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"The material is applied under the water through nozzles at a rate,
depending on conditions, from 5 to 10 gallons per cubic foot per second of
water flow. More detailed information on this is found in USDA Circular
No. 971, entitled 'The Use of Aromatic Solvents for Control of Submersed
Aquatic Weeds in Irrigation Channels. '

"For many years the cattail problem was one of the most difficult
to solve, but thanks to the new herbicide 2,4-D and the persistence of Mr.
F. L. Timmons of the Agricultural Research Service a method was developed
which has proved quite effective. Each acre of plants is sprayed with a solu-
tion prepared by mixing 4 to 6 pounds of 2, 4-D as a low volatile ester with
200 gallons of water and 10 gallons of diesel oil plus 1 quart of emulsifier.
The first application is made in the spring when the cattail heads are just
starting to form. The regrowth should be sprayed again just before frost.
One or two spot treatments may have to be made the following year to clean
up the infestation. Every precaution should be taken to prevent the spray
drifting to sensitive crops.

"Tests underway to determine the effects of some of the newer her-
bicides on cattails look promising and as time and funds permit other formu-
lations will be tested and additional, much needed, research work will be
initiated.

"A herbicide known as Dalapon appears to be as effective as 2,4-D
when used at the rate of 15 to 20 pounds per acre in 100 to 200 gallons of
water containing 5 gallons of diesel oil and 1 pint of emulsifier.

"Amino triazole at 8 to 10 pounds per acre of cattail plants in 100
to 200 gallons of water and 5 gallons of diesel oil is almost as effective.

"Both of these herbicides are considerably more expensive than
2,4-D but may be useful on canals near crops sensitive to 2,4-D, especially
cotton, grapes, and tomatoes. Also beans and sugar beets are more sensi-
tive than some other crops.

"The amount of research for the control of land weeds and the num-
ber of workers in this field have increased many fold in the past few years.
The combined efforts of Federal Agencies, State Colleges, and commercial
firms have resulted in excellent progress toward solving land weed problems.
It is only natural that these problems have received more attention because
they are common to every state and locality.

"Less attention has been given to waterweed problems because they
are limited to specific locations or areas. However, we have some encour-
aging news to report in this regard. The cooperative research program
which was discontinued for a while due to lack of funds has been renewed
recently between the Agricultural Research Service of the Department of
Agriculture and the Bureau of Reclamation. The new accelerated program
promises to result in the development of more effective and economical
methods of aquatic weed control. The research team consists of two Depart-
ment of Agriculture Plant Physiologists and two Bureau of Reclamation
Chemists.

11



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pressure gage-------- 4-., Suction elbow

or gage
B Fly interlock
| ) mercoid switch

Seal ring water

mercoid switch
Purge valve-----|__

Diaphragm box-~* k <-&2" Gage piping

2 Blow off piping

ome Tote

Piezometer piping

DIAPHRAGM BOX AND MUD LEG


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in breaking strength, and thus is of little use when it is put back into serv-
ice again. Rust also tends to bind the wires together so they are not free
to move back and forth and adjust themselves to operation around sheaves
under a load.

Wire rope that has been removed from service and is to be stored
for future use should first be cleaned thoroughly by means of a wire brush,
compressed air, or superheated steam. It should then be well lubricated,
first with a penetrating lubricant that will coat all the wires of all the strands,
internally as well as externally, and then with an external protector that
seals in the other lubricant and repels the penetration of moisture and fumes.
The rope should then be wound on a reel and not coiled loosely on the floor
or on the ground,

If the rope to be stored is new and on its original shipping reel it
is a good idea to cover the outer layer of rope on the reel with heavy pro-
tective lubricant. A generous application will tend to protect the entire
length.

Following this treatment it is advisable to cover the rope on the
reel with waterproof or tar paper, sealed at the flange with protective lubri-
cant. If a number of reels are to be stored at one concentrated spot it is
an excellent idea to cover the entire group with a tarpaulin.

The storage area selected should be as clean and dry and as well
protected from the weather as possible. It should be free from acid fumes
and other corrosive agents because such fumes can cause embrittlement
of the surface of the wires. Reels should not rest directly on the ground;
they should be placed on wood or metal supports.

When the wire rope is put back into service any excess lubricant
can be wiped off with some waste as the equipment is run very slowly. It
is much better to wipe the rope than to clean it with a solvent, because the
solvent would have a tendency to work into the rope and leach out the inter-
nal lubrication, It is true that the lubricant will pick up some dirt, but
this will cause far less damage than would the solvent.

2k OK ok Ok Ok

15



TRANSMISSION JACK

Gordon Sewell and Roy Garner, of the Central Valley Project,
Lindsay, California, built the movable platform on caster wheels shown
below, which in combination with a regular 3-ton floor jack, made it into
atransmission jack, After Roy lost six weeks work from an injury using
a regular floor jack as a transmission jack, which they didn't have, he
and Gordon Sewell put their heads together and developed the converted
jack which will move forwards, backwards, sideways or at any angle and
handle all types of car and truck transmissions.

For further details on the jack, contact the Regional Director,
Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.

KILLING CRAYFISH IN LATERALS

Some of our projects, troubled with crayfish digging holes in the
canal and lateral banks, follow the practice of killing the crayfish with aro-
matic solvents, normally used in the control of water weeds. The amount
of water flowing in the canal or lateral is reduced to the point at which it
barely covers the bottom. The aromatic solvent is then added. A concen-
tration of solvent about equal to that ordinarily used in treating water weeds
should accomplish the job.

The best time for treatment of crayfish seems to be the summer
months, rather than in the fall, as the crayfish seem to burrow into the
canal bottom as the weather and water cools. Consequently, late in the
season, the crayfish are out of reach of the solvent.

OK Kk OK

%


NOVEL PAINT RIG

Stewart Mountain Dam, 41 miles northeast of Phoenix, Arizona,
on the Salt River, was constructed by the Salt River Valley Water Users
Association in 1930, with some supplemental work performed by the Bu-
reau of Reclamation in 1936-39, The dam is one of seven storage reser-
voirs on the Salt River Project which has been operated by the Salt River
Valley Water Users Association since 1917. Periodically the Association
repaints the downstream face of the dam, which impounds 69,765 acre feet
of water in Saguaro Lake, to reflect heat and diminish temperatures within
the mass of the variable radius concrete arch structure and gravity abut-
ments.

Last painted in 1949, the downstream face was again painted dur-
ing the summer of 1956. To reduce hazards and to increase the efficiency
of the painting operation, the united efforts of the Project Civil Engineer-
ing, Construction and Maintenance Departments and the painters were com-
bined in development of the scaffolding shown below.

The painting rig was designed by Clarence Whalin, Supervisor of
Civil Engineering and assembled by Al Martin of Construction and Mainte-
nance and his crew. The repainting job was accomplished in approximately

4


MOSS RAKE

The removal of moss from the trashracks of the Klamath Falls
Pumping Plants on the Klamath Project, Oregon, is quite a task, as it
is on most projects where the moss problems are severe. Project Em-
ployee Kuno E, Schuetz devised the rake shown in the photograph below
to simplify the task. In the photo-
graph Mr. Schuetz is holding one of
the tines of the new rake in his
right hand and the old type rake used
in the operation in his left hand.

Construction:

As shown in the drawing below,
the new rake has
match the spac
of the trashrac s
e have been designed of
length to avoid their i
on the cross members of the
The tines made of saw steel
durable and can be easily re
and replaced if they become broken
and bent.

anes
Hole Orilled for pin» i
le stee/ rods | ¢-Varioble length rake handle to
on be attached by conventiona/ method,

~¥6'f stee/ rod

End of tooth slotted in center to
form two tabs 6" feng, which are
bent in opposite oirectiors to hold
tooth in place.~

Approx He

UNITED STA
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

MOSS RAKE
SUGGESTION hp. 2-57-32
SUGGESTED BY ALAC SCHUETZ

onan 72 susrrreo
a RECOMMENDED
‘variable spaging of rectt 226 a armnoves
FRONT. ALAMATH “ALLS, OREG 70-8 34



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inch near the base of the dam,

For further information concerning the

design, construction and use of the rig, which could be adapted to other
similar maintenance work, write the Salt River Power District, P.O.
Box 1980, Phoenix, Arizona.

HAND SPRAY SHIELD

The light-weight shield for use on a hand-boom when spraying
various weed control materials, shown in the photograph and sketch below,
was fabricated by Tom Hines, Tracy, California, for use on the Contra

M16" sheeb aluminum

~ NOZZLE

Costa Canal, Central
Valley Project.

The shield reduces
the drift of weed control
materials by excluding
the wind from part of the
spray fan. It is partic-
ularly adapted for use in
spraying weed oils under
over-hanging branches of
shrubs andtrees, The
shield effectively pre-
vents the branches from
being sprayed by the
drifting weed control
material.

|
|
|

SIDE VIEW



Department of the Interior

Bureau of Reclamation

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

RELEASE NO. 19

January, February and March 1957

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CONTENTS

No More Plugged Control Piping _ Killing Crayfish in Laterals

Moss Rake Portable Platform

Novel Paint Rig Aquatic Weed Control

Hand Spray Shield Ditcher Hitch

Transmission Jack Gate Hoist Wire Rope Performance


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PORTABLE PLATFORM

Designed in Region 5 of the Bureau of Reclamation for the partic-
ular job of servicing penstock valves the portable platform shown in the
photographs on this page and
in the drawing on the follow-
ing page may be used to ad-
vantage in other similar loca-
tions. It is safe and substantial.

Hung between the two pen-
stocks, as shown in the upper
photograph, the portable plat-
form provides easy access for
the mechanic in repairing or
operating a bypass valve.

1. View of portable platform hung between
No. 1 and No, 2 penstocks. Mechanic In the middle photograph,
is in position to operate the bypass valve. the right end of the portable
platform is shown hung on the
penstock expansion joint.

A closer view of the right
end of the platform and details
of the hanger are shown in the
lower photograph, Note that
the middle bar in the triangular
shaped hanger has two fingers
that fit over the right ring of
the expansion joint to prevent
the platform from swaying.

2. View of the right end of portable plat-
form hung on No, 1 penstock expansion
joint. View shows relation of man,
platform and penstock,

Construction:

Details of the platform
and hangers are given in the
drawing on the next page. The
platform is of timber construc-
tion, 16 inches wide and 7' 4"
in length.

3. A close-up view of the right end of the
portable platform. Note the middle
bar in the triangle has two fingers that
fit over the right ring of the expansion
joint to prevent the platform from sway-
ing.

3 OOK OK OR


three weeks. The deck portion of the assembled rig at the top of the pho-
tograph on the preceding page was provided with castors so that it could
be moved manually across the top of the dam, Made with a framework of
steel and decking and other accoutrements of wood, the upper deck is 14
feet long and 10 feet wide and provides means of access to the movable

scaffolding over the 15-foot overhanging roadway and parapet at the top of
the dam,

The movable scaffold, as shown above, has an aluminum base 14
feet long and 3 feet wide. It is raised and lowered by cables and one three-
quarter horsepower motor at each end of the scaffolding. Two painters
were employed on the platform at a time and were able to maneuver the
scaffold as necessary,

As a matter of interest, approximately 550 gallons of vinyl paint
vas used to cover the face of the dam. Prior to applying the paint, the
workers washed the face of the dam with jets of air and water at a pressure
of 90-pounds per square inch. The paint was applied pneumatically mov-
ing from top to bottom in 14-foot wide panels. The pressure on the paint
spraying equipment was maintained at a pressure of 40 pounds per square
inch at the top of the dam and gradually reduced to 20 pounds per square



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NO MORE PLUGGED CONTROL PIPING

In the photograph below, Arthur C. Birdzell of the Tracy Opera-
tions Field Branch, Central Valley Project, California, is receiving an
award for the development of the device he is pointing to for preventing
the plugging of gages and mercoid control piping by silt.

The device con-
sists of a diaphragm
box to which is attached
a''mud-leg.'' The dia-
phragm box keeps the
silt out of the gage pip-
ing and still insures the
proper pressure on the
top gages and mercoid
switches. The ''mud-
leg'' (pipe attached to
phragm) is added
to facilitate removal of
silt trapped by the dia-
gm and permits
ning of the piezom-
eter piping.

The ar ement of
the piezomet piping
tf on the schematic
the following
k ng above the
diaphragm box is filled
with any suitable liquid
to transmit the pressure
to the gages. The water
in the piezometers can
not pass the diaphragm,
hence can not enter the
gage piping and cause a
stoppage,

The inexpensive equipment and material required can be installed
on any similar controls. For further details on the construction of the de-
vice and to obtain information concerning the diaphragm box, write the Re-
gional Director, U. S, Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.



"In addition to the laboratory work here in Denver the Agricultural
Research Service has four field stations which do some field testing in a-
quatic weed control. The Agricultural Research Service is adding five new
research specialists on aquatic weed control at field stations. Of these, two
will be working on irrigation weed problems.

"Since less work has been done on developing better waterweed con-
trol methods and, therefore, there is less to report to you in this regard, we
thought you would be interested in this brief resume of the problems involved
and the research which has been conducted. Real progress in solving a prob-
lem is made only when the people like yourselves, who are vitally interested
and affected by that problem, realize its full magnitude and the need for fur-
ther study and research.

"Organizations like yours can do much toward a more complete
mastery of the waterweed problem by your understanding of its importance,
your backing of the research program, your encouragement of the research
workers and through advising the Denver office on the problems which still
need to be solved. "

DITCHER HITCH

The Roza Division of the Yakima Project has developed the wire
rope hitch shown in the photograph below. The hitch was developed to pre-
vent the front wheels of
the ditcher from flipping
up on end when the going
gets rough.

The Briscoe

ditcher is pulled with a
tractor on each bank. One
of the hooks shown in the
foreground is attached to
each tractor. The rope
from each hook passes
through guides on the front
axle and is fastened to the
front end of the plow. In

—— addition to controlling the

position of the front wheels,

the hitch takes the pull strain off the machineframe and applies it directly to
the plow.

*
aa

12


Most of the operating projects agreed in comparing flexible versus
stiff rope that the stiffer rope last longer. The opinions in this regard were
not unanimous, however, and some qualifications should be stated. Where
corrosion is the principal factor limiting the life of a rope, the stiff rope
(6x19) with larger individual wires, will loose metal through corrosion at a
slower rate than the more flexible (6x37) ropes. However, where corrosion
is not the predominant factor and the rope will be subject to frequent bending
and flexing, the 6x37 rope may give better results. The size of the rope com-
pared to the drum and sheave sizes should also be considered along with the
corrosion condition and frequency of operations when choosing between the
stiffer (6x19) and more flexible (6x37) ropes.

While the information obtained did not indicate that there is one
outstanding kind of rope that should be used under all conditions, it does
show that there are varying degrees of exposure to be considered in select-
ing the type of rope to be used. Under non-corrosive water, it would be hard
to economically justify the use of stainless steel rope; while in strongly cor-
rosive water, stainless steel is the most economical. The widespread use
of galvanized ropes, and their successful performance under the right condi-
tions was quite interesting to note.

For information purposes, an abstract of questionnaires received
from the projects in the 17 Western States is given in the tables on the fol-
lowing pages, as a guide to wire rope users. Also a study on the Central
Valley Project, California, of various types of ropes and rope protective
materials is appended to the abstract.

One project reported an experience in socketing ropes with lead
instead of zinc, which is the preferred material. It was reported that the
lead set up a galvanic action which caused rapid deterioration of the rope
since the lead was less active chemically than the steel. With the zine,
this action is reversed and the steel is protected. There have been reports
of several instances of ropes failing or pulling from their sockets when lead
was used for socketing. This electrolytic action was called to the attention
of readers in a recent, issue of the Bulletin, but it cannot be emphasized too
strongly, therefore, that only clean zinc should be used for this purpose and
the various steps in the socketing process should be carried out in accord-
ance with the instructions given in any reliable wire rope handbook. These
handbooks can be obtained from any of the leading wire rope manufacturers.
In addition to instructions for proper socketing, the handbooks contain a
great deal of information of value to individuals working with wire rope.
One such suggestion from one manufacturer concerns the best method of
storing wire rope outdoors. It is reprinted here for your information.

In Wire Rope Talks, Robert M Kilian, Chief Engineer of Leschen
Wire Rope Division, H. K. Porter Company, Inc. , presents practical hints
on the use and care of wire rope. In discussing the subject of storing wire
rope outdoors, it is pointed out that when equipment is to be left outdoors
in an unused condition, especially during the winter months, the wire rope
being unused should be carefully protected. Several months of inclement
weather can corrode wire rope so badly that it suffers a very large reduction

14




OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

Release No, 19

January, February and March - 1957

INTRODUCTION

This bulletin, published quarterly, is circulated for the
benefit of irrigation project operation and maintenance people,
Its principal purpose is to serve as a medium of exchanging oper-
ation and maintenance information. Reference to a trade name
does not constitute the endorsement of a particular product, and
omission of any commercially available item does not imply
discrimination against any manufacturer. It is hoped that the
labor-saving devices or less costly equipment developed by the
resourceful water users will be a step toward commercial devel-
opment of equipment for use on irrigation projects in continued
effort to reduce costs and increase Operating efficiency.

Division of Irrigation Operations

Commissioner's Office
Denver, Colorado,


AQUATIC WEED CONTROL

In the January 1957 meeting of the Four States Irrigation Council,
composed of irrigationists in the States of Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado,
and Wyoming, Robert B. Balcom, Weed Control Specialist of the Bureau
of Reclamation, reported upon aquatic weed control studies that have been
and are being made under the joint efforts of the Department of Agricul-
ture's Research Service and the Bureau of Reclamation. So that you may
be informed of the progress made, parts of Mr. Balcom's report are being
presented.

"Operators of irrigation projects know the necessity for controlling
waterweeds in irrigation systems, and many methods of control have been
devised. Some have grown out of sheer necessity to do something to get the
water through to the water-users. Many of these, of course, are only tem-
porary means and have to be repeated several times a year.

"Before chemicals began to play an important part in controlling
weeds it was natural to look to mechanical methods for solving this problem.
Dragging heavy chains, discing the bottom and sides, and as a last resort,
draglines have been, and often are still, used to clear the channels. No
doubt you are all familiar with these methods.

"A few years ago the Bureau of Reclamation recognized the need
for more effective and economical means of controlling weeds, including
waterweeds, and study of the problem was initiated. Also a cooperative
plan of research was formulated with the Department of Agriculture which
has aided in the development of more effective means of controlling water-
weeds. These investigations included the use of chemicals.

"One of the earliest and still used methods for controlling algae, a
low form of plant which propagates from spores, is the use of copper sul-
phate. This is usually applied by hanging in the canal, sacks filled with
crystals of this chemical, sometimes called blue vitriol. The dosage de-
pends on the quality and temperature of the water and the kinds of algae
present but usually 0.5 to 1.0 ppm is used in still water and 10 to 12 ppm
is applied for 30 minutes in canals.

"More recently other chemicals such as the rosin amines have been
used with good success on certain species of algae.

"The first chemical formulation found to be effective on higher type
submersed waterweeds, ‘like the pondweed, was a chlorinated hydrocarbon
manufactured and sold by an eastern firm. This was considered to be too
expensive for the larger scale treatments. A Department of Agriculture
plant physiologist and Bureau of Reclamation chemists working together here
in the Denver laboratory discovered the effectiveness of the material now
most widely used for controlling submersed waterweeds. This is known as
aromatic solvent and from a very small beginning its use, in the 17 states
where Federal reclamation projects are located, increased to over 300,000
gallons in 1956. It is estimated that 365,000 gallons will be used in 1957 and
by 1960 over 460,000 gallons of aromatic solvents will be used.

10


GATE HOIST WIRE ROPE PERFORMANCE

Recently the Bureau of Reclamation made a study of the perform-
ance of various types of wire rope used on gate hoists in an effort to deter-
mine the types giving best service under different conditions. From data
supplied and comments received the matter of serviceability of wire rope
is a very real problem on most operating projects. Frequent inspection
of the cable by dam tenders, ditchriders, or other operating officials
should be emphasized.

A study of the information provided leads to the conclusion that with
the vastly differing conditions of exposure to which gate hoist ropes are sub-
jected, the exposure conditions should be considered carefully when we
choose wire rope to serve in a specific location. On some projects where
the water is not corrosive, plain steel ropes have given very good service,
although most agree that the service life is improved if protective coatings
are maintained on the ropes. In certain areas, also, galvanized wire ropes
are favored and have given up to 28 years of service on the Yakima Project,
Washington, and 26 years of service on the Sun River Project, Montana,
with the rope still in good condition. The water on these projects is not
corrosive.

In other places where the water is corrosive, stainless steel seems
to be the only satisfactory type of rope to use. The information provided shows
that under severe conditions the additional cost of the stainless steel rope is
fully justified. The Imperial Irrigation District in California, served by the
All-American Canal with water from the Colorado River, reports that stain-
less steel ropes show no signs of deterioration after 10 years. The Gila
Project, which also receives its water supply from the Colorado River, re-
ports that some of the plain steel ropes originally installed on the project
did not last six months. Of the several projects reporting use of stainless
steel ropes, only one stated that trouble had been experienced due to galling
or seizing of the wires making up the rope.

By way of preventing corrosion of ropes by the water, some proj-
ects as shown on the cover of this issue of the Bulletin use link chains or
suspender rods for the submerged portions of the hoist lines. The chains
or rods are connected to the ropes above the water's surface.

A majority of the projects reported that some type of protective
coating was used to retard corrosion of wire ropes, and that the use of
these coatings is worthwhile, although opinion in this regard was not unan-
imous. Two projects made favorable mention of plastic coated ropes
which have recently become available. Only the submerged portion of the
rope was coated and, since the coating is relatively soft, it would probably
be damaged if it was wound up on the average hoist drum. The protective
coatings used are: NO-OX-ID, CA-50, Texaco Crater LePro, Tnemec and
Ensign 383 compounds, water pump grease and coal tar and red lead paints.
Cleaning of the rope and soaking it in diesel oil was also recommended by
one project.

13