1994) (emphasis in 

original); see also In re Tesla Motors, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2018 WL 1560293, at *12 (Del. 

Ch. Mar. 28, 2018).

157 See In re Morton’s Rest. Grp., Inc. S’holders Litig., 74 A.3d 656, 661 (Del. Ch. 2013) 

(holding that the purported controller’s 27% stake and right to appoint two of ten directors 

was insufficient to support an inference that it exercised control); In re W. Nat’l Corp. 

S’holders Litig., 2000 WL 710192, at *6 (Del. Ch. May 22, 2000) (concluding that a 

defendant owning 46% of the outstanding stock—and the ability to purchase an additional 

20%—and with the right, albeit unexercised, to appoint two of eight directors was not a 

controlling stockholder).

158 In re Cysive, Inc. S’holders Litig., 836 A.2d 531, 553 (Del. Ch. 2003); see Tesla, 2018 

WL 1560293, at *19 (holding it was reasonably conceivable at the pleading stage that a 

22% stockholder and CEO was a controlling stockholder where the purported controller 

exercised substantial influence over the corporation and board).

159 It must be emphasized that the SPAC structure is central to this pleading-stage 

conclusion.
38

Delaware. It selected the initial Board, which would remain in place until the merger 

with Lightning closed.160 The Sponsor controlled the Board through Katz who, as 

discussed below, had close ties to and influence over each of the directors.161

The Sponsor also held unrivaled authority over Gig3’s business affairs.162 

Like all SPACs, Gig3 had no substantive operations before the de-SPAC merger. Its 

sole objective was to seek out a merger target—a process “dominated” by Katz 

(Gig3’s Executive Chairman and CEO) and Dinu (his spouse).163 The Sponsor, 

through its control of the Board, exercised power over the most crucial decision 

facing the Company: merge or liquidate.164 Gig3’s SEC filings acknowledge that 

160 Compl. ¶¶ 4, 6, 42; Prospectus at 42 (explaining that Gig3 did not “intend to hold an 

annual meeting of stockholders [to elect directors] until after . . . consummat[ion] of a 

business combination” even though this “may not be in compliance with Section 211(b) of 

the DGCL”); see Voigt v. Metcalf, 2020 WL 614999, at *14 (Del. Ch. Feb. 10, 2020) 

(explaining that “the ability of an alleged controller to designate directors . . . is an 

indication of control”).

161 See discussion infra Section II.C.1.b.

162 Kahn, 638 A.2d at 1114 (describing the “threshold question” in assessing whether a 

minority stockholder is a controlling stockholder to be whether it “exercised control over 

[the company’s] business affairs”).

163 Compl. ¶ 51; see also Proxy at 147-57.

164 Compl. ¶ 45; see Prospectus at 31 (“[E]xcept as required by applicable law or stock 

exchange rules, the decision as to whether we will seek stockholder approval of a proposed 

business combination . . . will be made by us, solely in our discretion . . . . Accordingly, 

we may consummate our initial business combination even if holders of a majority of the 

issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock do not approve of the business 

combination we consummate.”).
39

the Sponsor “may exert a substantial influence on actions requiring a stockholder 

vote.”165 

“Entire fairness is not triggered solely because a company has a controlling 

stockholder. The controller also must engage in a conflicted transaction.”166 Such 

transactions include those where the controlling stockholder receives a “unique 

benefit” by “extracting something uniquely valuable to the controller, even if the 

controller nominally receives the same consideration as all other stockholders.”

167

 

Here, it is reasonably conceivable that the Sponsor—and Katz through his ownership 

of the Sponsor—received a “unique benefit” from its ownership of the Initial 

Stockholder Shares and private placement units.168 

As the defendants point out, the Sponsor was generally aligned with public 

stockholders in seeking out a favorable merger target. The Sponsor and public 

stockholders who did not redeem would receive the same stock in the post-de-SPAC 

165 Prospectus at 31; see id. at 54 (“Our initial stockholders will control a substantial interest 

in us and thus may influence certain actions requiring a stockholder vote.”); id. at 110

(“Because of [its] ownership block, [the Sponsor], acting alone, may be able to effectively 

influence the outcome of all matters requiring approval by our stockholders.”); see also 

Tesla, 2018 WL 1560293, at *19 (explaining that “public acknowledgements” of the 

alleged controller’s “substantially outsized influence” was relevant to “the controlling 

stockholder inquiry when coupled with the other well-pled allegations” of control).

166 In re Crimson Expl. Inc. S’holder Litig., 2014 WL 5449419, at *12 (Del. Ch. Oct. 24, 

2014).

167 Id. at *13.

168 See MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 811. 
40

entity. But the economic structure of the SPAC allowed the Sponsor to extract 

something uniquely valuable, at the expense of public stockholders, in two ways.

First, the Sponsor’s interests diverged from public stockholders in the choice 

between a bad deal and a liquidation. The Sponsor would realize enormous returns 

on its $25,000 investment in a value-decreasing merger.169 For example, despite the 

plunge in New Lightning’s stock price since the merger, the Initial Stockholder 

Shares were worth nearly $32.7 million when this litigation was filed.

170

 But if Gig3 

liquidated, the Initial Stockholder Shares would be worthless. Public stockholders, 

by contrast, would receive their investment plus interest from the trust in a 

liquidation. For those stockholders, no deal was preferable to one worth less than 

the liquidation price.171 

169 The defendants assert that a lock-up agreement, requiring the Sponsor to refrain from 

selling its shares for twelve months or until the stock reached a particular target price, 

incentivized the Sponsor to seek out a value-increasing merger. Defs.’ Opening Br. 40. 

Even if the lock-up agreement could be considered at this stage, I would not reach a 

different outcome on the motion to dismiss. It can be fairly inferred that unless Gig3 went 

bankrupt within a year, the value the Sponsor would receive one year after the merger 

would well exceed its $25,000 investment. 

170 Compl. ¶¶ 94, 96. New Lightning’s stock price was $6.57 per share as of August 2, 

2021. Id. ¶ 94.

171 The cases relied upon by the defendants do not involve this dynamic. See In re 

BioClinica, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2013 WL 5631233, at *5 (Del. Ch. Oct. 16, 2013) (noting 

that the vesting of stock options in a change of control transaction aligned directors’

interests with those of stockholders and both parties would remain in their status quo 

positions if a transaction were not achieved); In re Micromet, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2012

WL 681785, at *13 n.64 (Del. Ch. Feb. 29, 2012) (same); Globis P’rs, L.P. v. Plumtree 

Software, Inc., 2007 WL 4292024, at *8 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2007) (same).
41

Additionally, the Sponsor had an interest in minimizing redemptions after the 

merger agreement was signed. The merger with Lightning was conditioned on Gig3 

contributing at least $150 million in cash, $50 million of which was required to come 

from the trust account.172 By minimizing redemptions, the Sponsor reduced the risk

that the merger would fail and increased the value of the Sponsor’s interest if it 

closed. Thus, the Sponsor “effectively competed with the public stockholders for 

the funds held in trust and would be incentivized to discourage redemptions if the 

deal was expected to be value decreasing.”173

These disparate incentives were not ameliorated by Gig3’s single-class 

structure. The nature of the Sponsor’s promote incentivized it to complete a merger 

with Lightning, even if the deal proved disastrous for non-redeeming public 

stockholders. That Gig3 had 11 months left to consummate a transaction does not 

support a conclusion otherwise.174 Drawing all inferences in the plaintiff’s favor, 

the Sponsor might have desired to take the money in hand and focus on the next 

“Gig” SPAC rather than continuing to seek a target for Gig3.

172 Proxy at 16; see also Compl. ¶ 87. 

173 MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 811; see Crimson Expl., 2014 WL 5449419, at *12. 

174 See MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 811 (“Time left in the completion window does not change 

the potential for misaligned incentives.”). 
42

b. The Board-Level Conflicts

The standard of review also elevates to entire fairness when a complaint 

“allege[s] facts supporting a reasonable inference that there were not enough 

sufficiently informed, disinterested individuals who acted in good faith when taking 

the challenged actions to comprise a board majority.”

175

 Here, the Board had six 

members. The plaintiff must demonstrate that at least three of those directors were 

interested or lacked independence to support the application of entire fairness on that 

basis.

176

The plaintiff adequately pleaded that Katz, through his ownership and control 

of the Sponsor, had a material conflict regarding the transaction with Lightning.177 

As of the merger date, the Initial Stockholder Shares had an implied market value of 

$39 million.178 That represents a 155,900% return on the Sponsor’s initial $25,000 

investment. Irrespective of Katz’s personal wealth, a windfall of that magnitude 

cannot easily be dismissed as inconsequential.179 

175 Frederick Hsu Living Tr. v. ODN Hldg. Corp., 2017 WL 1437308, at *26 (Del. Ch. 

Apr. 14, 2017), as corrected (Apr. 25, 2017).

176 Id. (“If a board is evenly divided between compromised and non-compromised 

directors, then the plaintiff has succeeded in rebutting the business judgment rule.”).

177 Compl. ¶ 6. 

178 Id. ¶ 96.

179 See Orman, 794 A.2d at 31 (observing, in different circumstances, that “it would be 

naïve to say, as a matter of law, that $3.3 million is immaterial”).
43

The remaining five members of the Board are Dinu, Miotto, Mikulsky, 

Betti-Berutto, and Wang.

It can be fairly inferred that Dinu shared Katz’s interest in the merger.

180

 But 

the Complaint lacks allegations of material self-interest for the other four directors. 

The plaintiff asserts that the directors are conflicted because they held “direct or 

indirect” interests in the Sponsor.181 But he did not plead the size of those interests

or any context for their materiality to the directors.

182

 According to the defendants, 

the directors were compensated for their services in cash.183

Despite appearing to compensate the Board members in a way that could 

reduce conflicts, the Sponsor appointed directors with close ties to Katz. Directors

may be found to lack independence where they are beholden to an interested party 

or “so under [the interested party’s] influence that their discretion would be 

180 Compl. ¶¶ 27-28.

181 Id. ¶ 43.

182 See DiRienzo v. Lichtenstein, 2013 WL 5503034, at *12 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2013) 

(holding that a plaintiff failed to allege a fiduciary was “financially interested” in a merger 

based on an investment by the fiduciary’s company where the plaintiff did not make “any 

allegations pertaining to the materiality of the . . . investment” to the fiduciary”); In re 

Limited, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2002 WL 537692, at *5 (Del. Ch. Mar. 27, 2002) (concluding 

that a plaintiff failed to plead a director was interested where the complaint referred to 

aggregate revenue received by an entity in which the director had an interest but did not 

allege how the director “may have benefited from any portion of those revenues”); cf. 

MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 813-14 (determining, at the pleading stage, that directors were 

interested based on specific allegations showing the implied value of each independent 

director’s interests in the sponsor).

183 See Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 11 (“May 27, 2020 Form 8-K”) at Item 5.02.
44

sterilized.”

184

 Here, the Board members are alleged to have held multiple positions 

within Katz’s GigCapital Global enterprise of entities:

• Dinu is Katz’s spouse.185 She is a founding managing partner of 

GigCapital Global.186 She was a director of GigCapital2, Inc. (a SPAC)

since March 2019 and continued in that position with UpHealth, Inc. 

(the post-SPAC company), acting as its CEO from August 2019 until 

June 2021. Dinu is also the CEO and a director of GigCapital4, Inc.,

GigCapital5, Inc., and GigInternational1, Inc.—all SPACs that had not 

undergone a de-SPAC transaction as of the filing of the Complaint. She 

was an executive at GigPeak, Inc.—a company Katz developed and 

managed—from 2008 until it was sold in 2017.187

• Miotto is a GigCapital Global partner.188 He was a director of 

GigCapital1, Inc. (a SPAC) and remains in that position with Kaleyra, 

Inc. (the post-SPAC company).

189

 He was also a director of 

GigCapital2, continuing in that position with UpHealth, and is a 

director of GigCapital4 and GigCapital5. He served as a director of 

GigPeak from its founding until its sale.190

184 Orman, 794 A.2d at 24 (quoting Rales v. Blasband, 634 A.2d 927, 936 (Del. 1993)); 

see also In re BGC P’rs, Inc., 2021 WL 4271788, at *6 (Del. Ch. Sept. 20, 2021) (“A 

director ‘subject to the interested party’s dominion or beholden to that interested party’ 

lacks independence.” (quoting Del. Cty. Emps. Ret. Fund v. Sanchez, 124 A.3d 1017, 1023 

n.25 (Del. 2015))).

185 Compl. ¶ 27. That “[c]lose familial relationship[]” would alone “create a reasonable 

doubt as to [her] impartiality.” Harbor Fin. P’rs v. Huizenga, 751 A.2d 879, 889 (Del. Ch. 

1999); Sandys v. Pincus, 152 A.3d 124, 130 (Del. 2016) (noting that “family ties . . . would 

[be] expect[ed] to heavily influence a human’s ability to exercise impartial judgment”).

186 Compl. ¶ 28.

187 Id.; see Proxy at 214-15.

188 Compl. ¶ 28.

189 Id. ¶ 29.

190 Id.
45

• Mikulsky, a GigCapital Global strategic advisor, was a director of 

GigCapital1 and continues as a director of Kaleyra.191 Mikulsky was 

the CEO and President of Endwave Corporation, a company purchased 

by GigPeak in 2011, after which he served as a director of GigPeak 

until it was sold. He was also a director of GigCapital2 until its 

de-SPAC transaction with UpHealth in 2021.192

• Betti-Berutto is GigCapital Global’s Chief Technology Officer of 

Hardware.193 He was a co-founder and CTO of GigPeak until its sale 

in 2017. He is also a director of GigCapital4 and GigInternational1.194

• Wang is GigCapital Global’s Chief Technology Officer of Software 

and is a director of GigCapital6, Inc. and GigInternational1.195 He was 

also a director of GigCapital1 from November 2017 until its de-SPAC 

merger with Kaleyra in 2021.

196

It is reasonably inferable that these directors would “expect to be considered 

for directorships” in companies—such as other SPACs—that Katz launches in the 

future.197 It is also rational to presume that the directors received compensation for 

191 Id. ¶ 30.

192 Id.

193 Id. ¶ 31.

194 Id.

195 Id. ¶ 32. 

196 Id.

197 See Caspian Select Credit Master Fund Ltd. v. Gohl, 2015 WL 5718592, at *7 (Del. 

Ch. Sept. 28, 2015) (considering allegations that the interested party had nominated 

directors to current board and other boards and inferring that the directors could “expect to 

be considered for directorships in companies the [interested party] acquire[s] in the 

future”); see also BGC, 2019 WL 4745121, at *12 (remarking that “past benefits conferred 

. . . may establish an obligation or debt (a sense of ‘owingness’) upon which a reasonable 

doubt as to a director’s loyalty to a corporation may be premised” (quoting In re Ply Gem 

Indus., Inc. S’holders Litig., 2001 WL 1192206, at *1 (Del. Ch. Oct. 3, 2001))).
46

these various roles, which would be accretive to their compensation in connection 

with Gig3. The totality of these relationships provides ample reason to doubt at the 

pleading stage that any of the Board members qualify as independent of Katz.198 

c. The Unavailability of Corwin Cleansing 

The defendants contend that if entire fairness applies because of Board-level 

conflicts, the stockholder vote approving the merger subjects the transaction to 

business judgment review under Corwin v. KKR Financial Holdings LLC.

199

 My 

assessment below that the Proxy was materially false and misleading renders that 

argument meritless.200 It also fails, in my view, because the structure of the Gig3 

stockholder vote is inconsistent with the principles animating Corwin.

201

 

198 See In re New Valley Corp., 2001 WL 50212, at *7 (Del. Ch. Jan. 11, 2001) (“The facts 

alleged in the complaint show that all the members of the current Board have current or 

past business, personal, and employment relationships with each other and the entities 

involved.”).

199 125 A.3d 304, 306 (Del. 2015) (holding that a fully informed, uncoerced majority 

stockholder vote cleanses transactions other than self-dealing transactions involving 

controlling stockholders); see Larkin, 2016 WL 4485447, at *8; Defs.’ Opening Br. 41 

(arguing that “even if a majority of the members of the Board were interested or not 

independent, the Acquisition would still be subject to business judgment rule review 

because . . . more than 98% of Gig3 stockholders approved the Merger in a fully informed 

vote based on the disclosures and the price proposed to the market”).

200 E.g., Morrison v. Berry, 191 A.3d 268, 282 (Del. 2018) (describing the inquiry 

regarding whether a stockholder vote is fully informed for purposes of triggering the 

application of the business judgment rule under Corwin to be “whether the Company’s 

disclosures apprised stockholders of all material information and did not materially mislead 

them”); see discussion infra Section II.C.2.

201 The dual protections outlined in Kahn v. M&F Worldwide Corp. would also be an ill fit 

for a de-SPAC transaction. 67 A.3d 496, 528 (Del. Ch. 2013), aff’d, 88 A.3d 635 (Del. 

2014). The MFW process was designed to protect minority stockholders from the 
47

“[W]hat legitimizes the stockholder vote as a decision-making mechanism is 

the premise that stockholders with economic ownership are expressing their 

collective view as to whether a particular course of action serves the corporate goal 

of stockholder wealth maximization.”202 A stockholder vote is afforded deference 

under our law because stockholders are presumed to be “impartial decision-makers” 

with an “actual economic stake in the outcome” of the merger.203 

Unlike the vote on a typical merger or acquisition, however, the Gig3 

stockholder vote on the de-SPAC merger could not reflect its investors’ collective 

economic preferences. Stockholders’ voting interests were decoupled from their 

economic interests.204 Gig3’s public stockholders could simultaneously divest 

retribution of a controlling stockholder engaged in a self-dealing transaction—specifically, 

a squeeze-out. Those fears are not realized in a SPAC merger; public stockholders can 

simply redeem their shares. This fact highlights, once again, the importance of the 

redemption right to a SPAC’s public stockholders.

202 Crown EMAK P’rs, LLC v. Kurz, 992 A.2d 377, 388 (Del. 2010)); In re CNX Gas Corp. 

S’holders Litig., 4 A.3d 397, 416 (Del. Ch. 2010) (“Economic incentives matter, 

particularly for the effectiveness of a legitimizing mechanism like a majority-of-theminority tender condition or a stockholder vote.”).

203 Corwin, 125 A.3d at 313-14.

204 See Usha Rodrigues & Mike Stegemoller, Redeeming SPACs 28 (U. Ga. Sch. L. Rsch. 

Paper No. 2021-09, 2021), https://ssrn.com/abstract=3906196 (“[T]he vote is nearly 

irrelevant, because SPACs have decoupled voting and economic interest in the de-SPAC.

This decoupling renders the SPAC shareholder vote—when it even occurs—a mere fig 

leaf. A de-SPAC is a fait accompli.”); John C. Coates, SPAC Law and Myths 9 (Feb. 11, 

2022), https://ssrn.com/abstract=4022809 (discussing the “possibility—often a reality—

that many voting shareholders will redeem and exit the SPAC shortly after they vote on a 

deal, creating a close analogue of ‘empty voting’”).
48

themselves of an interest in New Lightning by redeeming and vote in favor of the 

deal. Many did. Although 98% of all Gig3 stockholders (according to the 

defendants) voted in favor of the merger, 29% of the public stockholders redeemed 

their shares.205 

Public stockholders had no reason to vote against a bad deal because they 

could redeem. Moreover, redeeming stockholders remained incentivized to vote in 

favor of a deal—regardless of its merits—to preserve the value of the warrants 

included in SPAC IPO units.

206

 Because this vote was of no real consequence, its 

effect on the standard of review is equivalently meaningless.207 

205 Defs.’ Opening Br. 21 (citing April 21, 2021 Form 8-K at Item 5.07).

206 See Klausner, Ohlrogge & Ruan, Sober Look, supra note 4, at 241-46 (discussing 

research reflecting that all stockholders who buy units in the IPO but sell or redeem their 

shares retain free warrants); supra note 19 and accompanying text.

207 The vote could have held greater importance if stockholders’ voting and economic 

interests had been “recoupled” by requiring redeeming stockholders to vote against the 

deal. See Usha Rodrigues & Michael Stegemoller, Disclosure’s Limits, 40 Yale J. Reg.

37, 42-43 (2022) (proposing that stockholders must vote against a merger in order to 

exercise their redemption right and arguing that “[r]ecoupling the vote with the redemption 

right can help ensure that good deals go forward—and bad deals don’t”); Holger Spamann

& Hao Guo, The SPAC Trap: How SPACs Disable Indirect Investor Protection, 40 Yale J. 

Reg. 75, 79 (2022) (recounting that the SPACs of the 1990s and early 2000s “required 

investors to vote against the de-SPAC if they wanted to redeem,” which provided an 

“indirect investor protection defense” because “the acquisition would not go through if it 

was a bad deal for non-redeeming SPAC shareholders”). This, of course, assumes that the 

vote otherwise satisfied Corwin, including the requirement that it be fully informed. But 

in that case, it would seem that stockholders would also have been given a fair opportunity 

to redeem and there would not be a reasonably conceivable MultiPlan claim.
49

2. The Fairness Analysis 

Under the entire fairness standard, the defendant fiduciaries will bear the 

burden “to demonstrate that the challenged act or transaction was entirely fair to the 

corporation and its [stockholders].”208 “Although fairness has two component

parts—price and process—the court must make a ‘single judgment that considers 

each of these aspects.’”209 

The fact intensive nature of this inquiry “normally will preclude dismissal of 

a complaint on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.”210 But “[e]ven in a self-interested 

transaction,” a plaintiff “must allege some facts that tend to show that the transaction 

was not fair.”211 Dismissal may be appropriate if the defendants demonstrate that 

the challenged act “was entirely fair based solely on the allegations of the complaint 

and the documents integral to it.”212 

In Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court explained that 

compliance with the duty of disclosure is included within the fair dealing facet of 

208 In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 906 A.2d 27, 52 (Del. 2006).

209 BGC, 2022 WL 3581641, at *42 (Del. Ch. Aug. 19, 2022) (quoting Cinerama, 663 A.2d

at 1139-40).

210 Orman, 794 A.2d at 21 n.36.

211 Solomon v. Pathe Commc’ns Corp., 1995 WL 250374, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr. 21, 1995), 

aff’d, 672 A.2d 35 (Del. 1996).

212 Hamilton P’rs, L.P. v. Highland Cap. Mgmt., L.P., 2014 WL 1813340, at *12 (Del. Ch. 

May 7, 2014).
50

the test.213 Because “[m]aterial information” was withheld from minority 

stockholders “under circumstances amounting to a breach of fiduciary duty,” the 

court concluded that the merger did “not meet the test of fairness.”214 The directors’ 

lack of candor was considered in the broader context of their unfair dealing, 

including “the absence of any attempt to structure th[e] transaction on an arm’s 

length basis” and the “obvious conflicts” involved.215 The court viewed complete 

disclosure as a means of ensuring fair play but assessed the adequacy of the 

disclosures against the backdrop of the overall transaction. 

In keeping with that guidance, this court held in MultiPlan that the plaintiffs 

had stated viable claims under the entire fairness standard not only due to the 

conflicts in the de-SPAC merger but also because the defendants “failed, disloyally, 

to disclose information necessary for the plaintiffs to knowledgeably exercise their 

redemption rights.”216 That opinion explicitly did not address “the validity of a 

213 457 A.2d at 711 (describing “fair dealing” as including the question of “how the 

approvals of the directors and the stockholders were obtained”). 

214 Id. at 703; see also In re Orchard Enters., Inc. S’holder Litig., 88 A.3d 1, 29 (Del. Ch. 

2014) (concluding that a “disclosure issue on which the plaintiffs received summary 

judgment provide[d] some evidence of unfairness”); Rabkin v. Philip A. Hunt Chem. Corp., 

498 A.2d 1099, 1104-05 (Del. 1985) (overruling a “narrow interpretation” of Weinberger 

focused solely on “allegations of non-disclosures or misrepresentations” because the 

“mandate of fair dealing does not turn solely on issues of deception” but includes “broader 

concerns respecting the matter of procedural fairness”).

215 Weinberger, 457 A.2d at 710-11.

216 268 A.3d at 816.
51

hypothetical claim” premised solely on the conflicts inherent in a SPAC structure if

public stockholders “in possession of all material information” had chosen “to invest 

rather than redeem.”

217

 Rather, it evaluated the “core, direct harm” caused by the

action or inaction of conflicted fiduciaries that constrained the informed exercise of 

the redemption right.218 

The defendants argue that this case presents the theoretical scenario 

contemplated in MultiPlan because the Proxy contained all material information. 

Not so. 

The plaintiff has provided “some facts” that public stockholders’ redemption 

decisions were compromised by the defendants’ unfair dealing in two primary 

ways.219 The first concerns the failure to disclose the cash per share that Gig3 would 

invest in the combined company. The second relates to the incomplete disclosure of 

the value that Gig3 and its non-redeeming stockholders could expect to receive in 

exchange. 

Both pieces of information would be essential to a stockholder deciding 

whether it was preferable to redeem her funds from the trust or to invest them in 

New Lightning. Gig3’s public stockholders knew that if they redeemed, they were 

217 Id.

218 Id.

219 Solomon, 1995 WL 250374, at *5.
52

promised $10 per share plus interest. They were given incomplete information about 

what they would receive if they instead opted to invest.

a. What Gig3 Was Investing

The Board was under an “affirmative duty” to provide “materially accurate 

and complete” information to stockholders in connection with the redemption choice 

and merger vote.220 The Proxy indicated that the merger consideration to be paid to 

Lightning stockholders consisted solely of Gig3 stock valued at $10 per share.221 If 

non-redeeming stockholders were exchanging Gig3 shares worth $10 each, they 

could reasonably expect to receive equivalent value in return.222 

According to the Complaint, however, the amount of net cash per share to be 

invested in New Lightning was not $10.223 It was instead less than $6 per share after 

220 Feldman v. Cutaia, 2006 WL 920420, at *8 (Del. Ch. Apr. 5, 2006).

221 Proxy at Cover Page, A-2 (defining “Aggregate Closing Merger Consideration” to mean 

“a number of shares of GigCapital3 Common Stock equal to the quotient of (a) the 

Aggregate Closing Merger Consideration Value divided by (b) $10.00”).

222 See Klausner, Ohlrogge & Ruan, Sober Look, supra note 4, at 287-88 (explaining that 

in a de-SPAC transaction, the target negotiates an exchange in which its stockholders will 

“give up a fraction of their company roughly equal to the value of the SPAC shares they 

will receive, and the primary value of a SPAC is its cash”).

223 Compl. ¶¶ 19, 56; see In re P3 Health Grp. Hldgs., LLC, 2022 WL 16548567, at *19

(Del. Ch. Oct. 31, 2022) (finding it reasonably conceivable that a contractual party’s right 

to a priority distribution was breached by the company valuing distributed SPAC shares at 

$10, based on the observation that “the value of SPAC equity when a de-SPAC merger 

takes place is materially less than $10 per share” (citing Klausner, Ohlrogge & Ruan, Sober 

Look, supra note 4, at 232, 246, 253)). 
53

accounting for considerable dilution.224 Because the Proxy allegedly misstated and 

obfuscated the net cash—and thus the value—underlying Gig3’s shares, public 

stockholders could not make an informed choice about whether to redeem or 

invest.225 

Gig3’s sole asset at the time of the Proxy—i.e., before redemptions—was 

cash. That included funds in the trust account (about $202 million) and funds to be 

received at closing in exchange for shares pursuant to the PIPE agreement ($25 

million).226 To determine net cash per share, costs would be subtracted from that 

total cash (about $227 million) before dividing by the number of pre-merger 

shares.

227

224 See Compl. ¶ 56.

225 See O’Reilly v. Transworld Healthcare, Inc., 745 A.2d 902, 920 (Del. Ch. 1999) (“To 

state a claim for breach of the fiduciary duty of disclosure on the basis of a false statement 

or representation, a plaintiff must identify (1) a material statement or representation in a 

communication contemplating stockholder action (2) that is false.”).

226 Oral Arg. Tr. 82; see Proxy at 107. Redemptions would further dilute equity and 

dissipate cash. The extent of that dilution was not, however, known at the time of the 

Proxy.

227 See Oral Arg. Tr. 75-93; see also Michael Klausner, Michael Ohlrogge & Harold 

Halbhuber, Net Cash Per Share: The Key to Disclosing SPAC Dilution, 40 Yale J. Reg. 18,

24-30 (2022) (describing that costs include cash expenses, the value of warrants, and the 

value of other equity derivatives and that pre-merger shares include public shares, founder 

shares, and PIPE shares).
54

The plaintiff asserts that the costs to be subtracted from the cash component 

of the numerator would include: (1) transaction costs, including deferred underwriter 

fees ($8 million) and financial advisory and other fees ($32 million);228 (2) the 

market value of public warrants at the time of the Proxy (about $38 million);229

(3) the value of the warrants in the private placement units and given to Note holders; 

and (4) the value of the Notes’ conversion feature.

230

 The denominator—pre-merger 

shares—would consist of: (1) public shares issued in the IPO (20 million); (2) the 

Initial Stockholder Shares (about 5 million); (3) the Insider Shares (15,000); 

(4) shares to be issued at closing pursuant to the PIPE agreement (2.5 million); and 

(5) shares issued as part of the private placement units (about 240,000).

231

 Using 

these inputs and the above formula, the plaintiff calculates Gig3’s net cash per share 

at the time the Proxy was filed to be about $5.25 per share.

232

228 Oral Arg. Tr. 82. 

229 This figure values the 15 million public warrants at $2.53 per warrant, which was the 

average trading price the week before the Merger announcement. Id. at 78, 116. Per SEC 

guidance, the public warrants are treated as a current liability. See Staff Statement on 

Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose 

Acquisition Companies (“SPACs”), SEC (Apr. 12, 2021), https://www.sec.gov/news/

public-statement/accounting-reporting-warrants-issued-spacs. 

230 Because the value of the third and fourth factors could not be determined based on the 

information in the Proxy, the plaintiff was unable to calculate their dilutive effects. See 

Oral Arg. Tr. 83-85. Accordingly, the plaintiff argues its calculated net cash per share 

value is an overestimate. See id.

231 See id. at 75-76.

232 Id. at 83; Compl. ¶ 11. At this stage, I do not assess the accuracy of the plaintiff’s inputs 

in reaching a figure of $5.25. For example, I accept the plaintiff’s assertion that the public 
55

Accepting the plaintiff’s allegations as true, the sizeable difference between 

the $10 of value per share Gig3 stockholders expected and Gig3’s net cash per share 

after accounting for dilution and dissipation of cash is information “that a reasonable 

shareholder would consider . . . important in deciding” whether to redeem or invest 

in New Lightning.233 If Gig3 had less than $6 per share to contribute to the merger, 

the Proxy’s statement that Gig3 shares were worth $10 each was false—or at least 

materially misleading.234 Moreover, Gig3 stockholders could not logically expect to 

receive $10 per share of value in exchange.

235

 

warrants should be valued according to their market price and included in the numerator. 

Cf. Oral Arg. Tr. 91-92 (acknowledging that the “costs [of the warrants] could be reflected 

in the denominator of the fraction rather than the numerator”). I also am not endorsing a 

specific formula or methodology for calculating net cash per share. The plaintiff concedes 

that different companies could take different approaches. Using any reasonable method of

calculating net cash per share, however, this information was not fully or accurately

disclosed in the Proxy. 

233 Rosenblatt v. Getty Oil Co., 493 A.2d 929, 944 (Del. 1985); see Zirn v. VLI Corp., 681 

A.2d 1050, 1057 (Del. 1996) (discussing that, in the context of stockholders deciding 

whether to tender or retain shares, “any misstatement . . . which misled the stockholders 

concerning the value of the company would necessarily be material”). 

234 Whether a SPAC has disclosed all material information regarding the cash per share it 

would invest in the combined company is a fact dependent analysis. Each SPAC’s 

potential dilution and dissipation of cash varies depending upon, among other factors, the 

number of warrants, the size of the PIPE, and the amount of advisor and other fees. Here, 

it is reasonably conceivable that the Proxy was materially misleading because the 

Complaint alleges significant dilution and dissipation of cash that starkly contrasts with the 

Proxy’s attribution of $10 to each Gig3 share. See Compl. ¶ 63. 

235 See id. ¶ 57. 
56

b. What Gig3 Was Receiving

The second category of alleged disclosure violations concerns the value that 

stockholders would receive in a merger with Lightning. The plaintiff avers that

because Gig3 was not worth $10 per share, Lightning’s stated worth was 

commensurately overstated.236 The value that Gig3 obtained in the merger would 

be highly relevant to stockholders’ investment decisions. But according to the 

Complaint, the Board “accepted” an “inflated valuation” for Lightning built on 

unrealistic revenue and production projections and passed this misinformation along 

to stockholders.237 The Proxy was silent as to Lightning’s true prospects.

Gig3’s Proxy reported that Lightning’s annual revenues were projected to

increase by over 22,100% in five years, from $9 million to over $2 billion.238 It also 

stated that Lightning’s annual gross profits were expected to rise from zero to more 

than $500 million over the same time period.239 These projections assumed that 

Lightning would ramp up its production capacity dramatically from fewer than 100 

vehicles delivered in 2019 and 2020 combined to 20,000 vehicles a year by 2025.240

236 E.g., id. ¶ 80.

237 Id. ¶ 63.

238 Id. ¶ 66.

239 Id.

240 Id. ¶¶ 68, 79.
57

 The disclosure of the projections does not, by itself, imply that the defendants 

failed to inform the exercise of stockholders’ redemption rights. They are obviously 

forward-looking and qualified by cautionary language.241 The Proxy explained that 

the projections were prepared by Lightning management “for internal use and not 

with a view toward public disclosure” and were disclosed “because they were made 

available to [Gig3] and [its] Board in connection with their review of the proposed 

[merger].”242 

The problem is that Lightning’s lofty projections were not counterbalanced 

by impartial information.

243

 Stockholders were kept in the dark about what they 

could realistically expect from the combined company. Gig3 did not, for example, 

tell investors that Lightning’s business would be difficult to scale because it built 

highly customized vehicles in small batches.244 The Complaint alleges that the 

241 Proxy at 162-63. The plaintiff is not asserting a fraud claim.

242 Id. at 162-63; see City of Miami Gen. Emps. v. Comstock, 2016 WL 4464156, at *12 

(Del. Ch. Aug. 24, 2016) (rejecting a disclosure claim against directors concerning 

financial estimates prepared by the merger counterparty because “[a]mending or 

supplementing those figures with other estimates that were not presented to [the company] 

would misstate the information that [the company] actually received from [the 

counterparty]”).

243 See Lynch v. Vickers Energy Corp., 383 A.2d 278, 281 (Del. 1977) (holding that the 

defendants violated their duty of disclosure when they disclosed a “floor value, but not an 

equally reliable ‘ceiling’ value” because “full disclosure . . . was a prerequisite”); Maric 

Cap. Master Fund, Ltd. v. Plato Learning, Inc., 11 A.3d 1175, 1177-78 (Del. Ch. 2010) 

(“Because the proxy statement spoke on this subject, there was a duty to do so in a nonmisleading fashion.”).

244 Compl. ¶ 79.
58

Board had good reason to question Lightning’s future capabilities.245 Yet the Proxy 

was silent.

246

 

“To state a claim for breach by omission of any duty to disclose, a plaintiff 

must plead facts identifying (1) material, (2) reasonably available (3) information 

that (4) was omitted from the proxy materials.”247 The phrase “reasonably available” 

is not meaningless. It sets out a baseline expectation that directors have undertaken 

a sufficient inquiry for material information. The Complaint alleges that this 

standard was not met because the Board was incentivized to turn a blind eye to 

Lightning’s problems and close the deal.

248

 

The nature of Lightning’s business model was “knowable” through the sort of 

diligence and analysis expected of the board of a Delaware corporation undertaking 

a major transaction.249 It can be inferred that the defendants knew (and should have 

disclosed) or should have known (but failed to investigate) that Lightning’s 

245 Id. ¶ 64.

246 The Proxy cautioned, for example, that Lightning is “an early stage company with a 

history of losses” that “expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the 

foreseeable future.” Proxy at 53-54. But the defendants “are not excused from disclosing 

material facts” simply because general “risk factors” were listed. Pfeffer, 965 A.2d at 

686-87; see Lynch, 383 A.2d at 281 (stating that the duty of disclosure is not fulfilled by

technically correct, generalized statements).

247 Pfeffer, 965 A.2d at 686 (quoting O’Reilly, 745 A.2d at 926).

248 Compl. ¶¶ 20, 23, 64, 66-72.

249 Pfeffer, 965 A.2d at 687 (quoting IOTEX Commc’ns, Inc. v. Defries, 1998 WL 914265, 

at *4 (Del. Ch. 1998)).
59

production would be difficult to scale in the manner predicted.250 In either event, it 

is reasonably conceivable that the Board deprived Gig3’s public stockholders of an 

accurate portrayal of Lightning’s financial health. As a result, public stockholders

could not fairly decide whether it was preferable to redeem for $10 plus interest or 

to invest in a risky venture.

* * *

The plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded that the Proxy contained material 

misstatements and omitted material, reasonably available information. I therefore 

cannot conclude that the transaction was the product of fair dealing.251 

The Complaint provides additional grounds for that assessment. The merger 

negotiations were directed by Katz and Dinu—the two individuals who arguably 

stood to gain the most in a value-destructive deal.252 The Board’s advisors, Nomura 

and Oppenheimer, had large stakes in 243,479 private placement shares that would 

be worthless and $8 million of contingent compensation that would not be realized 

if Gig3 failed to merge.253 The Board did not obtain a fairness opinion or even an 

250 Compl. ¶¶ 79-80.

251 See Weinberger, 457 A.2d at 710-11.

252 See Cinerama, 663 A.2d at 1173 (“The independence of the bargaining parties is a wellrecognized touchstone of fair dealing.”).

253 Compl. ¶ 52; see MultiPlan, 268 A.3d at 818.
60

informal presentation on the fairness of the transaction—not to mention one 

considering the effect of the Sponsor promote.254 

Unfair price can be inferred from the allegation that public stockholders were 

left with shares of New Lightning worth far less than the $10 per share redemption 

price.255

These matters may ultimately not support a finding of unfairness. At present, 

however, they provide some evidence that the Board failed to live up to the standard 

254 Delaware courts have stated that there is no duty to obtain a fairness opinion. In 

Crescent/Mach I Partners, L.P. v. Turner, for example, the court held that the director 

defendants’ approval of a fairness opinion did not “rise[] to the level of grossly negligent 

conduct that would deprive them of the benefit of the business judgment rule.” 846 A.2d 

963, 985 (Del. Ch. 2000). The court remarked that “fairness opinions prepared by 

independent investment bankers are generally not essential, as a matter of law, to support 

an informed business judgment.” Id. at 984. Nevertheless, it observed that the directors 

obtained an evaluation of the fairness of the merger consideration “from an investment 

banking firm” that was not conflicted, relied on that fairness opinion “to make an informed 

decision on whether or not to consummate the merger,” and disclosed it in the proxy 

statement. Id. at 984-75.

In Houseman v. Sagerman, the plaintiffs relied on the failure to obtain a formal 

fairness opinion in claiming that the board “knowingly and completely failed to undertake 

a reasonable sales process” under Revlon. 2014 WL 1600724, at *7 (Del. Ch. Apr. 16, 

2014). The board “considered the expense of obtaining a fairness opinion relative to the 

overall transaction value” but chose to engage an independent financial advisor to aid in 

diligence and provide “an informal opinion” that the merger price was within a range of 

reasonableness. Id. The court concluded that the directors did not act in bad faith since

they undertook a reasonable process and determined “that, due to the relative expense, it 

was not in the Company’s best interest to obtain a fairness opinion.” Id. 

In both Turner and Sagerman, the disinterestedness and independence of the 

directors were not in dispute. The boards undertook some efforts to assess the fairness of 

a transaction. They did so in reliance on independent advisors. The facts alleged here are 

markedly different.

255 E.g., Compl. ¶¶ 21-22, 58, 95-96, 120.
61

of conduct demanded of it. The benefit of a developed factual record is needed to 

make a definitive assessment of fairness. The defendants will bear that burden at 

trial. 

3. Exculpation

Gig3’s charter contains an exculpatory provision that eliminated director 

liability for breaches of the duty of care.256 A plaintiff seeking monetary damages 

from a director must state a claim for breach of the duty of loyalty, “regardless of 

the underlying standard of review for the board’s conduct.”257 To do so, the plaintiff 

must plead “facts supporting a rational inference that the director harbored 

self-interest adverse to the stockholders’ interests, acted to advance the self-interest 

of an interested party from whom they could not be presumed to act independently, 

or acted in bad faith.”258

The Complaint sufficiently pleads that each of the Board members was either 

self-interested in the merger or acted in a manner that advanced the interests of the 

Sponsor and Katz to the public stockholders’ detriment. The plaintiff’s claims 

256 Charter § 8.1.

257 In re Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc., S’holder Litig., 115 A.3d 1173, 1175-76 (Del. 

2015).

258 Id. at 1179-80.
62

against the Board are also “inextricably intertwined with issues of loyalty.”259 As a 

result, those claims are not exculpated.

D. The Unjust Enrichment Claim Is Reasonably Conceivable.

Count Three is a claim for unjust enrichment against the Sponsor and the 

Board. Unjust enrichment is “the unjust retention of a benefit to the loss of another, 

or the retention of money or property of another against the fundamental principles 

of justice or equity and good conscience.”260 The elements of unjust enrichment are 

“(1) an enrichment, (2) an impoverishment, (3) a relation between the enrichment 

and impoverishment, (4) the absence of justification and (5) the absence of a remedy 

provided by law.”

261

 The Complaint pleads adequate facts to satisfy these elements. It alleges that 

the defendants were “unjustly enriched” by the disloyal conduct described in Counts 

One and Two, which impoverished Gig3 public stockholders who were unable to 

exercise their redemption rights with the benefit of all material information.

262

 The 

enrichment and impoverishment described by the plaintiff are also related. By 

providing inadequate disclosures about the amount of net cash available to Gig3 in 

259 Emerald P’rs v. Berlin, 787 A.2d 85, 93 (Del. 2001).

260 Schock, 732 A.2d at 232 (quoting 66 Am. Jur. 2d Restitution and Implied Contracts § 3 

(1973)).

261 Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P. v. Cantor, 724 A.2d 571, 585 (Del. Ch. 1998).

262 Compl. ¶¶ 126-27.
63

the merger and Lightning’s prospects, the defendants could discourage redemptions 

and ensure greater deal certainty. As a remedy, the plaintiff seeks disgorgement of 

the unjust profits realized by the defendants to be recouped by the affected 

stockholders.263

This claim turns, in large part, on the same allegations as the fiduciary duty 

claims. If the plaintiff prevails on his fiduciary duty claims, he will similarly succeed 

in proving unjust enrichment. Although he cannot obtain a double recovery, “[o]ne 

can imagine . . . factual circumstances in which the proofs for a breach of fiduciary 

duty claim and an unjust enrichment claim are not identical, so there is no bar to 

bringing both claims” against the same defendants.

264

 The unjust enrichment claim 

therefore survives along with the fiduciary duty claims. 

III. CONCLUSION

The defendants’ motion to dismiss is denied. The Complaint states reasonably 

conceivable claims against the defendants in Counts One, Two, and Three. The 

standard of review is entire fairness with the defendants bearing the burden of 

persuasion at trial.

263 Id. ¶ 128.

264 MCG Cap. Corp. v. Maginn, 2010 WL 1782271, at *25 n.147 (Del. Ch. May 5, 2010);

see Calma on Behalf of Citrix Sys., Inc. v. Templeton, 114 A.3d 563, 592 (Del. 2015) 

(concluding that it was reasonably conceivable the plaintiff could recover on an unjust 

enrichment claim where it stated a claim for breach of fiduciary duty on the same, 

“duplicative” allegations).