A COMPILATION OF

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

PENICILLIUM SPECIES

Agriculture Handbook No. 351

-f

Agricultural Research Service

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
A COMPILATION OF

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

PENICILLIUM SPECIES

By

MARTIN M. KULIK

Research Plant Pathologist

Market Quality Research Division

Agriculture Handbook No, 351

Agricultural Research Service

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PENICILLIUM

SPECIES

[Numbers refer to pages containing descriptions ot Pénicillium species]

P. aheanum G. Smith (Syii. P. tmebinskvi Zaleski var. magnum Sakagiichi and Abe apiid Abe), 11.

P, aculeatwn Eaper and Fennell var, apiGulat'mn Abo, 12.

P. admnetmoides Abe, 12.

P. aeneum G. Smith ( Syii, P. citreomride Biourge var. aeneumi Abe),

13.

P. {Oordyoeps) alhellum (Massée) Fetch, 13.

P. alhoaurantium G. Smith, 14.

P. aïbocinerascens Chalabuda, 14.

P. alho-swnplex Nehira, 15.

P. allaJiabadense B. S. Mehrotra and Kumar, 15.

P. amagasahieivse Kusai, 16.

P. m^enicola Chalabuda, 16.

P. arom^aticum Sopp forma mierosporum Komankova, 16.

P. aspergüliforme Kulilc, 17.

P. agpergilloides Eudakov, 17.

P. asperosporum G. Smith, 18.

P. asperwrrh (Cheer) Sizova and Suprun, 19.

P. atrovenetumj G. Smith, 19.

P. atrovirens G. Smith (Syn. P. decumheifiM Thom var. atrovirens

Abe), 19.

P. aurantimum J. H. Miller, Giddens, and Foster, 20.

P. 5¿Zo5J¿ Chalabuda, 20.

P. hotryosiim^ Batista and Maia, 20.

P. hrasilianum Batista apud Batista and Maia, 21.

P. hnmneostoloniferuirb Abe, 21.

P. hrunneiim Udagawa, 22.

P. cam^eimnense Heim, Nouvel, and Saccas, 23.

P. canadense G. Smith, 23.

P. ¿?a«co¿ Staub var. compactmn Abe, 24.

P. charlesiiQ, Smith var. rajrldum Abe, 25.

P. cliTymgenuTYh Thom mutant fulvescens Takashima, Arima, and Abe

apud Abe, 25.

P. cinereoatrwn Chalabuda, 26.

P. cinna'mopvïï'purewn Abe ex Udagawa {Eu])6niciUmm cimiamopurpureum Scott and Stolk), 26.

P. citreomrens Abe, 27.

P. citreomHde Biourge var. aenemn Abe, 28.

P. claviforme Bainier mutant candicans Abe and Ura apud Abe, 29.

P. claviforme Bainier mutant oUvieolor Abe and Ura apud Abe, 29.

P. ooeruleoviride G. Smith, 29.

P. coralUgerum Abe, 30,

P. Goralligerimh Nicot and Pionnat, 30.

P. corylophiloides Abe, 31.

P. eremeogriseum, Chalabuda, 32.
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PENICILLIUM SPECIES m

P. crocieola Yamamoto apud Yamamoto, Maeda, and Oyasu, 33.

P, crustosum Thorn var. spinulosporum Sasaki, 33.

P, cyclopium West. var. album G. Smith, 33.

JP. cylindrospoTum G. Smith, 3é.

P, decumhens Thorn var. atrovirens Abe, 34.

P, digitatum Saccardo var. latum Ahe^ 35.

P, eöhinospoTum Nehira, 36.

P. echinulonalgiovense Abe, 36.

P, ellipticum Sasaki, 37.

P, emersonii Stolk, 37.

P. estinogenum Komatsu and Abe apud Abe, 39.

P, fellutanum Biourge var. nigrocastaneitm Abe, 40.

P, fuscoßavunh Abe, 40.

P. glaucocinerascens Ghalabuda, 41.

P. glaucolanosum Chalalbuda, 41.

P. griseo-aBureum Moreau, 42.

P. griseolum G. Smith, 42.

P. griseopurpuremn G. Smith, 43.

P. hirayamae Udagawa {EupeniciUium hiraya/inae Scott and Stolk),

43.

P. impar V. Szilvinyi, 44.

P. indicum, D. K. and R. S. Sandhn, 44.

P. isariiforme Stolk and J. Meyer, 45.

P. italÎGum^ Wehmer var. album Wei, 46.

P. japonicum G. Smith (Syn. P. digitatum Saccardo var. latum Abe),

47.

P. hewense G. Smith, 47.

P. hojigenum G. Smith, 48.

P. kurssanovii Ghalabuda, 48.

P. lapidosum Raper and Fennell {EupeniciUium lapidosum Scott

and Stolk),48.

P. Zmm Kamyschko, 49.

P. lilaoinoeoMnulatu7ïh Abe, 49.

P. luteo-aurantimrh G. Smith, 50.

P. luteocaeruleum Saito and Minoura, 51.

P. m^acedonense Verona and Mickovski, 51.

P. madriti G. Smith, 52.

P. maltum M. Hori and T. Yamamoto, 53.

P. marne-ffei Segretain, 53.

P. megaspoTum Orpurt and Fennell, 54.

P. meleagrinum Biourge var. mridijlavumf Abe, 55.

P. montanense Christensen and Backus, 56.

P. nigricans Thom var. sulfuTatum^ Abe, 57.

P. nopporoense Sasaki and Nakane, 58.

P. novae-caledoniae G. Smith, 58.

P. ocJiTOsalm^oneumj Udagawa. {Eupenicillvum ochrosalmoneiim Scott

and Stolk), 59.^

P. odoratuTYh Christensen and Backus, 60.

P. oligmpormrh Saito and Minoura, 61.

P. palitans Westlmg var. echinoconidm7n Abe, 61.

P. pamherquei Abe, 62.

P. paraUelosporum, Sasaki, 63.
IV ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PENICILLIUM SPECIES

P. pedemontœnumMoscQ, and Fontana, 63.

P, phialosporum Udagawa, 65.

P. pidoplitschkanum ulialabuda, 65.

P, pinetorum Christensen and Backus, 66,

P. piscium (Plehn) emend. Eeichenbacli-Klinke, 66.

P. proteoh/tiûum Kamysohko, 67.

P, pseudocasei Albe, 67.

P. radulatum G. Smith, 68.

P, ramMsouhim Batista and Maia, 69.

P. raperi G. Smith, 70.

P. resedanum McLennan and Ducker apud McLennan, Ducker, and

Thrower, 70.

P. roquefoTti Thorn var. punctatum Abe, 71.

P. rubÍGwnd%miJ. H. Miller, Giddens, and Foster, 72.

P. scleratigemini Yamamoto, 72.

P. sil/vaticum Suprun, 73.

P. spinulo-ramigenuTïh Sasaki, 73.

P. taxi Schneider, 73.

P. thomii Maire var. -ßavescens Abe, 74.

P. toxiöariwn Miyake apud Miyake, Naito, and Sumida, 75.

P. tTBebinskianum Abe, 75.

P. trzehinshii Zaleski var. magnimi Sakaguöhi and Abe apud Abe, 76.

P. uerainicum Panasenko, 77.

P. vehùtinum T. Terui and K. Shibazaki, 77,

P. viridioyólopium Abe, 78.

P. '^¿i^aZe Pidoplichko and Bilai, 79.

P. yemense Hanzawa apud Sasaki and Nakane, 79.
A COMPILATION OF DESCRIPTIONS

OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES

By MAETIN M. KITLIK, research plant pathologist, Market Quality Research

Division^ Agricultural Research Service

INTRODUCTION

The members of the genus PenioiUium are important to man because

of their role in decay processes, storage diseases of grains, industrial

fermentations, production of antibiotics, and in the elaboration of

aflatoxins.^ Consequently, many research workers in plant pathology

and related disciplines need to identify representatives of this genus.

Raper and Thom's "Manual of the Fenicillia," ^^ which describes or

lists almost seven hundred species, was published in 1949. Since 1949,

however, nearly one hundred penicillia have been described as new to

science. In addition, descriptions of 13 species, mostly from relatively

obscure publications that appeared before 1949 but not included in

the "manual," have been found. One hundred and thirteen descriptions

are included here.

The purpose of this compilation is to present these descriptions, plus

an analytical key, so that those interested in identifying species of

PenieilUuni not found in the "Manual of the Penicillia" will not have

to search the literature for descriptions of them.

For descriptions of newly described penicillia, the card file of the

National Fungus Collection and the Commonwealth Mycological

Institute's "Index of Fungi" were the principal guides. Most of the

references, however, to species described in Japan before 1949, but

which do not appear in Eaper and Thom's book, were found in Abe's

monograph on the penicillia.^

Seventy-three of the original descriptions presented here were in

English and thirty-nine were in other languages. I am responsible for

all translations except for eight from the Japanese and three from the

Eussian (see Acknowledgments). In a number of cases, I translated

the vernacular description instead of the Latin diagnosis, because the

former presented a good deal more information.

^HODGES, F. A. et al. MYCOTOXINS: AFLATOXINS ISOLATED FROM PéNICILLIUM

PUERULTJM. Science 145:1939.1964.

KuLiK, M. M,, and HOLADAY, C. B. AFLATOXIN : A METABOLIC PRODUCT OF SEVERAL

FUKGi. Mycopath, et Mycol. Appl. 30:137-140.1966.

^ RAPER, H, B., and THOM. 0. A MANUAL OP THE PENICILLIA. The Wüliams and

Wilkins CO., Baltimore, 875 pp. 1949.

^ ABE, S. STUDIES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PENICILLIA. Jour. Gen. Appl.

MicroMol. 2: 1-193. Tokyo. 1956,

1
2 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

All descriptions represent exact copies or direct translations of the

original articles, except for parenthetical remarks.

In constructing the ke}^, my chief objective was to simplify searching

for a description of a given species. Consequently, the key should be

considered a means to achieve this end and not a phylogenetic treatment. It should also be emphasized that the key is not based on my

study of the species described, nor is this compilation a mongraphic

treatment orin any way a supplementto the "Manual of the Penicillia."

The colony characteristics used to construct the key, with a few

exceptions, are based on growth on Czapek's solution agar ; the exceptional media are noted.

The form used for citing the various journals is that used in the

Commonwealth Mycological Institute's "Index of Fungi."

An asterisk (*) precedes the name of all taxa published without

a Latin diagnosis, regardless of the year in which the description

appeared.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

J. O. Legg, Agricultural Eesearch Service, translated from the

Russian, descriptions of the following fungi : P. aronnatiewm forma

miorosporwin^ P, aspergilloides^ and P, vitale, N". Wakabayashi,

Agricultural Eesearch Service, translated from the Japanese, descriptions of the following fungi: P, aZbo-swnpleoo^ P. ecMnosporum^

P, luteoGaeruleuniy P, maltum^ P. nopporoense^ P, oligosponim^ P.

toxicarium^ and P. velutinurri.

KEY TO PENICILLIUM SPECIES INCLUDED IN

THIS COMPILATION

I. Penicilli usually monoverticillate, conidiophores generally

unbranched.

A. Cleistothecia or sclerotia produced.

1. Cleistothecia produced.

a. Parasitic on fresh water fishes P. piscium.

b. Not parasitic on fresh water fishes.

(1) Penicilli monoverticiUate when present; sterigmata

sometime appear directly from the mycelium;

cleistothecia yellow-brown to brown; reverse red

P. oligosporum,

(2) Penicilli sometimes biverticillate; sterigmata do not

appear directly from the mycelium; cleistothecia

yellow; reverse not red.

(a) Colonies velvety-tomentose, aerial hyphae slightly

rose colored; asci 8-spored, ascospores a.5ß to

5.0ß in long dimension, walls rough P. Hani,

(b) Colonies hardly subfloccose, aerial hyphae yellow;

asci 6-spored, ascospores 2.5M to S.ö/x in long

dimension, with two soft crests..... .P. ucrainicum.
DBSOBIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 3

(3) Penicilli strictly monoverticillate; sterigmata do

not appear directly from the mycelium,

(a,) Cleistothecia usually 150/x to 250ju in diameter,

in pinkish cinnamon shades becoming brown in

age; ascospores S.Oju to 3.5M X 2.5/x to 2.8ju

P, cinnamopurpiireum (Eupenicillium

cinnamopurpiireum).

(b) Cleistothecia 200jU to 300/A in diameter, yelloworange when young but slowly darkening in

age; ascospores 2.2/x to 2.7ju X 1.5/x to 2.0M

P. hirayamae (Eupenicillium hirayamae).

2. Sclerotia produced, no cleistothecia found.

a. Growth on Czapek^s solution agar restricted, not more

than 30 mm. in diameter after 10 to 12 days.

(1) Mycelium sparse.

(a) Colonies ochre, sclerotia ochre-yellow, chlamydospores produced; conidiophores dark; conidia

smooth , .P. macedonense,

(b) Colonies near deep olive (R., pi. XL),* sclerotia

honey yellow (R., pi. XXX) with age; no

chlamydospores; conidiophores colorless or

faintly pigmented P. pinetorum.

(2) Mycelium not sparse; sterigmata 6.0/x to 6.5^ long;

conidia echinulate, spherical) 4.8^ to 5.5ju in

diameter P. silvaficum.

b. Growth on Czapek's solution agar greater than 30 mm.

in 10 to 12 days.

(1) Colonies at length gray-green, olivaceous-green, or

grayish blue-green.

(a) Colonies white then gray-green; exúdate abundant; sclerotia white to cream, length to 150^

P. indicum.

(b) Colonies blue-gray then olivaceous-green or graygreen; no exúdate; sclerotia in shades of brown,

length to 320ju P. crocicola.

(2) Colonies in other shades of green.

(a) Colonies in bright yellow-green shades; reverse

pale yellow; sclerotia cinnamon or orange; up to

14 sterigmata per verticil. ,P, thomii Yüjcflavescens.

(b) Colonies in green shades changing to light pinkish cinnamon with production of salmon-colored

sclerotia;^ reverse light tan to light gray; up to

nine sterigmata per verticil. .P. yezoense.

B. Neither cleistothecia nor sclerotia produced.

1. Reverse white or white-rose.

a. Reverse white; on sugar beet root extract agar the

conidia are smooth-walled P. kursanovii.

b. Reverse white-rose; on sugar beet root extract agar the

conidia are not smooth-walled.

^ R,~ RiDGWAY, R. COLOR STANDARDS AND COLOR NOMENCLATURE. Washington, D.C. 1912.
4 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE

(1) Conidia up to 4ju in diameter, slightly roughened

P. cinereoatrum.

(2) Conidia up to 2.8/x in diameter, almost warty

P. cremeogriseum.

2. Reverse neither white nor white-rose.

a. Blue pigment dispersed in cytoplasm of hyphae, especially prevalent in sterigmata and conidia (on nutritive agar) P. griseo-azureum.

b, Intracellular blue pigment absent.

(1) Penicilli variable, sometimes biverticillate-asymmetric.

(a) Colonies white then greenish blue; reverse straw

yellow then yellow-cinnamon (on wort agar)

P. vitale.

(b) Colonies yellow; reverse bright orange and

eventually almost scarlet... .P. luteo-aurantmm.

(2) PenicilH consistently monoverticillate.

(a) Diameter of colonies on Czapek's agar not more

than 35 mm. in 10 to 12 days.

V Colonies uncolored then ash green; reverse uncolored then golden; on sugar beet root extract

agar: sterigmata 12)U to 19/i long. .... .P. bilaji,

2' Colonies not as above,

a' Colonies funiculose.

V^ Reverse in olive shades; sterigmata lOju to

Ißfji long, two to three per verticil; conidia

elliptical, faintly spinulose, 3ju to 4.5¡JL

in diameter. P. ellipticum.

2" Reverse yellow; sterigmata 5^ to 7fx or

occasionally 9.3ju long, 6 to 15 per

verticil; conidia globose to subglobose,

echinulate or verruculose, diameter to

2.8M P' lildcinoechinulatum,

3^^ Reverse cream colored (on malt agar);

sterigmata 9jU to 12/x long, three to nine

per verticil; conidia elliptical, smoothwalled, 2ß to 3/¿ in diameter. .. .P. resedanum.

b' Colonies floccose; reverse occasionally purple

or dark purple in part; sterigmata 12fx long;

conidia round, smooth, l.öfx to 2.5/i in

diameter .P. albo-simplex.

çf Colonies tomentose; reverse clear yellowolivaceous or rose; on sugar beet root extract agar: conidiophores slightly roughened; sterigmata 6.5jU to 8M long, conidia

globose, smooth, 2.5ja to 3.5/x in diameter

P. glaucolanosiim.

à' Colonies submerged; reverse uncolored; conidia spiny, 3.5ju to 5.4^ in diameter

P. montanense.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIÜ3Í SPECIES 5

e' Colonies velvety.

1" Colonies in yellow-green shades,

a" Reverse colorless or slightly green; exúdate limited and hyaline; sterigmata

6.8M to 9.3ju or occasionally 13.7ju long,

7 to 14 per verticil; conidia to 3.1jit in

diameter. .P. atrovirens (Syn. P. decumbens

var. atrovirens),

b'' Reverse green-yellow; exúdate lacking or

limited and pale yellow; sterigmata

6.8jLi to 8.7/x long, 5 to 12 per verticil;

conidia 1.5/x to 2.3/x in diameter

P. aeneum (Syn. P. citreoviride var. aeneum).

C Reverse colorless; exúdate lacking; sterigmata 6.2/x to 7.5/x long, three to eight

per verticil; conidia 3.7/x to 6.0/x in

diameter P. fuscoflavum.

2'' Colonies in blue-green shades, reverse

colorless to drab; exúdate absent; sterigmata lOju to 13.2ju long; conidia 2.5jLt

to 3.4ju in diameter

P. fellutanum var. nigrocastaneum,

3^' Colonies in some other shades of green.

a^'' Colonies olive-green, reverse colorless or

yellow; sterigmata 5.6ju to 7.8ju long,

three to five per verticil; condia pyriform or cylindrical, 2.2jLt to 2.8/x in

diameter P. ramusculum.

b'' Colonies oUvaceous-green, reverse dark

olivaceous to dark brown; sterigmata

14ju to 23iu long, five to nine per

verticil; conidia ellipsoid or subglobose, 4.3/x to 12.5ju in diameter. . . .P. taxi.

4'' Colonies yellow, reverse yellow; conidia

2/i to 2.5iU in diameter P. toxicarium,

(b) Diameter of colonies on Czapek^s agar more than

35 mm. in 10 to 12 days.

1' Colonies floccose, reverse pinkish-buff or cinnamon buff; sterigmata lOju to löju, long;

condida elliptical, 2.5ju to 3.5jLt in diameter

P. parallelosporum,

2' Colonies not ñoccose.

a' Velvety in marginal area, funiculose in central

area; slate-olive; conidiophores spinulose,

sometines ramigenous.. . .P. spinulo-ramigenum,

b' Colonies not as above.

1'^ Colonies extremely thin, transparent

P. griseolum,

2" Colonies not extremely thin nortransparent.

a'' Reverse colorless to drab; conidiophores

punctate; sterigmata 14JLA to 18ju long,

five to eight per verticil; conidia echinulate or granular

292-664—68 2
0 AÖRIOULTUBE HANDBOOK 851, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

P. abeanum (Syn. P. trzebinskii var. magnum).

b'^ Reverse yellow-green or vinaceous, becoming olivaceous-black; conidiophores

punctate or small-granular; sterigmata

8.7jLt to 12.5/x long, 5 to 12 per verticil;

conidia ecbinulate P. trzebinskianum,

c'^ Reverse green to purple; conidiophores

smooth or nearly so, ramigenous; conidia smooth or nearly so

P. charlesii var. rapidum,

d^' Reverse uncolored or in shades of brown;

odor very strong resembling apples;

conidiophores and conidia rough

P. odoratmn.

e'' Reverse in orange or orange-cinnamon

shades becoming reddish brown ; conidiophores generally arise from substrate;

conidia smooth-walled... P. adametzioides,

II. PenicilU once or more branched below the level of the

sterigmata and not symmetrical.

A. Penicilli usually divaricate.

1. Colonies white becoming gray, reverse white at first

then orange; on sugar beet root extract agar:

sterigmata 6^ long, conidia 1.8ju to 2.3ju in diameter P. albocineraseens.

2. Colonies not as above.

a. Growth on Czapek's agar limited.

(1) Colonies lanose, green, reverse pale vinaceous

fawn (R., pi. 40); sterigmata 7.2/A to Q.Sju long;

conidia globose to oval P. allahabadense.

(2) Colonies velutinous or subfloccose, in olive or yeUowgreen shades, reverse in reddish shades; sterigmata

S.5ß to 12.5M long; conidia ovate or subglobose

P, echinulonalgiovense.

(3) Colonies loosely tomentose, barely palHd Quaker

drab (R., pi. 51), reverse white at first then white

or primrose yellow (R., pi, 30); sterigmata lOfx to

12/X long, conidia spherical P. nopporoense,

(4) Colonies tomentose, gray-olivaceous, reverse orange;

on sugar beet root extract agar: sterigmata 7.0ju

long, conidia ellipsoid P. glaucocinerascens,

(5) Colonies thick velvety, bluish gray-green becoming

almost pure gTay, reverse becoming very dark

brownish purple; sterigmata 10/x long; conidia

globose to subglobose P. griseopurpureum.

(6) Colonies finely wooly to floccose; yellow-green to

green, reverse pale yellow; sterigmata 5ß long;

conidia round P. impar.

h. Growth on Czapek^s agar spreading.

(I) Colonies thin, close-textured, olive-buff to deep

olive (R., pL 45), reverse oHve-ochre to yellowolive near Front's brown (R., pL 15); conidia 5/x

to 7jU, coarsely echinulate P. megasporum.
DESCRIPTIONS OP NEW PENIÖILLIUM SPECIES 7

(2) Colonies not as above.

(a) Colonies velvety.

1' Colonies gray-green^ reverse yellow or dark

maroon; conidiophores slightly roughened;

conidia subglobose or elliptical... .P. brasilianum,

2' Colonies dark bluish green, reverse somewhat

greenish-yellow; conidiophores very rough;

conidia globose P. radulatum.

(b) Colonies thick velvety to matted floccose, bluish

gray-green becoming grayer and duller, reverse

at first buff to dull pink, becoming pinkish

brown P. novae-caledoniae.

(c) Colonies not as above.

1' Colonies subfloccose, ^ dark dull green, reverse

pale yellow becoming pink; conidia globose

to subglobose, aculeate

P. nigricans var. sulfuratum.

2' Colonies floccose-funiculose, white, reverse deep

yellow to bright orange; conidia ovate to

lemon shaped, smooth P. alboaurantium,

3' On wort agar; colonies lanose, bluish graygreen, reverse brick red; conidia oval at first,

then subglobose, often apiculate, smooth;

parasitic on the bamboo rat P. marnefei,

B. Penicilli not usually divaricate.

1. Cleistothecia or sclerotia produced.

a. Cleistothecia produced.

(1) Colony reverse in deep reddish shades.

(a) Cleistothecia 190ju to 280/^ in diameter; asci up

to lOjLt long; ascospores 4.2/x to 5.0/x x S.O/x to

3.2ju. P. kewense,

(b) Cleistothecia up to SOO/x in diameter; asci up

to ISjLt long; ascospores 5.5M to 6.5M X S.öJU to

4.5ju P. lapidosum {Eupenicillium lapidosum).

(2) Colony reverse in yellow shades

P. ochrosalmoneum (Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum).

b. Sclerotia produced.

(1) Sclerotia cream or lemon colored at first, later

becoming gray-hazel, usually irregular in shape,

180ju to 430M X llO/x to 250M, rough; peniciUi

variable, sometimes divaricate; conidia oval to

subglobose, 1.9M to 2.4M X 2.4M to 2.8M

P. pedemontanum.

(2) Sclerotia brown to dark brown, globose to ellipsoid,

170M to 380M X 160M to 320M, somewhat rough;

conidia elliptical, 3M to 4M X 4M to 6M

P. sderotigenum,

2. Cleistothecia or sclerotia not produced,

a. Colonies are fasiculate or coremiform.

(1) Coremia Isaria-like, up to 15 cm. long, colonies

attain a diameter of about 40 mm. after 14 days,

reverse yellow; conidia elliptical, 3M to 3.8M in

diameter P. isariiforme.
8 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE?

(2) Conidiophores solitary or in fascicles for part of

their lengths, up to 0.5 mm. long; colonies attain

a diameter of 30 to 35 mm. after 14 days, reverse

dull brown; conidia ellipsoid to round, 2.5M to 3.0ju

in diameter p, maltum.

(3) Typically or slightly fasciculate; conidiophores*less

than 0.5 mm. long; colonies attain a diameter of

30 to 47 mm. after 10 to 12 days; conidia globose

to subglobose, 2.5ju to 3.8^ in diameter

... ^ . ^. ^ P. viridicyclopium,

(4j üomdiophores in coremia (clavae), 5 mm. long;

conidia thick-walled, smooth, 2/x to 3ß in diameter; may be associated with insects

P' (Cordyceps) albelhim,

D. Colonies not fasciculate or coremiform.

(1) PeniciUi variable, sometimes monoverticillate

(a) Colonies green, reverse yellow then red-brown;

metulae mostly löju long; sterigmata 8/u to 12/x

•^^^^ • • • .P. velutinum.

(b) Colonies ash-green, reverse intense yellow or

brick red; metulae 10/x to 17.5M long; sterigmata

3.5M to 4.5M long P. botryosum,

(c) Colonies deep dull yellow-green to Danube green

(R., pL 32), reverse gTeenish black tinged with

pale yellow; metulae 8ß to 13M long; sterigmata

10M to 16M long p. phialosporum.

(d) Colonies at first pale yellow, later pale bluish

green, reverse dull brown with intense yellow

edge; sterigmata 7M to 9M long P. raperi.

(2) PeniciUi consistently biverticillate-asymmetric.

(a) Colonies not growing at 25° C, optimum development at 40° to 45° C; ascocarps abundantly

produced p^ emersonii.

(b) Colonies gTow restrictedly at 25° C; no ascocarps

produced.

I' Metulae 7M to 12M long; conidia globose.

a' Colonies velvety, in shades of dark gray or

grayish blue .p. atrovenetum,

b' On Sabouraud's agar: colonies thin, blue-green

then grayish red P. camerunense.

2' Metulae longer than 12M, but if shorter, the colonies are not velvety nor thin; conidia not

globose,

a' Colonies full of mounds, rosy then brown

colored; on sugar beet root extract agar:

conidia lemon-shaped then ellipsoid-globose

P. arenicola,

b Colonies velvety to somewhat velvety.

V Reverse deep yellow-brown, metulae 12M

to 20M long, conidia cyhndrical

P. cylindrosporum.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 9

2" Reverse at first colorless or pale yellow,

then pale olive; metulae 12.5/x to 18.7M

long; conidia elliptical to subglobose,

smooth or nearly so P, corylophiloides,

c' Colonies floccose or tomentose.

V^ Reverse bright yellow; conidia elliptical

and spiny P. echinosporum.

2'' Reverse white then milky yellow; on sugar

beet root extract agar: conidia lemonshaped, very slightly roughened

P. pidoplitschkanum.

(c) Colonies spreading broadly at 25° C, no ascocarps

produced.

V On wort agar: colonies orange colored then dirty

crimson; mature conidiophores light brown

with traces of orange tones P, aspergilloides.

2' Colonies not as above.

a' Colonies showing some shade of green.

1" Conidia smooth or nearly so.

a" Conidiophores smooth; metulae lOjU to

16/x long; conidia mostly ovoid to

elongate in tangled chains

F. japonicum (Syn. F. digitatum var. latum)

b" Conidiophores granular; metulae 10.6/x

to 13.6ju long; conidia elliptical to

ovate in loosely columnar or tangled

chains P. pseudocasei.

c'' Conidiophores smooth or nearly so;

metulae 12.5jii to 25JLI long; conidia

globose to subglobose in columnar or

loosely tangled chains..... .P. citreovirens,

2'^ Conidia not smooth.

a'' Reverse of colonies uncolored.

l''' Conidiophores sometimes branched

below the level of the metulae;

metulae 11ju to ISju long; conidia

2.2ju to 2.6/x in long dimension

P. kojigenum.

2"' Conidiophores not branched below

the level of the metulae; metulae

12M to 16M long; conidia 3M to 3.2M

in long dimension P. coeruleoviride.

b'' Reverse of colonies peach colored; conidiophores not branched below the level

of the metulae; conidia finely

roughened in columnar chains. .P. madriti,

W Colonies not showing shades of green.

1" Colonies velvety.

a'^ Reverse cherry-yellow; conidia usually

not formed on Czapek's agar

P. amagasakiense.
XO AGRICULTUBE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

b'' Reverse yellow or light brown; conidia

abundantly produced on Czapek's

agar P. brunneostoloniferum,

2" Colonies floccose-funiculose; reverse orange

then brownish black P, aurantiacuw..

III. Penicilli characteristically biverticillate and symmetric.

A. Growth on Czapek^s agar restricted.

1. Penicilli symmetric but not characteristic of the Biverticillata-Symmetrica; conidia globose P. asperosporum.

2. Penicilli characteristic of the Biverticillata-Symmetrica.

a. Conidia not globose.

(1) Reverse dark olivaceous becoming black with age;

metulae 6.3/x to 8.6/x long; conidia elliptical to

cylindrical and stuck together with mucilage

(penicilh variable, sometimes asymmetric)

P, aspergilliforme.

(2) Reverse orange, orange-red, or orange-brown;

metulae 10.6ju to 17.5ju long; conidia longelliptical and dry P. concavorugulosum,

(3) Reverse salmon to purple but sometimes brownish;

metulae 9.5/x to laß long; conidia lemon-shaped

or elliptical, dry (penicilli variable, sometimes

monoverticillate) . P. proteolyticum,

b. Conidia globose to subglobose; reverse in shades of

orange to orange-brown; metulae 6/i to 7/x long (colonies sometimes spreading on Czapek's agar, penicilli

variable, sometimes asymmetric) .P. rubicundum.

B. Growth on Czapek's agar spreading broadly.

1. Sclerotia produced .P. coralligerum.

2. Sclerotia not produced.

a. Colonies blue-green to blue to gray, reverse yellow then

blue-green with bright yellow borders; conidia oval

and smooth P. luteocaeruleum.

b. Colonies not as above.

(1) Colonies velvety.

(a) Reverse in dull yellow or olive shades; conidiophores slightly roughened; conidia granular or

verruculose P. estinogenwn.

(b) Reverse in greenish shades; conidiophores typically granular; conidia slightly roughened

P. paraherquei,

(2) Colonies not velvety.

(a) Colonies subfloccose or slightly funiculose; reverse

vinaceous or in reddish shades; conidia typically

ovate to subglobose with one end apiculate, 3M

to 4ju in diameter. .. .P. aculeatum var. apiculatum.

(b) Colonies tufty but tending to become fasciculate;

reverse yellow-orange; conidia ellipsoid to subglobose, 3.2M to 3.5M in diameter.. .P. brunneum.

W. Penicilli polyverticillate P. canadense.
DESORIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES XI

V. Colonies represent mutants or new varieties of previously described species.

A. Ultraviolet radiation-induced mutants.

1. Colonies cinnamon colored instead of the normal green of

P, chrysogenum P. chrysogenum mutant julvescens,

2. Colonies white instead of the normal green of P. daviforme

P. daviforme mutant candicans.

3. Colonies olive instead of the normal green of P. daviforme

P. daviforme mutant olivicolor.

B. Naturally occurring varieties (except for ''1." which is a

''forma").

1. Colonies resemble P. aromaticum except for the small size

of the conidia; 2.8ju to 3.0/x in diameter

P. aromaticum forma microsporum.

2. Colonies resemble P. casei except for the spinulose conidia,

compact penicilli, and the milky color of the colony

reverse P. casei var. compactum,

3. Colonies resemble P. crustosum except that the conidia

are markedly spinulose....P. crustosum var. spinulosporum,

4. Colonies resemble P. cydopium except for the complete

absence of conidial pigment P. cydopium var. album,

5. Colonies resemble P. italieum except for the complete

absence of color P. italieum var. album.

6. Colonies resemble P. meleagrinum except for the size of

conidia (2.1/i to 3.0/x X l.Tju to 2.6/x), early dull green,

and the longer metulae (9.3jii to 18.7/x) and branches

(9.3jiA to 31.0ju) P. meleagrinum var. viridiflavum,

7. Colonies resemble P. palitans except for the production

of conspicuously echinulate or verruculose conidia and

the usual production of typically dark yellow-green

shades .P. palitans var. echinoconidium,

8. Colonies resemble P. rogueforti except for the delicately

echinulate or verruculose conidia, punctate or smallgranular conidiophores, branches, and metulae, the

pale pink colony reverse, and the absence of an arachnoid margin P. roqtieforti var. punctatum.

DESCRIPTIONS OF PENICILLIUM SPECIES

PenicilUuâïh aheanu^n G. Smith (Syn. P. tr^ehinsMi Zaleski var.

magnum Abe), Trans. Brit. MycoL Soc. 46:333. 1963.

"Colonies on Czapek agar growing rapidly, with very irregular

outline to the sporing areas and with Í3road5 but thin, white margin ;

reverse uncoloured; penicilli strictly monoverticillate ; conidiophores

smooth or very delicately roughened, 2.5-3.0/jt diam., slightly swollen

at the tip; phialides 8-15X3,0~3.5,/JI; conidia globose to subglobose,

rough, 4-5/A in long axis, in very long, roughly parallel chains.

"This fungus is not closely related to P. trzetinsMk and, since

magnum^ is not a suitable specific epithet, a new name is proposed."
12 AGRIGULTUKE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGBICULTURE

^Pénicillium aculeatum Eaper and Fennell var. apicvlatum Abe, Jour.

Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 124. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather rapidly, about 40 to 50 mm.

in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, consisting of a comparatively tliin basal felt

bearing crowded conidial structures, some strains subfloccose, others

slightly funiculose, often with a vinaceous or pinkish cast from a

limited overgrowth of red-pigmented hyphae, near Russet Vinaceous,

Peach Eed, Light Orange or Flesh Pink shades, with a yellow or light

pink margin, 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide, conidial areas in bright or dark

yellow green shades near Civette Green, Cedar, Dark Yellowish Green

or Dull Blackish Green, becoming Olivaceous Black with age; exúdate

limited and pale pink or lacking; odor almost lacking; reverse in

vinaceous or reddish shades, becoming near Brick Red, Pompeian Eed

or Morrooco Eed, with surrounding agar colorless or becoming pale

similar shades; conidiophores arising from the substratum, basal felt

or aerial hyphae, variable in length, commonly up to 30-60 or 200jit in

length by 2.3-3.3/x in diameter, with smooth or slightly granular walls,

apices up to 3.7-4.7/* in diameter; penicilli typically biverticillate and

symmetrical, definitely inflated and suggestively divaricate, usually

consisting of a single verticil of 6 to 10 to 12 metulae, each terminating

in verticils of 5 to 7 or 8 sterigmata; metulae mostly 9.3-11.3-12.6/>i

by 2.3-3.3/A; sterigmata loosely compact or somewhat divergent, mostly

9.3-11.0 or 13.1/* by 2.2-3.1/*, lanceolate in form, characteristically

tapered ; conidia typically ovate to subglobose with one end apiculate,

mostly 3.0-3.7 or 4.0/i by 1.7-3.2/*, with walls conspicuously echinulate

or verruculose; conidial chains usuall}^ loosely parallel or tangled, up

to 30-80/* in length; and conidia showing conspicuously echinulate or

verruculose walls in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar grow rather rapidly, 49 to 56 mm. in 10 to

12 days at 25'' C; the other characters are as described above, and

sometimes the colony surface has a volcanic appearance.

"These strains differ markedly from P. vermeulosun Pyronel primarily in the production of a strongly reddish color in the reverse.

"They differ markedly from the description of P, aculeatum Eaper

and Fennell primarily in the rather spreading growth, and in the

typically ovate conidia with one end apiculate."

NOTE : "/*. aculeatmn Eaper and Fennell var. apiculatum Abe, not

separable from P. aculeatumP G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.

46: 332. 1963.

"^Pénicillium adametmoides Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl. Microbio!., Tokyo

2: 68. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar are rather rapidly spreading, 33 to 39 mm^.

in 10 to 12 days at 25° C; typically velvety or funiculose, with a

white margin 1.0 to 1.5 mm. wide and thin or slightly funiculose;

smooth or sulcate, sometimes radially furrowed; colony depth 500-

800/* in the central area ; sporulating throughout in pale yellow green

near Greenish Glaucous Blue in the marginal area and Pea Green
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 13

in the central area, becoming Sage Green or Pea Green; exúdate

limited or abundant. Sulphur or Aniline Yellow; reverse in orange

or orange cinnamon shades, becoming reddish brown, Pale Vinaceous

in Vinaceous Tawny, becoming Xanthin Orange or Pale Green Yellow ;

conidiophores generally arising from the substratum, sometimes from

hyphae, short, commonly 30-120/x by 1.8-3.1ju,, with apices enlarged

3.1-6.2/A in diameter, with smooth walls or nearly so; penicilli strictly

monoverticillate, comparatively short; sterigmata usually compact or

somewhat divergent, crowded verticils, numbering about 6 to 10, mostly

8.7-10.6 or rarely 15.6ju. by 1.8--2.5/X, acute type with smooth walls or

nearly so ; conidia elliptical to subglobose, 2.3-3.3/x by 1.5-2.5/X5 smooth

walled or nearly so in optical and electron microscopy ; and chains of

conidia tangled, up to 30-90/x in length.

"Colonies on steep agar rather rapidly spreading, 37 to 39 mm. in

10 to 12 days at 25° C, heavily sporulating throughout in near Tea

Green shades; reverse strongly brown-red shades, with surrounding

agar in reddish brown shades; the other characters as on Czapek.

"This strain differs from former descriptions of P. adametzi Zaleski

in the rather rapidly spreading growth, in the elliptical conidia with

smooth walls or nearly so, in the sterigmata somewhat longer than

F, adaimetzi^ and in the velvety character of its colonies.

"The correct placement of the species remains in doubt, but it appears to be most satisfactorily assignable to (the P, adametzi series

of) the Monoverticillata according to Eaper and Thom's classification."

NOTE: G. Smith (Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 335. 1963) provided a Latin diagnosis for this species, the complete name of which

is now P. adametBioides Abe ex G. Smith.

PeniöUlium aeneum G, Smith (Syn. P. citreoviride Biourge var.

aenmm Abe), Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 334. 1963.

"Colonies on Czapek agar growing slowly, very bluish grey-green,

with a narrow, slightly yellowish, fimbriate margin, velvety but somewhat heaped in the centre; reverse dull yellow or developing a greenish cast which might be termed bronze; penicilli strictly monoverticillate; conidiophores smooth, very slender, only 1.5/x diam. ; phialides

6-7X2.0-2.5/*; conidia globose, rough, 1.7-2.0/x diam., in chains which

are loosely parallel to tangled.

"This species differs in too many respects from P, citreoviride to be

regarded as a variety of it."

Pénicillium {Oordyce'ps) alhellvm (Massée) Petch, Trans. Brit.

Mycol. Soc. 16: 210. 1932.

"The clavae are about 5 mm. high, terete, smooth, about 200/x dm

below, attenuated upwards to 150/x dm, and then expanding into a

long clávate head, about 360/* dm. They are composed of parallel

292-664—68 3
14 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

agglutinated liypliae wliicli separate into conidiophor^ above, witli

a few outlying conidiophores on the upper part of the stalk. The

conidiophores are penicillioid, hyaline, with a stalk 2/* dm, either

branched above, the branches terminating in cylindric or clávate

phialides, 7-10 X 2-2.5ju,, or unbranched, bearing three similar phialides

at the apex, each phialide bearing a chain of conidia. The conidia are

hyaline, thickwalled, smooth, globose, 2-3jw dm, or broadly ova],

2,5-3.5X2-2.5/*, catenulate, united by a distinct isthmus about Iju. long.

The conidiophores are closely packed together in the head, so that

the head is compact, not loose."

NOTE : This description is based on a specimen that was on a grasshopper. Patch doubts "whether the fungus really grew on the insect."

Penicillkinh alboaurantium G. Smith (as ^^alho-aimmnthmi^'^) ^ Trans.

Brit. Mycol. Soc. 40: 484. 1957.

"On Czapek agar, malt agar, or jjotato agar grows somewhat slowly,

about 20 mm. diam. in 7 days at 24^ C, but eventually spreads broadly

floccose funiculose, fairly thick in the centre and thinning towards the

margin, persistently white but sometimes appearing yellowish from the

bright reverse colour showing through ; reverse deex3 yellow to bright

orange ; penicillus typically divaricate, sometimes consisting of a fairly

compact, thrice verticillate, terminal structure, with numerous metulae

and phialides, but often very irregular and loose in structure; conidiophores smooth, very variable in length, 30-400/x, and 2-2.5/x diam.,*

metulae mostly 4-6 X 2-2.2/x, but occasionally up to lOju long ; phialides

in most penicilli very regular in size, 5 X 2/A, but sometimes 7-%^ long,

tapering fairly abruptly at the tip; conidia ovate to lemon-shaped,

smooth, 2.3-2.5, rarely 3, X 1.5-1.8/i, in chains which soon become much

tangled.

"This species, on account of the structure of the penicilli and the

texture of the colonies, is to be classed in the Asymnierica-Divaricata,

and ... it will have to be placed, for the time being, in the P, lilaoinum series, simply on account of its total lack of green color. However,

it shows little similarity to P. lilacinum Thom or P. hu7m¿li van

Beyma, and still less to 8picaría molacea Abbott ( "^Paecilomyees marquandii (Massée) Hughes)."

Pénicillium albocinerascens Chalabuda (not (Maubl.) Biourge), Not.

Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sei., U.S.S.E. 6:166. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar tomentose, white, becoming gray ; reverse

white at first then orange. Colonies on sugar beet root extract agar

tomentose, at first creamy white, then ashen, at length ash-brown;

reverse pale brown; conidiophores 70-80X2-2.5-3/X, ends divaricately

branched; sterigmata 6X2-3.5/^; conidia more or less globose, 1.8-2.3/A

smooth."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENIÖILLIVM SPECIES \^

'^Pénicillium albo-simplex NeHra, Jour. Ferm. Tech. Japan 11: 854.

1933.

"On Czapek's agar this fungns grows slowly and is quite floccose;

the conidiophores are monoverticillate. The colony does not take on

color with age, at 20-25° C. after 30 days the culture takes on a faint

color, in part green, also sometimes in part red-violet. The reverse is

occasionally purple or dark purple in part. The exúdate is colorless or

yellow but in old cultures it may be purj)le. The conidiophores are 2^

wide, monoverticillata-stricta, but sometimes they are branched; the

length of the sterigmata is 12/x, the conidia are round, 1.5-2.5/A in dm,

and smooth.

"On malt agar it grows with a thick, white edge, sometimes 5 mm

wide ; when old the fungus becomes partly red-purple. It doesn't grow

at 33° a

"This fungus cannot be found in the literature; its significant characters are as follows :

1. Although it is monoverticillate it occasionally branches,

2. Itis floccose.

3. The colony is white but faintly green in age.

4. The reverse is dark purple in spots.

5. The sterigmata are circular and 12/jt long."

(Translated from the Japanese by N". Wakabayashi.)

Pénicillium allahabadense B. S. Mehrotra and Kumar, Canad. Jour.

Bot. 40:1399. 1962.

"Colonies on Czapek's solution agar growing rather restrictedly,

attaining a diameter of 2 to 2.5 cm in 10 days; colonies lanose, granular

in appearance and heavily sporulating between celandine and artemisia

green (Kidgway, PL XLVII), loose, margin white, 1-2 mm wide,

exúdate lacking; odor not pronounced; reverse pale vinaceous fawn

(Ridgway, PI. XL), conidiophores from the interlacing hyphae,

20-150ju, in length by 2.1--2~8ju. in width, (S.Sjit wide at the swollen tips

of monoverticillate type of branches) ; penicilli strongly asymmetrical

divaricate, ramigenous and irregular; metulae 9.5-14.2jU, by 2.1-2.5/x,

varying in number; sterigmata with fairly well-defined conidium bearing tube, 7.2-9.8/jt by 2.0-3.0/*; conidia globose to oval, 2.5-2.8/A in diameter when globose and 2.8-3.3/* when oval, in loose columns.

"Colonies on corn steep agar grow more rapidly and are more deep,

otherwise the same as on Czapek. Colonies on malt extract agar plain

but rest of the characters same as in Czapek's agar.

"This isolate belongs to the Asymmetrica-Divaricata group as delimited by Eaper and Thom (1949) because the penicilli in it are typi=

cally divaricate asymmetrical. The presence of green colonies and loose

columns of conidia places it in the P, eanesce^is series. Out of the three

species included in this vSeries, the present isolate comes close only to

P. jensenL But even with this latter species it can be distinguished on

the basis of the remarkable size differences."
IQ AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

^^Peniöillium amagasahiense Kusai, Ann. Eept. Sei, Works, Fac. Sei.

Osaka Univ. 8:43. 1960.

"Colonies of P. amagasahiense on Czapek's agar, steep agar, and

Sakaguchi and Wang agar grow rapidly at 25° C. (Average colony

diameter after 12 days was 52 mm on Czapek's agar, tO mm on steep

agar, and 60 mm on Sakaguchi and Wang agar). This fungus grows

more rapidly than P, notatum and P, cJirysogenum and furthermore

it can grow in a medium with nitrite as the sole nitrogen source. (It

is a producer of notatin, also called glucose oxidase.)

"Colonies grown on agar have a velvety texture and are white. The

surface of the colony is smooth and the underside is cherry-yellow. The

colony exudes a cherry yellow substance into its culture medium during cultivation.

"It is difficult to induce conidia formation by P. amagasahiense on

the above 3 agars. To observe the production of conidia, potato agar

was used. The penicillus was then typically biverticillate and asymmetric. Conidiophores of 80-200/A X 3-4.5/^ arose from the substratum.

Branching was absent. Metulae were located usually in groups of 4 to

8 and were of 9-15/iX2.5-4.0jit, and the apices had the same shapes.

"To classify this strain, some microbial properties of P, amagasahiense were observed. The results indicated that the growth of this

strain is very rapid on Czapek or steep agars and it can assimilate

nitrite. The above properties, the texture and color of the surface and

the reverse side of the colonies, and their exudations were fairly similar to those of Pénicillium Ulacinum Thom. There are some differences

between the two Penicillia ; P. amagasahiense rarely forms conidia and

P, Ulacinum cannot produce glucose oxidase."

Pénicillium arenicola Chalabuda, Not. Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot. Acad.

ScL, U.S.S.E. 6:162. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar strongly limited in growth, full of

mounds, hard, rosy, rarely feathery covered, afterwards brown, reverse brown with rosy agar. Colonies on sugar beet root extract agar

irregular, hard base, full of mounds, dark brown, rarely gray-covered,

zonate and no margin. Mycelium sooty, more or less brown, hyaline,

often distinguished by numerous septa ; hyphae often inflated. Eeverse

dark brown, later dark. Conidiophores septate, 12-100 X 2.5-3.5/x,

ends inflated, 4-5/x. Penicilli asymmetric, in two rows, more or less

compact: metulae 10-14 X 3.5-4/x ; sterigmata 7.6-11.6 X 3-4.5/;t. Conidia

lemon-shaped, then ellipsoid-globose, almost slightly roughened, 3.7-

4.5X3.5-4/X, yellow or pale brown in mass."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

"^Pénicillium arom^aticum Sopp forma microsporuTn Romankova, Sei.

Papers Lenin Univ. 191 (Biol. Ser. 40), p. 102. 1955.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar are velvety, yellow-green, the same color

as on wort agar. Conidiophores are rough, conidia are smooth, round.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 17

measuring 2.8-3.Oju. The penicillus is asymmetrical, compact. Gelatin

is degraded in 5 days of growth. An aromatic odor in the culture is

detected on wort agar and on Czapek's medium but sometimes the odor

is not expressed. It distinguishes itself from Pénicillium aromaticum

(Sopp) by the size of the conidia (dimensions of conidia of species

described by Sopp are é-T^u,)."

(Translated from the Eussian by J. O. Legg.)

NOTE : The "Index of Fungi" questions this as being the first publication for this forma.

Pénicillium aspergilliforme Kulik, ISTot. Syst. Sect. Crypt. Inst. Bot.

Acad. Sei., U.S.S.K. 13: 135. 1960.

"On acid potato agar and on Czapek's agar colonies develop slowly,

olivaceous, dark-olivaceous, velvety, margin hyaline growing broadly,

reverse dark-olivaceous, black in older cultures.

"Conidiophores shrub-like arising from hyj)hal substrate, simple,

erect, smooth, thick tinica^ olivaceous, dark, septate, 3-5 septa plainly

marked, 90-200 X3.2-4:.8/jt, broad walled foot cell similar to that of an

Aspergillus^ not at all rarely globose or obclavate. Penicilli triverticillate, 24.5-31.5/x, typically symmetrical, sometimes asymmetric.

Branches olivaceous, 8.1-13.3 X 2.5-3.4-(4.4)/x. Metulae cylindrical,

pale olivaceous, 6.3-8.6 X2.2-2.9-(3.7)jw. Sterigmata hyaline, tapering

gradually to the apices, 11.6-12.6 X 2.1-3/>t. Conidia olivaceous in mass,

elliptical to cylindrical, 3.6-4.7 X2.2-3.0/X5 at first in short chains (4-6)

later in small globose heads 20-45/A in dm. stuck together by mucilage."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

NOTE : ^^Pénicillium cispergilliforme Kulik, 1960, is a later homonym

of P, aspergilliforme Bainier, 1907." Index of Fungi, vol. 3, part 3,

p. 86.

"^Pénicillium aspergilloides Rudakov, Jour. Bot., U.S.S.E. 44: 867.

1959.

"In culture it forms round colonies of 2-3 mm in height. Color of

the mycelium is white. The growing zone is in the form of a fringe

with radial rays one mm in lengih.

"On the third to fourth day a pale orange color appears in the center

of the colony. This color gradually deepens and spreads to all the

mycelium, which at this time grows thickly on the substrate to 4-5 cm.

"In aging colonies the aerial mycelium is lost; it changes into a

layer of conidiophores. During further grovv^th of the fimgus, its colonies grow duller and duller, the orange tones are lost, the color of the

colonies becomes a dirty-crimson. In the center of some colonies appears a short tuft of aerial mycelium of grayish color. On the reverse

of the colony, growing in the wort agar medium, is a turbid milk color,

slightly yellowish.

"In young colonies the conidiophores are low and not very long.
lg AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

With growth of the colony, the conidiophores become rough and

longer. In old cultures conidiophores are slightly curved, saber-shaped,

their length attaining 1.5-2 mm, and 5-6/^ wide.

"The color of the mature conidiophore is a light brown with traces

of orange tones. The wall is thick and smooth. The penicillus is composed of metulae and sterigmata, or more rarely, of little bundles of

sterigmata at the apex of the conidiophore. TJnbranched conidiophores

are not displayed. The branches are arranged in several rows along

each side of the conidiophore or in lines with one or the other sides.

Many of the conidiophores have only one-sided branches.

"Branches of the conidiophore usually are together, imitating a '3-

pronged' penicillus. Length of branchlets is about 30/i. On their extremities are formed cylindrical metulae in two's, with a length of

about 9jLt and about 3.8/1. thick.

"Sterigmata are bottle-shaped with some swelling in the middle,

and are desiccated and slightly drawn out at the top, 7.5 X 2.3/x. On

each metula grow sterigmata by three's. They distribute themselves

in such a way that those at the top bristle out one from another, but

those of the side and base are closely squeezed together, in connection

with which they can be poorly examined in old conidiophores.

"Conidia of the fungus are ellipsoidal, colorless, with fine, not

prominent walls measuring 1.9-2.4X2.2-2.8/*. The conidia form long

chains, projecting out on all sides, not sticking together with slime.

The upper part of the chain easily becomes detached and this is seen

in water mounts where it disperses into individual spores. The lower

part does not become detached or become dispersed in water."

(Translated from the Eussian by J. O. Legg.)

Pénicillium aspeTOsponim G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 48: 275.

1965. (P. echinosporurrh G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.

45: 387. 1962.)^

"Colonies on Czapek agar growing very slowly, 5-6 mm. diam. in 2

weeks, dark grey with scarcely any suggestion of green, close velvety,

radiate to ñmbriate, sporing freely^ with reverse uncoloured ; on malt

agar growing somewhat more rapidly, thick velvety, very yellowish

green at first, darkening and becoming greyer, with white margin

about 1 mm. broad ; on potato and carrot agars growing moderately

well, thick velvety, dark yellowish green, eventually turning almost

pure grey, with very narrow bluish zone and exceedingly narrow white

edge, reverse uncoloured.

"Penicilli consisting of a cluster of 2-4 metulae, each bearing phialides, thus biverticillate, but not typical of the section BiverticillataSymmetrica; conidiophores arising from the substrate, fairly long,

smooth, 2-2.8ju diam.; metulae 9-10XS/*; phialides with swollen base,

then tapering abruptly to a long slender tip, 8 (10)/A long and 3¿u diam.

at base; conidia globose, very spiny, 4.5-5/4, diam., usually separated

'The name of this fungus was changed from P. ecMnosporum to P. ásperosporum because the former epithet had already been used by Nehira (1938) for

another taxon. The description is taken from the 1962 paper by G. Smith.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEAV PJfNWILLIUM SPECIES 19

in the chains by conspicuous connectives, mostly 1.5-2/x long but occasionally up to Sjtt."

'^Penicillmm asperum (Cheer) Sizova and Suprun, Bui. Soc. Nat.

Moscow, Biol. 6T: 114. 1962,

This fungus is P, asperum (Shear) Eaper and Thorn.

PenicUUimn atrovenetuni G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Myclo. Soc. 39:112.

1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar growing somewhat restrictedly, thick

velvety, bright bluish green (venetns) at first, rapidly turning greyer

and becoming deep greyish blue, almost black in age, with narrow

white edge during the growing period ; respiration drops numerous,

faint yellow, drying up and leaving the surface apparently pitted; reverse deep yellowish brown, diffusing very slightly. Colonies on potato dextrose agar very similar ; on malt agar somewhat similar but

with more rapid and spreading growth. Penicilli biverticillate (but

not with the appearance of the Biverticillata-Symmetrica) or asymmetric, with a terminal cluster of metulae, often of unequal length,

and usually one branch from a lower node, bearing metulae and phialides or phialides alone; conidiophores mostly long, up to about SOO/x,

arising from the substrate or from a basal felt of hyphae, smooth or

slightly rough, 2.5-4/u. diam. ; metulae 11-12 X3-4/x, often widening

somewhat towards the apex ; phialides abruptly pointed (not acuminate), 8-10 X 2~2.8j(x ; conidia globose, conspicuously rough, exceptionally 2.7/A but mostly 3-3.6/A diam. ; conidial chains long, in several loose

columns, one to each metula, but sometimes becoming tangled.

"This species is closely related to P, liergitei Bainier, both morphologically and biochemically. (However, Smith believes that P. hergim

is w^rongly placed in the Biverticillata-Symmetrica. He would put

both P. atrovenetiim and P. lierquei in íhfá P, clirysogemmi series, and

he would place this series in the Asymmetrica-Velutina.)"

Pénicillium atrovirens G. Smith (Syn. F. decumhens Thorn var, atromrens Abe), Trans. Brit. Mycoh Soc. 46: 344. 1963.

'^Colonies on Czapek agar growing slowly, dark bluish grey-green,

with fairly broad white edge during the growing periods, velvety but

usually heaped in the centre; reverse unooloured; penicilli mostly

monoverticillate but with an occasional branched conidiophore, and

very occasiionally forming small verticils of 2-3 metulae; oonidiophores long, slightly rough, 2^ diam; phialides 10-12X2.0--2.5/jt; conidia ovid, rough, 2.8-3.2 X2.2-2.4/X; in parallel to somewhat divergent

chains.

"This species is markedly different from P. decumhens and does not

fit any of the known species in the Monoverticillata."
20 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DBPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Pénicillium aurantiacum J. H. Miller, Giddens, and Foster, Mycolog-ia

49: 797. 195T.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar orange-pink to salmon orange (Eidgway PL 2) floccose-fimiculose, 4-5 mm in diam. at 10 days at 25° C.;

reverse at first orange then brownish-black, not zoned, sporing areas

light grayish green, sparse, chiefly in center of colony ; conidiophores

from ropes of aerial hyphae or when several colonies are in plate, developing from substrate hyphae between colonies, rough, reclining or

erect, 30-80 X3/>i; penicilli distinctly asymmetrical, 50-80/x long, 1-2

branches and metulae oriented at different levels on the conidiophore,

faintly echinulate, 8-12X2,5-3/^; with sterigmata smooth, with attenuate apices, closely appressed, 10-14 X 2-2.5/¿. Sporulation is best on corn

meal agar and very sparse on Czapek's or malt agar. Conidial chains

tangled in age. Conidia elliptical, glabrous, hyaline, 3-4X2-2.6/X.

"This (species) differs from P, palUdum G. Smith in colony color

and in having only the conidiophores roughened to any extent."

Pénicillium lilaji Chalabuda, Not. Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sei.,

U.S.S.E. 6: 165. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar growing very slowly, somewhat pubescent, uncolored for some time then ash-green, reverse uncolored, then

golden with the agar of like color. Colonies on sugar beet root extract

agar sometimes hardly moundlike, initially yellow-white, quickly

dark-green olivaceous, somewhat pubescent; reverse golden darkbrown with the agar of like color, conidiophores 3/i wide, over lQO¡i

long, simple, tips with 9-14 sterigmata, 12-19X2.5-3/^. Conidia

globose, ^2.75-(3) /x, smooth."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

Pénicillium hotryosum Batista and Maia, Ann. Soc. Biol. Pernambuco

15: 157. 1957.

"Colonies on neutral Czapek's agar are characterized by appearing

depressed in the central area and flat-undulating at the periphery,

distinctly zonate and appearing floccose, 1--2 mm wide, of apparently

felt-like base and loose aerial mycelium, of delicate hyphae, ash-green,

white inter-twined, attaining at 10-12 days, at an ambient temperature

of 24-26° C, 4-5 cm. dm; superficially radially furrowed, however, in

the young colonies such furrows do not extend to the margins, which

are preserved as small, white borders of 0.5-0.8 mm. in dm; exúdate

slight, yellow, or absent; strong odor, reminiscent of moldy substances; reverse intense yellow or brick-red.

"Conidiophores arising from submerged hyphae or from aerial

hyphae, walls smooth or slightly roughened, septate, hyaline or yellowgreenish, 67.5-137.5 X2.5-3.5/X, exhibiting typically monoverticillate

branches on inflated vesicles similar to Aspergillus sydowi Bain, and

Sart., but the two types of penicillus, biverticillate and polyverticillate, are more abundant.
DESORIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 21

"The vesicular branches, with very inflated tips or not, number 2-3

per conidiophore, reaching 11-13.5 X 4.5-5.5/x.

"The normal branches, two per conidiophore, and of 20-25 X 2.5-3.5/x,

bear verticils of 3-5 club-shaped, divergent metulae, that measure

10-17.5 X 2.5-3.5/A. The sterigmata are flask-shaped, 4-10 or more,

grouped in clusters, 3.5-4.5 Xl-2ju,, with short, conidial tubes.

"Globose conidia, thick-walled, smooth, yellow, 2.2/A dm., separated

or forming short chains.

"Cleistothecia and sclerotia absent.

"The species in question although closelj^ related to Pénicillium restrictum, Gilman and Abbott, is distinguished from it, in (the authors') opinion, by the difference in its colony appearance on Czapek's

agar as well as the different characteristics of its conidiophores."

(Translated from the Portuguese.)

Penicilliwn hrasilianrnn Batista apud Batista and Maia, Ann. Soc.

Biol. Pernambuco 15:160. 1957.

"The colonies on neutral Czapek's agar, after 10 days and at ambient

temperature, appear thin, 3.5-4 cm. dm., gray-green velvety, superficially floccose, curled, flat, sometimes umbonate, with radial depressions, defined borders, 2-10 mm dm; when young, up to 3 days old,

they are white ; azonate ; no odor and without exúdate ; reverse yellow,

in some strains appearing orange-yellow and immediately dark

maroon.

"Vegetative mycelium submerged, hyaline. Conidiophores originating from the mycelium, erect, slightly rough, septate, walls thin

and yellow, abundant throughout the colony and reaching up to 480/x

in length and 2-2.8/x in dm.

"Terminal penicillus somewhat divaricate or on strongly divaricate

branches. Branches 8-20 X 2-3ft. Metulae truncate, incurved, in verticils of 2-6, attaining 7.5-12 X 2.5-3/x.

"Some strains do not possess branches and the verticils of metulae

can be compared to monoverticillate structures. Sterigmata 5-8 per

metula, approximately of the same length, appearing fusoid with the

ends finely tubuliform 5.5-10 X2.5/x.

"Conidia in short or long chains, not becoming however more than

200/A long; they are subglobose or elliptical, of yellow-green shade,

echinulate, however with a thin wall, 3.6 X 4.5-5/x.

"Perithecia and sclerotia absent."

(Translated from the Portuguese.)

^Peniöillium hrunneostoloniferum Abe (as ^^hrunneo-stoloniferum^^).

Jour. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., Tokyo 2: 104. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather rapidly, attaining a diameter

of approximately 46 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C. ; strongly wrinkled

and buckled, with central area somewhat raised, consisting of a closetextured mycelial felt bearing abundant conidial structures, with sur292-664—68 4
22 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE

face typically velvety, with a white margin 1.0 mm. wide, and colony

circumference slightly rugged; conidial structures abundantly produced throughout the whole colony, typically in light brown shades

near Buckthorn Brown or Clay, becoming Verona Brown in marginal

areas and Sayal Brown in central areas with age; exúdate lacking;

odor limited, moldy; reverse in yellow or light brown shades near

Antimony Yellow or Cinnamon, becoming Sayal Brown in central

areas and Yellow Ocher in marginal areas; surrounding agar strongly

diffused in yellow shades; conidiophores arising from the substratum

or basel felt, ranging up to 120-220/* in length by 4.1-5.0/A in diameter,

with apices 4.4-6,2,/y, in diameter, and small punctate walls; penicilli

typically biverticillate and asymmetrical, short and compact, commonly one or more branches in addition to the main axis, terminating

in verticils of 3 to 6 metulae-bearing sterigmata; branches usually

short, 17.5-18.7/A in length by^ 3.1-4.3,/x in diameter, usually 9.3-12.5/*

by 3.1-3.7/A; sterigmata in fairly compact verticils of 4 to 7, mostly

9.3-11,2/A by 2.1-2.6/*, acute type; conidia elliptical to subgiobose,

mostly 2.3-3.3/x by 2.1-2.8/*, echinulate or verruculose walls; conidial

chains loosely parallel to divergent, up to 60 to 170/* in length ; and

conidia showing echinulate or verruculose walls in electron

microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar grow rapidly, about 44 mm. in 10 to 12 days

at 25° 0. ; the other characters are as described above.

"This strain differs from P, stoloniferum Tliom primarily in the

bright brown shades of its conidial areas, in the rather rapidly spreading character of its growth, the typically elliptical to subgiobose form

of its conidia, the rough walls of its conidiophores, and also in the

non-production of a stolen margin."

NOTE: "P. hrunneostoloniferum Abe is P, ochraoeuni BainierP G.

Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

PenÍGÜlium hrunneum Udagawa, Jour. Agr. Sei. Tokyo Fogyo

Daigaku 5: 16. 1959.

"Colonies on Czapek agar rather rapidly growing, strictly tufty

with tendency to become fasciculate, but not developing definite coremia, thick with a tough basal felt up to 3 nun. deep, conspicuously

wrinkled, conidial areas at first vinaceous-fawn to avellaneous (Ridgeway, 1912), then Dresden brown in age, often with a yellowish cast

from intermixed vegetative mycelium, with fimbriate margins yellowish, abrupt, exúdate abundant, slimy, reverse yellow orange. Conidiophores usually arising from the basal mycelium, but also from aerial

hyphae, 50-200 X 3-3.2/*, with walls smooth or often verrucose with yellow granules, septate. Penicilli typically biverticillate and symmetrical, Metulae 4-8 (10) in number, 9.5-12X2.5-3.2/*, Sterigmata lanceolate with narrowed apices, 10,5-13(14,5) X2.5-3jLt, in verticils of 5-8.

Conidia ellipsoid to subgiobose, 3.2-3.5X3-3.2/*, sometimes with

pointed ends, smooth-walled, borne in tangled chains to 40-70/t in

length.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 23

"On malt agar, rather restricted, in texture and appearance basically as on Czapek but fairly fasciculate, more or less zonate, exúdate

limited, not slimy.

"At 37° C, growth is nil."

"^'Pénicillium camerunense Heim, Nouvel, and Saccas, Bui. Acad. Belg.

Clinical Sei. Ser. 5, 35: 42. 1949.

"The conidia of P, camerunense are clearly^ globose, attaining (2-) 3

(-4) X (2-) 2.4 (-3.5) ju with a maximum deviation of only 2-4/x. The

conidiophores of P. camerunense are considerably^ more branched than

those of P, notatum and the branches of the penicillus are smaller. The

secondary branches measure 20-25 X 10-12/x, the tertiary branches

10-12 X 5-7/Jt and they bear 3 to 4 sterigmata, measuring 8-10 X 5-7/x.

"Growth consists of a thin layer on Sabouraud's agar medium at

25° C. at the end of 60 hours, the colony from an original single spore

exceeds 1 cm. in dm., it is blue-green over nearly all of its surface, surrounding an uncolored narrow zone ; sporulation is premature, attaining its maximum in about 96 hours. At that time the colony is 2 cm,

in dm. and is already deep green-blue. Towards the fifteenth day, the

colony changes in color tending toward gray-red.

"At low temperatures or at the beginning of growth under very

favorable warm conditions, the fungus culture appears blue, but there

is a tendency to green more and more gradually when the temperature

is higher. Exúdate begins to be produced at 25° C. ; at 30° C, the drops

are at that time of the same color, larger, and more numerous: We

are here in the neighborhood of the optimum temperature that corresponds to 29.5° C. At 33° C, the droplets are reduced in volume and

in number, and they present a nearly yellow color."

(Translated from the French.)

NOTE: According to Abe, "cultures received from Kominami &

Tubaki as P, camerwnense Heim duplicated almost exactly the descriptions (ie. Abe's) of P. cTirysogenumP Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL,

Tokyo 2: 91. 1956.

Pénicillium canadense G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol, Soc. 39: 113.

1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar plates spreading, thin, at first very pale

straw colour, then darkening somewhat to fjale fawn with a slight

greenish cast, indistinctly zoned, with fimbriate margin; drops not

seen; reverse uncoloured. Colonies on Czapek agar slopes at first white

and somewhat wet in appearance, then thin matted funiculose, gradually dull greenish fawn, with some white to yellowish overgrowth.

Colonies on malt agar growing rapidly, somewhat floccose, white then

straw-coloured but with a greenish tone, becoming slightly darker in

age and with a fair amount of white aerial mycelium. Penicilli short,

very compact, usually with four stages of branching, with the elements

successively smaller in diameter as in Gliocladium<; conidiophores up
24 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

to 600jit long, stiff, with granular contents, mostly 5-5.6/x diain., but

occasionally more slender and then bearing small penicilli; rami

8-12/^X4-5^; ramuli 8-10 X 3.5-4/x ; metulae 6.5-7 X2.7-3/X, but occasionally up to lOju long; phialides crowded, abruptly pointed, 6-7(8) X

2-2.5/x; conidia globose to subgiobose, smoothwalled, 3-4X3-3.5/x;

conidial chains comparatively short, intricately tangled,

"This species is closely allied to P. albicans Bainier, which is, up to

the present, the only well-defined species in the group Polyverticillata.

The two species are similar in colony color and in the structure of the

penicillus. P. canadense differs from P, albicans in its shorter phialides,

globose instead of almost cylindrical conidia, and long and stiff instead

of very short conidiophores."

'^Penioillium casei Staub var. comfaGtwm Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl.

MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 101. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar are rather restrictedly spreading, attaining a diameter of about 34 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C. consisting

of a comparatively hard basal felt bearing crowded conidial structures,

with a white narrow margin, about 0.3 mm. wide, typically radially

furrowed ; conidial areas in yellow green shades near Dark Yellowish

Green, becoming Andover Green with age; exúdate abundant, in yellow or pinkish shades; odor lacking or limited, moldy; conidiophores

arising from the substratum or from the basal felt, variable in length,

commonly up to 60-300/x by 4.4-6.2/x in diameter, with walls showing

large granules or protuberances; penicilli biverticillate and asymmetrical and comparatively compact, commonly showing one or more

branches in addition to the main axis, terminating in verticils of 2 to 3

metulae-bearing sterigmata; branches variable, commonly 9.3-15.6/jt

by 4.4-6.0/x; metulae usually 6.2-11.2^ by 2.5-4.3^, with apices 3.7-

5.0/^ in diameter, with granular walls; sterigmata in fairly compact

verticils of 3 to 6, mostly 8.7-10.6jüt by 2.5-3.2/x, acute type with

smooth or slightly punctate walls ; conidia ovate to subgiobose, mostly

3.1-4.3 by 3,0-3.8/>t, spinulose walls; conidial chains usually columnar

or loosely columnar, up to 60-150ju, in length ; and conidia with typical

spinulose walls, as seen by electron microscopy. Colonies on steep agar

are similar to those described above."

NOTE: Abe also states that the colony reverse is of a milky color

(p. IOI5I0C. cit.).

"This strain differs markedly from P. casei Staub primarily in the

spinulose walls of its conidia, in the milky color in the reverse, in the

brem-compactttm-like structure of its penicilli, and in seldom ö-rowin^

at 37° C.

"It also differs markedly from P. irem-compactum Dierckx, primarily in the typical conspicuously rough walls of its conidiophores

and branches."
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 25

^Pénicillium charlesii G. Smith var. rapidum Abe, Jour. Gen. AppL

Microbio!., Tokyo, 2: 73. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather rapidly, attaining a diameter

of 39 to 52 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C; radiately furrowed, some

strains buckled and raised in the central area; appearing velvety or

nearly so ; sporulating abundantly in dark yellow green shades near

Dark American Green or Dark Yellowish Green, becoming Dark Dull

Yellow Green or Dusky Olive Green with age, with a white margin,

0.3 to 1.0 mm. wide; exúdate lacking; odor limited, moldly ; reverse in

dull greenish or purple vinaceous shades with surrounding agar colorless ; conidiophores arising from creeping or closely interwoven aerial

hyphae, simple or variously branched, variable in length, 30-120/x by

2.0-3.1ju, in diameter, with apices 2.6-3.7/jt in diameter, and with walls

smooth or nearly so; penicilli monoverticillate, ramigenous; sterigmata in verticils of 5 to 10, compact or somewhat divergent, mostly

7.9-11.2 or rarely to 12.5/jt by l.ö-S.lji*, acute tyj)6 with smooth walls or

nearly so ; conidia globose to subglöbose, mostly 1.9-3.4 or 3.7iLt, with

smooth walls or nearly so; chains of conidia in compact or loose columns up to 30-90//, in length ; its conidia showing loosely rough walls

in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar grow rather rapidly, 44 to 48 mm. in 10 to

12 days at 25° C, the other characters are as described above.

"These strains are suggestive of P. charlesii Smith in the production

of monoverticillate and ramigenous penicilli, in the columnar form oftheir chains of conidia, and in the globose or subglobose character of

their conidia. However, they differ markedly from this species in the

rather rapidly spreading character of their colonies, their dark yellowish-green color, the purplish vinaceous color of their reverse (only in

FAT 806), and the longer sterigmata up to 7.9-11.2 or 12.5/*.

NOTE : "F. charlesii G. Smith var. rapidum Abe ; the reason for the

erection of the variety, because of the rather more rapid growth than

that of the type, is too trivial to be taken seriously." G. Smith, Trans.

Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

^Peniöilliumj chrysogenum Thorn mutant fulvescens Takashima,

Arima, and Abe, apud Abe, Jour. Gen. AppL Microbio].,

Tokyo 2: 92. 1956.

"Colonies of the mutant grown on Czapek and steep agar differ from

the original species in the entire absence of green color. This strain

was obtained by Takashima and Arima as a mutant from a normal

green strain of P, chrysogenum Thorn (FAT 514) by ultra-violet

radiation. Therefore, we recognize the strain as a new variety to which

the name P. chrysogenum Thorn mut. fulvescens Takashima, Arima

and Abe is assigned because of the cinnamon color of its colonies.'^
26 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

NOTE: "The fungus described as P. chrysogermm mut. fulvescens

Abe should be referred to P. notatum Westl. rather than to P, clvrysogenumJ' G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

Penicilliwm einereoatrimi Chalabudaj Not. Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot,

Acad. Sci.5 U.S.S.E. 6:167. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar growing very slowly, mouse colored,

somewhat tomentose; exúdate uncolored, reverse white-rosy, colonies

on sugar beet root extract agar tomentose, reddish-brown-ashen, later

dark-asheii, growing moderately; yellow-rose exúdate, reverse pale

yellow broïvn, with the agar similarly colored, conidiophores simple,

20-40X3.8/4, tips with 37 sterigmata in dense clusters, 5-10X2-2.5ft;

conidia initially ellipsoid 2.5-3 X2-2.5/X, later globose, 2.5-3.5-(4)/x,

dm., slightly roughened, olivaceous in mass."

(Translated from Latin.)

Penicillmm oinnamopurpureum Abe ex Udagawa, Jour. Agr. Sei,

Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku 5: 1. 1959.

'^Colonies on malt agar growing rather restrictedly, plane, with

conidial sectors velvety and grayish green, reverse dull red near

perilla purple (Eidgway, 1912) ; sclerotia abundantly produced, pink

(cinnamon) in shades, spherical to oblong, mostly 150-311/x, hard.

Conidiophores arise from aerial hyphae or directly from the substratum, 60-120 or more X 2-3.2/*, with enlarged tip, 4-5/t in diam.,

walls smooth. Penicilli monoverticillate. Sterigmata in 8-10 verticils,

8-10.5X2-2.5/15 terminating rather abruptly with collarettes. Conidia

subglobose to ellipsoid, 1.5-3.2/t, smooth-walled, in chains loosely

columnar, 80-150,/t.

"At 37^ C, growth is poor."

NOTE: Abe gave the following description of this fungus in the

Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 52. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar are rather restricted, attaining a diameter

of about 16 to 20 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25^ C, buckled and slightly

radially wrinkled; typically velvety, with a white narrow margin

0.5 mm. wide; more or less floccose from the development of abundant

light vinaceous or brownish vegetal mycelium; conidial structures

limited or abundant, marginal or localized, in bluish green shades near

Bluish Glaucous; sclerotia in Pinkish Cinnamon becoming Wood

Brown or Fawn, elliptical to subglobose ; usually characterized by entire colonies composed of thick-walled sclerenchyma-like polygonal

cells, hard, crushing with difficulty, mostly 10-18/t In diameter ; exúdate

abundant, m yellow or pinkish shades; odor limited, moldy;

reverse in purplish shades in the marginal area, and near Dull Indian

Purple becoming Dull Violet Black or Taupe Brown in the central

area; penicilli strictly monoverticillate; conidiophores arising from

the substratum or from aerial hyphae, seldom branched, smooth walled,

40-120 or 180/A by 2.0-3.1/x, with apices up to 3.1-5.0/t in diameter;
DESCBIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 27

sterigmata in verticils of 5 to 8, parallel, mostly 10.6-12.6 or 15.6/x by

2.0-3.0/x, with conidium bearing tips somewhat narrowed; conidia

elliptical to subglobose, 2.1-2.9/x by 1.7-2,1/., with walls smooth or

nearly so; chains of conidia in columns up to 60--200/A in length; and

conidia showing smooth or nearly so walls in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar are rather restricted, 25 to 26 mm. in 10 to

12 days at 25° C, and radially wrinkled; conidial area in pale yellow

green shades near Sage Green, strongly purple shades m reverse; the

other characters are as described above.

"This strain is suggestive of P. sderotiorum van Beyma, P. thoimi

Maire, and P. lapidosum Eaper and Fennell, in its production of

sclerotia with hard, sclerenchyma-like cells that crush with difficulty.

"However, it differs markedly from P. solerotiomm van Beyma m

its infrequent development of bright orange-red mycelium, from

P, thomii Maire in the ^abundant production of bright grayish, vinaceous or brownish mycelium, in the smooth or nearly so walls of its

conidiophores, and also the dark purplish color in reverse, and from

P. lapidosum Eaper and Fennell in the restricted character ot its

growth, in the elliptical form of its sclerotia, and also m the purplish

color of its reverse. In addition, strains differ markedly from P, pusillum Smith in the luxuriant production of sclerotia on Czapek agar,

and in the elliptical form of their conidia."

NOTE : D. B. Scott and Amelia C. Stolk reported in "Antonie van

Leeuwenhoek" 33: 308,1967, that this taxon has a perfect stage, which

they named Eupenieillium cinnamopiirpureuin. Their description of

this stage is given as follows :

"Cleistothecia are spherical to subspherical or ovoid, usually 150-

25Q/X in diameter, in pinkish cinnamon shades becoming brown m age

At first a branched system of aerial hyphae develops mto masses of

parenchyma-like cells, soon becoming thick-walled and sclerotioid.

In the centre of the cleistothecia an extensive network of somewhat

irregularly shaped hyphae develops. Locally these hyphae form

coiled branched ascogenous hyphae producing clusters of asci. Ihe

cleistothecia ripen slowly from the centre outwards. After 6 to 8 weeks

ascospores fill the entire cleistothecium except for a thm outer wall or

peridium consisting of a single layer of cells. Asci are borne smgJ^^

as branches from ascogenous hyphae, very rarely two or three asci

occur in a short chain. Asci are spherical to subspherical, mostly

1-^ti in diameter, and contain 8 spores. Ascospores are lenticular m

shape and measure 3.0-3.5/. by 2.5-2.8,/.. They are slightly yellow when

matured and show two small, equatorial ridges with convex surfaces

very finely roughened."

^Pénicillium citreovirens Abe (as ^^citreo-virens^^) ^ Jour. Gen. Appl.

Microbio!, Tokyo 2: 87. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather rapidly, attaining a diameter

of 47 to 49 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25^ C, consisting of a somewhat

compact basal felt, appearing typically velvety, with a white margin

about 1.0 mm. wide, smooth, sporulating abundantly m bright yellow
28 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

green shades near Empire Green, becoming Cress Green with age;

exúdate lacking; odor limited or indefinite, moldy; reverse usually

in cream shades; becoming typically green-olive in the central area

and sepia in the marginal areas; surrounding agar usually colorless ;

conidiophores arising mostly from the substratum or from basal felt,

mostly 60~250jLt in length by 2.5-2.7jüt in diameter, with apices 2.8-4.7ft

in diameter and with walls smooth or nearly so, usually unbranched ;

penicilli typically biverticillate and asymmetrical, consisting of a terminal group of 3 to 5 compact or slightly divergent metulae that

measure about 12.5-25.0/A by 2.5-3.T/A (apices commonly enlarged to

2.6-4.7/x), each supporting a cluster of 3 to 7 compact or parallel

sterigmata measuring about 7,6~11,9¡JL by 1.7-2.5¿tt and bearing conidia

in columns or loosely tangled chains up to 60-120fi in length ; conidia

globose to subglobose, mostly 2.3-3.3jii, smooth-walled or nearly so;

and conidia walls delicately roughened (spines less than OA¡JL) as

shown in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar grow rather rapidly, up to 42 to 47 mm. in

10 to 12 days at 25° C., colonies are loosely radially furrowed, and

reverse is in typical olive green shades; the other characters are as

described above.

"Colonies on Koji-extract agar are similar to steep and Czapek agar,

but typical in dusky olive green shades in reverse that characterized it,

"These strains differ markedly from P, citrinum Thom in the longer

(12.6-25.0/4,) metulae, in the typical green color in reverse on Czapek

and steep or Koji-extract agar, and also the bright yellow-green colony color. They also differ from P, steckii Zaleski primarily in the

compact or slightly divergent arrangement of the metulae, in the

typical green color in reverse and the size of conidia.

"The correct placement of the species remains in doubt, but it appears to be most satisfactorily assignable to (the P. citrinum series)

in the Velutina subsection of the Asymmetrioa as in the classification

of Raper and Thom."

NOTE: "P. citreomrens Abe is P. spinulosum Thom." G. Smith,

Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

'^Pénicillium citreomride Biourge var. aeneuTn Abe, Jour. Gen. AppL

Microbio!, Tokyo 2: 58. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar are rather restrictedly spreading, attaining a diameter of 22 to 30 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, typically

velvety or velutinous, with a white narrow margin, 0.3 to 1.0 mm.

wide, buckled or sulcate, some strains radiately furrowed, sporulating

abundantly in pale yellow green shades near Sage Green or Vétiver

Green, becoming Tea Green or Citrine Drab ; exúdate lacking or limited, pale yellow shades; odor lacking or slight, moldy; reverse in

greenish yellow shades near Oil Yellow or Aniline Yellow in marginal

area and in brownish shades in central area, localized; conidiophores

usually arising from the subtratum or basal felt, mostly 30-120/x long

by 1.7-2.3/A diameter, with apices enlarged to 2.4-3.5^«, diameter, with

apices enlarged to 2.4-3.5/x in diameter and walls smooth or nearly so ;
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 29

penicilli strictly monoverticillate ; steriginata in verticils of 5 to 12,

compact or loose, mostly 6.8-8.7//, by 1.3-2.3ju, acute type; conidia

globose to subglobose, 1.5~2.3/x, with smooth or nearly so walls; chains

of conidia loosely parallel or in columnSj up to 30-90/x in length ; its

conidia showing delicately rough walls (spines less than 0.1/x) in

electron microscopy.

'^Colonies on steep agar restrictedly spreading^ up to 30 to 35 mm.

in 10 to 13 days at 25° C ; the other characters as described above.

"These strains are separated from P. citreo-viride Biourge, however^ by the pale yellow-green color of their colonies, by the usually

brownish color in the central area of the reverse, and by the typically

velvety colony character."

NOTE : "P. citreoviride Biourge var. aeneum Abe becomes P. aeneum

G. Smith." Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46:332. 1963.

^^^Pénicillium claviforme Bainier mutant candieans Abe and Ura apud

Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2:116. 1956.

"Colonies of the variety candieans on Czapek and steep agar differ

from the species in the entire absence of green color.

"This strain, received in 1952 from Mr. T. Ura, University of Kyoto

(Fo. M 15-5), as Pénicillium sp. was obtained from a normal green

strain of FAT 1263 (described above) by ultra-violet irradiation.

Therefore, we consider it as representing a new variety to which the

name P. claviforme Bainier mut. candieans Abe and Ura is assigned

because of the white color of its colonies."

^Pénicillium elaviforme Bainier mutant olivicolor Abe and Ura apud

Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl, MicrobioL, Tokyo 2:116. 1956.

"Colonies of the variety olivicolor on Czapek and steep agar differ

from the species in the entire absence of green color.

"The strain received in 1952 from Mr. T. Ura, University of Kyoto,

(their No. M 15-9), as a Pénicillium was obtained from a normal green

strain of FAT 1263 (as described above) by ultra-violet irradiation.

Therefore, we consider it as representing a new variety to which the

name P. claviforme Bainier mut. olivicolor Abe and Ura is assigned

because of the olivish color of its colonies."

Pénicillium coeruleoviride G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 48: 274.

1965.

"Colonies on Czapek agar spreading broadly, rich green with a

bluish cast, with white margin about 2 mm. broad during the growing

period, turning darker and greyish from the centre outwards, velvety,

with marked zonation in the outer areas, with reverse uncoloured;

drops nil; penicilli compact, with verticils of metulae, but not Biverticillate-Symmetrical; conidiophores slightly rough, 3.2-4/* diam. ;

292-664—68 5
30 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 851, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

metulae smooth, 12-16 X3-4/x; phialides 9-12X2-2.5^í; conidia subglobose to definitely ovate^ 3-3.2jw in long axis ; conidial chains tangled.

"This species belongs in the group Biverticillate-Asyminetrica, ie,

the P. citHmim series. Itis nearest to P, paraherquei Abe ex G. Smith,

but differs from the latter in its more rapid gTowth, lack of reverse

color, longer and smooth metulae, longer phialides, and somewhat

larger conidia."

^Pénicillium concavorugulosum Abe (as '^concavo-rugulosunh^^),Jour.

Gen, Appl. Microbio!., Tokyo 2:127. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather restrictedly, attaining a diameter of 27 to 37 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25'^ C, consisting of a comparatively thin basel felt bearing crowded conidial structures, usually

typically velvety, sometimes with yellow encrusted vegetative hyphae,

a pale yellow margin 0.5 to 1.3 mm. in width, conidial areas in

bright yellow green or dark yellow green; exúdate lacking or limited

and light orange; odor almost lacking or indistinct, moldy; reverse in

orange, orange-red or orange-brown, either localized or throughout,

with surrounding agar seldom pigmented in about 3 weeks; conidiophores arising primarily from the substratum or basal felt, mostly up

to 60-250/A or 320/A in length b3^^2J~3.8/A in diameter, with walls smooth

or nearly so, apices to 3.1-5.0/.1 in diameter; penicilli typically biverticillate and symmetrical, usually consisting "of single verticils of 4 to

8 loosely compact or somewhat divergent metulae, each terminating in

verticils of 4 to 6 sterigmata; metulae mostly 10.6-l7.5jU, by 2.3-3.5/x;

acuminate closely parallel, mostly 11.0 l4.0/x by 1.8-2.7/^, conidia tvpically long elliptical, mostly 3.1-4.3/x by 2.1-3.0/^, with walls smooth or

slightly roughened ; conidial chains usually loosely parallel or tangled,

up to 60-150/A or 180/A in length ; and conidia showing delicately roughened walls (less than O.l/x) in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar grow rather restrictedly, 30 to 42 mm. in 10

to 12 days at 25° C. ; the other characters are as described above.

"These strains differ markedly from P. rugulosum Thorn primarily

in the typically long elliptical conidia (3.1-4.3/x in long axis), seldom

showing rugulose walls, m colonies mostly 27 to 37mm. in diameter on

Czapek agar and in the somewhat longer (mostly 10.6-17.5/A) metulae.

"They also differ markedly from P, vaHabile Sopp primarily in the

colored mycelium compactly admixed with conidial heads, in the lack

of prominent areas of sterile yellow aerial mycelium, and in the charncter of seldom growing at 37^ C."

NOTE : "P. conoavorugulosum Abe is P. nigulosiim Thorn." G. Smith,

Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

PenieiUium comlligerum Nicot and Pionnat, Soc. Mvcol. de France

BuL78(3): 246. 1962.

^ "On Czapek's medium the colony attains a diameter of about 4 cm

m 2 weeks, the optimum growth is found between 18 and 22° C. It is

compact, radially furrowed, slightly depressed in the center and bor-
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 31

dered by a regular margin of about 2 nun. of a dirty white., becoming

green glaucous when sporulation progresses. The surface is dirty red

coral and of a grainy aspect due to the presence of a continuous layer

and series of small sclerotia, very weakly masked by the development

of a not very thick, fertile mycelium^ gray-green, slightly floccose; in

the central region the mycelium is in greater abundance, gray-green to

slightly bluish, tufted, not very high (1-2 mm,). The droplets of exúdate appear hyaline especially in the peri|)heral region. The odor,

which is indistinct, is laiter fruity and similar to apple. The colony

reverse, radially furrowed, is strongly pigmented, green emerald to

dark green more or less fluorescent in the center^ under the zone of

fertile mycelium, brown rose to dark brown at the level of sclerotia;

the dirty yellow-green pigment diffuses largely more or less during

the growth of the culture.

"On malt extract agar, the conidial phase is more abundant than on

Czapek's medium, the fertile mycelium is grayish-green, slightly floccose, entirely covering the rose-coral sclerotia. The culture is more or

less zonate, and the development of the sclerotia in a radial direction

affects the margin of which the outline is generally indented. The exúdate is not very abundant, and the apple odor is clearly marked. The

colony reverse, slightly furrowed, is of an intense green turning to

green-brown, darker at the edge, with a very clear diffusion zone, of

several mm in length, green-yellow fluorescent,

"The arrangement of the penicilli is clearly biverticillate, and recalls that of P. herquei Bain and Sart. The generally simple conidiophores, erect over the medium, from 300-350M long, attain a diameter

of 3.5-4.5/A. Of rugged appearance in dry mounts, they are sometimes

apparently smooth on liquid media; as with many species of Penicih

lium^ the roughness of the walls is more accentuated on malt agar than

on Czapek's. Earely,^ the conidiophore is provided with a side branch

15-30/t long. The conidiophore, as well as the side branches, bear a regular verticil of 4 to 6 metulae, relatively short and more or less divergent; the latter are frequently rough, slightly enlarged at the ends,

from 10-13 X 3-3.5jut ; the sterigmata rather crowded, from 7-9 X 2-2.5/*,

bearing long chains of globose to subglobose conidia, of small size

(2-2.5/A), smooth or very ñnely echinulate.

"The rose-colored sclerotia of firm consistency, stony, globose or of

regular form, enveloped by a thin matting of hyphae, are always of

small size ( 120-250 X150-350/A). Their structure is analogous to that

of the sclerotia of the Penicillia in the series raistrichii and thomii.

"It is related to P, herquei but with sclerotia similar to those exhibited by the P, raistriekii series."

(Translated from the French.)

^PenicilUn corylopMloides Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobiaL, Tokyo

2:89. 1966.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather restrictedly, attaining a

diameter of 2.7 to 3.2 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, consisting of somewhat compact basal felt, typically velvety, with a white narrow margin

0.2 to 0.3 mm. wide, smooth or slightly furrowed, sporulating abun-
32 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

dantly in dull yellow green shade near Dark Greenish Glaucous,

American Green or Pistachio Green, becoming Dusky Olive Green or

Andover Green with age ; exúdate abundant, colorless; reverse at first

colorless or pale yellow, becoming pale olive, with surrounding agar

colorless; penicilli typically biverticillate and asymmetrical, seldom

producing branches; conidiophores arising mostly from the substratum, or from basal felt, mostly 130-180jti length by 2.5-3.2/A diameter,

with apices enlarged, 3.4r-4.7/>t in diameter, smooth walled or nearly so

usually unbranched ; metulae in a terminal verticil of 4 to 5 or occasionally 8, variable in length, mostly 12.5-18.7jtt by 2.o-3.4¿u,, each supporting a group of 5 to 8 sterigmata measuring about 10.0-11.9/jt by 2.0-2.8/*,

typically acute type and smooth walled or nearly so ; conidia elliptical

to subglobose mostly 2.5-3.4/* by 2.0-2.6/*, with smooth walls or nearly

so; chains of conidia in tangled or loose columns, up to 60-90/* in

length ; conidia showing delicately rough walls in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar grow somewhat rapidly, up to 34 to 43

mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C ; colonies broadly radially furrowed ; the

other characters are as described above,

"These strains differ markedly from P, corylophilmn Dierckx, primarily in the colorless or pale-yellow colony reverse, in the 4 to 8

terminal verticils of the metulae, and in their length (12.5-18,7/*).

"They also differ markedly from P, fcmlli Bainier primarily in the

unequal lengths of the rather long metulae, and from P, stechii

Zaleski and P, citrinum Thom primarily in the typically elliptical

conidia.

"The correct placement of the species remains in doubt, but it appears to be most satisfactorily assignable to the P, citrinum series in

the Velutina subsection of the Asymmetrica, as in the classification of

Eaper and Thom."

ISTOTE: "F. corylopMloides Abe is well within the range exhibited

by P, corylophiVam Dierckx, though it differs in minor details from

the more typical isolates of this species; the name should be dropped."

G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46:332. 1963.

PenieiUium eremeogriseum Chalabuda, N"ot. Syst, Crypt. Inst. Bot.

Acad.Sci.,U.S.S.K.6:168. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's ag^ar initially white later pale cream-gray,

marginal zone uncolored, reverse white-rose. Colonies on sugar beet

root extract agar growing rapidly, at first white, then cream colored,

tomentose, marginal zone uncolored ; reverse pale yellow at first then

vinaceous-brown. Conidiophores 20-40/* long, simple, hardly ever with

small branches, upper parts slightly roughened, tip 3-5/*, sterigmata

8-11X2.5/*, arising from creeping, submerged hyphae or hyphal

ropes ; conidia more or less globose, almost warty, 2-2.75/* dm., formed

in small columns."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 33

PenidlUum crocicola Yamamoto apud Yamamoto, Maeda, and Oyasu,

Sei. Ept. Hyogo Univ. Agr., Agr. BioL Ser, 2(2) : 28. 1956.

"Colonies fairly rapidly growing on Czapek's agar, composed of

slender, dense, crowded mycelium, sclerotia produced abundantly,

central area more or less raised, radially furrowed, blue-gray, then

olivaceous-green or grayish-green, exúdate lacking ; odor not distinctive, reverse pale orange-red or yellow-orange, pigment hardly dissolving in the medium; conidiophores arising from substrate or

aerial mycelium erect, 2-5 septate, smooth, hyaline, 32-106/x high, 3-4^

diam., penicilli monoverticillate ; sterigmata 4-20 in each conidiophore»

flask-shaped, 7-14/A long, 2.5-3.5/x, dm. ; conidia arranged in divergent

chains^ for the most part subglobose, sometimes globose, pale-yellowish-green, smooth, 2.3-3.5/x long, 2-3/x dm ; sclerotia in dense clusters,

subglobose up to ellipsoid, yellow-brown up to dark brown, 140-320/A

long,130-255/;idm."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

^'Pénicillium crustosum Thorn var. sjnnulosporum Sasaki, Jour.

Fac. Agr. Hokkaido Univ. 49: 158. 1950.

"Oolonies on Czapek's solution-agar spreading, fasciculate or velvety, zonate broadly, with the development of continuous crusts of

conidial chains, which break off as irregular masses when struck or

tapped; drops colorless; odor slightly fruity; conidial area elm green

or varley's green (Rdg., XVII, 27'-XVIII, 31') when young, oHvebrown (Rdg., XL, 17'^') in old cultures; reverse colorless or cream

color to naples yellow (Edg., XVI, 19'), margin gnaphalium green

(Rdg., XLVII, 29;''') ; substratum uncolored. Conidiophores 60-300ft

long by 4-5ju, in diameter, with walls rough pitted, single or coremiform ; penicillus consisting usually of the main axis and one branch

variously up to 40/* long appressed with few metulae 10-18/* long and

groups of sterigmata 10-11 by 3-4/x; conidia globose 3-4.5/* in diameter, markedly spinulose; conidial chains parallel; sclerotia or

perithecia not found.

"Growth on Koji extract-gelatin abundant, andover green (Rdg.,

XLVII, 25"") ; reverse radiately wrinkled, light grayish olive (Rdg.,

XLVI, 21""), margin olive ocher (Rdg,, XXX, 21") ; gelatin liquefied partly, becoming slightly brownish.

"Growth on potato abundant, velvety, Lincoln green (Rdg., XLI,

25'").

"Milk strongly peptonized; litmus changed to blue at first, then

neutral, through faint red, reduced atlast."

Pénicillium cyclopium West var. album G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol.

Soc. 34: 18. 1951.

"Cultures have exactly the characters of P. cyclopium West, except

for the total lack of conidial pigment. Colonies granular velvety, in-
34 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

distinctly zoned, persistently white even in age with reverse pale

yellowish brown and strong mouldy odour; penicilli typical, asymmetric with normally three stages of branching; conidiophores

rough, S-5/i in diameter; phialides 10-11X2.5/*; conidia globose to

subglobose, smooth, 3.1-3.8/x diameter."

Pénicillium cylindrosvorum G. Smith Trans. Brit. MycoL Soc. 40:483.

1957.

'^Colonies on Czapek agar thin velvety, inclined to be patchy, dull

avellaneous, with reverse uncoloured; on malt agar growing fairly

well, velvety, dull avellaneous with sordid yellow margin and with reverse dark dirty greenish brown; on potato agar similar except that

the reverse is somewhat more greenish ; stated by Mrs. J. Robson (from

whom the original culture was received) that green respiration drops

are produced in old cultures, but these have not been observed in subcultures; penicillus sometimes with a more or less divergent cluster of

metulae (the P, citHniim type), but more often irregular, with a branch

or branches from lower nodes, bearing phialides alone or metulae and

phialides mixed in the same verticil, sometimes showing the same

mixed verticils in the terminal part of the structure; conidiophores

long and sinuous, mostly arising from submerged mycelium, rough,

2.5-4/A diam.; rami, when present, rough, 16-25 X 2.5-4/* ; metulae

usually 12-20/A long, but shoiter, 9-10/A, in the more complicated heads,

and 2-4j«. diam.; phialides almost cylindrical, tapering abruptly at

the tip, very regular in length, 11X 2.5-3/*; conidia usually cylindrical

(hence the specific epithet), 4.2-5.5X1.8-2.2/*, mostly 5X2/*, but occasionally ovate to ellipsoidal, 3.2-3.5 X 2.2-2.5/* ; conidial chains divergent then tangled, or sometimes in several loose, twisted columnar

masses.

"The species is to be classified in the Asymmetrica-Divaricata

(Raper and Thom, 1949), and is best placed, atleast for the time being,

in the P. lilacinwm series. . . ."

^PenicilUwm decumbens Thom var, atrovirens Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl.

Microbio!, Tokyo 2: 70. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar are rather restrictedly spreading, attaining a diameter of 25 to 28 mm in 10 to 12 days at 25^ C, typically

velvety, with a white margin 0.2 mm wide, typically radiately furrowed, sporulating abundantly in blackish yellow-green shades near

Dusky Yellow Green or Dull Blackish Green, unchanging or becoming

Dark Ivy Green; exúdate limited, colorless; odor lacking or slight,

moldy; reverse colorless throughout or in slightly greenish shades

localized in the central area; conidiophores generally arising in a

close stand directly from the substratum or basal felt, sometimes from

aerial mycelium, mostly 60 to 120/* or sometimes 260/* long by 1.5-2.5/*

in diameter, with apices enlarged to 3.7-6.2/¿ in diameter, with walls

smooth or nearly so; penicilli strictly monoverticillate; sterigmata in
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 35

verticils of 7 to 14, parallel or compact, mostly 6.8-9.3/A or up to 13.7/A

by 1.7~2.5jEx, acute type with smooth walls or nearly so ; conidia elliptical to subglobose, mostly 2.4-3,1/4, by^ 1.8~2.5/i5 with walls smooth or

slightly rough, showing loosely or delicately roughened walls in electron microscopy ; chains of conidia in columns or tangled, up to 60-

130ju in length.

"Colonies on steej) agar spreading, up to 30 to 32 mm. in 10 to 12

days at 25 °C., the other characters as described above for Czapek

agar.

"Strains differ markedly from P. decmnbens Thorn in the velvety

character of their colonies, and also their blackish yellow-green color."

KOTE: "P. deciimhens Thorn var. atrovirens Abe becomes F.

atrovirens G. Smith." Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

"^Pénicillium digitatum Saccardo var, latum Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl.

Microbio!., Tokyo 2:97. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow broadly spreading, attaining a diameter of 65 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C ; g-enerally plane or smooth ;

with 1.2 mm. margin, abundantly sporulating in blue green shades,

near Greenish Glaucous blue, and with typical dark blue green shades,

near Dark Green, in the central area, becoming Sage Green with age ;

exúdate lacking ; odor pronounced, strongly aromatic near citrus fruit

fragrance ; reverse in dull yellow shades, with surrounding agar colorless; conidiophores arising primarily from the substratum or from

basal felt, variable in length, commonly up to 60-320/* in length by

4.0-5.0/A in diameter, with apices enlarged to 4.3-6.3/A in diameter, with

walls smooth or nearly so ; penicilli biverticillate and asymmetrical,

commonly showing one or more branches in addition to the main axis,

terminating in verticils of 2 to 4 metulae-bearing sterigmata; branches

variable, commonly 12.0-18.7/x in length by 3.1-5.3/* in diameter;

metulae usually variable in length, mostly 12.0-2.0/i by 3.1-5.6/t, compact or somewhat divergent; sterigmata in somewhat divergent verticils of 2 to 5, equally variable and ranging from 10.6-18.0/x by 3.1-4.7/* ;

conidia cylindrical to long elliptical, mostly 3.7-5.6/x by 2.5-3.7/*, and

occasionally up to 6.2-7,5/* by 2.5-4,4/*, with smooth walls or nearly so ;

conidial chains loosely divergent or tangled, up to 60-120/* in length ;

conidia showing delicately roughened walls in electron microscopy

(spines less than 0.1/t).

"Colonies on steep agar grow broadly, 78 mm. in 10 to 12 days at

25° C, with a somewhat broad white margin, 2.0 to 4.0 mm. wide, reverse in brownish shades ; the other characters are as described above.

"This strain differs from P. digitaUim Saccardo primarily in the

broadly spreading and luxuriantly growing colonies on Czapek agar,

the typical blue-green color of its colonies, and also in the length of its

conidiophores (60-320/*),"

NOTE: "F, digitatum Sacc. var, latum Abe becomes P. japonicum

G. Smith," Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.
36 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

^Pénicillium echinosforum Feliira, Jour. Ferment. TechnoL 11:861.

1933,

^'On Czapek's solution agar the mycelium is yellow-green and the

margins consist of a 2 mm white border. The colony measures 1 cm

in dm after 7 days. In age the white border disappears and the culture

becomes a dirty dark-green color; the reverse is bright yellow but

sometimes brown in age with yellow-brown zonation. If the culture

is floccose w^hen young, it becomes velvety with age. At 33"^ C. the

colony is of a very dark green color with the reverse yellow to brownish-purple. At 37° no growth occurs.

"When examined under a microscope, one may find hyphae in ropes.

The width of a hypha is 2-3/*.

"The penicillus is biverticillate-asymmetric, 21-33jLt; metulae 8-9¿Lt,

sterigmata 10-12/*. The spores are elliptical, 2X3/*, with the ends appearing pointed ; some spores are round, 2-2.5/t; they are rough and

spiny.

"This fungus belongs to the lanata-typica of the BiverticillataAsymmetrica and is floccose."

(Translated from the Japanese by N". Wakabayashi.)

NOTE : According to Abe, "a culture was received from Kominami

& Tubaki as P. echinosporum îiehira ; the strain is considered synonymous with P. verruculosumJ^ Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo

2:121. 1956.

"^Pénicillium echinulonalgiomnse Abe (as ^^eehinulo-nalgiovense'^) ^

Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 81. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather restrictedly, attaining a

diameter of 36 to 37 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, velutinous or

subfloccose, consisting of a fairly close network of vegetative mycelia

bearing crowded conidial structures; radially furrowed, with a white

or pale yellow margin 1.0 to 2.0 mm, wide; conidial areas in olive or

yellow green shades near Olive Green or Lincoln Green, becoming

Citrine Drab with age; exúdate lacking or limited, colorless; odor

limited, moldy ; reverse in typical reddish shades near Maroon, Victoria Lake or Hay's Maroon, with surrounding agar in pale yellow or

light reddish shades; conidiophores arising primarily from the substratum or from basal felt, and sometimes from aerial hyphae, variable in length, commonly up to 60 to 190 or 380/A long by 2.5-3.3¿u in

diameter, typically rough-walled, and with apices 3.0-4.4/* in diameter; j)enicilli biverticillate, asymmetrical and strongly divaricate,

consisting variously of occasional branches, metulae and sterigmata,

with branches and metulae varying markedly in arrangement and in

size; branches variable, commonly 10.0-20.0 or 25.0/t in length by

2.0-3.2/x in diameter, metalue typically divergent, 9,3-15.6 or 20.0/x

by 2.1-3.2/t ; sterigmata in compact or loosely compact verticils of 3 to

6 or 7, mostly 8.5-10.4 or 12.5/«, by 2.1-3.4/x, acute type; conidia ovate

(near strawberry form) or subglobose, mostly 2.5-3.8/t, typically

echinulate or verruculose walled ; conidial chains usually columnar or
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 37

loosely tangled up to 30-70 or 130/x in length; and conidia with

echinnlate or verruculose walls as seen in electron microscopy. Colonies

on steep agar (grow) rather more rapidly than on Czapek agar, 47 to

48 mm. in diameter in 10 to 12 days at 25^ C ; the other characters are as

described above.

"These strains differ markedly from P. nalgiovensis Laxa, primarily

in the usually ovate form of conidia with echinulate or verruculose

walls and in the conidiophores mostly 60-380/* in length. The strains

also differ markedly from P. nigricans (Bainier) Thorn, primarily in

the olive-green or dull yellow-green colors of conidial areas, in the

strongly reddish colors of the reverse, and in the ovate form of the

conidia.

"The species clearly belongs in the Biverticillata-Asymmetrica section and IS most satisfactorily assigned to the P. canescens series, as in

the classification of Eaper and Thom."

NOTE : "P. echinulonalgio'vense Abe is P. janthinelhim Biourge." G.

Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46:332 1963.

"^^Peniciïliwïïh elUptiûum Sasaki, Jour. Fac. Agr. Hokkaido Univ. 49 :

151. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's solution-agar restricted, center raised to 1.5

to 3 nnn. high, rugose, funiculose, margin white about 1 mm. in

width, conidial area tea green (Edg., XLVII, 25'^''), azonate; large

colorless drops seen abundantly; reverse of colonies olive-buff (Edg.,

XL, 21'^') to olive-gray or dark olive-gray (Edg., LI, 23'"''') ; substrate uncolored. Conidiophores mostly arising from trailing or anastomosing hyphae, simple or sparingly branched with sterigmata

monoverticillate, walls smooth, 2 to 2.5/A in diameter, and to 200ju. long

when arising from submerged hyphae, up to 10-40ju, long as branches

of aerial hyphae; sterigmata 10-16X2.5-4/X, 2 to 3 in number; conidia

elliptical, faintly spinulose, 3-4.5 X l,7-2,8ix ; conidial chains parallel or

divergent, sclerotia or perithecia not produced.

"Growth on Koji extract-gelatin abundant, rugose, mineral gray

(Edg., XLVII, 25''^0 to deep grayish olive (Edg., XLVI, 21''^') ; reverse dull citrine (Eidg., XVI, 21') to Kronberg's green (Edg.,

XXXI, 25'') ; gelatin liquefied, uncolored.

"Growth on potato abundant, rugose, felted, white with aerial

hyphae.

"Milk alkaline but not peptonized."

Penioillium emersonii Stolk (Perfect state: Talaromyces emersonii

Stolk), Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 31: 262. 1965.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow somewhat restrictedly, attaining a

diameter of 2.5-4 cm in 7 days at 45° C. Usually they grow in a very

thin layer, producing limited conidial structures in shades of OliveBuff to Deep or Dark Olive-Buff (Eidgway, 1912, PL 40). Occasionally a few scattered, uncoloured to pale yellow ascocarps are produced.

292-664—68 6
38 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

An exúdate occurs in small, clear droplets. The reverse of the colonies

way^Pl. S) ' ^^ ^ '"^ *^''*^'' '^ ^^"^"^"^ ^^'^ Olive-Buff (EidJ!

cm'l^^rdavr.fÄ ^i^^F""^ ^T'*^^^ ^i^^V}^S a diameter of 7-9

cm. in 7 days at 45" C. The mycelium is hyaline, partly submers-ed

partly aerial, appearing definitely funiculoi. A^cîcarpî aîeTbS

Ärt?i' ^b«^"}g yf^^ shades near Colonial and Deep Colon- ial Buff (Kidgway, PL 30 , at maturity becoming orange brown to

PITTQ Ws fofT'l.r^'"^ ?""^- ^ify ^r'."^ Fawi Color^ (Eidjway' 29, 40). They are intermixed with and overgrown by pale hrown

conidial structures, near Dark Olive-Buff and Afellaneo^^Kidgwry.

? *?!• i^^°lo"rl«ss t? «ream coloured exúdate is produced in smaî

droplets The reverse of the colonies shows brown shades

an^^- *^®%al"ie, 1-3/iin diameter,

o.. I'^i'^P^*^''®^ ^"^^ primarily from submerged hyphae but they

ZV^^ ^"T ^' P^P^^d^^^^^r branches from afnal hyphae or roS

erect ïintnfpiriff'''- í^^^lW^f ?^^ ^^^^^^^ *« P^^« y«"o^> erect, septate, 36-150,* in length, 3^.5,* in diameter, with coarsely

roughened, walls PeniciUi are of the Asymmetrica type They a?e

somewhat irregular m pattern, sometimes consisting of only one impact to s ightly divergent, terminal verticil of three to five metuke but

SrSA^ '^r^ ''''r 'r. ^^^^«^^« ^^ addition tTthi ¿a S

Äw^n? ^ f^* ^^T^""^^ °^ *^'? penicillus are hyaline to slightly

yellow coloured. Branches are rough, (12-25) X (2.5-8)u, often showbrfncfArr' "P *° ^' ^" f^^^^t-^^'- occasWlliT'tSy aî rl branched. Metulae are very rough, 10-12/. long, 2.5-3; in diameter

rSirS,."^- "PT "P.^> f ^^^°^^'^^- Phi^fi^es are^lmS "ylin-' drical, tapermg abruptly to short conidium-bearing tips up to ¿ in

ÄJifTP^f"^1-r^^g^d: occurring in crowded clusteS aCt live to ten to the metula, measuring (9-12) X (2-2 5U PhialiVIP wX

are commonly smooth, but occasionally they apilríou'^Wd CoSd^^^

mg at maturity and becoming ellipsoid (3.5-6) X (1.5-8)«, rarely un

to 12/. in length. They are produced in long, loosely adherent ïo mí

írolf^pT'' "**?f ^" ^^ ^""^^ °°^" "«- S^cocarps are abidantty produced on malt agar and oatmeal agar; they form mostly an aWt

continuous layer at the agar surface. They a?e variable i^shapfand

dimensions, usualy confluent, but when-borne separately, tSy are

globose to ellipsoid mostly 50-300/. in diameter. Ascocarps are soft Tí

all stages of development, yellow coloured when young, becoming

avellaneous to orange brown when old. A definite, entire peridkl wTll

IS lacking, only a thin network of interwoven, yellow hyph?e is prelent

especially at the base of the ascocarp where'it may ap^^Bar somewhat

pseudoparenchymatous Ascocarps are surrounded by loose wefTs of

radiating, twisted, hyaline to pale yellow hyphae (about l/TtSck)

producing a conspicuously pilose appearance at low magnificat on«

Asci are produced abundantly throughout the ascocarp ; thfy are boTne

in short chains though occasionally a few asci occur that are developed

/Äf• r^ ^''^ evanescent, subglobose to ellipsoid, 8-spored, (8-9) X

(6-8)/x. Ascospores are subglobose, (3.5-4.3) X (3-3.5)u, smooth or

nearly so, definitely yellow coloured. In young cilturei co^pTcnous!
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 39

swollen cells have been observed^ which take up stains very easily. They

always occur in connection with ascocarpic initials and though their

exact function could not be demonstrated, they may represent ascogonia.

"The fungus does not grow at 25°C, At 30°C. a slight development

occurs with only a few abnormal conidial structures and a very few

ascocarps. From 35^ C. to 50"^ C. the fungus develops well, producing

both ascocarps and penicilli in abundance. Optimal development occurs

at 40°-45^ C. Limited growth results at 55° C, at which temperature

only the conidial stage is produced. None of the examined strains

develops at 60° C.

"P. emersonii resembles in some respects the non-thermophilic imperfect fungus Pénicillium cylindrosporum Smith. The penicilli of both

species show conspicuously roughened cell walls, they both produce

avellaneous, cylindrical conidia and phialides of the same shape. The

penicillus of P. cylindrosporum^ however, shows more divergent structures.'^

^PeniöiUium estinogenum Komatsu and Abe apud Abe, Jour. Gen.

Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 132. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather rapidly, spreading, attaining

a diameter of 40 to 50 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25'' C, consisting of a

comparatively hard and thin basal felt bearing crowded conidial

structures, typically velvety, with surface radially furrowed, a white

margin about 1.0 mm. wide, conidial areas in dark yellow green shades,

near Dark American Green becoming Ivy Green or Light Brownish

Olive ; exúdate limited, in pale yellow shades ; odor lacking or limited,

moldy ; reverse in dull yellow or olive shades, becoming olive in the

central area and brownish or brownish olive in the marginal areas;

surrounding agar yellow or pale greenish ; conidiophores arising primarily from the substratum or from basal felt, commonly 90-180jn

in length by 2.5-5.2ju. in diameter, with apices 4.0-5.9/* in diameter, and

slightly roughened walls; penicilli biverticillate and symmetrical,

usually consisting of a single verticil of 4 to 6 metulae, each terminating in verticils of 4 to 7 sterigmata, metulae mostly 10.0-15.2/jt in length

by 2.4r-3.6/jt in diameter, loosely compact or somewhat divergent ; sterigmata compact, mostly 8.0-12.0/x by 2.1-3.0/i, and narrowly tapered;

conidia elliptical or ovate, mostly 3.0-4.0/Jt by 2.5-3.1ju,, with granular

or verruculose walls; conidial chains tangled or loosely parallel, up to

60-lBOju. in length ; and conidia showing granular or verruculose walls

in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar grow rather broadly, 46 to 62 mm, in 10 to

12 days at 25° C; the other characters are as described above.

"These strains differ markedly from P. herquei Bainier and Sartory

primarily in the typically granular or verruculose conidial walls, in

the infrequent production of beak-like sterigmata, and in the rarely

observed suggestively divaricate arrangement of metulae.

"The strains also differ markedly from P. novae-^eelandiae van

Beyma primarily in the typical elliptical form and granular or verruculose walls of thé conidia.
40 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

"The correct placement of the sgecies remains in doubt, but it appears to be most satisfactorily assignable to (the P, herquei series)

in the Biverticillata-Symmetrica as m the classification of Eaper and

Thorn."

NOTE : G. Smith (Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 335. 1963) provided

a Latin diagnosis for this species, the complete name of wliicii is now

P. estinogenum Komatsu and Abe ex G. Smith.

"^Pénicillium fellutanum Biourge var. nigrocastaneum Abe, Jour. Gen.

Appl. Microbio!., Tokyo 2: 71. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar are rather restrictedly spreading, attaining a diameter of 23 to 24 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25 "" C, typically

velvety or velutinous, with a white narrow margin, 0.2 mm. wide,

buckled and typically radiately furrowed, sporulating abundantly in

dark blue-green shades near Dark Russian Green, becoming blackish

green; exúdate lacking; reverse colorless in marginal area and drab

in the central area, localized, turning to pink in the marginal area

and Clove Brown in the localized control area ; conidiophores generally

arising from a basal felt, or sometimes trailing or prostrate creeping

hyhae, mostly 40--120/>6 long by 1.7-2.0/* diameter, with apices enlarged

to 3.0-4.3/4, in diameter, and smooth walled or nearly so; penicilli

strictly monoverticillate; sterigmata in verticils of 6 to 12, parallel,

mostly 10.0~13.2/A by 2,l-3.1ju, acute type; conidia elliptical to subglobose, mostly 2.5-3.4/* by 2.1-2.8/*, with walls smooth or slightly

rough and loosely or delicately roughened walls shown by electron

microscopy; chains of conidia in loose columns or parallel, up to 30

to 120/A in length.

"Colonies on steep agar are spreading, growing to 28 to 29 mm. in

10 to 12 days at 25° C, elevated in the central area; other features

are as described above.

" (These strains) seem to be similar to P, fellutanum Biourge. However, they differ markedly from P. féWwtanum in the velutinous character of their colonies, the dark blue-green color changing to blackishgreen, the growth at 37° C, the length of their sterigmata, the production of a strongly brownish-red color in the colony reverse, and

the production of a strongly red (near Grenadine Eed) color of their

broth by surface color."

NOTE : "F. fellutanum Biourge var. nigrocastaneum Abe, is not separable from P, fellutanum; the varietal epithet should be dropped."

G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 332. 1963.

"^'Pénicillium fuscofiavum Abe (as ^'fusco-flavum)^ Jour. Gen. Appl.

Microbio!., Tokyo 2: 64. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather heavy but restrictedly, attaining a diameter of 8 to 10 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C; texture

velutinous in marginal to subcentral colony area but somewhat subfloccose in central area, colony smooth or plane and somewhat raised
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 41

in the center; conidia! area in blackish yellow green shades near Dusky

Yellowish Green with lighter shades in the narrow, thin margin ; exúdate lacking; reverse colorless; conidiophores with punctate walls

arising from the substratum, usually 15.0-30/x by 2,2-Z,7JJLJ apices enlarged, to 3.7-6.2/A in diameter; penicilli strictly monoverticillate;

sterigmata mostly somewhat divergent, in verticils of 3 to 8, 6.2-7.5/A

by 1.7-3.0jLi, smooth walled or nearly so; conidia elliptical to subglobose, mostly 3.7-6,0/x by 3.0-4.0ft, with conspicuously echinulate or

verruculose walls ; chains of conidia tangled, up to 80-60/jt in length ;

and conidia showing conspicuously echinulate or verruculose walls in

electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar are heavy and restrictedly spreading, up

to 10 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C; the other characters are as

described above.

"The strain differs markedly from P, fuscum (Sopp) Eaper and

Thorn, in the very restricted character of its growth, in the blackish

yellow green color of its colony and also in its long elliptical conidia.

"The correct placement of the species remains in doubt, but it

appears to be most satisfactorily assignable to (the P. restrictum

series) in the Monoverticillata."

NOTE: "P. fuseoßavum Abe is Aspergillus restrictus G. Smith,"

G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46:332. 1963.

PenioiUium glaucocinerascens Chalabuda, Not. Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot.

Acad. Sei., U.S.S.K. 6: 165. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar tomentose, limited growth, gray-olivaceous, clear yellow exúdate, reverse orange. Colonies on sugar beet

root extract agar tomentose (lanose), more or less rounded, at first

creamy-w^hite, later ashen-olivaceous; very small exúdate drops,

numerous, clear, uncolored; reverse orange-brown, conidiophores

90-100 X2/X commonly very slightly roughened, ends divaricately

branched; sterigmata 7xl.6-2/x. Conidia ellipsoid, smooth,

2.5-3 X 1.8-2jut, yellow-olivaceous in mass."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

Pénicillium glaucolanosum Chalabuda, Not. Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot.

Acad. Sei., U.S.S.E. 6: 167. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar minute, ash-colored, densely tomentose,

but not in marginal zone; reverse clear yellow-olivaceous or rosecolored; on sugar beet root extract agar densely tomentose, whiteashen ; reverse dirty brown ; conidiophores 19-50 X 2.5-3/^, simple, very

slightly roughened, arising from creeping hyphae, tips 3-5^, sterigmata 6.5-8 X2-2.5/X. Conidia hardly ellipsoid or globose, smooth,

olivaceous in mass, 2.5-3.5j(x."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)
42 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT, OF AGRICULTURE

^Penicillkim gríseo-azureum Moreau, Eev. MycoL NS, VI, p. 59,1941.

"It forms a smootli mat on nutritive agar, producing a gray-blue

color at the margin, becoming mouse gray; the culture develops a

yellow pigment underneath (reverse).

"The mat in the center consists of erect conidiophores, short,

clustered, simple or a little branched at the tips. The end bears the

sterigmata which rise above the terminal parts, which by no means

are scarcelj^ inflated while young, more visibly inflated in heads when

the number of sterigmata increases beyond a few units. These heads

become up to 4/x in dm.

"The sterigmata are conspicuous for their short fonn, inflated,

pointed at the tips; their dimensions are 5 X 3/^, and the surfaces are

finely dotted.

"The pigmentation of the cultures is due to the presence of coloring

material in the cell walls or in the cytoplasm. The spore walls uncolored while young, become dirty green then green-yellowish. In the

cytoplasm of surface hyphae, a sky-blue pigment is often diffused,

especially abundant in the sterigmata and spores, more is also present in the hyphae; the blue pigment is scattered in all the cytoplasm,

more especially localized in the oil globules. The color of the cultures

and its variations are linked to the relative proportions of the two

tints green and blue.

"At length the hyphae are rich in an oil in which is dissolved a

yellow coloring substance ; this is the cause of the yellow color in the

culture reverse."

(Translated from the French.)

Pénicillium griseolum G. Smith, Trans. Brit. MycoL Soc. 40: 485.

1957.

"Colonies on Czapek agar spreading moderately quickly but extremely thin, transparent, showing no visible mycelium but only

scattered penicilli, giving a very faint greenish hue to the colony ; on

malt agar or potato-dextrose agar growing moderately well, at ñrst

pale grey with broad white edge, turning darker grey, matted

funiculose about 1 mm. thick; reverse brown with a greenish tone

(somewhat like mustard but rather darker and duller) ; penicilli

strictly monoverticillate; conidiophores arising from aerial hyphae,

very short, smooth, 12-35 Xl,2-2ja; phialides few in the verticil,

abruptly pointed, 6-7X 1.62/x; ripe conidia globose or nearly so, faintly

verrucose, 3.1-4.0ju diam, but mostly in the range 3.2-3.5/^, in parallel

chains or forming somewhat loose columns; young conidia oidiumlike, small, cylindrical, swelling only slowly and remaining in chains

attached to the phialides, even on mounting in fluid.

"This species belongs to the Funiculosa section of the Monoverticillata, in the P, adametzi series, and closest to F. terUhowshii Zaleski,

from which it differs in its very poor growth on Czapek agar, in its

lack of green color on malt agar, in its different reverse color, and in
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 43

the curious tendency, conspicuous otherwise only in^ F. italicum^ to

form oidium-like chains of very slowly ripening conidia."

Pénicillium griseopurpureum G. Smith, Trans. Brit. MycoL Soc. 48 :

274. 1965.

^^Colonies on Czapek agar growing somewhat slowly, 16-17 mm.

diam. in 7 days at 24^, bluish grey green at first, rapidly^ becoming

almost pure grey, with no white margin, thick velvety, with reverse

at first dull purple, not diffusing, becoming very dark brownish

purple; colonies on malt agar growing slightly more rapidly, 20 mm.

diam. in 7 days, slightly funiculose, coloured as on Czapek agar, with

reverse deep dull purple, diffusing somewhat; penicilli consisting of

whorls of metulae, somewhat divergent, and often unequal in length

in a single verticil, occasionally with a secondary branch from the

next lower node of the conidiophore, this bearing phialides^ only or

with a small cluster of metulae each bearing phialides ; conidiophores

arising mostly from the substratum, usually about 500/A long and

2.4-3,2/jt diam., slightly rough; metulae 8-18X2.5-3.5^*; phialides

with fairly longpointed tips, 10X2-2.2/^, conidia globose to subglobose, slightly rough, 2.2-2.6/i. diam,, in chains, at first divergent or

in ill-defined colunms, becoming more or less tangled.

"This species is to be classified either in the Biverticillata-Asymmetrica or in the Divaricata, and is distinguished by the purple reverse

of colonies and by its small conidia."

PenÎGiUium hirayamae TJdagawa, Jour. Agr. Sei. Tokyo Nogyo

Daigakuö: 6. 1959.

"Colonies on Czapek agar growing rather restrictedly, tomentose to

somewhat funiculose, consisting of a reddish yellow mycelial felt overlaid by a network of trailing and interlacing hyphae and ropes of

hyphae, with irregular production of conidial structures, often appearing massed in sectors, in grayish green shades near dark porcelain

green to dusky green (ßidgway, 1912), immature sclerotia scattered

only in localized areas, reverse pale yellow. Conidiophores 30-50 X

2.5-3/*, borne as short branches from closely interwoven aerial hyphae,

septate, smooth. Penicilli strictly monoverticillate, Sterigmata 3-8 in

the verticil, mostly 6.5-8 X 2/*, with condium-bearing tips more or less

abrupt. Conidia ellipsoid to subglobose, 2.5-3.2 X2-2.5ju., walls smooth

and comparatively heavy, in loose parallel chains up to 100/A or more

in length.

^^On malt agar, rapidly growing, more definitely funiculose, consisting of a fairly close, thin layer of sclerotia with yellow encrusted

sterile hyphae, overgrown but not obscured by a loose network of

aerial hyphae, conidial areas in blue green shades near Russian green,

margins dissected, reverse light cadmium to apricot yellow. Sclerotia at

first cadmium yellow to orange, often becoming dark-colored in age,

spherical to subspherical, 200-350/^, in diam., consisting of thick-walled

polygonal cells, hard.
44 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

"At 37*^ C, conidial structures not produced."

NOTE : D. B. Scott and Amelia C. Stolk reported in "Antonie van

Leeuwenhoek'' 33: 305,1967, that this taxon has a perfect stage, which

they named Eupeniciltium hirayamae. Their description of this stage

is given as follows :

'^Cleistothecia are spherical to subspherical, 200-300/A in diameter.

They are surrounded by very thin wefts of highly pigmented and encrusted hyphae, yellow-orange when young, but darkening slowdy in

age. In their young stage they are very hard, consisting of sclerotioid

masses of thick-walled polygonal cells. After 5 to 6 weeks asci begin to

appear in the centre. Eipening continues from the centre outwards till

the ascocarp is almost completely filled with ascospores. Mature ascocarps show an outer wall which consists of a single layer of cells. Asci

are borne as lateral buds or branches from fertile hyphae which appear

in the centre of the ascocarp, chains were not found. They are globose

to oblong, 6-7/x at maturity, and contain 8 spores. Ascospores are yellow, lenticular, rather small measuring 2.2-2,7/* by l,5-2.0/;t, with walls

finely roughened and with two small and closely appressed but clearly

distinct equatorial ridges.

"The fact... that ascospores are consistently produced in all isolates

examined, places this species in the genus Eupenicillium or in the P,

javanicum series of Raper and Thorn (1949).''

Pénicillium impar V. Szilvinyi, Zentbl. f. Bakt., Parasitenk., u. Infektionskrank 103: 164. 1940-41.

"On Czapek's agar after 7 days, (colonies are) round, finely-wooly,

pad-shaped, dark sap-green, compared to the edge which is verdigris

but later is white and sharp-edged against the agar. Copius, large,

hyaline guttation drops; after 10 days, the oldest areas are yellowgreen to gleaming-brownish, with a finely-wooly overlayer. Exúdate

golden-yellow in places; after 14 days (the colonies are) finely-wooly

to floccose, dark to brightly yellow-green with a whitish edge. Copius

guttation. Reverse pale yellowish. (There is an) indication of zonation.

Size of the colony : 10 mm after seven days, 25 mm after ten days.

Conidiophores smooth, hyaline, dm. 3-4/^, (penicilli divaricate),

metulae 5 X 2/fx. Sterigmata likewise 5 X 2/x. Conidia smooth, round, dm.

2.5/x, in open chains. Minimum temperature for growth is 8° C, optimum temperature is 26° C, and maximum is 26°-36° C."

(Translated from the German.)

Pénicillium indicum D. K. and R. S, Sandhu, Canad. Jour. Bot.

41:1273. 1963.

"Colonies growing rapidly on Czapek's agar, reaching a diameter

of 5 cm in 10 days at 25° C, plane but raised and somewhat fluffy in

the center, white at first and then becoming grayish green after the

development of abundant penicilli. Sclerotia abundant, lending color

to the colony. Exúdate abundant and colorless. Penicilli monovertic-
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 45

illate, conidial chains thin, columnar, slightly loose, 109-272/* by 20/x.

Conidiophores arising from the aerial hyphae, short, smooth, 17-39/x

in length, 1,7-2.5/x in diameter, uncolored to slightly greenish, apices

of the conidiophores enlarged like vesicles 3.4-6.5/x in diameter.

Sterigmata parallel, crowded, up to 15 per vesicle, 6.8-8.4/1, by 1.7/x.

Conidia globose to subglobose, 1.7-2.5/x in diameter, smooth walled.

Sclerotia globose to subglobose, white to cream colored, produced

throughout the colony, soft, easily crushed, composed of thick-walled

pseudoparenchymatous cells and not enveloped by hyphae, 55-150/1, in

diameter.

^'Colonies on cornmeal agar very thin spreading 5 cm in 10 days,

grayish green, sclerotia produced in small numbers, clustered in small

groups or present singly, conspicuous, penicilli as on Czapek's agar.

"Colonies on malt agar spreading, 5.5 cm in 10 days, sporing heavily,

slightly powdery, grayish green, producing abundant sclerotia which

do not lend color to the colony, penicilli as described above.

"The outstanding characters of P. indicum are the smooth and short

conidiophores arising from aerial hyphae, monoverticillate penicilli,

smooth and globose conidia, and the production of soft, white to

creamy sclerotia scattered all over the colony and not surrounded by

an envelope of hyphae. On the basis of these characters P, indicum

should naturally be placed in the P, thomii series in the Monoverticillata Section of Raper and Thorn (1949). But it is clearly marked from

all the hitherto known species including P. pinetorum (Christensen

and Backus, 1961), another monoverticillate form described recently

and probably also belong to the P. thomii series.

"P. indicum has some resemblance to non-sclerotial P. decumhens

Thorn."

(According to Dorothy I. Fennell, who examined a culture of P.

indicum at the authors' request, "The conidial structure and general growth habit are quite similar to P. decumbens but this species

has never been known to produce sclerotia. The present members of

the P. thomii series do not include a species which produces the white

to cream sclerotia developed by this isolate.")

Pénicillium isariiforme Stolk and J. Meyer, {as ''isariaeforme^'^) ^

Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 40:187. 1957.

"Colonies on Czapek agar in Petri dishes grow well, attaining a

diameter of about 4 cm. in 14 days at room temperature (20° C).

They are extremely fasciculate, consisting of a fairly tough, somewhat

funiculose but essentially plane basal felt from which the /^arm-like

coremia arise in conspicuous concentric zones. The basal felt, generally

somewhat raised in central areas, bears loosely scattered, separate

penicilli in pale yellow green shades near Dull Green Yellow (Eidgeway, 1912) and Deep Sea-foam Green becoming Drab in age. The

colony margin is in very young cultures even with advancing zone

white and somewhat fibrous owing to developing coremia. Older colonies often become star-like on account of the growth of the exterior

coremia. The coremia are fibrous, mostly simple, 1-4 mm, in diameter
46 AGRICULTUEE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

throughout and up to 15 cm. long in a liter Erlenmeyer flask. The

coremia are not differentiated into a stalk and a spore-bearing tijD,

th^ßj are at first white to Light Chalcedony Yellow, but soon dev^elop

yellow green shades near Light Hellebore Green and Cress Green becoming Jade Green or Olive in age. Growing coremia are characterized

by conspicuous white tips. Often the stalks are zonate, fertile green

bands alternating with sterile yellow ones. The coremia are strongly

positively phototropic. Areas of flocculent, sterikj white or pale yellow

overgrowth may develop in older cultures, thus altering the cultural

aspect of the colony. This occurs especially in tubes and in Erlenmeyer

flasks containing a deep layer of culture medium. Exúdate in pale

yellow drops. Odour mouldy. Reverse in yellow shades, near Light

Chalcedony Yellow^, beneath the coremia Light Grayish Olive and in

the centrum becoming Deep Olive-buff in age. The penicilli are abundantly produced along the coremia, sometimes individually hardly distinguishable, with elements closely crowded and interlaced, forming a

hymenium-like spore-bearing surface. The penicilli are mostly composed of well-differentiated—^but irregular-—asymmetric structures,

showing usually one or more sinuous, divergent branches on different

levels in addition to the main axis, or bearing only a single terminal

verticil of metulae. Secondary penicilli arising from branches are often

monoverticillate. Conidiophores sinuous, with smooth walls, mostly

shoii:, about 30-100^ in length, but sometimes up to 350/j,, and 3~4/x in

diameter. Branches sinuous, smooth, 10-25 X 2.5-3^^^. Metulae usually in

groups of two to four, measuring 9-15X3~3J/;t, somewhat divergent,

inflated at the apices. Sterigmata few to the metula, commonly in

groups of two to seven, conspicuously parallel, giving the surface of

the coremia its palisade-like appearance, 12-16 X2.6-3.5¿ti, of an almost

constant diameter throughout, gradually tapering into conidium_-

bearing tips in a manner suggestive of the Biverticillata-Symmetrica.

Conidium-bearing tubes of the sterigmata cup-like, thus designating

the sterigmata as phialides. Conidia elliptical, with one or both ends

pointed, 3-3.8 X2-2.5¿u,5 with walls delicately spinulose, abundantly

produced in tangled chains.

"Colonies on malt agar show a conspicuous tendency to develop

areas of flocculent, sterile overgrowth, coremia and penicilli as described above.

"On account of its strongly coremiform aspect and its irregular,

asymmetric penicilli, the fungus must be placed in the P. claviforme

series (Eaper and Thom, 1949). Within this series it is nearest to P.

clavigerum Demelius, since this species is characterized by sterigmata

of the same general character. Our fungus is distinguished from P.

clamgerum by the much larger coremia, by the conspicuous yellow

color of the mycelium, and by the somewhat pointed, spinulose

conidia."

Pénicillium italiciim Wehmer var. olbmn Wei, Nanking Jour. IX,

p. 241, 1940.

"The fungus produces vigorous white mycelium on a^çar medium.

Both velvety fruiting layer and coremium were formed with the latter
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 47

forming a ring near the center. Fructifications are all pure white. The

morphology of the conidiophores resembles closely that of P. italicum

with sterigmata measuring 8.4r-12.6Xl,8-4:.2/x. Conidia are ovate to

oblong, mostly ovate, measuring 3-8.4 X 2-5.7/IA.

"The present fungus is, however, a mutant of P. italiciwi to which

it agrees both in morphological characters and reaction to temperature."

Pénicillium japoîiicum Gt. Smith. (Syn. P. digitatum Saccardo var.

latum Abe), Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 333. 1963.

"Colonies on Czapek agar spreading rapidly and broadly, velvety,

rather pale blue-green, with a very broad margin consisting of a loose

web of interlacing hyphae, almost white ; reverse reddish brown except

that there is often a central spot which is almost colourless ; penicilli

typically asymmetric, either consisting of a compact cluster of metulae

and phialides, or having two to several rami bearing the metulae, or

occasionally very large and complex with four stages of branching,

the total length being öO-80/A; conidiophores mostly arising from the

submerged mycelium, smooth, often sinuous, 3-4ju, diam. ; metulae variable but mostly 10-16 X3~4jLt; phialides remarkedly uniform in length,

12X2.8-3.0jit; conidia very variable in size and shape, mostly ovoid to

elongate, occasionally pyriform, smooth or with a slightly uneven

surfaces 3.5-7 X 3-4/*, in chains, roughly parallel at first, then tangled.^-

Pénicillium hewense G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 42. 1961.

"Colonies on most of the usual culture media similar, spreading

somewhat slowly, consisting almost entirely of perithecia, showing a

faintly blueish zone of conidia! fructifications only in very young cultures, avellaneous (Eidgway PI. XL), with numerous reddish drops

during the growing period ; reverse deep reddish brown with the colour

diffusing somewhat into the agar; perithecia 190-280/A diam., irregularly globos to ovoid at first sclerotium-like, ripening very slowly

from the centre outwards producing ripe spores in 4-5 weeks; asci

pear-shaped when young becoming ovoid when fully ripe, formed in

chains, 8-spored, 9-10X6-7/;t, ascospores broadly ovoid with two wellseparated equatorial frills, and with the curved surfaces coarsely

roughened, 4.2-5 X 3~3.2JüI ; penicilli asymmetric, compact, with sometimes three stages, sometimes four stages of branching, when 4-verticillate usually with ramuli and metulae in the same verticil, conmionly

with 2-3 rami; conidiophores long, smooth mostly 4.0/x diam.; rami

20-22X3-4/*; metulae lOXS-S.S/x, slightly swollen at apex; phialides

9.5-10X2~2.2/x ; conidia mostly somewhat pear-shaped (appearing

globose or subglobose when seen end on), very slightly roughened,

2.8-3 X2.3-2.5/A5 in chains forming compact masses almost columnar.

"In general appearance of culture, P. hewense is similar to P^AaaTnense van Beyma. It differs from the latter in producing more pigment
48 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

in reverse of colonies, also in having ascospores which are smaller and

with different ornamentation. The two differ also very markedly in

their conidial fructifications.''

PenidUium kojigenum G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 43.

1961.

"On Czapek agar grows moderately well, velvety, at first pale blueish green, then developing dark grey-green shades from the centre

outwards; margin somewhat fimbriate, white; reverse uncoloured;

conidiophores long, smooth, 2.5-3jLt diam., showing a slight tendency to

fasciculation ; penicilli mostly 3 times verticillate, with 2-3 rami

20-30/A long, but sometimes with metulae and phialides in the same

verticil, hence partially 4-verticillate, sometimes with a secondary

branch from a lower node, occasionally with one of the rami bearing

phialides directly; metulae 11-13X2.5-3/jt; phialides 10X2-2.2/*; conidia globose to sub-globose, rough, 2.2-2.6/* diam., in chains which are

at first divergentthen tangled."

PeniciUiu7ïh hurssanomi Chalabuda, Not. Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot. Acad.

Sci.,U.S.S.R. 6: 164. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar growing slowly, round, white, somewhat

tomentose; reverse white. Colonies on sugar beet root extract agar

broadly tomentose, at first white, quickly pale gray-rose, growing

rapidly ; abundant exúdate, minute, pale-rose, mycelium white-rosy ;

reverse initially pale brown, then pale brown-vinaceous with the agar

of similar color; conidiophores 19-30X2.5/* arising from creeping

hyphae, simple, tips bearing 4-5 sterigmata, 11.5X2.8-3/*; conidia at

first ellipsoid then globose, smooth, hyaline, 3-4/*."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

PeniciUium lapidosum Eaper and Fennell, Mycologia 40: 524-525.

1948.

NOTE: D. B. Scott and Amelia C. Stolk reported in "Antonie van

Leeuwenhoek" 33: 298,1967, thatthis taxon has a perfect stage which

they named Eupenioillium lapidosum. Their description of this stage

is given as follows :

"Cleistothecia are more or less spherical, up to 500/* in diameter and

orange-brown in colour, becoming dark red-brown neardzCinnamonEufous (E. PL 14) with age. In the early stages they show no apparent

differences from true sclerotia. They are extremely hard and consist

of thick-walled sclerenchymatous tissue throughout. The ripening

process is delayed for several weeks and 6 weeks or more may elapse

before asci appear in the centre of the ascocarpic body. In some cases

ascospores are apparently not produced at all. Cleistothecia develop

ascospores from the centre outwards and when they are matured a
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 49

few layers of cells on the outside remain intact. Asci are borne singly

on terminal or lateral branches of fertile hyphae. They are spherical

to oval or oblong, 10-12/* in diameter or up to 15/x in long axis when

oblongj and contain 8 spores. Ascospores are slightly yellow when

matured and lenticular in shape. They consist of a central spore body,

measuring 4.5-5.5 X 3.5-4.5/* and ornamented by two prominent and

broadly separated equatorial ridges about 1/x or more in width. The

convex surfaces of the spores show spine-like projections, sometimes

so oriented that they suggest one or more smaller secondary ridges.

The overall dimensions of the ascospores are 5.5-6.5 X 3.5-4.5/A.

"The correct position of this species in the Eaper and Thorn classification is obviously in the P. javanicum series. It resembles Eupenicillium parvum in certain respects such as colours of the colonies, and

the late ripening of the ascocarps. It is easily distinguished from

E, fwwum by its rapid growth on most media and by the form and

dimensions of its ascospores."

Pénicillium Hani Kamyschko, îiot. Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sei.,

U.S.S.E. 15: 86. 1962.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar after 10 days are 4 cm in dm., surface

velvety-tomentose, granular because of numerous cleistothecia, yellow ;

aerial hyphae slightly rose-colored. Exúdate of brown drops, watery.

Eeverse of creamy color, pale dry purple, sometimes darkening. Conidiophores few, born on aerial hyphae, rough-shaped ( ? ), frequently

monoverticillate, sometimes asymmetric and biverticillate, 20-35 X3/x,

sometimes 65/x long, Metulae 12-16 X 2-2.5/jt. Sterigmata 15X2-2.5/X,

tips greatly narrowed, crowded in verticils of 3-4. Conidia lemonshaped or oval, 3-3.5 X2.5-3jii, smooth, at a distance briefly catenulate.

Cleistothecia extremely numerous, yellow, smooth, round, immersed

in tomentose aerial mycelium, no membrane, intricately wrapped up

in compressed hyphae, to 0.5-0.6 mm in dm., maturing within 12-14

days. Asci circular lOju. in dm., membrane somewhat inconspicuous

botryose, occasionally clustered in 2-3 chains, 8-spored. Spores oval,

spore wall usually setose, 4.5-5 X 3.5-4.5/*.

"On fresh wort agar after 10 days, colonies are 6 cm. in dm., yellow,

scarcely rose. Cleistothecia very abundant, 0.5-0.6 mm in dm. No exúdate. Eeverse colored dark-brown. Conidiophores solitary.

"On com agar, colonies after 10 days are 6 cm. in dm., low, thin,

pale brown. Exúdate absent. Eeverse brown colored."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

^'PeniciUium lilacinoecMnulatum Abe (as ^^lilacino-ecMmilatunh''^) ^

Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 54. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather restriötedly, about 30 nnn.

in 10 to 12 days at 25° C; the central area is raised, and sulcate, the

surface appearing typically funiculose, in pale gray green shades near

Mineral Gray or Pale Olive Gray, changing to Tea Green ; exúdate

abundant, colorless ; reverse in near Light Vinaceous Lilac in 6 to 7
50 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

days, changing to yellow shades, and the surrounding agar in pale

yellow shades; penicilli strictly monoverticillate; conidiophores short,

up to 20-^Ofi in length by 1.2-1.9/* in diameter, with walls smooth or

nearly so, and apices enlarged up to 3.0-6.2ju, in diameter; sterigmata

in crowded clusters, numbering 6 to 15 in a verticil, mostly 5.0-7.0/w

or rarely 9.3/i in length by 1.5-2.5/* in diameter, acute type with smooth

walls or nearly so ; conidia globose to sub-globose, with typically echinulate or verruculose walls, mostly 2.1-2,8/* in diameter; chains of

conidia in parallel or loose columns, commonly up to 30 to 60/* in

length ; and conidia showing conspicuously echinulate or verruculose

walls in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar are restricted, growing to about 3T mm. in

10 to 12 days at 25° C; the other characters are as described above.

^^This strain is separated from P. restriotum Oilman and Abbott

and related species by the typically funiculose üharaöter of its colonies,

their color, and the character of rarely growing on Sakaguchi and

Wang agar.

"The strain also differs markedly from P, terlihoioshii Zaleski in

ih.Q pigments developed in the colony reverse, and in th^ character of

the walls and sizes of the conidia.

"The correct placement of the species remains in doubt, but it appears to be most satisfactorily assignable to (the P, adametzi series)

in the Monoverticillata.''

NOTE : G. Smith (Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 335. 1963.)^ provided

a Latin diagnosis for this species, the complete name of which is now

P, lilaoinoeehinulahim Abe ex G. Smith.

PeniciUiimh I/uteo-auranthmi G. Smith (as ^^htteoaitrantnwru^) ^ Trans.

Brit. Mycol. Soc. 16: 331. 1963.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow fairly rapidly, eventually spreading

widely, are velvety, at first bi*ight yellow, then somewhat deeper yellow, slowly developing irregular patches of gray-green, with a colourlesis fimbriate margin, and reverse broadly zoned, bright orange and

eventually almost scarlet; penicilli mostly monoverticillate, but sometimes with a small cluster of metulae, i.e. verging towards the P, citrinum series, sometimes more truly divaricate, with sparing but irregular branching; conidiophores smooth, arising from creeping aerial

hyphae, short or very short, mostly 10-40/*, seldom longer, and 2.0-2.2/*

diam., slightly swollen at the tip if no metulae are present; metulae,

when present, 11-13X2.8-3.0/*, slightly swollen at the tip; phialides

with fairly long tapering tips, but definitely not acuminate, as in the

Biverticillata-Symmetrica, 9-11X2.5-3.0/*; conidia subglobose to

broadly ovoid, delicately roughened, mostly 2.8-3,0X2.0-2,5/*, but occasionally 4-5 X 8.0-3.8/A or about 3.5,/* diam., in chains which are at

first parallelthen tangled.

"Colonies on malt agar grow rapidly, sporing more readily than on

Czapek agar, but otherwise similar.

"The correct placement of this species in the Eaper and Thorn classification is not easy to determine. In view of the fact that some of the
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENIGILLIVM SPECIES 51

penicilli are branched, its probable place is in the Divaricata, but it

would need to be keyed also in the Monoverticillata."

"^'Pénicillium luteocaeruleum Saito and Minoura. Jour. Ferment.

Technol. 27 (1-3) : 6. 1949.

"This fungus presents a different color and appearance depending

on the culture substrate and other conditions. It grows well on Czapek's

solution agar, corn steep agar, and on several other agars. It grows

well at 25° C, but not at 37° C. Normally, sporulating cultures are

blue-green to blue to gray; sometimes there are yellow areas. The

cultures that have sporulated poorly are deep yellow to yellow-red in

color. The culture reverse is yellow at first but gradually darkens,

finally changing to blue-green; however the borders are a bright

yellow. The conidiphores are unbranched and they bend somewhat near

the top edge; their diameter is about 3ju. They are colorless or yellow

and their surface has a large number of rough particles. The penicillus

is Biverticillate-Symmetric and is typically double-ranked with verticils of 3-5 metulae, each metula is 10X5/x; sterigmata are 10X3-4/4.

Metulae and sterigmata are usually colorless but occasionally they are

yellow or blue. The spores are oval with a smooth surface and are borne

in a long chain ; the spore measures 4 X 2.5/jt."

(Translated from the Japanese by N. Wakabayashi.)

(NOTE: According to Abe, "Cultures received from Kominami and

Tubaki as P. luteo-caerulea Saito and Minoura, duplicated almost

exactly the description of P. herqueP^ (given by Abe). Jour. Gen.

Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 130. 1956.

Pénicillium maeedonense Verona and Mickovski, Mycopathologia

18: 292. 1962.

"On Czapek's agar with 3 percent glucose there is slow development

of very sparse mycelium; the colony attains in fact 1.5 cm. in dm.

after 2 weeks and about 4 cm. after a month.

"The colony appears granular, due to the formation, on the sparse

mycelium, of numerous sclerotial bodies; slightly radial structures,

margins not distinct, color at first white or slightly cream-colored,

afterwards pale ochre and then darker ochre. No odor and no exúdate.

Reverse uncolored.

"On malt agar, growth and appearance of the colony is profoundly

different. After two weeks the colony attains 3-4 cm. dm. and exhibits

clipped mycelium, but denser, of dark color and dark-burnished. In

the central part the appearance is nevertheless finely granulóse and

the color clear brown. Margins even, distinct, of brown color yefc

clearer. Eadial furrows of gray-green are present.

"No odor or exúdate. Eeverse dark-burnished with a clearer or

darker zone.

"Mycelium hyaline, regular, but with frequent anastomoses. Conidiophores thick, 2.7-3.7/A and about 30~7öix long, nonseptate, smooth-
52 AGRIOULTUKE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DËPT. OF AGRIOULO^URE

walled, dark-colored, Sterigmata only in one series, elongated, cylindroid, 2.lX7.9-9.2f*, á-5 in number, greatly crowded among themselves. Conidia round 2.6-3.2/x, smooth-walled, greenish-hyaline, producing long, thin chains to 260/x.

"The same hypha which bears the conidiophores (which itself comes

either from a substrate hypha or from an aerial hypha) then causes

the formation of variously organized chlamydosporous structures.

Sometimes these consist of a short ramification of the hypha, bearing

a catenulate series of chlamydospores. Other times such a ramification

is longer, that is to say thinner, 18-42/^, and assumes the appearance

of the conidiophore and itself ramifies into 3-5 divergent branches,

similar to phial-shaped sterigmata about 2.7-3.éX5.3-7.9/>t. Such a

structure closely resembles that characteristic of Scopulariopsis. At

the end of this branch it develops chains of 20 or more small, delicate

chlamydospores. These are globose at once, with strongly spinulose or

rough walls; they are dark-burnished and measure 4.7-5.4/^.

"The formation of hard and abundant sclerotia occurs especially on

Czapek's agar. They are globose or ovoid, greatly delicate, to iTO^u,,

ochre-yellow and clear in the young colony, a little darker in the old

colony."

(Translated from the Italian.)

NOTE: Verona and Mickovski believe that this fungus should be

considered a member of the Monoverticillata, although certain of its

characteristics are similar to those of Scopulariopsis,

Pénicillium madriti G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 44: 44. 1961.

"On Czapek agar, grows fairly rapidly, pale blue-green, turning

grey-green, with white edge about 2 mm. broad during the growing

period, velvety but tending to become somewhat heaped in the centre;

drops numerous, small, yellowish ; reverse peach-coloured ; indistinctly zoned ; on malt agar grows very rapidly, greyish blue-green, thick

velvety, with numerous yellow drops and reverse very reddish brown;

penicilli with metulae each bearing a compact cluster of phialides,

branching below the metulae not observed ; conidiophores arising from

the substrate, long, smooth, 2-3/A diam.; metulae slightly swollen at

the apex, 10-11X 2.5-3/x phialides tapering rather gradually, but not

acuminate as in the Biverticillata, 7-8 X 1.5~1.8¿iij conidia globose,

finely roughened, 2-3/x, mostly 2-2.5jw diam., conidial chains forming

a single fairly compact columnar mass, often bent or slightly twisted.

"This species appears to form a transition between the P, citrinwn

and P. chrysogenum series. In the lack of any branching below the

metulae, it is nearest to P. steckii Zaleski, but the latter shows slower

growth, thinner and more bluish colonies, and spore chains in several

distinct columns, one to each metula.

"P. madriti was also grown in parallel cultures along with P, cyaneofulvum Dierckx, the member of the P, chrysogenum series which it

most closely resembles. P. cyaneofulvum has thicker, almost floccose,

colonies, penicilli which frequently show branching below the metulae,

and much larger spores than P. mjadritiP
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PBNIOILLIÜM SPECIES 53

^PenieilUwrn iTiaUum M. Hori and T. Yamamoto, Jap. Jour. Bact. 9 :

1105. 1954.

^'On Czapek's solution agar the surface of the colonjr is rough velvety at firstj light gray-gTeen in color^ and the reverse is consistently

dull brown. The growth of the mycelium is limited, the colony is radially furrowed, and is flat but the center is somewhat raised. After 14

days, it measures 3.0--3.5 cm. in dm. and is circular in outline. The

colony border is white and is 0.5-1.0 mm. wide. The colony appears

dry and hard.

"The conidiophores are solitary or are in fascicles for part of their

lengths. At their apices, either alternatively or somewhat densely, the

penicilli are branched but they all branch below the metulae in an

asymmetric fashion. Overall, itis observed thatthe penicilli are fasciculate. Further, the penicillus is 400-500/i in length and is 3.0-4.0/x

wide. The metulae are usually in groups of 2-4, they are short, 9.0-

10.5 X 3.0^3.5jtA. The sterigmata are also short and are densely clustered ;

their length doesn't exceed 4.5-6.5ju. and their width is 2.5-3.0/x. The

conidia are smooth and are ellipsoid to round, the long axis is 2.5-3.0/jt.

The conidia are poorly developed. The conidial chains are 35-50/x long.

"This fungus was isolated from a toxic milk cow feed ration and has

been found to produce patulin."

(Translated from the Japanese by ÎT, Wakabayashi.)

Penieillimn murneffei Segretain, Capponi, and Sureau, Soc. MycoL de

France, Bul. 75:416. 1958.

"On wort agar at a temperature of 27° C, three days after inoculation, the colony is flat, membranous, dull, finely folded and of a

brownish-white shade; the reverse is uncolored. Eight days after inoculation, the diameter of the colony is 3.7 cm. At a portion of the thin,

membranous margin, the culture is covered with a flat down, bluish

gray-green atthe center and white atthe edge ; the reverse and the agar

are brick-red by diffusion of a pigment; this coloration can appear very

rapidly, in 24-48 hours. The diffusion of pigment may tint the down

rose in places.

"The lanoise surface of the colony is formed from intermingled

hyphae, septate, delicate, from 1-2/x in diameter. The sinuous conidiophores arise from aerial hyphae from which they are hardly distinct;

they are smooth, septate, and their diameter is on the average from

1.5-2/jt ; their length is very variable, from 70-175/A, and the average

is Ill/A.

"The clearly divaricate penicillus is most often almost symmetrical,

and merely a careful examination at high power, shows that the metulae never arise from the end of the conidiophore. The length of the

penicillus is 20j!x on the average, with a minimum of 12-15/x and a

maximum of 40ju. when branches are present, which is rarely. Sometimes, one of the metulae is much longer than the others and then is

frequently septate.

"Metulae and sterigmata are of identical length: 9/x average, 7/x

minimum, and 11/x maximum. The average width of 2.7/^ of the metulae
54 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

is slightly larger than that of the sterigmata : 2.5/z. The metiilae, which

number í or often 5, are separated from each other, open angles existing between them. The sterigmata, arranged in verticils of 4 to 6 at

the tips of the metulae, are acuminate; they are enlarged at their

centers and thin down sharply to their tips to form the tube which

produces the conidia.

"The conidial chains are never parallel and are never formed into

columns. They are clearly distinct and tangled. In the chains, the

smooth conidia are at first oval, bound together by a connective ; they

are next subglobose, often apiculate, and measure between 2 and 3/*

in diameter and an average of 2.3/x. One may very rarely observe one

or two conidia at the end of a chain, much larger than normal conidia :

This is "Corda's phenomenon".

"The microscopic morphology is the same on malt agar. We have

verified that the fructifications on Czapek's agar have the same characters as on wort agar, but they are in general more or less thicker.

"According to (the classification of) Raper and Thorn, P, nvameffei

is not in the Biverticillata-Symmetrica section but is in the Asymmetrica-Divaricata. It has certain characteristics of P, janfhineîlum

Biourge, a soil fungus, and of P. citrintum Thom, which is especially

common in the Southwest Pacific. It can be distinguished however from

the first species by its fuller penicillus (there are a larger number of

metulae and phialides), by the absence of growth on Czapek's medium,

and by the color of the diffusible pigment which is red or sometimes

yellow but never purple; it is distinguished from the second species

by good growth on wort agar, by a distinctly more open penicillus,

by shorter metulae (7-11/* instead of 12-20/t), by conidial chains which

have no tendency to form columns, and finally by the absence of antibiotic production."

(Translated from the French.)

NOTES : 1. The above description was taken from Mycopath. et Mycol.

AppL 11:327-353. 1959.

2. This fungus was reported to be parasitic on Bhmomys sinensis^

the bamboo rat.

PenioUlvwm megaspoiiMm Orpurt and Femiell, Mycoloiria 47: 233.

1955.

"Colonies on Czapek's solution agar growing fairly rapidly, attaining a diameter of 4.0-4.5 cm in two weeks at room temperature, consisting of a thin, close-textured mycelium, forming an almost brittle

felt; radially furrowed, central area often raised and bearing limited

conidial structures, becoming olive-buff to deep olive (Ridgway, PL

XLV) ; surrounded by a zone 2.0-3.0 mm wide, becoming dull greenish-black (R., PL XLVII) due to presence of abundant conidial

structures shading into a white submarginal area; exúdate lacking;

odor not distinctive ; reverse olive-ochre to yellow-olive at 10 days,

near Front's brown (E., PL XV) in age, with the pigment diffusing

mto the agar; conidiophores arising from the substrate or the aerial

felt, septate, smooth, hyaline, 3.0-4.0/^ in diameter and up to 300/;. in
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 55

height; pencilli biverticillate, asymmetric, divaricate, variable in

pattern but usually consisting of a verticil of 2-6 divaricate metulae;

metulae mostly 4.0-5.0 X 10~V2fjL ; sterigmata 3-5 per metula, divergent,

bottle-shaped, 5.0-7.0 X3.0-4:.0/;t; conidia in short, divergent chains,

spherical averaging 6.5/A in diameter (5.0-7.0^), thick-walled, dark

olive-brown at maturity, coarsely echinulate, with dark-colored spines

1.0-1.5/A in length; prominent disjunctors 1.0-2.0/x long by l.O-l.Sju.

wide.

"Colonies on steep agar essentially as above in rate of growth, texture, and colony pattern, but somewhat less regularly furrowed and

slightly raised; conidial structures produced somewhat more abundantly with colonies more quickly assuming dull greenish-black shades

and becoming olive-brown in age; exúdate lacking; reverse and agar

pigmented as on Czapek's ; penicilli generally more regular in pattern.

"Colonies on malt extract agar growing more slowly, attaining a

diameter of 3.5-4.0 cm. in 10 days, flat, unfurrowed, vegetative

mycelium submerged, not forming a brittle felt, heavily sporulating,

abundantly velvety but showing a thin surface network of aerial

hyphae bearing scattered conidial structures, with thin marginal area

white, shading rapidly through shades of American green to dull

blackish-green (E., PL XL), finally becoming olivaceous black (E.,

PI. XLVII) ; no exúdate; reverse uncolored or nearly so; penicilli

generally as described above but occasionally showing much more

complex structures rebranched as many as five or six times below

the level of the steri^ata, consistently producing the coarsely echinulate, spherical conidia characteristic of the species.

"P. megasporum can be best assigned to the P. nigrieans series in

the Asymmetrica-Divaricata section of the genus as considered by

Eaper and Thom (1949). It would seem to be more closely related

to P, melinii Thom than to any other presently recognized species,

although it differs from the latter species in certain striking characteristics. The globose, rough conidia of P. megaspoTum average about 6.5/A

in diameter, whereas those of F. melinii measure 3.0-3.5ju.; and the

conidiophores of P. megasporum are smooth on all substrata while

those of P, melinii are conspicuously granular-tuberculate,"

'^'Pénicillium meleagrinum^ Biourge var. mridißavwni Abe, Jour. Gen.

Appl. Microbio!., Tokyo 2: 92. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rapidly, attaining a diameter of

41 to 53 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, consisting of a comparatively

thin basal felt bearing crowded conidial structures ; some strains velvety, and other strains lightly subfloccose; sometimes zonate, with

central area often somewhat raised, in some strains smooth; with a

white margin 1.0 to 1.5 mm. wide; conidial areas in gray blue green

shades in marginal areas and dull yellow green shades in central or

subcentral areas, becoming quickly near Andover Green, Vétiver

Green throughout with age; exúdate lacking or limited, colorless;

odor limited, moldy ; reverse in dull yellow to pale brownish shades,

with surrounding agar usually uncolored ; conidiophores arising primarily from the substratum or from the basal felt, variable in length,
56 AGRICULTÜHE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

commonly up to 120-320/* in length by 2.1-3.8/A in diameter, witliwalls smooth or nearly so, and with apices enlarged to 2.8-5.0^«, in

diameter; penicilli biverticillate and asymmetrical, commonly showing one or more branches in addition to the main axis, terminating

in verticils of 2 to 5 metulae-bearing sterigmata; branches variable,

commonly 9.3-31.0/x in length by 2,1-3.8/;, in diameter; metulae usually

9.3-18.7/A by 2.1-3.8/A; sterigmata in fairly compact verticils of 4 to 8,

mostly 8.1-10,0/jt by I.8-2.6/A5 acute type; conidia elliptical to subglobose, mostly 2.1-3.0/x by 1.7--2.6/A5 smooth walled or nearly so;

conidial chains usually columns up to 60-190/x in length, and conidia

show delicately roughened walls in electron microscopy. Colonies on

steep agar grow rapidly, 5é to 68 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C,

smooth or slightly radically furrowed ; some strains typically radically

furrowed ; conidial area quickly m olive brown or gray olive shades,

reverse typically brownish shades; the other characters are as described

above.

"These strains differ from P. uneleagrinmn Biourge primarily in they

length (2.1 to 3.0/A) of conidia, in the colonies quickly becoming dullgreen, in the longer metulae and branches, and because of their luxuriant growth on Sakaguchi and Wang agar.

"The strains also differ from P, chrysogenum Thorn primarily in the

pigments developed in the colony reverse and the size of conidia as

described above.''

ÍÍOTE : "P. meleagrinum Biourge var. mridißavum Abe is P. janthinellum:' G. Smith, Trans. Brit. MycoL Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

Pénicillium montanense Christensen and Backus, Mycologia 54: 574.

1962,

"Colony on malt agar 4.6-5.4 cm. in diam. in 14 days at room temperature; surface plane, floccose to felt-like, becoming velutinous with

sporulation; margin irregular, periphery 3-4 mm, white; sporulating

surface dark olive, becoming brownish black in age; reverse color=

less, pale russet (especially in fresh isolates) ; no exúdate; odor not

distinctive,

"Colonies on potato-dextrose agar similar to those on mult agar but

growth more luxuriant, with conidiophores typically forming a heavy,

imiform, velutinous turf, spore mass becoming brownish black earlier

than on malt extract agar.

"On Czapek's agar growth very poor; colonies 2.2-2.4 cm. in diam.

in 14 days at room temperature; mycelial mass thin, largely submerged,, supporting uniform but sparse conidiophore production;

conidia deep blackish green, becoming fuscous ; reverse uncolored ; exúdate lacking; odor not distinctive.

"On commeal agar mycelial mass thin but spreading, mostly submerged or closely appressed to the surface of the substrate; conidiophores relatively sparse; conidia becoming brownish back 'almost as

soon as formed, any green color being very inconspicuous and transitory.

"Conidiophores arising directly from the substrate and from low
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 57

aerial hyphae, up to ca. 550/* tall X 3-4.5ju. in diam. ; stalk "uncolored,

smooth; conidiophores simple, unbranched below the sterigmata, or

less frequently with one to six widely-spaced divaricate branches, each

ending in a monoverticillate penicillus; branches varying greatly in

length, often 25-60X3-4/x, occasionally rebranched; sterigmata somewhat divergent or nearly parallel, mostly 7-10X3-4/*, commonly in

verticils of 5-9 (but from 3 to 12) elements, on apices enlarged to 5-7/t

across. Conidia in tangled chains or loose columns up to 160X25/^,

initially subglobose, becoming spherical, commonly 4-4.6/* but ranging

from 8.5-5.4/* in diam., thick-walled, olive brown by transmitted light

with conspicuous spines about 0.5-1.0/* long. Connectives sometimes

conspicuous, especially in young spore chains.

'^PenicilUum montanense exhibits morphological and cultural features suggesting affinities with several previously described species.

According to Professor Kenneth B. Kaper... P. montanense resembles

Pénicillium fuseum (Sopp) Raper and Thom (P, restrictum Series,

Section Monoverticillata) more closely than it does any other species

included in ^A Manual of the Penicillia'. However, P, montcmense

differs from P. fuscimi in a number of microscopic features, notably

in its generally taller and coarser conidiophores and in the lack of

pigmentation in its conidiophore walls. It also grows much more

poorly on Czapek's agar. On the other hand, despite its predominantly

monoverticillate habit, there is much to indicate a possible close alliance of P, montanense with members of the P, nigricans Series in the

Asymmetrica-Divaricata. Especially the color of the conidia and the

strong echinulatiion of the spores remind one of a number of taxa in

that Series. PeniciTlium megasporum Or|)urt and Fennell, a recently

described member of the P. nigricans Series, although differing from

P. montanense in having typically well-defined whorls of metulae

(and substantially larger conidia), is strikingly similar in cultural

features, in the morphology of its spores, and in the presence of conspicous disjunctors."

"^Pénicillium nigricans Thom var. sulfuratum Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl.

Microbio!., Tokyo 2: 83. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather rapidly, attaining a diameter

of about 43 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, consisting of a comparatively deep basal felt bearing crowded conidia! structures, subfloccose,

with surface typically broadly radially furrowed, with a white

margin 1.0 mm. wide, conidia! areas in dark dull green near Dark Ivy

Green, becoming Dark Grayish Olive with age; exúdate lacking;

odor strong, suggesting certain species of Actinomyces; reverse pale

yellow, becoming pink, surrounding agar colorless, becoming pale

pink; conidiophores arising primarily from the substratum or from

the basal felt, occasionally from aerial hyphae, variable in length,

commonly 60-250/* long by 2.5-3.1/* in diameter, with walls smooth

or nearly so, with apices 3.1-é.4/x in diameter ; penicilli biverticillate,

asymmetrical and strongly divaricate, with branches and metulae varying markedly in arrangement and in size; branches variable, commonly 10.2-26.4/* by 2.5-3.3jt*; metulae typically strongly divergent.
58 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

mostly 9.3-18.7/A by 2.5-3.4/x, in verticils of 2 to 4; sterigmata in

somewhat divergent verticils of 5 to 8, mostly 6.2-8.T/A by 1.8-3.0/^,

acute type ; conidia typicall}^ globose to subglobose and walls typically

aculeate, mostly 2.5-3.4ja; conidial chains loosely parallel or tangled,

up to 30-90/A in length ; and conidia showing typically aculeate walls

in electron microcopy.

"Colonies on steep agar growing rather rapidly, about 45 mm. in 10

to 12 days at 25° C, conidial areas are typically Slate Olive becoming

Dark Grayish Olive, and reverse becoming brownish ; the other characters are as described above.

"This strain differs markedly from P. mgricans Thorn, primarily

in the rather rapidly spreading character of its growth, in the subfloccose colonies, and in the j'^ellow color, becoming pinlc, of its reverse,

in the metulae mostly 9.3-18.7/* in length, and in the typically aculeate

walls of its conidia.

"The strain also differs markedly from P. alhidum^ P, kapusomskii,

P, melinii^ and P, raciboTsMi^ primarily in the typically smooth conidiophore walls, in the conspicuously aculeate walls of its conidia, and

the typically olive conidial areas.'^

'^PcMÍciUmm nopporoense Sasaki and Nakane (as ^^nopporoensum)"')^

Jour. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 19: 775. 1943.

"Grows well on Czapek's solution agar; after 5 days it measures 0.8

cm. in dm. It is barely pallid Quaker drab (Eidgway, PI, LI) and

loosely tomentose. The reverse is white at first, later it is white or

]n*imrose yellow (Eidgway, PI. XXX), with large, loose wrinkles.

The conidiophores measure 110-250/XX1.3-2.1/A and their surfaces are

smooth and flat. They are branched and the branches measure

12-16X1.5j!x. The sterigmata are 10-12Xl,5-2.5/x5 and their tips arc

sharp-pointed and they number 3-5 per metula. The conidia are spherical and measure 2.5-2.6/i ; they are rough.

"This fungus is assigned to the Asymmetrica, Lanata-Divaricata; it

I'esembles P, lüacmum but differs in the colony reverse which is primrose yellow^, and in the spherical, rough conidia."

(Translated from the Japanese by N. Wakabayashi.)

Pemcillimn novae-caledoniae G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 48 :

273. 1965.

"Colonies on Czaj^ek agar growing rapidly, bluish grey green at

first, becoming greyer and duller, with narrow v/hite margin during

the growing period, thick velvety to matted floccose, with reverse at

first buff to dull pink, becoming pinkish brown ; penicilli usually with

terminal verticil of metulae, these being commonly of different lengths

in the same verticil, sometimes with a secondary branch from the next

lower node of the conidiophore, typically divaricate; conidiophores

rough, mostly ^p. diam. ; metulae 10-15 X S/^t, often widening somewhat

towards the summit; phialides short-pointed, 8-10X2.2-2.5/*; conidia
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 59

slightly rough, subgiobose, 2.5-3ju. diam. ; conidial chains at first more

or less parallel, soon becoming tangled.

"This species is probably to be classed in the Divaricata. The shape

of the phialides (short-pointed) excludes it from the P, janthinelkim

serieSj and the tangled conidial chains and lack of deep red brown reverse color exclude it from the P. caneseens series."

Pénicillium ochrosalmoneum Udagawa, Jour. Agr. Sei. Tokyo Nogyo

Daigaku 5:10. 1959.

"Colonies on Czapek agar rather rapidly growing, velvety to sublanose, folded or wrinkled, consisting of a close-textured yellowish

basal felt in which are embedded abundant sclerotia, medium to light

sporing throughout, heavier in central areas, in grayish blue green

shades from pistachio green to American green (liidgway, 1912),

odor pronounced, strongly earthy, reverse pale yellow, showing a

brown tinge. Conidiophores 80-160 or more X 2-8.2/x, arising primarily

from the basal mycelial felt or as branches of aerial hyphae, smooth

or nearly so. Penicilli variable in form, sometimes monoverticillate but

mostly asymmetric, consisting of a terminal grouj) of divergent

branches or metulae borne at different levels. Branches, when present,

15-30X2.5-3^. Metulae 2-4 in number, 8-16X2.5-3.2/^. Sterigmata

7-9.5 X2-2.5/X, compact clusters of 6-10. Conidia subgiobose to ellipsoid, or pear-shaped 2.5-3.2X 1.5-2.5/x, with smooth walls; conidial

chains short, tangled.

'^On potato-dextrose agar, growing rapidly, plane, producing

numerous sclerotia in a dense layer adjacentto the basal felt, enmeshed

in and overgrown by loose yellow encrusted mycelium, penicilli limited in number except in the center, not affecting the overall colony

appearance, odor as on Czapek, reverse and agar clear yellow. Sclerotia

light ochraceous-salmon, subspherical to ovate, 250-300 (340)/* in long

axis, hard.

"At 37*^ C, well growing, conidial structureslacking."

NOTE : D. B. Scott and Amelia C. Stolk reported in "Antonie van

Leeuwenhoek" 33: 302,1967, that this taxon has a perfect stage which

they named EupeniöiUiiimj oolirosalmôneum. Their description of this

stage is given as follows :

^^Cleistothecia are spherical or subspherical, light ochraceus-salmon

in colour, about 250-300/A in diameter. At first ascocarp initials develop into parenchymatous tissue, surrounded by loose wefts of radiating and twisted, yellow pigmented hyphae. It soon becomes

sclerotioid and very hard, ripening slowly, commonly producing asci

and ascospores within 4 to 6 weeks, sometimes longer than this and in

some cases ascospores are never produced. At maturity the central

areas of the ascocarps are filled with ascospores. Asci are borne singly

as lateral branches from fertile hyphae, spherical to subspherical,

7-9/A in diameter and contain 8 spores. Ascospores are yellow, lenticular in shape, consisting of a spore body, measuring 3-3.5 X 2.2-3/x with

walls slightly roughened and with two closely appressed equatorial
60 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

ridges about O.öjw wide. The overall sizes of the ascospores are 3.7-

4.2X2.5-3/x.^

"The conidial form (i.e. P, ochrosalmoneum) obviously belongs in

the sub-section Asymmetrica-Divaricata of Penioilliwm. On account of

the structure of its penicilli and the long tapering phialides it is suggestive of the P, janthinelliuni series. The ascospores do not correspond

to those of any other previously described form in EufenicilUum,'^'^

Penicillmm odoratum Christensen and Backus, Mycologia 53:459.

1962.

"Colony on malt agar 2.2 to 5 cm in diameter in 14 days at room

temperature. Margin commonly with well-developed stolon-like hyphae which give rise to peninsular ridges of conidiophores in advance

of the colony mat; surface Artemisia green to lily green and deep

slate green (Rdg. XLVII), plane, deep velvety; conidia in long

columns; reverse uncolored to yellowish near sulphine yellow (Kdg.

IV) ; no exúdate ; odor very strong, resembling the aroma of apples.

"Colony on Czapek's agar 3 to 7 cm in diameter in 14 days at room

temperature. Marginal area thin, with coarse radiate hyphae growing

both at the agar surface and submerged ; these send lateral extensions

downward, and give rise to short, erect conidiophores. Surface sporulating tardily ; color, texture, and column development as on malt agar

but conidiophores more widely spaced; reverse uncolored to light

yellow-brown or gray brown near tilleul-buff or avellaneous (Rdg.

XL), somewhat darker at colony center; exúdate lacking or in small

colorless drops; odor penetrating, fragrant.

"Conidiophores arising primarily from the stolon-like hyphae, 100

to 560/A long by 3-4ju. in diameter, septate, coarsely roughened, uncolored, sometimes slightly sinuous, with well-developed lens-shaped

vesicles commonly 7-9/A in broadest dimension but up to 10 by 6.5/A.

Penicilli monoverticillate ; sterigmata about 10 to 18 per vesicle,

crowded, parallel, typically 9-12^ (6.5/jt in one isolate) by 3-4JLI. Chains

of condia in columns up to oOOfx long by 16-30/*, tangling in age and

falling away en masse when the culture vessel is tapped ; conidia elliptical at first, becoming ovate to subglobose, 3-4.l/x by 2.2-4/x commonly 3.5-4/A by 2.8-3.2/x, thick-walled, with roughening concentrated

in transverse ridges so that the spores appear faintly banded.

'^Pénicillium odoratum resembles certain members of the P, lividum

and P, frequentans series, but differs from all described species in the

two series in colony color or texture, vesicle size, conidiophore length,

shape and sculpturing of the conidia, or a combination of these features. Its closest relative probably is P. tr^ehinsManum Abe; the latter

species, however, develops a darker colored reverse on both CzajDek's

and corn steep agar, has a vanilla-like odor instead of the apple-like

odor that is characteristic of P, odoratum^ has shorter conidiophores

(60 to 2^0¡i vs. up to 560/x), has somewhat smaller conidiophore

apices, and is not described as having either conspicuous stolon-like

liyphae or the resultantirregular colony margin."
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES Ql

^Penioillium oUgosporum Saito and Minoura, Jour. Ferment. Technol.

26:5. 1948.

"This fungus grows rapidly on agar, it is white at first and turns

yellow-green gradually ; as the cleistothecia develop, the colony turns

yellow-brown to brown. On wheat seedling juice agar, it forms a tightsurfaced clump and is white and tomentose. On malt, Czapek's, and

potato agar, it appears brown with a red reverse because of the abundance of cleistothecia.

"The hyphae from newly-germinated spores are broad with a dm

of 3-5/x. The cell walls are colorless, however from the sides of the

main stem, numerous fine branches here and there gradually^ form

broken clusters which enlarge and mature to form cleistothecia and

inside many asci form. The cleistothecia are spherical or of no particular shape, yellow-brown to brown. The outside has a pseudo-soft system (?); the surface doesn't have special attached hyphae. Large

numbers of cleistothecia tend to form in clusters and the space between

them is filled with fine hyphae. The cleistothecia measure 86-258ju, in

size. The asci are small, elliptical, or somewhat spherical. They are

flat and smooth, and measure 3.1 or 3.1 X 2.5/x.

"Conidiophores when present are very short, with apices not particularly large and only 2-4 sterigmata are borne on each one. However, at times conidiophores cannot be seen and the sterigmata then

appear directly from the mycelium and form spores at their tips.

Therefore, this fungus resembles a Oitromyces type but generally is

random shaped. The conidia are spherical, smooth, 2.5-3.5/x. Spores

are borne in chains. This fungus was isolated from soil."

(Translated from the Japanese by N". Wakabayashi.)

NOTE : According to Abe, "a culture received from Kominami and

Tubaki and from Minoura as P. oUgosporum Saito and Minoura duplicated almost exactly the description of P, janthineUifm^^ (as given by

Abe). Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 77. 1956.

^'Pénicillium palitans Westling var. echinoconidium Abe, Jour. Gen.

Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2 : 111. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar are rather rapidly spreading, attaining

a diameter of 50 to 53 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, usually radially

furrowed, and with surface appearing granular to definitely tufted,

typically fasciculate, heavily sporulating throughout, with a white

margin about 1.5 mm. wide ; conidial areas in dark yellow green shades,

near Dusky Yellow Green, becoming dark olive near Dusky Olive

Green with age; exúdate limited, colorless; odor, definitely moldy;

reverse colorless or pale yellow, becoming pale brown, with surrounding agar usually colorless, becoming tardily pale yellow ; conidiophores,

usually arising directly from the substratum, commonly up to 120-

320/jt in length by 4.3-6.0/x in diameter, with typical granular walls,

penicilli generally showing 1 or 2 branches in addition to the main

axis, branches typically appear and often unequal in the same peni-
62 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DBPT. OF AGRICULTURBi

cillus, commonly ranging from 11.2-24.0/A by 3.4-5.0/1,; bearing metulae

in groups of 3 to 5, mostly 9.3-13.7/x or occasionally 18.7 by 2.8-47/A;

sterigmata usually borne in loosely compact verticils of 4 to 8, mostly

10.0-11.9/A by 2.5-3.1/x, acute type ; conidia globose to subglobosCj mostly

3.1-4.3/x, with walls conspicuously ecMnulate or verruculose, conidial

chains variable, tangled, loosely parallel or divergent, up to 60-120/*

in length ; conidia walls typically conspicuously echinulate or verruculose as shown in electron microscopy.

'^Colonies on steep agar spread rather rapidly, 51 to 55 mm. in 10 to

12 days at 25° C; the other characters are as described above.

"These strains differ from P. palitans Westling and P, cydopiwn

Westling var. echinulatum Kaper and Thorn, primarily in the typical

conspicuously echinulate or verruculose walls of the conidia and usually

producing the typical dark yellow-green shades, near Dusky Yellowish

Green.

Since P, cyolopium Westling var. echimilatum Eaper and Thorn

usually produced elliptical conidia, the author considers it most satisfactory to call (this strain) P. palitans Westling var. echinoconidium

Abe because of the globose to subglobose conidia with conspicuously

echinulate or verruculose walls."

NOTE : "P. palitans Westling var. ecMnooonidiuTn Abe is P, cycloplum West!, var. eehinulatum Eaper and Thorn," G. Smith, Trans.

Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

^^PeniüiUium paraherquei Abe, Jour, Gen. Appl. Microbiol., Tokyo

2: 131. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar are rather broad, attaining a diameter of

50 to 68 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25^ C, consisting of a comparatively

thin basal felt bearing crowded conidial structures; typically velutinous, often with a yellow mycelium, with a yellow margin 1.5 to 2.0 mm.

wide, smooth ; conidial areas in dark yellow green shades near Dusky

Olive Green or Dark Green in central area and Dusky Yellowish

Green or Antique Green in marginal areas, becoming olive green;

exúdate lacking or abundant, colorless or pale yellow; odor lacking

or limited, moldy ; reverse in greenish shades, near Medal Bronze or

Aniline Yellow in the central area and Citrine Yellow in the marginal

areas, with surrounding agar colorless, becoming weakly yellow;

conidiophores arising from the substratum or the basal felt, sometimes from aerial hyphae, variable in length, commonly up to 190-240;u,

in length by 3.1-4.7/x in diameter, with apices 4.0-5.6^u, in diameter,

typically granular walled; penicilli typically biverticillate and symmetrical, definitey inflated, usually consisting of a single verticil of

4 to 7 metulae, each terminating in verticils of 4 to 6 sterigmata,

metulae mostly 9.3-15.6/* by 2.5-4.1/i, loosely compact or somewhat

divergent; sterigmata loosely compact, mostly 8,1-10.6/x by 2.1-2.8/x,

characteristically tapered or narrow ; conidia elliptical, mostly 2.9-3.ö/X

by 1.8-2.5ft, with slightl}^ rough walls; coiiidial chains tangled or

loosely parallel, up to 30-90/x in length; and conidia showing delicately

echinulate or verruculose walls in electron microscopy.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 63

"Colonies on steep agar are restricted or rapidly spreading, 25 to

58 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, surface radially furrowed; the other

characters are as described above,

"These strains differ markedly from P. herquei Bainier and Sartory

primarily in the delicately^ echinulate or verruculose conidial walls,

mostly 2.9-3.3/w in length, in the rather broadly spreading character

of growth, and in the infrequent production of a suggestively divaricate arrangement of the metulae.

"The strains also differ from F. olsoni Bainier and Sartory in the

diameter of their conidiophores which is less than 4.0/A. The correct

placement of the species remains in doubt, but it appears to be most

satisfactorily assignable to (the F. herquei series) in the Symmetrica."

NOTE : G. Smith (Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 335. 1963)^ provided

a Latin diagnosis for this species, the complete name of which is now

F. paraherquei Abe ex G. Smith.

'^PeniüUlium paorallelospormn Sasaki, Jour. Fac. Agr. Hokkaido Univ.

49: 141 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's solution-agar spreading, tea green (Rdg.,

XLVII, 25) to storm gray (Rdg., LII. 85'^'^'), floccose, 1.6 to 2.2 mm.

in depth; reverse pinkish buff or cinnamon-buff (Rdg., XXIX, 17^^),

mineral gray (Rdg., XLVII, 25'^^^) at margin. Conidiophores 150-

250/A long by about 2.5/jt with apex enlarged to 6.5~7/>t in diameter, walls

distinct spinulose, unbranched, sterigmata 10-15 by 3-3.5/*, 7 to 9 in

numbers, single; conidial chains parallel to 300-400/A long; conidia

elliptic, smooth, 2.5-3.5 by 1.5-2.3/x; perithecia or sclerotia are not

found.

"Growth on Koji extract-gelatin abundant, distinctly rugose, mineral gray (Rdg., XLVII, 25^''^ ; reverse Isabella color (Rdg., XXX,

19^^) ; gelatin liquefied slowly, changing to brownish.

"Growth on potato abundant, rugose felted; conidial area poor,

colorless to olive buff' (Rdg., XL, 21''^^), substratum uncolored.

"Milk slightly peptonized; litmus reduced slowly."

PenicilliuTn feäemontanfhum Mosca and Fontana, Allionia 9: 40. 1963.

"In plates on Czapek's agar at ambient temperature, the culture

grows fairly rapidly, attaining in 12 days 2.5 cm dm., and about 4

cm, in 20 days.

"It consists initially of a basal mycelium, yellow straw-colored, that

passes immediately to yellow-sulfur ; in the central part of the fungus

colony, after 4-5 days, the first conidial fructifications of bluish-gray

appear, while on the entire surface of the colony there are abundant,

rough sclerotia of cream color or very clear lemon-color.

"At complete development, the conidial area, always in the center,

and somewhat reduced, appearing of powdery aspect, and of grayishblue color, while the sclerotia abundant all over the surface, assume a

gray-hazel color.
64 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

"A comparatively premature exúdate of hyaline drops forms beneath the colony and they increase with the aging of the colony.

"The reverse immediately underneath the colony passes from dirty

yellowish-green to yellow-orange, the pigment diffusing in the agar

with clearershading.

"On malt agar, it develops somewhat slowly and reduced: The

colony attains a diameter of 3 cm in 12 days, and does not increase

further; it has a transparent appearance, lacking a thick basal

mycelium as on Czapek's agar and is somewhat lacking in sclerotia and

conidial fructifications,

"Reverse yellow lemon-colored, conidial area bluish-gray, sclerotia

a yellow lemon-colorto yellow-gold.

"Under the microscope the basal mycelium appears to consist of

straw-colored hyphae, smooth-walled and of granular content, with

septa hardly evident, measuring on the average 1.5-2/A rarely 3/* in

diameter.

"The conidiophores, arising from the substrate, measure from 250-

550/jt (with a minimum of about lOO^i and a maximum of 600) X 3-3.3ju;

they are septate, have smooth walls, and are terminated generally by

a single biverticillate penicillus.

"The metulae, 4-5 in number, measure from 8-11.2/x (average

9/x) X 3-3.2JIA; each metula bears a verticil of 6-7, rarely 5, pseudosterigmata, length about 7.5jit and width from 1.9-2.2/x. These biverticillate

penicilli are generally somewhat compact, with metulae of somewhat

symmetrical arrangement; sometimes, however, the metulae assume the

shape that is normally observed in the subsection AsymmetricaDivaricata of Thom and Eaper, they are namely more or less divaricate and not always of equal length in the penicillus. There are usually

observed afterwards especially in young cultures, typically monoverticillate conidiophores and conidiophores terminating with two

branches of diverse length (no longer considered to be metulae) each

bearing a monoverticillate penicillus.

"The conidia, from oval to subglobose, have smooth walls and measure 2.4-2.8 X 1.9-2.4^.

"The sclerotia for the most part have an irregular shape, sometimes

elliptical or sublobose, and of not very constant dimensions : At full

development, on Czapek's agar, they measure 180-430 XIIO-250/A.

They have remarkable firmness and resistance to crushing. Sections

cut with a freezing microtome (sections about 15/* thick) appear under

the microscope to consist of roundish pseudo-cells, pyriform or irregularly elliptical, with somewhat thick walls, from 1.2-1.9/* (avg. 1.5/i),

with the lumen varying from 4.8-11.2/* (avg. 6.5-8/t).

"The macro and microscopic characteristics that we describe correspond quite well in our judgment to the ones given by Eaper and Thom

(1949) for the Asymmetrica section, subsection Divaricata, however

we could advance some reservation relative to the assignment of our

species to this group of Pénicillium: the metulae of our fungus, for

example, are not normally divaricate, but they form a rather compact

penicillus such that it makes us think of the one found in the P. citrinwm series (subsection Asymmetrica-Velutina) or sometimes it makes

us think of the section Biverticillata-Symmetrica. The aspect of the
DESOBIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 65

colony, notwithstanding, is not so finely velvety or powdery as the

typical Velutina Pénicillium^ nor for that matter are the peniciUi

slender and the sterigmata pointed like the typical Symmetrica.

"For these reasons, by its general characteristics, we can place our

single species in the other section of Eaper and Thorn (i.e. Asymmetrica) and we exclude it from the Biverticillata-Symmetrica section.

"In conclusion, the sporadic presence of divarticate peniciUi, the

sometimes varied length of the metulae of a given penicillus, the appearance of a young culture of monoverticillate form, the colony

texture which is weakly granular, and finally, the formation of sclerotia, are seemingly sufficient characteristics to assign our PenioilUum

to the subsection Asymmetrica-Divaricata of Eaper and Thorn."

(Translated from the Italian.)

Pénicillium phialosporum Udagawa, Jour. Agr. Sei. Tokyo Nogyo

Daigaku 5: 11. 1959.

"Colonies on Czapek agar growing restrictedly, velutinous to filamentous (delicately fibrous), umbonate in central areas, up to 2 mm.

high, deep dull yellow-green to Danube green (Eidgway, 1912), showing little Interlacement of sterile yellow hyphae with margins arachnoid, very thin, largely submergecl, reverse greenish black tinged with

pale yellow. Conidiophores varying in len^h, 100-200/x or more when

arising from substratum, 20-80/x when arising as branches from aerial

hyphae, 2.5-3.2/^ in diam., smooth. PeniciUi yerj irregular in pattern

and dimension, mostly with asymmetrical or biverticillate structures

(unequally arranged) that are often partly divaricate, sometimes monoverticillate on short stalks from traUing hyphae. Branches 15-40 or

more X2.5-3/X. Metulae 8-13 X 2-2.5 (3)/x, in groups of 2-5. Sterigmata abruptly pointed, 4r-6 in the verticü, 10-16 X 2-2.5/x, with terminal

collarettes. Conidia (phialospores; see Hughes, 1953, and Tubaki,

1968) elliptical to subglobose, 3.2-4r.5X2-3ja, heavy-walled, smooth or

nearly so, in tangled or loosely parallel chains up to 300/x in length.

"On malt agar, growing rather rapidly, velvety, plane, in dull green

shades near bottle green, zonate, with margins entire, narrow, reverse

uncolored.

"On potato-dextrose agar, similar to those on malt, but quickly becoming dark blue green to greenish black.

"At 37^ C, poor growth."

Pénicillium pidoplitschkanum Chalabuda, Not. Syst. Inst. Bot. Acad.

Sci.,U.S.S.E. 6: 161. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar of limited growth, tomentose, white for

a long time at length brown ; reverse white later milky-yellow. Colonies on sugar beet root extract agar often irregular more or less

circular, tomentose, pubescent, hard base. Colonies initially white,

later yellow, at length brown, not zonate, sterile margin not consistent,

reverse dark brown. Hyphae light yellow, often distinctly septate.
66 AGRICÜLTÜKE HANDBOOK 351, TLS. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE'

15.44-345 X2-3.5ju,. Abundant penicilli, biseriate, asymmetricj dense,

with 4-7 metidae, 8.5-12/¿. Conidiophores flask-shaped, 8-14X2.8-3.5/*.

Conidia lemon-shaped, very slightly roughened, on both sides hardly

papillulate, 3.5-4.5 X 2.8-3.5/x, pale yellow in mass."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

Peniöillium pinetorum Christensen and Backus, Mycologia 53: 457.

1962.

"Colony on malt agar 4 to 5.1 cm in diameter in 10 days at room

temperature. Surface velvety, andover green to slate-olive becoming

dark ivy green in age (Rdg, XLVII) ; yellow to tan colored sclerotia

abundant and characteristic in most isolates, sparse in others and often

failing to develop after continued maintenance of an isolate on agar;

sclerotia typically in sectors and in concentric bands which contrast

with the deep green zones of sporulation; reverse uncolored; no exúdate ; no distinctive odor.

"Colony on Czapek's agar 1.3 to 2 cm in diameter in 10 days at room

temperature. Colony thin, powdery, near deep olive (Edg. XL) in

color ; sclerotia in sectors, often more abundant on this medium than

on malt agar ; reverse uncolored ; no exúdate ; no distinctive odor.

"Conidiophores usually arising as short perpendicular branches

from trailing hyphae, 10-S8fi comjnonly 20-40/x by 2.5-4.3/^; stalk uncolored or faintly pigmented, delicately roughened, ending in an

apical swelling ôfx or less in diameter. Penicilli mostly strictly monoverticillate ; sterigmata nearly parallel in compact clusters, 5 to 9 per

apex, commonly Sp. by 3^ but ranging from 7.5-13/x by 2-3,5^, wall

sometimes appearing delicately roughened. Conidia adhering in columns up to 290ft long in old cultures by 15-20,«, broad; uniformly

globose, smooth when young, but later with spines up to l/jt long,

thick-walled, not banded, mostly 5-5.5/x in diameter at maturity.

Sclerotia scattered and in small clusters, commonly involved in a

loose network of uncolored hyphae; gritty; globose to subglobose,

mostly 140-180/A but up to 330^ in diameter ; Marguerite yellow darkening to honey yellow (Edg.XXX) in age.

PeniöiUmm pinetorum is assignable to the Penicillmm.- thomii series

on the basis that it is a monoverticillate form regularly producing

gritty sclerotia. In our opinion, P. tJwmii Maire is probably its closest

known relative. However, the latter species is easily distinguished by

its longer conidiophores, its smooth-walled, often elliptical conidia

and itsclerotia, which are usually pinkish orange."

PeniciUhmn piscium (Plehn) amend. Reichenbach-Klinke (Syn.

Nephromyces piscium Plehn), Bremerhaven Inst. f. Meeresf.

Veröffentl. 4:115. 1956.

^*Exogenous hyphae hyaline, septate, 2/i wide, with exogenous conidia (globose, 1.6-2/A dm.) borne on sterigmata.

"Endogenous hyphae hyaline, septate, 2-3ju, wide.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 67

"Ascogenous liyphae with ascospores (ovoid, mostly two-parted,

a~ß X 6~10ft dm., brown) and globose, thick-walled, brown chlamydospores (6-10/Ä dm.), psendoparenchymatic network and support-hyphae; endogenous hyphae often with sclerotial cells. Asci decaying

early, fruiting body and peridium mostly hardly developed. The

sexual bodies appear extraordinarily reduced; one is not able to observe the fertilization process. (Parasitic on fresh water fishes.)"

(Translated from the German.)

Pénicillium proteolyticum Kamyschko, Not. Syst. Crypt. Inst. Bot.

Acad. Sei., U.S.S.E. 14: 228.1961.

"Slowly growing on Czapek's agar, 2-2.5 cm dm. after 12-14 days at

room temperature, velvety, velvety-lanose or lightly tomentose,

smooth, aerial hyphae warty. Vegetative mycelium often hyaline» or

sometimes cream-colored in age. Conidial areas after 6-8 days are at

first blue or after 12 days they are greenish-gray (according to the

scale of Bondarzevii), and also yellowish. Colony margin plainly limited, 2-3 mm wide, white when 3'oung, cream-colored in advanced age,

colony reverse salmon-colored to opaque-purple, sometimes brownish.

The same pigment more or less diffused in agar in a variegated culture.

"After 10-12 days, the colony reverse consists of radial folds. Odor

and exúdate lacking. Colony appearance v.t.w.i.

"Conidiophores arising from tangled tomentose mycelium, 100-200

X 2.5-3.5/i., smooth walled. Penicilli biverticillate, symmetrical most of

the time, sometimes monoverticillate.

"Metulae 6-8 in diverging verticils, cylindrical, 9.5-14 X 3/x. Sterigmata top-shaped in diverging verticils, with tubuliform apices, 9.5-

12X2.5ju-. Conidia brown, lemon-shaped or elliptical or rarely round,

2-2.5 X 3/1, smooth walled or slightly roughened, diverging or in tangled

chains, greenish-gray in mass.

"Growing slowly in corn extract agar, 2-2.5 cm in dm. after 12-14

days, velvety-wooly. Vegetative mycelium white. Part of the spores

blue-green-gray or gray-green. No odor. No exúdate or very tiny drops,

hyaline or hardly^ cream-colored; colony reverse darker than the medium v.t.Na. Conidiophores as on Czapek^s medium.

"In wort agar colonies grow slowly, 2-3 cm in dm, after 12-14 days.

Colonies velvety sometimes radially folded pisacae. Dark or darkvinaceous color diffusing in the medium. Colony shape v.t.Ns. Conidiophores as on Czapek's medium.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar with NH4NO3 growing slowly, as on

Czapek's medium with NaNOs, more radially folded, reverse darkrosy, the same color diffusing in the medium, conidiophores abundant."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

^Pénicillium pseudocasei Abe (as ^'pseuclo-caseP) ^ Jour, Gen. Appl.

Microbiol., Tokyo 2:102. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather rapidly, attaining a diameter

of 53 to 55 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, consisting of a compara-
68 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OP AGRICULTURE

tively hard basal felt bearing crowded conidial structures; typically

velvety, with a white margin 0.5 to 1.2 mm. wide; strongly furrowed

in a radial pattern ; conidial areas in bright yellow green shades near

Winter Green, becoming Dark Yellowish Green or Light Drab ; exúdate limitedj colorless; odor limitedj moldy; reverse in colorless or

pale yellow shades; with surrounding agar colorless; conidiophores

arising primarily from the substratum or from basal feltj variable in

length, commonly up to 120-250/A in length by 3.1-4.7/* m diameter,

with apices 3.7-5.6/x in diameter, and walls showing protuberances or

larger granules; penicilli biverticillate and asymmetrical, commonly

showing one or more branches in addition to the main axis, terminating in verticils of 3 to 5 metulae-bearing sterigmata; branches variable, commonly 15.6-34.0/* by 2.5-4.4ft; metulae usually 10.6-13.6/t, by

2.5-4.1/A, loosely compact, with apices 3.1-4.6/A in diameter; sterigmata

in fairly or loosely compact verticils of 3 to 6, mostly 10.6-13.1/* by

1.8-3.0/x, acute type; conidia typically elliptical to ovate, mostly 3.1-

4,1/A by 3,0-3.4/*, with smooth walls or nearly so; conidial chains usually loosely columnar or tangled, up to 60-190/* in length; conidia

showing sm.ooth or nearly so walls in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar are rather broadly spreading, 60 to 6é mm.

in 10 to 12 days at 25^ C ; the other characters are as described above.

"These strains differ markedly from P, casei Staub primarily in the

typically elliptical conidia, the rather rapidly spreading growth, the

colorless or pale-yellow reverse, the colorless surrounding agar, the

conidia 3,1-4.1/* long, the sterigmata 10.6-13.6/* in length, the luxuriant growth on Sakaguchi and Wang agar, and the lack of an arachnoid margin.

"The correct placement of the species remains in doubt, but it appears to be most satisfactorily assignable to (the P, roqueforti series)

in the Velutina subsection of the Asymmetrica as classified by Raper

and Thorn."

NOTE: G. Smith (Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 335. 1963.) provided a Latin diagnosis for this species, the complete name of which

is now P. pseudocasei Abe ex G. Smith.

Pénicillium radulatum G. Smith, Trans. Brit. MycoL Soc. 40:484.

1957.

"Colonies on Czapek agar spreading broadly, circular with regular

margins, dark bluish green with narrow paler edge during the rapidly

growing period, becoming very dark smoky blue-green, smooth velvety; respiration drops minute, yellow; reverse somewhat greenish

yellow, with the colour diffusing throughout the agar; on malt agar

or potato agar spreading fairly rapidly, 23-30 nmi. in 9 days at 24° C,

dark greyish blue-green with paler bluish margin, velvety; drops minute, yellow; reverse yellow to orange or reddish orange, with the colour diffusing slightly ; penicilli markedly divaricate with the branches

loosely divergent, usually with a terminal cluster of metulae and phialides mixed, and with a series of branches from lower nodes, bear-
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENIÖILLIUM SPECIES 69

ing metulae and pliialides or phialides alone; conidiophores arising

from the substrate, very; rough., fairly long and 2.2-2.5/x diam. ; rami

and metulae often indistinguishable and very variable in length,

rough; phialides rough, fairly abruptly pointed, 8-9X2-2.4/x; conidia

globose, spinulose, mostly 2.8-3.2ft diam. but occasionally up to 4.5/x,

in chains which are usually divergent at first, becoming tangled, but

are sometimes more or less parallel or even in loosely columnar masses.

"The fungus is to be classed in the Asymmetrica-Divaricata, and is

closest to P, melinii Thorn, which also has rough conidiophores and

echinulate conidia. It differs from the latter in colony color and in the

more constantly divaricate character of the penicillus."

Penicillmm ramusculum Batista and Maia, Ann. Soc. Biol. Pernambucol3(2) 124. 1955.

"On 3 percent Czapek's agar the colonies develop in a limited manner, attaining a diameter of 2.5-2.8 cm after 10-12 days at temperature of 26-28°C, with a velvety mycelial texture, 2.3 mm thick, compact, irregular, not furrowed, azonate or inconspicuously zonate, raised

in the central area, of bright olive-green color and with white margins,

3-4 mm wide, weakly sponilating ; odor absent, exúdate comparatively

abundant, hyaline or citrine, reverse unoolored or yellow. Conidiphores

ascending, arising from the substrate or as branches of aerial hyphae,

that are arranged in a strongly interlaced network, smooth-walled,

septate, hyaline, 15-25 X 1.2-2.5/x, Penicilli monoverticillate, formed

at the free end of the branches, of regular appearance, and consisting

of clusters of 3-5 flask-shaped sterigmata, parallel or divergent, 5.6-

7.8X0.5-2.2jit. Conidia pyriform or cylindrical, hyaline or green,

smooth, 2.2-2.8 Xl-1.6ja, forming short chains, in compact columns

of 8-lOju, dm and 20-35ju. in length.

"On malt agar the colonies develop a little more extensively, 2.5-

3.6 cm dm, after 10-12 days at 26-28°C, the texture is also velvety,

yet less compact than on Czapek's agar, with some tufts of aerial

hyphae in central and median areas; quite zonate, ash-green colored

in the center with white margins, 6-10 mm wide; odor absent; exúdate

absent; reverse cream. Conidiophores and penicilli as on Czapek's agar.

Conida pyriform or cylindrical, yellow-green, smooth, 2.5-3.1X2.2-

2.5/* in compact columns, from 50-65 X 12,5-15/*.

"On corn steep agar the colonies attain 2-2.5 cm in diameter, after

10-12 days and at 26-28*^0 they appear velvety, compact, raised in the

central area, olive-green, umbonate, margins white, zonate, 10-12 mm

wide with hyaline or citrine exúdate; odor absent; reverse yellow.

Conidiophores formed in the manner of ascending branches, on aerial

hyphae, smooth, septate, hyaline, 10-60X1.2-2/*. Penicillus typically

monoverticillate with 3-4 sterigmata, flask-shaped, 5-7.5 X1.2-2.5/jt.

Conidia subglobose to pyriform, yellow-green, smooth, 2.5-3.1 X 2-2.5/*

in compact columns that approach as much as 100,/* in length by 9-12/t

in diameter."

(Translated from the Portuguese.)
70 AGRIOULTURB HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Penicillmm raperi G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 40: 486. 1957.

"On Czapek a^ar grows restrictedly, 22-25 mm. in 9-10 days, and

thereafter spreading only slightly, matted floccose about 1 mm. thick,

at first pale yellow becoming mauve in patches, tardily turning pale

bluish green all over or almost all over, with drops small, colourless,

and reverse dull brown with intense yellow edge, but with no diffusion

of the pigment into the agar, sporing tardily first in the mauve areas,

more freely when the greenish colour appears; on malt agar grows

rather more quickly, 30 mm. in 9 days and 42-45 mm. in 15 days, pale

yellow and whitish with only traces of pink or mauve and turning

greenish only very slowly and incompletely, with reverse deep dull

yellowish brown ; on potato-dextrose agar grows rather more quickly

than on Czapek, much as on malt agar, yellow at firstthan with mauve

centre but with a middle zone of pale bluish green, with reverse at

first brown with yellow margin, then with centre purple and margin

zoned with brown and deep greenish yellow ; penicilli monoverticillate

or, more often, irregular, with two to three unequal metulae, or with

various superimposed verticils consisting of both metulae and phialides, but with the number of elements at each stage very small; conidiophores arising from aerial hyphae, very short, mostly less than

25/Í long and 1.3-1.5|t£ diam; phialides few in the verticil, usually

divergent, 7-9 X 1.8-2.2ju,, narrowed at the base and with fairly long

tip; conidia irregularly ovate, slightly rough, 3-3.5X2.4:-2.8/x, many

appearing to be globose or subglobose, but these are probably ovate

conidia seen end-on ; conidial chains short, divergent or tangled ; numerous sterile branches produced from aerial hyphae, sometimes short

and spur-like, sometimes longer, more or less club-shaped and frequently nodulose at the tip, resembling abortive conidiophores.

"P. raperi ... is more nearly related to the P. restrictum series

(than to the P, lividum series), which is characterized by floccose, not

appreciably funiculose, colonies, with conidiophores 'arising primarily

from aerial hyphae', and also í)y the production of spur-like sterile

branches. However, the fact that a large proportion of the penicilli

are not strictly monoverticillate, but consist of irregular verticils of

phialides and metulae, suggests affinity with the P. jantMnellwm

PeniciTlium resedanum McLennan and Ducker apud McLennan,

Ducker, and Thrower, Austral. Jour. Bot. 2: 360. 1954.

"Colonies upon malt extract agar spreading broadly 5-6 cm. in 14

days at 24*^ C. with mycelium forming a dense felt. The upper surface

is very funiculose, and the overall colour is mignonette green (XXXI)

fading towards the edge of the colony to lemon yellow (IV), with a

tendency to zonation of colour. The margin of the colony is regular,

thin, and white. The reverse of the colony is flat, pale, cream-coloured

(XVI) with a buff centre.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar grow more restrictedly than on malt,

attaining a diameter of 2.5 cm. in 14 days at 24° C. The funiculose
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 71

character is more pronounced than on malt; the colonies resemble

little nests, the brim formed by a creamy-white ianose growing margin

which surrounds the sunken mignonette-green centre. The reverse is

cream to avelianeous in the older areas.

"Colonies on Eaulin's agar grow more rapidly than on Czapek's

agar, 4.5 cm. in lé days at 24° C. The nest-like character is more prono'unced with a small coloured sunken centre (Kronberg's green

XXXI) surrounded by a very Ianose white area, 1.5 cm. broad, with

an abrupt margin. The reverse is slightly buckled, the centre antimony

yellow, darkening to yellow ochre in age.

"Morphology as on malt agar—The colony is characterized by a

profuse development of ropes 10-15ju, wide, consisting of coloured

hyphae from which numerous smooth conidiophores arise, öO-IöO/A

long. Each conidiophore is sparsely septated uniformly 2¡x broad,

the apex is slightly swollen and bears a few (3-9) sterigmata; the

spore chains are twisted into short columns. The sterigmata which are

strongly tapered at their apices are 9-12 by 3^. The conidial chains

break up readily, the conidia are smooth and tinted, broadly elliptical,

2-3 by 1.5-2/.."

"^FenioiUmm roqueforti. Thom var. punctatum Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl.

Microbio!., Tokyo 2:99. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather broadly, attaining a diameter

of 58 to 62 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C. ; comparatively heavy sporulating; velutinous, with surface fairly smooth or slightly radially

furrowed in marginal areas, with a white margin about 1,2 mm. wide;

conidial areas in yellow green shades, near Deep Dull Yellow Green becoming Citrine Drab with age ; exúdate abundant, colorless; odor not

characteristic or pronounced, slightly sour or moldy ; reverse colorless

becoming pale pmk, near avelianeous throughout, with surrounding

agar colorless; conidiophores arising primarily from the substratum

or from basal felt, variable in length, commonly up to 120-380/x in

length by 4.3 to 5.3jit in diameter, with apices 4.3-5.6/. long, with walls

typically punctate or small-granular; penicilli biverticillate and

asymmetrical, commonly showing one or more branches in addition

to the main axis, terminating in verticils of 2 to 5 metulae-bearing

sterigmata; branches variable, commonly 12.5-31.0/jt in length by

3.1-4.7/A in diameter, with punctate or small granular walls; metulae

usually 12.5-18.7/x by 3.1-4.5/A, loosely compact or somewhat divergent,

with smooth or punctate walls ; sterigmata in loosely compact verticils

of 3 to 6, mostly 10.6-14.3/. by 2.5-3.6/x, acute type; conidia globose

to subglobose, mostly 2.5-4.3/., delicately ediinulate or verruculose

walls; conidial chains usually tangled or somewhat divergent, up to

60-190/. in length; conidial walls delicately echinulate or verruculose

as seen in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar grow rather broadly, 58 to 67 mm. in 10 to

12 days 'at 25'^ C; velutinous, with surface typically furrowed;

conidial areas in bright yellow green shades becoming yellowish olive;

reverse brownish shades; the other characters are as described above.
72 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

"These strains diJïer from P. roqueforti Thorn primarily in the delicately echinulate or verruculose walls of the conidia, in the punctate

or small granular walls of conidiophores and branches and metulae,

in the pigmentation of the reverse, and also in not producing an

arachnoid margin."

NOTE : ^'P. roquefôrti Thorn var. funotatum Abe is quite different

from P, roqueforti] close to, and probably should be considered as

P. olivinoviride Biourge," G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332.

1963.

Pénicillium ruhioundum J. H. Miller, Giddens, and Foster, Mycologia

49:797. 1957.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar at first white, later strawberry pink,

Eidgway PI. I, 2-4 cm in diam. at 10 days at 25° C, floccose, broadly

zonate; reverse bitter-sweet to burnt sienna, Eidgway PI. 2; conidiophores arise chiefly from aerial hyphae as short branches, or occasionally from substrate mycelium, 32-80 XI.5/x; penicilli biverticillate

or sometimes asymmetrical with branches or metulae arising at different levels, all elements smooth, metulae 4-5, slender, 6-7 X 1.5-2ju, ;

sterigmata parallel-appressed, 7-9 X 2/* with attenuate apices, conidia

globose to subglobose, 2-2.5 Xl.5-2jüt, in tangled chains.

"According to Eaper and Thom, this species would be placed in the

Biverticillata-Symmetrica and in the P. herquei series, but it differs

from all species in that series in the very small spores and very slender

elements of the penicilli. Should it be considered asymmetrical, it

would be placed near P. aurantio-candidum Dierckx. It differs from

that species also in the same characters."

Penecillium sclerotigenum Yamamoto, Sei. Ept. Hyogo Univ. Agr.,

Agr.Biol. Ser.2: 69. 1955.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar fairly rapidly growing, mycelium

slender, dense, crowded, compound, and sclerotia produced abundantly, radiately furrowed, central area more or less elevated, copper-colored, then ash-colored, becoming olive, surrounded by a submarginal

zone 2-3 mm wide which appears white; exúdate lacking, odor not

distinctive; reverse orange-brown, pigment diffused in the medium;

conidiophores loose or in dense tufts, arising from descending aerial

mycelium, septate, smooth, hyaline, 78-292/* long, 3-4.5/;t wide; penicilli bi- or triverticillate, asymmetric, for the most part consisting of

2-5 whorls of divergent metulae; metulae for the post part 9-16/i

long; Ô.5-4/A wide; sterigmata 1-6 on each metula, divergent, flaskshaped, 8-12/x long, 2.5-3.5/* wide; conidia in chains, elliptical, pale

yellow-green, smooth, 4r-6/* long, 3-4/* wide; sclerotia in dense clusters,

globose up to ellipsoid, from brown to dark-brown, somewhat rough,

170-380/* long, 160-320/* wide."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 73

Pénicillium silvaticum Suprun (not "F. silvaticum Oudemans, 1902"),

Bui. Soc. Nat. Moscow, Bid. 61 (4) : 90. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar growing restrictedly, marginal zone

flat, elevated in central area, furrows radiate and bent. Colony center

granular consisting of sclerotia. Sclerotia smooth, at first sulfur yellow, in age dark-cinnamon, ovoid, 115-140/^X150-170^. Colony edge

becoming translucent. No exúdate. Colony odor strongly moldy. Eeverse ash-colored, center dark, with traces of bright sclerotia, after

14 days pale brick-colored. In the marginal zone of the colony, part of

the fructifications are found to be colored dark-green. Conidiophores

smooth 10-22 X2-2.2ju,, sometimes arising from aerial hyphae consisting of ropes. Penicilli monoverticillate. Sterigmata slender, short, inflated 6-6.5 X 3-3.5jc¿, divergent. Conidia spherical, echinulate, 3.8-4/A

when young, 4.8-5.5/^ when older, spines 0.5^ long."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

^Pénicillium spinulo-ramigenum Sasaki, Jour. Fac. Agr. Hokkaido

Univ. 49:153. 1950.

"Colonies on Czapek's solution-agar spreading, raised at center to

2.1 to 2.2 mm. high, margin broadly submerged, velvety at marginal

area, funiculose at central area, azonate, slate-olive (Rdg., XLVII,

29''^'), later covered with white aerial hyphae; reverse center cream

buff or honey yellow (Rdg., XXX, 19'^), margin olive-gray (Rdg.,

LI,23'^''''). Conidiophores arising from submerged hyphae or branches

of aerial or ropy hyphae, simple or branching with the secondary

branches, each terminating in a monoverticillate penicillus, walls distinctly spinulose, 90-350/* long by 2.5-4.5|U, in diameter, at apex enlarged to 5-6/Í in diameter; sterigmata 10-12 by 3-4/x, 8 to 9 in number;

conida globose or subglobose, 2.2 to 3.5/i in diameter, faintly

roughened; conidial chains parallel; sclerotia or perithecia not found.

"Growth on Koji extract-gelatin abundant, andover green (Rdg.,

XLVII, 25'^''), covered with white aerial hyphae; reverse light

brownish olive (Rdg., XXX, 19'') to vandyke brown (Rdg., XXVIII,

If) at center, Victoria lake (Rdg., 1,1) to black at margin; gelatin

liquefied and colored to brownish red.

"Growth on potato abundant, raised and rugose, felted, Kronberg's

green (Rdg., XXXI, 25''). ^

"Milk alkaline and peptonized at first, then changed to neutral;

litmus reduced in 20 days."

Pénicillium taxi Schneider, Zentbl. Bakt. II, 110, p. 47. 1956.

"Conidiophores arising from the substrate or aerial hyphae, septate,

smooth, brown, not branching, or rarely with lateral branches; up to

900/z high, 4-5/* dm., tips inflated to 7/A, penicilli monoverticillate;

sterigmata 5-9, for the most part 7, smooth, parallel, for the most part
74 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

17-18X5-5.5 (14-23 X 4-6.5)ju,, conidia in very long divergent chains

(up to 300ft) 5 ellipsoid or subglobosCj hyaline, for the most part 7-8 X 4/A

(4.3-12.5X2.8-7)/z, smooth or very slightly roughened; sclerotia numerous in leaves of Taœus haceata fallen on the ground, in culture in

all common substrates, none on Czai)ek's agar, 300-600/x long, globose,

very hard, sclerotia heaped up, almost black,

"Colonies on Czapek's agar restricted but on malt growing broadly,

after seven days attaining 5-6 cm; marginal area white formed by

sterile hyphae 1 cm wide; sclerotia dark-olivaceous to brownish-black,

numerous in concentric circles; conidial fructifications olivaceousgreen, velvety, reverse in central area dark-olivaceous to dark brown ;

exúdate translucent, for the most part abundant, odor not distinct."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

^'PenÍGÍTlmm taxi is, on the basis of its morphological properties,

associated with the P, thomii series of the Monoverticilhita section.

It itself differs so from the known species in a succession of characteristics, and is especially striking because of its considerably larger

sterigmata and conidia."

(Translated from a portion of the German text.)

^'PeniciUmm thomii Maire var. flavescens Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl.

MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 51. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow broadly, attaining a diameter of

about 80 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C; smooth or plane; in bright

yellow green shades near Empire Green or Danube Green, with a

margin 1.0 to 2.0 mm, wide; sclerotia produced abundantly, hard, oblong to rounded, 190-510/* by 150-410/x, in shades near Pinkish Cinnamon or Salmon Orange, embedded in envelopes of colorless sterile

encrusted hyphae, and crushing with difficulty; composed of very

thick-walled polygonal cells, mostly 8-15/t in diameter, localized in

the central area for 10 to 12 days, then scattered throughout the colony

area; exúdate abundant or limited, pale yellow shades; reverse and

surrounding agar in pale yellow shades ; conidiophores arising from

the substratum or basal felt, sometimes from aerial mycelium, mostly

90-300jw, long by 2.1-3.4/A in diameter, with apices enlarged, up to

3.7~6.2jit in diameter, with walls delicately granular ; penicilli strictly

monovertioillate ; sterigmata in verticils of 8 to 14, parallel, mostly 9.3-

10.6/-«. by 1.7-2.5/A, acute type w^ith conidium-bearing tips somewhat

narrowed; conidia elliptical or rarely subglobose, mostly 2.8-3.6/jt by

1.7-2.1fi, with walls smooth or nearly so; chains of conidia in loose

columns up to 60-160/* in length; conidia with delicately roughened

walls (protuberances less than O.I/A) in electron microscopy.

"Colonies on steep agar rather broad, about 63 mm. in 10 to 12 days

at 25^ C, loosely furrowed, turning to near Dusky Olive Green shades ;

reverse strongly yellow; other characteristics as described above for

Czapek agar.

"This strain differs markedly from P. tJiomii Maire in the broad

character of its growth, in the yellow-green color of its colonies, and

also in the production of usually elliptical sclerotia (about 500/x in

length), embedded in masses of white hyphae."
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 75

NOTE : "F. tJiomii Maire var. flavescens Abe, not distinct froin P.

thmmi, varietal name superfluous." G, Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. feoc.

46: 332. 1963.

-PenlcilUum toxiöarlmn Mijake apud Miyake, Naito, and Sumida,

Ept. Kes. Inst. Rice Impr. 1:1. 1940.

"Mycelial growth of this fungus is limited and radial; its diameter

after 14 days is 2.5-3.0 cm. The center is raised and somewhat irregularly mounded but the rest of the colony surface is smooth and ñat.

The raised portions are cracked and floccose. The colony edges are

0 5-1 0 mm wide: the obverse of the colony as well as the reverse are

yellow. Conidiophores are 100-200/. X3.0-3.5/x; the peniciUus is strictly

monoverticillate; the sterigmata measure 7.5-8.0/. X 3.0-3^/x and are

gathered in dense clusters at the tips of the conidiophores. Ihe conidia

are 2.0-2.5/x, somewhat spherical, and are borne m chains which are

25-50jüt long." ^ _ .

(Translated from the Japanese by N". Wakabayashi.)

NOTE : 1. The above description was taken from the Jap. Jour. Bact.

9: 1105. 1954. . -, .

2. According to Abe, "P. toxicariunv Miyake is assigned to

P. citreoviride Biourge because of its globose conidia measuring 1.2-

2.2/i, with walls smooth or nearly so, and its delicately rough walled

conidia, measuring less than 0.1/x in electron microscopy." Jour. Gen.

Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2: 57. 1956.

^'Pénicillium tr^eUnsJciamim Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo

2: 63. 1956.

^^Colonies on Czapek agar attain a diameter of 42 to 48 mm. in 10 to

12 days at 25° C, growing fairly rapidly, consisting of a somewhat

compact basal felt, appearing velutinous or subfloccose, with a white

margin 1.0 to 1.2 mm. wide, smooth or loosely radially furrowed,

sporulating abundantly in darkish blue-green shades near Dusky Dull

Green and in some. Dull Blackish Green in central areas ; exúdate lacking: odor definitely vanilla-like; reverse in yellowish green or vmaceous shades becoming olivaceous black, with surrounding agar m

yellowish shades; conidiophores generally arising m a close stand

directly from the substratum or basal felt, sometimes from aerial mycelium, mostly 60-280/x long by 2.5-4.0/. in diameter, with apices up to

3.7-6.9 or 7.5/* in diameter, with walls punctate or small granular,

sometimes septated; penicilli strictly monoverticillate; sterigmata m

verticils of 5 to 12, compact mostly 8.7-12.5/. by 2.1-3.2/x, acute type,

with conidium-bearing tips sometimes narrowed; conidia elliptical to

ovate or sometimes subglobose, mostly 2.5-3.8/. by 2.3-3.1/., with walls

echinulate and echinulate or verruculose walls observed m electron

microscopy; chains of conidia in parallel or loose columns up to ¿O190/. in length. Colonies on steep agar spreading, up to 43 to 54 mm. m
76 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

10 to 12 days, strongly radially furrowed, reverse near Timber shades

becoming blackish brown, other characters as described above.

"These strains differ from P, fellutanum Biourge in the rapidly

spreading character of their growth, the conspicuously roughened

walls of their conidia, and the punctate walls of their conidiophores;

they differ from F. spinulosum Thom in having elliptical conidia with

conspicuously roughened walls.

"Moreover, these strains are separated from P. trzebinshii Zaleski by

the abundant production of a vanilla-like odor, by the darkish bluegreen shades of the conidial area, and by the rapidly spreading character of growth."

^Penicilliufn trBeMnshii Zaleski var. magnum Sakaguchi and Abe apud

Abe, Jour. Gen. Appl. MicrobioL, Tokyo 2:62. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar attain a diameter of 60 mm,, in 10 to 12

days at 25° C, consisting of a sparse basal felt with thin aerial growth,

appearing subfloccose but velutinous; seldom wrinkled and furrowed,

and smooth or plane; conidial area sparsely sporulating throughout,

in Stone Green becoming Light Yellowish Olive in age; exúdate lacking; odor lacking; reverse usually colorless, turning to Drab shades,

and surrounding agar seldom pigmented ; conidiophores limited, commonly arising from submerged hyphae, sometimes from the aerial

mycelium or the basal felt, variable in length, up to 170-440/* and

2.0-3.8/* in diameter, mostly unbranched, with the larger apices up

to^ 3.7-5.0/A in diameter with walls punctate or small granular ; penicilli strictly monoverticillate ; sterigmata in verticils of 5 to 8 ; about

14.0--18.0/A by 2.1-3.7/Í, compact or loose, acute type with conidiumbearing tips definitely narrowed; conidia long elliptical to ovate,

mostly 3.3-4.7/* by 2.6-3.6/*, with eohinulate or granular walls seen

in electron microscopy; and chains of conidia in loose columns or

loosely parallel, up to 60-180/* long.

"Colonies on steep agar grow more rapidly, up to 70 mm. in 10 to 12

days at 25° C, butthe other characters are as described above.

"This strain differs from P, purpurrescens and P. spinulosum in its

elliptical conidia with conspicuously rough walls. It is suggestive of

P, tTBehinsJcii Zaleski in the rapidly spreading character of its growth,

the typically elliptical conidia with conspicuously rough walls, and

also the rather long conidioj^hores with punctate or small granular

walls.

"The strain also differs markedly from the descriptions given by

Zaleski, Thom, and Eaper and Thom, for P. tTzebinski% in the usual

production of long elliptical conidia (3.3-4.7/* in long axis), in the

yellowish shades of its conidia-producing area, in its long sterigmata,

and in the usual production of sparse colonies."

îsToTE : "P. tTBebinsTcU Zaleski var. magnum Abe becomes P. abeanum G. Smith," Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46:332. 1963.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 77

Penicillmm ucraimcum Païiasenko, Mycologia 56:59. 1964.

"Colonies on Czapek's and malt agar sulfur-colored, from yellow

aerial mycelium, not very subfloccose, reverse yellow-green. Cleistocarps abundant, globose or subglobose, yellow, 120-250 (400) ju in dm,

loose textured, asci globose orsubglobose, at first catenulate, six-spored,

6-7.5 X6~6.8jw. Ascospores hyaline, ovoid, 2.5-3.5 X2-2.5ju,, equipped

with two soft crests. Conidial fructifications small. Conidiophores

short, 20-100 X 3-3.5/x, smooth. Penicilli monoverticillate or biverticillate, symmetrical; metulae 14-1YX3-3.5JüI, sterigmata 12-17X2.5-3ft.

Conidia ovoid, 2.5-4.8 X2.5-3.5/jt, smooth, yellow-green in mass."

(Translated from Latin diagnosis.)

"From P. vermioulatum Dangeard and related ascogenous species it

differs by the structure and dimensions of the conidial apparatus, by

the structure of the cleistocarps, and by the 6-spored asci and ornamentation of the ascospores."

"^Pénicillium velutinum T. Terui and K. Shibazaki (not P. velutinum

van Beyma 1935), Jour. Ferment. Technol. 26: 257.

1948.

"On Czapek's agar at 30° 0 in dishes this fungus forms perfectly

round colonies of green color in 2-3 days. The mycelium is velvety

and becomes ashey-blue-green in zones as it ages. The surface is mostly

flat and the edges of the colony are 1-2 mm wide and are white. The

colony is quite dense; the reverse is yellow then red-brown. The exúdate is colorless at first then yellow and gradually becomes peachcolored to brownish-yellow. The culture base color changes about the

same way. There is no special odor and no sclerotia are observed.

"Penicilli are of two types, monoverticillate and asymmetric; the

latter are more abundant. The conidiophores measure 200-300/* X 2.5-3/x

and are smooth and rarely branched. Near its tip the conidiophore

enlarges to 3.5-4.5ju,. The sterigmata are borne in groups of 3 (rarely

2 or 4) and are attached directly to the conidiophore, or are found

2 (rarely 3) per metula. Metulae sizes are not the same but the ones

with a length of about 15/* are most abundant. They usually have

a width of 2.5-3.0,/x at their bases and 3-4.5/* at their tips. The sterigmata measure 8-12/* (their middles are wider, to 2.4-3.2, than their

ends) and taper at both ends but they do not come to a sharp point.

The atypical sterigmata are of different shape and mostly asymmetrical and only if a verticil is somewhat enlarged to occasionally 20/*.

Also sometimes one side of the metula will have only 1 sterigma and

sometimes this sterigma becomes a secondary metula and bears secondary sterigmata.

"The mature spores are spherical, smooth, and faint ash-green in

color. They have a dm of 2.7-3.0/* and are easily deformed by outside

force.
78 ÁGIilOULTURE HANDBOOK 351, U.S. DKPT. OF AGRICULTUB

"This fungus produces citrinin and was isolated from the air. It has

penicilli that are characteristic of the Monoverticillata-velutina and

the Asymmetrica-velutina. It most closely resembles P, frequentans

but it has a much more asymmetric form, the number of sterigmata is

small (i.e. 2), and the conidiophores are rarely branched.^'

(Translated from the Japanese by IST. Wakabavashi.)

'^''Pénicillium viridicyclopium Abe (as "viridi-cyclopium"), Jour. Gen.

AppL MicrobioL, Tokyo 2:107. 1956.

"Colonies on Czapek agar grow rather rapidly, attaining a diameter

30 to 47 mm. in 10 to 12 days at 25° C, with surface smooth or in some

strains loosely furrowed; with a white margin 0.8 to 1.5 mm. wide;

typically or slightly fasciculate, abundantly sporulating throughout

in most strains; conidial areas in typical yellow-green or bluish yellow

green colors, in some strains, typical blue green ; with surrounding agar

usually quickly developing cinnamon or pinkish cinnamon shades,

becoming orange cinnamon or brownish, broadly; exúdate limited,

colorless or pale yellow; odor abundant, moldy; conidiophores primarily arising from the substratum, commonly up to 120 to 380 or 440/x

in length by 3.7-5.6;* in diameter, apices 4.0-5.8/x in diameter, with

typical granular walls ; penicilli biverticillate and asymmetrical, commonly showing one or more branches in addition to the main axis,

terminating in verticils of 2 to 5 metulae-bearing sterigmata ; branches

variable, commonly 9.3-31.0/it or 37.0/x in length by 3.0-^.9/4 in diameter,

with granular walls; metulae usually 7.5-15.6ft by 2.5-4.5pt, with smooth

walls or nearly so; sterigmata in fairly compact or loosely compact

verticils of 3 to 7, mostly 8.1-12.'5ft by 2.1-3.1/x, acute type; conidia

globose to subglobose, mostly 2.5-3.8^, smooth walled or nearly so;

conidial chains loosely paraílel or tangled, up to 50-220 or 260/A in

length.

"Colonies on steep agar grow rather rapidly, 29 to 60 mm. in 10 to 12

days at 25"^ C, with surface usually radially furrowed; the other characters are as described above.

"These strains are separable into three types on the basis of typical

colors of conidial areas. Following the classification of Eaper and

Tliom, the first type is suggestive of P. olimno-viride or P, palitans

because of the yellow-green conidial colors; the second type is suggestive of P, cyclopium or P. puberulimi because of the blue-green conidial color; and the third type is suggestive of P. cyclopium and the P.

viridicatum series because of the typical bluish-yellow-green conidial

colors. However, all the strains duplicated almost exactly all the

characters except color of conidial areas described above.

"These strains differ markedly from P. puberuhtm Bainier, P. Quartensii Biourge, and P. aurantio-virens Biourge, primarily in the globose form of the conidia and the typically strong*!}?- pigmented surrounding agar in browmish colors.

"They also differ somewhat from P. viridicatum Westling primaril}^

in the colors of conidial areas as described above, from P. olimno-viride Biourge by the fact that the color of conidial areas changes only
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PENICILLIUM SPECIES 79

slowly, and in the smooth or nearly so conidial walls, and from P.

palitans Westling in the colors of conidial areas as described above."

NOTE: "P. mridicyclopium Abe is not separable from P, cyclofmm^' G. Smith, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 332. 1963.

^^Penicill/mm wltale Pidoplichko and Bilai, in Antibiotic-Producing

Microscopic Fungi, V. 1. Bilai, p. 44.1961. Kiev (In Russian).

"Colonies on wort agar are white initially, then greenish-blue, velvety, rather dense and rugose, with a rather broad, white border, during agmg they become a greenish-dirty-gray color. The reverse side is

at first straw-yellow, then yellowish-cinnamon, yellow along the edges,

becoming cinnamon with age. The agar turns green gradually as the

culture grows. Numerous yellowish-gold drops usually are formed on

the surface of young colonies.

"The mycelium is white. The conidiophores are smooth, 2-3.5^1* thick,

with penicilli in the form of little bundles with sterigmata at the apex

of the conidiophore, single-tiered (usually) or two-tiered. In the latter

case the little bundles with sterigmata are fomid on short branches

gathered in verticils of 2-3 on the apex of the conidiophore. The sterigmata are bottle-shaped, 6-8X2-2.ö/x, usually by 2 to 5's, in more

or less compact bundles. The branches which contain the sterigmata

attain a length of 8-10 X 2-ojii. Sometimes a branch is some distance

from the apex of the conidiophore, and then it is frequently longer.

The conidia are elliptical or (more often) ovoid when young, 2.5-3 X

2-2.5f* ; then more or less globe-shaped, broadly-elliptical, or roundovoid; 2.5-4.4/x, in mass 2.6-3/A, smooth, colorless, green in mass, and

appear in separate or intertwined chains.

"The temperature for maximum growth on wort agar is 37 to 38^.

"Colonies on Czapek's agar with gelatin (15%) and glucose grow^

more slowly, greenish-blue, with green shades predominating, velvety,

with a rather wide white edge, usually with numerous yellowish-gold

drops in the conidial zone, later on becoming a dirty gray color, olivecinnamon on the reverse side ; darkening later on. The gelatin is colored olive and hardly liquifies. The gelatin begins to liquify during

the second week of culture growth (ait 23 to 25°).

"The liquified gelatin has an alkaline reaction. Colonies on Czapek's

agar with sucrose are white at first, then green-blue, velvety, with

rather wide white edges, later on becoming dirty gray. The reverse

side is straw-yellow at first, then yellow-cinnamon. The agar gradually

change to a green color. Drops are abundant, usually on surface of

young colonies, yellowish."

(Translated from the Kussian by J. O. Legg.)

'"''PeniciUium yezoense Hanzaw^a apud Sasaki and Nakane (as ^^yezoensum'^^)^ Jour. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 18:774. 1943.

"Colonies on Czapek's solution-agar spreading, velvety or funiculose, gnaphalium green or pea green (Rdg., XLVII, 29''''), then
go AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 851, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

changes to light pinkish cinnamon (Rdg., XXIX, 15'^) with sclerotiaproduction from central area, droplets abundant, reverse cream-buff

or chamois (Edg., XXX, 19^') to light mineral gray (Rdg., XLVII,

25^'^'), gradually tinged with pink, zonate in age; conidiophores 120-

200,/xX2.ö"3/A unbranched, dilated to 4.5-6/A at the apex and bearing a

verticil of 7 to 9 sterigmata 10 to 12 by 3~3.5/A; conidia in chains parallel to loosely columnar in arrangement, 2.5-3.5 by 2-2.5/x, ellipsoid,

thin walled, faintly spinulose ; sclerotia salmon, subglobose, 100-300/>t

in diameter.

"Growth in Koji extract-gelatin abundant, rugose, vinaceous cinnamon to light congo pink (Rdg., XXVIII, 7'') with sclerotia, reverse

naples yellow to bister (Rdg., XXIX, 15'"), substratum changes to

brownish, gelatin notliquefied.

"Growth on potato poor, flat and velvety, white, substratum colored.

"Milk peptonized, changes to reddish brown then yellow-brown,

litmus changes to blue."

Washington, D.C. Issued September 1968

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402—Price 40 cents.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTINS OFFICE: 1968