GLOSSARY OF TERMS

USED IN ASCS AND

RELATED PROGRAMS

* Production Adjustment

* Price Support

* Commodity Operations

* Export Activities

* Conservation and Land Use

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service

AGRICULTURAL HANDBOOK NO. 371 November 1969
FOREWORD

The purpose of this glossary is to familiarize the reader

with terminology used in programs administered by the Agricultural

Stabilizatioti and Conservation Service (ASCS), and other selected

Departmental operations that touch upon ASCS programs.

This is not a definitive glossary. The definitions given are

not intended to state or to suggest the correct legal significance

or meaning of any word or term.

Neither is this publication all-inclusive as to words and

termo used in either ASCS programs or other Departmental operations.

Finally, terms and definitions included in this glossary are

those in use, and in the connotation presented, as of August 15, 1969.
AA 6e MQ: Acreage allotment and marketing quota.

Abandonment ; Refusal to receive freight, so damaged in transit as

to be worthless and render carrier liable for its value.

Abnormal Condition; Abnormal acreage in comparison with previous

and subsequent operations, caused by such things as a wet or dry year,

weed control problems, sickness, unable to rent farm until late in the

season, etc.

Abnormal Weather Conditions; Weather conditions directly and

adversely affecting the planting and replanting of cotton. These conditions must have;

A. Been of sufficient duration and intensity to prevent the

seeding of cotton, and

B. Continued until the end of the normal planting season for

the area.

Abstract (contract): A summary of a contract which would be sufficient

for operating purposes. Information generally included would be contract

parity and address, quantity, grade, or class, and packaging of commodity,

point of delivery, delivery schedule, contract price and contract number.

It would also include the announcement or regulation reference under the

terms of which the contract was entered.

Acceptable Signature; The signature of a producer or other claimant

which satisfies legal requirements with respect to the authority of such

person to sign program forms and documents.

Acceptance; Receipt by the cosignée of a shipment thus terminating

the common carrier liability.

Accredited Acreage (Beet Sugar & Mainland Cane Sugar Areas); The

acreage of beets or sugarcane (within the farm's proportionate share,

when applicable), which is harvested for sugar (and seed in the Mainland

Cane Sugar Area) plus bona fide abandoned acreage. In the beet area it

also includes approved prevented acreage on the farm for any year.
ACP and Comparable Practices Carried Out Without Federal Cost-Sharing:

Cropland acreage established and maintained in vegetative cover (excluding

trees) under the Agricultural Conservation Program or comparable practices

carried out without Federal cost-sharing shall retain its cropland classification for the life span of the practice in writing and approved by the

county committee. Such acreage shall be available for allotment diversion

credit to the extent of the underplanted acreage of an allotment crop where

needed to fully protect the allotment history for such crop. To qualify

for cropland classification and allotment diversion credit, the following

conditions shall be met:

1. Acreage must be in excess of the sum of the conserving base

and diverted acreage requirements under other adjustment programs.

2. The producer must notify the county comnittee in the year in

which the cover is established of his intent to establish such cover and

divert acreage from an allotment crop except that the producer may notify

the county committee in the year following the year in which cover is

established in the case of diversion of winter wheat.

3. A request for preserving cropland and allotment acreage must

be made in writing and must be approved by the county committee.

4. The practice must be carried out in accordance with good

farming practices.

ACP Development Group: (State) ASC State Committee, State Director

of Extension Service, SCS State Conservationist, and FS Official for farm

forestry in the State, who as a group develop recommendations for conservation programs. Also, includes representative of State Governor under

ALSCP, (County) County ASC Committee, SCS Technician, FS Representative,

having jurisdiction of farm forestry in county, who as a group develop recommendations for county conservation programs.

Acquired Farm: A whole or part farm which is acquired by an agency.

Also, a whole or part farm for which an impoundment of flowage easement is

obtained by an agency.

Acreage Ceiling: A maximum limit on the total acres of cropland, feed

grain bases, and wheat, cotton, tobacco, rice or peanut allotments in the

community that may be placed under a program. The purpose of this limitation is to avoid serious adverse effects on the economy of the coimunity

or local trade area*

Acreage-Poundage Quota: Numeric allocation in acres and pounds.

Acreage-Poundage (Tobacco): A tobacco marketing quota program which

controls production and marketing by limiting both the acreage for production and pounds for marketing to each individual producer.
Acreage Reserves: A portion of the National, State, or county allotment for a specified commodity withheld at such level as applicable, which

may later be allocated under certain specific conditions to individual

farms, and for establishing new farm allotments or bases.

Acres Per Animal Unit Month; The estimated number of acres necessary

to provide forage for one animal for one month under proper use.

Actual Production; As applied to any acreage of;

Corn; The number of bushels that the county committee determines

would be harvested as grain, if all corn on the acreage

were so harvested.

Cotton, Rice, Peanuts; The actual average yield for the farm

times the number of harvested acres.

Actual Sale: In the Emergency Feed Program, the act of selling which

shall be deemed to have been completed when the farmer and the dealer have

agreed on the kinds, quantities, and prices of designated surplus feed

grains and approved mixed feeds, and when the total purchase price has been

paid by the farmer to the dealer or charged by the dealer against the

farmer.

Actual Yield (Rice); Total pounds of a commodity produced on a farm

divided by the farm rice acreage.

Additional Diversion; The percentage of the feed grain base above

the minimum, but not in excess of 50 percent, which may be diverted for

payment under the annual feed grain program. For wheat, it is percentage

of the allotment, but not in excess of 50 percent.

Adherent Planters (Hawaiian Sugarcane); A producer who has an adherent planter agreement with a plantation and who produces sugarcane in

conjunction with the plantation. Such agreement is a supplement to the

purchase agreement and provides for, among other things:

1. Subsistance advances per acre,

2. The bearing by the plantation of any production curtailment

required by the Sugar Act.

3. The diversion of conditional payments on sugarcane marketed by

planters. The adherent planter receives a flat rate per hundredweight of

sugar produced from his cane while the plantation-producer receives the

balance between such rate and the rate applicable to the entire farming

unit.

Adjusted County Allotment (Cotton); County allotment less county

reserve.

Adjusted Quota (Sugar); Individual area or county basic quotas as

adjusted to reflect deficit prorations.
Adjusted State Allotment (Cotton): The State allotment less the State

reserve and acreage pooled as a result of productivity adjustments of

transferred farm cotton allotments.

Adjustment Payment: A payment made to a producer for compliance with

the terms and conditions of a CAP or CCP agreement.

Administration Cane (Sugarcane): The sugarcane grown and owned by a

processor.

Administrative Area (Rice): A portion of a State divided into two

administrative areas for the purpose of establishing rice allotments on

a ''farm** or ''producer" basis.

Administrative Location of a Farm: An imaginative location of a farm

for the purpose of administering farm programs. If all land in a farm is

located in one county, the farm shall be administratively located in such

county. If the land in a farm is located in more than one county, the

farm shall be administratively located in either of such counties as the

county committee and the farmer agree. If there is no agreement, the farm

shall be located in the county in which the principal dwelling is located

or where the major portion of the farm is located, if there is no dwelling.

Administrative Variance: An amount within which the ASCS program

acreage limit on a farm may be slightly exceeded and considered in full

compliance with such limitation for all program purposes.

Advance Charge: The amount of freight or other charge on a shipment

advanced by one transportation line to another, or to the shipper, to be

collected from the consignee.

Advance Payment: A part or all of a payment made to a producer prior

to the time that such payment has been earned by compliance with the terms

and conditions of an agreement.

Aeration Unit: Fan and duct assemblies for equalizing moisture migration in grain stored in CCG-owned storage structures.

Agency for International Development (AID): Carries out, within the

Department of State, nonmilitary U.S. foreign assistance programs in

friendly underdeveloped countries and areas.

Aggregate Outstanding Balance - (FS & DE): The outstanding balances

of all loans for farm storage or drying equipment made to the same

applicant(s) under the current or prior program.
Agreed Valuation; The value of a shipment agreed upon in order to

secure a specific rating and/or liability.

Agreed Weight: The weight prescribed by agreement between carrier

and shipper for goods shipped in certain packages or in a certain manner.

Agreement (Marketing Quota and Acreage Allotment); A long-term agreement or contract under which a producer receives adjustment and cost-share

pa3niients for diverting cropland from the production of row crops and small

grains to approved conservation practices and other approved uses.

Agreement Modification; The revision of an existing agreement to

reflect changes in the basic data caused by loss and control, transfer

of interest, removal of designated acreage, acreage substitution, etc.

Agreement Number; Identification number assigned to an agreement by

the COC.

Agricultural Chemicals; Chemicals used to increase the productivity

and quality of farm crops, livestock, and poultry. They include fertilizers,

soil conditioners, pesticides, and feed addatives.

Agricultural Conservation Program; This program shares costs with

farmers and ranchers to encourage and assist them to carry out on their

farms conserving practices. The program is designed to (1) restore and

improve soil fertility; (2) minimize erosion caused by wind and water; and

(3) conserve resources and wildlife. Cost-sharing is offered only for

farm conservation measures considered necessary to meet the most urgently

needed conservation problems which would not otherwise be carried out to

the extent needed in the public interest. To be eligible, except in

restricted emergency cases, the farmer must request cost-sharing before

beginning the practice. In lieu of cash reimbursement, cost-sharing

assistance may be in the form of partial payment by the Government of the

purchase price of materials and services needed by the farmer for carrying

out approved practices. The farmer bears the balance of the cost which

amounts to about 50 percent and in addition, supplies labor and management

necessary to carry out the practices. Materials and services are obtained

through private sources where practical. This program is administered

by ASCS.

Agricultural Imports, U.S.; Traditional major U.S. imports have been

sugar, coffee, bananas, rubber, cocoa, vegetable oils and wool. Imports

of cattle, meats and dairy products have at times assumed some importance.

Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS); This service was established by the Secretary of Agriculture on June 5, 1961, under

the authority of Reorganization Plan No, 2 of 1953, in accordance with the

Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended (5 U.S.C. 901-913). The Service

carries on the following principal programs from appropriated funds: Production adjustment programs; Sugar Act program; Agricultural conservation
program; Cropland adjustment program; Emergency conservation measures;

Conservation reserves program; Indemnity payments to dairy farmers; Commodity Credit Corporation program activities; Foreign assistance program,

and other special activities,

AID: See Agency for International Development,

All-Commodity Rate; A freight rate, usually a carload rate, applying

to various shipments regardless of the nature of the commodities.

Alliance for Progress; A development program for Latin America launched August 1961 at Punta del Este, Uruguay, by 20 of the 21 States, Cuba

abstaining. The Alliance for Progress calls for improvemoits in incomes,

rate of economic growth, trade, land policies, agricultural production and

marketings, education, public health, housing, and other economic and social

areas. The Latin American countries have agreed to consnit their own resources to the program and to make necessary reforms. The United States

has pledged financial and technical cooperation, including a substantial

part of the estimated minimum of $20 billion required from outside sources

in the 10 years following inception of the program.

Allocation (Budget); A guide as to how much may be obligated for a

specified purpose during a specified period of time. Allocations are issued to subordinate officials to assist an allottee in controlling his funds.

Allocation of Funds (ASCS Programs): Distribution of programs allocations among States and counties for use in entering into contracts, agreements, or cost-share approvals under annual diversion and conservation programs, and long-range land use and conservation programs.

Allotment (Budget): An authorization to incur obligations within a

specified amount for a specified period of time.

Allotment (Farm); Acreage allocated to a farm for a year for cotton,

peanuts, rice, tobacco, or wheat, pursuant to the Agricultural Adjustment

Act of 1938, as amended.

Allotment Diversion Credit: Planted acreage credit which may be

earned by establishing and maintaining a vegetative cover in lieu of

planting the allotment crop. This credit may be applied to the underplanted acreage of an allotment crop where needed to fully protect the

allotment history of such crop. (See ííISO Preservation of Cropland and

Allotment Acreage.)

Allotment Pool (Eminent Domain): The allotment which a displaced

owner is entitled to transfer to another of his farms. Such displacement

must result from any agency having the right of eminent domain.

Allowance; (a) A sum granted as a reimbursement or repayment* (b) A

deduction from the gross weight or value of goods.
Alongside; At the side of the ship, within reach of the ship's loading

tackle. Goods to be delivered alongside are to be delivered to the dock or

lighter from which they can be loaded aboard the ship.

Alternate Crops; Crops, which may be planted and harvested or grazed

at any time on diverted acres. Their acreage may be equal to the sum of

intentions under feed grain, wheat, and cotton less the required feed grain

and wheat diverted acreage for which there is no payment. Those crops

which may be approved for alternate crops are castor beans, crambe, guar,

mustard seed, plantago ovata, sesame, sunflowers, safflower and flaxseed.

Alternate Sources of Protein; Food products approved by "Committee on

Food Processing in Developing Countries" for distribution under the Food

for Peace Program to relieve hunger. Examples of such food is Blended Food

Formula No, 2 which consists of 70% corn meal, 25% soya flour and 5% nonfat

dry milk with minerals and vitamins added.

Alternative Rates; Two or more rates, of which the one which produces

the lowest charge is applicable.

Alternative Tariff; A tariff containing two or more rates from and

to the same points, on the same goods, with authority to use the one which

produces the lowest charge. (See Sectional Tariff.)

Amendment ; A change in the regulations or handbook.

American Selling Price Tariff; A valuation procedure of the united

States under which the U.S. wholesale price of certain products, notably

chemicals, is used instead of the foreign price in arriving at the customs

duty to be assessed,

Anmionia; A colorless gas composed of one atom of nitrogen and three

atoms of hydrogen. Ammonia liquefied under pressure is used as a fertilizer.

Analyst; A person skilled in defining and developing techniques for

solving problems.

Anhydrous Milkfat; A product similar in composition to butteroil.

However, it is made directly from cream and is used most commonly in milk

deficit countries to combine with nonfat dry milk to make fluid milk, ice

cream and other dairy products.

Animal Type; The combination of characters appropriate to a special

kind of use or desirability -- such as, beef type.

Animal Unit; One cow, feeder, heifer, bull or steer; two other heifers;

three calves; five sheep; five goats; seven lambs or kids; three sows or

hogs on full grain ration; five other swine; and one horse or mule.
10

Animal Pasture; Artificial pasture planted for only one year or

season's durât ion.

Annual Yield (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): For a crop, the yield of commerically recoverable sugar per planted acre on the farm expressed in

hundredweight,

Appalachia Region: Means the area of the eastern United States consisting of States and counties listed in Section 403 of Public Law 89-4

"Appalachia Regional Development Act of 1965".

Appalachian Region Conservation Program: This program is a specialized

effort that applies to potential growth areas in designated counties in the

13 States of Appalachia (Alabama^ Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, New York,

North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia,

West Virginia, and Mississippi),

The program is designed to share with farmowners, operators or occupiers, the cost of installing certain soil and water conservation and development practices. Particular emphasis is given to help farmers with

relatively low income.

Appeal: A producer's request for reconsideration of a decision affecting him, which was made under an ASCS program administered through ASC

State and County Committees,

Approved Local Producing Area (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): A predesignated

geographical area for which the actual yields of commercially recoverable

sugar from the acreages planted on the farms in such area were determined

to be below 80 percent of the applicable normal yields either for 10 percent

or more of the number of such farms or 10 percent or more of the total

acres planted on all farms in such area because of drought, flood, storm,

freeze, disease or insects.

Approved Vendor - (FS & DE): A vendor who has been approved on Form

CGC-308, Supplier's Agreement.

Approved Warehouse: A public warehouse approved by USDA or CGC for

the storage or handling of government-owned and/or price support commodities.

Aquatic Weed Control: Controlling undesirable aquatic vegetation by

mechanical or chemical methods.

Area Allotment (Beet Sugar Area|) : A portion of the State acreage

allocation allotted to an area served by a beet sugar company(s), a county

or a group of counties.

Arid Region Areas: Where the potential water losses by evaporation

and transpiration are greater than the amount of water supplied by precipitation, ïn the united States this area is broadly considered to be the

dry parts of the 17 Western States.
11

Artificial Pasture: Grazing lands under relatively intensive management, usually supporting introduced forage species and receiving periodic

cultural treatment, such as tillage, fertilization, mowing and irrigation.

ASCS Community; A designated area for administrative purposes. Generally, each county is divided into at least three such areas. If this is

not practical, the State committee may approve less than three communities

in a county.

Assign: To transfer or make over to another party.

Assignee: Any person, including a Department, bureau, or agency of

the Federal Government or any corporation whose stock is wholly owned by

the Federal Government, to whom a payment is assigned, who makes advances

to a producer of cash, supplies, services, or land for the purpose of

financing the making of a crop, handling or marketing an agricultural

commodity, or performing a conservation practice, for the current crop year.

Assignment: Execution of a document by which a person entitled to a

payment under an ASCS program transfers to another (the assignee) the right

to receive that payment. In most programs, assignments, if permitted at

all, are allowed only under specified conditions.

Assurance Form: Form ASCS-524, Assurance of Compliance with the

Department of Agriculture Regulations under Title VI of the Civil Rights

Act of 1964. The assurance is required under all program agreements which

offer recreation enterprises or public access benefits.

Automatic Data Processing: Data processing performed by a system of

electronic or electrical machines so interconnected and interacting as to

reduce to a minimum the need for human assistance or intervention.

Automatic Data Processing Equipment; A machine, or group of interconnected machines consisting of input, storage, computing, control, and output devices, which uses electronic circuitry in the main computing element

to perform arithmetic and/or logical operations automatically by means of

programmed instructions.

Automatic Data Processing System: A term descriptive of an interacting

assembly of procedures, processes, methods, personnel and automatic data

processing equipment to perform a series of data processing operations.

Automation; The technique of making a process more automatic, selfmoving, or self-controlling.

Average Demurrage Agreement; An agreement made between a shipper and

a transportation line whereby the shipper is debited for the time cars are

held for loading or unloading beyond a certain period and credited for the

time cars are released by him within a certain period, demurrage charges

being assessed by the transportation line, usually at the end of the month,

for any outstanding debits.
13

B

Back Haul* To haul a shipment back over a part of a route whidh it

has travelled.

Bagging (Cotton Bale) : Material used to wrap a cotton bale.

Bagasse (Sugarcane)t Fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane has

been milled to extract the sugar-containing juices.

Balance of Payments (BOP)t An accounting statement setting forth

economic transactions involving the exchange of goods, services, gold and

capital claims between a country and foreign countries.

The United States, for exatùple^ pays other countries for merchandise

imported and services provided, such as shipping, insurance, and accommodations for tourists. The United States makes other outlays to foreign

countries for eóonomic and military assistance; for investment -- short

and long-term capital and direct and private remittances, pensions, and

other transfers. The United States receives funds from other countries,

mainly in pajrment for merchandise exports and services, mutual defense,

investment, and repayments on U.S. Government loans. A balance of payments deficit occurs when total pasmients to foreign countries are greater

than receipts from foreign countries. In the case of the United States,

a deficit means the accumulation abroad of U.S. dollar reserves, part of

which the official monetary agencies of foreign countries convert to gold.

Balance of Trade (BOT)r The difference in value between a country's

merchandise imports and exports in a specified period. The balance of

trade, in the sense of the difference in value between imports and exports,

is called "favorable" when exports exceed imports and "unfavorable" when

the reverse occurs,

A county's balance of trade is only one factor in its balance of

payments. The United States has had a favorable balance of trade in almost

every year since 1874. In calendar year 1965 the United States had a

favorable trade balance of $4.8 billion — yet had a balance of payment

deficit of $1.3 billion.

Bale (Cotton); Raw cotton, compressed, bound and wrapped. A

standard bale weighs approximately 500 pounds.
14

Bale Ties and Buckles: Bands and buckles used to secure a bale of

cotton, usually made of steel.

Ballot; An official form on which a voter may mark his vote.

Bareboat: Ä vessel which at the time of chartering, usually from the

U.S. Maritime Commission, has neither crew nor supplies and with only

enough fuel to get to delivery point but which is otherwise in good running

condition.

Barley; A grain which may or may not, at the option of the Secretary

be considered a "feed grain" and included in the farm feed grain base

under the annual Peed Grain Program

Barley (Malting): A subclass of barley which has 90 percent or more

of the kernels with white aleurone layers; which is not semi-steely in mass;

which must meet certain minimum requirements relative to damaged kernels,

foreign materials, skinned and broken kernels, thin barley, unsuitable

varieties, test weight and others. Malting barley is used in the production

of malt, which in turn is used primarily in the production of beer*

Barter Program (CGC * Title 11^ P.L^ 480); This legislation authorizes

the Secretary to barter or exchange agricultural commodities owned by GCC

for (1) strategic or other material required by the U.S. in excess of

domestic production, or (2) material, goods, and equipment required for

foreign economic and military aid programs or for offshore construction

program.

Base Period:

•'-• Peanuts: The three calendar years immediately preceding the

year for which farm acreage allotments are currently being established,

2. Sugarbeets - Sugarcane; The period of years used to determine

rates of commercially recoverable sugar, normal yields, proportionate

shares, State acreage allocations and area allotments.

3. Tobacco: Five immediate preceding years.

Base Rate of Sugar Act Payment (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): The Sugar

Act payment of $0.80 per hundredweight of sugar consnercially recoverable

for the first 7,000 cwt* produced on the farm.

Basic Commodities; Corn, cotton, peanuts, rice, tobacco and wheat,

Basic Price Support Rate; The loan and purchase rate established for

a commodity in an area, county or terminal basis before adjustments for

premiums and discounts are made.

Basic Quotas (Sugar): Established for individual areas or countries

whenever the annual requirements determination is made or revised by the

Secretary.
15

Basing Point: A point, the rates to and from which are used in

constructing through rates between other points.

Basing Rate; A rate used only for the purpose of constructing other

rates. (See Proportional Rate.)

Basin Irrigation (Or Level Borders); The application of irrigation

water to level areas that are surrounded by border ridges or levees.

Usually irrigation water is applied at rates greater than the water intake

rate of the soil. The water may stand on uncropped soils for several days

until the soil is well soaked; then any excess may be used on other fields.

The water may stand a few hours on fields having a growing crop.

Beef Cattle; Bovine animals bred and fattened for meat.

Beet Pulp (Sugarbeets); The cossettes after the recoverable sugar

has been removed.

Beet Sugar Area: The States in which sugarbeets are grown for the

production of sugar.

Bench Mark; A permanent reference point. In range inventory, it is

used as a point where vegetation measurements are made. In soils, it is

used to designate a major soil series, phrase, or type which is representative of similar soils.

Beneficial Interest; Two-party or two-country, as a bilateral trade

agreement between countries. Bilateral trade agreements between two

countries to exchange specified products limit opportunities of third

countries to trade with the two nations and are looked upon by the United

States as a form of nontariff trade barrier.

Bill of Lading;

Straight Bill of Lading: A non-negotiable document by which a

transportation line acknowledges receipt of freight and contracts for its

movement. The surrender of the original Straight Bill of Lading is not

required by transportation lines upon delivery of the freight, except when

necessary for the purpose of identifying the consignee.

Order Bill of Lading: A negotiable document by which a transportation line acknowledges receipt of freight and contracts for its movement.

The surrender of the original Order Bill of Lading, properly endorsed, is

required by transportation lines upon delivery of the freight, in accordance

with the terms of the Bill of Lading.

Bin; A building or structure used for storing grain or similar

commodities.
16

Bin Site: A plot of land, or two or more plots bearing the same site

number, which has been purchased or leased by CCC for the purpose of erecting

grain storage structures.

Bin Site Directory; A listing of the number and capacities of each

type of bin located at each bin site within a State*

Bin Storage; The storage of grains in CCC-owned structures.

Blackstrap Molasses: The final product remaining after all the commercially recoverable sucrose has been removed from the juices expressed

from the cane. This is a dark colored, heavy viscous liquid.

Blanket Bond: An insurance policy covering warehousemen operating

under specific CCC storage agreements.

Blanket Rate; (a) A rate applicable from and/or to a group of points,

(b) A special rate applicable on several different articles in a single

shipment.

Blanket Tariff Supplement: A single publication containing additions

to or changes in two or more tariffs.

Blanket Waybill: A waybill covering two or more consignments of freight.

Boiled Peanuts; Commonly called "green peanuts" grown for boiling

purposes principally in Florida, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama which

are excluded from acreage allotment and marketing quota provisions of the

Act.

Bona Fide Abandoned Acreage (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): Acreage abandoned (with harvest loss) due to drought, flood, stoirm, freeze, or insects,

in localities where the condition is general.

Bonded Warehouse: A warehouse owned by persons approved by the Treasury

Department, and under bond or guarantee for the strict observance of the

revenue laws; utilized for storing goods until duties are paid or goods are

otherwise properly released.

Borrowing Authority (CCC); CGC operations are financed largely by

borrowings, mostly from the U.S. Treasury, under its statutory borrowing

authorization of $14.5 billion. This amount is the limit on borrowings that

may be outstanding at any one time. CCC reserves a sufficient amount of

this borrowing authority to purchase at any time all loans and other obligations held by financial institutions under the Corporation's programs. For

example, as of February 28, 1967, CGC had in use $10,674,888,000 of this

authority; actual borrowings from the Treasury amounted to $9,864,904,000

(includes interest of $11,444,000), This left a statutory borrowing

authority available of $3,825,112,000.
17 E

Bottom; Usually synonymous with *Wessel" or "ship". If the vessel

is registered in the United States, it is a "U.S. flag vessel". If

registry is other than U.S., it is, in U.S. usage, a "foreign flag vessel".

Bread; Made by mixing flour or ground grain with water, milk, etc.,

and baking the mixture, usually after kneading it. About 67 loaves of

white bread of one pound each can be made from a bushel of wheat. The

farmers's share of a 22.4 cent loaf of bread in 1968 was 3.3 cents.

Breaking Out; The act of bringing noncropland into a cropland status

by tillage operations which are normally necessary for the production of

row crops and small grains.

Breeding Herd; The livestock retained to provide for the perpetuation

of the herd or band, not including animals being prepared for market.

Brix; The measures of density of a solution, more particularly a

solution containing sucrose, as determined by a dydrometer.

Brush; A growth of shrubs or small trees usually of a type undesirable

to livestock or timber management.

Brush Control; Killing or suppressing brush or other woody plants by

mechanical, chemical, biological, or other means.

Buffer Strips: Establishes strips of perennial grass or other erosionresisting vegetation, usually on the contour in cultivated fields, to

reduce runoff and erosion.

Bulgur; Wheat which has been parboiled, dried and partially debranned

for later use in either cracked or whole grain form.

Bulk Freight; Freight not in packages or containers.

Bunching; The accumulation and tender of cars for loading or unloading

in excess of orders or contrary to customary schedules.

Bureau of Customs U.S; An agency of the U.S. Treasury Department. The

Bureau collect duties and taxes due on imported merchandise and baggage,

including countervailing duties to offset foreign subsidies, and antidumping

duties to offset unfair price competition.

The Bureau has nine Regional Offices providing line supervision over

District Offices and more than 350 customs ports and stations, which provide customs services to the public. Headquarters; Washington, D. C.

Bushel; Dry measure for grain, fruit, etc., equal to four pecks or

eight gallons.

Butteroil; A product made from butter, with nearly all the moisture,

salt and nonfat solids removed. It contains about 99#8 percent fat, 0.1

percent nonfat solids and 0.1 percent moisture.
19

Calorie: Unit expressing the energy-producing value of food. A

pound of sugar contains 1,790 calories. A standard teaspoon contains 18.

Canadian Wheat Board: A quasi-governmental agency, established in

1935, that markets Canadian wheat, oats, and barley — but mainly wheat —

on behalf of producers in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, and in

specified areas of British Columbia and Ontario.

Cancellation; Voiding or making invalid a decision previously made or

a form or document previously executed in connection with an ASCS program.

CAP Base; The historical acreage of an allotment crop, feed grain

crop, tame hay and nonallotment base crops eligible for diversion under a

CAP agreement.

Capital Flow; The national movement of investment or speculative capital from one point of the economy to another or from one country to another.

Capital Restoration (CCC): The Act of March 8, 1938, as amended,

(15 U.S.C. 713A 1-2) authorized restoration to the Commodity Credit Corporation of any capital impairment found to exist as a result of an annual

appraisal of the assets and liabilities of the Corporation by the Treasury,

the value of assets being determined on the basis of cost to the Corporation.

This act was repealed by Public Law 87-155 on August 17, 1961, and covered

impairments through June 30, I960, See also Realized Losses (CCC),

Carcass Weight; The weight of an animal after slaughter and removal

of the internal organs (except kidneys), head, internal leaf fat, and skin^

Carcass weight of hogs includes the feet, head and skin.

Carcass Weight Equivalent: The calculated carcass weight corresponding to the product weight of various meat cuts and products — a common

denominator for deriving amounts of meat produced, traded and consumed.

Car-Day; As applied to the freight service, 24 hours of the time of

one freight car on the railroad line.

Cargo: Merchandise or freight carried by a vessel other than supplies

for passengers and crew. '»Special cargo" is a single commodity, such as

crude oil or baxixite. "General cargo" consists of mixed and varied

commodities.

Cargo Preference Act (P>L. 664, 83rd Congress): Provides that "when

ever the United States, contracts for, or otherwise obtains for its own

account, or furnishes to or for the account of any foreign nation without
20

provision for reimbursement, any equipment, materials or commodités," the

United States shall ship in U.S. flag vessels, to the extent that they are

available at fair and reasonable rates, at least 50 percent of the gross

tonnage involved.

Cargo Tonnage; (Weight or Measurement) The weight ton in the United

States is 2,000 or 2,240 pounds, and in British countries it is the English

long or gross ton of 2,240 pounds. In France and other countries having the

metric system the weight ton is 2,204.62 pounds. The measurement ton is

usually 40 cubic feet, but in some instances a larger number of cubic feet

is taken as a weight ton. Most ocean freight is taken at weight or measurement (W/M), ship's option.

Carrier: An individual or corporation engaged in the business of

transporting goods

Cartage to Shipside: The charge made for carting, draying, or trucking

freight to alongside a vessel.

Carryover; The commodity available for marketing which is on hand at

the beginning of the next succeeding marketing year.

Cash Rent: A fixed amount of money which is paid as rent for the

use of land.

Gash-Rented Public Land; Cropland under public ownership rented or

leased to a farmer who may choose to designate it as diverted under a

production adjustment program.

CCC; See Commodity Credit Corporation.

Cental: A weight unit of 100 pounds avoirdupois. When defined as

"hundredweight" or "cwt" the equivalent is 100 pounds — not the 112-pound

British hundredweight.

Cereal Leaf Beetle: Pest under control action (1967) by USDÁ, Distribution in U.S. - Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois. Principal hosts -

barley, oats, wheat.

Cereals: Members of the grass family in which the seed is the most

important part used for food and feed.

Certificate of Origin: A certified document as to the origin of goods.

Certificate of Interest: A certificate issued by CGC which shows

participation by a bank, or other eligible party, in the financing or a

pool of price support loans. The certificate is payable by CGC at maturity

or on demand.
21

Certifícate Pool (Cotton): An amount equal to the cash advances made

to holders of pajrment-in-kind certificates who have requested CCC's assistance in marketing cotton represented by such certificates.

Certification County: A county in which determination of compliance

with acreage allotments or other acreage requirements on a farm may be

made by certification of crop or land use acreage by the farm operator in

lieu of a farm visit by a county office official•

Charges; All feeds, costs, and expenses incident to insuring, carrying, handling, storing, conditioning, and marketing the commodity.

Chattel Mortgage; A mortgage on personal property. Any security

instrument which secures a farm storage loan.

Charter Party; A contract entered into between a charterer and an

owner or his agent for leasing a vessel for a stated time or voyage or

voyages•

Child Labor; This term refers to children, other than those of a

producer who owns 40 percent or more of the sugar crop, who are under 14

years of age, who work in the production of a sugar crop, and to those

between 14 and 16 who work more than 8 hours per day in the production of

a sugar crop. The Sugar Act provides that a deduction of $10.00 be made

from the Sugar Act payment of a producer for each day or part of a day that

any child works.

Claim; A demand made upon a transportation line for payment on account

of a loss sustained through its negligence.

Class and Commodity Tariff; A tariff containing both class and

commodity rates.

Classification (Freight); A publication containing a list of articles

and the classes to which they are assigned for the purpose of applying

class rates, together with governing rules and regulations.

Classification Rating; The class to which an article is assigned

for the purpose of applying class rates.

Classification (Freight) Territory; Defined area with which a

particular freight classification applies, viz.; Official, the area north

of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers and east of Lake Michigan and a line drawn

between Chicago and St. Louis; Southern, the area south of Official

Classification Territory and east of the Mississippi River, and Western,

the remaining area of the United States.

Class Rate; A rate applicable to a class rating to which articles

are assigned in a classification.
22

Class Tariff: A tariff containing only class rates.

Clean Bill of Lading: A bill of lading receipted by carrier for

merchandise in good condition (no damage, loss, etc., apparent), and

which does not bear such notation as "Shipper's Load and Count," etc,

CMS Vendor: Any person (individual, partnership, corporation,

cooperative, or other business entity, including agencies of State and

local Governments), other than a minor, equipped for and in the business

of furnishing materials for services to farmers who have qualified to

fill purchase ordering by executing Form ACP-230, agreement to fill

CMS vendor purchase order.

Commercially Recoverable Sugar (Sugarbeets '- Sugarcane): The amount

of sugar determined to be recoverable from sugarbeets and sugarcane.

Commingling; Storing commodities on a fungible basis. May also

apply to commodities which are stored in the same facility, on a first in -

first out basis, without being truly commingled.

Committee: Group selected or elected to do a special work, as State,

county or community ASC committee.

Commodity Inspector: Community committeeman or other representative

of the county committee who does field work in connection with price support programs.

Commodity Office: Responsible for assigned inventory management,

acquisition, disposition and related programs and activities of CGC,

Common Carrier; A transportation line engaged in the business of

handling persons or goods for compensation and for all persons impartially.

Common Tariff: A tariff published by or for the account of two or

more transportation lines as issuing carriers.

Community Committee: Persons elected within a community to carry out

the functions of the community committee as provided in the regulations

governing the selection and function of ASCS county and comtminity committees.

Competitive Rate: A rate established by a transportation line to

meet competition of another transportation line.

Competitive Shrubs: Undesirable shrubs competing with vegetative

growth of grasses and legumes.

Competitive Traffic: Traffic in the movement of which two or more

transportation lines compete.
23

Compliance; Meeting the terms and conditions of a program agreement

or contract. Example, production and harvest of row crops and small grains

within the total permitted acreage of a CAP agreement.

Compliance by Certification: The method of determining compliance with

acreage allotments or other acreage requirements by accepting a certification of crop or land use acreage from the farm operator. (See Certification

County.)

Compliance Determination; The act of determining whether or not a

person has carried out the provision of a program.

Component (ACP); A separate, complete operation or step in the

performance of a conservation practice.

Compression; A term applying to cotton and means the compression

of a bale of flat cotton to either standard density or high density.

Computed County Allotment (Cotton); The county's share of the adjusted

State allotment.

Conclusion; Final decision.

Concur: Agree officially.

Concurrent Operations; (ACP) Operation of both the current and

succeeding year's programs during the overlapping period beginning July 1

and ending not later than December 31 of the current year.

Condemnation Proceedings; Legal procedure pursuant to displacement

land owner under acquisition of land by exercising the right of eminent

domain.

Consent and/or Disclaimer Agreements (FS & DE); A document in which

any interest in a fixture which is collateral for a loan is disclaimed by

a person having an interest in the land on which the fixture is located.

Conservation Materials and Services (CMS); Approved materials and

services, needed to perform a conservation practice under land use and

conservation programs administered through ASC State and County Committees.

Conservation Heeds: Conservation measures needed to conserve and

protect agricultural land, water, woodland, and wildlife resources.

Conservation Needs Inventory; National inventory of soil and water

conservation needs as developed by the USDA intra-agency committees

designated by the Secretary.

Conservation Practice; A land treatment measure to protect or conserve

soil, water, woodland, or wildlife resources, or the installation of a

structure or other measure for this purpose.
24

Conservation Reserve program; This program, authorized by the Soil

Bank Act, is a long-range program under which farmers have voluntarily

contracted to take cropland out of production for a specified number of

years (3 to 10 years) and devote it to conservation uses. In return the

farmer received (a) an annual rental payment for the contract period; and

(b) assistance in either cash or conservation materials and services for

carrying out approved conservation practices on the reserved acreage*

Farmers were required to apply approved conservation practices to the

reserve acreage which include establishing grasses, legumes, or trees,

or to devote it to soil, water, forest, or wildlife conservation practices.

They could not harvest a crop from the reserved acres or graze them, except

when authorized in emergencies• Although authorization to accept additional

contract under this program ended with the 1960 program year, producers can

earn annual payments for the remaining years of term contracts (ranging

from 3 to 10 years) still in effect. This program is administered by ASCS.

Conserving Base; The average acreage of cropland on the farm devoted

in 1959 and 1960 to conserving uses including; permanent or rotation

cover of grasses and legumes; summer or winter cover crops consisting

principally of small grains, annual legumes or annual grasses; small grain

cover crops when used for any purpose other than grain; idle cropland including clean tillage and summer fallowed cropland; and volunteer cover.

Conserving Use; An approved cultural practice or use authorized by

the county committee on cropland required to be in a diverted or conserving

status under a production adjustment program.

Consignee; The person to whom articles are shipped.

Consignor; The person by whom articles are shipped.

Constituent: Persons who vote for and elect an official to represent them in public office.

Constitution of a Farm; (See Farm) and (Reconstitution) A method by

which a certain amount of land is administratively considered a farm for

program purposes.

"Containerized" Shipment ; Containers represent a relatively new

method of shipping farm products, primarily perishables, to foreign markets. In the broadest sense, containerization is the use of a box to

ship things in ~ whether it is a box with or without wheels, with or

without refrigeration, ventilated or not ventilated.

Contour; An imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation on

the surface of the soil. A contour terrace is laid out on a sloping soil

course. In contour plowing, the plowman keeps to a level line at right angles to the direction of the slope, which usually results in a curving furrow.
25

Contract CMS: An individual authorized to execute contracts in the I I I 1 I I Uli I name of CCC or USDA«

Contribution Method of Reconstitution; The proration of allotments

and bases to tracts being separated from a parent farm in the same proportion that each tract contributed to the allotments and bases at the

time such tracts were combined to make the parent farm.

Conversion (as used in the barter program); An obligation of a U.S.

Government agency to pay dollars is "converted; when a contractor agrees

to accept U.S. Government—owned surplus agricultural commodities instead

of the dollars to which he is entitled. The barter program has less

restrictive icules for exports of agricultural commodities for conversion

than for usual barter transactions because conversions reduce the overflow

of U.S. dollars abroad and save appropriated funds.

Conversion (as used in farm storage loans);

loan collateral«

Unauthorized removal of

Conversion Factors; The following equivalents are among those most

commonly used in international agricultural trade;

Metric Equivalents;

[uals 39,37 inches

It 2.471 acres

tr .9081 dry quarts

or

1.0567 liquid quarts

If 2.2046 pounds

tt 220.46 pounds

tf 2,204,6 pounds

1 meter

1 hectare

1 liter

1 kilogram

1 quintal ( 100 kilograms)

1 ton (1,000 kilograms)

Ton; The "metric" ton of 2,204.6 pounds is the weight unit most

widely used in reporting international trade statistics. The "short" ton

of 2,000 pounds is in common use in the United States, Canada, South

Africa, and some other countries. The "long" ton of 2,240 pounds — alsocalled the "gross" ton, "shippers" ton, or "shipping" ton — is in common

use in England and, for certain purposes, in the United States and elsewhere. The "freight" ton is a unit of volume for cargo freight, usually

reckoned at 40 cubic feet.

Hundredweight (cwt.); The "short" hundredweight (one-twentieth of a

short ton) is 100 pounds in the United States. The "long" hundredweight

(one-twentieth of a long ton) is 112 pounds in England and some other

countries. The "metric" hundredweight (one-twentieth of a metric ton) is

110.23 pounds.
26

Conversion Products: Those farm comnaodities, such as poultry, eggs,

and pork, whose prices under the EEC's CAP are affected by the price of

feed grains (cereals component). Their value is determined by the feed

cost per unit produced.

Cooley Amendment: A term applied to Section 104(e), Public Law 480

because it was introduced by Congressman Harold D. Cooley when he was

Chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture. It authorizes loans of

foreign currencies to U.S. and foreign firms operating in foreign countries,

The amendment, as modified by Public Law 89-808, provides ^'for use tc^

the maximum extent under the procedures established by such agency as the

President shall designate for loans to U.S. business firms (including

cooperatives) and branches, subsidiaries, or affiliates of such firms for

business development and trade expansion in such countries, including loans

for private home construction, and for loans to domestic and foreign firmf;

(including cooperatives) for the establishment of facilities for aiding in

the utilization, distribution, or otherwise increasing the consumption o£,

and markets for, U.S. agricultural products . . . Foreign currencies may

be accepted in repayment of such loans.'*

As of June 30, 1966, some 355 loans had been made to private business

firms in 25 counties in the amount of almost $300 million* They covered

such varied activities as production of cement in Bolivia, wire ropes in

Columbia, chemicals in India, paperboard in Israel, and steel in Turkey.

Cooperative Marketing Association; Producer owned and producer controlled cooperatives approved by CCC to be eligible to obtain price support

for its producers' members.

Cooperators, Market Development: Trade and agricultural groups are

cooperating with the Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, in developing commercial markets for U.S, farm products in

more than 70 countries. Commodities represented in this cooperative

program include wheat, feed grains, soybeans, rice, livestock, livestock

products, poultry, fruit, cotton, and tobacco.

Cooperating groups, from contributions of their memberships, provide

personnel, services and cash. FAS makes available foreign currencies

generated under Title I, Public Law 480.

Corn: In American terminology. Zea Mays, or Indian corn; includes

sweet corn, popcorn, and field types. In Old World terminology, "corn'^

may also mean almost any of the Old World cereal grains.

Corn Belt: Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois (major area) and parts of

Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
27

Cassettes (Sugarbeets); The strips into which sugarbeets are sliced

preparatory to the extraction of sugar-containing juices.

Cossette Test Contract (Sugarbeets); A contract between a processor

and growers under which the processor payment is based primarily on the

average content of all beets sliced in the settlement area»

Cost-sharing (Conservation Practice); Joint contributions, equal or

in some proportion, between the Federal Government and an agricultural

producer which are applied to the cost of carrying out a soil, water,

woodland or wildlife conservation (in some cases, recreational or pollution

control) practice. For example, used under the Agricultural Conservation

Appalachia Land Stabilization and Conservation, Conservation Reserve,

Cropland Conversion, Great Plains Conservation, or Naval Stores Conservation

programs.

Cotton: A soft white fibrous substance composed of eliptical cells

surrounding the seeds of various freely branching tropical plants. There

are two principal cottons grown in the united States of the mallow family

(Gossypium) , upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and American Egjrptian

cotton (Gossypium barbedense). Upland cotton is grown throughout the cotton belt and varies in staple length from about 13/16 inch to about 1 3/8

inch. American Egyptian Cotton is grown in the western States (Arizona,

California, New Mexico and Texas) and varies in staple length from 1 1/8

to 1 3/4 inch.

Cotton Gin; A machine that separates the cotton seed and foreign

material from the cotton fibers. There are two t3?pes of gins - roller

and saw.

Cotton Linters; Short-staple cotton removed from the seed and husk

by a second ginning, or by a linter machine. It is seldom'used for textiles;

it has other uses, such as in plastics or for mattress padding.

Cotton-producing State: Any State in which the average annual production of cotton during the five year period, 1960-1964, was twenty thousand (20,000) bales or more. In addition, any State which produced less,

can, with approval of the Secretary, be combined with another State (or

States) so that the 20,000 bale mark is reached. In such a combination, the

term cotton-producing State shall include the combination of States.

Cotton, Projected Yields; See Projected Yields (Cotton).

Cottonseed: The seed of the cotton plant yielding a semidrying soil

used especially in cooking and a protein rich meal.

Cottonseed Meal: Cottonseed after the oil, hulls and linters have been

removed, primarily used as protein feed supplement.
Cottonseed Mill: A mill which delints and crushes cottonseed using

expeller or solvent processes.

Counterpart Funds (also see Foreign Currencies): Ihe sums, in local

currencies, which European nations participating in the post-World War IÎ

European Recovery Program — the "Marshall Plan" — were required to set

aside to offset internally the grants of dollars made by the United States

under the program. Subsequently, the equivalent o£ three-fourths of the

dollar value of the U,S. grants was released to the courtries for internal

investment in public works or for other approved purposes.

Countervailing Duty: Levied by an importing country as a protective

surtax to offset an export payment or subsidy paid by an exporting country.

The term also is applied to a tariff duty levied on imported goods when the

country of origin levies duties on similar goods imported by it.

Section 303 of the U.S. Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, provides for

the assessment of countervailing duties when a bounty (subsidy) or grant

is paid in the country of origin on dutiable merchandise imported into the

United States. When assessed^ countervailing duties are in addition to

other duties normally paid, and are to be equal to the amount of the bounty

or grant.

County Warehouse: A facility at a location where official weights

and official grades are not available.

County: County or parish of a State except that (1) for Alaska county

shall be an area designated by the State committee with the concurrence of

the deputy administrator and (2) for Puerto Rico, the Northern Area and

Southern Area shall be considered as counties.

County Allotment (Extra Long Staple Cotton): The sum of the computed

county allotment and the county's share of the State reserve for trends

and adnormal conditions.

County Allotment (Upland Cotton): The sum of;

A. Computed County Allotment.

B. County's share of National reserve

C. County's share of State reserve for trends and abnormal

conditions,

County Average Yield (Beet Sugar and Mainland Cane Sugar Areas): For a

crop in the Beet Sugar and Mainland Cane Sugar Areas, the average hundredweight of commercially recoverable sugar per planted acre in the county.

County Base Period for Establishing County Allotment (Cotton): The

five-year period immediately preceding the year in which allotments and

marketing quotas are proclaimed.
29

County Conmiíttee: Persons elected within a county as the county

committee under the regulations governing the selection and functions of

Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation county and community committees,

except that for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, the Caribbean Area

Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Committee shall, insofar as

applicable, perform the functions of the county committee.

County Factor (Cotton): The uniform county percentage used to compute

the factored farm allotment.

County History (Extra Lon^ Staple Cotton); The county total of farm

history acreages.

County History (Upland Cotton^: The county total of farm history

acreages less the county's share of the National reserve.

County Office: The office of the Agricultural Stabilization and

Conservation Service for the county or parish in which a fainn is regarded

as located for administrative purposes, except that in the case of the

Naval Stores Conservation Program, "county office" means the office of the

U.S. Forest Service, Valdosta, Georgia. The day-to^^day operation of

these offices is directed by the county office manager who is employed by

the county committee. The county office manager employs and supervises

the staff required to operate the county office.

County Office Manager: Person employed by the county committee to

execute the policies of the county committee and be responsible for day-today operations of the ASCS county office or the person acting in such

capacity.

Cover Cropping: Using close-growing grasses, legumes, or small grain

in a cropping system primarily for summer or winter protection. Cover crops

usually occupy the land for a period of one year or less.

Creditor Nation: One whose international trade and finance is such that

the total amount owed to its government, private business, and banking

interests from foreign sources exceeds the sum owed to foreign creditors --

a nation, in other words, which occupies a creditor position in its balanceof-payment.

Credit Sales, Short- and Long-Term; The United States sells agricultural

commodities for export for dollars under both short- and long-term credit

arrangements. These credit programs are administered by the Foreign

Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Crew Leader (Sugarbeets); A person who recruits workers and arranges

with a grower for their emplojnnent on his farm.

Crib: A bin or building for storing grain, salt, etc. Usually of

open or slat construction.
30

Crop; That which is cropped, cut, or gathered in a single season or

part of a season; the yield of anything during one season or specified

period of time.

Crop Deficiency (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): That quantity by which the

recoverable sugar falls below 80 percent of the normal yield because of

drought, flood, storm, freeze, disease, or insects, in localities in which

the condition is general.

Cropland; Land which the county committee determines meets any of

the following conditions;

(1) Is currently being tilled for the production of a crop for

harvest,

(2) Has been tilled and is currently devoted to legumes or

grasses which were established by a producer.

Cropland Adjustment Program: The program^ authori:sed in the Agricultural

Act of 1965, was designed to assist farmers, through long-term agreements,

to divert land from the production of crops to uses thai: would promote the

development and conservation of soil, water, forest, wildlife, and recreational resources. The program also was designed to establish, protect, and

conserve open spaces and natural beauty, and to prevent air and water

pollution.

Program provisions also permited grants to public bodies, through

Greenspan projects, to help them buy cropland and to change it to permanent

public use to meet community needs for recreation, beautification, wildlife

conservation, and prevention of air and water pollution.

Cropland Conversion Program; The program was designed to provide for

long-term agreements with farm- and ranch-owners and operators to make

changes in their cropping systems and land uses to (1) change permanently,

to better productive use, cropland that was not well su:.ted for crop use,

and (2) temporarily shift to better productive use, land that was suitable

for crop use, but was not currently needed for crops that were in oversupply. Program aims included those to help any farmer stay on the farm,

find better use for his land, and to earn income from the land by using

it for purpose other than surplus crop production.

Cropland Method of Reconstitution: The proration of allotments and

bases to the tracts being separated from a parent farm in the same proportion that the cropland acreage for each such tract bearíi to the cropland

for the parent farm.

Crop Rotation; The planting of different kinds of crops on a tract of

land each year in order to preserve soil fertility.
31

Crop Year; The calendar year in which a crop is harvested.

Crop Year (Sugarbeets » Sugarcane); In the sugarbeet area, in Southern

California and all other States the crop year corresponds to the calendar

year of planting. In Northern California, a crop of sugarbeets planted

in the interval beginning November 1 of one calendar year through October 31

of the following calendar year are designated by crop year to correspond

with such following calendar year. In the Mainland Sugarcane Area the crop

year corresponds with the calendar year in which harvest normally starts.

In Puerto Rico and Hawaii the crop year corresponds with the year of harvest.

Cross Compliance; Participants with a long-term diversion agreement

must be in compliance with all allotments and feed grain bases for the farm

under agreement to earn diversion pajmients.

Cross Slope Farming: The performance of tillage operations across the

slope of a field and as nearly as practical be on the contour.

Crude Vegetable Oil: An expressed or solvent extracted oil which has

been obtained from an oilseed, generally cottonseed or soybean, and which

has not had any further processing or refining except possibly for filtering,

settling, or degumming (in the case of soybean).

Current Year: Calendar year for which the applicable allotment, base

acreage, history acreage, normal yields, marketing quota penalties or other

program determinations are established or considered.

Customary Delivery Point: The shipping point, location or warehouse

(elevator) as determined by the county office, where the producer would

normally deliver the commodity if sold on the market.

Customs Tariff: A schedule of charges assessed by the government on

imported or exported goods.

Cutout; A portion of an aerial photographic enlargement showing one

farm or a group of small farms.
33

D

Dairy Cattle; Bovine animals raised mainly for milk production.

Dairy Products; Milk, cheese, whey, butter and its products.

Dairy Products (Weight Equivalents); Pounds of milk in:

1 gallon, 8.6; quarts, 2.15; pint, 1.075. One pound of butter can be made

from 21.1 pounds of whole milk; 1 pound of cheese from 10 pounds; 1 pound

of nonfat dry milk from 11 pounds.

DASCO: Deputy Administrator, State and County Operations, ASCS.

Data: A general term used to denote any or all facts, numbers, letters

and symbols, or facts that refer to or describe an object, idea, condition,

or situation. It can be processed or produced by a computer.

Data Bank (ASCS): The centralized ASCS historical operating data

located in the Data Service Division.

Data Processing; The summarizing, developing and manipulation of data

by the use of electronic computers.

Data Processing Centers: Central locations of computers in ASCS where

data processing is performed. One center is in Kansas City, Mo., and one

in New Orleans, La.

Data Programming; Writing instructions in machine language to be fed

into the computers to guide the operations performed by them.

Date of Displacement; The date an owner is legally displaced or the

date he gives up his right to produce allotment and feed grain crops on

land which has been acquired by an agency having the right of eminent

domain to acquire land, whichever comes first.

Death Loss; The reduction of the number of animals through loss of

life from such causes as plant poisoning, accident or disease, as differentiated from causes such as straying, theft, or sales.

Deferred Grazing; Discontinuance of grazing by livestock on an area

for a specified period of time during the growing season to promote plant

reproduction, establishment of new plants, or restoration of vigor by old

plants.
34

Deficiency: A shortage or deficit, failure to meet specific requirements. Example, deficiency of diverted acreage under annual feed grain

program.

Deficient Acreage; The amount hy which an approved land use fails to

meet the minimum acreage requirements under a production adjustment program.

Delivery: The act of transferring possession, such as the transfer

of property from consignor to carrier, one carrier to another, or carrier

to consignee.

Delivery Charge (Price Support Loans): A charge on quantities delivered to CCC to defray the cost of certain services performed by CCC

for and on behalf of producers.

Demurrage; A charge made on cars or vessels held by or for consignor

or consignee for loading or unloading, for forwarding directions or for any

other purpose.

Department: United States Department of Agriculture.

Dependent: Relying on others for support.

Depleting Use Nonconserving Use: Land uses which do not meet the

diverted or conserving standards as acceptable practices under production

adjustment programs.

Depletion of Stored Excess, Rice and l^eat:

A. Authorized: Depletion with prior approval of the county

committee.

B. Unauthorized: Depletion without prior approval of the county

committee.

Desalinization: Removal of salts from water and saline soil.

Designated Diverted Acreage - or Diverted Acreage: The acreage of

cropland on a farm designated by the farmer as being set aside and devoted

to certain approved conservation uses under a production adjustment program.

Detailed Soil Map: A soil map showing the kinds of soil. The soil

boundaries have been plotted on a base map or aerial photograph from

observations made throughout their course and the kinds of soil are classified and the boundaries shown in all the detail significant to soil use

and management. Most of the soils shown on such maps are phases of soil

types.

Determination; The act of deciding definitely and firmly any question

which may arise with respect to programs administered by this Department.
35

Dextrose; A widely occuring crystallizable, simple sugar which contains 6 carbon atoms in contrast to 12 found in sucrose. It is obtained

in commercial quantities by the action of acid on cornstarch. It is less

sweet than sucrose.

Differential Rate; A rate established via a route from one point to

another by deducting a fixed amount from, or adding a fixed amount to the

rate via another route between the same points. (See Standard Rate.)

Dikes and Levees: Constructing an embankment of earth or other suitable

material along the banks of a stream, lake, or tidal area.

Dipping: Immersing animals in specific solutions to control insects or

disease .

Direct-consumption Sugar: Any sugars which are principally of crystalline structure and any liquid sugar (exclusive of liquid sugar from foreign

countries having liquid sugar quotas), which are not to be further refined

or otherwise improved in quality.

Direct Purchases (Dairy); Before the beginning of each dairy marketing

year, the Secretary announces the support prices for manufacturing milk and

butterfat, and also the price at which the Department will stand ready to

buy butter, cheddar cheese and nonfat dry milk throughout the marketing

year. The purchases maintain market prices of dairy products at levels

which enable the cooperative and other dairy processing plants to buy milk

from farmers at prices corresponding to the announced support level.

Also applies to purchasers of products from crushers of cottonseed who

agree to pay not less than specified program prices for cottonseed obtained

from ginners and producers.

Disaster County; A county that the State Disaster Committee declares

a disaster area. It must have a new conservation problem which has been

created by a natural disaster and which: if not treated, will impair or

endanger the land; will materially affect the productive capacity of the

land; will represent damage which is unusual in character and, except for

wind erosion, is not the type which would recur frequently in the same

area; and will be so costly to rehabilitate that Federal assistance is or

will be required to return the land to productive agricultural use.

Discount; A reduction in the price support loan rate for certain low

quality grade factors of a commodity under the price support program. Also

applies to reductions in purchase or sale prices of commodities which is

acquired or disposed of by CCC under various purchase and sales programs.

Discounts may be a result of quality, marking, packaging, shipping, or other

factors not meeting contract requirements.

Displaced Owner: The owner who gives up possession of land which has

been acquired by an agency having the right of eminent domain to acquire land.
D 36

Displacement of Vessel; The weight in tons of 2,240 pounds of the

vessel and its contents. Displacement "Light" is the weight of the vessel

without stores, bunker fuel or cargo. Displacement "Loaded" is the weight

of the vessel, plus cargo and stores.

Disposition Date: A date (usually about 30 days prior to normal start

of harvest) by which any crop disposition necessary to comply with an

acreage limitation must be accomplished.

Distance Rate; A rate that is applicable according to distance.

Ditch and Canal Lining; Installing fixed linings of impervious material in existing or newly constructed field irrigation ditches and canals.

This includes shaping or reshaping of ditches and using materials such as

concrete, asphalt, metal, or other durable linings.

Diversion; A change made in the route of a shipment in transit.

Diversion Credit; Represents the history acreage credit given for the

acres diverted from a crop under a voluntary adjustment program. The

diverted acreage is added to the planted acreage to establish the total

history acreage credited to the farm under future allotment determinations.

Diversion Credit for Divided Farms; When a parent farm is reconstructed

by diversion, future allotment diversion credit shall accrue to the farm or

tract on which the vegetative cover is physically located.

Diversion Payments; Payment for the diversion of cropland from the

production of a designated crop.

Diverted Acreage; Acreage taken out of production, usually devoted

to soil conserving uses.

Diverted Bases; A specific crop allotment or production base designated as diverted under a program agreement.

Diversion; Dividing a farm into two or more farms or part of farms.

Also division of program payments between owner, landlords^ tenants, and

sharecroppers.

Dockage ; Weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straws, grain other than the

grain in question, which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate

sieves and cleaning devices; also underdeveloped, shriveled and small pieces

of kernels removed in properly separating the material other than grain

and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning.

Dockage; The charge made for the use of a dock by ships.
37

Dollar Deficit — dollar gap >- dollar shortage; The amount by which

imports from the United States into any foreign country, and other dollar

debits in such country, exceed that country's exports to the United States

and other dollar credits. Most foreign industrialized countries had serious

dollar shortages in the years following the end of World War II, but now

have substantial gold and dollar reserves.

Dollar Outflow: Dollar payments to foreign nationals or countries for

merchandise imports, investments of U.S. firms abroad, tourist expenditures

abroad, U.S. foreign aid, U.S. military expenditures abroad, and similiar

transactions.

Dollar Sales of U.S. Farm Products Overseas; Of the $6.7 billion

worth of U.S. farm products exported in the fiscal year 1966, products

worth $5.1 billion -- or over 75 percent of the total -- were sold for

dollars. Dollar sales included, in addition to unassisted commercial

sales, shipments of some commodities with Government assistance in the

form of (1) credits for relatively short periods, (2) sales of Governmentowned commodities at less than domestic prices, and (3) export pasmientsin-cash or -in-kind.

The bulk of the U.S. farm products sold for dollars go to economically

developed countries, which have high "hard-money" purchasing power. The

principal dollar customers are Canada, Japan, and the countries of Western

Europe, but a considerable volume of products, in the aggregate, is sold

for dollars to other countries.

Double Cropping; Producing singly two crops of like or unlike commodities on the same land within the same calendar year.

Double Cross; The type of hybrid corn most commonly grown. It is the

result of mating two pairs of inbred lines to produce two single crosses

which are then mated to produce a double cross.

Draft; CCC Sight Draft, CCC Loan Draft and Certificates of Interest,

or CCC Cotton Loan Draft and Certificate of Interest in any series made

available to county offices.

Drainage District: A specific area of land usually identified and

governed by local statute with respect to control of water flow or drainage.

Drainage^ Soil; (1) The rapidity and extent of the removal of water

from the soil by runoff and flow through the soil to underground spaces.

(2) As a condition of the soil, soil drainage refers to the frequency and

duration of periods when the soil is free of saturation. For example, in

well-drained soils, the water is removed readily, but not rapidly; in poorly drained soils, the root zone is waterlogged for long periods and the

roots of ordinary crop plants cannot get enough oxygen; and in excessively

drained soils, the water is removed so completely that most crop plants

suffer from lack of water.
37

Dollar Deficit -- dollar gap — dollar shortage; The amount by which

imports from the United States into any foreign country, and other dollar

debits in such country, exceed that country's exports to the United States

and other dollar credits. Most foreign industrialized countries had serious

dollar shortages in the years following the end of World War II, but now

have substantial gold and dollar reserves.

Dollar Outflow: Dollar payments to foreign nationals or countries for

merchandise imports, investments of U.S. firms abroad, tourist expenditures

abroad, U.S. foreign aid, U.S. military expenditures abroad, and sirailiar

transactions.

Dollar Sales of U.S. Farm Products Overseas; Of the $6.7 billion

worth of U.S. farm products exported in the fiscal year 1966, products

worth $5.1 billion — or over 75 percent of the total — were sold for

dollars. Dollar sales included, in addition to unassisted commercial

sales, shipments of some commodities with Government assistance in the

form of (1) credits for relatively short periods, (2) sales of Governmentowned commodities at less than domestic prices, and (3) export paymentsin-cash or -in-kind.

The bulk of the U.S. farm products sold for dollars go to economically

developed countries, which have high "hard-money" purchasing power. The

principal dollar customers are Canada, Japan, and the countries of Western

Europe, but a considerable volume of products, in the aggregate, is sold

for dollars to other countries.

Double Cropping; Producing singly two crops of like or unlike commodities on the same land within the same calendar year.

Double Cross; The type of hybrid corn most commonly groxm. It is the

result of mating two pairs of inbred lines to produce two single crosses

which are then mated to produce a double cross.

Draft; CCC Sight Draft, CCC Loan Draft and Certificates of Interest,

or CCC Cotton Loan Draft and Certificate of Interest in any series made

available to county offices.

Drainage District: A specific area of land usually identified and

governed by local statute with respect to control of water flow or drainage.

Drainage^ Soil: (1) The rapidity and extent of the removal of water

from the soil by runoff and flow through the soil to underground spaces.

(2) As a condition of the soil, soil drainage refers to the frequency and

duration of periods when the soil is free of saturation. For example, in

well-drained soils, the water is removed readily, but not rapidly; in poorly drained soils, the root zone is waterlogged for long periods and the

roots of ordinary crop plants cannot get enough oxygen; and in excessively

drained soils, the water is removed so completely that most crop plants

suffer from lack of water.
39

Easement; A right given by an ox^mer of land to another to use the

land for a specific purpose.

Eastern Europe; Eastern Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,9

Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, and the Ü.S.S.R. The expression

usually refers to the Communist countries lying east of Western Europe.

Austria and Greece, though in "Eastern Europe" geographically, are usually

considered part of "Western Europe."

East-West Trade; Commonly referred to as trade between the Communist

Bloc countries of Eastern Europe and the non-Communist countries of Western

Europe and the Western Hemisphere.

Economic Development; Economic development has been defined as "the

process through which the people of a country use their resources to bring

about a sustained increase in per capita production of goods and services."

Capital is a key requirement of growth, but labor and natural resources

also are important. One measure of economic growth is the level of income

per capita.

Economic Research Service; This USDA Service develops and carries out

a program of economic research designed to benefit farmers and the general

public. The findings of this research are made available to farmers and

others through research reports and through economic outlook and situation

reports on major commodités, the national economy, and the international

economy. The ERS functions through a central office in Washington, D. C.

and through a field organization which is involved chiefly in farm and

marketing economic research. Much of the research is carried on in cooperation with State experiment stations. State departments of agriculture

or marketing, and other State institutions.

EEC; See European Economic Community.

Effective Allotment; The allotment established annually and in effect

for the current year for the purpose of administering a production adjustment or marketing quota program.

Effective Base; The base established annually and in effect for the

current year for the purpose af administering the Feed Grain Program.
40

Effective Inventory (Sugar); Sugar on hand at the beginning of a

calendar year, plus sugar made after January 1, from the sugarbeets or

sugarcane of the previous year's designation.

Electrical Accounting Machine: The set of conventional punch card

equipment including sorters, collators and tabulators*

Electronic Data Processing: Data processing performed largely by

electronic equipment.

Electronic Data Processing Equipment: Same as automatic data processing equipment.

Electronic Data Processing Sj^tem: The general term used to define

a system for data processing by means of machines utilizing electronic

circuitry at electronic speed.

Elevating Charge (Vessel): A charge for services performed in connection with floating elevators; also charges assessed for the handling of grain

through grain elevators.

Eligible Borrower (FS 6c DE): Corn, oats, barley, grain sorghum, wheat

rye, soybeans, flaxseed, rice, dry edible beans, and peanuts of the price

support commodities and sunflower seed.

Eligible Farm: One with an effective allotment or feed grain base

that was established under a farm commodity program. For the various farm

commodity programs, specific eligibility requirements are specified for

program participation.

Eligible Farmer: In the Emergency Feed Program, a farmer, rancher,

or stockman who meets the requirements of eligibility and whose application

for assistance under the current emergency feed program has been approved.

Eligible Farmland; That land eligible for participation in a program

based on the regulations for such program.

Eligible Person: A person who is producer on a farm and under the

program regulations is eligible to participate in a program.

Embargo; (1) An edict or order of the government prohibiting the

departure or entry of ships of cranmerce at ports within its dominions, called a '^hostile embargo" if laid on an enemy's ships, and a "civil embargo'' if

on domestic ships. The embargo may be absolute, as when laid on an enemy's

ships, or partial, as when laid on domestic ships to prevent or control

trade with a particular country or of a certain kind. (2) Any prohibition

imposed by law upon commerce either in general or in one or more of its

branches•
41

Emergency ACP Cost*Sharing: Cost-sharing authorized in countries

designated as disaster areas by the Secretary as a result of natural disasters under the provision of Public Law 85-58• To solve new conservation

problems resulting from the natural disaster.

Emergency Area; An area designated by the Secretary as an area of

emergency in which assistance will be given under the Livestock Feed Program,

Emergency Conservation Measures; The program is designed to restore

to normal agricultural use farmland which has been severely damaged by wind

erosion, hurricanes, floods, or other natural disasters.

Typical of emergency practices to combat or repair damage from disasters are emergency tillage operations, emergency cover to prevent wind

erosion, restoration of irrigation or drainage systems, and removing debris

from the land.

Emergency Delegations; Instruments issued by the Secretary of Agriculture delegating authority to persons occupying specified positions to take

certain actions on behalf of the Secretary when such persons are unable to

communicate with higher USDA authority.

Emergency Feeding; Supplying feed to livestock when available forage

is insufficient because of heavy storms, droughts, fires or other such

emergencies.

Emergency Standby Orders: Measures, usually prepositioned on a standby

basis, prepared in advance of a national defense emergency and which would

become effective only upon approval of the Secretary or his delegated

authority. The orders would provide legal authorities governing specific

control measures such as the domestic distribution of farm equipment or the

distribution and use of seed.

Eminent DomajLn Pool: County allotment reserve from farms acquired by

agencies having the right of eminent domain. (See Pooled Agreements,)

Eminent Domain Procedure; In general, the right of a public entity to

take, or to authorize the taking of, private property for public use, with

just compensation being given to the ox^^ler. With regard to farmland with

quota and allotment history for specified commodities, provisions in the

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, relate to protecting the

interests of the displaced farmer. (See Pooled Allotments.)

Engaged in the Production of Rice; Having an interest in the production

of an acreage of rice being produced on a farm and receiving, at the time of

harvest, a predetermined and fixed portion of such crop or the proceeds

thereof by virtue of furnishing land, labor, water, equipment, or producer

allotment for the production of the rice.
42

Enrollment or ^^Sígnup'^ Period: A prescribed period of time publicized

throughout the nation during which fanners may sign an intention to participate in a voluntary production adjustment program.

Entry (Customs): A statement of the kinds, quantities and values of

goods imported together with duties due, if any, and declared before a

Customs Officer or other designated officer.

Entry Price: The estimated price of fruits and vegetables at the

border of the EEC. It is calculated on the basis of prices of imported

fruits and vegetables in EEC wholesale markets.

Environment: Sum of all external forces, substances, or conditions

that affect organisms in any way.

Equalization Payments (Cotton): Sums paid to persons other than producers in such amounts as to eliminate inequities due to differences in the

cost of raw cotton between domestic users and foreign users of such cotton.

Payments have been made when domestic market prices were higher than export

prices and in order to make U.S. cotton available at approximate world

prices.

Erosion: The wearing away of land surface by detachment and transport

of soil and rock materials through the action of moving water, wind, or

other geological agents.

Erroneous Allotment Notice: An official notice of an allotment or base

found to be in error. If the error was not discovered until such time as

to create a hardship if the farmer was required to destroy a crop already

planted in order to comply with the corrected notice, the notice may stand.

Escape Clause; A provision (Section 351) of the Trade Expansion Act

of 1962 permitting the President to increase tariffs to import quotas, for

limited periods, after a finding by the Tariff Cosmission that increased

imports cause or threaten to cause serious injury to domestic industries.

Estate: Property left by person who died.

Estate Method of Reconstitution: The proration of allotments and bases

to the tracts being separated from a parent farm which is being divided

among the heirs in settling an estate. The proration shall be in accordance

with the terms of the will if the county committee determines that the terms

of the will are such that a division can re^asonably be made on this basis;

or, if not applicable, in the manner agreed to in writing by all interested

heirs.

European Chafer; Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution in

U.S. - New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Principal

hosts - Lawn and pasture grasses, winter wheat, oats, rye and barley also

susceptible.
43

European Economic Community; This common market is variously referred to as the EEC, European Common Market, Common Market, Community,

Inner Six, Six, Euromart, and Euromarket, It represents the economic

integration o£ France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and

Luxembourg. Established in 1958 by the European Economic Community Treaty --

usually called the "Rome Treaty" — the EEC is a unified area with a

population of over 180 million in which commerce will be carried on freely --

much as it is among the States of the United States. There will be no tariffs

among EEC countries, no restrictions on movement of goods, capital, services,

and workers. The area will have common policies with respect to agriculture,

transport, taxes, and foreign trade.

European Free Trade Association (EFTA): A regional trade grouping

variously referred to as EFTA, the Outer Seven, or the Seven, that includes

seven European countries -- Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden,

Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Finland is an associate member.

Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA completed on

December 31, 1966, three full years ahead of schedule, elimination of

tariffs with respect to manufactured goods originating in the EFTA countries

and traded among them. Agricultural products, broadly speaking, are not

included in the schedule of tariff reductions. Unlike the EEC, members of

EFTA retain their individual tariffs against outside countries. Headquarters:

Geneva, Switzerland.

European Recovery Program; A plan for the post-World War II revival

of Europe -- also called the Marshall Plan — suggested by Secretary of

State George C, Marshall in June 1947. The plan called for economic aid

to help war-battered Europe get back on its feet. The Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 implemented the program. Funds made available by Congress through appropriations and loan authorizations within the 4-1/2

year period from April 3, 1948, to June 30, 1952, for operation of the

Marshall Plan amounted to about $13,6 billion.

Ever-normal-granary; The principle of using the grain reserve when

it is needed, and rebuilding it to a safe level between times. Its purpose is price and income stability.

Excess Acreage; An acreage of a commodity planted on a farm in excess

of the allotment, base or permitted acreage, which remains and is available

for harvest after the farm disposal date for excess acreage.

Excess Acreage (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); The acreage in excess of

the farm proportionate share.

Excess Wheat Option; A provision whereby participants in the wheat

program may elect at the time of signup to plant wheat in excess of the

allotment by as much as 50 percent and be eligible for wheat certificates

and price support loan on production from the allotment provided all excess

production is stored or delivered to the Secretary of Agriculture.
44

Exchange Rate; The price of one national currency in terms of another,

For example, the British pound sterling was equivalent in mid-1966 to $2,80

American and the French franc to 20,255 cents, U.S.

The exchange rate may be ''official", that is, fixed by the nation

involved, or it may be unofficial or "free" rate — the rate on a free or

uncontrolled international market.

Excise Tax; A tax levied against a commodity by State taxing authorities which must be paid by the producer at the time the commodity is placed

under loan or purchased by CGC.

Executive Reservist; A member of industry (usually) who has agreed to

become a Federal employee in a national defense emergency. ASCS has

approximately 10 executive reservists who are specialists in seed, feed,

fertilizers, pesticides,farm equipment, fuels, food processing machinery,

and food containers and packaging materials,

Expendable Equipment; Any item used in connection with CGC granary

storage program costing less than $100 per item.

Experience: A requirement in establishing a new farm tobacco allotment for a farm. Past tobacco experience includes planting, harvesting and

marketing of a crop.

Experimental (Peanuts or Tobacco): The production of peanuts or tobacco

on certain specified farms under the direction of the publicly-owned

agricultural experiment station for experimental purposes.

Experiment Stations: ÜSDA facilities associated with State universities

where new ways of farming are officially tested.

Export Payment; See Export Subsidy^

Exporter; A firm or person selling and shipping domestic products

abroad. Manufacturers who ship their own goods, such as electronic equipment or machine tools, through their own export sales departments or

subsidiaries overseas, are called "direct exporters." Those who buy goods

domestically and export them are called "indirect exporters," (Also see

Export Services).

Export-Import Bank of Washington (Ex-Im Bank): The Bank aids in financing and facilitates exports and imports and the exchange of conmodities between the United States and foreign countries or their agencies or nations.

The Bank supplements rather than competes with private capital. It's loans,

generally made for specific purposes, offer reasonable assurance of repayment.
45

The institution was established in 1934 as a corporation. The Bank

is authorized to have outstanding at any one time dollar loans, guarantees,

and insurance in an aggregate amount not in excess of $9 billion. The

Bank is also authorized to have a capital stock of $1 billion and to borrow from the U.S. Treasury on its own obligations up to not more than $6

billion outstanding at any one time. Headquarters: Washington, D. C.

Export Market Value; As used in export operations under Public Law

480, *'export market value" reflects the price at which U.S. agricultural

commodities are sold by U.S. exporter under the program. The export market

value is less than the CGC cost for those commodities for which special

export programs have been developed for dollar as well as foreign currency

sales to meet competition in international trade.

CGC cost reflects costs incurred by the Gommodity Gredit Corporation

to be reimbursed under P.L. 480. These costs include CGC's investment in

surplus stocks made available for export, cost of financing exports, plus

ocean transportation.

Export Marketing Service (EMS); Established March 28, 1969 by Secre tary^sMemorandumNoTl64^ 1, the Service holds principal

responsibility for recommending policies and programs to maximize the

exports of agricultural commodities, with particular emphasis on exports

for dollars. The Service is under the supervision of a General Sales

Manager.

Export Quota Agreement: An international commodity agreement that

allocates export quotas to exporting countries. The objective, as in the

case of the coffee agreement, is to maintain prices within an agreed range

by adjusting quotas to changing market demands. To prevent nonparticipating

exporters from undermining such an agreement, member importing countries

agree to limit imports from nonmember exporting countries, which obligates

them to adjust production to market needs. (Also see International Gommodity

Agreement or Arrangement)

Export Rate; A freight rate specially established for application on

export traffic and generally lower than the domestic rate.

Export Subsidy: A government grant of one kind or another, made to a

private enterprise, for the purpose of facilitating or expanding exports in

the public good. The expression has an invidious connotation, therefore,

*'pa3mient*' or ^'differential'*, or "assistance", or "aid" usually is employed

as a substitute.

Exports, U.S. Agricultural; U.S. shipment of agricultural commodities

to foreign countries.

•'•'Government program" includes exports under Public Law 480 and under

the Mutual Security Acts, Sections 402 and 550, sales for foreign currency

and economic aid.
46

^*Sales for dollars include, in addition to unassisted commercial

transactions, shipments of some commodities with government assistance in

the form of (1) extension of credit and credit guarantees for relatively

short periods, (2) sales of Government-owned commodities at less than

domestic market prices, and (3) export payments in cash or in kind.

Extended Warehouse Storage Loans; Loans extended beyond the original

maturity date. CGC pays for the storage of the commodity during the extended

period.

Extraction Rate (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); The percentage relationship

between the sugar extracted and the sugar content in sugarbeets or sugarcane

processed.

Extra Long Staple Cotton; Cotton produced in an area designated by

the Secretary which is;

A« American-Egyptian, Sea Island, Sealand, and all other varieties

of the Barbadense species,

B. Any hybrid of these varieties. Or,

C. Any other cotton in which one or more of these varieties predominate .

Extraneous Matter (Cotton): Any foreign substance appearing in a

cotton sample that is not discernible in the official grade standard

corresponding to the quality of cotton in the sample.
47

Failed Acreage; An acreage of wheat, feed grains, or cotton planted

in a workmanlike manner, but which failed or was destroyed due to a

natural disaster.

Failure to Account; A term applicable to tobacco and peanuts which

requires reduction in the next established allotment for the farm if a

producer thereon fails to satisfactorily account to the county committee

for the production of tobacco for the farm.

Failure to Fully Comply; When a producer fails to comply fully

with the terms and conditions of a program, and payments are made (or

wheat marketing certificates are issued) in such amounts to be equitable,

considering the seriousness of the default.

Fallow: Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity, mainly

through accumulation of water, nutrients, or both. Summer fallow is a

common stage before cereal grain in regions of limited rainfall. The soil

is tilled for at least one growing season to control weeds, to aid decomposition of plant residues, and to encourage the storage of moisture for the

succeeding grain crop. Bush or forest fallow is a rest period under woody

vegetation between crops.

False Acreage Report; If a producer on a farm shows the reporter one

field and has two, this is a false acreage report. The next allotment for

the farm may be reduced and penalty assessed.

False Claim; A claim for pa3mient which violates the truth, defeats

the purpose, falsifies the account or record.

False Identification; The use of a marketing card issued for another

farm to market tobacco from different farm. The next allotment for the

farm is reduced and penalty assessed.

False Packed Cotton; Cotton in a bale: (1) containing substances

entirely foreign to cotton, (2) containing damaged cotton in the interior

without any indication of such damage on the exterior, and (3) composed

of good cotton on the exterior and decidedly inferior cotton in the

interior, in such manner as not to be detected by customary examination,

or (4) containing pickings or linters worked into the bale.
48

Famine Relief (Title II « PL-480): First enacted in 1954 and extended

to December 31, 1968, by the Food for Peace Act of 1966. This legislation

authorizes the President to furnish agricultural commodities outside the

United States to meet famine and other urgent or extraordinary relief

requirements.

FAQ: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Far East: The National Geographic Society, in its News Bulletin 8352,

issued April 22, 1952, includes in the "Far East" the area now occupied by

Communist China, Nationalist China (Formosa or Taiwan), the Mongolian

Republic, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, North Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos,

Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia.

Like "Middle East," "Far East" is a rather indefinable area. A narrow

interpretation of the area would include only Japan, North and South Korea,

Communist China, and Formosa or Taiwan. The broadest definition normally

given would consist of the land mass of Asia eastward from the Khyber Pass

and Lake Baikal. The area somietimes is referred to as "East Asia," or the

"Orient." (Also see Southeast Asia.)

Farina; A purified middling of wheat other than durum, used in breakfast cereals and in the manufacture of spaghetti and macaroni.

Farm; All land operated by one person which is nearby and easily

accessible, excluding;

1. Land under separate ownership unless the owners agree in

writing and the county committee determines that the land is approximately

equally productive.

2. Field rented tracts under short-term leasing agreements.

3. Federally-owned land under restrictive lease.

4. Federal and State-owned wildlife refuges.

5. Land under whole farm CR or CCP contracts unless all the

other land in the farm is also under such a contract.

6. Land for which a commodity is under a CAP agreement unless

the acreage for such commodity for all the other land in the farm is also

under a CAP agreement.

Farm Base (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); The acreage for a farm which is

the result of applying a formula to the base period accredited acreage

applicable to the farm.

Farm Base Period for Establishing Farm Allotments (Cotton); The

three years immediately preceding the year for which farm allotments are

determined.
49

Farm Credit Administration; The farm credit system was established

to provide a dependable source of both long- and short-term credit on a

sound basis for farmers and stockmen and their cooperative associations.

These credit services are supplied in each of the 12 farm credit districts

by a Federal land bank, a Federal intermediate credit bank, and a bank for

cooperatives. In addition, there is the Central Bank for Cooperatives at

Washington, D. C. Farmers obtain individual farm real estate mortgage

loans from local National Farm Loan Associations, and loans for production

expenses and operating capital from local Production Credit Associations.

These Associations are largely farm-owned but obtain their financing

through the Federal Land Banks and Federal Intermediate Credit Banks.

Farm Domestic Allotment (Upland Cotton); Allotment percentage

determined by dividing:

A. The national domestic allotment (in net weight pounds) by

B. The total for all States of the product of the State acreage

allotment and the projected State yield.

Farm Family Income; Income from all sources, including home-produced

food, fuel and shelter, from which production expenses are deducted.

Farm Income; As an economic measure, specific referral is to realized

net farm income. This measures the spendable income, including the value

of farm food and housing, after allowing for expenses, but before income

taxes of farmers. (See Realized Net Farm Income.)

Farm Management: Utilizing the productive resources available in such

a way that the highest possible return is obtained from investment and for

the work done.

Farm Number; Serial number assigned to a farm by the county committee

for the purpose of identification.

Farm Numbers; Total number of farms in 1966 was placed at 3,176,000.

Farm Population; People living on farms. In the mid-1960*s approximately 11.5 million -- or less than 6 percent of the population.

Farm Ponds: Impounding water by constructing a dam across a watercourse or a natural basin, or by excavating a pit or dugout. Usually, these

ponds do not include spring development or irrigation reservoirs.

Farm State: A State or administrative area in which rice allotments

are determined on the basis of rice production on the farm.

Farm Storage (FS & DE): (1) New or newly constructed conventional

storage structures such as cribs, bins, or buildings, or (2) oxygen-free,

silo, or other type structure designed primarily for "wet" storage, provided the structure can safely store commodities in the form in which the

commodities are normally placed under price support loan, (3) used storage

structures (including the real estate upon which located, if any) to be

purchased from CCC.
F 50

Farm Storage and Drying Equipment Loan Program (FS & DE); A program

which offers financial assistance to eligible farmers who need farm

storage and drying equipment for grains and certain other similarly handled

commodities.

Farmer Certification: (See Compliance by Certification,)

Farmer Programs Division; The division of ASCS in Washington, D. C.

that is responsible for the administration of price support and other ASCS

programs under the supervision and direction of the Deputy Administrator,

State and County Operations.

Farmers Stock Peanuts: Picked or threshed peanuts which have not been

processed or otherwise changed (except for removal of foreign material,

loose shelled kernels, and excess moisture) from the State in which picked

or threshed peanuts are customarily marketed by producers.

Farming Practices: Includes strip cropping, contour farming, stubble

mulching, improved rotations, use of fallow, use of fertilizers, better

methods to control weeds and insects, and water management measures*

FAS; Foreign Agricultural Service.

F,a,s.: Free alongside ship. Used in sales price quotations, especially

for export, indicating that the price includes all costs of transportation

and delivery of the goods to the dock; that is, "alongside ship." The buyer

is then responsible for having the goods loaded on board and paying the cost

of shipping from that point on.

Federal Agency: Any department, independent establishment, Government

corporation, or other agency of the executive branch of the Federal government. This does not include the American National Red Cross in any of its

dealings with local or Federal agencies during disaster programs.

Federal Crop Insurance Corporation; This is a wholly owned Government Corporation, within the Department of Agriculture, created to promote

the national welfare by improving the economic stability of agriculture

through a sound system of crop insurance and providing the means for

research and experience helpful in devising and establishing such insurance

on a national basis. Crop insurance offered to agricultural producers by

the Corporation provides protection from losses caused by unavoidable

natural hazards such as insect and wildlife damage, plant diseases, fire,

drought, flood, wind, and other weather conditions. It does not indemnify

producers from losses resulting from negligence or failure to observe good

farming practices.

Federal Extension Service (FES): The educational agency of USDA. It

is a partnership between each State land-grant college and university and

the Department, in cooperation with local governments and local people.

Federal, State and local governments jointly finance, operate, and share

leadership responsibilities for FES educational activities.

Federally Owned Land; Land owned by the Federal Government or any

department, bureau, or agency thereof, or any corporation whose stock is

wholly owned by the Federal Government.
51 F

Feed Grain Base; Established for purposes of the feed grain program.

This represents the average acreage of corn and grain sorghums on the farm

in crop years 1959 and 1960, adjusted to reflect abnormal factors affecting

acreage. It also includes the 1959-60 average acreage of barley when

included in the feed grain program.

Feed Grains: Corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats and rye. For price

support operations, the Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 specified corn and

grain sorghum as feed grains, and barley if designated by the Secretary,

through the 1969 crop years.

Feed Value; Used primarily in price support operations to relate wheat

and feed grains to corn. This is a percentage feed value for each commodity

relative to corn on a 100 pound basis. Feed value per 100 pounds, or grain

sorghum, barley and oats is 90% of corn feed value. Rye is 85% (100 lb.

basis) of corn; wheat is 105%.

Fertility, Soil: The quality of a soil that enables it to provide

compounds, in adequate amounts and in proper balance, for the growth of

specified plants, when other growth factors such as light, moisture,

temperature, and the physical condition of the soil are favorable.

Fertilizer: Any natural or manufactured material added to the soil in

order to supply one or more plant nutrients. The term is generally applied

to largely inorganic materials other than lime or gypsum (mineral fertilizers),

such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Field: With regard to determination of acreage and compliance under

any ASCS allotment or quota program, this is part of a farm which is separated from the balance of the farm by permanent boundaries such as fences,

farm boundaries, woodlands, or other similar features.

Final Acreage; The actual crop acreage, plus any additional acreage

considered planted to the crop under applicable commodity regulations.

Final Payment; The payment earned on a particular farm participating

in an annual production adjustment program minus any advance payment made

in connection with the program on such farm.

Financial Institution; A bank in the United States which accepts

demand deposits, an association organized pursuant to State law and supervised by State banking authorities, or a production credit association.

Financing Agency: A bank, trust company, or Federal lending agency

operating in the United States.

Financing State (FS & DE): A document filed pursuant to the Uniform

Commercial Code to give notice of a security interest in collateral for

a loan.

Firebreaks: Installing barriers designed to check or stop uncontrolled

fires on woodland or rangeland.
52

'^^Fírst lila First out*' Method of Reporting: A method of reporting purchases of unshorn lambs under the wool payment program under which purchases

are accounted for in chronological order. This method is necessary where

unshorn lambs purchased on varying dates are commingled.

Fixed Charges; Charges which do not vary with an increase or decrease

in traffic.

Flexible Tariff; A tariff permitting equalization of differences in

the cost of domestic- and foreign-produced goods. For example. Section 315,

U.S. Tariff Act of 1922, provided that the President had power "to ascertain

the differences in costs of production of domestic articles and of like or

similar imported articles and to proclaim the changes in classification or

increases or decreases in rates of duty which may be necessary to equalize

the differences in costs thus ascertained." The Tariff Act of 1930 (the

so-called Hawley-Smoot Act) contained essentially the same provision.

Flight of the Dollar or Flight of Capital; The movement of U.S. capital to foreign countries -- usually accomplished through the purchase with

dollars of foreign securities — to obtain higher interest rates in foreign

countries or greater investment opportunities, or possibly, to escape the

adverse consequences of inflation, devaluation, war, or other unfavorable

economic trends.

Floodwater Retarding Structure: Constructing a detention dam, with a

fixed drawdown tube and a spillway, across a stream or natural watercourse.

Floodway Construction; Excavating a channel across a floodplain or

along the overflow area of streams and rivers, Floodways may be bounded

by dikes or levees.

Flood Plain; The nearly flat lands along streams that overflow during

floods.

Flow Chart; A graphic representation of the major steps of a process.

The illustrative S3nnbols may represent documents, machines, or actions

taken during the process. The area of concentration is on where something

is done rather than the details of how it is done.

F.O.B»; Free on board; An expression indicating that the seller assumes all responsibilities and costs up to the specific point or stage of

delivery named, including transportation, packing, insurance, et cetera.

The buyer takes over responsibility and costs at the same point. A wide

variety of f.p.b. terms are used, as f.o.b. factory, f.o.b. cars, f.o.b. ship

New York, f.o.b. Detroit, et cetera.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAQ): FAO

works in the broad field of agriculture, including fisheries, forestry, food

processing and distribution, and nutrition. A big part of the work is helping underdeveloped countries help themselves. With financial aid from the
53

United Nations, FAO has carried on extensive technical assistance work in

over 100 countries. Worldwide support and additional financial assistance

for this work is being mobilized through FAO's Freedom from Hunger Campaign.

With the United Nations, FAO also is administering a $275 million World Food

Program which uses surplus food to relieve hunger and promote economic

growth in the less-developed countries. FAO serves as an international

clearing house for information and statistics on the world food situation.

FAO also has established subsidiary bodies to deal with specific international commodity problems, including commodity study groups and a consultative

committee on surplus disposal. Other groups provide forums for international consultation and animal diseases, forestry, and fishery matters, and

other problems of an international nature.

FAO was founded in October 1945, although preliminary goundwork had been

completed in May 1943. FAO now has 117 member nations. Headquarters: Rome,

Italy.

Food Balance: The supply of food in relation to the populations to be

fed.

Food Dollar: Pays for all services involved in producing, processing

and distributing food. Of the consumer's food dollar in 1968, the marketing

bill (labor, transportation, corporate profits and other costs) was 61 cents,

and the farmer's share of the retail food dollar was 39 cents.

Food for Freedom: A U.S. program that encompasses not only food shipments to needy countries but also includes technical agricultural assistance

provided to them. It is aimed broadly at helping less-developed countries

meet immediate food shortage problems while helping them to become selfsustaining in the future.

Food for Peace Act of 1966; Legislation, enacted October 21, 1966, and

signed by President Johnson on November 12, 1966, extending Public Law 480

(see), effective January 1, 1967, through the calendar years 1967 and 1968.

The new act makes possible the Food for Freedom program (see).

Food for Peace Program; See Food for Freedom Program.

Food Stamp Program; A program to improve the nutritional level of underprivileged families and to strengthen the agricultural economy by expanding

the demand for food in retail stores. A participating family's normal food

expenditure is maintained by requiring that, based on family size and income,

participants purchase a specific value of coupons. Supplemental, or bonus,

coupons are then provided without charge to permit the family to upgrade its

diet. Authorized by the Food Stamp Act of 1964, the Department also carried

on a food stamp plan from 1939 to 1943,

Forage: Feed from plants for livestock, such as hay, pasturage, straw,

silage, and browse.
54

Foreign Agricultural Market Development; Includes all activities --

in the United States as well as in foreign countries -- to influence the

flow of U.S. farm products to foreign consumers. Market development encompasses measures by government agencies, farmers, processors, exporters, and

others to improve acceptability of U.S. farm commodities in the foreign

markets. It includes such services as information and grading. It includes

Government export pajnnents. It embraces action by government and international agencies to lower trade barriers. It involves market promotion

activities carried on cooperatively by government and trade groups, such as

participation in trade fairs, advertising, distribution of samples, sponsored visits of foreign buyers to the United States, and the like. Market

development, in brief, covers activities undertaken all the way along the

"marketing chain.*'

Foreign Assistance (or aid), U.S.: The United States has been carrying on foreign assistance operations since the end of World War II. Obligations and loan authorizations under the aid program from July 1, 1945,

through June 30, 1965, totaled $116,090,000,000. Of this amount

$81,443,000,000 represented economic aid, and $34,647,000,000 military

assistance.

Over the 1945-65 period, France led in the volume of total U.S. assistance received, with $9.4 billion, followed by the united Kingdom, $9.0

billion; South Korea, $6.3 billion; India, $5.9 billion; and West Germany,

$5.0 billion. The large totals for Western European countries reflect

Marshall Plan Assistance (see).

The proportion of economic aid to total foreign assistance rose from

47 percent in 1953-57 to 79 percent in the fiscal year 1965.

In fiscal year 1965, 34 percent of U.S. economic aid went to the Middle

East and South Asia; 26 percent to Latin America; 15 percent to the Far East;

9 percent to Europe; 7 percent to Africa; and 9 percent to destinations

difficult to segregate by region.

In 1965, P.L. 480 accounted for 31 percent of foreign aid obligations

and loan authorizations.

Foreign Currencies; An expression used frequently in connection with

operations under Title I, P.L. 480, which authorized sales of surplus U.S.

farm products for foreign currencies. Title I also spells out uses to

markets for U.S. farm products; to obtain military equipment, materials,

facilities, and services; to finance the purchase of goods or services for

other friendly countries; to promote economic development and trade of

underdeveloped countries; to pay U.S. obligations abroad; to finance

educational exchange activities; and others.
55

Foreign Exchange; International transfers of economic values in

terms of money by means of credit instruments, including transfers by

telegraph, cable, et cetera« The main problems of foreign exchange are

concerned with two operations: (1) the conversion of the money of one

country into that of another; and (2) the transfer of money values from

one country to another.

Forest Land: Land bearing a stand of trees at any age or stature,

including seedling, and of species attaining a minimum of 6 feet average

height at maturity; or land from which such a stand has been removed but

on which no other use has been substituted. The term is commonly limited

to land not in farms; forests on farms are commonly called woodland or

farm forests.

Forfeited; Where the producer has lost the right to payment(s)

expected under an agricultural program agreement.

Formal; Done according to set rules.

Foundations Herd; Breeding stock; cows, bulls, and heifers or calves

retained for replacement; ewes, rams and lambs for replacement; and

nannies, billies, and kids for replacement.

Foundation Planting: The first seed increase from the initial seed

stock (breeder seed) provided by the originating agency in a recognized

seed-certification program.

Foundation Seed; A primary source of seed of a genetically identified

variety from which all increases are made.

Freedom from Hunger Campaign; A world-wide program, carried on by

the Food and Agriculture Organization to encourage global support and financial assistance for programs to increase crop yields, make new food available, and multiply fisheries' catches in underdeveloped countries. The

program launched July 1, 1960, has been placed on a continuing basis.

Free List: A list in the U.S. tariff law of goods not liable to the

payment of customs duties.

Free Time; The period allowed the owner to load or unload the car

before demurrage or storage charges begin to accrue.

Free Trade: International trade unhampered by governmental barriers,

such as tariffs or non-tariff restrictions. Completely free trade is not

practiced today by any country in the world.

Friendly Country: Public Law 480, as amended by the Food for Peace Act

of 1966, directs the President to conclude agreement, for the sale of
56

agricultural commodities for dollars on credit terms or for foreign

currencies, only with **friendly countries/*

Under the Act, "friendly country" shall not include any country or area

dominated or controlled by a foreign government or organization controlling

a world Communist movement, and, for the purpose only of sales for foreign

currencies under Title I, P.L, 480, any country or area dominated by a

Communist government, (Title I, as amended, now covers sales for dollars

on credit terms and sales for foreign currencies.)

The Act also excludes from its definition of "friendly" -- for the

purpose only of sales under Title I — any nation that sells or furnishes

or permits ships or aircraft under its registry to transport any equipment,

materials, or commodities to or from Cuba or North Vietnam so long as they

are governed by a Communist regime.

Fructose: An alternate chemical name for lévulose.

Fumígants; Volatile chemicals used to kill plants, seeds, insects,

bacteria, fungi and nematodes.

Fungicide; A chemical that kills or inhibits fungi. Bordeaux mixtures,

ferbam, and zeneb are fungicides.
57

Game: Wild birds, fish or animals hunted for sport or for use as food.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); A multilateral agreement

negotiated in 1947 among 23 countries, including the United States, to increase international trade by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers.

Today 66 countries have full participant status; 6 countries participate

provisionally, and 7 belong to GATT under special arrangement. Almost threefourths of the 79 countries fall in the *'less developed" category.

The GATT countries account for about 85 percent of the world's trade.

It is estimated that under the GATT, tariffs have been reduced on products

accounting for about 50 percent of the world's trade. GATT rules also apply

to customs or tariff unions (common markets) such as the European Economic

Community.

The GATT is based on three fundamental principles: (1) Trade should be

conducted on the basis of nondiscrimination; that is, the most-favored-nation

principle (see) should apply to trade benefits and trade restrictions.

(2) Protection should come through the customs tariff and not through other

measures; the use of import quotas as a protective device is explicitly

prohibited, and their use for other purposes, such as to safeguard the

balance-of-payments, is regulated by GATT rules. (3) Consultation is provided for to avoid damage to the trading interests of contracting parties.

Each of these three principles is subject to exceptions, however, and many

articles of the GATT spell out the exceptions in detail.

General Farm Aggregates; Farm output, prices received and cash receipts.

Ghee: A product, made from butter, and similar in composition to butteroil. However, it has a granular texture. It is preferred by the people in

certain Asian countries.

Gifts Inter Vivos: Gifts between the living, which are perfected and

become absolute during the lifetime of donor and donee.

Gin Cut Cotton: Cotton that shows damage in ginning through cutting

by the ginning saws to an extent that reduces its value more than two grades.
58

Glucose; (1) An alternate chemical name for dextrose. (2) A name

given to corn syrups which are obtained by the action of acids and/or

enzymes on cornstarch. Commercial corn syrups are nearly colorless and

very viscous. They consist principally of dextrose and another sugar,

maltose, combined with gummy organic materials known as dextrins, in

water solution*

Goat; In the mohair pa3nnent program, the term means an Angora goat

and it includes the kid of an Angora goat.

Golden Eagle Passport; A permit, (wallet-sized plastic identification

card) costing $7, which admits the holder, and all passengers in a private

non-commercial vehicle, to more than 2,500 Federal recreation areas that

charge for admittance by automobile. There is no limit on the number of

times it may be used. The permit, primarily for Department of Interior

recreation areas, may also be obtained at ASCS county offices.

Golden Nematode; Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution in

U.S. - Long Island, New York. Principal host - Potatoes.

Gold Reserves; See Balance of Payments.

Government Payments; Payments to producers under various national

programs that have included; Cropland Conversion; Cropland Adjustment;

the Sugar Act; the Wool Act; the Soil Bank; Great Plains Conservation;

domestic cotton allotment; price support; cropland diversion; marketing

certificates (in the wheat program, these payments are partially recovered

by the Government from sales of certificates to processors and exporters

of wheat); various indemnity payments through the years (milk, cranberries,

etc.), and diversion payments.

Grade ; The quality of a commodity as defined in the applicable official U.S. Standards. In livestock marketing, a classification based on three

fundamentals — conformation, finish, and quality, i.e., prime, choice,

good, medium, common, etc.

Grades, Export; Minimum grades a country will allow to be exported.

For example, the United States regulates shipments of certain fruits to

foreign destinations under authority of the Export Apple and Pear Act and

the Export Grade and Plum Act, Export grades, however, are the exception

rather than the rule in the agricultural trade of the world.

Grain Elevator; A storehouse into which grain in bulk is carried upward

by elevators and placed into bins arranged for the different grades of grain.

Grain Mixtures; A mixture of feed grains, including barley and oats/

rye, and wheat grown on a farm when the percentage of each such crop in the

mixture at the time of harvest is less than that requiring the mixture to be

classified as a "feed grain" or wheat under a production adjustment program.
59

Grain Sorghum; One of the crops grown on a farm during 1959-60 used

in establishing the farm feed grain base and charged against the current

year farm feed grain permitted acreage.

Grant (as used in P>L. 480 Programs); The transfer, by the united

States to foreign governments, of foreign currencies acquired by the united

States through sales of U.S. farm products. "Grant*' also is used in connection with the transfer, by the United States to foreign governments, of

U.S. agricultural commodities as distinguished from "donation" of farm products to U.S. voluntary agencies carrying on foreign relief operations.

*'Grant'' and "donation", however, are often used interchangeably.

Grant in Aid; An amount of funds given by the Federal Government as

an aid to a public undertaking. Usually, some matching of funds are required

of the receiving governmental body.

Grassed Waterway; Reshaping or grading and establishing suitable

vegetation on natural waterways or depressions.

Grazing; Consumption of range or artificial pasture forage by animals.

Grazing and Haying Program; Land is removed from production and grazing

by the soil bank, feed grain and diverted acres programs. When emergencies

develop the Secretary is empowered to designate emergency areas on certification by the Governor of the State of the need. In these designated areas

the Secretary may permit grazing or harvesting of hay on land otherwise removed from production by the above USDA programs. In return for this permission, program payments otherwise due the permittees are reduced to the

extent of the fair value of the resulting grazing or hay removal.

Grazing Association; A group organized to purchase and/or lease pastureland for grazing purposes rather than crop production. It may also include

the combination of land owned by members of the association prior to its

formation.

Grazing Season; A period of grazing to obtain optimum use of the forage

resource. On public lands, an established period for which grazing permits

are Issued,

Great Plains; For the purpose of the Great Plains Conservation Program,

this area includes designated counties of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska,

New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming.

Green Manure; Where the growth of grass and/or legume cover is worked

into the soil rather than harvested for hay or seed. The decomposition of

such growth adds to the humus content of the soil.
60

Greenspan; That part of the Cropland Adjustment Program through which

grants and conservation practice cost-sharing may be paid to local and

other government agencies which buy cropland for permanent conversion to

noncrop use for preserving open space, natural beauty, developing wildlife

or recreational facilities, or preventing air or water pollution.

Gross National Product; The total market value of all final goods and

services produced by a nation's economy before deducting depreciation charges

and other allowances for consumption of durable capital goods.

Gross Receipts; Farm cash receipts plus government pa3mients.

Gross Ton; 2,240 pounds.

Gross Tonnage (Vessel); Applies to vessels, not to cargo. It is

determined by dividing by 100 the contents, in cubic feet, of the vessel's

closed-in space. A vessel ton is 100 cubic feet. The register of a vessel

states both gross and net tonnage.

Gross Weight; (a) The weight of an article together with the weight

of its container and the material used for packing, (b) as applied to a

carload; the weight of a car together with the weight of its entire contents.

Groundnuts: The word for '^peanuts" in the United Kingdom and some

Commonwealth countries.

Ground Water; Water that fills all the unblocked pores of underlying

material below the water table, which is the upper limit of saturation.

Gur; Cane juice, concentrated nearly to dryness by boiling over an

open fire, without centrifuging and with no other purification than by

skimming. This ancient process is still used for producing a large share

of the sugar consumed in India and some other countries. The crude product

is high in glucose and correspondingly low in sucrose,

Gypsy Moth: Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution

in U.S. — New England States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Small

infestation in Michigan. Principal hosts — many tree species.
61 H

H

Habitat; The natural abode of a plant or animal, including all biotic,

climatic, and soil conditions, or other environmental influences affecting

life*

Harbor Dues; Charges assessed for services at harbors.

Hard Currencies; Freely convertible currencies accepted generally by

the countries of the world as mediums of exchange. Examples: U.S. dollars

and Italian Lire; Spanish pesetas: Japanese yen.

Hardpan: A hardened or cemented soil horizon or layer. The soil

material may be sandy or clay and may be cemented by iron oxide, silica,

calcium carbonate, or other substances.

Hardware ; The physical equipment or devices forming a computer and

peripheral equipment. Contrasted with software.

Harter Act; An act of Congress regulating the carriage of goods and

the bill of lading via water in foreign commerce.

Harvested Acreage; That part of the planted crop acreage which is

harvested, regardless of the product.

Harvesting Second Crop; The act of double cropping from same plants

or different plants on same acreage in same year. This requires reduction

in next allotment for the farm.

Hearing; A meeting whereby an appellant or his representative may

present evidence or information to support an appeal or a request for

reconsideration.

Herbicides (weed killers); Chemicals used to kill plants. They are

used in contact with seed, stem, or leaf of a plant. Herbicides are

further divided into non-selective (kill all plants) and selective (kill

only certain species).
H 62

High Density; The compression of flat or standard bale of cotton to

high density of approximately 32 pounds per cubic foot. This compression

usually applies to cotton exported or shipped coastwise. Also high

density compression is used on domestic movements at lower rates and higher

minima.

High Test Molasses; A concentrated, clarified cane juice which has

been inverted (usually about 2/3) to prevent sucrose from crystallizing

at the high concentrations normally employed.

History Acreage; A record of the acreage of crops planted or considered to be planted on a tract of land.

History Method of Reconstitution; The proration of allotments and

bases to the tracts being separated from a parent farm on the basis of

the history acreage determined to be representative of the operations

normally carried out on each tract during the respective base periods.

Hogshead (tobacco); A large wooden cask or container in which

tobacco is stored and certain forms of tobacco are sold. Generally, the

weight of tobacco varies from 600 pounds to about 1,200 pounds.

Humus; The organic fraction of soil in which decomposition is so far

advanced that its original form is not distinguishable«
63

I

Identifiable Tract; A tract of land to which a specific amount (including zero) of a farm's allotments and bases can be attributed.

Identification of Farms: Assignment of a farm number.

Identity Preserved: The storage or handling in such manner that the

actual commodity deposited and no other will be delivered to the holder of

the warehouse receipt or other documents evidencing ownership.

Imported Fire Ant: Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution in

U.S. - Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Texas. General pest: nuisance in parks, school

grounds, recreational areas.

Import Fee or Tax; A charge in excess of the duty imposed on the

importation of goods•

Import Quotas: Provisions of the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, limit

imports of sugar. No other import quotas limit physical quantities of

foreign farm products except those under Section 22 of the Agricultural Act

of 1933, as amended. This Act authorizes the use of import quotas on

foreign farm products which materially interfere with U.S. farm price support programs. Imports controlled in 1967 under Section 22 include wheat

and wheat flour; cotton and cotton waste; peanuts, and certain dairy products. Included in the dairy products are butter and butter oil, cheddar

cheese, dry skim milk, Edam and Gouda cheese, blue mold and Italian type

cheese made from cow's milk.

Import Regulations: Devices used by importing countries to regulate or

restrict the flow ot specified commodities from other nations into their

domestic markets. These include tariffs, import quotas, compulsary utilizations of fixed percentages of homegrown commodities, subsidies to local

processors, price support or other incentive to local producers, and direct

control over prices. Other measures include bilateral trade agreements and

tie-in sale arrangements.

Imports, Agricultural, U.S.; Purchases by the United States of agricultural commodities produced abroad. Agricultural imports of the United

States in the fiscal year 1966 had a value of $4,454 million.
64

Impoundment Easement; The right granted to an agency to permanently

cover a farm with water and any additional land not covered by water essential to proper maintenance of the water impoundment area.

Improved Water Application; Applying irrigation water under a planned

farm irrigation system before all structural or operational improvements have

been made, but where definite action has been taken to improve irrigation

efficiencies and to reduce erosion.

Incentive Price; A price paid to wool producers for shorn wool to

encourage larger production.

Income Explosion; Refers to the rapid rise in per capita income

occuring in many countries, notably the more advanced ones. The income

explosion, like the population explosion, puts extra pressure on world

food supplies. That comes about because people whose diets are unsatisfactory tend to improve them as their income increases. This means an

increase in per capita food consumption, whether the increase is quantitative, as would be the case in countries where people largely use grain

in their diets, or qualitative, where more livestock products -- which

require grain in their production -- are consumed. Either way there is

an increase in per capita consumption of grain.

Increase for Small Farms; Acreage set aside the first year quotas

are available to raise some small farm allotments.

Increase for Types of Short Supply; If there is a showing of special

useage for a type, such type can be increased without changing other types

making up the commodity.

Indemnity Payments (Milk); Payments to dairy farmers to compensate

them for losses incurred as a result of using pesticides in accordence

with the Department's reccsnmendations.

Independent Grower (Hawaiian Sugarcane); A grower other than a processor who owns the entire crop, bears full financial responsibility for

the sugarcane enterprise, and controls the operations on his farm.

Indian Allotment; Land held under the allotment act, either patented

or held in trust for an Indian by the Government.

Individual - Cossette Test Contract; A contract between a processor

and growers under which the processor payment is based on the quality

(sugar content) of the beets delivered by a grower and the average content

of all beets sliced in the settlement area.

Individual Tariff; A tariff issued by a transportation line individually.
65

Indus trialized G ounc r ies : Usually refers to "developed" countries,

that have achieved sustained economic growth, as contrasted with those

that have not, the latter generally being referred to as "underdeveloped",

"less developed", "developing**, or **emerging".

Initial Carrier; The transportation line to which a shipment is

delivered by the shipper.

Inland Carrier; A transportation line which hauls export or import

traffic between ports and inland points.

Inspection Service: The service established and conducted for the

determination and certification or other identification of the grade,

quality, or condition of products.

Intention; The percentage level of participation at which the farm

operator enrolls the farm in an annual production adjustment program.

Usually referred to as being certain percentage of the base or allotment.

Interagency Trade Organization: An agency set up under the Trade

Expansion Act of 1962 to provide the President guidance in carrying out

trade expansion functions. Chairman is the Special Representative for

Trade Negotiations, other members are the Secretaries of State, Treasury,

Defense, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, and Labor.

Intercoastal: Between one coast and another - as between the Atlantic

and Pacific coasts.

Interest (Price Support Loans) : A charge to producers in connection

with loan redemptions, deficiencies and indebtedness involving fraud.

International Coffee Agreement: An agreement signed by 58 countries,

representing all major exporters and importers, which collectively account

for the bulk of the world's coffee trade. The pact, effective October 1,

1963, has been extended to September 30, 1973.

Exporting countries have export quotas which are periodically reviewed

and adjusted when circumstances warrant. Exporting countries undertaken to

adjust production of coffee while the Agreement remains in force to the

amount needed for domestic consumption, exports, and reasonable reserve

stocks, to reduce stocks when they are on a very high level, and to refrain

from engaging in direct and individual linked barter transactions involving

the sale of coffee in traditional markets.

International Commodity Agreement or Arrangement: An undertaking by

a group of countries to stabilize trade, supplies, and prices of a commodity

for the benefit of participating countries.
66

"Agreement**^ usually refers to formalized intergovernmental understandings. In 1966, international agricultural commodity agreements were in

effect for coffee and olive oil.

"'Arrangements*^ is a less-rigid word sometimes used to cover not only

international commodity agreements but also other types of undertakings

that rest on less-formalissed understandings. A Long-term Cotton Textile

Arrangement was concluded in February 1962.

International Grains Arrangement; To enter into force for a threeyear period on July 1, 1968, this replaced the 18-year-old International

Wheat Agreement. With the administrative and institutional structure of

the IWA, the Arrangement consists of two parts: a Wheat Trade Convention

and a Food Aid Convention. For wheat, there was established a series of

minimum prices for major wheats based primarily on differences in market

value and quality as a common balance. For U.S. wheats, the new minimum

prices were generally about 23 cents a bushel higher than the minimums

under the IWA. Maximum prices were set 40 cents above the minimum for

each wheat, providing a range in which prices could fluctuate in response

to supply and demand. For food aid, to needy nations, contributions to

the program can be in the form of wheat, course grains suitable for human

consumption, or in cash equivalent. Food aid under the program is to be

supplied on soft terms (grants or local currency which will, except for

amounts up to 10 percent, not be available for use by the contributing

country). They may administer their programs directly with recipient

countries, or may channel their contributions through an international

organization such as the World Food Program.

International Institute for Cotton; Founded in March 1966 by India,

Mexico, Spain, United Arab Republic and the United States, its purpose is

to increase world consumption of cotton and cotton products through utilization research, market research, sales promotion, education, and public

relations. Greece, Tanzania and Uganda have joined since.

The Institute is financed by annual assessments equal to $1 (U.S.)

per 500-pound bale of spinnable cotton exports by each member country to

Western Europe and Japan.

Promotion takes the form of trade advertising concentrated in key

apparel markets; national campaigns in collaboration with local textile

and product manufacturers, retail chains, department stores, and shops;

national education work.

General Assembly headquarters: Washington, D. C. Operating office

headquarters: Brussels. Country or regional offices; London, Paris,

Milan, Frankfurt, Oslo, and Osaka.
67

International Sugar Agreement; Broad objectives are to assure suppliers of sugar to importing countries and markets for sugar to exporting

countries at equitable and stable prices; to increase the consumption of

sugar throughout the world; to maintain the purchasing power of countries

or areas where economies are largely dependent upon the production or

export of sugar. However, quota and price provisions of the agreement have

not been in effect since January 1962, because of disagreement over adjustment of Cuba's sugar quota. Headquarters: London, England,

Interstate Commerce; Is defined by Section one of the Act, covering

transportation from one State or Territory of the United States, or the

District of Columbia, to any other or from any place in the United States

through a foreign country to any other place in the United States or from

or to any place in the United States to or from a foreign country, but

only insofar as such transportation takes place within the United States.

Interstate Commerce Act (Part II): An Act of Congress regulating

Motor Vehicles for hire commonly referred to as the Motor Carrier Act - 1935.

Interstate Commerce Act (Part III); Act of Congress relating to

regulation of common and contract water carriers operating in domestic

trade.

Interstate Commerce Commission; The Federal body charged with the

duty of enforcing acts of Congress affecting carriers in interstate commerce.

Interstate Traffic; Traffic moving from a point in one State to a

point in another State; between points in the same State, but passing

within or through another State en route; and between points in the United

States and foreign countries.

Inter vivos; See Gifts inter vivos,

Inventory (CCC); The quantity of a given commodity in the control of

CCC at any specified time.

Inventory Listings; IBM listings prepared by Kansas City DPC which

list all grain storage structures and all nonexpendable property used in

connection with the storage or handling of agricultural commodities.

Inventory Number plates; Serially numbered brass plates which are

attached to all grain storage structures and nonexpendable CCC equipment

to identify the property as belonging to CCC,

Invert or Invert Sugar; This is the mixture of equal parts of dextrose

and lévulose produced by the action of acid or enzjrmes on solutions of

sucrose.
68

Invisible Sugar Inventories; Stocks held by wholesalers, retailers,

and industrial users»

Irrigation; Supplying land with water by means of artificial ditches

or channels*

Items of Trade; There are three categories —'commodities, services,

and credit transactions. Merchandise exports and imports of such items as

wheat, machinery, and chemicals are known as ''visible** items of trade.

Services rendered, such as shipping, banking, insurance, communications

(plus services rendered to tourists), together with such credit transactions

as loans, interest pajmients, and the like, are called "invisible" items of

trade.
69

J

Japanese Beetle; Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution in

U.S. - States east of, and including, Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. Principal hosts - about 275 plants, including ornamentals.

Joint Owners; Where two or more persons own property together with

an undivided interest.

Jointly Owned Vanst: A farm in which the ownership is vested in an

undivided interest of more than one person.

Joint Rate; A rate applicable from a point located on one transportation line to a point located on another transportation line, made by agreement or arrangement between, and published in a single tariff under proper

concurrence of all transportation lines over which the rate applies.

Joint Tariff; A tariff containing joint rates.

Junex and "similars"; A mixture containing 44 percent butterfat, with

sugar and other products added. It is used in the united States in the

manufacture of ice cream. It is imported principally from Australia, New

Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, and France.

Other names are used to identify the product, such as "ernex",

"isex", "grapex", and the like.

Jute Bagging (Cotton Bale Covering); Bagging manufactured from jute

material usually produced in India and Pakistan. The bagging may be manufactured from new material or from used jute sacks. The used bagging is

usually sewn into bale coverings in the United States.
70
71 K

K

Kaffir Corn; African corn, similar to maize.

Kennedy Round: Popular name for the sixth Round of GATT tariff

negotiations, which formally got under way in Geneva, Switzerland, in May

1964, and came to conclusion in 1967.

Key Area (range manaj5;ement) ; A portion of range, which because of

its location, grazing value, and use, serves as an indicative sample of

range conditions or trends, A key area guides the general management of

the entire area of which it is a part. Also, an area upon which the

success of the ranching operation is largely dependent.

Key Farms; Farms selected by the county committee with the assistance

of the community committee as representative of various areas and types of

farming practices, to be used in establishing preliminary yields.

Keypunch; A special device with a key board similar to a typewriter

used to record information in card or tape by punching holes in the cards

or tape to represent letters, digits, and special characters.

tCnown Damage; A damage discovered before or at the time of delivery

of a shipment.

Known Loss^: A loss discovered before or at the time of delivery of a

shipment.
K 72
73

Labor Contractor (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); A person who recruits

workers and arranges with a grower for their employment on his farm.

Lamb; A young ovine animal which has not cut the second pair of

permanent teeth. The term includes animals referred to in the livestock

trade as lambs, yearlings, or yearling lambs.

Lamb Crop: The number of lambs produced by a given number of ewes,

usually expressed in percent of lambs weaned of ewes bred.

Land; The total natural and cultural environment within which production takes place. Land is a broader term than soil. In addition to

soil, its attributes include other physical conditions such as mineral

deposits and water supply; location in relation to centers of commerce,

populations, and other land; the size of the individual tracts or holdings;

and existing plant cover, works of improvement, and the like. Some use

the term loosely in other senses: As defined above, but without the

economic or cultural criteria, especially in the expression "natural land";

as a synonym for "soil"; for the solid surface of the earth; and also for

earthy surface formations, especially in the geomorphological expression

"land form".

Land-Capability Classification; A grouping of kinds of soil into

special units, subclasses, and classes according to their capability for

intensive use and the treatments required for sustained use.

Land Grading: Reshaping the ground surface by grading to planned grades.

This practice requires a detailed engineering survey and layout. This does

not include land leveling for irrigation.

Land Grant; Land granted or given by the government to a transportation

line.

Land History Area (Sugarbeets); An area where accredited acreage of

the farm only is utilized in establishing a proportionate share.

Landlord; An owner who rents or leases, or a tenant who subleases

farmland to another person.
74

Land Smoothing; Removing minor irregularities on the land surface

without altering the general topographic pattern. This does not require

a detailed engineering survey.

Land Use; Approximate U.S. land area is 1,903.8 million acres. For

purposes relating to agriculture, the major uses of land include (1954

census of agriculture); cropland, 465.3 million acres; pasture and grazing

land, 632.4 million acres; forest and woodland, 615.4 million acres; percentage of land in farms, 60.8 percent.

Land-Use Planning; The development of plans for the uses of land that,

over long periods, will best serve the general welfare, together with the

formulation of ways and means for achieving such uses.

Lanolin; The fatty substance removed from sheep wool when it is scoured

and cleaned. When refined, it is used extensively in cosmetics and provides

a nontoxic carrier for applying plant regulators or other chemicals to the

surface of plants.

Latin America; Usually includes Mexico, Central America, South America,

and the Caribbean Islands.

Leaching; The removal of materials in solution by the passage of

water through soil.

Legislative Authority; An Act by the Congress which becomes law under

which programs may be developed and funded.

Legume; A plant which is a member of the Leguminosae family. These

plants have the characteristic of forming nitrogen-fixing nodules. Beans

and peas are examples -- also, the characteristic dry, dehiscent miltiseeded pod or fruit of members of this family.

Less Developed Countries (LDC's); Countries that have not yet achieved

sustained economic growth. They also are referred to as "under-developed",

"developing", or "emerging". Most less-developed countries are in Asia,

Africa, and Latin America,

Contrary to some opinion, "less developed" or even "under-developed" are

not invidious or derogatory terras. They merely describe the economic growth

status of some countries, as opposed to the "developed" or "industrialized"

status of others. (Also see Economic Development.)

Less Than Carload Rate; A rate applicable to a less than carload shipment .

Letters of Credit (L/C); A document issued by financial institutions

guaranteeing payment upon presentation of a draft supported by specific

documents specified in the letter of credit. L/C's are accepted in the

CCC and commercial trade as a means of payment for commodities.
75

Lévulose: A highly soluble, simple sugar, which contains 6 carbon

atoms^i It crystallizes with great difficulty. It is not produced in

commercial quantities as such, but used in considerable quantities in

combination with dextrose and sucrose in invert sugars• It is generally

considered sweeter than sucrose.

Levy: '*To levy" — the verb — means to assess or impose a duty.

"Levy'' — the noun — is synonymous with "duty".

"Tariff" and levy", as nouns, are often used interchangeably for

duty . The words must be judged in the context within which they are

used.

Lighter: A flat-bottomed boat used usually in inland waterways.

Lighterage Limits: The limits of the area within which freight is

handled by lighters or barges under certain lightering charges, rules,

and regulations.

Lime: Generally the term lime, or agricultural lime, is applied to

ground limestone (calcium carbonate), hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide),

or burned lime (calcium oxide), with or without mixtures of magnesium

carboxide, and materials such as basic slag, used as amendments to reduce

the acidity of acid soils. In strict chemical terminology, lime refers

to calcium oxide (CaO), but by an extension of meaning it is now used for

all limestone-derived materials applied to neutralize acid soils.

Liquic^ated Damage: An agreement or reimbursement if a contract is

broken or not complied with fully.

Liquid Sugar: A concentrated solution of refined sucrose or a

mixture of sucrose and invert sugar.

Livestock: Domestic animals.

Livestock Feed Program: The Secretary may designate emergency areas

in which this program may be offered on certification of the need by the

Governor of the State. CCC owned feed grains may be sold under this program to eligible farmers who do not have and cannot obtain sufficient

feed for their livestock through normal trade channels without undue

financial hardship. The CCC owned grain is sold at 75 percent of the

current support price for doundation herd animals and at the full current

support price for other eligible animals.

Liveweight: The weight of live lambs or other livestock purchased

or sold by a producer.

Loading Order (used in bulk grains, beans and rice): A document

issued to warehousemen containing complete loadout and shipping instructions on where - when - how - and quantity to be shipped.
76

Loan Draft: CGC Draft used to disburse a commodity price support

loan which may be converted into an interest bearing instrument by a banking institution.

Loan Maturity Date; The date on which a price support loan becomes

due. Settlement is required either by payment or delivery of the commodity.

No farm stored collateral can be redeemed after maturity until the commodity

is delivered to CGC.

Loan Service Fee: A fee paid by the producer for each farm storage

loan or warehouse storage loan disbursed.

Local ASGS Committees: The committee having jurisdiction over ASCS

matters affecting a farm.

Local Government: Any county, city, village, town, district, or other

political subdivision of any State or the District of Columbia.

Local Rate: A rate applying between stations located on the same

transportation line.

Local Sales: Sales of certain lots of farm stored commodities.

Local Tariff: A tariff containing rates applicable only between stations located on the same transportation line.

Local Waybill: A waybill covering the movement of freight over a

single transportation line.

Long-term Cotton Textile Arrangement (LTA); A 5-year international

arrangement, which, effective October 1, 1962, was aimed at protecting

the U. S. cotton textile industry. Participating countries nijmber 29,

including countries supplying the major share of U. S. cotton textile

imports. U. S. participation is authorized by the Agricultural Act of 1956.

The LTA provides that in the case of market disruption or threatened

disruption, importing countries may request restraint of exports from the

country or countries causing the difficulty. The LTA also provides for

other mutually satisfactory arrangements between countries. For example,

the United States in 1966 had bilateral agreements with 16 major textile

supplying countries and Hong King. It is estimated that 80 percent of

Ü. S. imports of cotton textiles are covered by bilateral agreements or

other arrangements.

Loss of Control: Where control of land is lost either by sale, death,

or other such action wherein the original person is displaced from the control which he previously had to the land.

L.T.: Long ton, 2,240 pounds.
77 «

M

Mainland Cane Sugar Area; The States of Louisiana and Florida.

Magnetic Tape; A tape or ribbon impregnated or coated with magnetic

or other material on which information may be placed in the form of

magnetically polarized spots.

Maize (Mayze); Indian corn. Zea mays; in America, more commonly called

corn.

Major Disaster; Any flood, drought, fire, hurricane, earthquake, storm,

or other catastrophe in any part of the United States which, in the determination of the President, is or threatens to be of sufficient severity and

magnitude to warrant disaster assistance by the Federal Government to supplement the efforts and available resources of States and local governments to

alleviate damage, hardships, or suffering. The governor of any State certifies the need for disaster assistance, and gives assurance of reasonable fund

expenditures by the State or local government to apply also to disaster relief.

Management; A pivotal part of the ASCS administrative operation --

local. State and Federal. In simplest terms, to conduct successful operations -- planned, programed and budgeted to definite objectives by the most

practical, efficient and economical use of time, money and personnel.

Man-made Fibers; Industrially produced fibers, as contrasted with such

natural fibers as cotton and wool. In the United States, man-made fibers are

grouped into cellulosic (viscose, cuprammonium, acetate, and triacetate);

non-cellulosic (acrylic, nylon, polyester, et cetera); and textile glass.

Maritime; Business pertaining to commerce or navigation transacted upon

the sea or in seaports in such matters as the courts of admiralty have

jurisdiction over, concurrently with the courts of common law.

Market; (Same meaning for marketed, marketing, and for market). In the

case of corn, cotton, peanuts, rice, tobacco and wheat, this means to dispose

of in raw or processed form by voluntary or involuntary sale, barter, exchange, or gift between two living persons. In the case of corn and wheat,

this applies also to feeding (in any form) to poultry or livestock which

(including their products) are sold, bartered, exchanged or to be disposed

of» In the case of wool and mohair, the term means a sale of the commodity

by the producer. Marketing of wool or mohair is not complete until each of

the following events takes place; (1) Title to the commodity passes to the
M 78

buyer; (2) The commodity is delivered to the buyer (physically or through

documents which transfer control to the buyer); and (3) The last of the

factors (price per pound, weight, etc.) needed to determine the total

purchase price is known. This does not include disposing of the commodities

as premium to the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation.

Market Basket; An economic measure that is made up of 62 farm-produced

foods in the quantities bought in 1960-61 by wage earner, clerical worker,

families, and single workers living alone. This is valued at retail prices.

Marketing Agreement; A marketing agreement is voluntary. It is a

contract entered into by the Secretary of Agriculture with handlers of a

particular commodity. It is binding only to those handlers who sign it. A

marketing agreement alone is seldom effective.

Marketing Certificates (Wheat); Certificates having fixed value per

bushel, based on the difference between July 1 parity and the loan rate for

the applicable marketing year, which are issued to wheat program participants

on that portion of the projected production of their farm allotments representing each participant's proportionate share of the national certificate

allocation. The wheat certificate represents a portion of the total price

support guaranteed participants for wheat produced for domestic food use.

Marketing Excess;

a. Adjusted; Excess determined when the actual production of the

crop in the current year is determined to be less than the normal production,

b. Delivered to the Secretary; Excess production delivered to

avoid pajmient of penalty,

c. Initial; The quantity in pounds obtained by multiplying the

rice acreage in excess of the farm allotment by the farm normal yield.

d. Stored; Excess stored to postpone payment of penalty.

1. Farm; Non-licensed storage.

2. Warehouse or Elevator; Licensed storage.

Marketing Order; A marketing order is a legal document setting the limits within which an agricultural industry can operate a program of selfregulation. It defines the terms handler and producer, the commodity to be

regulated and the area to be covered. It provides for an Advisory Committee

to administer the order, the number of members, and terms of office. It lists

the economic tools to be used and has procedures for financing provisions of

the order.

Marketing Quota; The number of pounds of rice produced less the amount

of the farm marketing excess.
79 M

Marketing Quota Penalty: Amount payable with respect to farm

marketing excess.

Marketing Quota Penalty Interest; Interest on penalty not timely

remitted.

Marketing Year; Beginning and ending dates for the following

commodities: Corn, October 1-September 30; Cotton, August 1-July 31;

Peanuts, August 1-July 31j Rice, August 1-July 31; Tobacco (flue-cured)

July 1-June 30; Tobacco, other than flue-cured, October 1-September 30;

Wheat, July 1-June 30; Wool and Mohair, the twelve-month period beginning

April 1, or a period otherwise determined by the Secretary as irequired to

carry out the Wool Act; Dairy, April 1-March 31; Wool, calendar year.

Mark Sensing; A technique for detecting special pencil marks entered

in special places on a punch card and automatically translating the narks

into punched holes.

Maritime Administration, U.S,; Functions of the Maritime Administration

include Government assistance to shipping, research and development,

shipbuilding and design, ship operations and repair, maintenance of the

national defense reserve fleet, maritime training, transfer of ships to

aliens, and provisions of war risk insurance. Headquarters: Washington, D. C.

Maturity Date: see Loan Maturity Date.

Maximum and Minimum Tariffs; These involve the establishment of

two more or less complete schedules, one containing maximum and the other

minimum rates for the articles on the tariff list. The rates of both

schedules may be identical for some items. Sometimes the minimum item

is broken up into a number of rates while the maximum opposite is not

so divided. Or the reverse may be true. The greater specialization of

rates in one column is usually due to the desire of a government to

discriminate closely.

Maximum Diversion: The maximum percentage level of participation

in a voluntary annual production adjustment program.

Maximum Loan Amount (FS & DE); An amount which cannot result in an

aggregate outstanding balance in excess of $25,000 or exceed (1) 85 percent of the net cost of the applicant's needed farm storage and drying

equipment, or (2) 50 cents per bushel times the applicant's needed farm

storage for oxygen-free farm storage, or (3) the prorated cost for the

applicant's needed farm storage structure has a larger bushel capacity

than the applicant's needed farm storage.
M 80

Meadow: An herbland used primarily for hay production. Also, openings

in forests and grasslands of exceptional productivity in arid regions,

usually resulting from high water content in the soil, as in stream-side

situations and areas having a perched water table.

Measurement Cargo; A cargo on which the transportation charge is

assessed on the basis of measurement.

Measurement Service; A service whereby, upon request and payment of the

cost, a crop reporter visits the farm and determines acreages for the farmer.

Results of the service are guaranteed, provided conditions on the farm do

not change after the acreage determinations have been completed. (See

Staking and Referencing«)

Meat; A IjOOO-pound steer or heifer will dress out about 560 pounds

of carcass beef. A 200-pound hog will dress out about 115 pounds of pork,

including lard.

Meat Animals; Hogs (pork and lard); cattle (beef) and calves (veal);

sheep and lambs,

Meat Import Law of 1964; Also referred to as P.L. 88-482, this legislation provides a basis for establishing U.S. quotas on aggregate imports of

fresh, chilled, or frozen meat from cattle, goats, and sheep (except lambs),

if such imports threaten to exceed a specified quantity.

Under the law, the Secretary of Agriculture is required to estimate at

the beginning of each calendar year what the total U.S. imports of certain

meats will be during that year. This estimate is reviewed — and revised,

if necessary — and published quarterly during the year.

The law sets forth a formula for establishing what the level of import

quotas should be if they are necessary, and provides a method of determining

when quotas should be imposed. Quotas come into effect when the import level

estimated by the Secretary for any calendar year equals or exceeds 100 percent

of what the quotas would be.

The President may suspend or increase the quota levels if he determines

that such action is required by underlying economic or national interests of

the united States, or that the supply of these meats will be inadequate to

meet domestic demand at reasonable prices, or that trade agreements with

supplying countries will insure that quota limits will be adhered to.

Mediterranean Fruit Fly; Pest under control action by USBA. Distribution in U.S. — Hawaii. Eradicated from mainland 4 times. Principal hosts —

More than 200 fruits and vegetables.

Meritorious Case; A program noncompliance case where the county and/or

State committee believes that because of circumstances relating to the noncompliance the prescribed penalty is too severe and recommends relief.
81 M

Mesa; A flat-topped hill with steep sides; a plateau.

Metric Ton; A ton of 2,204.62 pounds.

Mexican Fruit Fly; Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution

in U.S. — Texas (Lower Rio Grande Valley). Principal hosts — Citrus,

peaches, pears, plums, apricots and other fruits.

Micronaire Reading; An airflow instrument used to measure cotton fiber

fineness and maturity.

Middle East; This area to the east of the Mediterranean Sea also is

referred to as the Mid-East, Near East, West Asia, and Western Asia.

Opinions vary widely as to its country makeup.

As used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Middle East includes

Aden, Bahrein, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordon, Kuwait, Lebanon, Muscat

and Oman, Quatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Trucial States, Turkey, and Yemen.

The Department uses ''Middle East" interchangeably with "West Asia", or

"Western Asia".

The U.S. Department of State, in its regional organization of bureaus,

employs the term "Near East" rather than "Middle East". However, State

Department officers have occasion to recognize a "Middle East", which includes the United Arab Republic, Lebanon, Israel, Jordon, Saudi Arabia, and

all other areas on the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, West

Pakistan, Ethiopia, Sudan, Turkey and Greece. On occasion Libya also has

been included because of its close relationship to the Arab States to the

east.

Middling Cotton; Designation of a certain grade of cotton. Grades are

determined by the amount of leaf, color and preparation of the cotton bale.

Middling 1-Inch Cotton; Basis for which CCC established its loan rate.

Middling refers to grade and 1-inch refers to staple length.

Midwest Area (ASCS); Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana,

and Michigan.

Migrant Farm Workers; A fluid farm labor force that moves from area to

area, or State to State, for seasonal work on crops — usually for fruit,

vegetables and specialty crops.

Minimum Diversion; The minimum (mandatory) percentage level of participation in a voluntary annual production adjustment program.

Minimum Farm Allotment (Upland Cotton); The smaller of 10.0 acres or

the 1958 allotment adjusted for underplanting or cropland.
M 82

Minimum Import Price: This price, applied to an imported commodity

to bring its value more nearly in line with the domestic price of the

commodity in the importing country, is also referred to as a "gate price",

"sluice-gate price" and "lock-gate price". The minimum import price may

be used to prevent dumping. More often, however, it is used to protect

domestic producers from trade competition.

For example, the European Economic Community has established a minimum import price on ready-to-cook broilers. This price in early 1967

amounted to 33.13 cents a pound. The United States has vigorously protested EEC's minimum import price on poultry on the ground that no dumping

is involved. It was the U. S. position that U. S. poultry could not be

sold abroad — assuming market access — at reasonable levels of protection and after allowance for shipping and other charges, at the same

prices the poultry is sold for in the United States.

Minor Children; Children too young under the State law to enter

into binding transactions.

Missed Farm: An "old" farm for which an allotment is not timely

established.

Mixed Packed Cotton: Cotton in a bale which in the sample taken

shows a difference of (1) three or more grades, (2) three or more color

groups and (3) a staple length of 1/8 inch or more.

Mixing Regulations : Such regulations require that raw and/or processed products sold domestically within a country contain a designated

portion of domestically produced materials. For example, Australia,

effective January 1, 1966, requires that 50 percent Australian leaf be

used in all tobacco products manufactured in that country. Also, some

countries require flour millets to use a certain percentage of domestic

wheat in the grist. Mixing regulations, therefore, have the effect of

limiting the quantity of foreign commodities that may be used in domestically manufactured products.

Monthly Sales List: Information issued monthly by USDA on CCC-owned

commodities available for sale and barter. The list also shows in summary

form the various announcements under which sales are made for each

commodity.

Mulching : Applying plant or other suitable materials, not produced

on the site, to the surface of the soil.

>ftaltilateral Contract; A type of international commodity agreement,

which constitutes an undertaking by major exporters to supply a specified

quantity or quota of the commodity at a certain fixed maximum price. This

is matched by an undertaking by major importers to buy a specified quota
83 M

at a minimum price. The total of the export quotas equals the total of

the import quotas. The actual price at which the quotas are traded is

allowed to fluctuate between the maximum and the minimum. As long as the

price remains between these limits, the agreement does not interfere

with the free play of the price mechanism.

The International Wheat Agreement (see) was an example of the multilateral contract. Earlier agreements embodied a system of guaranteed

quantities backed up by multilateral contracts.

Multilateral^ multinational; Agreements or programs involving three

or more countries — as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade —

rather than only two countries, which is referred to as "bilateral".

Multiple Ownership Farm: A farm in which the ownership is vested in

more than one person.

Multiple Tract Farm; A farm made up of more than one identifiable

tract. (See identifiable tract.)
85 N

N

National Acreage Factor; A percentage scaling factor.

National Average Yield:

Wheat; The national average yield per acre during the preceding

10 calendar years, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions and for trends

in yields•

Cotton; The national average yield per acre during the preceeding

5 calendar years, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions.

National Average Yield Goal; Yield per acre which on a national average basis the Secretary determines will improve or insure the usability of

the tobacco and increase the net return per pound to the growers.

National Domestic Allotment (Upland Cotton); Amount equal to the

estimated domestic consumption (standard bales of four hundred and eighty

pounds net weight) for the marketing year beginning in the year in which

the crop is to be produced.

National Marketing Quota: Amount of annual quota set by the Secretary.

National Peanut Acreage Allotment; The acreage needed to produce the

national marketing quota, but not less than the 1,610,000 acre minimum

national acreage allotment set by law. The national allotment is apportioned

among peanut producing States.

National Reserve for Minimum Farm Allotments (Upland Cotton);

A. Amount. The estimated acreage needed in excess of the computed

county allotment to establish minimum farm allotments. This acreage cannot

exceed 310,000 acres.

B. State's Share. The part of the National reserve allocated to

the State.

C. County Allocation for Minimum Farm Allotments. The part of the

State's share of the National reserve allocated to the county.

Naval Stores Conservation Program; Program through which the Federal

Government shares with turpentine farms the cost of carrying out approved

conservation practices which will contribute to the economic use and conservation of soil and timber resources on turpentine farms.
N 86

National Wheat Marketiiig Allocation; The bushels of wheat estimated to

be used for domestic food consumption during a marketing year.

National Yield Factor; A percentage scaling factor•

NATO; The North Atlantic Treaty Organization whose membership is the

fifteen nations of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, West Germany, Greece,

Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey, United

Kingdom, and the United States, Representatives of these nations form the

North Atlantic Council which is responsible for planning common military and

civil defense actions of the member nations against an enemy attack. One of

the civil defense categories relates to food and agriculture. USDA serves

on the Food and Agriculture Planning Committee of the Council.

Nearby and Easily Accessible; Tracts of land which are close enough

together so that they are operated as a single farming unit.

Net Cost (FS & DE); The actual cost to the applicant, after deduction

of any discount or rebate, and may include the purchase price, local sales

taxes payable by purchasers, and costs for transportation, delivery, and

erection or installation of the farm storage or drying equipment. Net cost

cannot include the cost of used or secondhand material to be used in the

proposed construction of otherwise new farm storage or the remodeling of

existing storage structures, or costs for labor performed by the applicant

or other labor usually employed on the farm.

Net Ton; 2,000 pounds.

Net Tonnage (Vessel); A vessel's gross tonnage minus deductions for

space occupied by accommodations for crew, machinery for navigation, the

engine room, and fuel, A vessel's net tonnage represents the space available for the accommodation of passengers and the stowage of cargo. A ton

of cargo, in most instances, occupies less than 100 cubic feet. The

tonnage of cargo carried is usually greater than the gross tonnage.

New Farm; Any farm which does not have program history acreage other

than zero in the base period and for which an allotment is established for

the current year. Also, any farm which does not have an established

history acreage of feed grains in 1959 or 1960.

New Farm Allotment; The allotment established for a new farm for which

the farm operator has timely filed an eligible application.

New Farm Base; The allotment established for a new feed grain farm for

which the farm operator has timely filed an eligible application.

New Producer; Any producer who does not have history other than zero

in the base period and for whom an allotment is established for the current

year.
87 N

New-Producer Farm (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): A farm (or operator in a

personal history area) having no accredited acreage for a specified base

period and which was not a part of a farm having such acreage.

Non-Basic Commodities; All commodities not classified as basic. For

price support operations, mandatory price support programs on non-basic

commodities have included those for tung nuts, honey, milk, butterfat, the

products of milk and butterfat, wool, mohair, barley, grain sorghum, oats

and rye,

Non-Compliance; A farm enrolled in an annual production adjustment

program which has been found ineligible for payment because of having

failed to meet the minimum standards for payment.

Non-Conserving Permitted; The allowable acreage of non-conserving

crops permitted to be planted on a farm participating in a voluntary production adjustment program,

Noncropland: Land on a farm which does not meet the definition of

cropland.

Nonexpendable Equipment; Property and grain storage structures,

valued at $100 or more, when new.

Nonprofit Agencies and Organizations; An agency or organization whose

income is exempt from Federal, State and local taxation.

Nonrecourse Loan; Delivery of the pledged and eligible commodity, or

warehouse receipts representing stocks acceptable as to quantity and quality,

constitutes payment of the price support loan in full, regardless of the

current market value of the commodity.

Non-Tariff Barriers to International Agricultural Trade; Regulations

employed by governments to restrict agricultural imports from all or certain

countries, usually to protect domestic producers. Non-tariff trade barriers

are generally more restrictive than tariff barriers, although the latter,

if extremely high, constitute effective barriers.

Normal Lifespan (ACP): The average length of time that a soil and

water conservation practice, with normal upkeep and maintenance under normal

conditions, will continue to adequately meet the conservation problem without substantial improvement or reestablishment.

Normal Planting Period; That period, as established by the State

committee during which the crop is normally planted in the area with the

expectation of producing a crop.
N 88

Normal Production:

Corn and Rice; The normal farm yield times the number of acres.

Cotton and Wheat: The projected farm yield times the number of

acres•

Normal Row Width; With regard to determination of acreage and compliance with an ASCS allotment or quota program, this is the distance

between rows of crops in the field, provided that such distance is 32 inches

or more.

Normal Supply: For the basic commodities this is generally the estimated domestic consumption, plus estimate exports, plus an allowance for

carryover.

In determining the normal supply, the Secretary makes adjustments for

current trends in consumption that he deems necessary.

Normal Supply For;

Corn, Rice, Wheat, Peanuts: For any marketing year, this is the

total of;

(1) estimated domestic consumption for the preceding marketing

year; plus

(2) estimated exports for the marketing year for which normal

supply is being determined; plus

(3) an allowance for carryover, which is a percentage, for

each commodity, of the domestic consumption and exports; corn, 157o; rice,

10%; wheat, 20%; peanuts, 15%.

Tobacco: A normal year's domestic consumption and exports, plus

175% of the domestic consumption and 65%, of the export figure.

Cotton: The estimated domestic consumption for the marketing year

for which normal supply is being determined, plus estimated exports, plus

307o of the total for estimated consumption and exports.

Normal Year's Domestic Consumption:

1. Com and Wheat; The average annual quantity, wherever

produced, that was consumed in the U.S. during the preceding 10 marketing

years, adjusted for current trends.

2. Cotton and Tobacco; The average annual quantity, produced

in the U.S., that was consumed in the U.S. during the preceding 10

marketing years, adjusted for trends.
89

Normal Year's Exports; The average annual U.S. production exported

during the immediate 10 marketing years (5 for rice), adjusted for current

trends.

Normal Yield (County);

1. Peanuts; The average county yield per acre during the preceding 5 calendar years, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions. If

data is not available, or if no actual yield realized, an appraised yield

is determined by the county conmiittee. Also, if drought, flood, pests,

plant disease or other uncontrollable natural cause drop any year's yield

below 75% o£ the other 4 calendar years' average, that year is not used in

the calculations.

2. Rice and Wheat; The average county yield per acre during

the preceding 5 calendar years, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions

and yield trend. For wheat, it is for preceding 5 harvest years, adjusted

for weather and trend. An appraised yield, in the absence of data or

actual yield, may be made on the basis of yields in surrounding counties.

3. Sugarbeets - Sugarcane; Simple average of the county average

yields in three or more years of the preceding five crop years. If less

than three county averages is base period, county normal is established by

the State committee.

^* CQttoi^« For any crop, this is the average county yield per

acre during the preceding 5 calendar years, adjusted for abnormal weather

conditions and any significant changes in production practices. If no

actual yield or if data is not available, an appraised yield for each

year may be made by the county committee.

Normal Yield (Farm);

Rice and Wheat; The average yield per acre during the preceding

5 calendar years for rice and the preceding 5 harvest years for wheat, adjusted for abnormal weather and yield trends. In the absence of data or

actual yields, an appraised yield can be determined by the county committee

after considering; abnormal weather conditions; yield trends; county

normal yield; yields on adjacent farms, and yields in years that data was

available.

If the farm's normal yield in any year falls below a 75% average of

the 5-year average due to flood, drought, pests, plant disease or other

uncontrollable natural cause, 75% of the 5-year average is to be used for

calculations.

If abnormally favorable weather causes yields in any year to exceed

the 5-year average by 125%, then 125% of the 5-year average is to be used

in that year for calculations.
N 90

Gorn and Peanuts; The average yield per acre during the preceding

5 calendar years, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions.

Cotton; The average yield per acre of cotton for the farm, adjusted for abnormal weather conditions and any significant changes in production

practices during the three calendar years immediately preceding the year in

which such normal yield is determined. If for any such year the data are

not available, or there is no actual yield, then the normal yield for the

farm shall be appraised in accordance with regulations of the Secretary,

taking into consideration abnormal weather conditions, the normal yield

for the county, changes in production practices and the yield in the years

for which data are available.

Sugarbeets - Sugarcane: Simple average of annual yields or a

determined yield for short-record farm.

North Africa; Usually applies to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and sometimes Libya. Also see Northern Africa.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); A defense pact, based on

the North Atlantic Treaty, of the United States, Canada, Greece, Turkey and

10 Western European countries. Members agreed that "an armed attack

against one or more of them in Europe and North America shall be considered

an attack against all**. The Treaty was signed April 4, 1949, and ratified

by the U.S. Senate July 21, 1949. In March 1966 France, although remaining

a member of the alliance, requested that NATO military headquarters and

forces be removed from France,

Northern Africa; As used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Africa includes the northern tier of countries of the African Continent,

bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and the north by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the East by the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. The region

includes most of the Sahara Desert.

More specifically ''Northern Africa" refers to Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia

(including Eritrea), French Somaliland, Ifni, Libya, Morocco, Somali

Republic, Spanish Sahara, Sudan, and Tunisia.

Northeast Area (ASCS); Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode

Island, Vermont, and West Virginia.

Northwest Area (ASCS); Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington,

Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Minnesota.

Notice of Allotment; Official form advising farm operator of the

amount of his quota.
91 N

Notice to Deliver (Processed Commodities); A document issued to

vendors, processors and/or warehousemen containing complete shipping

instructions on where, when, how, and quantity to be shipped.

Noxious Weed; Injurious. In general, noxious weed is one that crowds

out desirable crops, robs them of plant food and moisture, and causes

extra labor in cultivation. In many instances, States designate specific

weeds as noxious.

Nurse Crop; A crop used as a protective cover in the establishment of

the more permanent crop.

Nut; A nonsplitting, one-seeded fruit, with a hard, woody shell.
93

O

Oats-Rye Base; Average of 1959-1960 oat-rye acreage on a farm not

in excess of the 1964 oat-rye acreage on such farm, established for the

primary purpose of substituting wheat for oats or rye under the annual

voluntary production adjustment program for wheat.

Ocean Cargo Insurance; Can protect against loss anybody who has

an interest in goods exported or imported, usually this is the seller,

but sometimes the buyer can benefit when the seller arranges insurance

on the buyer's behalf. The risks of both buyer and seller are determined

by the terms of sale and how the money covering the sale is to be collected.

The buyer has the greatest risk on a shipment sold ex-seller's

warehouse; the seller has the greatest risk on a shipment sold f.o.b.

buyer's warehouse. Other terms of sale split the risk at some intermediate point during transit. If the seller collects by draft he has

financial risk until the buyer pays the draft. If the buyer does not

pay for delivered goods, the risk of loss falls back on the seller.

Oceania; A general term which refers to the islands of the Central

and South Pacific Ocean and includes those areas known as Polynesia,

Micronesia, and Melanesia. It sometimes includes Australia, New Zealand,

and the Malay Archipelago.

Ocean Shipping: A 10,000-ton ship of the Liberty or Victory type

can carry approacimately 367,000 bushels of wheat.

Odd-Even Rotation; (High-Low Rotation) A planting pattern of barley

or wheat history on a farm which dictates a high level (or low level) base

or allotment in an even year and a low level (or high level) base or

allotment in an odd year.
o 94

OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,

Offer List: A list of articles for which a country -- usually

at a general round of trade negotiations — proposes modification or

continuance of its import duties or other import restrictions.

U.S. requirements with respect to offer lists are contained in

Chapter 3, Trade Expansion Act of 1962. This chapter directs the

President, in connection with any trade agreement under the act,

to publish and furnish the Tariff Commission with "public lists"

of articles which may be considered for modification or continuance

of U.S. duty-free or excise treatment.

Office of Civil Defense (OCD); A staff office in the Department of

the Army responsible for the formulation, development, execution, and

administration of the national ci\il defense program including fallout

shelters, warning systems, emergency postattack assistance programs

for State and local governments, emergency public information and other

preparedness programs to assist civilians.

Office of Emergency Preparedness (PEP); A staff office in the

Executive Office of the President which assists and advises the President

in coordinating and determining policy for all emergency preparedness

acitivities of Federal agencies in Washington and field.

Office of International Trade, U.S. Department of State: This office,

within the State Department's Bureau of Economic Affairs, is responsible

for developing policy recommendations and for the administration of policies and programs relative to international trade and restrictive business

practices affecting American interests abroad. The Office comprises the

International Business Practices Division, the General Commercial Policy

Division, the Special Trade Activities and Commercial Treaties Division

and the Trade Agreements Division, Headquarters: Washington, D. C.

Official Acreage; The acreage of a field or subdivision determined

from inspection or measurement by an ASCS representative and which can

be relied on by producers for program purposes. If the official acreage

is found to be erroneous, it will be recognized for the current year only.

Offsetting Compliance: Requirement that a producer participating in

a diversion program not offset the reduction he is making through the overplanting of a base crop or an allotment crop on another farm.

OGC Représentâtive; Deputy General Counsel, or appropriate Regional

Attorney, or Attorney-in-Charge, Office of the General Counsel, USDA.
95

Oils and Oilseeds; Soybeans and products, peanuts and products; cottonseed and products, flaxseed and linseed oil; olive oil; tung oil; and castor

beans.

Oilseed Crops: Soybeans, cottonseed, flaxseed, peanuts, sesame seed,

sunflower seed, rapeseed, tung nuts, castor beans. (Also: Olive oil, palm

oil, palm kernel oil and cocoanut oil^

Old Farm: Any farm which has history acreage other than zero for

ftie coDttmodity for any one or more of the base period years.

Open-end Contracts (as used in the barter program); An open-end

barter is one in which there is no direct connection between the destination(s) of agricultural commodities and the source of materials. At the

time the commitment is made, the barter contractor need not designate

the destinâtion(s) of agricultural commodities and the source of materials.

At the time the commitment is made, the barter contractor need not designate

the destination of the commodity.

Operator: Person who is in general control of the farming operations

on the farm during the program year.

Operational Control; Where a person has charge of the supervision

and conduct of the farming operations on the farm.

Orderly Marketing Agreements; Section 352, Trade Expansion Act of

1962, provides that the President may negotiate international agreements

with foreign countries limiting the export from such countries and the

import into the United States of an article causing or threatening to

cause injury to a U.S. industry.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); A

regional international intergovernmental organization established in 1961.

The OECD is a successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (EEC), created in 1949 to implement the European Recovery Program

("Marshall Plan"). The OECD is made up of Western European countries (including all EEC members), the United States, Canada, and Japan -- 21

countries in all.

The OECD seeks to promote economic growth in member countries, and

in nonmember countries in the process of economic development, and to

contribute to the expansion of world trade without discrimination in

accordance with international obligations. Headquarters: Paris, France.

Out-of-Pocket Cost: The direct expense occasioned by, or attributable

to the movement of traffic. The scope of the term is susceptible of a

variety of interpretations.

Owner: Person who has legal ownership of farmland.

Ownership Tract: A farm or portion of a farm which is separately owned,
96
97

Package Car; A car loaded with several less-than-carload shipments

destined for distance points and moving in through fast freight trains.

Package Freight: Merchandise shipped in less than carload quantities.

Parent Farm; A farm as it was constituted prior to a current division

or combination.

Parity; When used alone, the term is synonymous with equality. In

general, this is the price which will give agricultural commodities the

same purchasing power in terms of goods and service farmers buy that the

coiranodities had in a specified base period.

Parity Index; This is the Index of Prices Paid by Farmers, including

an allowance for interest, taxes, and wages paid hired labor — the index

which measures changes in prices of the goods and services farmers buy and

which is used in calculating the parity price of a specific commodity

under the new formula and the parity ratio.

Parity Price; For any commodity, as of any date, this is determined

by multiplying the adjusted base price of the commodity by the parity

index.

Parity Ratio; This measures the general or over-all relationship

between the price level of the commodities farmers sell and the prices of

things farmers buy. More specifically, it is the ratio of (1) the index

of prices received by farmers to (2) the index of prices paid by farmers,

including an allowance for interest, taxes, and wages paid hired labor.

When this relationship is 100, that is, the two indexes are equal, agricultural prices in general are considered at parity. In general, a

traditional measure of whether farmers are getting fair prices in relation

to their costs.

Participant; A producer on a farm who complies with provisions of

an annual voluntary production adjustment program.
98

Participating Carrier (Tariff); A transportation line which is a

party, under concurrence, to a tariff issued by another transportation

line or by a tariff publishing agent.

Partnership; An association of 2 or more persons to carry on a

farming or business operation as one entity.

Pasture Mowing; Clipping pastures to reduce competition of undesirable plants and to encourage uniform growth of desirable species.

Payment-in-Kind (PIK) Certificates; Used by GCC in both export and

domestic commodity programs, the PIK certificates are issued, or made

available, to producers, buyers, and exporter. Thé certificates, expressed

as a dollar value, may be redeemed either for specified commodities and

products from CGC stocks, or in face value cash equivalent.

Payment Limitation; The maximum amount of payments which a producer

may receive under a program, usually in a program year.

Payment Rate; The rate per acre for which a farm earns diversion or

price support pa3mient under a voluntary production adjustment program,

related to the projected yield for the commodity on the farm as established

by the county committee.

Payment Rates; The amount by which the total payment on a farm is

determined when multiplied by the units ot participation in the program.

Payment Scaledown Provision; The Sugar Act provides for a base rate

of payment of 80 cents per hundred pounds of sugar or liquid sugar, raw

value. This rate applies to the first 7,000 cwt. of commercially recoverable sugar computed for a farm. The payment rate in excess of 7,000 cwt*

is ^'scaled down** in several steps until it reaches 30 cents per cwt. for

all production for a farm in excess of 600,000 cwt.

Peanut Dryer Operator; A person who processes farmers stock peanuts

for a producer by removal of moisture by artificial means.

Peanut Seed Shelier; A person who, in the course of his usual business

operations, shells peanuts for producers.

Penalty, Converted Rate; Percentage of full rate required to be

paid on marketings above farm quota.

Penalty, Full Rate; Rate set by AAA which is 75% of the last year's

market price for a kind of tobacco.
99

Percentage Shares; The percent of cost-shared between the Federal

Government and farm or rancher in carrying out an approved soil and water

conservation practice.

Period of Extended Protection: An additional period during which

allotment history and cropland classification is preserved following the

expiration date of a contract or agreement under which the cropland

classification and allotment history were preserved during the period

such contract or agreement was in effect.

Permanent Pasture; Pasture that occupies the soil for a long time in

contrast to rotation pasture, which occupies the soil for only a year or

short additional period, in a rotation cycle with other crops.

Permanent Practices; A conservation practice established with long

enduring benefits on farmland which is considered removed from crop

rotation for a period longer than the normal rotation cycle for the farm.

Permitted Acreage; The acreage of the commodity permitted to be

grown on a farm after diverting or setting aside the number of acres to

be diverted under a voluntary production adjustment program as indicated

by the ^'intention or signup".

Person: Individual, partnership, association, corporation, estate or

trust, or other business enterprise or other legal entity and whenever

applicable, a State, a political subdivision of a State, or any agency

thereof.

Personal History Area (Sugarbeets); A state or substantial portion of

a State in which the Secretary determines that sugarbeet production is

organized generally around persons rather than units of land, and where

the personal sugarbeet production history of farm operators was used

generally prior to 1962 in establishing farm proportionate shares or where

proportionate shares were not established prior to 1962.

Pesticides: The term used to encompass all materials used for the

control of animal and plant pests. These materials include insecticides,

fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.

Petitioning Secretary; Request by fanners to hold a special referendum

to determine if quotas are to be placed in effect.

Photocopy; A reproduction of a portion of an aerial photographic

enlargement, showing one farm or a group of small farms. Usually, reproduced

on an offset press from masters made by copy-camera.

Piecework Rates (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); Wage rates applicable to

units of work performed by workers.
100

Pilotage; (a) The duty or office of a pilot, (b) the charges for

navigating a vessel in and out of a harbor and/or through a channel. The

charges may be based on the tonnage or the draft of a vessel.

Pinhooker; Buyer of tobacco at auction or nonauction. The buyer is

not a user, he tries to outdo the market.

Pink Bollworm; Pest under control action by USDA, Distribution in

U.S« - Arizona, New Mexico, California, Oklahoma, Texas^ Minor infestation in Arkansas, Florida, and Louisiana. Principal host - cotton. Also

attacks okra and kenaf.

Planning, Programming and Budgeting System (PPBS); This system was

established in the Executive Branch by Presidential directive as set forth

in Bureau of the Budget Bulletin 66-3 of October 12, 1965. It is based

upon the concept that, within national goals, each agency, each department,

and the Executive Branch should define priorities, set up the most effective

programs and evaluate accomplishments.

The PPB system,as defined by Budget Director Charles Schultze, is

". . .essentially a method for analyzing programs in terms of outputs related to costs -- a system for dealing with problems of choice by looking

at alternatives and evaluating relative payoffs from different kinds of

public investments. The PPB approach involves a careful definition of

programs and multiyear plan for accomplishing stated objectives with

specified costs.*'

The following would include some of the questions the PPB approach

would pose:

— How do the explicit national goals, as set forth by the President

and the Congress, directly and specifically affect each department and

agency7

-- What are the specific objectives of each department and agency to

achieve these national goals and to carry out its national purpose?

— What are the specific programs of each department and agency to

carry out national policy; how effective, cost-wise and integrated are they

to best serve the public interest; do the results best meet the specific

need, and do changing conditions necessitate any modification or curtailment

of the programs?

Planted and Considered Planted, Rice:

A. By a Producer: The sum of the producer'^^s shares of the rice

acreages P & CP for the farm or farms on which he was engaged in the

production of rice.
101

B. On a Farm; The sum of the rice acreage determined for the

farm and any allotment acreage which is:

1, Preserved under 3-PA«

2, Adjusted downward to meet cropland limitations.

3, Underplanted to remove stored excess rice.

Planted Acres (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): Acreage of sugarbeets or

sugarcane (within a farm's proportionate share, when in effect) harvested

for the extraction of sugar plus bona fide abandoned acres.

Planted Regulating Substances; Chemicals for plant production, with

the use including both the stimulation of plant growth and the control of

plant behavior in ways that make crops better suit production needs. In

the United States, they are used primarily to control the behavior of

plants«

Plow Planting; Planting a crop at the time the land is plowed, or soon

after, without additional tillage operations to prepare a seedbed.

Plow Layer: Equals surface soil.

Point of Origin: The station at which a shipment is received by a

transportation line from the shipper.

Polarization (Sugar): Designated as "pol" and is the value determined

by direct or single polarization of the normal weight solution (of Sucrose)

in a saecharimeter or pdariscope. (Based on Spencer and Meade.)

Population Explosion; Refers to the rapid uptrend in world population

since the end of World War II.

From the time of Christ until the end of the 16th century world population grew an average of 2 to 5 percent every 100 years. Since about 1960

population has been growing almost 2 percent every year. The reduction

in death rates in recent years, resulting from the wide-spread application

of medical technology, accounts in large part for rapid growth of population,

Pooled Allotments (eminent domain): Section 378 of the Agricultural

Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, was enacted August 28, 1958, to provide

a uniform method of pooling farm acreage allotments for all commodities

under marketing quotas from farms acquired by an agency having the right

of eminent domain. The statute provides that the farm acreage allotment

on a farm acquired by any Federal, State, or other agency having the right

to acquire land by eminent domain shall be placed in a pool in the State

where the farm is located. The displaced owner may make application within

three years from the date he is displaced to have the pooled allotment

transferred along with the applicable history acreage to "other farms owned

by him." Transfers of pooled allotments may be made across State and

county boundaries.
102

Pond Area Planting; Establishing perennial vegetation (useful to

wildlife) adjacent to dugouts, ponds, pits, irrigation reservoirs, and

floodwater retarding structures.

Pooling Agreements: Writing agreements by farmers or ranchers in

local areas to work together to perform designated amounts of AGP conservation practices to conserve or improve the agricultural resources of the

areas and to solve mutual conservation problems.

Port of Entry; A port at which foreign goods are admitted into the

receiving country. Ports of Entry are officially designated by the

Government.

Preceding Year; Galendar year immediately preceding the current year.

Preemption: The right of a government to seize imported goods and

sell them at the declared value if it suspects that an importer has entered

the good at too low a value.

Preemptive or Preclusive Buying: Buying of foreign-produced goods to

prevent purchase by others, usually to forestall acquisition of those goods

by unfriendly powers.

Preliminary Allotment or Base: The allotment or base initially

established for a producer or farm in the current year before being factored (if necessary) or adjusted from a reserve.

Preliminary Yield: The projected yield initially established for a

commodity on a farm in the current year before being factored Ç.f necessary)

to weigh out to the county yield.

Premium; An increase in the price support loan rate for certain high

quality grade factors of a commodity under tlie pri<:e support program.

Prepaid; A term denoting that transportation charges have been or are

to be paid at the point of shipment.

Preservation of Gropland and Acreage Available for Diversion Gredit:

CRP, GPGP, CCP, GAP and RCP. Cropland acreage established and maintained

in vegetative cover under the Conservation Reserve Program, Great Plains

Conservation Program, Cropland Conversion Program, Gropland Adjustment

Program, and Regional Conservation Program, shall retain its cropland

classification for the period of the contract or agreement plus an equal

period thereafter (not to exceed 10 years for the Conservation Reserve

Program unless the land was approved tree cover) plus an additional five

years, if requested in writing by the producer, and the vegetative cover is

maintained in accordance with good farming practices. Such acreage shall

be available for allotment diversion credit to the extent of the underplanted acreage of an allotment crop where needed to fully protect the allotment

histary for such crop.
103

Presuinptíon Clause (TobaccQ) ; In absence of proof to contrary, the

tobacco is presumed to be excess.

Prevented Acres (Sugarbeets); Acreage which was not seeded to sugarbeets because of drought, flood, storm, freeze, disease, insects or other

approved abnormal and uncontrollable natural conditions.

Prevented Planting; An area which the county committee determines would

have been planted to wheat, feed grains or cotton with the expectation of

producing a normal crop for harvest, but which was not planted to such crop

due to a natural disaster•

Price Elasticity of Demand; The relationship between the change in the

price of a commodity and the accompanying change in the quantity that can be

sold* If a small change in the price is accompanied by a relatively large

change in the quantity sold, demand is said to be elastic. But if a large

change in the price is accompanied by a small change in the quantity sold,

demand is said to be inelastic.

Price Review (as in P,L. 480); In order to be eligible for financing

under Title I, P.L, 480, an exporter's sale price must be approved by the

General Sales Manager. The price review by the GSM insures that only sales

within range of world market prices are being approved for financing.

Price Support; ASCS administered price-support programs for wheat, corn,

cotton (upland and extra long staple), peanuts, rice, tobacco, butterfat,

milk, wool, mohair, tung nuts, barley, oats, grain sorghum, rye, flaxseed,

soybeans, dry edible beans, cottonseed, honey, and crude pine gum. Castor

beans were supported in 1968.

Support is achieved through loans, purchases, and payments for some commodities, all at announced levels. Recent legislation is designed to make

some export commodities more competitive in world markets through market price

support at or near world price levels. At the same time, growers* incomes are

protected by supplementary price support pajnnents, and -- in the case of

wheat — issuance of wheat marketing certificates which bring returns to participating growers to full parity on the domestically-consumed portion of the crop.

Price Support Investment; Amount of price-support loans held by Commodity Credity Corporation (including loans financed by financial institutions)

and price-support inventories owned by the Corporation.

Primary Distributors (Sugar); Primary distributors consist of continental cane sugar refiners, domestic beet processors, importers of direct-consumption sugar, and mainland cane processors. Beginning with 1955 certain

revisions were made in the classification of operations of primary contributors .
104

Primary Nutrients; Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Principal Supplier; The country that is the most important source of

a particular product required by another country.

In negotiations conducted under the General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade, the United States generally negotiates tariff concessions

with principal suppliers of particular commodities. Under the mostfavored-nation principle, the united States then automatically grants

to other friendly countries the same concessions granted to the principal supplier.

Processor Marketing Allotment (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); An individual sugar company's share of a domestic area's sugar quota which may be

marketed.

Processor-Producer (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): A processor who produces sugarbeets or sugarcane and who also purchases beets or cane from

other producers.

Producer; Person who, as owner, landlord, tenant, or sharecropper, is

entitled to share in the crops available for marketing from the farm or in

the proceeds, and in the case of rice, includes a person who furnishes water

for a share of the crop.

Producer Certification (Compliance by Certification); A system in

which the farmer assumes responsibility, with county office aid and use of

photocopies of the farm, to accurately report the acreages of program crops.

With the photocopy as a guide, and knowing the crop planted in each field,

the farmer figures the number of acres of each program crop.

Producer Identifying Number; A number used by ASCS to identify payments to a producer and to report pajnuent earned by the producer to the

Internal Revenue Service.

Producer State; Any State or administrative area in which rice allotments are determined on the basis of past rice production by producers in

the State.

Production Costs; In present context, this item relates to increases

in fairm production expenses that are considered fully as important as low

farm prices in creating a serious cost-price squeeze that grips all farmers.

Increases in production expenses result from increased quantities of production supplies used, and by price increases for products and services

required to farm. Production costs include expenditures for machinery,

motor vehicles and supplies, building and fencing materials, fertilizer,

electric power, feed, seed, wages, real estate taxes, mortgage interest,

and various farm supplies.
105

Productivity Pool (Cotton and Peanuts); Acreage resulting from downward

adjustments because of permanent transfers to higher producing farms.

Program, agricultura1; Related governmental activities aimed at

accomplishing a certain result. For example, agricultural price support

loans, purchases and payments; commodity storage; transportation; exports;

acreage reduction; and other activities.

Program Costs: No single definition applicable to all uses. May

be gross or net expenditures on a commodity during a fiscal year or other

period. May be the realized loss on disposition of a commodity, plus

other related net costs during a fiscal year or other period. May be the

net costs attributable to a particular year's crop of a commodity during

the marketing year for that commodity. May be approximation made for

carrying out a particular program.

Program Services; Means part or all of the Federal cost-shares

that is advanced to a producer as materials or services in carrying out

an approved conservation practice.

Program Year: Means January 1 through December 31 of the calendar

year by which the program is identified.

Programmer: A person who prepares computed programs.

Pro^jected National Yield

Wheat: The national yield per harvested acre during each of

the 5 years preceding the year that the projected yield is made, adjusted

for abnormal weather conditions, yield trend, and any significant changes

in production practices.

Projected Yield; In effect, using actual production during a

historical period (base period) as the starting point to project forward,

usually the five years preceding the year in which the yields are determined.

For example, projected yield for the 1968 crop year would use as a base

period the years 1962-66 with yield adjusted for abnormal weather,

significant changes in production practices, and for trend. Projected yields

have been used for cotton, wheat, and feed grains.

Projected Yields (Cotton);

Projected National, State and County Yields: The yield per

harvested acre, in each, during each of the preceding 5 calendar years,

adjusted for abnormal weather conditions, trends in yields, and any

significant changes in production practices.

Projected Farm Yield: The yield per harvested acre on the farm

during each of the preceding 3 calendar years, adjusted for abnormal

weather conditions, trends in yields, and any significant changes in production.
106

Projected Yield (Wheat);

1. Projected County Yield; The yield per harvested acre in the

county during each of the preceding five calendar years, adjusted for

abnormal weather conditions, trends in yields, and any significant changes

in production practices.

2. Projected Farm Yield; The yield per harvested acre during

each of the preceding three calendar years, adjusted for abnormal weather

conditions, trends in yields, and any significant changes in production

practices. In no event, however, can the projected yield be less than the

farm's normal yield.

Projection; Usually in economic context of a judgement as to probable

agricultural output and prices under a set of specific assumptions; i.e., commodity program use or non-use, price support levels, and average statistical

relationships between supply, prices, consumption, and long-time trends.

Proper Irrigation Water Use; Efficiently applying irrigation water,

in accordance with the needs of the crop and the characteristics of the

soil and topography, under a planned farm irrigation system where all

necessary water control structures have been installed and all necessary

operational improvements have been made.

Proper Pasture Use; Grazing pastures at a rate that will maintain

grasses and legumes of high quality by adjusting the stocking rates or

season of use to favor maximum growth and survival.

Proportional Rate: A rate specifically published to be used only as a

factor in making a combination through rate. A rate published from New York

to Chicago to apply only on traffic destined to points beyond Chicago would

be a proportional rate. (See Basing Rate.)

Proportionate Shares; Means a farm's proportionate share of the

acreage allocated to a State when a crop of sugarbeets or sugarcane is to

be restricted. The term **proportionate share" is comparable to the term

"acreage allotment" used for other crops. Shares are established for farms

on the basis of their past history and ability to produce a sugar crop

(usually based on a 3 to 5 year crop period immediately preceding the crop

to be restricted). As a condition of payment, the acreage of sugarbeets or

sugarcane harvested from a farm for the production of sugar and (in Louisiana

and Florida) for seed must not exceed the acreage so established. A small

acreage is set aside for establishing shares for new sugarbeets or sugarcane

producing farms. The farms which are to be assigned shares are usually

selected by drawings.

Productivity Adjustment (Cotton, Peanuts, Tobacco); Adjustment is the

acres transferred due to a difference in projected yields on two farms.

Productivity Pool (Cotton); Acres frozen at the State office due to

productivity adjustments on transfer of cotton acreage.

Protein; An essential constituent of all living cells. Proteins occur

naturally and are complex combinations of amino acids. Proteins always
107 P

contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and sometimes

sulfur and phosphorus.

Protein Premium; A premium paid on hard wheat for high protein

content•

Proven Yield; Yield established using actual yields per acre based

upon production data.

Pruning ; The removing of limbs to increase the value of immature

crop trees by the addition of clear wood.

Public Access; With regard to the Cropland Adjustment Program (CAP)

this is a program arrangement through which a farmer who has entered land

into a CAP program permits access by the general public without charge to

designated acreage for hunting, fishing, hiking or trapping. Under this

program arrangement, the farmer receives an additional CAP adjustment

payment.

Public Entity; Means a Federal, State, county, city, town government,

or legal subdivision thereof. r ^.

Public Law 480; This legislation, first enacted in 1954, was extended

by the Food for Peace Act of 1966 for a period of two calendar years; that

is, from January 1, 1967, through December 31, 1968.

Public Law 480 has been the principal legislative authority for

channeling U. S. food and fiber to needy countries.

Food for Freedom exports in the 1955-1966 period accounted for 31

percent of total agricultural exports of $57,618 million. Wheat and flour

have been by far the most important aid commodities in terms of value,

followed by cotton, fats and oils, rice, feed grains, and tobacco. India

has been the leading country recipient of U. S. food aid. Other nations

receiving substantial U. S. assistance include Pakistan, United Arab

Republic, Yugoslavia, Brazil, Turkey, Poland, and Spain.

Public Notice; Making information available through newspapers in

general circulation in the county; radio and television stations having

general coverage in the county; notices posted in public places in each

community; or individual notice given to all eligible voters of record.

Pulled Wool; Wool removed from the skins or pelts of slaughtered

sheep or lambs.

Punch Card; A card with 80 columns. Each column is able to represent

in machine language, one of the letters of the alphabet, or one of the

numbers zero through nine, or one special character - such as @, 6c, --,

etc.
108
109 Q

Quantitative Restrictions (PR'S); These are limitations on the quantity

or value of a product that may be permitted to enter a country. Quantitative

restrictions are classified as "nontariff trade barriers," Most countries

use nontariff restrictions of one kind or another.

Quota Exempt Sugar: That sugar imported into the United States which

is exempt from quota charge. This sugar is entered under bond for the

purpose of reexportation or for use as livestock feed, or distillation

of alcohol.

Quota Receipts (Sugar); Sugar receipts received in the United States

to be charged against the quota in the year shown. Sugar entered in

December to be charged against the following year's quota in January would

be recorded as a January quota receipt.
lio
Ill

R

Range Seeding (acres); Establishing adapted grasses, primarily

natives or legumes, by seeding on rangelands. This does not include pasture planting.

Range Inventory: An itemized list of resources of a management area

such as range sites, range condition classes, range condition trends,

natural conditions such as water, barriers, etc.

Range (or Rangeland); Land that produces primarily native forage

plants suitable for grazing by livestock, including land that has some

forest trees.

Rate-making Lines; The transportation lines which control the making

pf rates from one point to another point by reason of their geographical

location.

Ratoon (Sugarcane); Second and subsequent crops grown from the root

systems of previous plantings of sugarcane.

Raw Sugar: The term "raw sugar" means any sugars (exclusive of liquid

sugar from foreign countries having liquid sugar quotas), whether or not

principally or crystalline structure, which are to be further refined or

improved in quality to produce any sugars principally of crystalline

structure or liquid sugar. Section 101 (d) of the Sugar Act of 1948, as

amended.

Raw Value (of Sugar) ; A common denominator for weights of raw sugar.

"Raw value" of any sugar is defined by the Sugar Act of 1948 as "its

equivalent in terms of ordinary commercial raw sugar testing 96 degrees

by the polariscope."

A common denominator is needed because more than a pound of sucrose in

raw sugar is needed to produce a pound of refined sugar — but that quantity

required depends upon the polarization of the raw sugar, and polarization

varies considerably. It takes 1.07 pounds of 96 degree raw sugar to make

1.00 pounds of refined sugar, and 1.035 pounds of 98 degree sugar to

make 1<.00 pounds refined product. (Also see Sugar Program, U.S>)
112

Realized Net Farm Income; This is determined: (1) by measuring gross

income of farmers from farming in both cash and kind, including cash

receipts from sales, government payments and the rental value of farm housing,

plus farm-produced food consumed at home: (2) from this labor, fertilizer,

fending, feed and other production supplies, depreciation on capital, taxes

and interest paid on mortgage debt. No deduction is made for interest by

the farmer on his equity capital, nor is any addition made to income because

of year-to-year increases in the value of his equity due to increasing land

values. Deducting expenses from this gross income gives realized net income

from farming operations.

Realized net farm income is also referred to as representing the net

value of farm output sold or used by farm operators and their families in

a calendar year of farm operations. It omits the value of any change in

the inventory of crops and livestock held by farmers.

Reappointment: The assignment by the county committee of allotment

acreage released by producers or farms in a county to other farms in the

same county. For cotton, it may be reallocated by the State committee to

the counties*

Realized Losses (CCC); Under Public Law 87-155 (15 U.S.C. 713a 11, 12)

annual appropriations are authorized for each fiscal year, commencing with

the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, to reimburse Commodity Credit Corporation for net realized losses incurred during such fiscal year as reflected

in its accounts and shown in its report of financial condition as of the

close of each fiscal year. Such losses consist of net losses on sales, cost

of donations, carrying charges, reseal storage payments, diversion and

price support payments, cost of wheat marketing certificates issued producers

less certificates sold to wheat processors, commodity export payments,

administrative and nonadministrative expenses, interest, etc. Any net

gain for a fiscal year would be deposited into miscellaneous receipts of

the Treasury, By many, realized losses are still referred to as capital

impairment.

Reasonableness (I.C.C.): A requirement under common law and by

statute that a rate shall not be higher than is necessary to reimburse

the carrier for the actual cost of transporting the traffic and allow a

fair profit.

Receipts (Sugar): Sugar receipts as reported by primary distributors

and includes sugar for livestock feed, export and held by bond.

Receiving Farm; A farm to which the transfer of allotments or bases

which have been pooled under eminent domain acquisition is requested by the

displaced owner.

Reciprocal Demurrage ; A demurrage system, which in addition to assessment against shippers for car detention, also makes similar charge against

carrier which unreasonably fails to provide cars when ordered.
113 R

Reciprocal Switching Charge; A charge of one carrier for switching

to or from a connection with another carrier where one has a line haul

and generally applies when interested rail carrier jointly permit the

opening of a local industrial siding to each other.

Reciprocal Trade; The lowering of trade barriers by one country in

consideration ot similar treatment granted by other countries. The objective

is to expand trade in the interest of all trading partners.

Reconcentration (Extended Warehouse Storage Loans); The move of loan

collateral from one storage point to another.

Reconsignment; (a) Any change, other than a change in the route, made

in a consignment before the arrival of the goods at their billed destination, (b) any change made in a consignment after the arrival of the goods

at their billed destination, when the change is accomplished under conditions which make it subject to the reconsignment rules and charges of

the carrier. (See Diversion and ReshipmentQ

Reconstitution: Change in the land constituting a farm as a result of

combination or division.

'^'Reefer**; Refrigerator ship, boxcar, or truck.

Referendum: Referral of a question to voters to be resolved by balloting (quotas, etc.).

Refined Vegetable Oil (once refined oil); An oil which has the free

fatty acid and soapstock removed and, if need be, has been filtered. For

edible purposes it is further refined.

Refined Sugar: A high purity sugar normally used for human consumption.

Refiners: Those who distribute direct-consumption sugar, all or any

part of which they customarily refine from purchased raw sugar. Also,

refers to salad oil and margarine manufacturers.

Reginned Cotton: Cotton which, after ginning and baling, the bale

has been opened for cleaning and any other processing through machinery.

Regional Attorney: Means representation of the Office of the General

Counsel charged with the responsibility of rendering legal services for a

specified area.

Regulations; Rules governing the administration of programs administered by the Department which appear in the Federal Register.

Related Resources; Those resources which bear relationship to one

another because of common location and interdependency, such as range,

game, recreational, watershed, soil, timber, etc.
R 114

Released Acreage: Producer or farm allotment acreage released

to the county committee for reapportionment to other farms in the county.

Released Acreage (Sugarbeets): Farm proportionate share acreage

which the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation County Committee

determines will not be planted on the farm because of a crop rotation

program or other reasons beyond the control of the operator and which

is released by such operator for distribution to other farms.

Release of Allotment: Release of an allotment in part or entirely

to the county committee temporarily or permanently, under certain provided

conditions.

Relocation Sites: Locations other than regular duty stations designated as sites to which predesignated USDA personnel with defense

assignments would go and carry out the administration of USDA programs

until instructed otherwise. Relocation sites are designated for each

level of USDA administration (national, regional. State, a few county,

and commodity offices).

Removed from Agricultural Production: Refers to land which is no

longer devoted to the production of agricultural products.

Repacked Cotton: Cotton that is composed of cotton samples or of

miscellaneous lots collected and rebaled, or cotton in a bale which is

composed of cotton from two or more smaller bales or parts of bales that

are combined after the cotton leaves the gin.

Reporter : Person employed by the county office manager to secure

the necessary information and measurements to determine the acreage for

which measurements are required.

Report of Acreage: A form approved by the Budget Bureau on which

pertinent farm crop and land use data are maintained.

Representative of the State Committee: Member of the State committee

or any designated employee of the State committee.

Representative Sample: A composite sample of a commodity which is

representative of the entire bin, crib or lot.

Request for Reconsideration: A request that a determination previously made be reconsidered. The request must be directed to the

reviewing authority which made the determination.

Reseal (Farm Storage Loans): Loans extended past the original

maturity date. Producers receive storage payments for storing commodities during the extended period.

Reserve for Old and New Farms: Annual acreage set aside from

national quotas.
115

Reserve Supply Level;

Corn: A normal year's domestic consumption, plus exports,

plus 10 percent of each.

Tobacco: The normal supply, plus 5 percent.

Reshipment: Goods reshipped under conditions which do not make the

act subject to the reconsignment rules and charges of the carrier.

Residual Supplier : A country furnishing supplies to another country

only after the latter obtains part of its supplies from other countries.

For example, Country A may prefer to buy some cotton from Countries B and

C before placing orders with Country D. Under such circumstances.

Country D would be a "residual supplier". The residual supplier is not

necessarily the "smallest supplier"; the residual supplier often furnishes

the bulk of a purchasing country's needs.

Resistant: A plant that is able to grow and produce a crop even

though heavily inoculated or actually infected with a disease. There are

various degrees of resistance; complete resistance is called immunity.

A plant that is killed is classed as completely suspectible; one that

grows in spite of the disease is also called tolerant.

Restricted Articles: Articles which are handled only under certain

conditions.

Rest-Rotation Grazing: An intensive system of management whereby

grazing is deferred on various parts of the range during succeeding years,

allowing the deferred part complete rest for one year. Two or more units

are required. Control by fending is usually necessary on cattle range,

but may be obtained by herding on sheep ranges.

Restrictive Lease: A farm lease which restricts the production of

any commodity.

Restrictive Lease: A lease on federally-owned land restricting the

production of price supported commodities in surplus supply.

Revegetation: The re-establishment or improvement of vegetation

through either natural or mechanical means, i.e., natural revegetation

or artificial revegetation.

Review Committee: Panel of three farmers appointed by the Secretary

to hear appeals.

Reviewing Authority: A representative or representatives of the

Department to which an appeal or a request for reconsideration is directed,
R 116

Rice Acreage; An acreage of volunteer or planted rice (as defined

in program regulations) on any farm which has not been destroyed by the

disposal date and is therefore available for harvest,

Ricej Milled: Officially means rice, whole or broken kernels from

which the hulls and practically all the germs and bran layers have been

removed, which may be coated or uncoated.

Rice, Rough and Paddy: Rice from which the hulls have not been

removed.

Rice, Value Factors: The loan rate in cents per pound of milled rice.

Right-of-way; A right of passage over another person's land.

Rigid Price Supports; The Secretary has no discretion in setting

support levels. The levels are specified by law. Compliance by producers

with program provisions, however, remains a requirement for support.

Rodenticides; Chemicals used to kill rats and other undesirable

rodents.

Rolled Wheat: Wheat which has been pressed into flakes or reasonably

uniform size without removal of the bran and germ.

Rotation-deferred Grazing: Grazing under a system where one or more

range units are rested at planned intervals throughout the growing season

of key plants, and generally no unit is grazed more than half of any

growing season or at the same time in successive years.

Rotation Grazing: Grazing forage plants on well-managed pastures in

such a manner as to allow for a definite recovery period following each

grazing period. This includes alternate use of two or more pastures at

regular intervals or the use of temporary fences within pastures to prevent overgrazing.

Rotation Pasture: Pasture, other than permanent pasture or noncrop

pasture or rangeland, on cropland normally used for crop production in a

recognized crop rotation on a farm.

Roughage ; Plant materials containing a low proportion of nutrients

per unit of weight and is usually bulky and course, high in fiber and low

in total digestible nutrients. Roughage may be classed as either dry or

green.

Rule of Fractions: A basic uniform rule in making mathematical

determinations involved in the various production adjustment programs,

set forth in Part 793 - Rule of Fractions.

Runoff: The total stream discharge of water, including both surface

and subsurface flow, usually expressed in acre feet. Also, the rate at

which water is discharged from a drainage area, usually expressed in cubic

feet per second per square mile of drainage area.
117

Salad Oil (Vegetable): A fully refined vegetable oil, generally

cottonseed or soybean, which is suitable for salad oil or cooking oil purposes. Processing a salad oil is accomplished by having refined oil (oil

without soapstock or fatty acid) bleached, deodorized, and if need be,

winterized.

Sales Document; Account of sale, bill of sale, invoice, or any other

document evidencing the sale of a commodity.

Salting; Placing salt on the range in such a manner as to approve

distribution of grazing.

Salvage Sugarcane (Mainland Gane); In Louisiana any sugarcane containing either less than 9.5 percent sucrose in the normal juice or less

than 68 percent purity in the normal juice. In Florida, any sugarcane

containing less than 68 percent purity in the normal juice.

Scanner; A machine which automatically reads printed material and

initiates action in accordance with the information obtained.

School Lunch Program; Federal assistance, in the form of both food

and funds, is provided to States and territories for use in serving

nutritious midday meals to children attending schools in high school grades

or under. The program is designed to improve the health and well-being of

the Nation's children and to broaden the market for agricultural food

commodities.

Scrap Tobacco; Leaf particles which by any process other than threshing, tipping and threshing, stemming or cutting have been reduced to sizes

generally less than one-fifth of the size of the leaf and which have not

been screened or which in a screening process did not stay on top of a

screen having not more than 8 openings per linear inch or 64 openings per

square inch.

Scrub; Vegetation dominated by short, stunted woody plants growing

thickly together or intermingled with cacti.

SCS; The Soil Conservation Service, an Agency of the USDA.
118

Secondary Nutrients: Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur.

Secretary: Secretary of Agriculture of the United States, or any

officer or employee of the Department to whom authority is delegated to

act in his stead.

Section 32 (of the Act of August 24, 1935); Enacted to widen market

outlets for surplus agricultural commodities as one means of strengthening

prices received by farmers. The legislation authorizes three types of

programs; (1) to encourage the exportation of agricultural commodities and

products thereof;(2) to encourage domestic consumption of commodities or

products by diverting them from the normal channels of trade and commerce

or by increasing their use among persons in low-income groups; (3) to

reestablish farmers* purchasing power by making payments in connection

with the normal production of any agricultural commodity for domestic

consumption.

Section 32 programs are financed by a continuing appropriation equal

to 30 percent of the import duties collected on all commodities entering

the United States under the customs laws, plus any unused balances to the

extent of $300 million. These funds become available at the beginning of

each fiscal year without any further legislation. Under the Agricultural

Act of 1956, an additional sum of $500 million was authorized to be

appropriated annually to carry out the purpose of Section 32.

From July 1, 1935, through June 30, 1966, expenditures of Section 32

funds for commodities totaled $3,411 million, of which $318 million represented outlays for export programs,

Sectional Tariff: A tariff made in sections, each section containing

different rates between the same points, with provisions for alternative

application.

Seed (seeds): A nature ovule, consisting of an embryonic plant together

with a store of food, all surrounded by a protective coat. It usually

develops after the fertilization of an egg cell by a male generative cell

from a pollen grain. Seeds of some species develop without the intervention

of the male cell; formed entirely of *'mother*' tissue, such seeds are called

apogamic seeds.

Seedstalk; The erect stalk on a plant that produces flowers and seed.

Applied particularly to root crops and leafy vegetable crops that produce

seed after the desired product (root, head, or leaves) has fully developed.

Self-sufficiency; The ability of a nation to produce all that it consumes. However, no nation can be self-sufficient and maintain high levels

of living. Self-sufficiency means the sacrifice of the benefits that come

from comparative advantage.
119

Semolina; A purified middling of durum wheat, used primarily in the

manufacture of macaroni and spaghetti,

Set'^off; Collection of indebtedness to a Government agency by setting

off all or a part of an amount due the debtor from participation in a

program administered by ASCS.

Settlement Area (Sugarbeets): An area in which the marketing agreements between producers and the processor for a crop of sugarbeets contain

a common pricing formula•

Sharecropper; A producer who performs work in connection with the

production of a crop under the supervision of the operator and who receives

a share of such crop for his labor.

Ship Demurrage; A charge for a delay to a steamer beyond a stipulated

period.

Shipper's Load and Count; A term denoting that the contents of a

car are loaded and counted by the shipper and not checked or verified by

the transportation line.

Shipping Order; Instructions of shippers to carrier for forwarding

of goods; usually the triplicate copy of the bill of lading.

Shipside; Alongside a vessel«

Shorn Wool: Wool removed from sheep or lambs by shearing.

Shortage; A deficiency in quantity shipped.

Short-and long-term capital; As used in balance of payments statistics,

short-term capital represents claims or liabilities with a maturity of 1

year or less. Private short-term claims and liabilities include bank deposits,

bills, acceptances, commercial paper, short-term Federal, State and municipal

obligations, brokerage balances, and direct commercial accounts of United

States and foreign firms, including advance pa3niients for merchandise. Shipments and receipts of U.S. currency and coins are also included as private

short-term capital movements. Long-term capital includes claims or liabilities of indeterminate maturity (large quantities) or with a stated original

maturity of more than 1 year frcxn the date of issuance. (Also see Balance

of Payments.)

Shortfall (cotton); A quantity equal to the amount by which production

of cotton is less than estimated requirements for domestic use and export

for the marketing year.

Short Ton; 2,000 pounds.
120

Shrink (Sugarbeets); A term used to describe the difference in sugar

content of sugarbeets between the time of delivery to a processor and the

time of processing.

Shrub; A plant that has persistent, woody stems and a relatively low

growth habit, and that generally produces several basal shoots instead of

a single bole. It differs from a tree by its low stature and non-arborescent

form.

Side-Trace Agreement: Contract between railroad and shipper establishing rights.

Sight Draft (S/P); A draft or bill directing payment at sight, that

is, on demand or presentation.

Silage; A method of processing and storage of "feed grains" in a

green state or growth for livestock feed other than harvesting in the

usual manner at maturity.

Sirgle Farming Unit; Land being operated as a single farm with respect

to cropping patterns or land uses and the free interchange of machinery

between the tracts or fields when normal farming operations are in progress.

Single Ownership Farm; A farm on which the ownership is vested in

one person or is jointly owned by more than one person.

Sketch; An approximate map of a farm, field, or other area drawn from

observations.

Skip-row Planting; A custom followed by many cotton producers and to

a lesser extent by producers of other commodities. It involves planting in

uniform spaces one or more rows to a commodity, then skipping one or more

rows. Some of the most common patterns followed are; Plant one, skip one;

plant two, skip two; plant two, skip four; and plant four, skip four.

Small Cost-Share Increase; Is a graduated increase, established by the

Congress, in Federal cost-shares to farmers and ranchers carrying out approved conservation practices under the Agricultural Conservation Program

and Naval Stores Conservation Program with earning of less than $200.

Small Farm (Cotton);

A. For Allotment Reserves; A fainn for which the indicated allotment is 15 acres or less.

B. For Participation in the Upland Cotton Program; A farm on

which the effective allotment is 10.0 acres or less or the projected produc-
121

tion allotment times the projected yield is 3,600 pounds or less. EXCEPTION:

Any farm:

1. From which allotment is released, or

2. That comes within this definition by reducing the allotment

at the request of the operator because the allotments and bases exceed

the cropland limitations.

Small Watershed Program; A program authorized under the Watershed

Protection and Flood Prevention Act (Public Law 566) and its amendments

where technical and financial assistance is furnished to local organizations

in planning and carrying out a watershed project on areas of up to

250,000 acres. The projects are for flood prevention, agricultural water

management, recreation, municipal and industrial water supply, and fish

and wildlife development.

Sod: Vegetation, generally grasses and legumes, which grow so as to

form a mat •

Soft Currency: A national currency which is not readily acceptable

for the settlement of international transactions. The currency may be in

over-supply on the exchange markets of the world and not ordinarily sought

for the general range of commercial transactions, or there may be restrictions on its convertibility into other currencies.

Soft Sugars: These are highly refined, dark colored, molassesflavored sugars which are frequently called brown sugars. They have a

relatively high content of mineral and other non-sucrose materials.

Software; Programs and other non-hardware items used with computers.

This is contrasted to hardware (see).

Soil: (1) The natural medium for the growth of land plants. (2) A

dynamic natural body on the surface of the earth in which plants grow,

composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms. (3) The

collection of natural bodies occupying parts of the earth's surface that

support plants and that have properties due to the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting upon parent material, as conditioned by

relief, over periods of time.

A soil is an individual three-dimensional body on the surface of the

earth unlike the adjoining bodies. (The area of individual soils ranges

from less than one-half acre to more than 300 acres.)

A kind of soil is the collection of soils that are alike in specific

combinations of characteristics. Kinds of soil are given names in the

system of soil classification. The terms "the soil" and "soil" are collective terms used for all soils, equivalent to the word "vegetation" for all

plants.
122

Soil Bank: The Conservation Reserve Program was authorized by the

Soil Bank Act of 1956. Producers, during 1956 through 1960, could enter

into long-term contracts to divert a part of the cropland on their farms

from the production of soil bank base crops (row crops and small grains)

to approved soil, water, forestry and wildlife conservation practices.

Contract periods were three, five and ten years at the producer's option,

except the contract period for designated acreage on which forest trees

were established could be a maximum of fifteen years. Annual payments,

not to exceed $5,000 per year per person, were established for complying

with terms of the contract. Cost-share payments were made to establish

approved practices on designated acreage. Generally, the terms of the

contract required compliance with soil bank permitted acreage and the crop

allotments for the farm under the contract. The designated acreage could

not be harvested or grazed unless authorized by the Secretary to alleviate

hardship caused by flood, drought, or other natural disaster.

Soil Conservation; The efficient use and stability of each area of

soil that is needed for use at its optimum level of developed productivity

according to the specific patterns of soil and water resources of individual

farms, ranches, forests, and other land-management units. The term includes

the positive concept of improvement of soils for use as well as their

protection and preservation.

Soil Conservation District; A legally constituted unit or instrumentality of State Government created to administer soil and water conservation work within their boundaries. They are not a branch or agency

of any Federal department.

Soil Depleting Crop: A crop produced on land other than one which is

known to have soil building characteristics, grown on acreage other than

the ^'diverted and conserving" acreage requirements under production

adjustment programs.

Soil Management; The preparation, manipulation, and treatment of soils

for the production of plants, including crops, grasses, and trees.

Soil Pollutant; Any substance which, when added to the soil, impairs

the yield or quality of farm products, affects the health of animals or

humans, or which may contribute to subsequent air or water pollution.

Source Data Automation; The methods of recording information in a way

that it can be used over and over again to produce other records without

rewriting.

Southeast Area (ASCS); Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi,

Virginia and Caribbean Area.

Southeast Asia: As used by USDA, includes Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, North and South Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Timor, Indonesia, and

the Philippines.
123

Southwest Area (ASCS)t Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Kansas,

Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Soviet Bloc (also see Communist Countries); Usually applies to members

of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (see), excluding Albania. These are

Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the

Soviet Union. Outer Mongolia, which is Soviet-orientated, is often considered a member of the Soviet Bloc.

Soviet Zone of Germany; Usually referred to as East Germany, this

area -- Communist-dominated -- has a population of a little over 17 million.

The United States does not recognize it as a separate state or independent

political entity.

Soybean Cyst Nematode; Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution in U.S. - North Carolina, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri,

Tennessee, Virginia. Principal hosts - Soybeans, lespedexa, snap beans.

Special ACP Projects; A project designed to meet a well defined

conservation problem recognized as involving a community or a class of

farmers deserving special attention.

Special Milk Program; Federal funds are used to increase consumption

of fluid milk by children in nonprofit schools of high school grades and

under; in nonprofit nursery schools; child-care centers; settlement houses;

summer camps, and similar nonprofit institutions devoted to the care and

training of children.

Special Service Tariff; A tariff containing charges and/or rules

governing switching, storage, demurrage, reconsignment, diversion, etc.

Special Wheat Acreage Reserve; An acreage made available at the

national level by a special provision of law for the purpose of increasing

the wheat allotment for a farm having an excessively low allotment in

counties where wheat is a major income-producing crop.

Sprinkler Irrigation System; Providing for the application of irrigation water by means of perforated pipes or nozzles operated under pressure.

This includes pipe or spray nozzles required to operate the system, as well

as other pressure systems operated temporarily for crop or forage production.

S.T.; Short ton, 2,000 pounds.

Staking and Referencing; A special measurement service whereby, upon

farmer request and payment of the cost, a reporter will measure out and

stake off the exact amount of a program acreage limitation. If the land

use conforms to the areas as staked, program compliance is guaranteed.

(See Measurement Service.)
124

Standard Density; The compression of a flat bale of cotton to standard

density of approximately 22-1/2 pounds per cubic foot.

Standard Rate; A rate established via direct routes from one point to

another in relation to which the rates via other routes between the same

points are made.

Standard Sugarcane: For Louisiana, net sugarcane containing 12 percent

sucrose in the normal juice with a purity of at least 76.00 but not more

than 76.49 percent. For Florida, net cane containing 12.5 percent sucrose.

Staple Length: Refers to the length of cotton fibers.

State Acreage Allocation (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane): The acreage made

available to a State within which proportionate shares may be established.

State Acreage Reserve: An acreage held out by the State from their

apportioned acres for the correction of errors and for adjustments.

State Committee: Three to five persons in a State appointed by the

Secretary as members of the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation

State committee under Section 8 (b) of the Soil Conservation and Domestic

Allotment Act, as amended, except that for Puerto Rico and the Virgin

Islands, the Caribbean Area Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation

committee shall, insofar as applicable, perform the functions of the State

committee.

State Executive Director: Person employed by the State committee to

execute the policies of the State committee and to be responsible for the

day-to-day operations of the ASCS State office, or the person acting in

such capacity.

State Offices (ASCS): The office of the ASC State Committee. These

offices' day-to-day operations are directed by the State Executive

Director. He and the other State office personnel are Federal Civil

Service employees.

State Toll; A charge made by a State for the use of its highways or

other facilities for handling traffic.

State Trading —- also called state or government monopoly: Government

control over the importation and exportation of a farm product or products.

For example, the governments of several countries control imports of

tobacco — among them France, Austria, and Japan. Canada*s Wheat Board

control of wheat, oats, and barley is a state trading enterprise. Many

other countries engage in government agency, or indirect, as through private

firms, cooperatives, marketing boards, or other agents ot the State.

Communist countries, which control major commercial transactions, are state

traders, of course.
125

State Statistician; Statistician in charge of the Statistical

Reporting Service's program of collecting, analyzing and disseminating

official estimates of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for agricultural

data at the State level.

State Wildlife Conservation Agency; The State entity having regulatory responsibility for conservation and management of game, fish and

other wildlife.

Stated Refrigeration Charge; A fixed charge per car, per package,

per 100 pounds or per ton of freight for refrigeration from shipping

point to destination or for a portion of the trip.

Statistical Reporting Service; This USDA Service gives coordinated

leadership to the statistical reporting research and service programs of

the Department. It provides a channel for the orderly flow of statistical

intelligence about the agricultural economy of this country. The primary

responsibilities of this Service are the nationwide crop and livestock

estimates, coordination and improvement in the Department's statistical

requirements, and special surveys of market potentials for agricultural

products.

Stem; The part of a plant that bears leaves, flowers, and true buds.

Stems grow either in a direction opposite to the pull of gravity or in a

horizontal direction -- uncommonly downward.

Stock; A term meaning livestock.

Stocks; A term applied to the inventory of CCC held commodities.

Stockpiles, National Strategic and Critical, and Supplemental; The

national strategic and critical stockpile is the repository for limited

stocks of materials needed for use in a national emergency and which will

not be available from sources which can be expected to be accessible in

wartime.

The supplemental stockpile was established in 1954 by Public Law 480

as a repository for strategic materials which the United States might

purchase with foreign currency. Materials obtained through the barter

program have been transferrable to the stockpile since 1956. The materials

in the supplemental stockpile are, with a few exceptions, the same kinds

and grades of strategic materials that are held in the national stockpile.

Stopping in Transit; The holding of a shipment by the carrier on

order of the owner after the transportation movement has started and

before it is completed.
126

Storage Deduction; A deduction made from the warehouse storage

price support loan rate. The deducted amount is used by CGC to pay storage payments generally approximate the rates paid by CGC to commercial

warehousemen for storing CGC commodities.

Storage in Transit; The stopping of freight traffic at a point

located between the point of origin and destination to be stored and

reforwarded at a later date.

Storage Payment (Farm Reseal); The payment made to a producer for

continuing a fanii storage loan beyond the original maturity date. The

storage payments generally approximate the rates paid by CGG to commerical warehousemen for storing GCC commodities.

Storage Period (Reseal Loans); The period of time for which CGG

authorizes extension of price support loans on designated crops and commodities beyond the original loan maturity date or subsequent anniversary

thereof.

Stripcropping; The practice of growing crops in a systematic arrangement of strips, or bands. Gommonly cultivated crops and sod crops are

alternated in strips to protect the soil and vegetation against running

water or wind. The alternate strips are laid out approximately on the

contour on erosive soils or at approximate right angles to the prevailing

direction of the wind where soil blowing is a hazard.

Stubble Harvesting; The harvesting of a second crop of rice from

the root system of plantings which have been previously harvested.

Stubble Mulching; Managing plant residues on a year-round basis in

which harvesting, tilling, planting and cultivating operations are performed

in such a way to keep protective amount of vegetative materials on the

surface of the soil until the time of seeding the next crop. This does not

include crop residue use.

Subdivision; Part of a field which is separated from the balance of

the field by a temporary boundary sxich as a crop line or other boundary

which could be moved easily, or which could disappear.

^ubmarginal Land; Land which is economically incapable of sustaining

indefinitely a certain use of ownership status.
127

Suboffice; In ASCS operations, this is related to consolidations

of counties by various States, and in which combined counties are

served by a single county office manager. A suboffice is an office

maintained in the name of ASCS and serviced by one or more part-time

or full-time clerks or a county office manager who visits the office

periodically. An arrangement in which a county office manager has the

use of a desk or room in an office of another agency is not considered

a suboffice.

Subsidy; Direct financial aid granted by a government to an

individual or a business enterprise for the purpose of promoting the

public good.

Subsoiling; The act of loosening the subsoil by mechanical means

for purpose of improving water and plant root penetration.

Substantial Performance; A situation resulting when a producer

attempts in good faith to carry out the terms and conditions of a program

but fails by a small margin.

Substitute Crop; In the diversion programs, crops which may be produced (1967) on the diverted acreage in lieu of conservation uses. Those

that may be planted are; guar; castor beans; sunflower; aafflower;

plantago ovato; sesame, crambe, and mustard seed.

Substitution (Wheat - Feed Grains); A provision of law whereby wheat

may be produced in lieu of the permitted acreage of feed grains or feed

grains may be produced in lieu of wheat permitted acreage on a farm

participating in the annual production adjustment programs for feed grains

and wheat,

Successor-In-Interest; A person who succeeds another person's interest

in a feed grain or wheat crop being produced on a farm participating in the

feed grain or wheat production adjustment program.

Sucrose; A sweet crystallizable, colorless sugar which constitutes

the principal sugar of commerce. Refined cane and beet sugars are

essentially 100% sucrose. Under certain conditions sucrose breaks down

to dextrose and lévulose.

Sugar Act Payments (Conditional Payments); The Secretary is authorized

to make payments to domestic growers of sugar beets or sugarcane with respect to sugar of liquid sugar commercially recoverable from the sugarbeets

or sugarcane grown on a farm for the extraction of sugar or liquid sugar.

For conditions that must be met to qualify for payment, see Section 301 of

the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended.
s 128

Sugar Factory; A processing plant for the manufacture of sugar from

sugarcane or sugarbeets.

Sugar Farm;

(1) Continental United States, Generally, all land within a State

farmed by the same operator,

(2) Puerto Rico, Generally, all land which is farmed by one or more

producers as a farming unit with cropping practices, equipment, workstock,

labor, and management substantially separate from that of any other such unit.

(3) Hawaii, For processor farms, all land which is farmed as a single

farming unit with cropping practices, workstock, equipment, labor and

management substantially separate from that of any other such unit. For

smaller farms, all land owned or leased by the producer who maintains control over the farming operations on such land and who, separately or

together with other producers except processor-producers, owns the crops

and bears the financial risks of producing such crop*

Sugar Program, U,S,: The U.S. sugar program is authorized under the

Sugar Act of 1948, as amended. Public Law 89-331, approved November 8, 1965,

extended the program through December 31, 1971.

The prime objectives of the sugar program, as set forth in the preamble

of the Sugar Act, are to protect the welfare of sugar consumers and of those

engaged in the domestic sugar industry, and to promote the export trade of

the United States. Attainment of these goals involves (1) the determination

of U.S. total sugar requirements; (2) establishment of quotas to domestic

and foreign sugar supplying areas in accordance with the act; and (3) payments to domestic producers of sugarbeets and sugarcane grown for the production of sugar, provided producers comply with certain labor, wage, price,

and marketing requirements prescribed by law.

Sugar Refinery; A processing plant in which raw sugar <cane) is refined.

Summer Fallow; An acre of land on a farm in a semi-arid section of

the country which is purposely kept out of production during the normal

cropping season primarily for the purpose of conserving moisture in order

to produce a crop in the following season.

Supplement: Nutritional additive (salt, protein, phosphorus, etc.)

intended to remedy deficiencies of the range diet.

Supply Percentage; For any commodity, this is the percentage which

the estimated total supply is of the normal supply as of the beginning of

the marketing year.

Supply ProgramCÇGÇi: Under Section 5 of the Coinmodity Credit corporation let CGC may procure agricultural coiamodities for sale to other Government agencies. Sr eight governments and domestic, foreign or international

reUefagencies. It Ly Lso procure commodities to meet domestic requirements.
129

Surcharge; A charge above the usual or customary charge.

Surety Bond; A bond used in connection with a farm storage commodity

loan to protect the interests of the lender or to secure the maintenance

of farm stored excess wheat prior to authorized depletion.

Surplus: The amount by which supplies for sale, or available, are

greater than the quantity that will bring producers a fair income. A surplus may be due to: (1) production outrunning demand; (2) a decline in

the consumption of a product, and (3) a decline in general buying power or

income.

Surplus Agricultural Commodity: Usually defined as "any agricultural

commodity or product thereof ... produced in the United States, either

privately or publicly owned, which is ... in excess of domestic requirements, adequate carryover, and exports for dollars".

Surplus Disposal: In the 1950's, agricultural surpluses began to

build up rapidly in the United States and pressure developed for what came

to be called, for a time, "surplus disposal". However, following passage

of Public Law 480 in 1954, the expression "surplus disposal" began to be

heard less and less as it became apparent that use of U.S. food to prevent

hunger and to promote economic growth in underdeveloped countries had

humanitarian and economic values that far transcended the reduction of

U. S. commodity stocks.

Swale; A tract of low and usually wet land.

Sweet Potato Weevil; Pest under control action (1967) by USDA.

Distribution in U. S, - Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi,

South Carolina, and Texas. Principal host - sweet potatoes.

Sweet Sorghum: A variety of sorghum which when harvested as "silage"

is excluded from the definition of feed grains under the voluntary production adjustment program and is therefore not charged against the

"permitted" acreage of feed grains.

Synthetic: Artificfcilly produced materials as distinguished from

that made by living organisms or other natural processes.

Systems Analysis; The examination of an activity, procedure, method,

technique, or a business to determine what must be accomplished and how

the necessary operations may best be accomplished.
130
131

T

Tame Hay: A stand of grasses or legumes on cropland which does not

require annual tillage and from which a hay crop(s) or hayseed is normally

harvested annually, or as further defined in the application program

regulations.

Tare; An allowance made for the weight of the package, container, or

conveyance of goods.

Tare (Sugarbeets); A deduction made from the gross weight of sugarbeets delivered to cover the weight of the sugarbeet tops, dirt and other

extraneous material.

Tare Weight: (a) The weight of a container and the material used

for packing, (b) as applied to a carload, the weight of the car exclusive

of its contents.

Tariff; **Tariff" usually refers to a list or schedule of articles of

merchandise with the rate of duty to be paid to the government for their

importation* The U.S. tariff schedule lists hundreds of foreign-produced

items on which the United States levies duties -- automobiles, wine,

cameras, farm products, and many others -- and specifies the duty to be

assessed against each item. But the word sometimes is used in the sense

of a duty levied according to the tariff schedule; as *'the tariff on wine."

It also may be used to mean the law in which a schedule of duties is fixed

and imposed.

Technical Action Panel (State); The purpose is to facilitate and

assist private, non-governmental and State and local governmental efforts

within the State to effect rural areas development. A State TAP is composed of the heads of all USDA agencies operating within the State. The

Farmers Home Administration Director serves as Chairman of the State TAP,

The Soil Conservation Service Conservationist is co-chairman, and the

ASCS State Executive Director is alternate chairman. The State Director

of the Cooperative Extension Service may be a member, or participate without membership status, if the Extension Director so decides.

Technical Service; A service performed by a technician to determine

that a project or practice meets or will meet specifications which have

been determined necessary to assure the sound functioning of a project

or practice.
132

Tel Quel: Literally, such as (it is). When used describing sugar it

means '^as made**, hence of a polarization usually varying among mills and

producing areas.

Tenant; (1) A person usually called a "cash tenant", "fixed-rent

tenant", who rents land from another for a fixed amount of cash or a fixed

amount of a commodity to be paid as rent; or (2) a person, other than a

sharecropper, usually called a "share tenant", who rents land from another

person and pays as rent a share of the crops or proceeds.

Tender: In commodity trade, a notice of intent to buy or sell. A

tender may be quite simple. Also, it may be complex — spelling out in

detail quantities that will be purchased, quality desired, type of

packaging required, method of delivery, etc. Sometimes referred to as

an offer.

Terminal Carrier: The transportation line making delivery of a

shipment at its destination.

Terminal Charge: A charge made for services performed at terminals.

Terminal Warehouse; A facility at a location where official weights

and official grades are available and which has the ability to blend to

specification.

Termination of Allotment Diversion Credit; Acreage shall cease to be

available for allotment diversion credit when;

1. The contract or agreement for a given land area is canceled

or terminated prior to the expiration date of the contract or agreement,

2. The permanent vegetation is destroyed or not properly maintained.

3. The period of extended protection expires.

Termination of Quota; Lifting of quotas. These were used during

World War II.

Terms of Delivery; Relate to the delivery point wftere title and risk

o£ loss on a shipment o£ goods pass from seller to buyer. This may be the

point of delivery, or some place between, as, for example, "Ex Warehouse"

(named point of origin); "F.O.B" (named port); "F.A.S. Vessel" (named

port of shipment); "C.I.F.** (named point of destination); "Ex Dock" (named

port of importation).

Terms of Sale; Basic terms include such items as quantity, quality,

price, terms of delivery, shipment or delivery period, insurance, payment,

commission, controllers, and various special clauses.
133

Tems of Trade: Refers to the relationship between the general level

of export and import prices of a country or region. If export prices

received are higher than import prices paid, the terms of trade are said

to be *'favorable*\ When the reverse is true, the terms of trade are

''•'unfavorable"*

Terms of trade are measured by dividing indices of export prices by

indices of import prices to arrive at export-import price ratios. For

example, if a country*s index of prices paid for imports is 98 percent of

a given base period, and the index of prices recived for exports is 102,

the export-import price ratio -- or terms of trade — is 96.

Terracing: Establishment of one or more banks of turf on a field in a

planned system with outlets and waterways to intercept water runoff and

divert the excess water.

Textile Fiber Products Identification Act, U>S.; All textile fiber

products imported into the United States shall be stamped, tagged, labeled,

or otherwise marked with certain information required by the Textile Fiber

Products Identification Act. These requirements include the generic names

and percentages by weight of the constituent fibers if of more than 5 percent by weight; the name of the manufacturer, or the name or registered

identification number issued by the Federal Trade Commission, or a word

trademark registered in the U.S* Patent Office if the owner of the trademark furnished a copy of the registration to the Federal Trade Commission

prior to its use; and the name of the country where the textile fiber is

processed or manufactured.

Thir d Country; A country not a party to a regional arrangement or

bilateral agreement. For example, in the trade relations with the

European Economic Community, the United States occupies the position of a

'*third country".

Through Rate: A rate applicable through from point of origin to

destination. A through rate may be either a joint rate or a combination

of two or more rates.

Tied Offset; In Public Law 480 sales agreements, the requirement that

any commercial exports by the assisted country of the same or like commodities shall be offset by equivalent commercial purchases from the United

States.

Tied Sales: In Public Law 480 sales agreements, the requirement that

a specified amount of the required commercial purchases from Free World

sources shall be from the United States. This requirement is employed to

protect the normal commercial marketings of the United States and prevent

their displacement by concessional sales. This requirement is sometimes

referred to as "tied usuals."
134

Tile Drains; Installing drains, such as tile, pipe, or other covered

drains, of suitable sizes beneath the surface on a planned grade.

Tile System Structures; Installing auxiliary structures for existing

or new subsurface drainage systems. Principal structures include junction

boxes, inlets, observation wells, pipe drops, head-walls, and relief walls.

Tillage; The operation of implements through the soil to prepare

seedbeds and rootbeds.

Tobacco; For price support operations, this means the following kinds

and types;

Flue-cured; types 11, 12, 13 and 14;

Fire-cured; types 21, 22, 23 and 24;

Dark air-cured; types 35 and 36;

Virginia sun-cured: type 37;

Burley: type 31;

Maryland: type 32;

Cigar-filler: type 41

Puerto Rican filler: type 46

Cigar-filler and binder: types 42, 43, 44, 53, 54 and 55;

Cigar binder: types 51 and 52.

Tobacco Seed and Plant Exportation Act; Makes it unlawful to export

any tobacco seed and/or live tobacco plants from the united States or its

territories to any foreign country, port, or place without a written permit

granted by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary grants such a

permit only after satisfactory proof that the seed and/or plants are to be

used only for experimental purposes.

Tolerance; An allotment made for differences in weight due to

variations in scales or inherent nature of goods.

Topsoil; A general term used in at least four different senses;

(1) a presumed fertile soil or soil material, usually rich in organic matter,

used to topdress roadbanks, lawns, and gardens; (2) the surface plow layer

of a soil and thus a synonym for surface soil; (3) the original or present

dark-colored upper soil, which ranges from a mere fraction of an inch to

2 or 3 feet on different kinds of soil; and (4) the original or present Ahorizon, varying widely among different kinds of soil. Applied to soils in

the field, the term has no precise meaning unless defined as to depth or

productivity in relation to a specific kind of soil.

Total Supply; Generally speaking, this is the carryover at the beginning of the marketing year, plus the estimated production of the commodity

in the United States during the calendar year in which the marketing year
135

begins, plus the estimated imports during the marketing year. For any

marketing year, this is:

1, Non^basic Commodities; The carryover at the beginning of

the marketing year, plus estimated imports for the marketing year, plus

the estimated U.S. production for the calendar year in which the marketing year begins,

2• Basic Commodities;

(a) Wheat, corn, rice, peanuts: The carryover for the

marketing year, plus estimated imports during that marketing year, plus

estimated U.S. production for the calendar year in which the marketing

year begins.

(b) Tobacco; The carryover at the beginning of the marketing year (on January 1 for Maryland tobacco), plus the estimated U.S.

production for the calendar year in which the marketing year begins. In

the case of type-46 tobacco, however, the estimated production is based

on the marketing year to determine total supply of cigar-filler and cigarbinder tobacco.

(^) £2£i£ii" '^'^^ carryover at the beginning of the marketing

year, plus estimated imports during the marketing year, plus estimated

U.S. production for the calendar year in which the marketing year begins.

Trackloading; A method of accepting delivery to CCC of commodities

under farm storage loan forfeited to CCC. Trackloading is used when local

storage space is not available for accepting delivery of the coimnodity.

When trackloading is used for making deliveries, shipping instructions are

issued by the commodity office. The producer is obligated to deliver the

grain in the car at the prescribed shipping stations.

Trade: In the broad sense, the exchange of commodities by sale or

barter. '^Trade" standing alone does not necessarily mean "foreign" trade.

Used in the sense of trade among countries, "trade" should be qualified

with an adjective such as foreign, international, export, import, et cetera.

Trade Adjustment Assistance; A program of governmental assistance to

help workers, firms, and industries adjust to increased imports resulting

from tariff concessions. The program is authorized by the Trade Expansion

Act of 1962.

Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (TEA); Provides authority to; (1) Enter

into trade agreements; (2) change duty rates; and (3) assist industries,

firms, and workers seriously injured by reason of increased imports resulting from concessions made under the act. Overall, the Trade Expansion

Act provides considerably broader authority than was contained in the

Reciprocal Trade Agreements of 1934, which expired June 30, 1962.

Transfer by Exchange: The exchanging of cotton and rice acreage

allotments between two farms.
136

Transfer of Allotment; Movement of allotment from one farm to another.

Transfer of Interest in Land; A term used to indicate the release or

acquisition of control or partial control or land from one person to another.

Transit Privilege; A service granted on a shipment on route, such

as milling, compressing, refining, etc.

Trash (Sugarcane); Green or dried leaves, sugarcane tops, dirt and

all other extraneous material in the sugarcane delivered by a producer.

Tree Planting: Planting tree seedlings or cuttings in open areas to

establish a stand of forest trees.

Trend Values; Production estimates based upon the relative situation

during a given projection period, rather than on either the situation in

a given year or the change from one year to the next.

Trunk Line; A transportation line operating over an extensive territory*

Tung Nuts (Oil): Tung oil is of great value in the manufacture of

high grade protective coatings, paint, varnish, and insulation^ Tung trees

require high rainfall, mild climate, and friable loam soils that have good

water and air drainage. Tung nuts are grown in the termal belt, within

about 100 miles of the Gulf of Mexico, in Alabama, Florida, Georgia,

Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas,
137 U

U

Undermarketings; Pounds of a farm*s effective quota which was not

marketed in a given year,

Underplanted Acreage; The acreage by which the allotment for a

commodity exceeds the final acreage of the commodity.

Underplantings; Acreage other than that not harvested because of

program incentives.

Undesirable Varieties; A producer who produces certain varieties of

wheat that have been determined by the Secretary to have undesirable

milling or baking qualities are not eligible to receive marketing certificates on such wheat.

Uniform Demurrage Rules: Schedules providing rules and charges for

demurrage which are in general use throughout the United States, having

the approval but not prescribed by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Uniform Grain Storage Agreement (UGSA); A standard contract between

Commodity Credit Corporation and warehousemen governing the handling and

storage of grain under government price support and related programs.

Unilateral; An action taken by a country acting singly. For example,

the imposition of an import quota by a country without consulting other

countries affected by the quotas would be termed a unilateral action.

United Kingdom (U.K,); The name properly is "United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland*'. It is composed of Great Britain (England,

Wales, and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, which has a separate Parliament.

United Nations (UN): The UN is an international organization aimed at

maintaining peace and security among nations. It functions in the economic,

social, cultural, and humanitarian areas. It was organized in October 1945.

Headquarters; New York City.

Six main organs make up the UN —• General Assembly, Security Council,

Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of

Justice, and Secretariat. Subsidiary bodies of the main organs which are

of concern to agriculture include the Commission for International Com-
U 138

modity Trade, Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Asia

and the Far East, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for

Latin America, UN Expanded Program of Technical Assistance, UN Special

Fund, UN Children's Fund.

^'Specialized agencies" of the UN include International Bank or Reconstruction and Development; International Civil Aviation Organization; UN

Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; Food and Agricultural

Organization; International Finance Corporation; International Labor

Organization; Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization;

International Monetary Fund; International Telecommunication Union,

Universal Postal Union; World Health Organization; World Meteorological

Organization.

Unstemmed Tobacco; Any packed tobacco which (1) is not stemmed tobacco,

scrap or blackfat and (2) does not include butt ends or stems removed from

tobacco^ If tobacco has been tipped and butted, the butt ends shall be

considered removed from tobacco unless tip ends in the proportion produced

in the tipping process are exported as unstemmed tobacco.

Untied Tobacco; A form of marketing flue-cured tobacco in which the

leaves are handled in loose and/or tangled forna, bundled in burlap sheets

weighing up to approximately 200 pounds^ through the auction system.

U*S, Tariff Commission; Investigates and reports on tariff and foreign

trade matters. Most investigations are made at the request of the President

and of the Congress. Investigations into the effects on domestic industries

of increased imports resulting from trade agreement concessions also may be

initiated by an industry, firm, group of workers, or other interested

parties. The Commission makes studies, surveys or investigations on its

own initiative.

The investigations of the Commission relate to the trade agreements

program, dumping, import interference with agricultural programs -- forbidden by Section 22, Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 (see), matters

of specific interest to the President of Congress, tariff schedules and

costs of foreign and domestic production, and unfair practices in export

trade. Headquarters; Washington, D, C.

U.S. Trade Centers; Overseas U.S. **show and sell** facilities which

provide opportunities for American businesses to show their wares, nake

sales, and arrange for foreign representation.

The U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Commerce jointly operate the

centers in London, Milan, and Tokyo. Unlike trade fair exhibits, the

Centers are permanent installations. Also unlike trade fair exhibits, the

Centers are not open to the general public, the Centers are aimed primarily

at reaching the distributive traders rather than individual consumers.
139 u

USDA County Defense Boards: Boards composed of a representative of

each USDA agency operating within each county and generally chaired by the

ÀSCS County Office Manager, These Boards are designed to coordinate the

capability of USDA to prepare for, and as necessary to carry out, USDA

defense program responsibilities at the county level.

USDA Emergency Program Coordinators (EPC*s); USDA personnel designated

to provide liaison between the Department and each of the eight OEP-OCD

Regional Offices, They serve as Chairmen and coordinate the defense

activities of the USDA Regional Defense Staffs. They also work closely with

the ASCS Area Directors in providing assistance to Chairmen of USDA State

Defense Boards,

USDA Metropolitan Area Defense Boards: Boards established in some

metropolitan areas where the normal County Defense Board structure will not

suffice. These Boards are chaired by the C6MS representative and the

membership usually includes a representative from each USDA agency whose

activities are related to USDA emergency responsibilities in the metropolitan area. The primary concern of such Boards is processing and distribution through the wholesale level in a defense emergency.

USDA Regional Defense Staffs; In each of the eight OEP-OCD Regions,

USDA has designated a staff composed of the EPC and representatives of seven

USDA agencies to report to the OEP-OCD Regional Office and carry out USDA

defense responsibilities at that level in a wartime emergency.

USDA State Defense Boards: Boards composed of representatives of eight

major USDA agencies within each State under chairmanship of the ASCS State

Executive Director. These Boards are designed to coordinate the capability

of USDA to prepare for, and as necessary to carry out, USDA defense program

responsibilities at the State level.

Use of Diversion Credit; The diversion credit for each undei planted

allotment crop shall be considered as acreage devoted to the crop and shall

be utilized in establishment of future State, county and farm acreage allotments under the provisions of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as

amended.

Usual Loadings of Railroad Freight Cars:

Bushels per car Short tons per car

Wheat 1,925 57.8

Corn (shelled) 2,035 57.0

Oats 2,712 43.4

Barley 2,198 52.8

Rye 1,880 52.6

Sorghum grain 2,000 56.6

Rice, rough 2,180 49.1

Soybeans 1,825 54.8

Flaxseed 1,778 49.8
U 140

Usual Marketings; That quantity of a commodity which a country would

be expected to obtain from abroad, using its own financial resources, in

the absence of imports obtained under concessional arrangements, such as

grain purchased with local currencies under a P.L, 480 agreement with the

United States.
141

V

Value Factor (Rice); The price support loan rate in cents per pound

of milled rice.

Variable Import Levy: Used by the EEC, broadly speaking, to make up

all or part of the difference between the EEC's threshold or gate price,

as the case might be, and the price of products offered by non-EEC

countries at the EEC's frontiers. It is used for grain, rice, pork, poultry,

eggs, and olive oil. The variable levy is sometimes called an "equalization

fee** or "equalization tax," It is less frequently referred to as a "skimming

charge," or, simply "skimmings"; for exmaple, it is said that the EEC,

through its variable system, "skims off" for difference between lower world

wheat prices and the relatively higher prices in the EEC.

Variation of Reconstituted Allotments and Bases: A provision whereby

the allotments or bases which have been apportioned among divided tracts

may be increased or decreased by as much as 10 percent of the allotment

or base established for the parent farm.

Variety meats; Edible organs of livestock such as brains, sweetbreads,

kidneys, hearts, livers, tongues, tripe -- foods not part of the carcass.

Variety meats also are referred to as "edible offal,"

Vertical drains (number): Installing a well, pipe, pit, or bore drilled

into porous, underlying strata into which drainage water can be discharged.

This is also called a drainage well.

Vessel's Manifest: Statement of a vessel's cargo (revenue, consignee,

marks, etc.).
142
143 W

W

Wage Claim (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); A claim filed by a person who

has performed work in the production, cultivation or harvesting of a sugar

crop and who alleges he was not paid in full for such work or was paid at

rates less than those determined by the Secretary.

Wage Compliance (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); One of the conditions for

receiving a Sugar Act payment.

Wage Rates (Sugarbeets - Sugarcane); Fair and reasonable wage rates

prescribed by the Secretary for work performed in the production, cultivation or harvesting of a sugar crop.

Warehouse Note and Security Agreement: A security agreement instrument which secures a warehouse storage loan.

Warehouse Receipt (Grain): A receipt, issued upon deposit of grain,

to the depositor by the warehouse. Information on this receipt includes

dates of deposit, gross weight and bushels, net weight and bushels, grade

and class, dockage, test weight, and other grading factors. It is a

written negotiable acknowledgment representing an eligible commodity stored

in an approved warehouse. It is issued to a producer when presented for

warehouse storage loan or purchase, when the commodity is stored in the

warehouse prior to maturity or to CGC, when representing deliveries from

farm storage or an unapproved warehouse.

Warranty Deed; A deed containing a convenant of warranty, which runs

with the land, and is in the nature of a real convenant, breach of which

gives a claim for damages only.

Warsaw Treaty Organization: The unified military command established

by the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries through the signing

of the Warsaw Pack in May 1955. The Treaty was a 20 year mutual defense

plan signed by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania,

the Soviet Zone of Germany, and the U.S.S.R. But Albania, in recent years,

has increasingly aligned itself with Communist China rather than with the

U.S.S.R. (Also see Soviet Bloc.)

Water Carriers: Agencies transporting passengers or freight, or both

by water. Defined in I.C. Act Parts I and III, and U.S. Maritime Acts.
W 144

Water Packed Cotton; Cotton in a bale that has been penetrated by

water during the baling process causing damage to the fiber or a bale that

through exposure to the weather or other means while apparently dry on the

exterior, has been damaged by water in the interior.

Water Rights; A priority right to use water based on filing under

State law.

Water Table; The upper limit of the part of the soil or underlying

rock material that is wholly saturated with water. In some places an

upper, or perched, water table may be separated from a lower one by a dry zcne.

Watershed; In the United States, the term refers to the total area

above a given point on a stream that contributes water to the flow at that

point. Synonyms are "drainage basin" or "catchment basin". In some other

countries, the term is used for the topographic boundary separating one

drainage basin from another.

Waterspreading; Diverting runoff from natural channels or gullies by

means of a system of dams, dikes, or ditches and spreading it over relatively flat areas of range or haylands.

Waybill; A document prepared by a transportation line at the point

of origin of a shipment, showing the point of origin, destination, route,

consignor, consignee, description of shipment and amount charged for the

transportation service, and forwarded with the shipment, or direct by mail,

to the agent at the transfer point or waybill destination.

Weed; Any plant in a place where it is a nuisance might be considered

a weed. The term is most often applied to noncultivated plants that arise

unwanted in cultivated areas, lawns, pastures, or other areas used by man.

Most weeds are prolific and persistent.

Weed Control District; Normally a legal entity of local government

formulated under State statutes for the purpose of regulating the control

of noxious weeds on land within the district.

Weight Cargo; A cargo on which the transportation charge is assessed

on the basis of weight.

Western European Union (WEU); An organization of seven member countries — France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg

and Great Britain. Headquarters of secretariat: London, England.

The WEU was started in 1948 as the Brussels Treaty Organization (BTO)

consisting of Belgium, France, Great Britain, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

In 1954, when the European Defense Community failed of ratification by the
145 W

French National Assembly, West Germany and Italy sent representatives to

the BTO and the WEU was organized. Its aims are to establish a joint

defense plan, control the level of armed forces maintained by members,

promote mutual defense, coordinate economic activities; raise standards of

living, and promote cultural exchanges.

Following the French veto of Great Britain's bid for membership in the

EEC, the WEU, like the Council of Europe, has become a point of contact

between Great Britain and the EEC on economic and political matters.

Western World; Generally used in the same sense as Free World.

Wetland Development for Wildlife (acres); Diking, ditching or flooding

to create or improve a regulated wetland habitat.

Wetland Drainage; Drainage systems to dispose of excess water from

land devoted to crop production by open ditch, underground and/or surface

drainage.

Wharfage: (a) the charge made for handling traffic on a wharf, (b) the

charge made for docking vessels at a wharf.

Wheat, Projected Yields; See Projected Yield (Wheat),

White-fringed Beetle; Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution

in U.S. - Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,

Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.

Principal hosts - Attacks more than 385 plant species, including peanuts,

peas, corn, cotton, potatoes, tobacco and various truck crops.

Wildlife Food Planting; Establishing perennial, biennial, or annual

plants in fields, blocks, or strips.

Wildlife Habitat; Vegetative cover including trees, shrubs, and food

plots on farmland to provide food and habitat for wildlife resources

conservation.

Windbreak and Shelterbelts; Specific arrangements of trees and shrubs

on farmland to prevent wind and water erosion.

Wind Stripcropping; Growing erosion resisting crops in strips alternating with strips of row crop or fallow, usually arranged at angles to offset

the effects of prevailing winds.

Wilderness; An uncultivated, relatively uninhabited region usually in

an undisturbed condition.

Witchweed; Pest under control action by USDA. Distribution in U.S. -

North Carolina, South Carolina, Principal hosts - Corn, sorghum, sugarcane,

and other plants of the grass family.
W 146

Withdrawal from Production of Rice; In a "producer" rice State, the

withdrawal of a producer from the production of rice and the permanent

transfer of all or a part of his allotment and related history acreage to

another person under the provisions set forth in the rice acreage allotment

regulations.

Woodland; A land area occupied by trees; a forest; woods.

Woodland Direct Seeding; Spreading tree seed by hand or by mechanical

means in open areas or understocked woodlands to establish an adequate stand.

Woodland Harvest Cutting; Removing mature crop trees in a manner that

will encourage regeneration and normal development of a new stand.

Woodland Pasture; Farm woodlands also used for grazing.

Woodland Pruning; Removing live or dead branches from trees to improve

the quality of the wood crop.

Woodland Thinning; Removing trees of low or no commercial value from

an immature woodland or from overstock stands.

Woodland Underplanting; Planting tree seedlings beneath existing

forest trees or less desirable species to improve stand composition.

Wool; The oft, wavy or curly fibers grown by the domestic sheep. When

these fibers are removed by shearing, the commodity is known as shorn wool.

When removed from the pelts of slaughtered animals, it is called pulled wool.

World Food Program (WFP); A multinational food aid program administered

by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the United Nations. Headquarters;

Rome.

The program was established in April 1962 to operate on an experimental

basis for three years. But in December 1965, FAO and the UN determined that

its life would te extended "on a regular and continuing basis". The Program

uses food in multilateral economic development, child feeding, and emergency

operations. Programs currently are being carried on in 68 countries.

For the three years, 1966-68, the United States has pledged up to $92

million in commodities, $32 million in service, including transportation,

and $6 million cash, based on a matching formula under \diich the United

States will provide up to 50 percent of commodity aid and 40 percent of

cash and services. U.S. contributions are authorized under Title II, Public

Law 480, as amended by the Food for Peace Act of 1966, which states in part

that it is the sense of the Congress that the World Food Program should be

expanded beyond its present goals. In addition to the United States, 65

other countries have pledged commodities or cash.
147 W

World Price: Often refers to the c.i.f. price of an imported agricultural commodity at the principal port of importation of a major importing

country or area. For example, the spot price of sugar, 96 degrees, c.i.f.

U.K. ports, bulk basis, as quoted daily by the London Terminal Association,

is generally considered a "world price**. Similarly, the prices of a

specified origin, grade, and type of wheat, as, for instance, "U.S. No. 2

Hard Winter, 14 percent protein", c.i.f. Rotterdam or c.i.f. Liverpool may

be considered world prices.

An export price also can serve as a world price. For example, the spot

price of sugar, 96 degrees, bagged. Greater Caribbean Area, f.o.b. and

stowed, as quoted daily by the Spot Price Committee of the New York Coffee

and Sugar Exchange, is considered by some in the trade to be a world price.

It is, of course, on a lower level than the c.i.f. UK ports price mentioned

above — the difference between the two series representing in large part

the cost of ocean freight minus bagging.
w 148
149 XYZ

XYZ

Yearling; An animal approximately one year of age. A short yearling is from 9 to 12 months of age and a long yearling is from 12 to 18

months.

Yield Projections; Yield estimates, usually for major crops, that

include the increases that research scientists expect to result from

further application of known improvements. These would include improved

varieties, use of fertilizers, land practices, favorable weather, acreages

utilized, price-cost relations and commodity program incentives.

Zones (Express); Districts of the United States used for the purpose

of making express rates, commonly known as "blocks"
XYZ 150

« U, s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 O - 366-082