PRESENT: Goodwyn, C.J., Powell, Kelsey, McCullough, and Chafin, JJ., and Koontz and 

Mims, S.JJ.

JOHN L. FINES

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 210501 JUSTICE CLEO E. POWELL

SEPTEMBER 8, 2022

RAPPAHANNOCK AREA 

COMMUNITY SERVICES BOARD

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF KING GEORGE COUNTY

Herbert M. Hewitt, Judge

John L. Fines, Jr. (“Fines”) appeals the decision of the circuit court dismissing his claims 

against the Rappahannock Area Community Services Board (“RACSB”) based on its 

determination that RACSB is a municipal corporation that is entitled to sovereign immunity.

I. BACKGROUND

RACSB provides services related to mental health, intellectual disabilities, and substance 

abuse for the City of Fredericksburg and the Counties of Spotsylvania, Stafford, Caroline, and 

King George. Between 2001 and early 2004, Fines received psychological therapy through 

RACSB at its facilities. At the time, Fines was between six and eight years old. According to 

Fines, Scott Gordon Henry (“Henry”), a therapist employed by RACSB, molested him multiple 

times during individual counseling sessions. Fines claims to have suffered significant mental 

and emotional injuries as a result of these repeated sexual assaults.

In 2015, Fines brought an action against Henry’s estate and RACSB. In his complaint, 

Fines alleged claims of battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligence against 

Henry. He further brought claims for negligent retention, negligent supervision, and negligence 

against RACSB. Fines also asserted that RACSB was vicariously liable for Henry’s actions.
2

RACSB demurred and filed a plea in bar asserting sovereign immunity. The circuit court 

sustained RACSB’s demurrer with regard to Fines’ negligent retention claim and granted him 

leave to amend his complaint. In his amended complaint, Fines reasserted the same claims. 

RACSB again demurred as to the simple negligence claim and filed another plea in bar on the 

grounds of sovereign immunity.

At an evidentiary hearing on RACSB’s plea in bar, the executive director for RACSB 

testified that RACSB “provide[s] traditional outpatient psychiatric services.” She further 

explained that “the ultimate management of RACSB is vested in [a] board of directors,” and that 

RACSB is able to enter into contracts, borrow money, purchase real estate, issue bonds, and sue 

and be sued. The executive director also acknowledged that RACSB does not pay federal or 

state taxes, that it participates in the VRS state employee retirement system, and that it is subject 

to the Virginia Freedom of Information Act. Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, 

RACSB claimed it was entitled to sovereign immunity as either an “arm” of the Commonwealth 

or as a municipal corporation performing a governmental function.

In an opinion letter, the circuit court granted RACSB’s plea in bar. Specifically, the 

circuit court determined that RACSB was a municipal corporation that was performing a 

governmental function by providing mental health treatment to Fines and, therefore, it was 

entitled to sovereign immunity. In reaching this conclusion, the circuit court explained that it 

applied the two-factor test developed by this Court in Hampton Roads Sanitation Dist. Comm’n 

v. Smith, 193 Va. 371 (1952). According to the circuit court, RACSB possessed “sufficient 

attributes of a municipality” and that the purpose for its determination was “more procedural 
3

than substantive.”1 The circuit court further noted that RACSB was “not an arm or agency of the 

Commonwealth” because “it does not exist pursuant to constitutional mandate and its existence 

is activated by local government[s] and [it is] controlled thereby.”

Fines appeals.

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, Fines argues that the circuit court erred in granting the plea in bar because 

RACSB does not possess sufficient attributes of a municipal corporation2 and, therefore, it is not 

entitled to sovereign immunity. According to Fines, RACSB is a multi-jurisdictional community 

services board that only exercises some limited governmental powers and it is not a municipal 

corporation because it lacks the fundamental characteristics of such an entity.

3

 We agree.

“A plea in bar asserts a single issue, which, if proved, creates a bar 

to a plaintiff’s recovery.” Hawthorne v. VanMarter, 279 Va. 566, 

577 (2010). The party asserting the plea in bar bears the burden of 

1 The circuit court did not explain which attributes of a municipality that RACSB 

possessed, other than to note that it lacked the power of eminent domain, nor did it explain why 

the purpose of its determination was more procedural than substantive.

2 We recognize that the term “municipal corporation” is a bit of a misnomer. By its plain 

language, the term implies an entity created by a city or town. See Code § 1-224 (defining 

“[m]unicipality” as referring only to “cities and towns”). However, this Court has specifically 

applied a much broader definition to the term, such that it refers to “political subdivisions of the 

State, created for the convenient administration of such governmental powers as may be 

entrusted to them.” Richmond, F. & P.R. Co. v. City of Richmond, 145 Va. 225, 238 (1926); see 

also Cnty. of York v. Peninsula Airport Comm’n, 235 Va. 477, 481 (1988) (approving the usage 

of the “term ‘municipal corporation’ interchangeably with the term ‘political subdivision’”). 

Moreover, we have explained that the term encompasses entities that “are not municipal 

corporations in the strict sense of the term, but where it appears that the legislature intended that 

they should be so construed.” Hampton Roads Sanitation Dist. Comm’n, 193 Va. at 375. Thus, 

our use of the term here is in the “generic sense[,] to include those ‘quasi-municipal 

corporations’ which are created to perform an essentially public service.” Id.

3 We note that RACSB is an operating community services board, which is distinct from 

an administrative policy community services board or a policy-advisory community services 

board. See Code § 37.2-100. Accordingly, our analysis in this case is limited only to whether an 

operating community services board may be immune from tort liability.
4

proof. Id. Two possible standards of review apply, depending on 

whether the plea’s proponent elects to meet that burden by 

presenting evidence or relying on the pleadings. In the former 

situation, in which the “parties present evidence on the plea ore 

tenus, the circuit court’s factual findings are accorded the weight 

of a jury finding and will not be disturbed on appeal unless they 

are plainly wrong or without evidentiary support.” Id. In the latter 

situation, “where no evidence is taken in support of a plea in bar, 

the trial court, and the appellate court upon review, consider solely 

the pleadings in resolving the issue presented. In doing so, the 

facts stated in the plaintiff’s [complaint] are deemed true.” 

Lostrangio v. Laingford, 261 Va. 495, 497 (2001). This approach 

results in functionally de novo review of the trial court’s judgment.

Massenburg v. City of Petersburg, 298 Va. 212, 216 (2019).

In the present case, the circuit court held an evidentiary hearing, but it did not expressly 

state any factual findings regarding the attributes possessed by RACSB in its letter 

opinion. However, “[a]bsent a statutory requirement to do so, ‘a trial court is not required to 

give findings of fact and conclusions of law.’” Bowman v. Commonwealth, 290 Va. 492, 500 n.8 

(2015) (quoting Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 615, 627 (1982)). As this Court’s review 

“is not limited to the evidence mentioned by a party in trial argument or by the trial court in its 

ruling,” Perry v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 572, 580 (2010), the absence of any specific factual 

findings by the circuit court simply requires the Court to examine the evidence presented at the 

plea in bar hearing with the presumption that the circuit court relied on it and any inferences

reasonably drawn from it. Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 411, 421 n.4 (2017). Moreover, we 

will review the circuit court’s legal conclusions de novo. Massenburg, 298 Va. at 216.

A. SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY

“[T]he doctrine of sovereign immunity is ‘alive and well’ in Virginia.” Messina v. 

Burden, 228 Va. 301, 307 (1984). There are several means by which an entity can enjoy 

sovereign immunity. Undoubtedly, the Commonwealth is entitled to sovereign immunity. 

Maddox v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 657 (2004). No action for tort may be brought against the 
5

Commonwealth unless it consents, Virginia Electric & Power Co. v. Hampton Redevelopment & 

Housing Authority, 217 Va. 30, 32–33 (1976) (hereafter “VEPCO”), or a statute exists that grants 

the necessary consent, Sayers v. Bullar, 180 Va. 222, 225 (1942).

The General Assembly can create a separate entity as an agency of the Commonwealth to 

perform a function of state government and that entity will also be clothed with the 

Commonwealth’s immunity. VEPCO, 217 Va. at 32 (citing Elizabeth River Tunnel District v. 

Bleecher, 202 Va. 452 (1961)). To obtain such immunity, the entity must “come into existence 

by state initiative” and not “local activation, [that is] optional with each locality.” Id. at 32; see 

also Cnty. of York, 235 Va. at 481 n.1 (“It is true that when participating localities retain 

‘substantial local control’ over an entity they have created, local activation negates its status as a 

state agency or an ‘arm’ of the Commonwealth.”).

Alternatively, the General Assembly may delegate certain functions to localities, such as 

providing for public health. Hampton Roads Sanitation Dist. Comm’n v. Smith, 193 Va. at 376. 

A locality may then create a separate entity for the purpose of carrying out those functions. Id. 

“For certain purposes” such entities “are treated as municipal corporations.” VEPCO, 217 Va. at 

33. Municipal corporations are “not entitled to the same immunity from tort liability that is 

enjoyed by the Commonwealth.” Id. at 34. Rather, as its immunity is derived from the locality, 

a municipal corporation’s immunity is subject to the same limitations as the locality that created 

it. Id. Thus, a municipal corporation is only immune from tort liability when it fails to perform 

or negligently performs governmental functions; “[w]ith respect to proprietary functions, 

however, it is not so immune.” Id.
6

Here, it is undisputed that RACSB is not the Commonwealth. Therefore, to enjoy 

immunity from tort liability, RACSB must either be an arm or agency of the Commonwealth, or 

it must be a municipal corporation performing a governmental function.4

B. ARM OR AGENCY OF THE COMMONWEALTH

Although Fines does not take issue and, indeed, agrees with the circuit court’s finding 

that RACSB is not an arm or agency of the Commonwealth, it is necessary for us to examine 

whether this alternative basis for sovereign immunity exists. RACSB relies heavily on the fact 

that every city and county is required to establish a community services board. See Code § 37.2-

500 (requiring that every county and city establish a community services board). It also finds it 

significant that community services boards may be funded by the Virginia Department of 

Behavioral Health. According to RACSB, such community services boards are akin to school 

boards and therefore it should be treated similarly.

Our holding in Prendergast v. Northern Va. Reg’l Park Auth., 227 Va. 190 (1984) is 

dispositive of this issue. In Prendergast, the Court examined whether a regional park authority 

was an “arm” of the state. Id. at 193. As the Court explained, the determinative factors are 

4 In its brief, RACSB takes the position that it is “nothing more than a department or 

agency of the local governments that created it” and, therefore, it cannot be independently sued. 

(EE Br. 9). However, it appears that RACSB reaches this conclusion by oversimplifying the 

facts of its own existence. Notably, RACSB is the product of an agreement between five 

localities, which means that RACSB is essentially arguing that it is an inseparable part of five 

distinctly separate localities. If this were actually the manner in which RACSB operated, it 

would clearly be untenable. Under these circumstances, RACSB simply cannot be considered a 

department or agency of any locality.

Our jurisprudence has recognized that RACSB and entities like it are “a peculiar class of 

public institutions.” Hampton Roads Sanitation Dist. Comm’n, 193 Va. at 374. Such entities are 

created pursuant to Virginia law, but they are not created directly by the Commonwealth. 

Instead, they are created by one or more localities and are subject to varying degrees of local 

control. As such, we have consistently held that such entities can enjoy sovereign immunity in 

only one of two ways: either as an arm of the Commonwealth or as a municipal corporation. Id.
7

whether the enacting statute “in and of itself” created the entity and whether that entity was 

subject to substantial state or local control. Id. at 194 (citing VEPCO, 217 Va. at 32). Where an 

entity is “not directly created by the Commonwealth” but rather “is a creature of one or more 

localities and is essentially subject to their control,” then that entity is, by definition, not an arm 

of the Commonwealth. Id.

Similar to the regional park authority in Prendergast, RACSB was not created by the 

enabling statute, Code § 37.2-500. Rather, it was created at the discretion of several localities. 

Moreover, contrary to RACSB’s argument, the localities were not required to establish a

community services board. The plain language of Code § 37.2-500 provides that cities and 

counties must create either a community services board, such as RACSB, or “a behavioral health 

authority pursuant to Chapter 6 (Code § 37.2-600 et seq.).” Any doubt regarding this issue is put 

to rest by the fact that RACSB’s ability to act was subject to substantial local, not state, control. 

Thus, the circuit court did not err in its determination that RACSB is not an “arm” of the 

Commonwealth.

C. MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

Having determined that RACSB is not an “arm” or “agency” of the Commonwealth, we 

must now consider whether RACSB possesses sufficient attributes to enjoy the status of a 

municipal corporation that is immune from tort liability. From our earliest cases addressing the 

subject we have acknowledged that,

There is considerable lack of harmony in the decisions from 

various States concerning which local governmental subdivisions 

are included within the term “municipal corporation.” Some of 

these entities are almost perfect in their organization and can 

scarcely be distinguished from municipal corporations proper; 

others are hardly worthy of the designation “corporation” as they 

are imperfectly organized and have very few powers. Between 

these two clearly-differentiated extremes, there are a large number 
8

of governmental agencies variously described as “political”, 

“public”, “civil”, or otherwise, including drainage districts, fire 

districts, irrigation districts, sanitary districts, and so on ad 

infinitum.

Hampton Roads Sanitation Dist. Comm’n, 193 Va. at 374.

As we went on to explain, “[t]hese apparent contradictions and conflicts. . . even within 

the same jurisdiction, can be resolved by a concentration on two factors.” Id. at 376. The first 

factor requires courts to look at “how many attributes of a municipal corporation does the entity 

in dispute possess.” Id. The second factor asks, “in the light of this initial consideration, what is 

the particular purpose for which it is sought to determine whether or not a municipal corporation 

is present?” Id.

With regard to the first factor, this Court has identified six attributes that are “pertinent to 

a determination that a particular entity occupies the status of a municipal corporation.” VEPCO, 

217 Va. at 33 (citing City of Richmond v. Richmond Metropolitan Authority, 210 Va. 645, 647 

(1970)). Those factors are:

(1) Creation as a body corporate and politic and as a political 

subdivision of the Commonwealth;

(2) Creation to serve a public purpose;

(3) Power to have a common seal, to sue and be sued, to enter into 

contracts, to acquire, hold and dispose of its revenues, personal and 

real property;

(4) Possession of the power of eminent domain;

(5) Power to borrow money and issue bonds which are tax exempt, 

with interest on such bonds enjoying the same status under tax 

laws as the interest on bonds of other political subdivisions of the 

state;

(6) Management of the corporation vested in a board of directors 

or a commission.

City of Richmond, 210 Va. at 647.
9

It is not essential that an entity possess all of these attributes to qualify as a municipal 

corporation; rather, we have held that an entity may be deemed a municipal corporation “if it 

possesses enough of the essential attributes.” Cnty. of York, 235 Va. at 481 (emphasis added). 

Notably, these attributes are designed to assist the finder of fact in determining whether the entity 

is a municipal corporation, “clothed with [the] essential powers to serve as a political subdivision 

of the Commonwealth,” or “a mere auxiliary of a city or county government.” Hampton Roads 

Sanitation Dist. Comm’n, 193 Va. at 377.

Furthermore, we look solely at the statutory language used in the enabling legislation to 

determine whether an entity meets the requirements of each attribute, not the actions actually 

taken by the entity. See Cnty. of York, 235 Va. at 481 (explaining that the proper focus is on the 

“relevant components of the organic act,” i.e., the enabling legislation, to determine whether an 

entity contains the “essential attributes”); Short Pump Town Ctr. Cmty. Dev. Auth. v. Hahn, 262 

Va. 733, 745 (2001) (interpreting Cnty. of York as requiring courts to look “solely at the statutory 

language used in the enabling legislation”). Notably, the essential attributes previously

recognized by this Court focus on elements necessarily contained in the enabling legislation, 

such as the type of entity created (attribute one), the purpose of the entity (attribute two), the 

powers granted the entity (attributes three, four and five), and the management of the entity 

(attribute six). It is through this prism that we examine the attributes of RACSB.

The first attribute examines whether the entity was specifically created as a body 

corporate and politic and as a political subdivision of the Commonwealth. Here, we note that

language designating community services boards as a body corporate or politic or as a political 

subdivision is conspicuously absent from the enabling legislation, Code § 37.2-500 et seq. It is 

also telling that the General Assembly defined a community services board as being a mere 
10

“public body,” while, at the same time, it defined a behavioral health authority as being “a public 

body and a body corporate and politic.” Code § 37.2-100. As this Court has repeatedly 

explained, “when the General Assembly includes specific language in one section of a statute, 

but omits that language from another section of the statute, we must presume that the exclusion 

of the language was intentional.” Halifax Corp. v. First Union Nat. Bank, 262 Va. 91, 100 

(2001). Thus, it is clear that the General Assembly did not intend to create community services 

boards as bodies corporate and politic. Accordingly, we find that RACSB fails to satisfy the 

requirements of the first attribute.

RACSB clearly satisfies the second attribute, however, as it was created to fulfill a public 

purpose. Code § 37.2-500(A) indicates that the purpose of community services boards like

RACSB is to provide “mental health, developmental, and substance abuse services in the 

Commonwealth.” It is readily apparent that such services necessarily serve a public purpose.

We find that RACSB only partially satisfies the third attribute. Here, Code § 37.2-

504(A) expressly provides that community services boards have the ability to enter into 

contracts, Code §§ 37.2-504(A)(4) and (12), and to acquire, hold and dispose of its personal 

property, Code §§ 37.2-504(A)(8), (9) and (18). Similarly, the power to acquire, hold and 

dispose of revenues is necessarily implied by the language of Code § 37.2-504(A)(7), allowing 

for a reasonable fee schedule and Code §§ 37.2-501(B) and (C), which provides for “an annual 

audit of the total revenues and expenditures” of a community services board. However, nothing 

in the enabling legislation grants RACSB the power to have a common seal or to acquire, hold 

and dispose of real property.

More importantly, we note that the powers that RACSB does possess are severely limited 

in that it can only operate within parameters set by the governing bodies of its establishing
11

localities. For example, Code § 37.2-504(A)(8) grants RACSB the power to “[a]ccept or refuse 

gifts, donations, bequests, or grants of money or property from any source and utilize them as 

authorized by the governing body of each city or county that established it.” (Emphasis added.)

For similar reasons, the fifth attribute is also only partially satisfied. Although RACSB 

was granted the power to borrow money, it cannot exercise that power independent of its 

establishing localities. Code § 37.2-504(A)(11) (granting community services boards the power 

to “[a]pply for and accept loans as authorized by the governing body of each city or county that 

established it.) (emphasis added). Furthermore, nothing in the enabling legislation provides it 

with any authority to issue bonds.

With regard to the fourth attribute, RACSB concedes that it does not possess the power of 

eminent domain and nothing in the enabling legislation contradicts that concession. Finally, it is 

apparent that RACSB satisfies the sixth attribute, as the record establishes that its management is

vested in a board of directors. See also Code § 37.2-501(A). (“Every city or county or any 

combination of counties and cities, before it shall come within the provisions of this chapter, 

shall establish a community services board with no less than six and no more than 18 members.”)

“While it is true that the more attributes of a municipal corporation an [entity] has the 

more likely it is to be treated as a municipal corporation, the final decision rests on the specific 

issue of each case.” Hampton Roads Sanitation Dist. Comm'n., 193 Va. at 377. Here, RACSB 

lacks attributes one and four entirely. It only possesses some of the characteristics of attributes 

three and five. And even regarding those characteristics, it cannot exercise independent 

authority. RACSB only fully possesses attributes two and six. A close reading of our prior cases 

indicates that the more statutory autonomy the entity possesses and exercises the more likely it is 

to be declared a municipal corporation. See, e.g., City of Richmond, 210 Va. at 648 (holding that 
12

an entity possessing all of the recognized attributes is a municipal corporation and “not a mere 

auxiliary of a city or county government”); Hampton Roads Sanitation Dist. Comm’n, 193 Va. at 

377 (same). Thus, RACSB looks less like a municipal corporation and more like an auxiliary of 

the establishing localities.

However, that does not end our inquiry. We must next consider the second factor: “in 

light of th[e] initial consideration, the particular purpose for determining whether a municipal 

corporation is present.” VEPCO, 217 Va. at 33.

“Generally, if the pivotal point under consideration involves a matter of procedure, there

is more likelihood that a particular entity will be declared a municipal corporation, but if a point 

of substantive law is involved, it is less likely that the entity will be declared a municipal

corporation.” Id. The pivotal point in this case is whether RACSB is immune from tort liability. 

Although we have never specifically identified whether immunity from tort liability is a 

substantive or procedural matter, we are guided by the fact that federal courts have consistently 

described “the nature and scope of a claimed immunity” as a matter of “substantive state law.” 

Gray-Hopkins v. Prince George’s Cnty., Maryland, 309 F.3d 224, 231 (4th Cir. 2002) (emphasis 

added); see also Sheth v. Webster, 145 F.3d 1231, 1236 (11th Cir.1998) (“[S]tate law governs the 

applicability of immunity to state law claims.”); In re City of Philadelphia Litig., 49 F.3d 945, 

957 (3d Cir. 1995) (“[I]t is state law that provides the substantive doctrine of immunity.”); 

Napolitano v. Flynn, 949 F.2d 617, 621 (2d Cir. 1991) (holding that state law governs the 

applicability of immunity claims). Such an approach is derived, in part, from “the teachings of 

Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938),” i.e., the Erie doctrine.

5

 Aspen 

5 “Erie doctrine is the principle under which federal courts sitting in cases of diversity 

jurisdiction apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.” New Dimensions, Inc. v. 

Tarquini, 286 Va. 28, 34 n.1 (2013).
13

Orthopaedics & Sports Med., LLC v. Aspen Valley Hosp. Dist., 353 F.3d 832, 837 (10th Cir. 

2003); see also 13 Charles Alan Wright, et al., Federal Practice & Procedure, § 3524.2, p.371 

(3d ed. 2008) (“Consistent with the Erie doctrine, a federal court sitting in diversity will honor 

[immunities established under state law] and dismiss the actions.”). Indeed, we note that in 

Hauth v. Southeastern Tidewater Opportunity Project, Inc., 420 F. Supp. 171, 173 (E.D. Va. 

1976), the Eastern District of Virginia specifically relied on our decisions in VEPCO and 

Hampton Roads Sanitation Dist. Comm’n to determine whether an entity was a municipal 

corporation that was immune from tort liability. This leads the Court to the inescapable 

conclusion that RACSB’s immunity from tort liability involves a matter of substantive law.

Given that RACSB lacks sufficient attributes of a municipal corporation, and the pivotal 

point of this case involves a matter of substantive law, we are of the opinion that RACSB is not a 

municipal corporation.6 Therefore, the circuit court erred in granting the plea in bar based upon 

RACSB being a municipal corporation.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand 

the matter for further proceedings.

Reversed and remanded.

6 Having determined that RACSB is not a municipal corporation, we need not consider 

whether it performs a governmental or proprietary function.