In th e S u p re m e Co u rt o f Ge o rg ia

De c id e d: Ju n e 1 5 , 2 0 1 5

S 1 5 A0 5 8 6. MOHAMUD v

. THE S TATE.

MELTON, Ju stic e

.

F o llo win g a ju ry tria l, F a u d A b d u la z iz Mo h a m

u d w a s f o u nd g u ilty o f

m a lic e m u rd e r, fe lo ny m

u rd e r, a g g ra v a te d a ssa u lt, a n d p o sse ssio n o f a fire a rm

d u rin g th e c o m m issio n o f a fe lo n y

. On a p p e a l, Mo h a m

u d c o n te n d s, a m o n g o th e r

th in g s, th a t h e re c e iv e d in e ffe c tiv e a ssista nc e o f c o un se l a n d th a t th e tria l c o urt

m a d e e v id e n tia ry e rro rs. 1 F o r th e re a so n s se t fo rth b e lo w, we a ffirm in p a rt a n d

v a c a te in p a rt.

1 On No v e m

b e r 1 8

, 2 0 1 0

, M oh a m

ud w a s in d ic te d in Gwin n e tt Co u n ty fo r

m a lic e m u rd e r, fe lo ny m

u rd e r, a g g ra v a te d a ssa u lt, a nd p o sse ssio n o f a fire a rm d u rin g th e c o m m issio n o f a c rim e

. F o llo win g a ju ry tria l, M o ha m ud wa s fo u n d

g u i l ty o f a ll c ha rg e s, a n d

, o n Oc to b e r 2 2

, 2 0 1 3

, h e wa s se n te n c e d t o l i f e im p riso n m e n t fo r m a lic e m

urd e r, 20 c o n se c utiv e y e a rs fo r a gg ra v a te d a ssa ult,

a n d f iv e c o n se c u tiv e y e a rs fo r p o sse ssio n o f a fire a rm

. Th e v e rd ic t fo r f e l o n y

m u rd e r wa s v a c a te d b y o pe ra tio n o f la w. Ma lc o lm v

. S ta te

, 2 6 3 Ga

. 36 9 (4 ) (4 3 4
S E2 d 4 7 9 ) (1 9 9 3 ). Mo h a m u d file d a m o tio n fo r n e w tria l o n Oc to b e r 3 1

, 2 0 1 3

,
a n d a n a m e n d e d m otio n o n Ap ril 2 8, 2 0 1 4

. Th e m o tio n wa s de n ie d o n S e p te m b e r 1 8

, 2 0 1 4

, a n d Mo h a m u d file d a tim e ly no tic e o f a p pe a l. His c a se wa s th e re a fte r d oc k e te d to th e Ja nu a r y 2 0 1 5 Te r m o f th is C o urt, a n d it wa s o ra lly

a rg u e d o n Ma rc h 3 , 2 0 1 5

.1

. In th e lig h t m o st fa v o ra b le to th e ve rd ic t, th e re c o rd sh o w s th a t, o n th e

a fte rn oo n o f Ju ly 2 1

, 2 0 1 0

, Mo h a m ud

, Airis E v a n s-In g ra m , Bra n d i Ard e n , a n d

Mo h a m u d ’s b ro th e r, Lib a n , tra v e le d to a g a s sta tio n lo c a te d in L awre n c e v ille

,

Ge o rg ia

. Ard e n dro v e h e r c a r, a n d sh e c ho se a pa rk in g sp o t a d ja c e n t to a ga s

p u m p. M o h a m

ud h a d to ld Ard e n th a t h e wa n te d to m e e t so m e o ne n a m e d "Cu rt"

a t th e c o n v e n ie n c e sto re . A sh o rt tim e la te r, a b lu e Cro wn Vic to ria p u lle d in to

th e p a rk in g lo t, a n d Mo h a m ud a n d Lib a n h a d a brie f v e rb a l e xc h a n g e in S o m a li.

Th e n , Mo h a m

u d a n d E v a ns-In g ra m e x ite d Ard e n ’s ve h ic le a n d a p p ro a c h e d th e

b lu e C ro wn V ic to ria fro m b e h in d

. De An d re P e rk in s, wh o h a d sh o t a n d ro b b e d

Mo h a mu d o n a p rio r o c c a sio n , wa s in th e p a sse n g e r se a t. Im m e dia te ly

, th e

d riv e r b e g a n re v e rsin g th e Cro wn Vic to ria

, a n d Mo h a m u d sh o t in to th e c a r,

k illin g P e rk in s. Mo h a m

u d a n d Ev an s-In g ra m ju m p e d b a c k i n t o Ard e n ’s v e h ic le

,

a n d Mo h a m

u d fra n tic a lly sta te d

, “ He [P e rk in s] ha d a gu n

. . . I h a d to sh o o t.” A s

th e y sp e d a

wa y , a g a in

, a c c o rd in g to Ard e n , M o ha m u d sta te d, "He [Mo h a m

ud ]

wa s th e o n e th a t sh ot h im

, " a n d

, "He [ Mo h a m ud ] swo re o n h is m o m wh e n h e

sa w h im h e wa s go in g to g e t h im

. " Ad ditio n a lly , Ard e n wa s to ld no t to sp e a k

to po lic e a

n d th a t i f t h e po lic e a sk e d a b ou t h e r in v o lv e m e n t, to te ll th e m "I

wa sn 't th e re ."

2In v e stig a to rs la te r re c o v e re d a v id e o su rv e illa n c e re c o rd in g o f th e sc e n e

o f th e c rim e wh ic h

, fro m a d ista n c e , d e p ic te d th e se q u e nc e o f e v e nts b e fo re a n d

a fte r th e sh o o tin g

. Th e vid e o d o e s n o t

, h o we v e r, sh o w P e rk in s in sid e th e

v e h ic le . Ev e n tu a lly , in v e stig a to rs lo c a te d Ard e n a n d sp o k e with h e r re g a rd in g

th e in v olv e m e n t o f he r v e h ic le

. S o o n a fte r, M o h a m ud wa s n a m e d a su sp e c t a n d

a rre ste d in c o n n e c tio n with th e sh o o tin g

.

Th is e vid e n c e wa s su ffic ie nt to e n a b le th e ju ry to fin d Mo ha m u d gu ilty o f

th e c rim e s fo r wh ic h h e h a d be e n c h a rg e d be y o n d a re a so n a b le do u b t. Ja c k so n

v

. V irg in ia

, 4 4 3 U.S

. 30 7 (9 9 S Ct 2 7 8 1

, 6 1 LE2 d 5 6 0 ) ( 1 9 7 9 ). Th o u g h

Mo h a m u d ’s d e fe n se wa s th a t h e sh o t P e rk in s in o rd e r to p ro te c t h i m se lf, th e

ju ry , a s th e u ltim a te a rb ite r o f fa c t, wa s e n title d to re je c t th is c la im

.

2

. Mo h a m u d c o n te nd s th a t h is tria l c ou n s e l r e n d e re d in e ffe c tiv e a ssista n c e

b y fa ilin g to (a ) c a ll Ev a n s-In g ra m a s a witn e ss a t tria l to su p p o rt Mo h a m u d ’s

c la im o f se lf-d e fe nse , (b ) c a ll witn e sse s wh o wo u l d h a v e te stifie d re g a rd in g

P e rk in s’s g e n e ra l re p u ta tio n fo r v io le n c e in th e c omm u n ity

, a n d (c ) re q u e st a

sp e c ific a lly -ta ilo re d ju ry in stru c t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f a fo rc ib le fe lo n y

.

In o r d e r to su c c e e d o n h is c la im o f in e ffe c tiv e a ssista n c e , [Mo h a m u d ] m u st p ro v e b o t h t h a t h is tria l c o u nse l' s p e rfo rm a n c e

wa s d e fic ie n t a nd th a t th e re is a re a so n a b le pro b a b ility th a t th e tria l

3re su lt wo u ld h a v e be e n d i f f e r e n t if n ot fo r th e d e fic ie n t

p e rfo rm a nc e

. S tric k la n d v

. Wa sh in g to n , 4 6 6 U.S

. 6 6 8 (1 0 4 S Ct
2 0 5 2

, 8 0 LE2 d 6 7 4 ) (1 98 4 ). If a n a p p e lla nt fa ils to m e e t his or h e r b u rd e n o f pro v in g e ith e r p ro n g o f th e S tric k la nd te st, th e re v ie win g

c o u rt d o e s n o t h a v e to e xa m in e th e o th e r p ro ng

. Id

. a t 6 9 7 (IV);

F u lle r v

. S ta te

, 2 7 7 Ga

. 5 0 5 (3 ) ( 5 9 1 SE2 d 78 2) (2 0 04 ). In

re v ie win g th e tr i a l c o u rt' s d e c isio n , “ ‘[w] e a c c e pt th e tria l c o u rt' s fa c tu a l fin d in g s a

n d c re d ib ility d e te rm in a t i o n s u n le ss c le a rly

e r r o n e o u s, b u t w e in d e p e n d e n tly a p p ly th e le ga l p rin c ip le s to th e fa c ts.’ [Cit.] ” Ro b in so n v

. S ta te

, 2 7 7 Ga

. 7 5

, 7 6 (5 8 6 S E2 d 3 1 3 ) (2 0 0 3 ).

Wrig h t v . S ta te , 2 9 1 Ga

. 8 6 9

, 8 7 0 (2 ) (7 3 4 S E2 d 8 76 ) (2 0 1 2 ).

(a ) Mo h a m

ud c o n te n d s th a t his tria l c o u n se l re n d e re d in e ffe c tiv e

a ssista n c e b y n o t c a llin g Ev a n s-In g ra m a s a witn e ss. Usin g h in dsig h t, t r i a l

c o u n se l te stifie d th a t h e sh o u ld h a v e su b p o e na e d Ev an s-In gra m a n d th a t h e h a d

n o stra te g ic re a so n fo r fa ilin g to d o so

.

Bu t h in d sig ht h a s n o p la c e in a n a sse ssm e n t o f th e p e rfo rm a nc e o f
tria l c o u n se l, th e Un ite d S ta te s S u p re m e Co u rt h a v in g in stru c te d
th a t “ [a ] fa ir a sse ssm e n t o f a tto rn e y p e rfo rm a n c e re q u ire s th a t e v e ry

e ffo rt b e m a d e to e lim in a te t h e d isto rtin g e ffe c ts o f h in d sig h t.”
S tric k la nd

, su p ra , 4 6 6 U

. S

. at 6 8 9 (III) (A). In ste a d

, we “ m u st in d u lg e a stro n g p re su m

p tio n th a t c ou nse l' s c on du c t fa lls w ith in th e wid e ra n ge o f re a so n a

b le p ro fe s s i o n a l a ssista nc e , ” id

., a n d to

o v e rc om e th a t p re su m

p tio n , [Mo h a m

u d ] m u st sh o w th a t n o

re a so n a b le c o u n se l wo u ld h a v e fa ile d to [c a l l E v an s-In g ra m a s a witn e ss]

. S e e Ha y e s v

. S ta te

, 27 9 Ga

. 6 4 2

, 6 4 5 (3 ) (6 1 9 S E2 d 6 2 8 ) (2 0 0 5 ).

Jo n e s v

. S ta te

, 2 9 2 Ga

. 59 3

, 6 0 0 -6 0 1 (7 ) (d ) (7 4 0 SE2 d 1 4 7 ) (2 0 1 3 ). A re v ie w

4o f th e e v id e n c e o f re c o rd re v e a ls th a t Mo h a m u d c a n n o t sa tisfy th is b u rd e n

.

At th e m o tio n fo r ne w tria l h e arin g , te stim o ny sh o we d th a t tria l c o u n se l

in te rv ie we d Ev a

n s-In gra m p rio r to tria l. Ev a n s-In g ra m to ld tria l c o u n se l th a t, a s

h e a n d M o h a m

u d wa lk e d u p to th e p a sse n ge r sid e of th e Cro w n V ic to ria

,

P e rk in s sa w Mo ha m

u d , tu rn e d h is b od y

to th e le ft, re a c h e d to w a rd s th e c e n te r

c o n so le o f th e c a r with h is rig h t h a n d

, a n d th e n tu rn e d b a c k to wa rd s Mo h a m u d

.

Ev a n s-I n g ra m te stifie d th a t “ wh e n [P e rk in s] tu rn e d b a c k a ro u n d

, th a t’s wh e n

y o u c o uld se e h e h a d a g u n in h i s h a n d.” Ev an s-In gra m fu rth e r te stifie d th a t

Mo h a m u d sh ot P e rk in s o nly a fte r P e rk in s d re w h is g u n

.

At tria l, h o we v e r, th e m e dic a l e x a m in e r c le a rly sta te d th a t P e rk in s h a d

b e e n sh ot in h is le

ft sid e

. Th e m e d ic a l e x a m in e r e x p la in e d :

I f [P e rk in s] wa s in th e p a sse n g e r se a t, h e wo u ld ha v e to b e tu rn e d

su c h th a t th e le ft sid e of h is b o d y is p re se n te d to wa rd th e p a sse ng e r win d o w [a t th e tim e h e wa s sh o t] . . . . He wo uld h a ve to b e tu rn e d sig n ific a ntly a

ro u n d

. I d o n ’t k n ow th a t I wo u ld sa y c o m p le te ly

a ro u n d

, b u t h e wo u ld h a v e to b e tu rn e d a g a in so th a t h e ’s pre se n tin g h is le ft sid e to wa rd s th e p a sse n g e r win d o w . . . .

Th e m e d ic a l e x a m in e r’s re p o rt, th e re fo re , p la in ly d ra ws in to q u e s t io n

Ev a n s-In g ra m ’s a c c o u n t o f e v e n ts. At th e p o in t a t w h ic h Ev a n s-In g ra m te stifie d

th a t a g u n wa s v isib le in P e rk in s’s rig h t h a n d

, P e rk in s w a s tu rn in g to wa rd s th e

5rig h t, su c h th a t P e rk in s wo u ld h a v e p re se n te d th e rig ht sid e of h is to rso to wa rd s

th e pa sse n g e r win d o w, no t th e le ft si d e in wh ic h h e wa s a c tu a lly sh ot. As a

g e n e ra l m a tte r, d e c isio ns re g a rd in g wh o will be c a lle d a s a d e fe n se witn e ss is a

m a tte r o f tria l stra te g y a

n d ta c tic s, a n d th e se d e c isio n s, e v e n if e rro n e ou s, d o n o t

c o n stitu te in e ffe c tiv e a ssista n c e o f c o u n se l u n le ss th e y a re so u n re a so n a b le th a t

n o c o m p e te n t a tto rn e y wo u ld h a v e m a d e th e m u n d e r th e c irc u m sta nc e s. Mille r

v

. S t a te

, 2 9 6 G a

. 9 (4 ) (a ) (7 6 4 SE2 d 8 2 3 ) (2 01 4). Giv e n th e c o n flic t b e twe e n

th e lo c a tio n o f P e rk in s’s wo u n d

, th e te stim o ny fro m th e m e dic a l e x a m in e r, a n d

Ev a n s-In g ra m ’s a c c o u n t o f e ve n ts, a c o m p e te nt a tto rn e y c ou ld h a ve re a so n a b ly

c o n c lu d e d th a t it wo u ld b e b e tte r stra te g y n o t to c a ll E v a n s-In g ra m a s a witn e ss

ra th e r th a n a llo win g th e S ta te to a tta c k in c o n siste n c ie s in h is te stim o n y o n th e

sta n d

. Ac c o rd in g ly

, Mo h a m ud h a s fa ile d to p ro v e th a t h e re c e iv e d in e f f e c tiv e

a ssista n c e o n th is g ro u n d . Jo n e s, su p ra

.

(b ) Mo ha m

u d c o n te n d s th a t tria l c o u n se l re n d e re d in e ffe c tiv e a ssista n c e

b y fa ilin g to c a ll witn e sse s wh o wo u ld h a v e te stifie d re g ard in g P e rk in s’s g e n e ra l

re p u ta tio n fo r v io le n c e in th e c o m m u n ity

. A re v ie w o f th e tra n sc rip t sh ows th a t,

d u rin g tria l, Ard e n te stifie d th a t P e rk in s h a d a tta c k e d Mo h a m u d in th e p a st a n d

h a d

, in fa c t, sh o t Mo ha m u d in th e le g

. Giv e n th a t th e ju ry h e a rd e v id e n c e th a t

6P e rk in s ha d v io le n tly a ssa u lte d Mo h a m u d in t h e p a s t

, it c a nn o t be sa id th a t

Mo h a m u d wa s p re

ju d ic e d b y th e o m issio n of g e n e ra l in fo rm a tio n o f P e rk in s’s

re p u ta tio n

. As a re su lt, th e tria l c o u rt did n o t e rr by re je c tin g Mo h a m

ud ’s c la im

o f in e ffe c tiv e a ssista n c e b a se d o n th is c o n te n tio n

.

(c ) F in a ll y , Mo h a m

u d c o n te n d s th a t tria l c o u n se l re nd e re d in e ffe c tiv e

a ssista n c e b y fa ilin g to re q u e st a sp e c ific a lly -ta ilo re d ju ry in stru c tio n re g a rd in g

th e de fin itio n o f a fo rc ib le fe lo n y

. Mo h a mu d fu rth e r arg ue s th a t tria l c o u n se l

sh o u ld ha ve re q u e ste d a ju stific a tio n in stru c tio n wh ic h in c lu d e d th e d e fin itio n

o f a g g r a v a te d a ssa u lt a s a fo rc ib le fe lo n y

. Th e tria l c ou rt’s c h a rg e , ho we ve r,

fa irly in stru c te d th e ju ry a s to wh e n a h o m ic id e is ju stifia b le an d wh e n an a c t o f

se lf-d e fe n se is wa rra nte d

. As a re su lt, e v e n if tria l c o un se l a c te d de fic ie n tly b y

fa ilin g to re qu e s t a d d itio n a l in stru c tio n s, Mo h a m u d h a s fa ile d to p ro v e p re

ju d ic e

ste m m in g fro m a n y su c h de fic ie n t p e rfo rm a nc e

. Ho lm e s v. S ta te

, 2 7 3 Ga

. 6 4 4

,

6 4 7 (4 ) (5 4 3 S E2 d 6 8 8 ) (2 00 1 ). Ac c o rd in g ly

, in th e a b se n c e o f p re

ju d ic ia l e rro r,

Mo h a m u d h a s fa ile d to su p p ort h is c la im o f in e ffe c tiv e a ssista n c e

.

3

. Mo h a m

ud a rg u e s th a t th e tria l c o u rt e rre d b y e x c lu d in g e v id e n c e o f a

v io le nt ro b b e ry c om m itte d b y P e rk in s a g a in st a th ird p a rty

, de sp ite th e fa c t th a t,

p rio r to th e m

u rd e r, Mo ha m

u d h a d no k n o wle d g e o f th e ro b be ry

. We disa g re e

.

7Mo h a m u d b a se s h is c o n te n tio n o n Ch a n d le r v

. S ta te

, 2 6 1 G a

. 40 2, 4 0 7 (3 )

(c ) (4 0 5 SE2 d 6 6 9 ) (1 99 1 ), in wh ic h th is Co u rt c re a te d an e v id e n tia ry e x c e p tio n

“ p e rm it[tin g ] a d e fe n d a

n t c l a i m i n g j u s t i fic a tio n to in tro d u c e e v id e n c e o f sp e c ific

a c ts o f v io le n c e b y th e v ic tim a g a in st th ird p e r s o n s.” C h a nd le r, h o we v e r, wa s

d e c id e d u nd e r Ge o rg ia ’s o ld e v id e n c e c o de

, a n d

, it re la te d sp e c ific a lly to t h e

a p p lic a tio n o f th a t o ld c o d e

. Th e p re se n t c a se , b e c a u se it wa s trie d o n o r a f

te r

Ja n u a ry 1

, 2 01 3, is su b je c t to th e n e w e v id e n c e c o d e , u n d e r wh ic h th e

a d m issib ility o f e v id e n c e o f a v ic tim ’s c h ara c te r is g o v e rn e d b y OCGA §

2 4 -4 -4 0 4 a n d OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 0 5

.

OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 04 (a ) (2 ) sta te s:

Ev id e n c e o f a

p e rso n' s c h a ra c te r o r a

tra it o f c h a ra c te r sh a ll n ot b e

a d m issi b le fo r th e pu rp o se of p ro v in g a c tio n in c o n fo rm ity
th e re with o n a p a rtic u la r o c c a sio n , e x c e p t fo r:

. . . (2 ) S u b je c t to th e lim ita tio n s im

p o se d b y Co d e S e c tio n 2 4 -4 -4 1 2

, e v id e n c e of a
p e rtin e n t tra it o f c h a ra c te r o f th e a lle g e d vic tim of th e c rim e o ffe re d
b y a n a c c u se d o r b y th e p ro se c u tio n to re bu t th e sa m e ; o r e v id e n c e

o f a c h a ra c te r tra it o f p e a c e fu ln e ss o f th e a lle g e d v ic tim o ffe re d b y th e p ro se c u tio n in a h o m ic id e c a se to re b u t e v id e nc e th a t th e a lle g e d

v ic tim wa s th e first a g g re sso r.

OCGA § 2 4 -4 -4 0 5 (a ) fu rth e r p ro v id e s: “ In a ll p ro c e e d in g s in wh ic h e v id e n c e

o f c h a ra c te r o r a tra it o f c h a ra c te r o f a p e rso n is a dm issib le

, p ro o f sh a ll b e m a d e

b y te stim o n y a s to re p u ta tio n o r b y te s t i mo n y i n th e fo rm o f a n o p in io n .”

8Th e re fo re , a s a g e n e ra l ru le

, c h a ra c te r e v id e n c e o f a v ic tim i s l i m i t e d to

re p u ta tio n o r o p in io n , no t sp e c ific b a d a c ts. 2 T h e re fo re , th e e v id e n tia ry ru le se t

fo rth in Ch a n d le r d o e s n o t re m a in v ia b le u n d e r th e n e w e v id e nc e c o d e , a n d

Mo h a m u d ’s a rg u m e n t b a se d o n th is o u td a te d p re c e d e n t fa ils.

4

. M o h a m u d c o n te n d s th a t th e g u ilty v e rd ic t fo r a g g ra v a te d a ssa u lt sh o u ld

h a v e b e e n m e rg e d in to th e c o n v ic tio n fo r m a lic e m u rd e r fo r p u r p o s e s o f

se n te nc in g

. OCGA § 1 6

– 1

– 7 (a ) (1 ) p ro h ib its c o n v ic tin g a d e fe n d a nt o f m o re

th a n o ne c rim e if o n e c rim e is in c lu d e d in a n o th e r. Drin k a rd v

. Wa lk e r, 2 8 1 Ga

.

2 1 1

, 2 1 2 (6 3 6 S E2 d 5 3 0 ) (2 00 6 ). Un d e r th e “ re q u ire d e v id e n c e ” te st a d o p te d in

Drin k a rd

, “ w h e re th e sa m e a c t o r tra n s a ct i o n c o n stitu te s th e v io la tio n o f two

d istin c t sta tu to ry p ro v isio n s, th e te st to b e a pp lie d to de te rm in e wh e th e r th e re a re

two offe n se s o r o n ly o n e , is wh e th e r e a c h p ro v isio n re q uire s p ro o f o f a f a c t

wh ic h th e o th e r d o e s n o t.” Id

. a t 2 1 5. In th is c a se , Mo h a m ud wa s in d ic te d fo r th e

a g g ra v a te d a ssa ult o f P e rk in s b y p o in tin g a ha n d g u n a t h im a n d th e m a lic e

2 We n o te th a t on e c o m m e nta to r ha s su g g e ste d th e p o ssib i l i t y o f a n

e x c e p tio n to th is ru le wh ic h wo u ld “ a llo w sp e c ific a c ts o f e v id e n c e o f a v ic tim ’s

v io le nt disp o sitio n o f wh ic h th e d e fe n d a n t h a d pe rso n a l k n o wle d g e to sh o w th e d e fe n d a n t’s sta te o f m in d .” Ja c k Go g e r, Da n ie l’s Ge o rg ia Ha nd bo o k o n Crim in a l E v id e n c e § 4 :4 2 (2 0 1 4 e d .). Th a t iss u e , h o we v e r, is n o t p re se n tly
b e fo re u s, a

n d we d o n ot re a c h it.

9m

u rd e r o f P e rk in s b y im m e d ia te ly sh o o tin g h im a sin g le tim e wi t h t h a t sa m e

h a n d g u n

. Un d e r th e se fa c ts, th e a g g ra v a te d a ssa ult w a s wh o lly in c lu d e d in th e

a c t o f m a lic e m

u rd e r, a n d

, a s th e S ta te c o n c e de s, sh o u ld h a v e b e e n m e rg e d with

th e c on v ic t i on fo r m a lic e m u rd e r fo r p u rp o se s of se n te n c in g

. As a re su lt,

Mo h a m u d ’s se n te n c e fo r a g g ra v a te d a ssa u lt m u st b e v a c a te d.

Ju d g m e n t a ffirm e d in p a rt a n d v a c a te d in p a rt. All th e Ju stic e s c o n c u r.

10