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Filed 12/7/23 P. v. Harms CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Sacramento)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

GREGORY ALLEN HARMS,

Defendant and Appellant.

C096383

(Super. Ct. No. 19FE020222)

A jury convicted defendant Gregory Allen Harms of sexual penetration with force 

or violence, unlawful assault with intent to commit rape, and unlawful sexual penetration 

after administration of an anesthetic, based on his sexual assault of two women, C. and 

Y., on different occasions while he was assigned to care for them as a nurse. The trial 

court sentenced him to state prison for a determinate term of 14 years and an 

indeterminate term of 15 years to life.

Defendant now contends (1) the trial court should have instructed the jury on 

sexual battery as a lesser included offense, and (2) the jury and not the trial court should 

have determined whether the crimes alleged in counts 1 and 2 occurred on separate 

occasions for the purposes of sentencing. Finding no merit in the contentions, we will 

affirm the judgment.
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BACKGROUND

A

As the result of a car accident, C. was hospitalized with serious injuries. She had a 

breathing tube and a traumatic brain injury. In January 2019, defendant was assigned to 

care for her as her nurse. On one occasion he told her she was “not being a good girl,” 

closed the curtain around her bed, flipped her on her stomach, and inserted his finger into 

her vagina at least 10 times. He repeatedly called her a “bad girl” and rubbed his crotch 

area against her buttocks and back. He flipped C. over so she was lying on her back and 

continued to insert his finger into her vagina. He tried to insert his penis into her vagina

but he was unsuccessful. During the assault defendant bound C.’s wrist to the bed with 

an elastic therapy band. After five minutes, he stopped and rearranged C. in her bed.

Soon after, another health care provider entered C.’s room and C. informed the 

provider about the assault. Later that day, a physician performed a sexual assault 

examination on C. During the exam, C. complained of anal pain, and the examining 

physician noticed an actively bleeding laceration on C.’s anus. C.’s genitals appeared 

normal, but the physician testified this is not unusual even when a sexual assault has 

occurred. A swab of C.’s pubic area found DNA that was likely defendant’s.

B

In March 2011, Y. had surgery at a local surgery center and defendant was one of 

the nurses assigned to care for her. She awoke after the surgery when she felt a finger in 

her vagina. She fell back asleep but awoke again feeling a mouth on her lips. She tried 

to push the person away, whom she thought was defendant, and fell back asleep. When 

she woke up fully, her hospital gown was pulled up to her midsection and her underwear 

was rolled up and misaligned. Defendant escorted her to the bathroom so she could get 

dressed. He stood outside and offered help, but she refused.
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When Y. left the recovery area, she went to the front office and told the 

receptionists what happened. She reported the incident to the police and identified 

defendant to a detective.

C

The jury found defendant guilty of penetration of C. with force or violence 

(Pen. Code, § 289, subd. (a)(1)1 -- count 1), unlawful assault of C. with intent to commit 

rape (§ 220, subd. (a) -- count 2), and unlawful penetration of Y.’s genitals after Y. 

was administered an intoxicating substance or anesthetic or controlled substance 

(§ 289, subd. (e) -- count 6).

2 As to count 1, the jury found true that defendant engaged 

in the tying or binding of C. during the offense. (§ 667.61, subd. (e)(5).) As to each 

count, the jury found true that the offense involved great bodily harm or other acts 

disclosing a high degree of cruelty, viciousness, or callousness (§ 1170; Cal. Rules 

of Court, rule 4.421(a)(1)),

3 that the offense involved a particularly vulnerable victim 

(§ 1170; rule 4.421(a)(3)), that the crime was carried out with planning, sophistication, or 

professionalism (§ 1170; rule 4.421(a)(8)), and that defendant took advantage of a 

position of trust or confidence (§ 1170; rule 4.421(a)(11)). The jury further found true 

that the crimes involved multiple victims on separate occasions (§ 667.6, subd. (d); 

rule 4.426(a)(1), (a)(2), (b)) and were committed at different times and separate places 

(rule 4.425(a)(1)-(a)(3)).

The trial court sentenced defendant as follows: 15 years to life in prison on the 

count 1 conviction of penetration by force or violence (§§ 289, subd. (a), 667.61, 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

2 The jury could not reach a verdict on three counts involving a third alleged victim and 

the trial court dismissed the counts, which are not at issue here.

3 Undesignated rule references are to the California Rules of Court.
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subd. (e)(5)), a consecutive upper term of eight years on the count 6 conviction of 

unlawful penetration after administration of an anesthetic (§ 289, subd. (e)), and a 

consecutive six years on the count 2 conviction of unlawful assault with intent to commit 

rape (§§ 220, 667.6, subd. (d)). The trial court said it was not limited by section 654

with respect to count 2 because that offense was a separate crime and a separate time. 

(Rule 4.425(a)(1)-(a)(3).)

DISCUSSION

I

Defendant contends the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury sua sponte on 

sexual battery, which he contends is a lesser included offense of forcible sexual 

penetration. In support of his argument, defendant relies on the expanded accusatory 

pleading test announced in People v. Ortega (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 956 (Ortega). 

In the alternative, defendant argues his constitutional rights were violated by the failure 

to give the instruction, and his counsel was ineffective in failing to request such an 

instruction.

A trial court “has a sua sponte duty to instruct on all elements of an offense and on 

the general principles of law governing a case.” (People v. Singh (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 

175, 183.) This duty includes “ ‘instruct[ing] on a lesser offense necessarily included in 

the charged offense if there is substantial evidence the defendant is guilty only of the 

lesser.’ ” (People v. Alvarez (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 781, 786 (Alvarez).)

“There are two tests for determining whether an uncharged crime is a lesser 

included offense. ‘Under the elements test, a court determines whether, as a matter of 

law, the statutory definition of the greater offense necessarily includes the lesser offense.’ 

[Citation.] This test is satisfied if ‘ “all legal elements of the lesser offense are also 

elements of the greater.” ’ [Citation.] ‘Under the accusatory pleading test, a court 

reviews the accusatory pleading to determine whether the facts actually alleged include 
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all of the elements of the uncharged lesser offense; if it does, then the latter is necessarily 

included in the former.’ ” (Alvarez, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 786.)

Sexual battery is not a lesser included offense of forcible sexual penetration under 

the elements test because the forcible penetration statute and the sexual battery statute 

encompass different types of contact. While the forcible penetration statute encompasses 

contact by “any foreign object,” the sexual battery statute only encompasses touching by 

the offender’s body. (§§ 289, subd. (k)(1), 243.4; see also Ortega, supra,

240 Cal.App.4th at p. 967.)

As for the accusatory pleading test, here the pleading tracked the statutory 

language of section 289, subdivision (a)(1) and alleged that defendant “did unlawfully 

cause the penetration of the genital opening of [C.], for the purpose of sexual arousal, 

gratification, and abuse by a foreign object, substance, instrument and device, and by an 

unknown object, accomplished by force, violence, duress, menace and fear of immediate 

and unlawful bodily injury on the victim.”4 When “the accusatory pleading incorporates 

the statutory definition of the charged offense without referring to the particular facts, a 

reviewing court must rely on the statutory elements to determine if there is a lesser 

included offense.” (People v. Robinson (2016) 63 Cal.4th 200, 207.)

Defendant nevertheless relies on Ortega and urges us to look beyond the 

accusatory pleading. Like here, the defendant in Ortega was charged with forcible sexual 

penetration based on evidence of digital penetration. (Ortega, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at 

pp. 960-961.) On appeal, he argued the trial court should have instructed jurors that 

sexual battery was a lesser included offense of forcible sexual penetration. According to 

4 Section 289, subdivision (a)(1)(A) provides: “Any person who commits an act of 

sexual penetration when the act is accomplished against the victim’s will by means of 

force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the 

victim or another person shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, 

six, or eight years.”
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the defendant, although it was not a lesser included offense under the elements test, it was 

such under an “expanded accusatory pleading test.” (Id. at p. 967.) The appellate court 

agreed that the “accusatory pleading cannot be examined in isolation” and found that it 

also must consider the evidence adduced during the preliminary hearing, which would 

have indicated that defendant was only being charged with forcible sexual penetration 

based on his unlawful touching of the victim with his finger. (Id. at pp. 968-969.) 

According to the appellate court, this expanded analysis comported with a defendant’s 

due process rights because he “cannot be prosecuted for an offense not shown at the 

preliminary hearing to have been committed.” (Id. at p. 969.)

We decline to apply an expanded accusatory pleading test. As the court explained 

in Alvarez, the California Supreme Court made clear in People v. Montoya (2004) 

33 Cal.4th 1031, 1036, that we consider only the pleading for the greater offense when 

analyzing the accusatory pleading test. (Alvarez, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 787; 

see also People v. Smith (2013) 57 Cal.4th 232, 244 [further noting the test “does not 

require or depend on an examination of the evidence adduced at trial”].) Other appellate 

courts have agreed with Alvarez and disagreed with Ortega. (People v. Macias (2018) 

26 Cal.App.5th 957, 964 [rejecting Ortega as contrary to Montoya]; People v. Munoz 

(2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 143, 156-158 [accord].)

Defendant’s contentions, including that his counsel was ineffective in this regard, 

are without merit. (See People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 387 [no ineffective 

assistance where a reasonably competent attorney might well have determined that an 

objection would have been futile in light of existing precedent].)

II

Defendant also contends the jury and not the trial court should have determined 

whether the crimes alleged in counts 1 and 2 occurred on separate occasions for the 

purposes of sentencing. Specifically, he claims the trial court violated his Sixth 

Amendment rights and engaged in improper judicial factfinding under Aprendi v. New 
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Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466 [147 L.Ed.2d 435] (Aprendi) when it found that defendant’s 

crimes were committed on separate occasions within the meaning of section 667.6, 

subdivision (d) and proceeded to impose a consecutive sentence on count 2.

After defendant filed his opening brief, the California Supreme Court explained 

that “the rule of Aprendi and [Alleyne v. United States (2013) 570 U.S. 99 [186 L.Ed.2d 

314]] does not apply to section 667.6[, subdivision ](d).” (People v. Catarino (2023) 

14 Cal.5th 748, 750.) In other words, section 667.6, subdivision (d) does not violate the 

Sixth Amendment in requiring that a sentencing court impose full, separate, and 

consecutive terms for certain sex crimes if it finds certain facts. (Catarino, at p. 750.)

Defendant’s arguments lack merit.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

 /S/

MAURO, Acting P. J.

We concur:

 /S/

RENNER, J.

 /S/

WISEMAN, J.*

*

 Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District, assigned 

by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.