March 2017 

Consumer Response 

Annual Report 

January 1 – December 31, 2016 
1 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Message from 

Richard Cordray 

Director of the CFPB 

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau began consumer response operations on July 21, 

2011, as the nation’s first federal agency with the sole mission to protect American consumers in 

the financial marketplace. Our Office of Consumer Response has continued to improve and 

expand the CFPB’s ability to engage consumers that face financial challenges and bring their 

concerns to the attention of companies. 

The CFPB accepts complaints about many financial 

products and services, including mortgages, credit 

cards, auto loans, student loans, deposit accounts, 

debt collection, credit reporting, payday loans, 

consumer loans, and more. As of March 1, 2017, we 

have handled over 1,136,000 consumer complaints. 

Listening to consumers is key to our mission. By 

answering consumer questions and handling their 

complaints, we learn about consumers’ experiences 

in the consumer financial marketplace, about 

company practices and behaviors, and about 

emerging trends in the marketplace. 

There is much to be learned from the questions consumers ask and the complaints consumers 

submit about the financial industry. From our earliest days of handling complaints, we have 

monitored and reported on the types of issues about which consumers complain. With a growing 

“We had actually lost over $1,000... For a very 

frustrating month we tried everything to reach 

the company for an explanation and finally put 

in a complaint with CFPB. Within two weeks we 

received a response from the company and a 

check for the difference. We are so grateful to 

CFPB and this avenue for resolution. I am 

positive without their intervention our case 

would never have been resolved.” 

– Consumer from California 
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volume of consumer complaints, we now identify, categorize, analyze, and synthesize what they 

have told us. By closely analyzing complaint patterns, we are able to identify spikes in specific 

complaint types; emerging trends; issues with new and evolving products; and patterns across 

geographic areas, companies, and consumer demographics. These insights help us prioritize our 

own supervision and enforcement work and ask better and more targeted questions when 

examining a company’s records. With the help of complaints, we dig deeply into potentially 

unfair practices so we can prevent minor issues from becoming major problems. We also use 

complaints to identify opportunities to educate and empower consumers about the marketplace 

and their rights and to understand what the rules of the road should be when we consider and 

undertake rulemaking. 

Through our public Consumer Complaint Database, launched by Consumer Response in June 

2012, others can learn from consumers’ complaints too. We have published more than 730,400 

complaints that have been sent to companies for response. We do this not only to empower 

consumers and inform the public, but also so that companies can learn from the data and 

improve their own compliance and customer service operations. In June 2015, the Bureau 

started giving consumers the opportunity to share their descriptions of what happened, in their 

own words, so that others can read about, better understand, and learn from their experiences. 

Through the questions they ask us, the stories they tell us, and the complaints they submit, the 

voices of consumers remain foundational to the Bureau’s work. Many companies are adapting to 

this focus to become more directly responsive to consumer concerns, and thus to improve their 

customer service. We continue to work to fulfill Congress’s vision that we stand on the side of 

consumers to help improve their financial lives. Through their complaints, consumers help us 

make the marketplace a better and safer place. This is good for consumers, for the responsible 

businesses that seek to serve them, and for the American economy as a whole. 

Sincerely, 

Richard Cordray 
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Table of contents

Message from Richard Cordray ................................................................................. 1

Table of contents ......................................................................................................... 3

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5

2. How the CFPB handles complaints ................................................................... 11

3. Results ................................................................................................................. 14

3.1 Complaints handled in 2016 ................................................................... 14

3.2 Consumers’ debt collection complaints ...................................................15

3.3 Consumers’ credit reporting complaints ................................................ 18

3.4 Consumers’ mortgage complaints .......................................................... 22

3.5 Consumers’ bank account and service complaints ................................. 25

3.6 Consumers’ credit card complaints ........................................................ 27

3.7 Consumers’ consumer loan complaints ................................................. 29

3.8 Consumers’ student loan complaints ..................................................... 31

3.9 Consumers’ payday loan complaints ...................................................... 33

3.10 Consumers’ prepaid cards complaints ................................................... 36

3.11 Consumers’ money transfer complaints ................................................. 38

3.12 Other financial services complaints ....................................................... 40

3.13 How companies respond to consumer complaints ................................ 42
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3.14 Consumers’ feedback about companies’ responses ............................... 46

3.15 Consumer Response investigation and analysis .................................... 47

3.16 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 48
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1. Introduction 

The CFPB is the first federal agency solely focused on consumer financial protection.1 Collecting, 

investigating, and responding to consumer complaints2 are integral parts of the CFPB’s work.3

The Bureau’s Office of Consumer Response hears directly from consumers about the challenges 

they face in the marketplace, brings their concerns to the attention of companies, and assists in 

addressing their complaints. 

Consumer Response also answers consumers’ questions about financial products and services 

and provides consumers with an opportunity to share their experiences – positive or negative – 

with consumer financial products and services through the “Tell Your Story” feature on the 

Bureau’s website. These stories, like complaints and questions, are reviewed by CFPB staff to 

help the Bureau understand current issues in the financial marketplace. 

When the Bureau opened its doors on July 21, 2011, it began consumer response operations on 

the same day, answering consumers’ questions and accepting consumer complaints about credit 

cards. Since then, the Bureau has expanded its complaint handling to include complaints about: 

mortgages, bank accounts and services, student loans, vehicle and other consumer loans, credit 

reporting, money transfers, virtual currency, debt collection, payday loans, prepaid cards, and 

other financial services. 

 

1

 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-203 (“Dodd-Frank Act”) 

created the CFPB to protect consumers of financial products or services and to encourage the fair and competitive 

operation of consumer financial markets. 

2 Consumer complaints are submissions that express dissatisfaction with, or communicate suspicion of wrongful 

conduct by, an identifiable entity related to a consumer’s personal experience with a financial product or service. 

3 See Dodd-Frank Act, Pub. L. No. 111-203, Section 1021(c)(2). 
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FIGURE 1: TYPES OF COMPLAINTS OVER TIME 

Consumers also contact the CFPB about other products and services. The Bureau refers 

consumers with questions to other regulators or additional resources, as appropriate. 

The CFPB’s phased-in approach to taking complaints enabled Consumer Response to gather and 

incorporate feedback from consumers and companies into each subsequent complaint capacity 

expansion. For example, Consumer Response has improved its complaint submission process 

and enhanced communication with companies. Leveraging feedback from consumers and 

companies, as well as its own observations, Consumer Response identifies new opportunities to 

improve its processes and implement changes to make the process efficient and effective for 

consumers and companies. 

Since beginning to accept complaints on July 21, 2011, the CFPB has handled approximately 

1,136,000 consumer complaints as of March 1, 2017. 
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FIGURE 2: COMPLAINTS OVER TIME 

FIGURE 3: COMPLAINT VOLUME BY PRODUCT 2015 AND 2016 
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Year over year, complaint volume has steadily increased, rising 7% from 271,600 in 2015 to 

291,400 in 2016. 

Information about consumer complaints is available to the public, through the CFPB’s public 

Consumer Complaint Database, launched on June 19, 2012.4 Complaints are added to the 

database after the company responds to the complaint, confirming a commercial relationship 

with the consumer, or after the company has had the complaint for 15 calendar days, whichever 

comes first. Complaints are not published if they do not meet all of the publication criteria.5 

The public database was initially populated with credit card complaints and has been expanded 

over time: 

 June 2012: populated with credit card complaints dating back to June 1, 2012; 

 October 2012: added credit card complaints dating back to December 1, 2011; 

 March 2013: added mortgage complaints dating back to December 1, 2011; bank account 

and service complaints, student loan complaints, and other consumer loan complaints, 

all dating back to March 1, 2012; 

 May 2013: added credit reporting complaints dating back to October 22, 2012 and 

money transfer complaints dating back to April 4, 2013; 

 November 2013: added debt collection complaints dating back to July 10, 2013; 

 July 2014: added payday loan complaints dating back to November 6, 2013; 

 January 2015: added complaints about prepaid cards, other consumer loans (pawn and 

title loans), and other financial services dating back to July 19, 2014; 

 June 2015: added consumer complaint narratives and optional company public 

 

4 In December 2011, the CFPB asked the public to comment on a proposed policy of making some credit card 

complaint data publicly available. After considering those comments, the CFPB finalized its policy for disclosing 

some of the data through its Consumer Complaint Database (Policy Statement). See Disclosure of Certain Credit 

Card Complaint Data, 77 Fed. Reg. 37,558 (June 22, 2012). 

5 See Disclosure of Consumer Complaint Narrative Data, 80 Fed. Reg. 15572 (March 24, 2015). 
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responses; 

 February 2016: added tags to identify complaints submitted by older Americans and 

servicemembers and a field indicating whether the consumer consented to publication of 

their complaint narrative; and 

 September 2016: added complaints about federal student loan servicing dating back to 

February 25, 2016, and virtual currency complaints dating back to August 11, 2014. 

The database contains certain individual complaint-level data collected by the CFPB, including 

the type of complaint, the date of submission, the consumer’s zip code, and the company about 

which the consumer submitted the complaint. The database also includes information about the 

actions taken by a company in response to a complaint – whether the company’s response was 

timely, how the company responded, and whether the consumer disputed the company’s 

response. The database does not include confidential information about consumers’ identities. 

On June 25, 2015, the CFPB began to publish consumer complaint narratives in the Consumer 

Complaint Database. Consumers now have the opportunity to share – in their own words – their 

experiences with the consumer financial marketplace. Only those narratives for which opt-in 

consumer consent is obtained and to which a robust personal information scrubbing process is 

applied are eligible for disclosure. The database now includes more than 130,000 complaints 

where consumers have opted to share their complaint narrative with others. The CFPB gives 

companies the option to respond publicly to the substance of the consumer complaints they 

receive from the CFPB by selecting from a set list of public-facing response categories. 

Web-based and user-friendly features of the database include the ability to filter data based on 

specific search criteria or tags, to aggregate data in various ways, such as by complaint type, 

company, state, date, or any combination of available variables, and to download data. 

Information from the database has been shared and evaluated on social media and using other 

new applications. 
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www.consumerfinance.gov/complaintdatabase

Consumer Response continually strives to improve data quality and protect sensitive 

information, while increasingly making data available through reports about the complaints the 

CFPB handles and by sharing certain data with the public through the Consumer Complaint 

Database. 

In keeping with the CFPB’s statutory responsibility and its commitment to accountability, this 

report provides an overview of the handling and analysis of complaints by the Bureau from 

January 1 through December 31, 2016.6

 

6 This report addresses the reporting requirements of Dodd-Frank Act Section 1013(b)(3)(c), 12 U.S.C. § 

5493(b)(3)(c) and Fair Credit Reporting Act Section 611(e), 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(e). 
11 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

2. How the CFPB handles 

complaints 

Consumer Response receives complaints and questions directly from consumers. The CFPB 

accepts complaints through its website and by telephone, mail, email, fax, and referral. In 

addition to submitting complaints on the Bureau’s website, consumers can also log on to a 

secure consumer portal to check the status of a complaint and review a company’s response. 

While on the website, consumers can chat with a live agent to get help completing a complaint 

form. Consumers can also call the Bureau’s toll-free number to ask questions, submit a 

complaint, check the status of a complaint, and more. The CFPB’s U.S.-based contact centers 

provide services to consumers in more than 180 languages and to consumers who are deaf, have 

hearing loss, or have speech disabilities via a toll-free telephone number. Cutting-edge 

technology, including secure company and consumer portals, makes the process efficient and 

user-friendly for consumers and companies. For companies, the CFPB provides secure channels 

for communicating directly with dedicated staff about technical issues. 

The CFPB continually strives to collect reliable complaint data while ensuring the system’s ease 

of-use and effectiveness for consumers. When consumers submit complaints, they select the 

consumer financial product or service as well as the issue they are having with that product or 

service from a list. This provides structured data that can be used to group complaints to get a 

sense of which financial products and services consumers complain about and what issues they 

are having in the marketplace. 

 
12 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Complaints are sent via a secure web portal to the appropriate company.7 The company reviews 

the information, communicates with the consumer as needed, and determines what action to 

take in response. The company then reports back to the consumer and the CFPB via the secure 

company portal, and the Bureau invites the consumer to review the response and provide 

feedback. Consumers who have submitted complaints with the Bureau can log onto the secure 

consumer portal available on the CFPB’s website or call a toll-free number to receive status 

updates, provide additional information, and review responses provided to the consumer by the 

company. 

The process seeks to ensure that consumers receive timely responses to their complaints and 

that the Bureau, other regulators, consumers, and the marketplace have the complaint 

information needed to improve the functioning of the consumer financial markets for such 

products and services. 

We also collect unstructured data from consumers and companies during the complaint process. 

The consumer’s narrative description of what happened, consumer-provided documents, the 

company’s response, and company-provided documents are examples of unstructured data. The 

Bureau uses a variety of approaches to analyze consumer complaints including, for example, 

cohort and text analytics to identify trends and possible consumer harm. Our review and 

 

7 In some cases, Consumer Response refers or sends a complaint to another regulator, for example, if a particular 

complaint does not involve a product or market that is within the Bureau’s jurisdiction or one that is not currently 

being handled by the Bureau, or in cases where the company is not yet registered to respond to complaints in our 

system. Complaints handled by the Bureau, including those sent to other regulators, serve to inform the Bureau in its 

work to supervise companies, to enforce consumer financial laws, to write better rules and regulations, and to educate 

and engage consumers. 
13 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

analysis of unstructured data offers deeper insights into consumers’ complaints and helps the 

Bureau understand problems consumers are experiencing with consumer financial products and 

services. 

Throughout this process, subject matter experts help monitor certain complaints. For example, 

the Office of Servicemember Affairs coordinates with Consumer Response on complaints 

submitted by or on behalf of a servicemember or the spouse or dependent of a servicemember. 

For these purposes, a servicemember includes anyone who self-identifies as active duty, 

National Guard, or Reservist, as well as those who previously served and identify as a Veteran or 

retiree. 
14 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

3. Results 

3.1 Complaints handled in 2016 

Between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016, the CFPB handled approximately 291,400 

consumer complaints.8 

FIGURE 4: CONSUMER COMPLAINTS BY PRODUCT9

Approximately 73% of all consumer complaints were submitted through the CFPB’s website and 

 

8 This analysis excludes multiple complaints submitted by a given consumer on the same issue (i.e., duplicates) and 

whistleblower tips. All data are current as of January 1, 2017. 

9 Percentages may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding. 
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7% via telephone calls. Referrals accounted for 12% of all complaints handled by the CFPB. The 

rest were submitted by mail, email, and fax. 

The tables and figures presented below show complaints by type, actions taken, company 

responses, and consumers’ feedback about company responses.10 

3.2 Consumers’ debt collection complaints 

Figures 5 and 6 and Table 1 show the types of debt collection complaints reported by consumers 

for the approximately 88,000 debt collection complaints the CFPB has handled. Approximately 

41,400 (or 47%) of all debt collection complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 were sent by 

Consumer Response to companies for review and response. The remaining complaints have 

been referred to other regulatory agencies (38%), found to be incomplete (10%), or are pending 

with the CFPB or the consumer (4% and 1%, respectively). These complaints include first-party 

(creditors collecting on their own debts) and third-party collections. 

FIGURE 5: TYPES OF DEBT CONSUMERS COMPLAIN ABOUT 

Debt collection complaints led both the daily and monthly volume of complaints handled by the 

CFPB in 2016. The issues that consumers selected in 2016 were similar to the issues they 

selected in 2015. 

 

10 Percentages may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding. 
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FIGURE 6: TYPES OF DEBT COLLECTION COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

TABLE 1: TYPES OF DEBT COLLECTION COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Many of the trends identified in 2015 continued into 2016. The most common type of debt 

collection complaint is about continued attempts to collect a debt that the consumer reports is 

not owed. In some of these complaints, consumers reported not being provided documentation 

to verify the debt, even after written, timely requests were submitted for verification of the 

purported debts. 

Types of debt collection complaints % 

Continued attempts to collect debt not owed (Debt was discharged in bankruptcy, debt 

resulted from identity theft, debt was paid, debt is not mine) 41% 

Disclosure/verification of debt (Did not receive notice of right to dispute, not enough 

information to verify debt, did not disclose communication was an attempt to collect a debt) 20% 

Communication tactics (Frequent or repeated calls, called outside of 8am-9pm, used obscene, 

profane or other abusive language, threatened to take legal action, called after sent written 

cease of communication notice) 

15% 

False statements or representation (Attempted to collect wrong amount, impersonated 

attorney, law enforcement or government official, indicated committing crime by not paying 

debt, indicated should not respond to lawsuit) 

9% 

Taking/threatening an illegal action (Threatened to arrest me or take me to jail if I do not pay, 

threatened to sue me on debt that is too old to be sued on, sued me without properly notifying 

me of lawsuit, sued me where I did not live or did not sign for the debt, attempted to/collected 

exempt funds, seized or attempted to seize property) 

9% 

Improper contact or sharing of information (Contacted me after I asked not to, contacted my 

employer, contacted me instead of my attorney, talked to a third party about my debt) 6% 

Total Debt Collection Complaints 100% 
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In other complaints, consumers complained that first-party collectors (creditors collecting on 

their own debts) forwarded their accounts to third-party collectors for a debt that was not owed. 

Upon dispute with the third-party collector, consumers reported that the debt was sent back to 

the first-party, only to be later sent to a new third-party collector. Some consumers reported that 

collectors place the onus of proving that the debt is not owed on consumers throughout this 

cycle. Consumers reported their accounts were forwarded to third-party collectors without any 

prior contact from the first-party collectors of an outstanding balance. Some complained that 

accounts had been negatively reported to credit reporting companies even after communicating 

with the first- and third-parties that the debt was not owed. Consumers also reported that their 

accounts were not in a delinquent status prior to contact by third-party collectors. 

Communication tactics used by debt collectors was a common issue raised by consumers. Many 

of these consumers reported that they received multiple calls weekly or even daily. According to 

many consumers, requests to cease communications were not honored. For both first- and 

third-party collectors, consumers reported continued communications following an oral or 

written request to cease communications. 

Consumers continued to report that frequent or repeated calls are a commonly used collection 

tactic. In many complaints, consumers described collection calls to their place of employment 

even after having informed collectors that contact at work was prohibited by their employers. 

Some consumers reported that collectors made in-person visits to their workplace. In 2016, 

there was a slight increase in the number of consumers who complained about debt collectors 

who talked to a third party about their debt. Some of these consumers described how their debt 

was disclosed to a supervisor or other third-party. 

Consumers submitting medical debt collection complaints increased slightly in 2016. In the 

submission of complaints where “medical” was identified as the type of debt, consumers selected 

“debt was paid” and “debt was not mine” as their primary issue in the majority of the 

complaints. Frequently, consumers stated that third-party debt collectors attempted to collect 

medical debt with incorrect balances. In many of these complaints, consumers reported that 

they were not given enough information to verify a debt. Some consumers reported they had 

secured a payment plan with the original party; however, the account was forwarded to 

collection agencies without regard to prior approved payment plans. Other complaints involved 

consumers’ insistence that the amount due was erroneous as they believed the amount pursued 
18 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

by collectors was for expenses covered by their medical insurance. 

3.3 Consumers’ credit reporting complaints 

Figure 7 and Table 2 show the types of credit reporting complaints, as reported by consumers 

for the approximately 54,000 credit reporting complaints handled by the CFPB. This includes 

approximately 44,000 (81%) about the three largest nationwide credit reporting companies – 

Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. Approximately 45,300 (or 84%) of all credit reporting 

complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer Response to companies for 

review and response. The remaining complaints have been referred to other regulatory agencies 

(0.3%), found to be incomplete (14%), or are pending with the consumer or the CFPB (2% and 

0.3%, respectively). 

FIGURE 7: TYPES OF CREDIT REPORTING COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 
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TABLE 2: TYPES OF CREDIT REPORTING COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Types of credit reporting complaints % 

Incorrect information on credit report (Information is not mine, Account terms, Account status, 

Personal information, Public record, Reinserted previously deleted information) 74% 

Credit reporting company’s investigation (Investigation took too long, Did not get proper notice 

of investigation status or results, Did not receive adequate help over the phone, Problem with 

statement of dispute) 

11% 

Improper use of my credit report (Report improperly shared by credit reporting company, 

Received marketing offers after opting out, Report provided to employer without written 

authorization) 

6% 

Unable to get my credit report or credit score (Problem getting free annual report, Problem 

getting report or credit score) 6% 

Credit monitoring or identity protection services (Problem cancelling or closing account, Billing 

dispute, Receiving unwanted marketing or advertising, Account or product terms and 

changes, Problem with fraud alerts) 

3% 

Total Credit Reporting Complaints 100% 

The most common type of credit reporting complaint continues to be about information the 

consumer believes to be incorrect appearing on the consumer’s credit report, such as 

information that does not belong to the consumer, incorrect account status, and incorrect 

personal information. These complaints frequently involve debt collection items. In some cases, 

consumers report having paid the debt appearing on their report. In other complaints, 

consumers assert the debt is no longer due because the debt is too old to be enforced in court. 

These complaints may reflect confusion about the fact that information on past overdue debt—

even when paid or no longer enforceable because of limitations—often can remain on a credit 

report. Other complaints state that the debt belongs to a different consumer, or consumers state 

that they do not recognize the debt. Delays in updating inaccurate records, problems correcting 

inaccurate records, and public records being incorrectly matched to their credit reports continue 

to be frequent issues cited by consumers. 
20 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Consumers continued to report having trouble accessing their credit reports because they 

cannot answer detailed identity authentication questions. If denied access to their report 

because they failed online authentication, the option available is to mail copies of sensitive, 

identifying documents, which consumers note is time-consuming and worry is potentially 

unsecure. 

The three national credit reporting companies reported providing relief – monetary or 

nonmonetary – in response to approximately 23% of incorrect information complaints and 

complaints about the credit reporting companies’ investigations sent to them for response. 

Providing relief to consumers varies by company with Experian providing relief in response to 

approximately 41% of complaints, Transunion providing relief in response to approximately 

25% of complaints, and Equifax providing relief in response to approximately 5% of complaints. 

In addition to complaints about the three nationwide credit reporting companies—Equifax, 

Experian, Transunion—consumers submitted numerous complaints about specialty and other 

consumer reporting companies. These companies specialize in providing reports in a number of 

areas, including background and employment screening, checking account screening, rental 

screening, and insurance screening. Difficulty resolving inaccuracies is a major concern for 

consumers submitting complaints about specialty consumer reporting companies. These 

consumers report long delays, negative customer service experiences, and failed attempts to 

have inaccurate negative information removed. 

Tables 3 and 4 take a closer look at the two largest issue categories chosen by consumers that 

show the extent to which the sub-issues that consumers choose when submitting complaints 

about inaccurate information on their credit reports and credit reporting companies’ 

investigations are similar at the three nationwide credit reporting companies. 
21 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 3: SUB-ISSUES OF INCORRECT INFORMATION IN CREDIT REPORTING COMPLAINTS 

Sub-issue for incorrect information 

in credit report complaints Equifax Experian TransUnion

National 

credit 

reporting 

companies

Information is not mine (Belongs to 

someone else, identity theft, fraud, 

etc.)

35% 38% 32% 35%

Account status (Paid bill on time, 

account closed, etc.) 30% 32% 27% 30%

Account terms (Creditor name/info, 

balance, payment, etc.) 10% 11% 11% 11%

Public record (Bankruptcy, judgment, 

etc.) 11% 7% 8% 9%

Personal information (Wrong date of 

birth, address, etc.) 8% 8% 8% 8%

Reinserted previously deleted 

information 6% 4% 15% 8%

Total Incorrect Information in 

Credit Report Complaints 100% 100% 100% 100%

TABLE 4: SUB-ISSUES OF CREDIT REPORTING COMPANY’S INVESTIGATION COMPLAINTS 

Sub-issue for credit reporting 

company’s investigation complaints Equifax Experian TransUnion 

National credit 

reporting 

companies 

No notice of investigation status or result 36% 44% 41% 40% 

Problem with statement of dispute 32% 30% 28% 30% 

Investigation took too long 23% 17% 19% 20% 

Inadequate help over the phone 10% 10% 12% 10% 

Total Credit Reporting Company’s 

Investigation Complaints 100% 100% 100% 100% 
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3.4 Consumers’ mortgage complaints 

Figures 8 and 9 and Table 5 show the types of mortgage complaints reported by consumers for 

the approximately 51,200 mortgage complaints the CFPB has handled. Approximately 43,000 

(or 84%) of all mortgage complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer 

Response to companies for review and response. The remaining complaints have been referred 

to other regulatory agencies (11%), found to be incomplete (3%), or are pending with the 

consumer or the CFPB (0.4% and 1%, respectively). 

FIGURE 8: TYPES OF MORTGAGE PRODUCTS CONSUMERS COMPLAIN ABOUT 

For mortgage complaints, as with all other complaints, the consumer selects the issue that best 

describes the problem they are having. These issues correspond to the part of the mortgage 

process with which they are having a problem. Reflecting the complexity and interrelated nature 

of mortgages and mortgage issues, consumers are not asked to provide further specificity by 

selecting a sub-issue. This ensures the reliability of mortgage complaint data that we collect 

from consumers and share in reports and through the Consumer Complaint Database. 

FIGURE 9: TYPES OF MORTGAGE COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 
23 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 5: TYPES OF MORTGAGE COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Complaint submissions increased in 2016 for consumers who reported the issue of “making 

payments (loan servicing, payments, escrow accounts).” Consumers complaining about the 

servicing transfer of their loan account voiced concerns of mismanagement of payments when 

made to either the prior or current servicer on or around the effective date of transfer. Many of 

these consumers reported that payment was not credited to their account. Some consumers 

reported post service transfer issues involving their escrow account resulted in an increase to 

their monthly payment with no clear explanation provided by their servicers. Additionally, 

consumers who reported being involved in the loss mitigation assistance process at the time of 

the loan servicing transfer complained that documentation (e.g., applications, modification 

approvals) was not provided to the new servicer. 

Some consumers reported missing loan payments, resulting in delinquent account statuses and 

negative reporting of the account to credit reporting companies. A number of consumers 

complained of payment issues involving monthly payments made via bill pay services with their 

financial institutions. These consumers reported that payments were electronically transmitted 

to their servicers, but not credited to their loan account. Consumers who were approved for loss 

mitigation options—for example, a trial period plan, forbearance agreement, or loan 

Types of mortgage complaints % 

Making payments (Loan servicing, payments, escrow accounts) 40% 

Problems when you are unable to pay (Loan modification, collection, foreclosure) 38% 

Applying for the loan (Application, originator, mortgage broker) 10% 

Signing the agreement (Settlement process and costs) 6% 

Receiving a credit offer (Credit decision/Underwriting) 3% 

Other 3% 

Total Mortgage Complaints 100% 
24 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

modification—reported that their payments were not accepted or applied as intended. 

In managing escrow accounts, instances of over-collection, unexplained shortages, and untimely 

tax and insurance disbursements are all common issues that consumers reported. Consumers 

complained that the escrow discrepancies led to erroneous increases to their mortgage 

installment amount. Consumers reported that after paying an identified shortage disclosed in 

their escrow analysis statement, funds were not applied accurately and resulted in an increase in 

their monthly payment. Other complaints involved issues regarding the disbursement of funds 

from escrow accounts to pay for collections. Some consumers reported that despite having an 

escrow account for insurance, their servicer failed to submit timely payment to their 

homeowner’s insurance company, which ultimately left their property without adequate 

coverage. 

The next most complained about issue involved problems consumers report when they are 

unable to pay, loan modification, collection, and foreclosure. In particular, complaints involving 

the loss mitigation assistance process often detailed repeated requests by servicers for 

submission of the same documentation and lack of responsiveness from the consumers’ single 

point of contact. Some consumers reported receiving conflicting and confusing foreclosure 

notifications while undergoing loss mitigation assistance review. Many consumers complained 

about the denial of their modification applications, while others stated that the terms of the 

modification offered to them were unaffordable. 

Communication issues were reported by consumers as attempts to contact their servicers were 

met with difficulty and often resulted in confusing and contradictory information. Consumers 

seeking to obtain clarification regarding loan account reinstatement amounts, charges and fees, 

or interest rate increases stated they were provided ambiguous information. Some consumers 

described their experience as frustrating and asserted that the low level of customer service 

attributed to the delay in account resolution. 

Consumers reported that after having experienced property damage, they filed insurance claims, 

received their claims benefit checks, and forwarded those checks to their servicers. However, 

these consumers stated that servicers delayed releasing funds needed to make necessary repairs 

to their homes despite having provided all required documentation. 

Consumer complaints about mortgage originations often involved reports of prolonged and 
25 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

confusing application and approval processes. Some consumers described unresponsive loan 

representatives and stated that they were required to submit multiple loan applications. A 

number of consumers reported that processing delays resulted in the loss of favorable interest 

rates and expiration of rate locks. 

3.5 Consumers’ bank account and service 

complaints 

Figures 10 and 11 and Table 6 show the types of bank account and service complaints, such as 

complaints about checking and savings accounts, as reported by consumers for the 

approximately 28,400 complaints handled by the CFPB. Approximately 22,200 (or 78%) of all 

bank account or service complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer 

Response to companies for review and response. The remaining complaints have been referred 

to other regulatory agencies (16%), found to be incomplete (4%), or are pending with the 

consumer or the CFPB (0.5% and 1%, respectively). 

FIGURE 10: TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNTS AND SERVICES CONSUMERS COMPLAIN ABOUT 

FIGURE 11: TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNT AND SERVICE COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 
26 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 6: TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNT AND SERVICE COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Types of bank account and service complaints % 

Account opening, closing, or management (Confusing marketing, denial, disclosure, 

fees, closure, interest, statements, joint accounts) 46% 

Deposits and withdrawals (Availability of deposits, withdrawal problems and penalties, 

unauthorized transactions, check cashing, payroll deposit problems, lost or missing 

funds, transaction holds) 

24% 

Making or receiving payments (Problems with payments by check, card, phone or 

online, unauthorized or fraudulent transactions, money/wire transfers) 11% 

Problems caused by my funds being low (Overdraft fees, late fees, bounced checks, 

credit reporting) 9% 

Using a debit or ATM card (Disputed transaction, unauthorized card use, ATM or debit 

card fees, ATM problems) 9% 

Total Bank Account and Service Complaints 100% 

Consumers submit complaints about accounts or services offered by banks, credit unions and 

nonbank companies under the general category of “bank accounts or services.” The most 

common type of bank account and service complaint continues to relate to opening, closing, or 

managing the account. Consumer complaints about the use of consumer and credit reporting 

data for account screening are also common. Consumers frequently mentioned learning of a 

furnisher’s past negative reporting to both specialty reporting companies and national credit 

reporting companies when they attempted to open a new bank account. Consumers also 

expressed that they have difficulty addressing potential errors on their reports. Promotional 

offers for opening new accounts were the focus of a number of complaints, including offers for 

airline miles and promotional cash. Some of these complaints involved the consumer’s eligibility 

for the promotional offer—for example, when a consumer applies for an offer that they were not 

eligible for. Other complaints involved disputes over whether the consumer had met the 

required terms for a promotional offer. 

Complaints related to overdrafts remain common, including complaints about transaction 
27 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

ordering. Consumers complained about overdrafts that took place because of confusion over the 

availability of funds that they were attempting to deposit. Consumers also regularly complained 

about the size of overdraft fees when making small dollar purchases. Other fees, including 

insufficient fund fees, extended overdraft fees and monthly maintenance fees were also 

frequently the subject of complaints. 

The availability of funds deposited via check or through direct deposit is a concern for 

consumers. Consumers expressed frustration with bank check holding policies and by the length 

of time it takes for various negotiable instruments to clear and become available. A number of 

these complaints involved mobile deposit applications and problems that consumers 

encountered when using them—including institutions having different funds availability policies 

for mobile deposits. 

Consumers also frequently complained about error resolution procedures for their deposit 

accounts, including timelines for investigation and provisional credit for disputed transactions. 

Consumers often asserted that a specific transaction was not authorized or that they were 

victims of fraud or identity theft. The meaning of authorization in the context of error resolution 

appears to cause confusion for some consumers as they attempted to dispute transactions 

because they were dissatisfied with the products or services that they purchased. 

A number of consumers have submitted complaints related to the probate process. These 

consumers frequently mentioned difficulty getting information about and access to their 

deceased relatives’ accounts. These complaints often involved different types of accounts, 

including savings accounts, certificates of deposit, trust accounts, and retirement accounts. 

3.6 Consumers’ credit card complaints 

Table 7 shows the most common types of credit card complaints that the CFPB has handled as 

reported by consumers. Seventy three percent of the approximately 26,600 credit card 

complaints fell into these ten categories. Approximately 21,400 (or 81%) of all credit card 

complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer Response to companies for 

review and response. The remaining complaints have been referred to other regulatory agencies 

(14%), found to be incomplete (3%), or are pending with the consumer or the CFPB (0.4% and 

1%, respectively). 
28 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 7: MOST COMMON CREDIT CARD COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Most common credit card complaints % 

Billing disputes 17% 

Other 13% 

Identity theft / Fraud / Embezzlement 12% 

Closing / Cancelling account 7% 

Customer service / Customer relations 4% 

Delinquent account 4% 

APR or interest rate 4% 

Rewards 4% 

Advertising and marketing 4% 

Late fee 3% 

Credit Card Complaints in Top 10 Types 73% 

Billing disputes continue to be the most common type of credit card complaint. Consumers 

complained about the application of payments to their accounts with multiple balances and 

different expiration periods that resulted from balance transfers, cash advances, or deferred 

interest purchases. These consumers expressed that they were inadequately informed of how 

their payments would be applied and were surprised that payments were not applied to 

promotional or deferred interest balances with limited terms. Some consumers also thought that 

no interest charges would be incurred during the deferral period regardless of whether the debt 

is paid in full. 

Some consumers who received insurance products (e.g., phone or travel insurance), warranty 

extensions and guaranties, improved return policies, price protection services, and other similar 

benefits through their card programs complained about difficulties they reported experiencing 

while attempting to take advantage of these benefits. 

Credit decisions, including initial application decisions and servicing changes (e.g., interest rate 
29 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

adjustments, credit limit reductions), were frequently the subject of complaints. Consumers 

complained of difficulty understanding determinations made by credit card companies and the 

reasons stated on letters explaining the decisions. These consumers also expressed concern 

about existing terms on their credit report that they felt did not reflect their creditworthiness. 

Other consumers expressed a belief that prejudice or bias may have impacted those credit 

decisions. 

Consumers continued to submit complaints regarding the closure of their account without their 

knowledge or consent. In response to these complaints, companies often replied that the 

consumer’s account was closed because of default or suspected fraud. Also, consumers 

expressed a concern about the potential negative effect on their credit score when accounts were 

closed due to inactivity. Some of these consumers stated that they would have used the cards in 

question if they had been notified of the impending closure. 

Misleading offers for rewards program was a topic of concern for many consumers. These 

consumers complained of difficulty when attempting to receive promised benefits and felt that 

the terms and conditions of the programs were not clearly explained when they opened the card. 

Complaints about bonus points or miles programs, cash back programs, and travel benefits 

programs were especially common in these complaints. 

Consumers expressed frustration with various fees and additional costs associated with their 

credit cards. For example, although consumers appear to understand why late fees are assessed 

to their accounts, many felt that the fees should not be applied when an automatic payment 

failed or when a billing statement did not arrive in a timely manner. 

3.7 Consumers’ consumer loan complaints 

Figures 12 and 13 and Table 8 show the types of consumer loan complaints, such as complaints 

about installment loans, vehicle loans and leases, personal lines of credit, and pawn and title 

loans reported by consumers for the approximately 16,400 consumer loan complaints handled 

by the CFPB. Approximately 9,800 (or 60%) of all consumer loan complaints handled by the 

CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer Response to companies for review and response. The 

remaining complaints have been referred to other regulatory agencies (28%), found to be 

incomplete (7%), or are pending with the consumer or the CFPB (1% and 4%, respectively). 
30 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

FIGURE 12: TYPES OF CONSUMER LOANS CONSUMERS COMPLAIN ABOUT

FIGURE 13: TYPES OF CONSUMER LOAN COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS

TABLE 8: TYPES OF CONSUMER LOAN COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Types of consumer loan complaints % 

Managing the loan, lease, or line of credit (Billing, late fees, damage or loss, insurance 

(GAP, credit, etc.), credit reporting, privacy) 45% 

Problems when you are unable to pay (Debt collection, repossession, set-off from 

bank account, deficiency, bankruptcy, default) 22% 

Taking out the loan or lease / Account terms and changes (Term changes (mid-deal 

changes, changes after closing, rates, fees, etc.), required add-on products, trade-in 

payoff, fraud) 

18% 

Shopping for a loan, lease, or line of credit (Sales tactics or pressure, credit denial, 

confusing advertising or marketing) 12% 

Other 2% 

Charged fees or interest I didn’t expect 1% 

Total Consumer Loan Complaints 100% 
31 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

The table illustrates that the most common type of consumer loan complaint pertains to 

managing the loan, lease, or line of credit. Other common types of complaints address problems 

consumers have when they are unable to pay—including issues related to debt collection, 

bankruptcy, default, and problems when taking out the loan or lease, such as term changes. 

Consumers continued to complain that they experienced a “bait and switch” where the lenders 

offers favorable terms to attract their interest in a product and then changes those terms right 

before the contract is consummated. This behavior was described as confusing and often led to 

consumers paying much more for a loan than they were initially told. 

In 2016, consumer loan complaints with the sub-product of vehicle loan were submitted more 

frequently than other sub-products. In these complaints, consumers complained about payment 

processing issues, including not having their payments applied to their accounts in a timely and 

correct manner. Consumers also complained of inaccurate debiting of their bank accounts for 

monthly payments. Some consumers complained that they did not understand why their 

account balances were not decreasing after making a larger number of monthly payments. These 

consumers indicated that they did not fully understand the effects of fees and high interest rates 

on the total cost of their loans. 

3.8 Consumers’ student loan complaints 

Figure 14 and Table 9 show the types of student loan complaints as reported by consumers for 

the approximately 12,300 student loan complaints handled by the CFPB11. Approximately 8,300 

(or 68%) of all student loan complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer 

Response to companies for review and response. The remaining complaints have been referred 

to other regulatory agencies (17%), found to be incomplete (12%), or are pending with the 

consumer or the CFPB (2% and 2%, respectively).

 

11 The Bureau began handling Federal student loan servicing complaints on February 25, 2016. The Bureau does not 

handle complaints about financial aid eligibility or Federal student loan origination (getting a loan).
32 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

FIGURE 14: TYPES OF STUDENT LOAN COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

TABLE 9: TYPES OF STUDENT LOAN COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Types of student loan complaints % 

Dealing with lender or servicer (Making payments, getting information about my 

loan. Managing my account) 67% 

Can’t repay my loan (Fees, default, bankruptcy, billing, deferment, forbearance, 

fraud, credit reporting) 30% 

Getting a loan (Confusing terms, rates, denial, confusing advertising or 

marketing, sales tactics or pressure, financial aid services, recruiting) 2% 

Total Student Loan Complaints 100% 

The most common type of student loan complaint is related to dealing with a lender or servicer 

and includes issues such as making payments, getting information about a loan, and managing 

an account. Borrowers continued to report issues involving loan servicing, including payment 

processing problems, difficulty in obtaining documented loan account history, inaccurate 

account status, and customer service experiences when inquiring on repayment options. 

More frequently than other issues, non-federal and federal student loan borrowers expressed 

their concerns relating to trouble with how payments are handled. Borrowers complained of 

misapplied payments and inaccurate accounting of payments. Some borrowers complained of 

misapplication of payments and reported that payments were not applied to specified accounts, 

but rather applied to all accounts managed by the servicer. 

Some federal student loan borrowers reported that when contacting their loan servicers 

regarding financial distress, servicers provided them with information on hardship forbearance 

or deferment, instead of more beneficial options like income-driven repayment plans. Also, 

confusion on the difference between forbearance and deferment options was expressed by 
33 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

borrowers of private and federal loans. 

Federal student loan borrowers complained of difficulty enrolling in income-driven repayment 

plans. Borrowers reported lost documentation, extended application processing times, and 

unclear guidance when seeking to switch from one income-driven repayment plan to another. 

Additionally, federal student loan borrowers described their experiences when trying to obtain 

guidance in completing annual income recertification for their income-driven repayment plan. 

These borrowers reported receiving insufficient information from their servicers to meet 

recertification deadlines and lengthy processing times. 

Non-federal and federal student loan borrowers reported issues of incorrect reporting of their 

loans to the credit reporting companies. Borrowers stated that their loan accounts were paid in 

full or not in a delinquent status but were being reported negatively. Some borrowers reported 

being contacted by collection companies for accounts that had been paid in full or for debts that 

were not owed. 

3.9 Consumers’ payday loan complaints 

In addition to the 7,300 payday loan related debt collection complaints reported in section 3.2, 

figures 15 and 16 and Table 10 show the types of payday loan complaints reported by consumers 

for the approximately 4,400 payday loan complaints the CFPB has handled. Approximately 

1,800 (or 41%) of all payday complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer 

Response to companies for review and response. The remaining complaints have been referred 

to other regulatory agencies (41%), found to be incomplete (13%), or are pending with the 

consumer or the CFPB (1% and 4%, respectively). 
34 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

FIGURE 15: TYPES OF PAYDAY LOAN COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

FIGURE 16: TYPES OF PAYDAY LOANS CONSUMERS COMPLAIN ABOUT 

Of the 4,400 payday loan complaints submitted by consumers, approximately 56% were about 

problems consumers reported experiencing after obtaining (or attempting to obtain) a payday 

loan online. Approximately 14% reported problems when obtaining a payday loan in person or 

at a store. For the remaining approximately 30% of complaints, the consumer did not indicate 

how the loan was obtained. 
35 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 10: TYPES OF PAYDAY LOAN COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS, BY TYPE OF LOAN 

Types of Payday Complaints In person / at 

the store Online Not stated Total

Cannot contact lender 13% 44% 43% 31% 

Charged fees or interest I did not expect 14% 70% 17% 30% 

 Received a loan I did not apply for 7% 41% 52% 14% 

 Applied for a loan, but didn’t receive money 11% 65% 24% 7% 

 Payment to account not credited 29% 53% 18% 7% 

 Can’t stop lender from charging my bank 

account 21% 67% 12% 7% 

Lender charged my bank account on wrong day 

or for wrong amount 29% 61% 10% 4% 

The most common type of payday loan complaint received in 2016 is about problems with 

contacting the lender. Consumers also commonly complained about being charged unexpected 

fees or interest and receiving loans for which they did not apply. Table 10 illustrates the types of 

issues reported by consumers based on the reported source of the loan. 

The remaining complaints involved issues identified in 2015 that continued into 2016, such as 

payment issues surrounding check holding and electronic debit authorization that hands control 

of the consumer’s bank account over to the lender. Some consumers complained that the payday 

lender re-presented a check several times, causing their account to incur multiple insufficient 

funds or overdraft fees. 

Consumer confusion relating to repayment terms was frequently expressed. These consumers 

complained of the lack of clarity about repayment of the loan using automatic withdrawal 

features on a bank card, on a prepaid card, or by direct deposit. Consumers with multiple 

advances stated their difficulty managing a short repayment period and more often rolled-over 

the loan, resulting in an inflated total cost of the loan. 

The cost and structure of a particular loan can make it difficult for consumers to repay. 

Consumers raised concerns such as the risk of being unable to repay the loan while still having 
36 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

enough money left over for other expenses, the high cost of the loan, and aggressive debt 

collection practices in the case of delinquency or default. 

3.10 Consumers’ prepaid card complaints 

Figure 17 and Table 11 show the types of prepaid card complaints reported by consumers for the 

approximately 2,500 prepaid card complaints the CFPB has handled. Approximately 1,300 (or 

50%) of all prepaid complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer Response 

to companies for review and response. The remaining complaints have been referred to other 

regulatory agencies (37%), found to be incomplete (8%), or are pending with the consumer or 

the CFPB (1% and 4%, respectively).

FIGURE 17: TYPES OF PREPAID CARD COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 
37 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 11: TYPES OF PREPAID CARD COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Types of prepaid card complaints % 

Unauthorized transactions or other transaction issues 33% 

Managing, opening, or closing your account 29% 

Fraud or scam 22% 

Fees 7% 

Advertising, marketing, or disclosures 4% 

Adding money 4% 

Overdraft, savings or rewards features 2% 

Total Prepaid Card Complaints 100% 

The most common type of prepaid card complaint involved unauthorized transactions or other 

transaction issues. Another common type of complaint was about managing, opening, or closing 

a prepaid card account. 

Consumers complained that they were unable to access funds loaded on their prepaid cards for 

extended periods of time. Frequently, these consumers also expressed hardships resulting from 

the lack of access to their funds. Some consumers stated that after disputing a particular charge, 

the company would often freeze the entire available balance to prevent further loss while the 

claim was under review. During the review process, companies sometimes requested additional 

information—such as purchase receipts or original packaging—which the consumer often stated 

was no longer in their possession. 

Consumers reported difficulty using prepaid cards. Some of these consumers stated that their 

cards were cancelled without notification. Consumers stated that they had to contact the 

company numerous times before a new card was issued. 

Consumers who received a prepaid card as a refund complained that they were unable to 

activate the card, access the funds, or both. Subsequently, for some of these consumers, 

dormancy fees were assessed, depleting the card balance. 
38 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Consumers reported that companies sometimes issued cards without proper verification 

resulting in theft of their funds. These consumers stated they experienced prolonged 

investigations of their claims, leaving them without access to their money for extended periods 

of time. 

Consumers raised issues involving the management of prepaid card accounts. In some of these 

complaints, consumers reported balance discrepancies for cards, especially if they were unable 

to check their balance and transaction history online or were not provided with statements. 

Consumers also complained of delayed credits to their prepaid card after notifying the company 

of a fraudulent or unauthorized charge or after a purchase had been cancelled or returned. 

3.11 Consumers’ money transfer complaints 

Figures 18 and 19 and Table 12 show the types of money transfer complaints reported by 

consumers for the approximately 2,300 money transfer complaints the CFPB has handled. 

Approximately 1,600 (or 68%) of all money transfer complaints handled by the CFPB in 2016 

were sent by Consumer Response to companies for review and response. The remaining 

complaints have been referred to other regulatory agencies (22%), found to be incomplete (7%), 

or are pending with the consumer or the CFPB (0.9% and 3%, respectively). 

FIGURE 18: TYPES OF MONEY TRANSFERS CONSUMERS COMPLAIN ABOUT 

FIGURE 19: TYPES OF MONEY TRANSFER COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 
39 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 12: TYPES OF MONEY TRANSFER COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Types of money transfer complaints %

Fraud or scam 36% 

Other transaction issues (Unauthorized transaction, cancellation, refund, 

etc.) 28% 

Money was not available when promised 19% 

Other service issues 9% 

Wrong amount charged or received 4% 

Incorrect or missing disclosures or info 4% 

Total Money Transfer Complaints 100% 

The most common type of money transfer complaint is about fraud or scams. Many of these 

consumers complained that they sent money to a seller but did not receive the items they 

purchased in return. Other complaints involved consumers who frequently remit money to 

family members both domestically and internationally. A number of these consumers stated that 

they regularly used money transfers to provide for family members’ basic living expenses. They 

often reported that the transfer recipients did not receive the money transfer, the amount 

received was smaller than expected, or the transfer encountered significant and unanticipated 

delays. 

Consumers attempting to complete transactions through an online money transfer service often 

reported encountering problems with the dispute resolution process. Sellers describe several 

scenarios where they did not receive payments after sending the item to the buyer. This often 

occurred when the seller was told that the payment had been accepted, but was later cancelled. 

Cancellation was done either by the buyer due to a dispute or by the financial institution because 

of insufficient funds in the buyer’s account. 

Consumers reported that money transfer service providers placed holds on accounts without 

providing them with an explanation. Companies commonly reported that the hold was placed as 

a result of a risk-based model that will hold reserves on accounts in order to cover potential 
40 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

losses arising from reversals or chargebacks. 

Consumers who submitted complaints about international money transfers commonly reported 

delays and restrictions when attempting to make transfers. Many of these complaints are the 

product of company risk-based assessments, reviewed for compliance with United States 

regulations administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control and consumer identification 

efforts. Consumers often complained that companies did not provide an adequate explanation of 

the process. 

3.12 Other financial services complaints 

Figure 20 and Table 13 show the types of other financial service complaints reported by 

consumers for the approximately 2,100 other financial services complaints the CFPB has 

handled. Approximately 500 (or 22%) of all other financial services complaints handled by the 

CFPB in 2016 were sent by Consumer Response to companies for review and response. The 

remaining complaints have been referred to other regulatory agencies (57%), found to be 

incomplete (13%), or are pending with the consumer or the CFPB (1% and 7%, respectively). 

FIGURE 20: TYPES OF OTHER FINANCIAL SERVICE COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 
41 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 13: TYPES OF OTHER FINANCIAL SERVICE COMPLAINTS REPORTED BY CONSUMERS 

Types of other financial service complaints % 

Fraud or Scam 58% 

Customer service/Customer relations 16% 

Unexpected/Other Fees 7% 

Excessive Fees 7% 

Advertising and marketing 4% 

Disclosures 3% 

Lost or stolen check 2% 

Lost or stolen money order 1% 

Incorrect exchange rate 0.8% 

Total other financial services 100% 

The majority of the other financial service complaints were about debt settlement, refund 

anticipation check, and credit repair. Some consumer complaints about debt settlement are 

related to debt collection and consumers’ attempts to reduce their debt balance with their 

original creditor. Many of these complaints involved consumer reports of possible fraud or 

scams. Consumers reported making good faith payments to debt relief companies to pay off 

existing debt to creditors. Some of these consumers state that the payments were never 

forwarded to their creditors and they are now facing lawsuits for accounts they presumed were 

paid. 

Consumers who submitted check cashing complaints frequently mentioned the high costs. This 

was especially common for consumers who don’t have a bank account at the institution where 

they were attempting to cash the check. A number of these consumers also complained about 

being unable to cash checks. In many instances, these checks were not cashed because of 

recommendations made by check authorization and warranty companies. 

Consumers also complained about difficulties redeeming money orders and about problems 
42 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

encountered when money orders were lost. In many of these complaints, consumers expressed 

dissatisfaction with the error resolution processes available to them and the length of time 

required to resolve errors. 

Money order, traveler’s check/cashier’s check, and foreign check complaints frequently involved 

consumers who believed that they were victims of a scam. These complaints involved common 

scams, such as those that involve providing advance payment before goods are delivered or 

services are rendered. Scam victims may be unable to secure redress from their financial 

institutions. 

Consumers looking to repair their credit expressed concern of being scammed by credit repair 

companies after no relief was provided and requests for reimbursement went unacknowledged. 

3.13 How companies respond to consumer 

complaints 

Approximately 196,900 (or 68%) of all complaints handled by the CFPB between January 1, 

2016, and December 31, 2016, were sent by Consumer Response to companies for review and 

response.12 Table 14 shows how companies responded to these complaints during this time 

period. Company responses include descriptions of steps that have been or that will be taken, 

communications received from the consumer, any follow-up actions or planned follow-up 

actions, and a categorization of the response. Response category options include “Closed with 

monetary relief,” “Closed with non-monetary relief,” “Closed with explanation,” “Closed,” “In 

progress,” and other administrative options. “Monetary relief” is defined as objective, 

measurable, and verifiable monetary relief to the consumer as a direct result of the steps that 

have been or that will be taken in response to the complaint. “Closed with non-monetary relief” 

 

12 The remaining complaints have been referred to other regulatory agencies (21%), found to be incomplete (8%), or 

are pending with the consumer or the CFPB (1% and 2%, respectively). 
43 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

indicates that the steps taken by the company in response to the complaint did not result in 

monetary relief to the consumer that is objective, measurable, and verifiable, but may have 

addressed some or all of the consumer’s complaint involving non-monetary requests. “Nonmonetary relief” is defined as other objective and verifiable relief to the consumer as a direct 

result of the steps that have been or that will be taken in response to the complaint. “Closed with 

explanation” indicates that the steps taken by the company in response to the complaint 

included an explanation that was tailored to the individual consumer’s complaint. For example, 

this category would be used if the explanation substantively meets the consumer’s desired 

resolution or explains why no further action will be taken. “Closed” indicates that the company 

closed the complaint without relief – monetary or non-monetary – or explanation. Consumers 

are given the option to review and provide feedback about all company closure responses. 

Companies have responded to approximately 94% of complaints13 sent to them and report 

having closed 90% of the complaints sent to them in 2016. Table 14 shows how companies have 

responded. 

 

13 Companies have responded to approximately 185,900 of the 196,900 sent to them for response. 
44 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 14: HOW COMPANIES HAVE RESPONDED TO CONSUMER COMPLAINTS 

Closed 

with 

monetary 

relief 

Closed 

with nonmonetary 

relief 

Closed 

with 

explanation 

Closed 

(without 

relief or 

explanation) 

Administrative 

response 

Company 

reviewing 

Company 

did not 

provide a 

timely 

response 

Debt collection <1% 12% 70% 3% 3% 4% 8% 

Credit reporting <1% 22% 70% <1% 3% 4% <1% 

Mortgage 3% 3% 82% 2% 3% 5% 2% 

Bank account or 

service 18% 8% 62% 2% 1% 5% 4% 

Credit card 20% 10% 63% <1% 2% 4% 1% 

Consumer loan 5% 7% 72% 2% 2% 5% 6% 

Student loan 3% 6% 85% <1% <1% 3% 2% 

Payday loan 3% 2% 66% 3% 14% 2% 10% 

Prepaid 21% 6% 64% 2% 2% 4% 1% 

Money transfer 9% 5% 76% 1% <1% 5% 3% 

Other financial 

service 10% 2% 63% 5 1% 6% 12% 

All 6% 11% 72% 2% 3% 4% 3% 
45 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Companies have the option to identify their responses to particular complaints as being “Closed 

with non-monetary relief” when they provide non-monetary relief in response to complaints. In 

such cases, consumers have received a range of non-monetary relief, such as: 

 providing mortgage foreclosure alternatives that do not have direct monetary value to 

the consumer, but that help them keep their home; 

 stopping harassment from debt collectors; 

 cleaning up consumers’ credit reports by correcting submissions to credit bureaus; 

restoring or removing a credit line from a credit file; 

 correcting account information, including in credit reports; and 

 addressing formerly unmet customer service issues. 

Companies also have the option to report an amount of monetary relief, where applicable. In 

2016, companies provided relief amounts in response to 11,330 complaints. For companies 

which have reported monetary relief, the median amount of relief reported was $141; however, 

the amount varies by product, ranging from a median of $500 in relief for mortgage complaints 

to $29 in relief for credit reporting complaints. 
46 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

TABLE 15: MONETARY RELIEF REPORTED BY COMPANIES 

3.14 Consumers’ feedback about companies’ 

responses 

Once the company responds, the CFPB provides the company’s response to the consumer for 

review. Where the company responds “Closed with monetary relief,” “Closed with non-monetary 

relief,” “Closed with explanation,” or “Closed,” consumers are given the option to provide 

feedback on the company’s response. Figure 21 shows how consumers responded to the 

approximately 176,800 complaints where they were given the option to provide feedback. 

Approximately 18% of consumers disputed the response provided by the company, while 

approximately 67% did not dispute the response during the feedback period. The rest were 

pending with consumers at the end of December 31, 2016.

Product Number of complaints Median amount 

Debt collection 360 $316 

Credit reporting 150 $29 

Mortgage 1,190 $500 

Bank account or service 4,060 $108 

Credit card 4,250 $105 

Consumer loan 530 $200 

Student loan 250 $245 

Payday loan 60 $375 

Prepaid 270 $200 

Money transfer 150 $205 

Other financial service 50 $323 

Overall 11,330 $141 
47 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

FIGURE 21: CONSUMER FEEDBACK ABOUT COMPANY RESPONSES 

3.15 Consumer Response investigation and 

analysis 

Consumer Response analyzes consumer complaints, including the accuracy, completeness, and 

timeliness of a company’s responses as well as consumers’ feedback about that company’s 

responses, to ensure that consumers receive timely responses to their complaints and that the 

Bureau and other regulators, consumers, and the marketplace have the complaint information 

needed to improve the functioning of the consumer financial markets for such products and 

services. Consumer Response uses a variety of approaches to analyze consumer complaints 

including, for example, cohort and text analytics to identify trends and possible consumer harm. 

 

Debt collection

Credit reporting

Mortgage

Bank account or service

Credit card

Consumer loan

Student loan

Payday loan

Prepaid

Money transfer

Other financial service

16%

14%

15%

16%

15%

16%

16%

19%

17%

13%

17%

18%

15%

21%

17%

21%

21%

20%

14%

16%

16%

22%

66%

72%

64%

67%

65%

63%

64%

67%

67%

71%

61%

All 67% 18% 15%

Pending consumer review of companys reported resolution

Consumer disputed companys reported resolution

Consumer did not dispute companys reported resolution
48 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

Complaint analysis may prompt investigation of individual complaints or groups of complaints 

and possible referral to colleagues in the CFPB’s Division of Supervision, Enforcement, and Fair 

Lending & Equal Opportunity for further consideration. 

Consumer Response shares complaint data, analyzes, and offers insights to other offices to help 

the Bureau: 

 Understand problems consumers are experiencing in the marketplace and the impact of 

those experiences on their lives; 

 Develop tools to empower people to know their rights and protect themselves; 

 Scope and prioritize examinations and ask targeted questions when examining 

companies’ records and practices; 

 Identify and stop unfair practices before they become major issues; and 

 Investigate issues and take action when we find problems. 

3.16 Conclusion 

Listening to consumers and reviewing and analyzing their complaints is an integral part of the 

CFPB’s work in understanding issues in the financial marketplace, and helping the market work 

better for consumers. The information shared by consumers and companies throughout the 

complaint process informs the Bureau about business practices that may pose risks to 

consumers and helps the Bureau in its work to supervise companies, to enforce Federal 

consumer financial laws, to write better rules and regulations, and to educate and engage 

consumers. 
49 CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU 

FIGURE 22: COMPLAINTS HANDLED FROM JULY 21, 2011, THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 2016 (BY STATE, AND 

THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA)