[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020]

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

IN RE: CANVASS OF ABSENTEE AND 

MAIL-IN BALLOTS OF NOVEMBER 3, 

2020 GENERAL ELECTION

APPEAL OF: DONALD J. TRUMP FOR 

PRESIDENT, INC.

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No. 31 EAP 2020

SUBMITTED: November 18, 2020

IN RE: CANVASS OF ABSENTEE AND 

MAIL-IN BALLOTS OF NOVEMBER 3, 

2020 GENERAL ELECTION

APPEAL OF: DONALD J. TRUMP FOR 

PRESIDENT, INC.

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No. 32 EAP 2020

SUBMITTED: November 18, 2020

IN RE: CANVASS OF ABSENTEE AND 

MAIL-IN BALLOTS OF NOVEMBER 3, 

2020 GENERAL ELECTION

APPEAL OF: DONALD J. TRUMP FOR 

PRESIDENT, INC.

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No. 33 EAP 2020

SUBMITTED: November 18, 2020

IN RE: CANVASS OF ABSENTEE AND 

MAIL-IN BALLOTS OF NOVEMBER 3, 

2020 GENERAL ELECTION

APPEAL OF: DONALD J. TRUMP FOR 

PRESIDENT, INC.

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No. 34 EAP 2020

SUBMITTED: November 18, 2020

IN RE: CANVASS OF ABSENTEE AND 

MAIL-IN BALLOTS OF NOVEMBER 3, 

2020 GENERAL ELECTION

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No. 35 EAP 2020

SUBMITTED: November 18, 2020
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 2

APPEAL OF: DONALD J. TRUMP FOR 

PRESIDENT, INC.

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IN RE: 2,349 BALLOTS IN THE 2020 

GENERAL ELECTION

APPEAL OF: ALLEGHENY COUNTY 

BOARD OF ELECTIONS

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No. 29 WAP 2020

Appeal from the Order of the 

Commonwealth Court entered 

November 19, 2020 at No. 1162 CD 

2020, reversing the Order of the 

Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny 

County entered November 18, 2020 

at No. GD 20-011654 and remanding

SUBMITTED: November 20, 2020

Justice Donohue announces the judgment of the Court, 

joined by Justices Baer, Todd and Wecht, and files an 

opinion joined by Justices Baer and Todd

OPINION ANNOUNCING THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT

JUSTICE DONOHUE DECIDED: November 23, 2020

These appeals present the question of whether the Election Code requires a 

county board of elections to disqualify mail-in or absentee ballots submitted by qualified 

electors who signed the declaration on their ballot’s outer envelope but did not handwrite 

their name, their address, and/or a date, where no fraud or irregularity has been alleged. 

Pursuant to our longstanding jurisprudence, central to the disposition of these appeals is 

whether the information is made mandatory by the Election Code or whether the inclusion 

of the information is directory, i.e., a directive from the Legislature that should be followed 

but the failure to provide the information does not result in invalidation of the ballot.

We are guided by well-established interpretive principles including that where the 

language of a statute is unambiguous, the language shall be controlling. 1 Pa.C.S. §
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 3

1921(b). In the case of ambiguity, we look to ascertain the legislative intent, and in 

election cases, we adhere to the overarching principle that the Election Code should be 

liberally construed so as to not deprive, inter alia, electors of their right to elect a candidate 

of their choice. Pa. Democratic Party v. Boockvar, 238 A.3d 345, 356 (Pa. 2020). Stated 

more fully:

Election laws will be strictly enforced to prevent fraud, but ordinarily will be 

construed liberally in favor of the right to vote. All statutes tending to limit 

the citizen in his exercise of the right of suffrage should be liberally 

construed in his favor. Where the elective franchise is regulated by statute, 

the regulation should, when and where possible, be so construed as to 

insure rather than defeat the exercise of the right of suffrage. Technicalities 

should not be used to make the right of the voter insecure. No construction 

of a statute should be indulged that would disfranchise any voter if the law 

is reasonably susceptible of any other meaning.

Appeal of James, 105 A.2d 64, 65-66 (Pa. 1954).

Guided by these principles and for the reasons discussed at length in this opinion, 

we conclude that the Election Code does not require boards of elections to disqualify 

mail-in or absentee ballots submitted by qualified electors who signed the declaration on 

their ballot’s outer envelope but did not handwrite their name, their address, and/or date, 

where no fraud or irregularity has been alleged.

* * *

In connection with five of these consolidated appeals, Petitioner Donald J. Trump 

for President, Inc. (the “Campaign”) challenges the decision of the Philadelphia County 

Board of Elections (the “Philadelphia Board”) to count 8,329 absentee and mail-in ballots. 

The Campaign does not contest that these ballots were all timely received by the 

Philadelphia Board prior to 8:00 p.m. on November 3, 2020 (election day); that they were 

cast and signed by qualified electors; and that there is no evidence of fraud associated 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 4

with their casting. The Campaign instead contends that these votes should not be 

counted because the voters who submitted them failed to handwrite their name, street 

address or the date (or some combination of the three) on the ballot-return outer 

envelope. The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, per the Honorable James 

Crumlish, upheld the Philadelphia Board’s decision to count the ballots, ruling that the 

Election Code does not mandate the disqualification of ballots for a failure to include the 

challenged information, stressing that the inclusion or exclusion of this information does 

not prevent or promote fraud. The Campaign pursued an appeal to the Commonwealth 

Court. This Court granted the Philadelphia Board’s application to exercise our 

extraordinary jurisdiction, 42 Pa. C.S. § 726, over these cases then pending in the 

Commonwealth Court. 

At or around the same time that the matters were being litigated in Philadelphia, 

across the state in Allegheny County, Nicole Ziccarelli, a candidate for the Pennsylvania 

Senate in the 45th Senatorial District (Allegheny-Westmoreland counties) challenged the 

November 10, 2020 decision of the Allegheny County Board of Elections (the “Allegheny 

County Board”) to canvass 2,349 mail-in ballots that contained a signed – but undated –

declaration. Again, all of the outer envelopes were signed, they are conceded to be timely 

and there are no allegations of fraud or illegality. On November 18, 2020, the Court of 

Common Pleas of Allegheny County, per the Honorable Joseph James, upheld the 

decision of the Allegheny County Board to count the ballots. Ziccarelli v. Allegheny 

County Board of Elections, No. GD-20-011654 (Allegheny Cty. Ct. Com. Pl.). Ziccarelli 

filed an appeal to the Commonwealth Court and an application in this Court requesting 

that we exercise extraordinary jurisdiction over her appeal. During the pendency of the 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 5

request to this Court, on November 19, 2020, a three-judge panel of the Commonwealth 

Court, with one judge dissenting, reversed the common pleas court decision.

On November 20, 2020, the Allegheny County Board filed an emergency petition 

for allowance of appeal, which we granted, limited to whether the ballots contained in 

undated outer envelopes should be invalidated. We stayed the order of the 

Commonwealth Court pending the outcome of this appeal and consolidated it with the 

Philadelphia Board cases. 

In these appeals, we are called upon to interpret several provisions of the Election 

Code. We set them forth at the outset since they guide the resolution of these appeals. 

Section 3146.6(a) provides as follows with respect to absentee ballots:

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), at any time 

after receiving an official absentee ballot, but on or before 

eight o'clock P.M. the day of the primary or election, the 

elector shall, in secret, proceed to mark the ballot only in 

black lead pencil, indelible pencil or blue, black or blue-black 

ink, in fountain pen or ball point pen, and then fold the ballot, 

enclose and securely seal the same in the envelope on which 

is printed, stamped or endorsed “Official Election Ballot.” 

This envelope shall then be placed in the second one, on 

which is printed the form of declaration of the elector, and the 

address of the elector's county board of election and the local 

election district of the elector. The elector shall then fill out, 

date and sign the declaration printed on such envelope. 

Such envelope shall then be securely sealed and the elector 

shall send same by mail, postage prepaid, except where 

franked, or deliver it in person to said county board of 

election.

25 P.S. § 3146.6(a) (emphasis added).

Section 3150.16(a) sets forth the procedure for the submission of a mail-in ballot:

(a) General rule.--At any time after receiving an official mailin ballot, but on or before eight o'clock P.M. the day of the 

primary or election, the mail-in elector shall, in secret, 

proceed to mark the ballot only in black lead pencil, indelible 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 6

pencil or blue, black or blue-black ink, in fountain pen or ball 

point pen, and then fold the ballot, enclose and securely seal 

the same in the envelope on which is printed, stamped or 

endorsed “Official Election Ballot.” This envelope shall then 

be placed in the second one, on which is printed the form of 

declaration of the elector, and the address of the elector's 

county board of election and the local election district of the 

elector. The elector shall then fill out, date and sign the 

declaration printed on such envelope. Such envelope 

shall then be securely sealed and the elector shall send same 

by mail, postage prepaid, except where franked, or deliver it 

in person to said county board of election.

25 P.S. § 3150.16(a) (emphasis added).

Sections 3146.4 and 3150.14(b) delegate to the Secretary of the Commonwealth 

the responsibility to prescribe the form of the elector’s declaration on the outer envelope 

used to mail the absentee and mail-in ballots:

§ 3146.4. Envelopes for official absentee ballots

The county boards of election shall provide two additional 

envelopes for each official absentee ballot of such size and 

shape as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the 

Commonwealth, in order to permit the placing of one within 

the other and both within the mailing envelope. On the 

smaller of the two envelopes to be enclosed in the mailing 

envelope shall be printed, stamped or endorsed the words 

“Official Election Ballot,” and nothing else. On the larger of 

the two envelopes, to be enclosed within the mailing 

envelope, shall be printed the form of the declaration of 

the elector, and the name and address of the county 

board of election of the proper county. The larger 

envelope shall also contain information indicating the local 

election district of the absentee voter. Said form of 

declaration and envelope shall be as prescribed by the 

Secretary of the Commonwealth and shall contain 

among other things a statement of the electors 

qualifications, together with a statement that such 

elector has not already voted in such primary or election. 

The mailing envelope addressed to the elector shall contain 

the two envelopes, the official absentee ballot, lists of 

candidates, when authorized by section 1303 subsection (b) 

of this act, the uniform instructions in form and substance as 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 7

prescribed by the Secretary of the Commonwealth and 

nothing else.

25 P.S. § 3146.4 (emphasis added).

§ 3150.14. Envelopes for official mail-in ballots

* * *

(b) Form of declaration and envelope.--The form of 

declaration and envelope shall be as prescribed by the 

Secretary of the Commonwealth and shall contain, 

among other things, a statement of the elector's 

qualifications, together with a statement that the elector 

has not already voted in the primary or election.

25 P.S. § 3150.14(b) (emphasis added).

The pre-canvassing or canvassing of absentee and mail-in ballots proceed in 

accordance with the dictates of 25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(3), as follows:

§ 3146.8. Canvassing of official absentee ballots and mail-in ballots

When the county board meets to pre-canvass or canvass 

absentee ballots and mail-in ballots under paragraphs (1), 

(1.1) and (2), the board shall examine the declaration on 

the envelope of each ballot not set aside under 

subsection (d) [a voter who dies before the election] and 

shall compare the information thereon with that 

contained in the "Registered Absentee and Mail-in Voters 

File," the absentee voters' list and/or the "Military 

Veterans and Emergency Civilians Absentee Voters File," 

whichever is applicable. If the county board has verified 

the proof of identification as required under this act and 

is satisfied that the declaration is sufficient and the 

information contained in the "Registered Absentee and 

Mail-in Voters File," the absentee voters' list and/or the 

"Military Veterans and Emergency Civilians Absentee 

Voters File" verifies his right to vote, the county board shall 

provide a list of the names of electors whose absentee ballots

or mail-in ballots are to be pre-canvassed or canvassed.

25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(3) (emphasis added).
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 8

Pursuant to the authority granted in § 3150.14(b), the Secretary of the 

Commonwealth developed the following declaration used in connection with the 2020 

General Election:

I hereby declare that I am qualified to vote from the below 

stated address at this election; that I have not already voted 

in this election; and I further declare that I marked my ballot in 

secret. I am qualified to vote the enclosed ballot. I understand 

I am no longer eligible to vote at my polling place after I return 

my voted ballot. However, if my ballot is not received by the 

county, I understand I may only vote by provisional ballot at 

my polling place, unless I surrender my balloting materials, to 

be voided, to the judge of elections at my polling place.

[BAR CODE]

Voter, sign or mark here/Votante firme o margue aqui

X___________________________________

____________________________________

Date of signing (MM/DD/YYYY)/Fechade firme (MM/DD/YYYY)

_____________________________________

Voter, print name/Votante, nombre en letra de impreta

______________________________________

Voter, address (street)/Votante, dirreccion (calle)

[LABEL – Voters’ name and address]

In addition, the Secretary issued guidance to the county boards of elections with 

respect to the examination of ballot return envelopes. First, on September 11, 2020, she 

issued the following guidance:

3. EXAMINATION OF DECLARATION ON BALLOT RETURN 

ENVELOPES: 

The county board of elections is responsible for approving 

ballots to be counted during pre-canvassing. 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 9

To promote consistency across the 67 counties, the county 

boards of elections should follow the following steps when 

processing returned absentee and mail-in ballots. 

After setting aside ballots of elector’s who died prior to the 

opening of the polls, the county board of elections shall 

examine the Voter’s Declaration on the outer envelope of 

each returned ballot and compare the information on the 

outer envelope, i.e., the voter’s name and address, with the 

information contained in the “Registered Absentee and Mailin Voters File, the absentee voter’s list and/or the Military 

Veterans’ and Emergency Civilians Absentee Voters File.” 

If the Voter’s Declaration on the return envelope is blank, 

that ballot return envelope must be set aside and not 

counted. If the board determines that a ballot should not be 

counted, the final ballot disposition should be noted in 

SURE. The ballot return status (Resp Type) should be noted 

using the appropriate drop-down selection. 

If the Voter’s Declaration on the return envelope is signed and 

the county board is satisfied that the declaration is sufficient, 

the mail-in or absentee ballot should be approved for 

canvassing unless challenged in accordance with the 

Pennsylvania Election Code.

Guidance Concerning Examination of Absentee and Mail-in Ballot Return Envelopes, 

9/11/2020, at 3. On September 28, 2020, the Secretary offered additional guidance on 

the treatment of ballot return envelopes:

With regard to the outer ballot‐return envelope:

A ballot‐return envelope with a declaration that is filled out, 

dated, and signed by an elector who was approved to receive 

an absentee or mail‐in ballot is sufficient and counties should

continue to pre‐canvass and canvass these ballots.

A ballot‐return envelope with a declaration that is not filled out, 

dated, and signed is not sufficient and must be set aside, 

declared void and may not be counted. Ballot‐return 

envelopes must be opened in such a manner as not to destroy 

the declarations executed thereon.
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 10

All ballot‐return envelopes containing executed declarations 

must be retained for a period of two years in accordance with 

the Election Code.

* * *

Pre‐canvass and Canvass Procedures

At the pre‐canvass or canvass, as the case may be, the 

county board of elections should:

 Segregate the unopened ballots of voters whose 

applications were challenged by the challenge

deadline (5:00 PM on the Friday before the election).

o These ballots must be placed in a secure, 

sealed container until the board of 

elections holds a formal hearing on the 

challenged ballots.

o Ballot applications can only be challenged 

on the basis that the applicant is not 

qualified to vote.

 Set aside the ballot of any voter who was deceased 

before election day.

 Set aside any ballots without a filled out, dated and 

signed declaration envelope.

 Set aside any ballots without the secrecy envelope 

and any ballots in a secrecy envelope that include 

text, mark, or symbol which reveals the identity of 

the voter, the voter’s political affiliation (party), or the 

voter’s candidate preference.

The Election Code does not permit county election officials to 

reject applications or voted ballots based solely on signature 

analysis.

No challenges may be made to mail‐in or absentee ballot 

applications after 5:00 pm on the Friday before the election.

No challenges may be made to mail‐in and absentee ballots 

at any time based on signature analysis.

NOTE: For more information about the examination of return 

envelopes, please refer to the Department’s September 11, 

2020 Guidance Concerning Examination of Absentee and 

Mail‐in Ballot Return Envelopes.
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 11

Guidance Concerning Civilian Absentee and Mail-in Ballot Procedures, 9/28/2020, at 5, 

8-9.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Pursuant to the General Assembly’s passage of Act 77 of 2019, voters in 

Pennsylvania may cast their ballots in elections by absentee or no-excuse mail-in ballots. 

To do so, they must submit applications to county boards of elections, and in connection 

therewith must provide the address at which they are registered to vote. They must also

sign a declaration affirming, among other things, that they are “eligible to vote by mail-in 

[or absentee] ballot at the forthcoming primary or election,” and that “all of the information” 

supplied in the mail-in or absentee ballot application is “true and correct.” 25 P.S. §§ 

3150.12, 3146.2. Upon receipt of the application, the county board of elections must 

confirm the elector’s qualifications and verify that the elector’s address on the application 

matches the elector’s registration. Upon the county board of elections’ approval of the 

application, the elector is provided with a ballot, an inner “secrecy envelope” into which

the ballot is to be placed, and an outer envelope into which the secrecy envelope is to be 

placed and returned to the board. The outer envelope has pre-printed on it (1) a voter’s 

declaration, (2) a label containing the voter’s name and address, and (3) a unique ninedigit bar code that links the outer envelope to the voter’s registration file contained in the 

Statewide Uniform Registry of Electors (“SURE”) system. After receiving the outer 

envelope, the board of elections stamps the date of receipt on it and then scans the 

unique nine-digit bar code, which links the voter’s ballot to his or her registration file. 

The pre-canvassing or canvassing of absentee and mail-in ballots then proceeds

in accordance with the dictates of 25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(3):
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 12

When the county board meets to pre-canvass or canvass 

absentee ballots and mail-in ballots under paragraphs (1), 

(1.1) and (2), the board shall examine the declaration on the 

envelope of each ballot not set aside under subsection (d) [a 

voter who dies before the election] and shall compare the 

information thereon with that contained in the "Registered

Absentee and Mail-in Voters File," the absentee voters' list 

and/or the "Military Veterans and Emergency Civilians 

Absentee Voters File," whichever is applicable. If the county 

board has verified the proof of identification as required under 

this act and is satisfied that the declaration is sufficient and 

the information contained in the "Registered Absentee and 

Mail-in Voters File," the absentee voters' list and/or the 

"Military Veterans and Emergency Civilians Absentee Voters 

File" verifies his right to vote, the county board shall provide a 

list of the names of electors whose absentee ballots or mailin ballots are to be pre-canvassed or canvassed.

25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(3).

Pursuant to this section, on November 9, 2020, the Philadelphia Board met to 

determine whether ballots separated into nine categories were “sufficient” to be precanvassed or canvassed. It concluded that four categories were not sufficient to be precanvassed or canvassed: (1) 472 ballots where the outer envelope lacked a signature 

and any other handwritten information; (2) 225 ballots where the outer envelope was not 

signed by the voter; (3) 112 ballots where the individual who completed the declaration

appeared to be different from the individual who had been assigned the ballot; and (4)

4,027 ballots that were not submitted in a secrecy envelope. 

In contrast, the Philadelphia Board approved as sufficient to be pre-canvassed or 

canvassed the ballots in five categories: (1) 1,211 ballots that lacked a handwritten date, 

address, and printed name on the back of the outer envelope (but were signed); (2) 1,259 

ballots that lacked only a handwritten date on the back of the outer envelope (but were

signed and contained a handwritten name and address); (3) 533 ballots that lack only a 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 13

handwritten name on the back of the outer envelope (but were signed and dated and 

contained a handwritten address); (4) 860 ballots that lack only a handwritten address on 

the back of the outer envelope (but were signed and dated and contained a handwritten

name); (5) 4,466 ballots that lack only a handwritten name and address on the back of 

the outer envelope (but were signed and dated). 

On November 10, 2020, the Campaign filed five pleadings entitled “Notice of 

Appeal via Petition for Review of Decision by the Philadelphia County Board of Elections,” 

one for each of the five categories referenced above that the Philadelphia Board approved 

as sufficient to be pre-canvassed or canvassed. In each petition for review, the Campaign 

alleged that this Court, in Pa. Democratic Party v. Boockvar, 238 A.3d 345 (Pa. 2020), 

declared that absentee and mail-in ballots cast in violation of the Election Code’s 

mandatory requirements are void and cannot be counted. Petition for Review, 

11/10/2020, ¶ 14. The Campaign further alleged that failures to include hand-written 

names, addresses and dates constituted violations of mandatory obligations under 

Sections 3146.6(a) and/or 3150.16(a) of the Election Code. Id. at 15-16. Accordingly, 

the Campaign alleged that the Board’s decisions with respect to the absentee and mailin ballots in the above-referenced five categories were based on a clear error of law and 

must be reversed. Id. at 32.

On November 13, 2020, Judge Crumlish held oral argument on the issues raised 

in the Petition for Review. In response to questions from Judge Crumlish, counsel for the 

Campaign agreed that the Petition for Review was “not proceeding based on allegations 

of fraud or misconduct.” Transcript, 11/13/2020, at 13-14. She further agreed that the 

Campaign was not challenging the eligibility of the 8,329 voters in question and did not 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 14

contest either that all of the ballots at issue were signed by the voters or that they had 

been timely received by the Board. Id. at 30-31, 37. Instead, she indicated that the 

Campaign was “alleging that the ballots were not filled out correctly.” Id. at 14. Counsel 

for the DNC1 argued that the failures to handwrite names, addresses and dates “are, at 

most, minor technical irregularities that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has 

repeatedly said do not warrant disenfranchisement.” Id. at 14. Counsel for the 

Philadelphia Board added that the Election Code includes no provision requiring “absolute 

technical perfection” when filling out the declaration on the outer envelope containing an 

absentee or mail-in ballot. Id. at 38. 

Later that same day, Judge Crumlish entered five orders affirming the Philadelphia 

Board’s decision to count the contested ballots. In his orders, Judge Crumlish noted that 

while the declaration contained a specific directive to the voter to sign the declaration, it 

made no mention of filling out the date or other information. Trial Court Orders, 

11/13/2020, ¶ 2. He further found that while the Election Code provides that while the 

voter shall “fill out” and date the declaration, the term “‘fill out’ is not a defined term and is 

ambiguous.” Id. at ¶ 4. He indicated that the outer envelope already contains a preprinted statement of the voter’s name and address, and that “[n]either a date nor the 

elector’s filling out of the printed name or of the address are requirements necessary to 

prevent fraud.” Id. at ¶ 5-6. Concluding that “[t]he Election Code directs the Court of 

Common Pleas in considering appeals from the County Board of Elections to make such 

 

1

 DNA Services Corp./Democratic National Committee (hereinafter “DNC”) intervened in 

the proceedings before the trial court.
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 15

decree as right and justice may require[,]” id. at ¶ 8 (quoting 25 P.S. § 3157), Judge 

Crumlish upheld the decision of the Philadelphia Board.

The Campaign filed appeals from Judge Crumlish’s orders in the Commonwealth 

Court on November 14, 2020, and the next day the Commonwealth Court issued an order

consolidating the five appeals and setting an expedited briefing schedule. On November 

17, 2020, the Philadelphia Board filed an application with this Court to exercise its 

extraordinary jurisdiction, 42 Pa.C.S. § 726, over the consolidated appeals, which we 

granted by order dated November 18, 2020. 

In our order granting the Philadelphia Board’s application for the exercise of 

extraordinary jurisdiction, we stated the issue to be decided as follows:

Does the Election Code require county boards of elections to 

disqualify mail-in or absentee ballots submitted by qualified 

electors who signed their ballot’s outer envelopes but did not 

handwrite their name, their address, and/or a date, where no 

fraud or irregularity has been alleged?

On November 10, 2020, the Allegheny County Board decided to canvass 2,349 

mail-in ballots that contained a signed but undated declaration. Ziccarelli challenged the 

decision in an appeal to the court of common pleas ultimately heard and decided by the 

Honorable Joseph James. It was not disputed that all 2,349 voters signed and printed 

their name and address on the outer envelopes and returned the ballots to the Allegheny 

County Board on time. Each of the ballots was processed in the Statewide Uniform 

Registry of Electors (“SURE”) system and was time-stamped when it was delivered to the 

Allegheny County Board on or before November 3, 2020. At a hearing, via Microsoft 

Teams, on November 17, 2020, the Democratic Party and James Brewster (Ziccarelli’s 

opponent in the 45th Senatorial District race) moved to intervene, which motion was 
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granted. At the hearing, Ziccarelli stated that she was not claiming voter fraud regarding 

the challenged ballots.

In an opinion and order dated November 18, 2020, Judge James affirmed the 

Allegheny County Board’s decision to count the ballots. He concluded that the date 

provision in Section 3150.16(a) is directory, not mandatory, and that “ballots containing 

mere minor irregularities should only be stricken for compelling reasons,” citing 

Shambach v. Shambach, 845 A.2d 793, 798 (Pa. 2004). Noting that the ballots were 

processed in the SURE system and time-stamped when delivered to the Allegheny 

County Board, he found that the technical omission of the handwritten date on a ballot 

was a minor technical defect and did not render the ballot deficient. 

Ziccarelli immediately appealed Judge James’ decision to the Commonwealth 

Court and contemporaneously filed an application to this Court requesting our exercise 

of extraordinary jurisdiction, noting that the issue presented was accepted by this Court 

as part of the Philadelphia Board appeals. While the application was pending, the 

Commonwealth Court ordered expedited briefing and on November 19, 2020, issued an 

opinion and order reversing the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County and 

remanded. In Re: 2,349 Ballots in the 2020 General Election; Appeal of: Nicole Ziccarelli, 

__ A.3d __, 1162 C.D. 2020 (Commw. Ct. 2020). Ziccarelli then withdrew her application 

for extraordinary jurisdiction.

On November 20, 2020, this Court granted the Allegheny County Board’s Petition 

for Allowance of Appeal limited to the question of whether the ballots contained in undated 

but signed outer envelopes should be invalidated. The opinion of the Commonwealth 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 17

Court will be discussed, as necessary, in the analysis that follows. The order was stayed 

pending our disposition of these consolidated cases. 

The pertinent scope and standard of review follow: the Court of Common Pleas’ 

decision is reviewed on appeal “to determine whether the findings are supported by 

competent evidence and to correct any conclusions of law erroneously made.” In re 

Reading Sch. Bd. of Election, 634 A.2d 170, 171–72 (Pa. 1993). The Court of Common 

Pleas, in turn, could reverse the Philadelphia Board’s decision only for an abuse of 

discretion or error of law. See Appeal of McCracken, 88 A.2d 787, 788 (Pa. 1952). As 

the issue involves the proper interpretation of the Election Code, it presents a question of 

law and our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. See, e.g., 

Banfield v. Cortés, 110 A.3d 155, 166 (Pa. 2015).

II. ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES

Although more fully developed in our analysis set forth later in this opinion, we here 

briefly summarize the arguments of the parties and intervenors.

The Campaign argues that the General Assembly set forth in the Election Code 

the requirements for how a qualified elector can cast a valid absentee or mail-in ballot. 

Campaign’s Brief at 22. One of those requirements is for each elector to “fill out, date, 

and sign” the declaration on the Outside Envelope. Id. (citing 25 P.S. §§ 3146.6(a) and 

3150.16(a)). According to the Campaign, this Court has repeatedly ruled that the 

requirements of the sections of Election Code relevant here impose mandatory 

obligations, and that ballots cast in contravention of the these requirements are void and 

cannot be counted. Id. at 23. As a result, the Campaign insists that the trial court erred 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 18

in affirming the Board’s decision to count the 8,329 non-conforming absentee and mail-in 

ballots. Id.

The Philadelphia Board, conversely, contends that the Election Code does not 

require the Philadelphia Board to set aside timely-filed ballots by qualified electors that 

are merely missing handwritten names, street addresses, and/or dates on the signed 

voter declaration. Philadelphia Board’s Brief at 12. Contrary to the Campaign’s 

contention that the provisions of the Election Code at issue here impose exclusively 

mandatory requirements, the Philadelphia Board argues that Pennsylvania courts have 

long held that minor errors or omissions should not result in disenfranchisement, 

particularly in cases where the errors or omissions do not implicate the board’s ability to 

ascertain the voter’s right to vote or the secrecy or sanctity of the ballot. Id. Here, the 

Philadelphia Board notes that the Campaign does not allege that the voters at issue here 

were not qualified to vote and have not asserted that any fraud or other impropriety has 

occurred. Id. As such, it concludes that it acted properly and within its discretion in

determining that these omissions were not a basis for setting aside those ballots. Id. 

The DNC largely concurs with the Philadelphia Board’s arguments, indicating that 

there is no statutory requirement that voters print their full name or address on the outer 

envelopes and that adding a date to the envelope serves no compelling purpose. DNC’s 

Brief at 9-10.

Ziccarelli argues further that, in regard to outer envelopes not containing a votersupplied date, this Court’s opinion in In Re: Nov. 3, 2020 General Election, No. 149 MM 

2020, 2020 WL 6252803 (Pa. Oct. 23, 2020) definitively speaks to the mandatory nature 

of the date requirement and, without much extrapolation, requires that such ballots not be 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 19

counted. The Allegheny County Board agrees with its Philadelphia counterpart. It 

counters Ziccarelli’s reliance on In Re Nov. 3, 2020 General Election by noting that 

Ziccarelli’s challenge to the ballots for lack of a date is based on the premise that the date 

is essential to the validity of the signature. Allegheny County Board points out this is the 

precise type of challenge that was disavowed in the case upon which Ziccarelli relies. 

III. ANALYSIS

We begin by recognizing from the outset that it is the “longstanding and overriding 

policy in this Commonwealth to protect the elective franchise.” Shambach v. Birkhart, 

845 A.2d 793, 798 (Pa. 2004). “The Election Code must be liberally construed so as not 

to deprive ... the voters of their right to elect a candidate of their choice.” Ross Nomination 

Petition, 190 A.2d 719, 719 (Pa. 1963). It is therefore a well-settled principle of 

Pennsylvania election law that “[e]very rationalization within the realm of common sense 

should aim at saving the ballot rather than voiding it.” Appeal of Norwood, 116 A.2d 552,

554–55 (Pa. 1955). It is likewise settled that imbedded in the Election Code is the General 

Assembly’s intent to protect voter privacy in her candidate choice based on Article VII, 

Section 4 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and to prevent fraud and to otherwise ensure 

the integrity of the voting process. 

We agree with the Campaign’s observation that in Sections 3146.6(a) and

3150.16(a), the General Assembly set forth the requirements for how a qualified elector 

may cast a valid absentee or mail-in ballot. Campaign’s Brief at 22. We further agree 

that these sections of the Election Code specifically provide that each voter “shall fill out, 

date, and sign” the declaration on the outside envelope. Id. We do not agree with the 

Campaign’s contention, however, that because the General Assembly used the word 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 20

“shall” in this context, it is of necessity that the directive is a mandatory one, such that a 

failure to comply with any part of it requires a board of elections to declare the ballot void 

and that it cannot be counted. It has long been part of the jurisprudence of this 

Commonwealth that the use of “shall” in a statute is not always indicative of a mandatory 

directive; in some instances, it is to be interpreted as merely directory. See, e.g.,

Commonwealth v. Baker, 690 A.2d 164, 167 (Pa. 1997) (citing Fishkin v. Hi–Acres, Inc., 

341 A.2d 95 (Pa. 1975)); see also Commonwealth ex rel. Bell v. Powell, 94 A. 746, 748

(Pa. 1915) (quoting Bladen v. Philadelphia, 60 Pa. 464, 466 (1869) (“It would not perhaps 

be easy to lay down any general rule as to when the provisions of a statute are merely 

directory, and when mandatory and imperative.”)). The Campaign’s reliance on this 

Court’s recent decision in Pa. Democratic Party v. Boockvar, 238 A.3d 345 (Pa. 2020) for 

the proposition it asserts is misplaced.

In Pa. Democratic Party, we held that the requirement in Section 3150.16(a) that 

a mail-in voter place his or her ballot in the inner secrecy envelope was a mandatory 

requirement and thus a voter’s failure to comply rendered the ballot void. Pa. Democratic 

Party, 238 A.3d at 380. In concluding that the use of the secrecy envelope was a 

mandatory, rather than a discretionary directive, we reviewed our prior decisions on the 

distinction between mandatory and discretionary provisions in the Election Code, 

including Shambach v. Bickhart, 845 A.2d 793 (Pa. 2004), In re Luzerne County Return 

Board, Appeal of Elmer B. Weiskerger, 290 A.2d 108 (Pa. 1972), and In re Canvass of 

Absentee Ballots of Nov. 4, 2003 Gen. Election, Appeal of John Pierce, 843 A.2d 1223 

(Pa. 2004). 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 21

In Shambach, the Court declined to invalidate a write-in vote cast for a candidate 

who was named on the ballot, in direct violation of the Election Code’s instruction that a 

voter could only write in a person’s name if the name of said individual was “not already 

printed on the ballot for that office.” Shambach, 845 A.2d at 795. In reaching that 

conclusion, the Court observed that “[m]arking a ballot is an imprecise process, the focus 

of which is upon the unmistakable registration of the voter's will in substantial conformity 

to the statutory requirements.” Id. at 799 (quoting Appeal of Gallagher, 41 A.2d 630, 632 

(Pa 1945)). 

In Weiskerger, this Court refused to invalidate a ballot based upon the “minor 

irregularity” that it was completed in the wrong color of ink. The provision of the Election 

Code in question provided that “‘[a]ny ballot that is marked in blue, black or blue-black ink 

... shall be valid and counted.” Weiskerger, 290 A.2d at 109 (citing 25 P.S. § 3063). In 

providing that ballots completed in the right color must be counted, we noted that the 

General Assembly “neither stated nor implied that ballots completed in a different color 

must not be counted.” Id. We thus treated the instruction to use blue, black or blue-black 

ink as merely directory.

In Pa. Democratic Party, we compared these cases to our decision in In re 

Canvass of Absentee Ballots of Nov. 4, 2003 Gen. Election, Appeal of John Pierce, 843 

A.2d 1223 (Pa. 2004), where we held that the Election Code's “in-person” ballot delivery 

requirement, see 25 P.S. § 3146.6, was mandatory, and that votes delivered by third 

persons must not be counted. Appeal of Pierce, 843 A.2d at 1231. There, we recognized 

that the in-person requirement served important purposes in the Election Code, including 

“limit[ing] the number of third persons who unnecessarily come in contact with the ballot[,] 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 22

... provid[ing] some safeguard that the ballot was filled out by the actual voter, ... and that 

once the ballot has been marked by the actual voter in secret, no other person has the 

opportunity to tamper with it.” Id. at 1232. We thus explained in Pa. Democratic Party

that “the clear thrust of Appeal of Pierce, ... is that, even absent an express sanction, 

where legislative intent is clear and supported by a weighty interest like fraud prevention, 

it would be unreasonable to render such a concrete provision ineffective for want of 

deterrent or enforcement mechanism.” Pa. Democratic Party, 238 A.3d at 380 (citing 

Appeal of Pierce, 843 A.2d at 1232).

Based upon this comparison between Shambach, Weiskerger and Appeal of 

Pierce, in Pa. Democratic Party we determined that the decision in Appeal of Pierce

provided the appropriate guidance for the analysis of the secrecy envelope requirement. 

We held that “[i]t is clear that the Legislature believed that an orderly canvass of mail-in 

ballots required the completion of two discrete steps before critical identifying information 

on the ballot could be revealed. The omission of a secrecy envelope defeats this 

intention.” Pa. Democratic Party, 238 A.3d at 380. Unlike in Shambach and Weiskerger

which involved “minor irregularities,” the use of a secrecy envelope implicated a “weighty 

interest,” namely secrecy in voting protected expressly by Article VII, Section 4 of our

state charter. Id. As such, we recognized the use of a secrecy envelope as a mandatory 

requirement and that failures to comply with the requirement required that the ballot must 

be disqualified.” Id.; see also id. at 378 (quoting JPay, Inc. v. Dep’t of Corr. & Governor’s 

Office of Admin., 89 A.3d 756, 763 (Pa. Commw. 2014) (“While both mandatory and 

directory provisions of the Legislature are meant to be followed, the difference between 

a mandatory and directory provision is the consequence for non-compliance: a failure to 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 23

strictly adhere to the requirements of a directory statute will not nullify the validity of the 

action involved.”)).

To determine whether the Election Code’s directive that the voter handwrite their 

names, address and the date of signing the voter declaration on the back of the outer 

envelope is a mandatory or directory instruction requires us to determine whether the 

intent of the General Assembly was clear and whether the failure to handwrite the 

information constitutes “minor irregularities” or instead represent “weighty interests,” like 

fraud prevention or ballot secrecy that the General Assembly considered to be critical to 

the integrity of the election.

(1) Failures to include handwritten names and addresses

Beginning with the Campaign’s contention that ballots may not be counted if a 

voter fails to handwrite their name and/or address under the full paragraph of the 

declaration on the back of the outer envelope, we conclude that given the factual record 

in this case and the mechanics of the pre-canvassing and canvassing procedures 

including the incorporation of reliance on the SURE system, this “requirement” is, at best, 

a “minor irregularity” and, at worst, entirely immaterial. More to the point, the direction to 

the voter to provide a handwritten name and/or address is not only not mandatory, it is 

not a directive expressed in the Election Code. Thus, these directions do not meet the 

first prong of the test used in Pa. Democratic Party: the clear intent of the General 

Assembly.

The Election Code does not require that the outer envelope declaration include a 

handwritten name or address at all. Instead, Sections 3146.4 (absentee) and 3150.14(b) 

(mail-in) provide only that the declaration must include “a statement of the elector's 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 24

qualifications, together with a statement that the elector has not already voted in the 

primary or election.” 25 P.S. §§ 3146.4, 3150.14(b). Aside from this information (none 

of which is relevant to the present issue), the General Assembly delegated to the 

Secretary of the Commonwealth the obligation to prescribe the form of declaration and 

envelope for absentee and mail-in ballots, presumably to allow the inclusion of information 

that would be helpful for administrative or processing purposes. Id.2 As such, the 

decision to include spaces in the declaration for handwritten names and addresses was 

made solely by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, not the General Assembly. It would 

be a stretch to divine that the General Assembly was advancing any weighty interest for 

the inclusion of handwritten names and addresses in the declaration such that a voter’s 

failure to include them should result in the ballot not being counted. Moreover, the 

Campaign does not argue that the Secretary’s request for handwritten names and 

addresses implicated any “weighty interests” that would compel a finding that the request 

to provide them constituted a mandatory requirement.3

 

2

 None of the parties have challenged whether these provisions constituted improper 

delegations of legislative authority. Protz v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Derry 

Area School District), 161 A.3d 827 (Pa. 2017).

3

 Conversely, the Philadelphia Board and the DNC have both selectively relied upon 

guidance provided by the Secretary to the county boards of election that indicated that a 

voter’s failure to handwrite his/her name and address was not a ground to set the ballot 

aside. Philadelphia Board’s Brief at 19; DNC’s Brief at 15. They have directed the Court 

to the Guidance published on September 11, 2020, in which the Secretary advised that 

“[i]f the Voter’s Declaration on the return envelope is signed and the county board is 

satisfied that the declaration is sufficient, the mail-in or absentee ballot should be 

approved for canvassing.” Guidance, 9/11/2020, at 3. As discussed infra at n.6, however, 

on September 28, 2020 the Secretary issued arguably contrary guidance stating that “[a]

ballot‐return envelope with a declaration that is not filled out, dated, and signed is not 

sufficient and must be set aside, declared void and may not be counted.” Guidance, 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 25

The Campaign argues that we should read the “handprinted name and address”

requirement into the directives in Section 3146.6(a) and 3150.16(a) that the voter “fill out” 

the declaration. Campaign’s Brief at 30. Citing to dictionary definitions, the Campaign 

contends that “fill out” means “to write or type information in spaces that are provided for 

it.” Id. at 32. Because 8,349 voters did not “fill out” one or more spaces provided on the 

outer envelope provided in the declaration (including the voter’s name and/or address), 

the Campaign argues that those ballots were non-conforming and could not be counted. 

Id. at 29. The directive to “fill out” does not give any legislative definition to the specific 

information to be placed in the blank spaces. It is the weight of the information that must 

be tested in the analysis. As stated, since the General Assembly did not choose the 

information to be provided, its omission is merely a technical defect and does not 

invalidate the ballot.

Further, as Judge Crumlish observed, the term “fill out” is ambiguous.4 Trial Court 

Opinion, 11/13/2020, ¶ 4. As Judge Crumlish recognized, the term “fill out” is not a 

defined term under the Election Code. Id. Moreover, and contrary to the Campaign’s 

contention that no alternative understanding of the term “fill out” has been proffered, the 

Campaign has failed to recognize, the voter’s name and address are already on the 

back of the outer envelope on a pre-printed label affixed no more than one inch 

 

9/28/20, at 9. Confusingly, she also incorporated by reference the September 11, 2020 

Guidance. Both sets of Guidance are set forth on pages 8-10 supra.

4

 Where an election statute is ambiguous, courts apply the interpretative principle that 

that “election laws ... ordinarily will be construed liberally in favor of the right to vote.” Pa. 

Democratic Party, 238 A.3d at 360–61. 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 26

from the declaration itself. A voter could reasonably have concluded that the blanks 

requesting his or her name and address needed to be “filled out” only if the name and/or 

address on the label was incorrect or incomplete, as it was unnecessary to provide 

information that was already on the back of the outer envelope.5 To add further confusion, 

the declaration itself can be read to refer to the label: “I hereby declare that I am qualified 

to vote from the below stated address” can be read to mean the address as already stated 

on the label.

The text of the Election Code provides additional evidence of the directory nature 

of the provisions at issue. With regard to individuals who are not able to sign their name

due to illness or physical disability, the General Assembly imposed a requirement that the 

declarant provide his or her “complete address.” 25 P.S. § 3146.6(a)(3); 25 P.S. § 

 

5

 The DNC argues, with some persuasive force, that the Campaign’s requested 

interpretation of Pennsylvania’s Election Code could lead to a violation of federal law by 

asking the state to deny the right to vote for immaterial reasons. Nobody acting under 

color of state law may deny anyone the right to vote “in any election because of an error 

or omission on any record or paper relating to any application, registration, or other act 

requisite to voting, if such error or omission is not material in determining whether such 

individual is qualified under State law to vote in such election.” 52 U.S.C. § 

10101(a)(2)(B). 

Under this section, the so-called “materiality provision” of the Voting Rights Act, federal 

courts have barred the enforcement of similar administrative requirements to disqualify 

electors. See, e.g., Schwier v. Cox, 340 F.3d 1284 (11th Cir. 2003) (disclosure of voter’s 

social security number is not “material” in determining whether a person is qualified to 

vote under Georgia law for purposes of the Voting Rights Act); Washington Ass'n of 

Churches v. Reed, 492 F.Supp.2d 1264 (W.D. Wash. 2006) (enjoining enforcement of

“matching” statute, requiring state to match potential voter's name to Social Security 

Administration or Department of Licensing database, because failure to match applicant's 

information was not material to determining qualification to vote); Martin v. Crittenden, 

347 F.Supp.3d 1302 (N.D. Ga. 2018), reconsideration denied, 1:18-CV-4776-LMM, 2018 

WL 9943564 (N.D. Ga. Nov. 15, 2018) (voter’s ability to correctly recite his or her year of 

birth on absentee ballot envelope was not material to determining said voter's 

qualifications).
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 27

3150.16(a.1). These provisions demonstrate that the General Assembly clearly knew 

how to impose such a requirement when it wishes to do so. In re Nov. 3, 2020 Gen. 

Election, __ A.3d __, 2020 WL 6252803, at *14 (Pa. 2020) (stating that the General 

Assembly’s prior inclusion of a signature comparison requirement demonstrated that “it 

understands how to craft language requiring signature comparisons at canvassing when 

it chooses to do so”). Moreover, Sections 3146.6(a)(3) and 3150.16(a.1) contain a 

precise form of declaration, crafted by the General Assembly, pertaining to voters with 

disabilities evidencing the General Assembly’s understanding of how to mandate a 

precise declaration without resort to delegating non-essential information to the 

Secretary. 

Finally, the text of the Election Code further demonstrates the lack of any need for 

handwritten names and addresses. Section 3146.8(g)(3), which relates to the canvassing 

of official absentee ballots and mail-in ballots, provides, in relevant part:

When the county board meets to pre-canvass or canvass 

absentee ballots and mail-in ballots under paragraphs (1), 

(1.1) and (2), the board shall examine the declaration on the 

envelope of each ballot not set aside under subsection (d) [a 

voter who dies before the election] and shall compare the 

information thereon with that contained in the "Registered 

Absentee and Mail-in Voters File," the absentee voters' list 

and/or the "Military Veterans and Emergency Civilians 

Absentee Voters File," whichever is applicable. 

25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(3). The county board of elections’ duty to keep a “Military Veterans 

and Emergency Civilians Absentee Voters File," which is not relevant to the current 

dispute, is governed by 25 P.S. § 3146.2c(b). Section 3146.2c(a) previously housed the 

board’s duty to keep a "Registered Absentee and Mail-in Voters File." However, the 

General Assembly recently eliminated this directive. See 2020, March 27, P.L. 41, No. 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 28

12, § 8, imd. effective (deleting subsection (a), which required county board of elections 

to maintain at its office “a file containing the duplicate absentee voter's temporary 

registration cards of every registered elector to whom an absentee ballot has been sent”).

By virtue of this amendment, the General Assembly eliminated one of the reference points 

that still appear in Section 3146.8(g)(3). The current Section 3146.2c(c) directs the 

county board to maintain the “the absentee voters' list” referenced in Section 3146.8(g)(3). 

The General Assembly also amended Section 3146.2c(c), which previously only directed 

the chief clerk to “prepare a list for each election district showing the names and post 

office addresses of all voting residents thereof to whom official absentee ballots shall have 

been issued,” to include such voting residents who were issued mail-in ballots. See 2019, 

Oct. 31, P.L. 552, No. 77, § 5.1, imd. effective (inserting “or mail-in” twice in subsection 

(c)). 

As such, as relevant for our purposes, Section 3146.8(g)(3) directs that “the board 

shall examine the declaration on the envelope of each ballot not set aside under 

subsection (d) [a voter who dies before the election] and shall compare the information 

thereon with that contained in the ... the absentee voters’ list,” which, pursuant to Section 

3146.2c(c), now also contains voters who received mail-in ballots. A close reading of the 

language chosen by the General Assembly here is telling. Section 3146.8(g)(3) directs 

the board to “examine the declaration on the envelope” and “compare the information 

thereon” to the absentee (and mail-in) voters’ list. 25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(3) (emphasis 

added). Reading these phrases together, it is clear that the General Assembly intended 

that the information to be compared to the absentee (and mail-in) voters’ list is the 

information on the outer envelope which includes the pre-printed name and address. If 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 29

the General Assembly intended for the information written by the voter to be compared to 

the absentee voters’ list, it would have used the term “therein,” thus directing the board 

to compare the information contained “within” the declaration (the handwritten name and 

address). 

The following sentence in this section further suggests that the General Assembly 

intended such bifurcation. Section 3146.8(g)(3) next states:

If the county board has verified the proof of identification as 

required under this act and is satisfied that the declaration is 

sufficient and the information contained in the ... the absentee 

voters' list ... verifies his right to vote, the county board shall 

provide a list of the names of electors whose absentee ballots 

or mail-in ballots are to be pre-canvassed or canvassed.

25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(3). Here, the board is directed to consider whether the declaration 

is sufficient (i.e., the examination contained in the previous sentence) and also ensure 

that the absentee voters' list confirms the voter’s right to vote (i.e., the comparison of the 

printed information to the relevant list from the prior sentence).

(2) Failures to include dates

Both the Campaign and Ziccarelli argue that the requirement to state the date on 

which declaration was signed is a mandatory obligation requiring disenfranchisement for 

lack of compliance. We disagree, as we conclude that dating the declaration is a 

directory, rather than a mandatory, instruction, and thus the inadvertent failure to comply 

does not require that ballots lacking a date be excluded from counting. As reviewed 

hereinabove, in our recent decision in Pa. Democratic Party, we reiterated that the 

distinction between directory and mandatory instructions applies with respect to a voter’s 

obligations under the Election Code, and that only failures to comply with mandatory 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 30

obligations, which implicate both legislative intent and “weighty interests” in the election 

process, like ballot confidentiality or fraud prevention, will require disqualification. Pa. 

Democratic Party, 238 A.3d at 379-80. 

The Commonwealth Court and Ziccarelli relied upon the Election Code’s use of 

the of “shall ... date” language in construing the date obligation as mandatory. In Re: 

2,349 Ballots in the 2020 General Election, Appeal of: Nicole Ziccarelli, __ A.3d __, 1162 

C.D. 2020, 10 (Pa. Comm. 2020). Although unlike the handwritten name and address, 

which are not mentioned in the statute, the inclusion of the word “date” in the statute does 

not change the analysis because the word “shall” is not determinative as to whether the 

obligation is mandatory or directive in nature. That distinction turns on whether the 

obligation carries “weighty interests.” The date that the declaration is signed is irrelevant 

to a board of elections’ comparison of the voter declaration to the applicable voter list, 

and a board can reasonably determine that a voter’s declaration is sufficient even without 

the date of signature. Every one of the 8,329 ballots challenged in Philadelphia County,

as well as all of the 2,349 ballots at issue in Allegheny County, were received by the 

boards of elections by 8:00 p.m. on Election Day, so there is no danger that any of these

ballots was untimely or fraudulently back-dated. Moreover, in all cases, the receipt date 

of the ballots is verifiable, as upon receipt of the ballot, the county board stamps the date 

of receipt on the ballot-return and records the date the ballot is received in the SURE 

system. The date stamp and the SURE system provide a clear and objective indicator of 

timeliness, making any handwritten date unnecessary and, indeed, superflous. 

Ziccarelli offers two alternative “weighty interests” for our consideration. She first 

contends that the date on which the declaration was signed may reflect whether the 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 31

person is a “qualified elector” entitled to vote in a particular election. Pursuant to Section 

3150.12b (entitled “Approval of application for mail-in ballot”), a board of elections may 

have determined that the person was a qualified elector and thus entitled to receive a 

mail-in ballot. Pursuant to Section 2811, however, to be a qualified elector, “[h]e or she 

shall have resided in the election district where he or she shall offer to vote at least thirty 

days immediately preceding the election, except that if qualified to vote in an election 

district prior to removal of residence, he or she may, if a resident of Pennsylvania, vote in 

the election district from which he or she removed his or her residence within thirty days 

preceding the election.” 25 P.S. § 2811. As a result, Ziccarelli contends that the person 

may have been qualified to vote in a particular voting district at the time of applying for a 

mail-in ballot, but no longer a qualified elector in that voting district on Election Day. 

Ziccarelli’s Brief at 16. 

This unlikely hypothetical scenario is not evidence of a “weighty interest” in the 

date on the document for assuring the integrity of Pennsylvania’s system for administering 

mail-in voting. Among other things, the canvassing statute, 25 P.S. § 3146.8(g)(3), directs 

the board to examine the declaration on the envelope of each ballot and compare the 

information thereon with that contained in the now defunct "Registered Absentee and 

Mail-in Voters File." See discussion supra pp. 27-29. The date of signing the declaration 

will not be of any benefit in performing this task, as the name of the voter at issue will be 

on this list (as a result of his or her approval to receive a mail-in ballot), and the date of 

signing will provide no information with respect to whether or not he or she has left the 

voting district in the interim. Most critically, our current statutory framework includes no 

requirement that a county board of elections investigate whether an individual who had 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 32

been confirmed as a qualified elector at the time of approval to receive a mail-in ballot 

remains as a qualified elector on Election Day. If the General Assembly had so intended, 

it would certainly have expressly stated it, as opposed to nebulously tucking such an 

unprecedented requirement into the instructions to the Secretary for designing the 

declaration. 

Second, Ziccarelli argues that the date of signature of the declaration will serve to 

prevent double voting, as “whether an elector has already voted in the election for which 

the ballot is issued, by its very nature, depends on the date on which the declaration was 

signed.” Ziccarelli’s Brief at 16. Boards of elections do not use signatures or any 

handwritten information to prevent double voting. Duplicate voting is detected by the use 

of bar codes through the SURE system, and the board identifies the earlier cast vote by 

referencing the date it received the ballot, not the date on which the declaration was 

signed.

Ziccarelli and the Commonwealth Court insist that this Court “has already held that 

mail-in ballots with undated declarations are not ‘sufficient’ and, thus, must be set aside.” 

Ziccarelli’s Brief at 9; In Re: 2,349 Ballots in the 2020 General Election, 1162 C.D. 2020, 

at 10. In support of this contention, they reference an observation in our recent decision 

in In re November 3, 2020 General Election, __ A.3d __, 2020 WL 6252803 (Pa. 2020), 

that when assessing the sufficiency of a voter’s declaration, “the county board is required 

to ascertain whether the return envelope has been filled out, dated, and signed – and if it 

fails to do so then the ballot cannot be designated as “sufficient” and must be set aside.6 

 

6

 In her brief, Ziccarelli cites to the Guidance distributed by the Secretary of the 

Commonwealth on September 28, 2020 to the county boards of elections, advising that 
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Id. at *12-13. This statement is being taken out of context. Our statement in 2020 General 

Election was in reference to the limitations on what an election board is directed by the 

statute to do when assessing the sufficiency of a voter’s declaration for the express 

purpose of indicating what they were not to do, i.e., signature comparisons. The question 

in In Re: Nov. 3, 2020 General Election was a narrow one. We did not address (as it was 

not at issue) whether a county board of elections could find a declaration as sufficient 

even though it was undated. That question requires an entirely different analysis that 

 

“[a] ballot‐return envelope with a declaration that is not filled out, dated, and signed is not

sufficient and must be set aside, declared void and may not be counted.” As noted in 

footnote 3 supra, however, the Secretary also issued Guidance on September 11, 2020, 

which was cited with approval by the Philadelphia Board and the DNC. No party 

referenced both sets of Guidance, however, even though the September 28 Guidance 

incorporated the September 11 Guidance. See Guidance, 9/28/2020, at 9 (“For more 

information about the examination of return envelopes, please refer to the Department’s 

September 11, 2020 Guidance Concerning Examination of Absentee and Mail‐in Ballot 

Return Envelopes.”).

In any event, we will not consider this Guidance in making our decision. Neither of the 

parties explain how the potentially contradictory directives are to be understood. More 

importantly, the Secretary has no authority to definitively interpret the provisions of the 

Election Code, as that is the function, ultimately, of this Court. The Secretary also clearly 

has no authority to declare ballots null and void. “[I]t is the Election Code's express terms 

that control, not the written guidance provided by the Department and as this Court 

repeatedly has cautioned, even erroneous guidance from the Department or county 

boards of elections cannot nullify the express provisions of the Election Code.” In re 

Scroggin, 237 A.3d 1006, 1021 (Pa. 2020). Moreover, the Secretary has no authority to 

order the sixty-seven county boards of election to take any particular actions with respect 

to the receipt of ballots. 25 P.S. § 2621(f.2). 

Finally, with respect to the September 28 Guidance indicating that undated ballots must 

be set aside, we note that in addition to the Philadelphia and Allegheny County Boards, 

at least two other boards of elections also did not follow it. Donald J. Trump for President 

Inc. v. Bucks Cnty. Bd. of Elections, No. 2020-05786 (Bucks Cty. Ct. Com. Pl.); Donald 

J. Trump for President, Inc., et al. v. Montgomery Cnty. Bd. of Elections, No. 2020-18680 

(Nov. 13, 2020). Both the Bucks County and Montgomery County Courts of Common 

Pleas affirmed the counting of the ballots even though the declarations had not been filled 

out in full. Each of the courts of common pleas appropriately applied this Court’s 

precedent in doing so.
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 34

depends in significant part on whether dating was a mandatory, as opposed to a directive, 

requirement. We have conducted that analysis here and we hold that a signed but 

undated declaration is sufficient and does not implicate any weighty interest. Hence, the

lack of a handwritten date cannot result in vote disqualification. 

IV. CONCLUSION

As we recognized in Pa. Democratic Party, “while both mandatory and directory 

provisions of the Legislature are meant to be followed, the difference between a 

mandatory and directory provision is the consequence for non-compliance: a failure to 

strictly adhere to the requirements of a directory statute will not nullify the validity of the 

action involved.” Pa. Democratic Party, 238 A.3d at 378. Here we conclude that while 

failures to include a handwritten name, address or date in the voter declaration on the 

back of the outer envelope, while constituting technical violations of the Election Code, 

do not warrant the wholesale disenfranchisement of thousands of Pennsylvania voters. 

As we acknowledged in Shambach, “ballots containing mere minor irregularities should 

only be stricken for compelling reasons.” Shambach, 845 A.2d at 799; see also Appeal 

of Gallagher, 41 A.2d 630, 632 (Pa. 1945) (“[T]he power to throw out a ballot for minor 

irregularities ... must be exercised very sparingly and with the idea in mind that either an 

individual voter or a group of voters are not to be disfranchised at an election except for 

compelling reasons.”). Having found no compelling reasons to do so, we decline to

intercede in the counting of the votes at issue in these appeals. 

The decision of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas is hereby affirmed. The 

decision of the Commonwealth Court is hereby reversed and the decision of the 

Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas is reinstated. 
[J-118A-2020, J-118B-2020, J-118C-2020, J-118D-2020, J-118E-2020 and J-118F2020] - 35

Justices Baer and Todd join the opinion.

Justice Wecht concurs in the result and files a concurring and dissenting opinion.

Justice Dougherty files a concurring and dissenting opinion in which Chief Justice 

Saylor and Justice Mundy join.