2024 IL App (1st) 230029-U 

FIRST DIVISION

February 26, 2024

No. 1-23-0029 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

BRYAN ESTRADA, 

Defenant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the 

Circuit Court of 

Cook County.

No. 07 CR 08965 (2)

Honorable 

Ursula Walowski, 

Judge Presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court.

Justice Pucinski specially concurred in the judgment.

Justic Coghlan dissented. 

O R D E R

¶ 1 Held: The defendant’s sentence is vacated, and the matter is remanded for a new 

sentencing hearing because of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness.

¶ 2 After a jury trial in the circuit court of Cook County, the 23-year-old defendant, Bryan 

Estrada, was convicted of first-degree murder and attempted first degree murder, committed by 
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personally discharging a firearm, and sentenced to 80 years’ imprisonment. During the following 

decade-long postconviction proceedings and after a third stage evidentiary hearing on the 

defendant’s successive postconviction petition, the circuit court ordered that a new sentencing

hearing be held. Following that resentencing hearing, the circuit court sentenced the defendant to 

the mandatory minimum term of 71 years in prison. The defendant now appeals, contending that 

this mandatory de facto life sentence violates the Illinois proportionate penalties clause (Ill. Const. 

1970, art. I, § 11), as applied to him. Specifically, he asserts that although he committed the crime 

when he was a young adult and has since made significant progress towards rehabilitation, the 

current 71-year sentence forecloses any possibility of him becoming a productive member of 

society. The defendant also argues that in resentencing him to the minimum mandatory sentence, 

the circuit court misapprehended the law and believed that it could not impose a sentence below 

71 years. In the alternative, the defendant asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for not 

alerting the circuit court to the relevant case law concerning the proportionate penalties clause, 

which would have permitted it to impose a lower sentence. For the following reasons, we reverse 

and remand with instructions. 

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 Because the record before us is voluminous as it spans over a decade, we set forth only 

those facts and procedural history relevant to the resolution of this appeal. 

¶ 5 In 2007, together with codefendants Rufino and James Castillo, who are brothers, the 

defendant was charged with, inter alia, first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1)-(2) (West 2006))

and attempted first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/8-4(a) (West 2006)) for his involvement in the 

March 25, 2007, drive-by-shooting, which resulted in the death of Luis Villegas, and the attempted 

murder of Edgar Martinez. The defendant was tried together with codefendant Rufino before 
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separate juries. Codefendant James’ charges for first degree murder were dropped after he pleaded 

guilty to concealing and aiding a fugitive1 in exchange for his testimony at the defendant’s trial. 

¶ 6 Summarized, the evidence adduced at that trial revealed the following. On March 25, 

2007, the two victims, Edgar and Luis, were in Edgar’s SUV when they spotted a red car with 

codefendants Rufino and James inside. The two victims, who were both members of the Spanish 

Gangster Disciples, knew the two codefendants from the neighborhood because they were 

members of the rival Imperial Gangsters street gang. Even though the two victims were unarmed, 

they decided to drive around looking for the codefendants to “mess with them,” i.e., “talk crap to 

them *** like fight them. Start trouble with them.”

¶ 7 When a little later they encountered the codefendants’ red car in a nearby alley, Edgar, 

who was driving, stopped the SUV, while Luis “threw gang signs” at the codefendants. 

According to Edgar, at this point there were four individuals inside the red car: codefendant 

James, who was driving; codefendant Rufino, who was in the passenger seat; and two other 

individuals, who were seated in the back. The occupants of the red car responded by “throwing 

gang signs” back. At that point, one of the individuals who had been sitting in the back of the red 

car and whom Edgar later identified as the defendant, exited the back seat, from the driver’s side, 

pulled out a handgun and shot in Edgar’s direction. Edgar, who was uninjured, drove off and

stopped a few blocks later to check on Luis, at which point he realized that Luis had been shot in 

the head, and was dead. Edgar called 911. 

¶ 8 Chicago Police Detective Steven Suvada testified that when he spoke to Edgar at the 

crime scene, Edgar identified codefendants James and Rufino by name and described the shooter 

as a Hispanic male with a “fade haircut,” between 5’4” and 5’7”. Edgar subsequently identified 

1 As part of his plea deal, James was sentenced only to probation for this crime. 
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the defendant from both a photo array and a lineup as the shooter. Detective Suvada admitted 

that the police identified the fourth occupant of the red car as Carlos Vasquez but never charged 

him with any crimes. 

¶ 9 Codefendant James, who had made a plea deal with the State, next testified that on March 

25, 2007, he was driving the red car around Avondale, with codefendant Rufino in the passenger 

seat, and two other occupants in the back: the defendant, who was behind the driver’s seat, and 

another individual whom James only knew as “Carlos.” At some point, as he was driving down 

an alley, an SUV blocked his path. Codefendant James saw the passenger door on the SUV crack 

open a little. After that he heard gunshots coming directly from behind. While codefendant 

James admitted that he did not see anyone throwing gang sings, shooting, or holding a gun, he 

stated that as he went down for cover, he heard the door behind him close and realized that the 

defendant had fired the shots. Because the defendant then started shouting at him to “get out of 

there,” codefendant James drove off. He stopped near Fullerton Avenue to allow Carlos and the 

defendant to get out of the car. On cross-examination, James admitted that he did not go to the 

police with this information until a year-and-a half after the shooting, even though his brother 

Rufino had been implicated and was being prosecuted for the crime. 

¶ 10 After deliberations, the jury found the defendant guilty of the first-degree murder of Luis 

and the attempted first-degree murder of Edgar. The jury further found that “during the 

commission of the offense of first-degree murder, the defendant personally discharged a firearm 

that proximately caused” Luis’s death. 

¶ 11 A presentence investigation report (PSI) was prepared on September 3, 2009, in 

anticipation of the defendant’s original sentencing hearing. That PSI, which is part of the 

impounded record on appeal reveals the following relevant information about the defendant. The 
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defendant was born in Guatemala in 1983. He moved to the United States with his parents and 

four siblings when he was 10 years old. While the defendant described his childhood as “normal” 

he stated that his father had a history of alcohol abuse and that he “suffered emotional scars 

witnessing his father physically abuse his mother.” 

¶ 12 The defendant stated that he never completed high school because he changed schools 

after his family moved to the north side of Chicago whereupon he was told that he was too old to 

remain a student. The defendant later attended Job Corps for six months studying for his GED 

and “cable networking,” but left the program early to “address some personal problems in his 

life.” Prior to his incarceration, the defendant worked as a handler for a company, a laborer at a 

bakery, and a hardwood floor installer. 

¶ 13 According to the PSI, the defendant had no prior juvenile adjudications, and only one 

prior criminal conviction in case No. 02 CR 11582 for aggravated unlawful possession of a 

weapon (AUUW) for which he was sentenced to one year of probation with boot camp, and 

which was terminated satisfactorily in June 2004. 

¶ 14 In addition, according to the PSI the defendant admitted that he joined the Imperial 

Gangsters when he was 17 years old because all his friends were joining the gang and “to meet 

girls.” He also stated that he was 17 when he tried alcohol and marijuana for the first time. He 

did not like smoking marijuana because it made him “feel lazy” and quit after his sister nagged at 

him to stop. He drank about three or four times a week and got drunk every time he consumed 

alcohol, even though he did not enjoy it. The defendant claimed that he terminated his affiliation 

with the Imperial Gangsters in 2002 after he took an anger management class while in boot 

camp. He denied having any rank in the gang but admitted to having several gang tattoos. 

¶ 15 Based on the PSI, the severity of the offense, and the defendant’s prior criminal 
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conviction for a crime involving the possession of a weapon, the circuit court sentenced the 

defendant to consecutive prison terms of 50 years for first degree murder and 30 years for 

attempted first degree murder, for a total of 80 years’ imprisonment. We affirmed the 

defendant’s conviction on April 19, 2012. See People v. Estrada, 2012 IL App (1st) 100265-U. 

¶ 16 On March 26, 2013, the petitioner filed his initial pro se postconviction petition, arguing 

that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel because counsel failed to call Carlos as a 

witness at his trial. The circuit court dismissed the petition, and we affirmed that dismissal on 

March 23, 2016. See People v. Estrada, 2016 IL App (1st) 141806-U. 

¶ 17 On May 14, 2019, the defendant filed a successive pro se postconviction petition, raising 

a claim of actual innocence based on newly discovered evidence in the form of affidavits from 

Carlos, Virginia Estrada, and Miguel Ruiz. On July 8, 2020, private attorney, Steven Becker, 

entered an appearance on behalf of the defendant and filed a supplemental successive petition 

alleging that the defendant was entitled to a new sentencing hearing because the circuit court had 

improperly considered the defendant’s sole prior conviction for AUUW in case No. 02 CR 

11582, in sentencing him to 80 years’ imprisonment, even though that prior conviction had since 

been declared void. 

¶ 18 The State filed a motion to dismiss the actual innocence claim but acknowledged that the 

defendant’s request to be resentenced was meritorious and should proceed to an evidentiary 

hearing. 

¶ 19 After the third-stage evidentiary hearing, the circuit court denied the defendant’s claim of 

actual innocence but granted him a new sentencing hearing. We subsequently affirmed the denial 

of the defendant’s actual innocence claim. See People v. Estrada, 2022 IL App (1st) 211417-U.

¶ 20 On September 23, 2021, the circuit court ordered that a new PSI be prepared in 
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anticipation of the resentencing hearing. That report was due on December 15, 2021. On 

November 21, 2021, the investigating officer attempted to interview the defendant for the PSI. 

The defendant, however, informed the investigating officer that because his attorney, Becker, 

had filed a motion to withdraw his representation on November 2, 2021, he was waiting on the 

appointment of new counsel. The defendant informed the investigating officer that he wished to 

confer with his new defense counsel prior to answering any questions. As such, aside from 

confirming that the defendant has no prior criminal background, the new PSI contains no 

information whatsoever about the defendant. 

¶ 21 After attorney Becker’s motion to withdraw was granted, the Office of the Public 

Defender was appointed to represent the defendant. Inexplicably, new defense counsel did not 

request that the circuit court order an additional PSI. 

¶ 22 Instead, on July 12, 2022, counsel filed a sentencing memorandum, which was again 

bizarrely titled “Sentencing Offenders Under Twenty-One,” even though the defendant was 23 

when he committed the instant crime. Therein, counsel first pointed out that the Illinois

proportionate penalties clause is broader than the eighth amendment because it seeks to restore 

offenders to useful citizenship. Counsel next discussed recent developments in law regarding the

sentencing of youthful offenders. Citing Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48 (2020), Roper v. 

Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005) and Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012) counsel noted that 

the U.S. Supreme Court acknowledged three significant differences between juvenile offenders

and adults, including: (1) a lack of maturity and underdeveloped sense of responsibility, leading 

to recklessness, impulsivity and risk-taking; (2) vulnerability to negative influences from outside 

pressures; and (3) a yet undeveloped character, which makes their actions “less likely to be 

evidence of irretrievable depravity.” Roper, 543 U.S. at 569-70. 
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¶ 23 Counsel next cited People v. House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B, reversed in part, 

vacated in part by 2021 IL 125124, noting that in that case, this appellate court had reversed a 

natural life sentence for a crime committed by a defendant who was 19 years old. Counsel 

pointed out that House cited several studies showing that young adults are more like juveniles 

than fully mature adults. Counsel then asserted that the defendant here was 23 years old at the 

time of the shooting and that studies have shown that the brain is still immature until 25 years of 

age. Counsel made no further arguments as part of his sentencing memorandum.

¶ 24 In support, counsel attached IDOC records documenting numerous courses the defendant 

had taken while incarcerated. These included certificates for: (1) the Illinois Community College 

high school equivalency program; (2) an adult education high school program from King Word’s 

Academy; (3) vocational services from the Division of Adult Education; (4) a Shingle Quality 

Specialist training program; (5) the Menard Correctional Center’s Impact of Crime on Victims 

program; and (6) an art and painting workshop. Counsel also attached a September 19, 2021, 

letter from the dean of Lakeland College to the defendant, informing him that he had been placed 

on a waiting list for college courses. 

¶ 25 On December 12, 2022, the circuit court proceeded with the resentencing hearing. At the 

outset, defense counsel offered the new PSI into evidence. In response, the circuit court noted 

that there had been a previous PSI, which had been ordered for purposes of the original 

sentencing hearing. The court stated that it had studied that original PSI when examining the 

entirety of the defendant’s record in reviewing his successive postconviction petition. 

¶ 26 The court noted that it had also reviewed defense counsel’s sentencing memorandum and

the certificates of completion for the courses the defendant had taken while incarcerated, as well 

as letters offered in support of the defendant by his nephew, Sherwin Salazar, and one of his 
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9 

sisters, Sandy Estrada.2 

¶ 27 Defense counsel then called two witnesses, the defendant’s second sister, Virginia 

Estrada, and his mother, Miriam, to the stand. Virginia testified that the defendant was a good 

brother and son and was innocent of the crimes he was accused of and asked the court to show 

mercy. Similarly, Miriam testified that the defendant was a good and hard-working person, and 

asked the court to have mercy because she was old and needed her son’s support.

¶ 28 Defense counsel then presented the defendant’s “grades” from his most recent paralegal 

studies, which had not been previously tendered to the court, and commented that the defendant 

was doing quite well in this course.3

¶ 29 The parties next proceeded with arguments. In aggravation, the State asserted that this 

was a gang related crime, and that the defendant and the victims were members of rival gangs. 

The State further argued that people who had been standing outside their homes at the time of the 

shooting were placed in jeopardy by the defendant’s actions. The State pointed out that the 

minimum sentence for first degree murder with a firearm was 45 years (20 for murder plus 25 for 

the mandatory firearm enhancement) and that the minimum sentence for attempted first degree 

murder was 26 years (6 for attempted first degree murder plus 20 for the mandatory firearm 

enhancement). The State also pointed out that these sentences had to be served consecutively for 

a minimum sentence of 71 years imprisonment. The State therefore asked the court to impose 

that statutory minimum. 

¶ 30 Defense counsel responded by asking the court to refuse to impose the firearm 

enhancements and the mandatory consecutive sentences because they deprived the court of 

discretion. Counsel asked the court to consider extending the reasoning in Miller, 567 U.S. 460 

2 We note that these letters are not part of the record on appeal. 3 These grades are not part of the record on appeal.
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and House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B, reversed in part, vacated in part by 2021 IL 125124,

4

regarding juvenile brain development to the defendant who was 23 years old at the time he 

committed the offense. As counsel pointed out: “[A]lthough the law has not caught up to the 

science yet, it has been determined that the brain is still immature up until at least the age of 25.” 

¶ 31 Counsel further argued that a de facto life sentence, such as the minimum statutorily 

mandated sentence of 71 years, should be reserved for “the worst of the worst” and the defendant 

did not fall into that category. As counsel pointed out, the defendant had no criminal background 

and has been a model prisoner. While incarcerated, he completed his high school diploma and 

numerous certificates from vocational, craftsman, roofing, and painting programs. Currently, he 

was partaking in a paralegal training course. Counsel asked the court not to render all of these 

rehabilitative efforts meaningless by imposing a de facto life sentence. 

¶ 32 In addition, counsel argued that the facts of the case were not so egregious that they 

justified permitting the defendant to remain in prison for the rest of his life. As counsel pointed 

out, this offense occurred between rival gang members and the surviving victim admitted that he 

and the deceased victim drove around looking to instigate a fight with the occupants of the red 

car, including the defendant. Counsel also pointed out that the surviving victim was not struck by 

any of the bullets. 

¶ 33 Based on all of these factors, counsel asked the court to impose a sentence in the range of 

25 to 40 years in prison. 

¶ 34 After counsel’s arguments, the defendant, who was then 39 years old, spoke in allocution. 

The defendant stated that he was sincerely sorry for the family of the victim. He explained that in

4

As shall be discussed further in the argument section, by the time of the resentencing hearing, the appellate court 

decision in House had been reversed in part on the basis that the record in that case was insufficiently developed and 

no factual findings were made to show how the science concerning juvenile maturity and brain development applied 

to the defendant in that case. 
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his 15 years of incarceration, he had learned the value of family and education. Even though he 

had little hope of surviving until his out-date of 2082, the defendant had decided to continue his 

education in the hopes that he might have a second chance at life. He stated that he obtained his

2012 high school diploma by mail because his out-date made it difficult to enroll in classes in 

IDOC. He received vocational certifications and completed a victim impact program. In addition, 

after receiving his high school degree, the defendant tried to enroll in college, but was placed on 

a waiting list because of his projected release date. The defendant stated that he was currently 

taking correspondence courses at the Black Stone Career Institute. 

¶ 35 The defendant also averred that being in prison had changed his life in a positive way. He 

learned that with discipline and a positive outlook, he could control his thoughts and feelings and 

stay focused on his goals. He now believed that if he was humble, honest, and respectful, he 

could be a better person and lead a better life. 

¶ 36 The defendant also stated that he has read books on personal growth, spirituality, and

meditation and wants his life to mean something. He would like people to see someone who did 

good with his time. As a hard worker and life-long learner, he vowed to keep reading and 

improving his mind. The defendant asked for a second chance at life and promised to be a 

positive influence and contribute to society. 

¶ 37 After the defendant’s allocution, the circuit court sentenced the defendant to the statutory 

minimum of 71 years’ imprisonment (40 for first degree murder and 26 for attempted first degree 

murder). In doing so, the court acknowledged that the defense was asking it to rely on recent 

case law and science to impose a sentence below the statutory minimum because the defendant’s 

brain was immature at the time of the offense. The court, however, stated that based on the 

evidence presented, including the PSI, it could not go below the statutory minimum, which was 
No. 1-23-0029 

12 

set by the legislature. The court noted that it appreciated the good things the defendant had done 

while in custody but stated that it had to follow the law. The court noted that while the defendant 

underwent some family trauma, he had siblings, all of whom were doing well. The court stated 

that the defendant was in prison because he chose to join the Imperial Gangsters. Based on this 

decision and the crimes he committed, the legislature had determined the appropriate sentence. 

The court ultimately held that “simply arguing” that the defendant’s “brain was not developed at 

23” alone was insufficient to warrant a sentence below the statutory minimum. The defendant 

now appeals. 

¶ 38 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 39 On appeal, the defendant argues that his 71-year sentence is unconstitutional as applied to 

him under the proportionate penalties clause because even though he had no prior criminal 

background and was only 23 years old when he committed the crime, and despite his subsequent 

and significant rehabilitative efforts in prison, this de facto sentence forecloses any possibility of 

him ever being restored to “useful citizenship.” See Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 1. Id. (“All 

penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the 

objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship”). He further argues that even though 

serious, his “terrible but impulsive” act of shooting at rival gang members during a gang 

altercation precipitated by the victims themselves is not so egregious that it justifies nullifying all 

of his subsequent rehabilitative efforts and keeping him in jail for life. 

¶ 40 The defendant also argues that in resentencing him to 71-years imprisonment, the circuit 

court misapprehended the law by believing that it could not impose a sentence below the 

statutory minimum. In the alternative, the defendant asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective 

for not alerting the circuit court as to this mistake and for failing to cite the relevant case law and 
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scientific studies concerning the proportionate penalties clause, which would have permitted the 

circuit court to impose a lower sentence. 

¶ 41 Because we find it to be dispositive, we begin by addressing the defendant’s claim 

regarding his trial counsel’s ineffective representation at the sentencing hearing. 

¶ 42 Both the United States and the Illinois constitution guarantee criminal defendants the 

right to effective representation of counsel. People v. Hale, 2013 IL 113140, ¶ 15 (citing U.S. 

Const. amends, VI, XIV, and Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8); see also People v. Domagala, 2012 IL 

113688, ¶ 11. Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are governed by the two-prong test set 

forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). People v. Colon, 225 Ill. 2d 125, 135 

(2007) (citing People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504 (1984) (adopting Strickland)). Under this test, 

to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must demonstrate both: 

(1) that counsel’s representation was deficient, i.e., that it fell below an objective standard of 

reasonableness; and (2) that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defendant, i.e., that 

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the 

proceedings would have been different. Domagala, 2012 IL 113688, ¶ 11 (citing Strickland 466 

U.S. at 687-88, 694). A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine 

confidence in the outcome. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Generally, to establish prejudice in 

sentencing, the defendant must show a reasonable probability that the circuit court would have 

imposed a lesser sentence if his counsel had not erred. See People v. Steidl, 177 Ill. 2d 239, 257 

(1997). 

¶ 43 For the following reasons, we find that the defendant has demonstrated both counsel’s 

deficient performance and prejudice stemming from it. 

¶ 44 At the resentencing hearing, defense counsel relied on the Illinois proportionate penalties 
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clause (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11) to argue that the court should impose a sentence below the 

statutory minimum because the defendant was only 23 years old at the time of the offense and 

had since shown significant rehabilitative potential. To reduce the defendant’s sentence on the 

basis of the proportionate penalties clause counsel was required to show that, as applied to the 

defendant, the 71-year sentence was “cruel, degrading, or so wholly disproportionate to the 

offense as to shock the moral sense of the community.” People v. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328, 338 

(2002); see also People v. Klepper, 234 Ill. 2d 337, 348 (2009). Our supreme court has never 

defined what constitutes a cruel or degrading sentence that is “ ‘wholly disproportioned to the 

offense’ ” because “as our society evolves, so too do our concepts of elemental decency and 

fairness which shape the ‘moral sense’ of our community.” Id. at 339. To determine whether a 

sentence shocks the moral sense of our community, a court considers the objective facts of the 

case in light of “the community’s changing standard of moral decency.” People v. Hernandez, 

382 Ill. App. 3d 726, 727 (2008). 

¶ 45 In sentencing young adult offenders, our community’s standard of moral decency is derived 

from the now well-established legal developments governing the sentencing of juveniles that 

began with the seminal decision in Miller, 567 U.S. 460. There, the United States Supreme Court 

held that the imposition of a mandatory life sentence without parole for juveniles under the age of 

18 violated the eighth amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments. Miller, 

567 U.S. at 465. The Supreme Court held that minors are constitutionally different from adults for 

sentencing purposes, being less mature and responsible, more impulsive, and more vulnerable to 

negative influences and peer pressure than adults, and not having the fully-formed character of 

adults so that their actions do not necessarily indicate irreversible depravity. Id. at 471-74. 

¶ 46 Adopting the rationale in Miller, the Illinois supreme court has since held that a mandatory 
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natural or de facto life sentence, which is defined as a sentence that is greater than 40 years, 

imposed on a juvenile, is unconstitutional under the eighth amendment where the court fails to 

consider youth and its attendant characteristics in imposing the sentence. People v. Wilson, 2023 

IL 127666, ¶¶ 26-42; People v. Reyes, 2016 IL 119271, ¶ 9; People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 

40-41. However, “[b]y now, it is clear that the categorical findings made by Miller and its progeny 

under the federal eighth amendment apply only to juvenile[] offenders,” i.e., those under the age 

of 18. People v. Carrion, 2020 IL App (1st) 171001, ¶ 28.

¶ 47 Nonetheless, while the holding in Miller strictly applies only to juveniles, the Illinois

supreme court has made clear that young adults may rely on the evolving neuroscience and societal

standards underlying the rule in Miller to support as-applied challenges to mandatory natural or de 

facto life sentences brought under the Illinois proportionate penalties clause. See People v. 

Daniels, 2020 IL App (1st) 171738, ¶ 25 (citing People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 43-44); 

People v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 48; c.f., People v. Hilliard, 2023 IL 128186, ¶ 27. 

¶ 48 It is undisputed here that the defendant’s 71-year sentence is a mandatory de facto life 

sentence. The sentence consists of the minimum 20-year sentence for first degree murder (730 

ILCS 5/5-4.5-20(a) (West 2008) (providing a range of 20 to 60 years’ imprisonment)) plus a 

minimum 25-year mandatory firearm enhancement (see 730 ILCS 5/5-8(1)(a)(1)(d)(iii) (West 

2022) (providing for an add-on of 25 years to natural life)) and the minimum 6 years sentence for 

attempted first degree murder (see 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-24(a) (West 2022) (providing a range of 6 to 

30 years’ imprisonment) plus a mandatory 20-year firearm enhancement (see 730 ILCS 5/5-8-

1(a)(1)(d) (ii) (West 2008)). What is more, the sentences must be served consecutively (730 ILCS 

5/5-8-4(d)(1) (West 2022)). Accordingly, the minimum aggregate sentence is 71-years, of which, 

because of truth in sentencing, the defendant must serve a minimum of 67 years, and 1.5 months. 
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As a result, and according to the IDOC website, of which we may take judicial notice (see People 

v. Sanchez, 404 Ill. App. 3d 15, 17 (2010) (finding that this court can take judicial notice of the 

IDOC website)), the defendant’s earliest projected parole date is 9/6/2072, at which point he will 

be 89 years old. 

¶ 49 To succeed on an as-applied proportionate penalties’ challenge to this de facto life 

sentence, however, the defendant was required to “demonstrate, through an adequate factual 

record, that his or her own specific characteristics were so like those of a juvenile that imposition 

of a life sentence absent the safeguards established in Miller was ‘cruel, degrading, or so wholly 

disproportionate to the offense that it shocks the moral sense of the community.’ ” Daniels, 2020 

IL App (1st) 171738, ¶ 25 (quoting Klepper, 234 Ill. 2d at 348). Because “[a]ll as-applied 

constitutional challenges are, by definition, dependent on the specific facts and circumstances of 

the person raising the challenge,” it is “paramount that the record be sufficiently developed in 

terms of those facts and circumstances for purposes of appellate review.” (Internal quotations 

omitted.) Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 39 (citing People v. Hartrich, 2018 IL 121636, ¶ 31); see also 

House, 2021 IL 125124 (reversing and remanding for further proceedings because the record 

regarding the young adult defendant’s immaturity was not fully developed). “ ‘A defendant who 

has an adequate opportunity to present evidence in support of an as-applied, constitutional claim 

will have his claim adjudged on the record he presents.’ ” People v. Robinson, 2021 IL App (1st) 

192289, ¶ 39 (quoting People v. Coty, 2020 IL 123972, ¶ 22). 

¶ 50 In the present case, defense counsel failed to present any evidence whatsoever regarding 

the defendant’s developmental maturity at the time of the offense. At the resentencing hearing, 

defense counsel called only two witnesses, the defendant’s sister, Virginia, and his mother, 

Miriam, neither of whom presented any evidence that, at the time of the offense, the defendant’s 
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brain was so immature that he should be treated as a juvenile. In addition to these two witnesses, 

at the resentencing hearing, defense counsel only offered the defendant’s “grades from his 

paralegal course,” and the numerous certificates for the classes he had successfully completed 

while incarcerated. Again, none of this evidence had any bearing on the immaturity of the 

defendant’s brain at the time of the offense. 

¶ 51 Even more glaringly, once appointed, defense counsel failed to request that the court order 

the creation of a new PSI, which could have elicited evidence from the defendant’s youth regarding 

his developmental state and maturity at the time of the offense. Instead, counsel rested on a PSI, 

which had been ordered and prepared prior to his appointment, and which contained no 

information whatsoever about the defendant. What is more, defense counsel failed to argue any 

facts from the nearly 15-year-old and factually limited original PSI (such as that the defendant 

joined the gang because all of his friends were joining, or that he was traumatized by his father’s 

abuse of his mother), which would have supported the argument that the defendant was so 

immature at the time of the offense that he was more akin to a juvenile than to an adult.

¶ 52 More overridingly, while counsel’s sentencing memorandum relied on the proportionate 

penalties clause in support of a reduced sentence, counsel failed to cite any cases regarding “the 

evolving science on juvenile maturity and brain development,” except for House, 2019 IL App 

(1st) 110580-B, reversed in part, vacated in part by 2021 IL 125124. By then, however, House

had been vacated and remanded for further postconviction proceedings because the record in that 

case was insufficiently developed and no factual findings were made to show how the science 

concerning juvenile maturity and brain development applied to that defendant. Id. 

¶ 53 Since we presume that a competent attorney would have been aware of both the vacatur 

and rationale of House, we are even more flummoxed by counsel’s failure to introduce any 
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evidence whatsoever at the defendant’s resentencing hearing about his developmental maturity at 

the time of the offense. We are also confounded by counsel’s failure to cite any additional nonvacated case-law or scientific authority to support his position that youthful adult offenders are 

more akin to juveniles than previously believed and that the defendant’s sentence in this case 

should be vacated pursuant to the Illinois proportionate penalties clause. See e.g., Daniels, 2020 

IL App (1st) 171738, ¶ 25; Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 43-44; Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 48; 

Hilliard, 2023 IL 128186, ¶ 27. 

¶ 54 Under this record, we are compelled to conclude that counsel’s performance was 

objectively unreasonable and therefore deficient. 

¶ 55 We further find that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. In this 

respect, the record reveals that in rejecting defense counsel’s request for a sentence below the 

statutory minimum, the circuit court noted the defendant’s substantial rehabilitative efforts but 

nonetheless found that based on the evidence presented by defense counsel, it had to “follow the 

law” and impose the statutory minimum sentence. As the court explained:

“[T]he only evidence that was presented for me to be able to look at that and see whether 

or not this would be an unconstitutional sentence as applied to [the defendant] is basically 

that the brains is still immature. However, when I look at all the evidence, the Presentence 

Investigation and everything [the defendant] has done, there’s nothing for me to base a 

finding to go under the minimum in this case.” 

The court further stated that “unless I see evidence to ignore the enhancements and to ignore the 

law, which I don’t find, which is looking at all the evidence presented, simply arguing that your 

brain was not developed at 23 and that I should therefore ignore the enhancements, I don’t find is 
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sufficient or proper for me to do.” 

¶ 56 As is apparent from the court’s ruling, the defendant’s sentence was dictated by defense 

counsel’s inexplicable failure to provide any factual or legal evidence regarding the defendant’s 

immaturity so as to support a claim that under the proportionate penalties clause the evolving 

science on juvenile maturity and brain development applied to the defendant’s case. See Daniels, 

2020 IL App (1st) 171738, ¶ 25; Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 43-44. Taking into account the 

circuit court’s explicit recognition of the defendant’s substantial rehabilitative efforts while 

incarcerated, and her statement that she was limited by the nearly non-existent evidence offered 

by defense counsel in imposing the statutory minimum sentence, there is a reasonable probability 

that but for counsel’s deficient performance, the court would have imposed a lesser sentence. We 

therefore conclude that the defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance and that 

the matter must be reversed and remanded to the circuit court for a new sentencing hearing. 

¶ 57 In coming to this conclusion, we reject the State’s argument that regardless of counsel’s 

performance, the defendant cannot establish prejudice because the court would never have 

imposed a sentence under the statutory minimum. In this respect, the State argues that because the 

defendant was over 21 years old at the time of the offense, any Miller-based proportionate penalties 

argument was legally foreclosed under Illinois law. We disagree. 

¶ 58 Our supreme court has repeatedly held that there is no age-limit to raising an as-applied 

proportionate penalties challenge to a sentence. See Hilliard, 2023 IL 128186, ¶ 29 (“The Illinois 

Constitution does not limit a proportionate penalties challenge to just juveniles.”); see also People 

v. Sawczenko-Dub, 345 Ill. App. 3d 522, 532-33 (2003) (addressing, on its merits, an adult 

defendant’s “conten[tion] that the sentencing scheme for first degree murder by personally 

discharging a firearm violate[d] the proportionate penalties clause as applied to her.”); People v.
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Center, 198 Ill. App. 3d 1025, 1034 (1990) (reducing the sentence of a 23-year-old offender under 

the proportionate penalties clause). Thus, while several of our appellate court decisions have held

that 21 is the age of demarcation for as-applied proportionate penalties challenges (see People v. 

Green, 2022 IL App (1st) 200749, ¶¶ 37-40), our supreme court has explicitly refused to hold that

young adults over 21 are precluded from raising Miller-based challenges to their mandatory life 

sentences under the proportionate penalties clause. See People v. Clark, 2023 IL 127273, ¶ 88

(“We need not resolve the issue of whether defendant’s age at the time of the offense, 24, would 

preclude him from raising a Miller-based challenge to his sentence under proportionate penalties 

clause standards in an initial postconviction petition.”). 

¶ 59 This is so because “as-applied constitutional challenges are, by definition, dependent on 

the specific facts and circumstances of the person raising the challenge.” Harris, 2018 IL 121932,

¶ 39. Accordingly, while “the legislature has the power to prescribe” mandatory minimum 

sentences, for adults, the penalty nonetheless “must satisfy constitutional requirements,” (Hilliard, 

2023 IL 128186, ¶ 21 (quoting People v. Huddleston, 212 Ill. 2d 107, 129 (2004)) and be 

determined “both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring 

the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. “A defendant bringing an asapplied challenge to a mandatory sentencing statute must ultimately overcome the presumption 

that the statute is constitutional by clearly establishing that it is invalid as applied to him.” Hilliard, 

2023 IL 128186, ¶ 21; see also Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 38; House, 2021 IL 125124, ¶ 18.

¶ 60 Therefore, until our supreme court rules otherwise, contrary to the State’s position, we find 

that the circuit court had (and continues to have) the authority to determine whether under the 

specific circumstances of this case and taking into account all the evidence presented, the 

mandatory minimum sentence of 71 years satisfied the constitutional requirements of the 
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proportionate penalties clause, as applied to the 23-year-old defendant. 

¶ 61 Accordingly, because we reject the State’s contention that regardless of trial counsel’s 

performance, there were no circumstances under which, in the instant case, the circuit court could 

have found a proportionate penalties violation, we vacate the defendant’s sentence and remand for 

a new sentencing hearing. 

¶ 62 In doing so, we instruct the circuit court to order a new PSI prior to the resentencing 

hearing. In addition, we instruct defense counsel, if at all possible, to provide the circuit court 

with both factual and legal evidence that will support an as-applied proportionate penalties 

challenge to the defendant’s mandatory de facto life sentence. 

¶ 63 Reversed and remanded with instructions. 

¶ 64 JUSTICE PUCINSKI, specially concurring:

¶ 65 While it is correct that the current legislative landscape precludes defendant from ever 

seeking parole, the fact that many emerging adult defendants never have a chance to demonstrate 

rehabilitation is inconsistent with the fundamental co-principle of our Illinois justice system: to 

punish AND to rehabilitate. This court cannot make that change, but the legislature, in 

considering other emerging adult issues, could consider creating more robust rehabilitation and 

parole opportunities.

¶ 66 JUSTICE COGHLAN, dissenting: 

¶ 67 Our supreme court has declared that “a defendant who has had an adequate opportunity to

present evidence in support of an as-applied, constitutional claim will have his claim adjudged 

on the record he presents.” People v. Coty, 2020 IL 123972, ¶ 22. The majority recognizes that “ 

‘as-applied constitutional challenges are, by definition, dependent on the specific facts and 

circumstances of the person raising the challenge.’ ” Supra ¶ 49 (quoting People v. Harris, 2018 
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22 

IL 121932, ¶ 39). Nevertheless, because “defense counsel failed to present any evidence 

whatsoever regarding the defendant’s developmental maturity at the time of the offense,” the 

majority concludes “that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.” (Emphasis 

added.) Supra ¶¶ 50, 55. According to the majority, if defense counsel had presented some

unspecified information regarding defendant’s maturity and brain development, there is a 

reasonable probability that the trial court would have done what no other Illinois court has done 

before: find that the sentence violated the Illinois proportionate penalties clause as applied to the 

23-year-old defendant based on Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012). Supra ¶ 56. I 

respectfully disagree with the majority’s decision. 

¶ 68 No evidence was presented at defendant’s December 12, 2022, resentencing hearing

showing how the “evolving science on juvenile maturity and brain development” and other 

Miller factors specifically applied to him. People v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 39. The record on 

appeal does not contain “sufficient facts to explain why the science relied upon in Miller would 

apply to defendant’s circumstances.” People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 38. Defendant did

not raise a proportionate penalties claim on direct appeal, in his 2013 original post-conviction 

petition, or in either of the successive post-conviction petitions he filed in 2019 and 2022. See

People v. Estrada, 2012 IL App (1st) 100265-U; People v. Estrada, 2016 IL App (1st) 141806-

U; People v. Estrada, 2022 IL App (1st) 211417-U. The defendant also filed a federal court 

action in 2012 in which he challenged the constitutionality of his sentence but did not raise a 

proportionate penalties claim in that action either. See Estrada v. Lashbrook, No. 16 C 10379, 

2017 WL 4804983 (N.D. Ill. October 25, 2017). Despite multiple opportunities, defendant has

never alleged any facts showing how the science relied upon in Miller applies to his 

circumstances. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 38.
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¶ 69 Miller was a 2012 decision, and already on the books when defendant filed his initial

post-conviction petition in 2013 and his successive post-conviction petitions in 2019 and 2022. 

See Estrada, 2022 IL App (1st) 211417-U, ¶¶ 36-37. As our supreme court explained, “Miller’s

announcement of a new substantive rule under the eighth amendment does not provide cause for 

a defendant to raise a claim under the proportionate penalties clause. *** Illinois courts have 

long recognized the differences between persons of mature age and those who are minors for 

purposes of sentencing.” People v. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 74. Following Dorsey, Illinois

reviewing courts have repeatedly concluded that Miller and its progeny do not provide 

petitioners with the requisite cause for challenging their sentences on proportionate penalties. 

See People v. Peacock, 2022 IL App (1st) 170308-B, ¶ 20 (collecting cases). Miller did not 

provide the legal basis for a proportionate penalties claim, but merely added “some helpful 

support” for it. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 74.

¶ 70 The majority speculates that there is a “reasonable probability” that the trial court would 

have imposed a sentence below the statutory minimum if defense counsel had cited “relevant

case law.” Supra ¶¶ 40, 56. I disagree. No Illinois court has ever reduced the sentence of a 23-

year-old based on the proportionate penalties clause. See, e.g., People v. Everett, 2022 IL 201169 

(51-year aggregate sentence did not violate the proportionate penalties clause as applied to 23-

year-old defendant). This court has rejected similar claims made by even younger defendants for

failing to provide a sufficient record supporting their argument. See, e.g., People v. Guerrero, 

2022 IL App (1st) 210400 (22-year-old defendant failed to provide sufficient facts to support his 

claim that his 45-year sentence violated the proportionate clause); People v. Buford, 2023 IL App

(1st) 201176 (22-year-old defendant failed to establish an arguable claim that his 80-year

sentence violated the proportionate penalties clause); see also People v. Green, 2022 IL App
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(1st) 200749, ¶¶ 37-40 (collecting Illinois cases that have rejected defendants’ proportionate 

penalties claims in light of being over 21 years old).

¶ 71 Nothing in the record before us establishes that “absent trial counsel’s alleged

deficiencies, the sentencer would have found that the mitigating circumstances preclude” the 

sentence imposed. (Emphasis added.) People v. Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d 65, 87 (1997). There is no 

evidence that defendant’s immaturity, impetuosity, inability to appreciate risks and

consequences, or anything else caused him to act more like a juvenile than an adult when he shot 

two people, killing one. “If mitigation evidence exists, defense counsel has the duty to introduce 

it in support of the defendant.” Id. at 86. But “it is equally settled that the failure to offer

mitigation evidence *** is not itself sufficient to show that defense counsel was ineffective.” Id.

Where, as in the instant case, “there [i]s no proof that such evidence actually exist[s] or that it

would have been helpful to the defense” (People v. Dupree, 2018 IL 122307, ¶ 40), defendant 

cannot overcome “the strong presumption that the challenged action or inaction might have been

the product of sound trial strategy.” People v. Evans, 186 Ill. 2d 83, 93 (1999). 

¶ 72 As the trial judge correctly concluded at the resentencing hearing: 

“[T]he only evidence that was presented for me to be able to look at that and see whether 

or not this would be an unconstitutional sentence as applied to Mr. Estrada is basically 

that the brain is still immature. However, when I look at all the evidence, the Presentence 

Investigation and everything Mr. Estrada has done, there’s nothing for me to base a 

finding to go under the minimum in this case.” 

¶ 73 The trial court properly rejected defendant’s proportionate penalties argument because it 

was not supported by the evidence. On review, this court should do the same. In my view, the 

record does not justify the majority’s conclusion that defense counsel’s performance was
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ineffective or that, absent counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that

the trial judge would have imposed a sentence “under the minimum in this case.” Defendant

bears “the burden of alleging facts showing that his particular circumstances fall under Miller

and that a sentence imposed on an adult pursuant to relevant Illinois statutes is nonetheless so

disproportionate to the offense that it shocks the moral sense of the community.” People v.

Thomas, 2022 IL App (1st) 200164, ¶ 52. Defendant has failed to meet his burden in this case.

¶ 74 For the reasons stated herein I would affirm defendant’s 71-year sentence.