U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Series 2010–5155

Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Military and

Veterans Affairs

Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, 

Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation 

for National Guard Training Center at Fort Indiantown Gap, 

Pennsylvania, 2002–05
Cover.

Activities at Fort Indiantown Gap, where military training and environmental stewardship coexist. Photographs 1 and 2 by M.J. Langland, U.S. 

Geological Survey. Photographs 3, 4, and 5 by J. Hovis, Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.

Back cover:

View of the Fort Indiantown Gap Training Center overlooking the training corridor. Photograph by J. Hovis, Pennsylvania Department of 

Military and Veterans Affairs. 

1 2

3

4 5
Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, 

Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, 

and Groundwater-Flow Simulation for 

National Guard Training Center at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, 2002–05

By Michael J. Langland, Peter J. Cinotto, Douglas C. Chichester, Michael D. 

Bilger, and Robin A. Brightbill

Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Military and

Veterans Affairs

Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5155

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, 

natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS

For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, 

visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the 

U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Langland, M.J., Cinotto, P.J., Chichester, D.C., Bilger, M.D., and Brightbill, R.A., 2010, Surface-water quantity and 

quality, aquatic biology, stream geomorphology, and groundwater-flow simulation for National Guard Training Center 

at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, 2002–05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5155, 

180 p. 
iii

Contents

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................1

Description of Study Area ...................................................................................................................3

Physiography and Geology .................................................................................................................3

Study Approach and Design ........................................................................................................................3

Study Methods ...............................................................................................................................................5

Surface Water................................................................................................................................................7

Streamflow.............................................................................................................................................7

Water Quality.........................................................................................................................................9

Nutrients......................................................................................................................................10

Major Ions...................................................................................................................................10

Field Characteristics .................................................................................................................10

Sediment......................................................................................................................................10

Metals .........................................................................................................................................16

Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds, Pesticides, and Explosives .................18

Aquatic Biology............................................................................................................................................18

Habitat ..................................................................................................................................................18

Aquatic Invertebrates ........................................................................................................................18

Inventory of Aquatic Invertebrates.........................................................................................22

Metrics and Impacts .................................................................................................................22

Fish Community ...................................................................................................................................26

Stream Geomorphology, Classification, and Assessment....................................................................30

Stream Classification .........................................................................................................................30

Geomorphic Analyses........................................................................................................................31

Simulations of Groundwater Flow.............................................................................................................35

Conceptual Model...............................................................................................................................35

Cross-Sectional Model ......................................................................................................................35

3-Dimensional Model .........................................................................................................................37

Model Development ..................................................................................................................40

Model Results.............................................................................................................................40

Model Limitations.......................................................................................................................40

Summary........................................................................................................................................................45

References Cited..........................................................................................................................................46

Appendix 1—Parameter Codes, Constituents Analyzed, Reporting Levels, and Primary and

Secondary Drinking Water Standards........................................................................................49

Appendix 2—Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data.................................................................57

Appendix 3—Sample Habitat Assessment Forms .................................................................................77

Appendix 4—Aquatic Invertebrates: Summary of Site-Assessment Results ..................................83

Appendix 5—Fish Sampling Data: Summary of Site-Assessment Results .......................................87

Appendix 6—Final Taxa List.....................................................................................................................109
iv

Figures

1. Map showing location of study area, streamgages and water-quality sites, and

major features in Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG), Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa...........2

2. Map showing major geologic units identified at the Fort Indiantown Gap facility,

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa...........................................................................................4

3. Graph showing daily mean-flow hydrograph for Indiantown Run at Indiantown, Pa.,

October 1, 2002, through September 30, 2005 ..........................................................................8

4. Graph showing daily mean-flow hydrograph for Manada Creek at Manada Gap,

Pa., October 1, 2002, through September 30, 2005 ..................................................................8

5. Graph showing relation between streamflow and turbidity at Manada Creek,

October 1, 2002, through September 30, 2003 ........................................................................12

6. Graph showing sediment loads (tons) by month for years 2003 through 2005 at

Indiantown Run (01572950) with (top) and without (bottom) the remnants of

Hurricane Ivan.............................................................................................................................14

7. Graph showing sediment loads (tons) by month for years 2003 through 2005 at

Manada Creek (01573482) with (top) and without (bottom) the remnants of

Hurricane Ivan.............................................................................................................................15

8. Graph showing comparison of sediment yields from the Fort Indiantown Gap sites

(in red) with other basins in the Susquehanna River Basin ................................................16

9. Map showing location of biological sampling sites, Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG),

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa. .......................................................................................19

10. Graph showing habitat assessment scores for 27 sites from 2002 through 2005............22

11. Pie chart showing results of mean impact scores for 27 aquatic-invertebrate sites

from 2002 through 2005, Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin

Counties, Pa.................................................................................................................................24

12. Graph showing results of mean impact scores for the 27 aquatic invertebrate sites

by year, Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa ......................26

13. TWINSPAN analysis for the 25 fish sampling sites and warm-water (red-orange) or

cold-water (blue) designation based on indicator species.................................................28

14. Photograph showing backwater flooding on a tank trail resulting from a beaver

dam plugging the culvert below an existing tank trail..........................................................32

15. Longitudinal profile at Indiantown Run showing locations of two surveyed cross

sections, Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa....................33

16. Longitudinal profile at Manada Creek showing locations of two surveyed cross

sections, Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa....................34

17. Map showing location of the 2-dimensional, cross-sectional model (trace A-A’),

and extent of the 3-dimensional finite-difference model at Fort Indiantown Gap,

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.........................................................................................36

18. Cross-sectional model through the Fort Indiantown Gap study area showing

topography, hydraulic-conductivity values, and local geographic features....................37

19. Simulated groundwater flow paths in the 2-dimensional cross-sectional model of

the Fort Indiantown Gap study area ........................................................................................38

20. Hypothetical interbasin groundwater flow simulated in the 2-dimensional

cross-sectional model within a relatively narrow band of northward dipping

bedrock with large hydraulic conductivity (blue), surrounded by bedrock with

smaller hydraulic conductivity (red)........................................................................................39

21. Map showing groundwater model area with active area, inactive area, and 

the surface representation of different geologic units ........................................................41
v

22. Map showing regional altitude and configuration of the water table simulated in

the 3-dimensional model of the Fort Indiantown Gap area, Lebanon and Dauphin

Counties, Pa.................................................................................................................................42

23. Map showing groundwater flow paths simulated by the 3-dimensional model of the

Cantonment Area of the Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin

Counties, Pa.................................................................................................................................43

24. Map showing groundwater flow paths from a hypothetical contaminant spill in the

Manada Creek Training Corridor area, Fort Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin

Counties, Pa.................................................................................................................................44

Tables

1. Summary of surface-water sampling activities.......................................................................5

2. Summary statistics for two project and two nearby streamgage sites ..............................9

3. U.S. Geological Survey surface-water-quality site numbers and names, drainage

area, and site purpose ...............................................................................................................10

4. Summary statistics for selected nutrient and total suspended solids concentrations

in milligrams per liter for all samples collected at the Fort Indiantown Gap facility,

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.........................................................................................11

5. Relation between the measured turbidity and sediment concentrations for sites at

the Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa ..............................11

6. Monthly and annual estimated sediment loads for the two continuous-record

long-term sites at the Fort Indiantown Gap facility based on suspended sediment

concentrations and turbidity values. Loads for September 2004 and total loads for

2004 are shown with and (without) the remnants of Hurricane Ivan.................................13

7. Monthly and annual estimated sediment yields for the two long-term sites at the

Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa .....................................13

8. Summary statistics for selected metals concentrations, in micrograms per liter,

from samples collected at the two long-term water-quality sites at Fort Indiantown

Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa ...............................................................................17

9. Summary statistics for selected total metal concentrations, in micrograms per liter,

from the two continuous-record long-term monitoring sites at Fort Indiantown Gap

and five off-facility comparison sites ......................................................................................17

10. U.S. Geological Survey site information for the 27 biological sampling sites,

collected July-August 2002–05 at Fort Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin

Counties, Pa.................................................................................................................................20

11. Individual and mean habitat scores for 2002–05 and site classification for the 27

sample sites, Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.............21

12. Summary totals for the classification and identification of aquatic invertebrates

collected at Fort Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa., 2002–05...........23

13. Water-quality impact assessment based on biological metrics.........................................23

14. Number of sites by year, metric, and level of impact with mean scores for

2002–05, Fort Indiantown Gap facility and off-facility sites, Lebanon and

Dauphin Counties, Pa.................................................................................................................25

15. Fish metric statistics for fish data collected at Fort Indiantown Gap and nearby

off-facility sites, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa...........................................................27

16. Number and type of trout found at Fort Indiantown Gap and nearby off-facility sites,

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.........................................................................................29
vi

17. Potential stream-channel evolutionary scenarios................................................................31

18. Site-specific geomorphic data for Manada Creek and Indiantown Run, Fort

Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa..........................................................34

19. Hydraulic-conductivity values assigned to represent geologic units in the

cross-sectional and 3-dimensional groundwater models of the Fort Indiantown Gap

area, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa ..............................................................................38
vii

Conversion Factors and Datum

Multiply By To obtain

Length

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm)

inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

Area

square foot (ft2) 929.0 square centimeter (cm2)

square foot (ft2) 0.09290 square meter (m2)

square mile (mi2) 259.0 hectare (ha)

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) 

Flow rate

foot per second (ft/s) 0.3048 meter per second (m/s)

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s)

cubic foot per second per square

mile [(ft3/s)/mi2]

0.01093 cubic meter per second per square

kilometer [(m3/s)/km2]

million gallons per day per square

mile [(Mgal/d)/mi2]

1,461 cubic meter per day per square

kilometer [(m3/d)/km2]

inch per hour (in/h) 0.0254 meter per hour (m/h)

inch per year (in/yr) 25.4 millimeter per year (mm/yr)

mile per hour (mi/h) 1.609 kilometer per hour (km/h) 

Mass

pound, avoirdupois (lb) 0.4536 kilogram (kg) 

ton, short (2,000 lb) 0.9072 megagram (Mg) 

ton per day (ton/d) 0.9072 metric ton per day

ton per day (ton/d) 0.9072 megagram per day (Mg/d)

ton per day per square mile 

[(ton/d)/mi2]

0.3503 megagram per day per square

kilometer [(Mg/d)/km2]

ton per year (ton/yr) 0.9072 megagram per year (Mg/yr)

ton per year (ton/yr) 0.9072 metric ton per year

Hydraulic conductivity

foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day (m/d)

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C=(°F-32)/1.8

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929.

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 

25 °C).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) 

or micrograms per liter (μg/L).
viii
Abstract

Base-line and long-term monitoring of water resources of 

the National Guard Training Center at Fort Indiantown Gap in 

south-central Pennsylvania began in 2002. Results of continuous monitoring of streamflow and turbidity and monthly and 

stormflow water-quality samples from two continuous-record 

long-term stream sites, periodic collection of water-quality 

samples from five miscellaneous stream sites, and annual collection of biological data from 2002 to 2005 at 27 sites are discussed. In addition, results from a stream-geomorphic analysis 

and classification and a regional groundwater-flow model are 

included. Streamflow at the facility was above normal for 

the 2003 through 2005 water years and extremely high-flow 

events occurred in 2003 and in 2004. Water-quality samples 

were analyzed for nutrients, sediments, metals, major ions, 

pesticides, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, and 

explosives. Results indicated no exceedances for any constituent (except iron) above the primary and secondary drinkingwater standards or health-advisory levels set by the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency. Iron concentrations were 

naturally elevated in the groundwater within the watershed 

because of bedrock lithology. The majority of the constituents were at or below the method detection limit. Sediment 

loads were dominated by precipitation due to the remnants 

of Hurricane Ivan in September 2004. More than 60 percent 

of the sediment load measured during the entire study was 

transported past the streamgage in just 2 days during that 

event. Habitat and aquatic-invertebrate data were collected in 

the summers of 2002–05, and fish data were collected in 2004. 

Although 2002 was a drought year, 2003–05 were above-normal flow years. Results indicated a wide diversity in invertebrates, good numbers of taxa (distinct organisms), and on the 

basis of a combination of metrics, the majority of the 27 sites 

indicated no or slight impairment. Fish-metric data from 25 

sites indicated results similar to the invertebrate data. Stream 

classification based on evolution of the stream channels 

indicates about 94 percent of the channels were considered to 

be in equilibrium (type B or C channels), neither aggrading 

nor eroding. A regional, uncalibrated groundwater-flow model 

indicated the surface-water and groundwater-flow divides 

coincided. Because of folding of rock layers, groundwater was 

under confined conditions and nearly all the water leaves the 

facility via the streams.

Introduction

The National Guard Training Center at Fort Indiantown 

Gap (hereafter referred to as the FIG facility) is a 27-mi2

military facility in Dauphin and Lebanon Counties, Pa. (fig. 1), 

that has been in use since 1931 as a training and mobilization 

facility by the U.S. Army and National Guard. Major training 

facilities at the FIG facility include a bombing range, artillery ranges, and maneuver areas for tanks and other tracked 

vehicles. Training activities, as well as general operations 

(vehicle maintenance, petroleum storage, and waste storage 

and disposal), have the potential to affect water and biological 

resources on the FIG facility and adjacent lands.

The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans 

Affairs (PADMVA) is responsible for managing lands at the 

FIG facility. As part of their management program, PADMVA 

recently completed an Integrated Training Area Management 

Program and Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan 

to protect the environment while ensuring that the military 

training mission is achieved. The U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) and the PADMVA entered into an agreement in x 

year to conduct baseline and long-term monitoring of water 

resources on the FIG facility to allow assessments of current 

and future water-quality and biological conditions.

Purpose and Scope

This report presents results of a preliminary assessment conducted for the PADMVA at the FIG facility. The 

primary objectives of this study are to provide a baseline of 

current water-quality and biological conditions of the stream 

Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, 

Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow 

Simulation for National Guard Training Center at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, 2002–05

By Michael J. Langland, Peter J. Cinotto, Douglas C. Chichester, Michael D. Bilger, and Robin A. Brightbill
2 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation Figure 1. Location of study area, streamgages and water-quality sites, and major features in Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG), Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa. PENNSYLVANIA Study Area

0 1 2 3 4 MILES

0 1 2 3 4 KILOMETERS

40°26'

76°40'

40°28'

76°35'

40°24'

EXPLANATION

Fort Indiantown Gap boundary

BuildingsFiring rangesImpact zonesStreamsMiscellaneous water-quality sites

Streamgages and water-quality sites

eV esl

uR n

Aires Run

Q ureg

Run

M

Training Corridor

anada

C reek

Indiantown

Ru

n

Cantonment Area

eV esl

uR n

Aires Run

Q ureg

Run
Study Approach and Design 3

environment and implement a water-quality monitoring and 

biological-assessment network for the FIG facility. This 

report presents the results of the five specific goals from 2002 

to 2005.

Specific goals are:

• Determine the baseline occurrence and distribution of 

contaminants in surface water and sediment,

• Assess the biological community by collecting, quantifying, and identifying benthic macroinvertebrates, fish 

data, and habitat information,

• Implement a long-term monitoring network to measure 

seasonal and episodic water-quality changes, quantify 

contaminant and sediment loads, and evaluate the quality of water leaving the FIG facility,

• Assess the geomorphological condition of streams on 

the FIG facility and classify them,

• Assess the potential for groundwater transport of contaminants on and off the FIG facility.

Description of Study Area

The FIG facility is in south-central Pennsylvania; the 

majority of the facility is in Lebanon County, and the remainder is in Dauphin County (fig. 1). The facility is divided into 

two major sections, training and cantonment. The major 

training areas are in the central and western areas of the facility, confined mainly between the Blue and Second Mountain. 

Training includes both ground (field and live fire) and air 

(fixed and rotary wing, airborne and assault, and air-to-ground 

fire) activities. Two predominantly forested watersheds drain 

the majority of the area within the Training Corridor (fig. 1)—

Manada Creek and the upper reaches of Indiantown Run. Continuous streamflow and turbidity, along with periodic water 

quality, were measured at two sites near the facility boundary. 

Within the Training Corridor, a previous study (Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc, 2000) suggested sediment erosion (siltation) was the leading water-quality impairment. Historically, baseline stream-water quality, including the 

effects of spent ammunition and explosive material, had not 

been previously characterized spatially or temporally.

The developed area of the FIG facility, commonly known 

as the Cantonment Area (fig. 1), is drained by the lower 

reaches of Indiantown Run, the upper reaches of Qureg Run, 

Aires Run, a tributary to Qureg Run, and the headwaters of 

Forge Creek, all located entirely in the Lebanon Valley. Most 

of this area is categorized as residential/light industrial and 

it consists of recreational areas, maintenance buildings, and 

a storage yard. The potential for additional water-quality 

problems as a result of past practices has been suggested by 

Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. (2000). 

Past practices included continual construction/destruction of 

buildings, vehicle storage and maintenance areas, fuel spills 

and leaks, and landfill hazards. However, the headwaters area 

of Qureg Run also was impacted to some extent by the trackvehicle training maneuvers that occasionally occur. No continuous streamgages or water-quality monitors were located in 

this eastern area of the FIG facility. Infrequent water-quality 

samples were collected at several of the stream sites in the 

Cantonment Area.

Physiography and Geology

 The FIG facility is in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic 

Province (VRPP). The VRPP consists of complexly folded and 

faulted sedimentary rocks generally of Paleozoic age (Berg 

and Dodge, 1981). The training areas of the FIG facility are 

predominantly in the Appalachian Mountain Section of the 

VRPP, which consists mainly of sandstone (ridges tops) and 

shale (valley). The cantonment area is predominantly in the 

Great Valley Section of the VRPP, which consists primarily 

of limestone, shale, and dolomite. Based on mapping by Berg 

and others (1981), the FIG facility is underlain by a total of 10 

geologic units, 7 of which are formations (Catskill, Trimmers 

Rock, Spechty Kopf, Pocono, Martinsburg, Bloomsburg, and 

Tuscarora), 2 groups (Hamilton and Clinton), and 1 sequence 

(Hamburg) (fig. 2).

Study Approach and Design

Approach—The specific surface-water goals of the study 

were accomplished by (1) synoptic sampling of streams at 

high and low base-flow conditions, (2) synoptic sampling 

during a storm event, (3) sampling of suspended and bed 

sediments, and (4) long-term monitoring of water quality 

in streams leaving the FIG facility. Baseline groundwater 

conditions were characterized by (1) base-flow sampling of 

stream-water quality, and (2) applying a groundwater-flow 

model to evaluate groundwater-flow paths. Additional information was collected for evaluation of aquatic biology (macroinvertebrates and fish habitat) and stream geomorphology 

(assessments and classification).

Design—A network of synoptic, biological, and longterm monitoring sites was designed on the basis of reconnaissance baseline sampling, data from previous studies, evaluation of possible contaminant transport pathways, and logistical 

considerations. Sampling frequencies and major constituents 

sampled for are provided in table 1. Additional information 

on laboratory-method codes and detection limits for major 

ions, nutrients, metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, 

volatile and semi-volatile organics, and explosives residue is 

presented in the appendixes.

The long-term monitoring plan involved streamgaging 

and water-quality sample collection at two continuous-record 

sites (Indiantown Run and Manada Creek, fig. 1), and additional water-quality sample collection and streamflow measurements at five miscellaneous sites (table 1). The long-term 
4 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Figure 2.

Major geologic units identified at the Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

Oh

Dciv Dcsc

Sb

Dcd

Dh

Dtr

Om

Mp

St

Dccf

Sc

MDsk

Sc

Oh sg

Oh sg

Sc

Sc

St

Sc St

St

St

Om

Sc

Dcsc

Sc

Dtr

MD

MD

sk

sk

Oh

Om

EXPLANATION

GEOLOGY

Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province

Appalachian Mountain Section

Blue Mountain

Second Moun ain t Great Valley Section

Dccf, Clarks Ferry Member of Catskill Formation

Dcd, Duncannon Member of Catskill FormationDciv, Irish Valley Member of Catskill FormationDcsc, Sherman Creek Member of Catskill Formation

Dh, Hamilton GroupDtr, Trimmers Rock FormationMDsk, Spechty Kopf FormationMp, Pocono FormationOh, Hamburg SequenceOhsg, Hamburg Sequence (Shale with Graywacke)Om, Martinsburg FormationSc, Clinton GroupSb, BloomsSt, Tuscarora Formation

burg Formation

Thrust faultsDisplacement faults

76°40'

40°28'

76°35'

40°24'

40°26'
Study Methods 5

Table 1. Summary of surface-water sampling activities.

Sampling activity Location Number of samples Constituents

Synoptic sediment Training area 4 sites/2 samples Training and off-facility sites—

Nutrients, metals, polychlorinated 

biphenyls, explosives, sand/silt/clay

Cantonment sites—Nutrients, metals, 

polychlorinated biphenyls, volatile 

organic compounds, semi-volatile

organic compounds, pesticides, 

phenols, major ions, sand/silt/clay 

fraction, oil and grease

Cantonment 8 sites/2 samples

Off-facility 4 sites/2 samples

Long-term surface-water 

quality monitoring

2 sites near facility perimeter Non-storm (monthly, quarterly, 

bi-annual)

Monthly—Nutrients, sediments, metals, 

ions

Quarterly—Total organic carbon, 

explosives

Bi-annual—Pesticides, polychlorinated 

biphenyls, semi-volatile and volatile 

organic compounds, oil and grease

Storm—Sediments, nutrients, occasional 

metals, organic compounds, total 

organic carbon

Storm

3 samples per storm/

4 storms per year

Miscellaneous surfacewater quality sites5 sites within study area Quarterly to bi-annual and selected storm samplingQuarterly—total organic carbon, explosives

Bi-annual—pesticides, polychlorinated 

biphenyls, semi-volatile and volatile 

organic compounds, oil and grease

Storm—part of quarterly or bi-annual 

sampling

monitoring plan also included additional monitoring points to 

fully characterize other streams leaving the FIG facility.

A synoptic survey of stream sediments was conducted to 

help define the areal patterns of chemical quality of sediment. 

Sediment was collected and analyzed from stream depositional 

areas, selected sediment ponds, depositional wetland areas, 

and stream impoundments to help document sediment chemistry in the cantonment area.

Limited historical water-quality data from streams within 

the FIG facility were available. Most data were the result of 

one-time sampling events and were collected to accompany 

invertebrate community assessments in the late 1990s. Samples from periodic water-quality assessments of the Susquehanna River Basin by the Susquehanna River Basin Commission were collected near the mouth of Manada Creek about 

8 mi downstream from the FIG facility boundary (Traver, 

1997). Routine water-quality samples also were collected 

near the mouth of Manada Creek as a part of the Pennsylvania 

Department of Environmental Protection (PaDEP) Statewide 

Water-Quality Network (WQN).

Study Methods

Streamflow and water quality—Measurements of streamflow at all sites and computations of streamflow records for the 

long-term continuous sites were conducted in accordance with 

standard USGS methods (Rantz and others, Volumes I and II, 

1982). Measurements of temperature, specific conductance, 

and turbidity were monitored continuously at the two longterm sites using instream probes. Field measurements were 

conducted routinely at all sites to monitor the performance 

of the probes and record actual conditions (Wilde and others, 

1999; Wood, 1976). Water-quality samples were collected by 

automatic and manual means according to USGS methods 

(Wilde and others, 1999). The structures built at both continuous monitoring sites house automatic samplers that can collect 

samples remotely on the basis of a change in flow or a change 

in turbidity.

Sampling procedures and quality assurance—Some 

physical and water-quality constituents were measured in 

the field at the time of sample collection. Temperature, pH, 

and specific conductance of all surface-water samples were 

determined on site using standard USGS methods (Wilde and 

others, 1999; Wood, 1976). In streams, discharge was recorded 

continuously, and a stage/discharge rating was developed for 

the two continuous-record long-term monitoring locations; 
6 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

measurements of streamflow were conducted at the time of all 

sampling for the five miscellaneous sites.

Water and sediment samples were prepared in the field 

or at the office according to the specific processing, filtering, 

and preservation techniques required by the USGS (Wilde and 

others, 1999) or contract laboratories. Samples were analyzed 

by the USGS National Water-Quality Laboratory and Severn 

Trent Laboratory for the chemical constituents and physical 

properties listed in appendix 1.

Quality-assurance (QA) samples were collected to evaluate the integrity of the sampling and analytical procedures 

(table showing QA samples is shown below). A minimum of 5 

to 10 percent of all samples collected were blanks, replicates, 

or spikes obtained for QA purposes. Blanks were samples of 

water known to be free of any dissolved constituents. Blanks 

(both field and equipment) were submitted to the laboratory 

to help evaluate if samples were being contaminated from the 

sampling process. Replicates were split aliquots of the same 

water sample that were submitted to the laboratory for duplicate analysis. Replicates helped evaluate the precision inherent 

in the sampling and analysis process. Spikes were samples 

of known concentration that were submitted to the laboratory. Spikes helped evaluate the accuracy of the sampling and 

analysis process.

Types and percentages of quality-assurance samples by 

constituent.

[—, no samples collected]

Constituent

 Blanks 

(percent 

of total 

samples)

Replicates 

(percent 

of total 

samples)

Spikes 

(percent 

of total 

samples)

Major cations and metals 5 5 —

Anions 5 5 —

Nutrients 5 5 —

Radiochemicals — 10 —

Semi-volatile/volatile organic 

compounds

10 5 10

Pesticides 10 5 10

Explosives 10 10 —

Biology—Habitat, aquatic invertebrates, and fish were 

studied at selected sites on and off the FIG facility. The habitat 

and invertebrates data were collected and sampled at 27 sites 

for 4 years (2002–05) during July and August each year. A 

qualitative survey of the stream habitat was completed at each 

site when the macroinvertebrates were sampled. The habitat 

assessment was conducted using a Rapid Bio-assessment 

Protocol approach for high-gradient streams (Barbour and 

others, 1999) that uses a score from 0 to 200, higher being 

better, to determine the condition of the stream reach sampled. 

Some scored categories were epifaunal substrate/available cover, embeddedness, flow, bank stability, and human 

impact. Categories were optimal, sub-optimal, marginal, and 

poor. The following were recorded as part of the assessment: 

basic water-quality characteristics (pH, specific conductance, 

and water temperature), weather conditions (present and 

past 24 hours), site location map, stream characteristics, 

watershed features, riparian vegetation, instream features, and 

substrate type.

Invertebrates were sampled according to the PaDEP sampling protocol (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 2004). Samples were preserved in buffered formalin and brought back to 

the USGS laboratory in New Cumberland, Pa. In the lab, the 

formalin was removed from the samples for hazardous-waste 

disposal; the samples were rinsed in tap water several times 

and gridded and picked according to PaDEP procedures of 100 

animal subsamples. These subsamples were identified to the 

lowest taxonomic level possible. The results were tabled, and 

the metrics were calculated. Taxa richness, total number of 

individuals, total EPT (Ephemeroptera, mayflies; Plecoptera, 

stoneflies; and Trichoptera, caddisflies), the percentage of EPT 

individuals, the dominant species and their number of individuals, a Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI), number of chironomid (midge) taxa, and percent chironomids were calculated for 

each site. These metrics (both individual and mean) were used 

to determine the health of a stream (Barbour and others, 1999; 

Klemm and others, 1990, Hilsenhoff, 1988, Eaton, 1997). 

However, because the metrics of taxa richness, EPT taxa richness (value), and HBI measured different aspects of the community, a unanimous assessment was not expected; therefore, 

a majority “score” of the metrics defined the impact present. 

Using the impact scheme of the New York State Department 

of Environmental Conservation (Bode and others, 2002), sites 

were categorized in a four-tiered classification system where 

the level of impact was assessed for each individual parameter 

and then averaged for consensus determination. The impact 

scheme was non-impacted, indicative of excellent water quality; slightly impacted, indicative of good water quality; moderately impacted, indicative of fair water quality, and severely 

impacted, indicative of poor water quality.

Fish were sampled in 2004 at 25 of the 27 invertebrate 

sites. A backpack electrofishing unit was used to shock all fish 

within a 100-m reach. The fish were collected, put in buckets, 

sorted by species, measured for total length, and weighed. 

Aerators and ice were used to keep the fish alive in the buckets 

while awaiting processing. When 30 individuals of a given 

species were measured and weighed, the other individuals of 

that species were batch weighed. The fish were then released 

back to the same stream reach. A Two-way Indicator Species 

Analysis (TWINSPAN) was used to show the relation of the 

sites to each other on the basis of communities at the sites. The 

TWINSPAN uses the relative abundance of fish species at all 

sites to show which sites are similar in community and which 

are not. This hierarchical classification program arranges similar samples together in a dendogram by using indicator species 

to separate the sites from each other (Gauch, 1982). By using 

this polythetic technique, some of the noise in community data 

is lost, and a more accurate picture of the community structures can be seen (Gauch, 1982). TWINSPAN uses reciprocal averaging focusing on different community gradients as 

important factors in partitioning the data sets for the sites in 

ordination space (Gauch, 1982).
Surface Water 7

Channel morphology—Fluvial geomorphic analysis at 

the two continuous-record long-term monitoring sites and 

the subsequent stream classification were based primarily 

on methods and theory developed by Rosgen (1996, 1998, 

2002), Simon (1989), and Cinotto (2003). Stream classification was used to broadly categorize the character of a stream 

reach on the basis of its morphology, a Level I classification. 

A geomorphic assessment generally was based on the Level 

II and Level III classification (Rosgen, 1996) and involved a 

much more intensive and descriptive study of selected reaches 

to estimate the current stability of the stream channel as well 

as a description of the fluvial geomorphic processes acting 

on the reach. At each geomorphic study site, three detailed 

surveys were conducted—a longitudinal profile and two cross 

sections. Reinforcement bars were driven below grade at the 

ends of each cross section and a global positioning system 

(GPS) was used to mark the end points of all surveys so that 

future recovery and study are possible. At each cross section, 

a pebble count, adopted from Wolman (1954), was conducted 

to determine the particle-size distribution of the streambed 

materials. One core sample also was collected at each cross 

section by excavating the materials within a plastic cylinder 

that had been pressed into the sediment; these sediments were 

later sieved in the laboratory. Data from these core samples 

were utilized to determine the particle-size distribution of the 

materials that were potentially mobile (entrained) during the 

process of stream-channel formation. Core samples were collected from the downstream third of a bar at an approximate 

elevation equal to half the distance between the deepest part 

of the bankfull channel and the top of the bankfull channel. 

These core samples were collected on the nearest bar to the 

riffle wherein the cross-section survey was completed. When 

no depositional feature, such as a point bar, was present, core 

samples were collected from the streambed within the same 

riffle wherein the cross-section survey was completed. Digital 

photographs also were taken at each geomorphic study site to 

document current site conditions, and ancillary data such as 

the valley type (Rosgen, 1996) were noted.

Groundwater-flow models—A 2-dimensional cross-sectional or profile model and a 3-dimensional flow model of the 

area were constructed using natural hydrogeologic boundaries. 

The profile model is representative of a north-south cross section in the central part of the study area from Stony Creek in 

the north toward Swatara Creek in the south. The steady-state 

model was simulated quantitatively using the USGS software 

called TopoDrive (Hsieh, 2001). The model as constructed 

was 11,000 m long with 100 columns and 10 rows. Representative geology, structure, and hydraulic properties were input 

into the model. The uncalibrated 3-dimensional model was 

extended beyond the boundary of the FIG facility to represent 

the hydrogeologic characteristics of the area and to provide 

estimates of flow paths. The simulation was evaluated quantitatively by the use of the finite-difference groundwater-flow 

model software package called MODFLOW-2000 (Harbaugh 

and others, 2000). The simulation was done to determine the 

recharge and discharge areas and the intermediate groundwater 

and potential containment flow paths on the FIG facility and 

surrounding areas.

Surface Water

Climatological processes (rainfall) are primarily responsible for the annual and seasonal variability in streamflow. 

This variability introduces a great deal of complexity when 

discussing and evaluating changes in constituent water quality, 

transport, and delivery. This section discusses streamflow, 

water quality, and sediment in terms of summary statistics and 

drinking-water standards.

Streamflow

All surface waters leaving the FIG facility drain into 

the Swatara Creek watershed. Streamflow was continuously 

monitored at the two largest streams draining the facility, 

Indiantown Run and Manada Creek. Streamflow hydrographs 

for the two sites for the period of record, Oct. 1, 2002, through 

Sept. 30, 2005, are presented in figures 3 and 4. These dates 

correspond to the 2003, 2004, and 2005 water years.1

Statistics for total annual and annual mean daily flows 

and maximum and minimum mean daily flows are presented in 

table 2. Streamflow statistics from two additional streamgages 

(within 10 mi of FIG) of the project are presented to provide a 

greater spatial and temporal comparison of hydrologic conditions (table 2). The total annual flows for 2003, 2004, and 

2005 at the two “on-facility” and two “off-facility” sites are 

comparable in terms of relative magnitude and change from 

year to year. The total annual flows for the two “on-facility” 

sites were about one-half to one-third less than the total annual 

flow at the two “off-facility” sites in 2001 and 2002, which 

indicates the total annual flows for years 2001 and 2002 for 

the two “on-facility” sites were lower than the water yield for 

years 2003, 2004, and 2005 (Durlin and Schaffstall, 2003, 

2004). Annual water yields (volume of water normalized by 

area) for the two “off-facility” sites also indicate above-normal 

flow conditions in 2003–05 compared to 2001 and 2002.

Extreme hydrologic events—Two separate extreme events 

occurred during the period of record. The first was on August 

11, 2003, in Qureg and Aires Run drainage areas, on the southeastern-most boundary of the FIG facility. The intense rainfall 

from a thunderstorm produced an estimated flow of 1,980 

ft3/s at the miscellaneous sampling point in Aires Run (Lloyd 

Reed, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2004). On 

the basis of the estimated rainfall amount of approximately 8 

in. in 3.5 hours, rainfall frequency flow durations from nearby 

long-term streamgages, and estimations of unit discharges, 

the flow would be equivalent to greater than a 500-year flow 

(Herschfield, 1961; Bonnin and others, 2004).

1

A water year is the 12-month period October 1 through September 30. 

The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which 

includes 9 of the 12 months.
8 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

0 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

10/1/2002 5/8/2003 12/13/2003 7/19/2004 2/23/2005 9/30/2005

Discharge, in cubic feet per second 

Date 

Indiantown Run 

EXPLANATION

0 

200 

400 

600 

800 

1,000 

1,200 

10/1/2002 5/8/2003 12/13/2003 7/19/2004 2/23/2005 9/30/2005

Discharge, in cubic feet per second 

Date 

Manada Creek 

EXPLANATION

Figure 3. Daily mean-flow hydrograph for Indiantown Run at Indiantown, Pa., October 1, 2002, through 

September 30, 2005.

Figure 4. Daily mean-flow hydrograph for Manada Creek at Manada Gap, Pa., October 1, 2002, through 

September 30, 2005.
Surface Water 9

Table 2. Summary statistics for two project and two nearby streamgage sites.

 [USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; mi2, square miles, ft3/s; cubic feet per second; (ft3/s)/mi2, cubic feet per second per square mile; WY; water year]

Stream site name 

and USGS

identification 

number

Drainage

area

(mi2)

Total

annual flow

(ft3/s)

Annual yield

[(ft3/s)/mi2]

Annual mean

daily flow

(ft3/s)

Maximum mean 

daily flow

(ft3/s)

Minimum mean 

daily flow

(ft3/s)

Indiantown Run (01572950)

WY 2003 5.48 5,056 923 13.9 90 1.8

WY 2004 5,292 966 14.5 384 2.8

WY 2005 4,730 863 13.0 139 1.2

Manada Creek (01573482)

WY 2003 8.59 7,589 883 20.8 201 1.7

WY 2004 7,848 913 21.5 819 4.0

WY 2005 6,010 700 16.5 215 1.7

Comparison to nearby sites

Swatara Creek near Pine Grove (01572025)

WY 2001 116 50,670 437 139 2,850 18

WY 2002 37,985 327 104 829 14

WY 2003 121,200 1,045 332 2,760 34

WY 2004 108,640 936 297 6,790 51

WY 2005 91,260 767 250 3,220 19

Swatara Creek at Harpers Tavern (01573000)

WY 2001 337 142,070 421 389 6,980 37

WY 2002 97,350 289 267 2,580 13

WY 2003 344,910 1,020 945 7,780 69

WY 2004 330,380 980 903 16,500 129

WY 2005 279,140 828 740 9,200 35

The other extreme hydrologic event was on September 

18, 2004 (figs. 3–4), when precipitation from the remnants 

of Hurricane Ivan produced the highest recorded peak flows 

during the study. The hydrographs (appendix 2) illustrate 

that the flows were three times the magnitude of any other 

rainfall event. Peak instantaneous flows were estimated to 

be approximately 1,700 ft3/s at Manada Creek and 960 ft3/s 

at Indiantown Run. The flows overtopped the bridge road 

surfaces at both locations, toppled the gage house on Manada 

Creek (crest was approximately 11 ft), and scoured out and 

destroyed the instream monitoring equipment at Indiantown 

Run. On the basis of an estimated rainfall amount of approximately 7 in. in 4 hours, rainfall frequency flow durations from 

nearby long-term flow sites, and estimations of unit discharges, the flow would be equivalent to about a 500-year flow 

(Herschfield, 1961; Bonnin and others, 2004). The damage 

to the FIG facility was in the millions of dollars, the majority confined to the major training sites and tank trails, an area 

where a large amount of resources has been expended, mainly 

on sediment controls.

Water Quality

Major objectives of this study include characterizing the 

water quality within the boundary of the FIG facility, determining the baseline occurrence and distribution of contaminants in water, and assessing the potential for the surface water 

(groundwater to be discussed in a later section) transport of 

contaminants on and off the FIG facility. Therefore, a longterm monitoring plan was designed and implemented at two 

continuous flow and water-quality monitoring sites and five 

miscellaneous water-quality sites (table 3). Two of the miscellaneous sites (01573490 and 01573497) have staff gages to 

record stream height, and streamflow is measured at the time 

water-quality samples are collected. The other three miscellaneous sites have very limited sampling. Manual samples were 

collected at the three sites in order to characterize the sites and 

determine the need for future sampling. All sites had samples 

analyzed for nutrients, major ions, field characteristics, metals, 

volatile and semi-volatile organics, pesticides, explosives, and 

sediments. Additional details on the sampling frequency and 

sampled constituents are presented in table 1 and appendix 1.
10 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Table 3. U.S. Geological Survey surface-water-quality site numbers and names, drainage area, and site purpose.

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; mi2, square miles]

USGS

site number Site name Drainage area(mi2) Latitude/longitude Site purpose

01572950 Indiantown Run near Harper Tavern 5.48 402620 763555 Continuous flow and turbidity and 

long-term monitoring

01573482 Manada Creek near Manada Gap 8.59 402424 764234 Continuous flow and turbidity and 

long-term monitoring

01573490 Tributary along Horseshoe Trail to 

Manada Creek

1.64 402409 754252 Miscellaneous site

01573497 Unnamed tributary along Rt. 443 to 

Manada Gap

3.06 402403 764257 Miscellaneous site

01572809 Aires Run above Coulter Road at 

Fort Indiantown Gap

1.74 402539 763314 Miscellaneous site

(limited sampling)

01572979 Vesle Run downstream Airfield at 

Fort Indiantown Gap

.73 402540 763446 Miscellaneous site

(limited sampling)

01572981 Unnamed tributary to Vesle Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap

.79 402541 763450 Miscellaneous site

(limited sampling)

Nutrients

Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are naturally occurring compounds found in every ecosystem. Human activities 

such as fertilizer use, wastewater treatment systems, septic 

systems, and car and power-plant emissions contribute additional nutrients to water resources through runoff, discharges, 

and atmospheric deposition. Elevated concentrations of 

nutrients increase aquatic plant growth, which in turn can alter 

benthic-macroinvertebrate communities. A total of 82 samples 

were collected and analyzed for nutrients. The majority were 

collected at the two continuous-record streamgages during 

base flow and stormflow. Additional samples were collected 

at the miscellaneous sites. The USEPA has set maximum 

and secondary contaminant levels for drinking water (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, 1992, 1994), which 

are listed in appendix 1a. Results indicate concentrations for 

selected nutrients (table 4) were well below any primary or 

secondary drinking-water standards and Pennsylvania waterquality criteria for aquatic life and water supply. For example, 

the drinking-water standard for nitrate is 10 mg/L. The highest 

observed concentration was 1.8 mg/L or about five times 

less than the standard. Statistical summaries of nutrient data 

including maximum, mean, median, and minimum concentrations of all sampled constituents are presented in appendix 2a.

Major Ions

A total of 89 samples were analyzed for major ions. 

Calcium, magnesium, chloride, potassium, and sodium are the 

major ions present in most waters. They naturally originate 

from the soil and rock and are present in surface water through 

groundwater discharge. However, human activities such as 

road/ice treatments, septic-field discharge, overland runoff 

from fertilized areas, and atmospheric deposition also can lead 

to increased concentrations. Concentrations of the major ions 

are within the expected range (although on the lower end) on 

the basis of the geology and soils when compared to similar 

geologic settings in Pennsylvania (Barker, 1984). Statistical 

summaries of the major-ion data including maximum, mean, 

median, and minimum concentrations of all sampled constituents are presented in appendix 2a.

Field Characteristics

Specific conductance and temperature were measured 

continuously at the two continuous-record long-term sites. 

The pH was measured at the time of sample collection at all 

sites. Specific conductance is a measure of the capacity of 

water to conduct electrical current and is directly related to 

the concentration of dissolved ions. The daily mean specific 

conductance during base-flow conditions averaged 52 and 

38 μS/cm at Indiantown Run and Manada Creek, respectively, 

indicating low ionic strength and low concentrations of ions. 

The pH (measure of the hydrogen ion activity) of the stream 

waters at the FIG facility ranged from 6.4 to 7.8; the mean was 

7.1. The secondary drinking-water standard ranges from 6.5 to 

8.5 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992). If the pH 

is constantly 6 or lower, in conjunction with low ionic strength 

waters and low calcium concentrations, there may be some 

concern that the water might create corrosive conditions harmful to some plumbing systems.

Sediment

A 1995 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA) identified 

major soil-erosion areas at the FIG facility (U.S. Department 
Surface Water 11

of Agriculture, 1995). Manada Creek and Indiantown Run, the 

two largest watersheds, were identified as having the greatest 

problems, which were related to military training activities 

(Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc., 2000). 

The USDA identified the primary source of erosion as the 

tracked-vehicle roads and trails; secondary sources include 

open range areas and streambank erosion. Major improvements to the vehicle trails and drainage systems began in 1997 

and are ongoing (2009).

The USDA study estimated soil loss only to the streams. 

Data for fluvial sediment transport did not exist. Therefore, 

one of the objectives of long-term monitoring was to provide data on sediment concentrations and loads in streams to 

provide an indication of how much sediment leaves the FIG 

facility in surface water. The two continuous-record long-term 

sites were equipped with automatic samplers that would trigger to collect a sample on the basis of an increase in flow and 

(or) in turbidity. It was assumed that there could be occasions 

when the turbidity would increase with little change in flow, 

reflecting the sediment disturbance from ongoing training 

activity. However, the automatic samplers were rarely triggered on the basis of turbidity alone, a good indication that 

sediment-management efforts may be reducing sediment 

inputs to the streams.

A total of 115 total suspended solids (TSS) samples were 

collected from all 7 surface-water-quality sites during the 

study. In addition, 55 samples were collected and analyzed for 

suspended sediment (SS) by the USGS to correct for “inherent bias” between TSS and SS concentrations and to verify 

the turbidity readings. The bias is a result of different analytical methods used to measure TSS and SS concentrations, 

which tend to underestimate TSS concentrations at increased 

flow as the percentage of sand in the sample increases (Grey 

and others, 2000). The majority of samples were collected 

during stormflow when the majority of the sediment load is 

transported. The measure of the relation (variability) between 

TSS and SS was generally high at both of the long-term 

monitoring sites (r2 of 0.85 at 01572950, Indiantown Run, 

and r2 of 0.80 at 01573482, Manada Creek). Future discussion 

in this report of SS and TSS will be referred to as sediment. 

Sediment concentrations ranged from less than 3.0 mg/L 

(method reporting limit) to 14,000 mg/L on September 18, 

2004, during the remnants of Hurricane Ivan. The maximum 

concentrations of sediment were 11,500 mg/L at Indiantown 

Run and 14,000 mg/L in Manada Creek and were 10–15 times 

higher than any previous sediment-concentration data. The 

data from this storm were not included in table 4 but were 

included in the statistical analysis presented in appendix 2a 

and in the estimation of sediment loads and yields for the two 

long-term streamgages.

Sediment and turbidity data have been collected intensively for 3 years at the two continuous-record sites established for long-term monitoring at the FIG facility. This short 

period of record prohibits a detailed analysis of seasonal 

patterns and trends, and more detailed information on actual 

source areas of sediment was not feasible. In addition to the 

collection of sediment samples, measurements of continuous 

turbidity were recorded. The measurement of turbidity was to 

reduce cost in sediment collection and analysis and to have a 

continuous record of sediment flux over the hydrograph. The 

regression between the turbidity values and sediment concentrations indicates a good relation at the two continuous-record 

long-term sites (table 5).

Table 4. Summary statistics for selected nutrient and total suspended solids concentrations in milligrams per liter for all samples 

collected at the Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa. (sediment samples collected on Sept. 18, 2004, not 

included).

[P00600, total nitrogen as N; P00610, total ammonia as N; P00620, total nitrate as N; P00665, total phosphorus as P; P00671, dissolved inorganic phosphorus 

as P; P00530, total suspended solids]

P00600 P00610 P00620 P00665 P00671 P00530

Minimum 0.67 0.02 0.15 0.02 0.03 1

25th percentile .88 .05 .29 .03 .05 4

Mean 1.35 .10 .47 .07 .07 57

Median 1.3 .1 .34 .05 .05 16

75th percentile 1.6 .1 .45 .05 .05 71

Maximum 2.4 .5 1.8 1.2 .22 590

Total samples 127 127 127 127 127 127

Table 5. Relation between the measured turbidity and sediment 

concentrations for sites at the Fort Indiantown Gap facility, 

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey]

USGS site 

number

Number 

of data 

points

Regression equation

Coefficient of 

determination 

(r2)

01572950 70 y = 1.013x + 1.41 0.89

01573482 69 y = 0.99x + 19.5 .78
12 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Because the turbidity probes used in the earlier part of 

the study only measured accurately to 1,000 NTU, sediment 

concentrations greater than 1,000 mg/L could not be used in 

the regression analysis. Sediment concentrations exceeded 

1,000 mg/L for only one storm event, September 18, 2004, 

during the remnants of Hurricane Ivan. Current turbidity 

probes can measure up to 1,200 NTUs.

Typically, a change in flow creates a corresponding 

change in turbidity. The relation between turbidity and flow is 

indicated in figure 5. Although figure 5 is limited to 1 year of 

record for clarity, it is typical of the turbidity/flow relation at 

the two continuous-record long-term sites. Note the general 

seasonal pattern when turbidity readings are lower in winter 

versus the opposite in late summer and fall.

Sediment samples were used to help calibrate and verify 

the turbidity curve. The turbidity curve was used in conjunction with a discharge curve to estimate daily, monthly, and 

annual sediment loads using the USGS software program 

Graphical Constituent Loading Analysis System (GCLAS). 

Even though the monthly and annual loads were similar at the 

two sites (maximum and minimum loads occurred in about 

the same months, and annual loads were comparable by year), 

variability in the loads was primarily due to variability in flow. 

By far, the remnants of Hurricane Ivan had the most dominant effect on sediment loads (table 6 and figs. 6 and 7). The 

estimated monthly loads for September 2004 were 931 tons 

for Indiantown Run and 2,020 tons for Manada Creek. These 

loads represent approximately 95 and 97 percent of the September 2004 monthly load, approximately 79 and 83 percent 

of the total annual load for water year 2004, and 50 and 

63 percent of the total sediment load during the study (2003–

05) for Indiantown Run and Manada Creek, respectively.

Loads give an indication of the total mass of sediment 

passing a gaging site. In general, larger watersheds have more 

contributing drainage area and, therefore generate larger loads. 

Yields normalize the loads to drainage-area size to provide 

an estimation of the total mass generated per unit area. This 

normalization along with hydrologic and other basin characteristics (changes in land use and amount of disturbed 

land) was useful when comparing the amount of transported 

sediment to other watersheds. Similar to the sediment loads, 

yields are presented in table 7 with and without the September 

18, 2004, storm. The impact of the storm event was obvious. 

Monthly average yields for 2004 were reduced from 17.9 to 

4.46 ton/mi2 at Indiantown Run and 23.5 to 4.47 ton/mi2 at 

Manada Creek. The maximum and minimum monthly yields 

were measured at Indiantown Run in the same year (0.11 and 

14.78 ton/mi2, September and March 2005, respectively). On 

average, Indiantown Run generated more sediment per unit 

area (4.85 ton/mi2) than Manada Creek (3.98 ton/mi2) during 

the study period.

The annual yields for Indiantown Run and Manada Creek 

are lower than some other monitored subbasins in the Lower 

Susquehanna River Basin (fig. 8) and are related to the land 

use and amount of disturbed land. While some error exists in 

figure 8 because of the fact that all sites were not monitored 

concurrently, the relative magnitudes of error in yield estimations do provide comparable data (all sites monitored for at 

least 5 years between 1985 to present). Annual mean yields are 

arranged from high to low and generally represent changes in 

Figure 5. Relation between streamflow and turbidity at Manada Creek, October 1, 2002, through September 

30, 2003.

0 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250 

300 

350 

0 

50 

100 

150 

200 

250 

10/1/02 12/30/02 3/30/03 6/28/03 9/26/03 

Turbidit

y, in Nephelometric Turbidity Units 

Stremflo

w, in cubic feet per second 

Date 

Streamflow 

EXPLANATION

Turbidity 
Surface Water 13

Table 6. Monthly and annual estimated sediment loads for the two continuous-record long-term sites at the Fort Indiantown Gap 

facility based on suspended sediment concentrations and turbidity values. Loads for September 2004 and total loads for 2004 are 

shown with and (without) the remnants of Hurricane Ivan.

Month Indiantown Run loads (tons) Manada Creek loads (tons)

2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005

October 9.1 41 4 12 69 12

November 12 11 31 11 27 30

December 15 62 63 29 69 57

January 11 7.1 59 19 17 66

February 4.8 4.9 6.9 3 16 13

March 68 7.1 81 94 18 98

April 11 37 79 10 85 79

May 9.8 20 4 15 23 7.3

June 33 9.1 15 46 26 3.6

July 12 16 21 12 22 24

August 51 32 1.5 63 34 3.6

September 61 931 (46) .59 62 2,020 (55) 2.3

Totals 298 1,178 (293) 366 376 2,426 (461) 396

Table 7. Monthly and annual estimated sediment yields for the two long-term sites at the Fort Indiantown Gap facility, Lebanon and 

Dauphin Counties, Pa.

Month

Indiantown Run yields

(tons per square mile)

Manada Creek yields

(tons per square mile)

2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005

October 1.66 7.48 0.73 1.40 8.03 1.40

November 2.19 2.01 5.66 1.28 3.14 3.49

December 2.74 11.31 11.50 3.38 8.03 6.64

January 2.01 1.30 10.77 2.21 1.98 7.68

February .88 .89 1.26 .35 1.86 1.51

March 12.41 1.30 14.78 10.94 2.10 11.41

April 2.01 6.75 14.42 1.16 9.90 9.20

May 1.79 3.65 .73 1.75 2.68 .85

June 6.02 1.66 2.74 5.36 3.03 .42

July 2.19 2.92 3.83 1.40 2.56 2.79

August 9.31 5.84 .27 7.33 3.96 .42

September 11.13 170 (8.39) .11 7.22 235 (6.40) .27

Totals 54.36 214.8 (53.52) 66.79 43.80 282.0 (53.64) 46.08

Average monthly 4.53 17.9 (4.46) 5.57 3.65 23.5 (4.47) 3.84
14 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

0 

200 

400 

600 

800 

1,000 

Load, in tons per month 

Month 

Indiantown Run Sediment Loads 

2003 

EXPLANATION

2004 

2005 

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

Load, in tons per month 

Month 

Indiantown Run Sediment Loads (without Hurricane Ivan) 

2003 

2004 

2005 

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

NovemberDecember

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

EXPLANATION

Figure 6. Sediment loads (tons) by month for years 2003 through 2005 at Indiantown Run (01572950) with (top) and 

without (bottom) the remnants of Hurricane Ivan (note scales are not the same).
Surface Water 15

0 

300 

600 

900 

1,200 

1,500 

1,800 

2,100 

Load, in tons per month 

Month 

Manada Creek Sediment Loads 

2003 

2004 

2005 

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

Load, in tons per month 

Month 

Manada Creek Sediment Loads (without Hurricane Ivan) 

2003 

2004 

2005 

October

NovemberDecember

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

NovemberDecember

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

EXPLANATION

EXPLANATION

Figure 7. Sediment loads (tons) by month for years 2003 through 2005 at Manada Creek (01573482) with (top) and 

without (bottom) the remnants of Hurricane Ivan (note scales are not the same).
16 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

land use from more to less agriculture (amount of disturbed 

land) and less to more forest (undisturbed land). Yields do 

not include the September 2004 storm. Yields for the sites 

at the FIG facility are within expectations—yields are lower 

than more disturbed agricultural, residential, and urban basins 

(Conestoga, Conewago, Swatara, and Codorus watersheds) 

and higher than the nearby undisturbed forested basin (Stony 

Creek). Because of the large amount of forested area in the 

watershed and the more recent sediment-erosion controls, the 

yields from the two largest streams draining the FIG facility 

are more representative of the yields from a forested basin 

than from urban and agricultural basins.

Metals

A total of 85 samples were collected and analyzed for 

metals. The majority of the samples were collected at the two 

continuous-record streamgages during base-flow and stormflow conditions. Additional samples were collected at the 

miscellaneous sites. Metals were reported in micrograms per 

liter (parts per million). Similar to the nutrient data, results 

indicate mean concentrations were well below any primary or 

secondary drinking-water standards and Pennsylvania waterquality criteria for aquatic life and water supply for all metals 

except iron. For example, lead had a drinking-water action 

level of 15 μg/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

1994). The maximum concentration during the study from one 

sample was 6 μg/L; all the remaining samples for lead were 

at or below the method detection limit of 3.0 μg/L (table 8). 

The USEPA drinking-water standard for arsenic was lowered 

0 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

Conestoga River 

Conewago Creek 

Swatara Creek 

Codorus Creek 

Indiantown Run 

Manada Creek 

Stoney Creek 

Yield, in tons per square mile 

Figure 8. Comparison of sediment yields from the Fort Indiantown Gap sites (in red) with other basins in the 

Susquehanna River Basin.

from 50 μg/L to 10 μg/L in 2006. The maximum concentration was 34 μg/L, and all other arsenic samples were at or 

below the current (2005) method detection level of 15 μg/L 

(table 8). The secondary drinking-water standards are set for 

odor and aesthetic reasons. Iron has a secondary drinkingwater standard of 300 μg/L. The mean iron concentration was 

approximately 1,800 and 1,900 μg/L, respectively, for Indiantown Run and Manada Creek, and the maximum concentration 

was 8,600 μg/L. A previous study indicated naturally high iron 

concentrations in the groundwater underlying the FIG facility 

(Barker, 1984). For this reason, underlying geology contributes to the high iron concentrations in the sampled water 

and does not imply “unnatural” or contaminated conditions. 

Statistical summaries of the metals data including maximum, 

mean, median, and minimum concentrations of all sampled 

constituents are presented in appendix 2b.

Selected metals concentration data from the two continuous-record long-term sites at the FIG facility were compared 

to metals data from five randomly chosen nearby “off-facility” 

current sampling sites. Three sites are within the Swatara 

Creek Basin and two sites are outside the basin (table 9). The 

three sites in the Swatara Creek Basin in close proximity to the 

FIG-facility sites represented streams impacted by acid mine 

discharge. The two sites outside the Swatara Creek Basin are 

not in close proximity to the FIG facility sites and are in areas 

predominantly impacted by urban (Letort Run) and agricultural (Rambo Run) land use. In summary, the sites at the FIG 

facility had lower concentrations of metals than the three 

“off-facility” sites within the Swatara Creek Basin and higher 

concentrations than the two “off-facility” sites outside the 

Swatara Creek Basin.
Surface Water 17

Table 8. Summary statistics for selected metals concentrations, in micrograms per liter, from samples collected at the two long-term 

water-quality sites at Fort Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

[P01106, Aluminum as Al; P01002, Arsenic as As; P01042, Copper as Cu; P01045, Iron as Fe; P01051, Lead as Pb; P71900, Mercury as Hg]

P01106 P01002 P01042 P01045 P01051 P71900

Minimum 20 4 10 120 3 0.1

25th percentile 47 10 10 310 3 .2

Mean 74 14.4 10.6 1,900 3.1 .19

Median 79.5 15 10 700 3 .2

75th percentile 100 15 10 3,300 3 .2

Maximum 130 34 20 8,600 6 .2

Total number of samples 127 127 127 127 127 127

Table 9. Summary statistics for selected total metal concentrations, in micrograms per liter, from the two continuous-record long-term 

monitoring sites at Fort Indiantown Gap and five off-facility comparison sites.

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; DA, drainage area in square miles; <, less than; --, no data; Al, aluminum; As, arsenic; Cu, copper; Fe, iron; Pb, lead]

USGS station name 

and (identification 

number)

DA

Minimum Median Maximum

Al As Cu Fe Pb Al As Cu Fe Pb Al As Cu Fe Pb

Indiantown Run at 

Indiantown Gap 

(01572950)

5.5 100 <10 <10 140 <3 350 15 10 530 3.2 1,700 30 20 3,700 6

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap 

(01573482)

10.6 100 <10 <10 120 <3 300 15 10 250 3 800 30 20 980 6

Letort Run near Carlisle (01567795) 7.3 -- <4 <4 20 <1 -- <4 <4 84 <1 -- <4 <4 160 <1

Rambo Run near Stewartstown (01577180) 10 100 <4 <4 90 <1 116 <4 <4 215 <1 200 <4 <4 450 <1

Swatara Creek at 

Lorberry Junction 

(01571798)

42 100 40 <3 180 40 404 46 <3 960 40 1,600 80 <3 4,200 80

Swatara Creek near 

Ravine

(01571820)

43 30 30 <3 60 <1 2,430 46 14 6,260 35 27,000 400 90 60,000 100

Swatara Creek 

near Pine Grove 

(015720205)

116 200 -- 10 40 <1 2,400 -- 15 4,200 4.8 18,900 -- 120 54,400 100
18 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds, 

Pesticides, and Explosives

A total of 10 samples were collected for analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs), 

7 samples for pesticides, and 13 samples for explosives from 

the 2 continuous-record long-term and 5 miscellaneous sampling sites. Due to increased analysis costs, less samples were 

collected when compared to the number of samples collected 

for nutrients and metals. Sample collection was targeted to 

possible source areas considering location, land uses, and 

season. VOCs and SVOCs are widely used in industrial, 

commercial, and household applications. Many are suspected 

to cause cancer and enter the groundwater and surface water 

through spills, leakage from storage sites (tanks and lagoons), 

and disposal sites. Similar to the nutrients and metals, no 

concentrations were above any USEPA primary or secondary 

drinking-water standards. In fact, no VOCs or SVOCs were 

above the method detection limit in any of the samples, except 

one sample from Indiantown Run that had a detectable concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) but was well 

below the drinking-water standard. Pesticides (herbicides and 

insecticides) are used to control weed growth and insect populations. No pesticide concentrations were detected above the 

method detection limit. Explosives have been widely used at 

the FIG facility for more than 60 years. Several samples from 

each of the two continuous-record long-term sites had low but 

detectable levels of compounds related to the use of explosives 

that included cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and perchlorate. Currently (2009), no drinking-water or health-related 

standard exists for RDX or perchlorate. Statistical summaries 

including maximum, mean, median, and minimum concentrations of all sampled pesticide and explosive constituents are 

included in appendix 2b; VOCs and SVOCs are presented in 

appendix 2c.

Aquatic Biology

During July and August of 2002–05, the aquaticinvertebrate communities were sampled each year at 27 sites 

(fig. 9 and table 10) within and outside the boundaries of the 

FIG facility. Fish communities were sampled in 2004 for 

the purpose of comparing “on- and off-facility” sites to help 

determine if there were environmental impacts attributable to 

base operations.

Land disturbance commonly results in soil erosion, 

leading to water-quality problems and potential habitat loss 

(Jansen, 1997). Many studies have indicated the potential for 

environmental problems related to military training (LanierGraham, 1993; Austin and Bruch, 2000; Ehlen and Harmon, 

2001; Dudley and others, 2002; Fang and others, 2003). However, other studies have shown that military areas having large 

tracts of undisturbed and less fragmented land than adjacent 

lands actually can increase plant and animal diversity and 

become refuges for sensitive taxa (Carvell, 2002; Anders and 

Dearborn, 2004).

Habitat

Habitat scores (based on RBP, sample forms in 

appendix 3) were fairly consistent at each site for the four consecutive sampling years. Four classifications were determined 

on the basis of score; poor, less than 47; marginal, 48 to 100; 

suboptimal, 101 to 153; and optimal, greater than 153; 200 

is the highest possible score (Barbour and others, 1999). The 

lowest score was 85 at Forge Creek (fc-1, fig. 9, map number 

6) in 2002 and the highest score was 188 at Gold Mine Run 

(GoldMineRunref-1, fig. 9, map number 7) in 2004 (table 11). 

Mean annual scores increased from 151 in 2002 to 155 and 

163 in 2003 and 2004, respectively, then decreased to 140 in 

2005. Between the 2004 and 2005 samplings, the remnants of 

Tropical Storm Ivan caused widespread and severe flooding 

and damage to the FIG facility. On the basis of mean scores, 

no sites were classified in the poor or marginal category. 

Thirteen sites were in the suboptimal category. The remaining 14 sites were in the optimal category including 4 of the 7 

off-facility sites. Annual scores indicated two sites were in the 

marginal category; Forge Creek (fc-1, fig. 9, map number 6) in 

2002 and unnamed tributary to Indiantown Run (utir-01, fig. 9, 

map number 22) in 2003. Both sites were on or predominantly 

drain the FIG facility (table 11). The overall mean classification was suboptimal for all sites and all years.

The largest change in year-to-year score (-74) was at St. 

Joseph’s Spring (sjs-01, fig. 9, map number 19) from 2004 

to 2005; this was the only site to start as optimal and end as 

nearly marginal in the 4 years of sampling. Three sites, Gold 

Mine Run (GoldMineRunRef-1, fig. 9, map number 7), Indiantown Run site 2 (ir-2, fig. 9, map number 11), and Indiantown 

Run above Vesle Run at Indiantown (ir-3, fig. 9, map number 

12), were in the optimal classification for all four sampling 

years; one site (unnamed tributary to Indiantown Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap) (utir-01, fig. 9, map number 22) was classified as marginal all 4 years.

The number of sites classified as optimum increased from 

9 in 2002 to 18 in 2004 (fig. 10). Some of the changes may 

have been because of the drought conditions in 2002 followed 

by the two wetter years that allowed for more vegetation to 

grow, which helped raise the scores within certain categories. 

However, these positive changes were offset in 2005 when the 

number of sites classified as optimum decreased to three, most 

likely because of the extreme flooding event following the 

2004 sampling. No streams were classified as poor in any year.

Aquatic Invertebrates

Over the 4-year period 2002–05, land-use characteristics 

remained mostly unchanged; however, the hydrologic conditions at these sites were highly variable. During 2002, the 

study area was subject to an intense drought, reducing streams 
Aquatic Biology 19 Figure 9. Location of biological sampling sites, Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG), Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa. (four sites, numbers 4, 5, 7, and 26, are beyond the extent of this map)

40°26'

76°40'

40°28'

76°35'

40°24'

3

15

25

24

14

23

13

18

21

20

9 22

19 10

6

11

12

27

1

17

16

2

8

EXPLANATION

Fort Indiantown Gap boundaryBuildingFiring rangeImpact zoneStream

13 Biological sampling site and number

eV

esl

uR nAires Run Q ureg Run M Training Corridor anada C reek

Indiantown Ru n Cantonment Area

eV

esl

uR nAires Run Q ureg Run

0 1 2 3 4 MILES

0 1 2 3 4 KILOMETERS
20 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation Table 10. U.S. Geological Survey site information for the 27 biological sampling sites, collected July-August 2002–05 at Fort Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa. [USGS, U.S. Geological survey; shaded, off-facility site] USGS station identification number Drainage area (square miles) Map number (fig. 9) Station name Site name Latitude Longitude 01568693 7.51 18 Stony Creek near Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. ScMRef-1 402834 763751 01572112 2.45 5 Evening Branch above Gold Mine Run near Tower City, Pa. ebMRef-1 403130 763230 01572113 1.16 7 Gold Mine Run near Tower City, Pa. GoldMineRunRef-1 403133 763241 01572124 1.35 4 Bear Hole Run at Suedberg, Pa. bhRef-1 403043 762823 01572145 .39 20 Trout Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. tr-1 402753 763554 01572150 6.30 21 Trout Run near Inwood, Pa. tr-2 402852 763313 01572300 .26 6 Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa. fc-1 402722 763229 01572804 1.60 1 Aires Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. ar-1 402553 763355 01572814 2.25 2 Aires Run above Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. ar-2 402535 763313 01572834 2.51 16 Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. qr-1 402602 763236 01572844 5.58 17 Aires Run below Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. qr-2 402532 763337 01572924 1.47 9 Indiantown Run above unnamed tributary at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. ir-0.5 402656 763739 01572928 1.12 22 Unnamed tributary to Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. utir-01 402654 763714 01572940 .86 19 St Joseph Springs outflow at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. sjs-01 402640 763651 01572944 4.68 8 Indiantown Run below Hatchery at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. HatImpact 402640 763648 01572948 5.38 10 Indiantown Run in Gap at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. ir-1 402640 763609 01572956 6.27 11 Indiantown Run above Memorial Lake near Indiantown, Pa. ir-2 402532 763601 01572975 8.38 12 Indiantown Run above Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa. ir-3 402456 753512 01572986 10.6 27 Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa. vr-1 402456 763509 01573300 2.90 3 Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. bcRef-1 402301 763954 01573472 6.19 13 Manada Creek along McLean Road near Manada Gap, Pa. mc-1 402506 764136 01573480 1.08 23 Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek near Manada Gap, Pa. utmcm-1 402448 764216 01573482 8.59 14 Manada Creek near Manada Gap, Pa. mc-1.5 402424 764234 01573490 1.64 24 Tributary along Horseshoe Trail to Manada Creek at Manada Gap, Pa. utmcm-2 402409 764252 01573496 2.55 25 Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek at Rt 443 near Manada Gap, Pa. utmcm-3 402410 764345 01573501 14.3 15 Manada Creek below Manada Gap at Manada Gap, Pa. mc-2 402332 764238 01573535 2.57 26 Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek near Sand Beach, Pa. utmcvRef-1 402036 764102
Aquatic Biology 21

Table 11. Individual and mean habitat scores for 2002–05 and site classification for the 27 sample sites, Fort Indiantown Gap facility, 

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

[shaded; off-facility site]

Map

number

Site

name

Habitat scores

Classification

2002 2003 2004 2005 Mean

1 ar-1 111 119 168 142 135 Suboptimal

2 ar-2 152 121 125 127 131 Suboptimal

3 bcRef-1 124 140 125 139 132 Suboptimal

4 BHRef-1 149 169 180 147 161 Optimal

5 ebMRef1 186 173 180 150 172 Optimal

6 fc-1 85 114 136 124 115 Suboptimal

7 GoldMineRunRef-1 185 187 188 165 181 Optimal

8 HatImpact 152 157 160 136 151 Suboptimal

9 ir-0.5 119 163 164 143 147 Suboptimal

10 ir-1 153 169 172 119 153 Suboptimal

11 ir-2 177 180 185 171 178 Optimal

12 ir-3 171 164 176 168 170 Optimal

13 mc-1 167 160 166 143 159 Optimal

14 mc-1.5 176 171 186 130 166 Optimal

15 mc-2 157 174 183 144 165 Optimal

16 qr-1 120 129 114 127 123 Suboptimal

17 qr-2 147 134 171 151 151 Suboptimal

18 ScMRef-1 154 176 169 141 160 Optimal

19 sjs-01 169 164 181 107 155 Optimal

20 tr-1 157 178 175 135 161 Optimal

21 tr-2 164 152 174 147 159 Optimal

22 utir-01 104 94 115 112 106 Suboptimal

23 utmcm-1 175 173 168 142 165 Optimal

24 utmcm-2 164 170 168 144 162 Optimal

25 utmcm-3 144 156 152 158 153 Suboptimal

26 utmcvRef-1 147 148 151 111 139 Suboptimal

27 vr-1 172 158 166 151 162 Optimal

Mean 151 155 163 140 152 Suboptimal
22 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

to low-flow conditions. In 2003, a series of severe thunderstorms crossed the FIG facility during the sampling period and 

caused major streamflow alterations, scouring and transporting 

the bottom materials. In 2004, the streamflow was well above 

average during the sampling period. In 2005, streamflow during the sampling period (July-August) was below normal, following an above-normal spring flow. Separating these natural 

hydrologic changes from actual impacts resulting from anthropogenic factors at the FIG facility could be difficult. However, 

examining the benthic-invertebrate community statistically 

over multiple years was useful for this purpose.

The 27 streams sampled ranged from less than 3 to about 

30 ft wide; depths were from 0.1 to 1 m. Many of the sites 

were within forested areas with riparian buffer zones of varying widths. The pH values were mostly in the moderate range 

of 6–7, specific conductance ranged from 15 to 400 μS/cm, 

and dissolved oxygen concentrations were saturated.

Inventory of Aquatic Invertebrates

A comprehensive taxa (distinct organisms) list for the 

aquatic invertebrates collected from the 27 sites for each year 

from 2002 to 2005 is included in appendix 6. The summary 

totals and calculated metric values used in the analysis are also 

included. A total of 280 distinct taxa were identified (table 12).

There were 273 of 280 distinct taxa used in the calculation of the selected metrics and mean impact score; 237 were 

from the Phylum Arthropoda. Within this phylum, the greatest 

numbers of taxa identified were in the Class Insecta. Other 

phyla represented were Platyhelminthes (1 taxon); Nemertea 

(1 taxon); Nematoda (1 taxon); Annelida (14 taxa); Mollusca 

(9 taxa); and Chelicerata (10 taxa). In addition, seven taxa of 

crustaceans were identified; however, Crustacea is not used in 

any metric or index determination.

Metrics and Impacts

In order to analyze the benthic-macroinvertebrate community data, a series of metrics was calculated. Species taxa 

(total richness); Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera 

(EPT) values; and the HBI were selected as the primary metrics (table 13). However, because the metrics of taxa richness, 

EPT value, and HBI measure different aspects of the invertebrate community, a unanimous assessment is not expected and 

a majority defines the impact present (Bode and others, 2004). 

Species or taxa richness and EPT value are the total number 

of taxa (distinct organisms) found in a 100-animal subsample. 

The HBI is a measure of the pollution tolerance of the animals 

in the sample, calculated by multiplying the number of individuals of each taxa by its assigned tolerance value, summing 

the products, and dividing by the total number of individuals. 

On a 0–10 scale, tolerance values range from intolerant (0) to 

tolerant (10) (Hilsenhoff, 1988).

Lydy and others (2000) suggested that examining one 

metric alone in comparison studies may not be a suitable 

method for examining changes in water quality and instead 

suggested using a combination of metrics to define and 

describe the conditions. An impact scheme used by the New 

York State Department of Environmental Conservation (Bode 

and others, 2002) was followed in the present study, employing a four-tiered classification system (table 13) where the 

level of impact was assessed for each individual metric and 

0 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

2002 2003 2004 2005 

Number of sites 

Optimal 

EXPLANATION

Suboptimal 

Marginal 

Poor 

Figure 10. Habitat assessment scores for 27 sites from 2002 through 2005.
Aquatic Biology 23

Table 12. Summary totals for the classification and identification of aquatic invertebrates collected at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa., 2002–05.

 [(n); number of distinct taxa]

Phylum Class Order (Common name)

Arthropoda (237) Insecta Collembola (4) springtails

Ephemeroptera (28) mayflies

Odonata (12) dragon and damsel flies

Hemiptera (3) true bugs

Plecoptera (23) stoneflies

Coleoptera (18) beetles

Megaloptera (4) dobson and fish flies

Trichoptera (40) caddisflies

Lepidoptera (2) moths

Diptera

Midges (78)

non midges (25)

true flies

Platyhelminthes (1)

Nemertea (1)

Nematoda (1)

Annelida (14)

Mollusca (9)

Chelicerata (10)

Crustacea (7)

Table 13. Water-quality impact assessment based on biological metrics.

[EPT; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; HBI, Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]

Level of impact

Metrics Mean

impact

score

Water-quality

Taxa richness EPT taxa richness HBI score condition

Non-impacted Greater than 26 Greater than 10 0.0 to 4.50 7.51 to 10 Excellent

Slightly impacted 19 to 26 6 to 10 4.51 to 6.50 5.01 to 7.5 Good

Moderately impacted 11 to 18 2 to 5 6.51 to 8.50 2.51 to 5.0 Fair

Severely impacted 0 to 10 0 to 1 8.51 to 10.0 0 to 2.5 Poor
24 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

then averaged for a consensus determination. The “waterquality condition” was calculated on the basis of a range in 

individual metric score. Each individual score was converted 

to a “new” scale ranging from 0 to 10 and then averaged for 

the consensus (mean impact) determination of water-quality 

condition. For example, “non-impacted” indicated excellent water quality. The invertebrate community was diverse 

with at least 27 taxa in riffle habitat. The EPT taxa were well 

represented with greater than 10. The HBI was 0.00–4.50 and 

mean impact scores were between 7.50 and 10. This level 

of water quality includes pristine habitats and those receiving minimally adverse sources of pollutants. Conversely, 

“severely impacted” was reflective of poor water quality. The 

invertebrate community was limited to a few tolerant taxa. 

Taxa richness values were 10 or less. EPT value (taxa richness) was rare, with a range of 0–1. The dominant taxa were 

almost all midges and worms. The HBI ranges from 8.51–10, 

and mean impact scores were between 0 and 2.5. Ranges in 

impact assessment criteria for four different levels of impact 

are presented in table 13.

The three metrics selected for invertebrate analysis—

Taxa richness, EPT value (taxa richness), and HBI score—not 

surprisingly showed variability over the 4 years of study. 

Taxa richness numbers ranged from 16 at bcREF-1 (fig. 9, 

map number 3) in 2003 to 46 at utmcm-1 (fig. 9, map number 

23) in 2004. The mean for all sites for all years was 28. EPT 

values ranged from 2 at qr-1 (fig. 9, map number 16) in 2002 

to 18 at ir-1 (fig. 9, map number 10) in 2004; the EPT scores at 

80 percent of the sites were greater than 5. HBI scores ranged 

from 1.79 to 6.20 at the same site (fc-1, fig. 9, map number 6), 

and the mean score was 3.97.

A detailed annual summary for each of the 27 sites sampled for 2002–05 is presented in appendix 4. Of the 27 sites 

sampled, the mean impact scores at 17 sites were reflective of 

excellent water quality and at 10 sites indicated good water 

quality. No sites had fair or poor water quality on the basis of 

the 4-year average 2002–05 impact score (fig. 11). Of the 20 

sites sampled on the FIG facility over the 4 years of study, 15 

(75 percent) were considered to have excellent water quality 

and 5 (25 percent) had good water quality. Of the seven sites 

sampled off the base boundary, five sites (71 percent) were 

considered to be excellent and two (29 percent) were considered to be good. On the basis of the percentages of excellent 

and good water quality, site selection was valid for the representation of conditions on and off the FIG facility.

The number of sites by year for three metrics with associated level of impact and mean impact score are shown in 

table 14 and figure 12. The number of non-impacted sites was 

greatest in 2005. The greatest change was in the taxa richness metric where 12 fewer sites were classified as slightly 

impacted in 2003 as compared to 2002. Conversely, 11 more 

sites were classified as non-impacted in 2003 than in 2002 

using the taxa richness metric. The HBI metric did not classify any sites as moderately or severely impacted. The EPT 

metric classified sites as moderately impacted in 3 of 4 years 

of sampling, the highest number of sites was five in 2002. The 

number of non-impacted sites generally increased in all three 

metrics from 2002 to 2005. Regardless of the metric used, 

none of the sites were classified as severely impacted in any of 

the 4 years.

Mean impact scores in table 14 were based on a “consensus” of the three metrics; taxa richness, EPT score, and HBI 

score. Figure 12 represents the mean scores based on the three 

metrics and indicates an increase each year in the number 

of sites classified as having excellent water quality. One site 

was classified as having fair water quality in 2003; no sites 

were classified as having poor water quality. Overall, benthicinvertebrate communities were in a less-affected condition in 

2005 than in 2002 likely due to climate conditions and severe 

drought rather than to FIG-facility operations.

Seven sites were rated as excellent during the entire 

4-year sampling period: Bear Hole Run (bhRef-1, fig. 9, map 

number 4, not shown), Indiantown Run in Gap (ir-1, fig. 9, 

map number 10), Manada Gap along Mclean Rd (mc-1, fig. 9, 

map number 13), St. Joseph’s Spring (sjs-01, fig. 9, map number 19), Trout Run at Gap (tr-1, fig. 9, map number 20), Trout 

Run near Inwood (tr-2, fig. 9, map number 21), and unnamed 

tributary to Indiantown Run (utir-01, fig. 9, map number 22). 

Two sites were “worse” than others but not considered fair or 

poor—Bow Creek (bcRef-1, fig. 9, map number 3) and Qureg 

Run (qr-1, fig. 9, map number 16). The site that showed the 

most improvement over the 4-year period was Forge Creek 

(fc-1, fig. 9, map number 6), which had the lowest score (5.83) 

in water-quality condition in 2002 and improved to excellent 

(8.34) in 2005.

Based on the habitat and aquatic-invertebrate data from 

2002 to 2005, habitat conditions worsened with time; in 

contrast, the invertebrate metrics and mean impacts improved 

with time. The dominant effects during the 4-year sampling 

period were the severe drought conditions in 2002 and the 

massive flooding event after the 2004 sampling. The invertebrates appeared most affected by the severe drought condition, 

which created less wetted area for community growth, and 

Excellent (17 sites) 

EXPLANATION

Good (10 sites) 

Fair (0 sites) 

Poor (0 sites) 

Figure 11. Results of mean impact scores for 27 aquaticinvertebrate sites from 2002 through 2005, Fort Indiantown Gap 

facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.
Aquatic Biology 25

Table 14. Number of sites by year, metric, and level of impact with mean scores for 2002–05, Fort Indiantown Gap facility and off-facility sites, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.[EPT; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, HBI; Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]

Level of impact

Metrics and year

Mean impact score Water-quality 

condition

Taxa richness EPT Value (taxa richness) HBI scores

2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 2003 2004 2005

Non-impacted 9 20 19 21 10 6 16 18 18 20 20 23 11 13 19 22 ExcellentSlightlyimpacted 17 5 8 6 12 19 10 9 9 7 7 4 16 13 8 5 GoodModeratelyimpacted 1 2 0 0 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 FairSeverely impacted 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PoorTotal 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
26 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

higher average air and water temperatures; the habitat was 

most affected by the flooding that created physical (geomorphic) change to the stream channel.

Fish Community

Fish were sampled at 25 of the 27 invertebrate sites 

(table 15). Summary tables of the fish communities were 

created for each site and are presented in appendix 5. Simple 

statistics such as average length and weight were calculated. 

The percentage of each species to the total numbers collected 

in the community was calculated. Several metrics, catch-perunit effort (CPUE), percent native species, percent intolerant species, percent dominant species, and total number of 

individuals, were calculated to show community differences or 

similarities among all the sites.

The fish surveys of the 25 sites on and off the FIG facility 

yielded a total of 4,818 fish with a biomass of 36,568 g. The 

CPUE ranged from 0.6 fish per minute at Evening Branch 

above Gold Mine Run to 15.1 at Aires Run above Quereg Run 

(table 15). A total of 33 species were collected.

The fish metrics indicate most sites were healthy. The two 

sites with the highest CPUE were Aires Run above Quereg 

Run and below Quereg Run. These two sites also yielded the 

greatest total number of individuals at a site. The number of 

sites with 100 percent native species was seven. Most sites had 

90 percent or more of the taxa that were native species. The 

site with the lowest percentage of native species was Stony 

Creek. Gold Mine Run was the only site that had 100 percent 

of the species as intolerant, and the only species collected at 

the site were brook trout. Bear Hole Run and Evening Branch 

scored 45 percent or higher in both numbers of intolerant 

species and percent dominant species in their communities, 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

2002 2003 2004 2005 

Number of sites 

Excellent 

EXPLANATION

Good 

Fair 

Poor 

Figure 12. Results of mean impact scores for the 27 aquatic invertebrate sites by year, Fort Indiantown 

Gap facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

the distribution being equal. At 20 of the sites, the percent 

intolerant species was 5 percent or less. The site with the 

most evenly distributed community was Quereg Run, where 

the dominant taxa were only 24 percent of the total species at 

the site. Gold Mine Run was the only site to have one taxon. 

With an increase in stream size, the number of taxa at a site 

also increased. The smaller, headwater streams had the lowest 

number of taxa, and the wider, deeper, warm-water sites had 

the highest number of taxa.

A TWINSPAN analysis was used to show the relation of 

the sites to each other on the basis of the communities present. 

This technique reduces “noise” in community data to provide 

a more accurate picture of the community structures (Gauch, 

1982). The TWINSPAN analysis (fig. 13) showed site groupings on the basis of the species collected at each site. The 

first two sites to separate out were Gold Mine Run (GoldMineRunRef-1) and Evening Branch above Gold Mine Run 

(ebMRef-1). These sites separated out because brook trout 

were dominant species at these sites. Next, the sites separated 

out as warm-water and cold-water sites. This break was based 

on brown trout as an indicator species for the cold-water sites, 

and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), tessellated darter 

(Etheostoma olmstedi) and green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) 

as indicator species for the warm-water sites.

The cold-water sites were Gold Mine Run, Evening 

Branch, all the Manada Creek sites, both Trout Run sites, all 

the unnamed tributary sites to Manada Creek except for the 

off-facility sites, the unnamed tributary to Indiantown Run, 

and the Indiantown Run sites above Memorial Lake, Stony 

Creek, St. Joseph’s Spring, and Bear Hole Run (fig. 13). The 

first subgrouping includes Gold Mine Run (GoldMineRunRef-1) and Evening Branch (ebMRef-1), which separated 

out based on the absence of brown trout and river chub. The 
Aquatic Biology 27

Table 15. Fish metric statistics for fish data collected at Fort Indiantown Gap and nearby off-facility sites, Lebanon and Dauphin 

Counties, Pa.

[shaded, off-facility site]

Site name

Map 

number 

(fig. 9)

Catchper-unit 

effort

Fish metrics

Percent 

native 

species1

Percent 

intolerant 

species

Percent 

dominant 

species

Total 

number of 

individuals

Total 

number of 

taxa

Aires Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (ar-1) 1 3.7 100 0 67 236 9

Aires Run above Quereg Run (ar-2) 2 15.1 100 0 50 725 8

Bow Creek (bcRef-1) 3 5.7 99 0 47 321 10

Bear Hole Run (bhRef-1) 4 7.1 100 47 47 163 6

Evening Branch above Gold Mine Run (ebMRef-1) 5 .6 86 45 45 22 4

Forge Creek (fc-1) 6 No fish data collected

Gold Mine Run (GoldMineRunRef-1) 7 1.2 100 100 100 29 1

Indiantown Run below hatchery (HatImpact) 8 4.9 89 1 65 205 6

Indiantown Run above unnamed tributary (ir-0.5) 9 3.8 100 0 37 163 3

Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (ir-1) 10 4.8 86 0 79 145 5

Indiantown Run above Memorial Lake (ir-2) 11 4.9 74 0 33 148 8

Indiantown Run above Vesle Run (ir-3) 12 3.7 98 0 36 194 17

Manada Creek above McLean Road (mc-1) 13 5.0 93 1 39 211 9

Manada Creek near Manada Gap (mc-1.5) 14 2.3 89 1 59 167 10

Manada Creek below Manada Gap (mc-2) 15 3.9 94 3 45 141 13

Quereg Run (qr-1) 16 2.0 83 0 24 82 14

Aires Run below Quereg Run (qr-2) 17 11.9 99 0 34 751 20

Stony Creek (ScMRef-1) 18 .9 50 21 46 28 6

St. Joseph’s Spring (sjs-01) 19 2.3 97 0 97 70 2

Trout Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (tr-1) 20 1.7 100 26 70 47 3

Trout Run near Inwood (tr-2) 21 3.7 99 2 45 147 17

Unnamed tributary to Indiantown Run (utir-01) 22 3.2 100 1 49 89 5

Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek (utmcm-1) 23 3.4 81 4 64 181 5

Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek (utmcm-2) 24 No fish data collected

Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek (utmcm-3) 25 1.0 94 0 53 34 7

Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek (utmcvRef-1) 26 4.0 99 0 43 260 9

Vesle Run (vr-1) 27 6.2 98 0 28 259 13

1

Cooper, 1983; Plafkin and others, 1989; Roth and others, 1997.
28 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

ir-2

ir-3

ar-2

qr-2

vr-1

BcRef-1

utmcvRef-1

Qr1

ar-1

mc-2

tr-2

mc-1.5

utmcm-3

HatImpact

mc-1

ir-0.5

utir-01

ScMRef-1

utmcm-1

BHRef-1

ir-1

sjs-01

tr-1

ebMRef-1

GoldMineRunRef

Brook trout

Brown trout

Longnose daceTessellated darterGreen sunfish River chub

White suckerBrook trout

Brook trout

Cutlips minnow White sucker

Spotfin shiner

White sucker

Central stoneroller

Figure 13. TWINSPAN analysis for the 25 fish sampling sites and warm-water (red-orange) or cold-water 

(blue) designation based on indicator species.
Aquatic Biology 29

next subgrouping contains sites Trout Run (tr-1), St. Joseph’s 

Spring (sjs-01), Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (ir-1), 

and Bear Hole Run (bhRef-1). The sites separated out on the 

basis of the absence of white sucker (Catastomus commersoni) and brook trout. The next subgrouping of sites included 

an unnamed tributary to Manada Creek (utmcm-1) and Stony 

Creek (ScMRef-1), which was based on the presence of brook 

trout at these two sites. The next subgroup break was determined by the presence of white sucker for the next grouping—

an unnamed tributary to Indiantown Run (utir-01), Indiantown 

Run above the unnamed tributary (ir-0.5), Manada Creek 

above McLean Road (mc-1), and Indiantown Run below 

the hatchery (HatImpact)—or cutlips minnow (Exoglossum 

maxillingua) for the next-to-last grouping—unnamed tributary to Manada Creek below Route 443 (utmcm-3), and 

Manada Creek near Manada Gap (mc-1.5). The last cold-water 

subgroup contains sites Trout Run (tr-2) and Manada Creek 

(mc-2), which separate out on the presence of river chub.

The warm-water sites that broke out first were Indiantown Run above Memorial Lake (ir-3) and Indiantown Run 

above Vesle Run (ir-2) and were at the opposite end of the 

TWINSPAN from Gold Mine Run and Evening Branch. 

These sites separated out on the presence of spotfin shiner 

(Cyprinella spiloptera). The next split consisted of Aries 

Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (ar-1) and Quereg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap (Qr-1) based on the absence of white sucker. 

The last break was based on the presence/absence of central 

stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum). A group of sites with 

the central stoneroller included unnamed tributary to Manada 

Creek (utmcvRef-1) and Bow Creek (BcRef-1), which were 

off-facility sites. The last grouping of sites indicated central 

stonerollers were present at Vesle Run (vr-1), Aires Run below 

Quereg Run (qr-2), and Aires Run above Quereg Run (ar-3).

In this survey of 25 sites (table 15, fig. 9), trout were 

found at 14 sites, on and off the FIG facility (table 16, 

appendix 5). Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were found 

at 10 sites, brown trout (Salmo trutta) at 9 sites, and rainbow 

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at 3 sites. At Bear Hole Run 

(bhREF-1), one trout had a deformity of the spine. All the 

other trout had no visible deformities and appeared to be in 

good health. Bear Hole Run had the highest density of trout 

within a 100-m reach.

Not all the collected fish were native fish. Several 

reaches along Manada Creek, Stony Creek, and Trout Run 

Table 16. Number and type of trout found at Fort Indiantown Gap and nearby off-facility sites, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

 [shaded, off-facility site; mm,millimeters]

Site name

Map

number 

(fig. 9)

Trout species

Size class

Small

(1–100 mm)

Medium

(101–180 mm)

Large

(181–500 mm)

Bear Hole Run (bhRef-1) 4 Brook 23 47 5

Evening Branch (ebMRef-1) 5 Brook 0 6 4

Gold Mine Run (GoldMineRunRef-1) 7 Brook 13 22 2

Indiantown Run below hatchery (HatImpact) 8 Brook

Brown

0

5

0

13

1

5

Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (ir-1) 10 Brown

Rainbow

13

0

7

1

0

0

Manada Creek above McLean Road (mc-1) 13 Brook

Brown

0

5

1

7

1

2

Manada Creek near Manada Gap (mc-1.5) 14 Brook

Brown

0

14

1

3

0

2

Manada Creek below Manada Gap (mc-2) 15 Brown

Rainbow

5

0

0

0

1

2

Stony Creek (ScMRef-1) 18 Brook

Brown

0

0

5

0

1

13

St. Joseph’s Spring (sjs-01) 19 Brown 0 2 0

Trout Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (tr-1) 20 Brook 12 0 0

Trout Run near Inwood (tr-2) 21 Brook 0 1 1

Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek (utmcm-1) 23 Brook

Brown

5

29

2

4

0

1

Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek (utmcm-3) 25 Brown

Rainbow

0

0

0

0

1

1
30 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

were stocked by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission 

(2007). If a site had only larger fish, it was probably not a selfreproducing population and was likely stocked. Stocked trout 

usually are greater than 181 mm in total length. Size classes of 

fish for this study were defined as small (1–100 mm), medium 

(101–180 mm), and large (181–500 mm). Sites with a range 

of size classes are indicative of self-reproducing populations. 

Several sites, on and off the FIG facility, had several size 

classes of either brook trout or brown trout (table 16). Sites 

with only a few large fish were probably stocked or the fish 

migrated there from a nearby larger body of water.

Brook trout were found at 10 sites (table 16). Several 

of the off-facility sites had multiple counts of brook trout of 

varying size classes (Bear Hole Run, Evening Branch, Gold 

Mine Run, and Stony Creek). Bear Hole Run and Gold Mine 

Run had all three size classes. Trout Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap (tr-1) only had smaller fish, but this stream was very 

narrow and shallow and it would be difficult to support fish 

in the larger size classes. The unnamed tributary to Manada 

Creek (utmcm-1) had no fish in the large class but had fish in 

the small and medium ranges. Conversely, Evening Branch 

(ebMRef-1) did not have any brook trout in the small range, 

but the medium and large size classes had several fish. Other 

sites with only one or two brook trout in either the medium 

or large size classes were Indiantown Run below Hatchery 

(HatImpact), two Manada Creek sites (mc-1 and mc-1.5), and 

Trout Run near Inwood (tr-2).

Brown trout were found at nine sites including one offfacility site (table 16). Sites with fish in all three size classes 

included Indiantown Run below Hatchery (HatImpact) and 

three of the Manada Creek sites (mc-1, mc-1.5, and utmcm-1). 

Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (ir-1) contained 

13 brown trout in the small size and 7 in the median size. 

Manada Creek below Manada Gap (mc-2) had five brown 

trout in the small size class and one in the large size class. 

St. Joseph’s Spring had only brown trout in the medium size 

class. Unnamed tributary to Manada Creek (utmcm-3), which 

is close to the mouth into Manada Creek, had one large brown 

trout. The Stony Creek off-facility site contained 13 brown 

trout, all in the large size class.

Four rainbow trout in the medium and large size classes 

were found at three sites—two at Manada Creek (mc-2), one 

at Indiantown Run (ir-1), and one at an unnamed tributary to 

Manada Creek (utmcm-3). Rainbow trout were not native and 

therefore represent stocked streams.

Stream Geomorphology, Classification, 

and Assessment

The fluvial geomorphic assessment of the FIG facility 

was conducted in two parts in the summer of 2004, broadly 

following the guidelines defined in Rosgen (1996). The first 

part of the fluvial geomorphic assessment was a delineation 

of the watersheds within the boundaries of the FIG facility 

and geomorphic stream classification. These classifications 

were not used in this report to imply the relative stability or 

instability of a stream channel (in relation to how sensitive the 

channel is to future disturbances) but to describe the stream 

channel on the basis of the relative pattern, profile, and dimension (geomorphic properties). The second part of the fluvial 

geomorphic assessment involved a detailed analysis of two 

individual stream reaches. These reaches were near USGS 

streamgages in the two largest watersheds within the boundary 

of the FIG facility, 01572950 (Indiantown Run near Harper 

Tavern, Pa.), and 01573482 (Manada Creek near Manada Gap, 

Pa.). This analysis was used to predict how “stable” the stream 

channel was, as well as the vulnerability of the stream channel 

to future changes within the watershed.

Stream Classification

The geomorphic stream classes within the FIG facility 

were delineated and included in a geographic information 

system (GIS) coverage. On the basis of the total distance of 

all stream reaches classified within the FIG facility, 58 percent 

were classified as B class, 36 percent were C class, 2 percent 

were A class, 1 percent were E class, 1 percent were G class, 

1 percent were F class, and <1 percent were undifferentiated B and F class. Stream classes B, C, and A are generally 

considered to be in dynamic equilibrium with the transport 

of sediment and, therefore, relatively stable. On this basis, 

approximately 96 percent of the stream reaches are “stable.” 

More detailed discussion on stream “class” is included later in 

the section.

Fluvial geomorphic stream classes change over time, or 

“evolve,” in relation to the characteristics of the watershed. 

Therefore, stream types within a watershed generally can be 

related to each other by what is called the “stage of reach evolution” (Simon, 1989). The stage of reach evolution does not 

imply long-term stability but describes a process when used 

in conjunction with the stream classification that can help to 

identify the previous classification of a disturbed stream reach. 

It also indicates what that reach will likely become (evolve 

to) in the future as it returns to a state of dynamic equilibrium 

(balanced with the water and sediment loads supplied from 

the upstream basin). Simon (1989) and Rosgen (2002), among 

others, have identified at least nine possible scenarios to 

generally describe common, evolutionary sequences that many 

natural streams undergo as they progress from an undisturbed 

state to a disturbed state and back to a new undisturbed state 
Stream Geomorphology, Classification, and Assessment 31

(table 17). The beginning and end classes of each of the nine 

scenarios (C-, E-, and B-class streams) generally describe a 

stream reach that is considered to be in a state of dynamic 

equilibrium, transporting the upstream watershed-supplied 

water and sediment without exhibiting signs of rapid erosion 

or aggradation within the stream channel.

Other natural factors also affect the morphology and 

stability of the stream channels within the FIG facility. Type 

and concentration of riparian vegetation, natural flooding, 

and wildlife can alter the local stream-channel morphology. 

For example, beavers have constructed several dams within 

the FIG facility; these dams will cause backwater flooding 

(fig. 14) as well as accelerated bank erosion in the immediate 

vicinity of the dam. Accelerated bank erosion near a beaver 

dam (or other obstruction) also is common and is the natural 

result of a stream trying to bypass an obstacle by taking the 

path of least resistance; the bank material is easier to erode 

than the beaver dam.

Beaver dams also trap sediments. Because the stream has 

the ability (energy) to transport a certain amount of sediment, 

any sediment lost within the impoundment area of the dam 

will be restored downstream by increased erosion. For this 

reason, waters exiting a dam or any environment that limits 

or removes sediment from the stream are termed “sediment 

starved.” In time, the stream channel downstream from these 

dams will likely experience increased erosion and potentially 

become entrenched, going from a non-entrenched class of C 

or E to an entrenched class of G or F. Removal of the riparian 

vegetation by beavers also affects the reaches they occupy. 

Beavers can clear a substantial amount of woody vegetation 

from the riparian areas of the stream channel; these areas are 

then susceptible to accelerated bank erosion upon abandonment of the dam by beavers and (or) subsequent failure of the 

structure. Even though beavers can seriously affect streamchannel morphology, they also create a very diverse and 

important habitat, form wetlands that can filter many pathogens from the water column, and create areas of emergent 

vegetation.

Geomorphic Analyses

Detailed geomorphic study reaches were selected at two 

sites to assess fluvial geomorphic conditions in the largest 

watersheds within the FIG facility. The stream reaches were 

near existing USGS streamgages at Indiantown Run and 

Manada Creek. At each site, the force the stream could exert 

on the streambed was evaluated against the size of the materials within the stream channel. Imbalances in this relation 

generally are indicative of either an unstable condition or other 

factors that may be influencing the hydraulics of the stream 

reach; for example, excess force could result in increased 

erosion, and too little force could result in aggradation of the 

stream channel. The analysis included determination of the 

entrenchment ratio (does the stream have an available flood 

plain?), width to depth ratio (is the channel narrow and deep 

or wide and shallow?), channel materials (how big or small is 

the streambed material?), particle entrainment (how large of a 

particle can the stream move?), and the slope. On the basis of 

these measurements and calculations, the force available in the 

channel to move streambed materials can be estimated, as well 

as the size and type of the material available to be moved.

Table 17. Potential stream-channel evolutionary scenarios (from 

Rosgen, 2002; Simon, 1989).

Scenario number Evolutionary sequence

1 E>C>Gc>F>C>E

2 C>D>C

3 C>D>Gc>F>C

4 C>G>F>Bc

5 E>Gc>F>C>E

6 B>G>Fb>B

7 Eb>G>B

8 C>G>F>D>C

9 C>G>F>C

Entrenched stream classes exhibiting little or no available flood plains (G- and F-class streams) are in the center of 

an evolutionary sequence. These stream reaches likely began 

as non- or lesser-entrenched stream classes (C-, E-, or B-class 

streams) and are likely in the process of evolving back into 

these same classes described above (table 17). This evolutionary process depends on confined streams attempting to erode 

restrictive banks (those that confine flood waters to a narrow, 

high-energy channel) and develop a flood plain.

There are two general exceptions to the concept of stream 

evolution, the A- and D-class channels. A-class stream channels are absent from the evolutionary scenarios (table 17) 

because these channels are considered robust and usually will 

not evolve into another stream class in a time scale reasonable for description in this context. D-class (braided) stream 

channels are generally the result of large sediment loads that 

exceed the ability of the stream to transport the material under 

the given flow conditions.

In the case of the FIG facility, most G-class channels are 

confined to developed, or previously developed, areas and are 

likely the result of stormwater runoff from impervious areas. 

When entrenched stream classes (G- and F-class streams) are 

mapped and located among largely non-entrenched stream 

reaches (C-, E-, or B-class streams), this commonly indicates 

the response of the stream channel to changes in the runoff 

characteristics of the watershed above. On the basis of this 

potential response to changes within the watershed, the presence of G- and F-class streams commonly indicates locations 

with runoff or sediment-supply problems, such as excessive 

downstream sedimentation resulting from entrenchment. 

These excess sediments may lead to degradation of downstream stormwater structures and fish-spawning beds and may 

cause increased flooding within downstream reaches.
32 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Figure 14. Backwater flooding on a tank trail resulting from a beaver dam plugging the culvert below an existing 

tank trail.

The Indiantown Run geomorphic study reach was 

adjacent to Pennsylvania State Highway (SR) 443 and begins 

approximately 200 ft upstream from the intersection of SR 443 

and Lake Road and ends approximately 700 ft downstream 

from the streamgage. This geomorphic study reach was 900 ft 

long and is adjacent to USGS streamgage 01572950 (Indiantown Run near Harper Tavern, Pa.); 5.48 mi2

 drains to the 

reach. The reach is at the downstream end of a narrow gap 

through a prominent ridge; the adjacent valley and flood plain 

widened abruptly approximately half way along the reach 

as the stream exited this gap. Deciduous and evergreen trees 

dominated the valley and adjacent hillsides in the watershed, 

which was largely undeveloped and comprised of militarytraining areas; however, the headwaters of Indiantown Run 

were home to several beavers that had created several large 

impoundment/wetland areas. The bankfull channel was welldefined throughout this reach and generally was denoted by an 

abrupt change in bank angle, changes in riparian vegetation, 

and depositional features throughout the reach. In this area, 

Indiantown Run was not entrenched and had an available, 

functioning flood plain to dissipate the forces associated with 

natural, intermittent flooding; however, immediately upstream, 

the flood plain was severely limited because of a narrow gap 

in the ridge through which the stream flowed.

Severe aggradation in the stream channel and the flood 

plain was evident in the downstream portion of the geomorphic study reach and was likely because of sediment-laden 

water deposition within the flood plain and losing competence 

as it exited the gap. The bulk of this sediment was likely the 

result of large-magnitude flooding associated with the remnants of Hurricane Ivan on September 18, 2004, and was not 

likely representative of bankfull conditions. During the remnants of Hurricane Ivan, 960 ft3

/s passed through this reach 

compared to an estimated bankfull discharge of 195 ft3/s; the 

resulting competence of the stream under these extreme conditions was substantially higher than the more frequent bankfull 

discharge. This aggradation was apparent throughout the reach 

in several ways. First, mapping of geomorphic stream classes 

prior to the hurricane indicated this reach was classified as a 

slightly entrenched B-class stream; subsequent to the hurricane, aggradation of streambed changed the stream type to a 

non-entrenched C-class stream. Second, many trees within the 

flood plain had no visible root flare and large amounts of cobbles and boulders covered the entire flood plain, generally an 

indication of sediment deposition within the flood plain. Third, 

the longitudinal profile (fig. 15, thalweg, center of channel) 

showed a prominent bulge on the downstream end of the reach 

that is comprised of a large pile of large cobbles and boulders 
Stream Geomorphology, Classification, and Assessment 33

Figure 15. Longitudinal profile at Indiantown Run showing locations of two surveyed cross sections, Fort Indiantown Gap facility, 

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa. [thalweg; center of channel]

347 

88 

90 

92 

94 

96 

98 

100 

102 

104 

106 

108 

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 

Elevation, in feet

Station, in feet

767 

700 800 900 1,000 

Thalweg 

EXPLANATION

Water surface 

Bankfull surface 

Cross-section 347 

Cross-section 767 

USGS Streamgage 

01572950 at 

station 222 

Large pile of accumulated 

sediments 

in the approximate location where the stream lost competence 

because of overflow onto an adjacent flood plain.

At the upstream cross section (station 347, fig. 15 and 

table 18), calculations indicated the stream, at bankfull flow, 

had the potential to move an estimated 90 to 210 mm particle; 

the largest particle (Di) in a core sample collected from an 

adjacent point bar was 457 mm. To move the 457 mm particle, the estimated mean bankfull water depth required was 

2.5 ft and the estimated bankfull water-surface slope required 

was 0.022 ft/ft. The existing mean bankfull water depth at 

cross-section 347 was 1.4 ft, and the existing bankfull watersurface slope was 0.012 ft/ft. At the downstream cross section 

(station 767, fig. 15 and table 18), calculations indicated the 

stream had the potential to move an estimated 145 to 338 mm 

particle; the largest particle (Di) in a core sample collected 

from an adjacent point bar was 305 mm. To move the 305 mm 

particle, the estimated mean bankfull water depth required was 

1.3 ft and the estimated bankfull water-surface slope required 

was 0.038 ft/ft. The existing mean bankfull water depth at 

cross-section 767 was 1.0 ft, and the existing bankfull watersurface slope was 0.028 ft/ft.

Cross-section 347 indicated that most fine sediment was 

removed by Hurricane Ivan and only large aggregate remained 

in the stream channel; analysis of current project data predicted that finer sediments supplied from upstream would 

likely be deposited through this reach until a graded condition 

was achieved. Cross-section 767 indicated a very high slope 

developed along the downstream face of the sediment pile, 

which increased the available energy and the consequent ability to entrain particles. Within the downstream portion of the 

geomorphic study reach (767 to 900 ft), a large majority of the 

particles within the streambed would likely be transported by 

frequent bankfull flows and the previous graded system would 

likely be reformed at a lower elevation and a lesser slope as 

the excess sediment was transported downstream. This prediction of evolution to a future graded condition was conditional 

in that the runoff response and sediment loads upstream 

within the watershed must remain unchanged. On the basis 

of these observations and the geomorphic data presented in 

table 18, this reach of Indiantown Run was likely in a state of 

flux because of the effects of the hurricane and should not be 

considered either stable or graded under the current pattern, 

profile, and dimension.

The Manada Creek geomorphic study reach was directly 

downstream from Fogarty Road and began at the USGS 

streamgage 01573482 (Manada Creek near Manada Gap, Pa.) 

and ended 1,300 ft downstream. The longitudinal profile, or 

side view, of the Manada Creek geomorphic study reach is 

shown in figure 16 with the locations of each of the two surveyed cross sections. The reach is in a relatively narrow valley 

bounded by steep ridges on both sides, and the drainage area 

above the reach is 8.59 mi2. Deciduous and evergreen trees 

dominated the valley and adjacent hillsides and the watershed 

above the reach was largely undeveloped and comprised of 

military-training areas.

The bankfull channel was well-defined throughout this 

reach and generally was denoted by an abrupt change in bank 

angle, changes in riparian vegetation, and depositional features 

throughout the reach; however, the culvert carrying Fogarty 

Road over Manada Creek prevented this feature from being 

extended to the staff plate at the USGS streamgage. Manada 

Creek, in this area, was not entrenched and had an available, 
34 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Table 18. Site-specific geomorphic data for Manada Creek and Indiantown Run, Fort Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin 

Counties, Pa.

[XS, cross section; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; ft2, feet squared; ft, feet; ft/ft, feet per foot; mm, millimeter; >, greater than; D84, particle size of which 84 

percent of total sample is finer; D50, particle size which is 50 percent of particle size; D100, largest particle size from core sample]

Parameter Manada Creek geomorphic study site Indiantown Run geomorphic study site

Reach XS 761 XS 1218 Reach XS 347 XS 767

Bankfull discharge (ft3/s) 340 195

Bankfull area (ft2) 95.6 91.3 43.6 40.4

Mean bankfull depth (ft) 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.0

Maximum bankfull depth (ft) 3.5 3.1 1.9

Bankfull width (ft) 40.3 47.0 31.0 40.5

Entrenchment ratio >2.2 >2.2 >2.2 >2.2

Hydraulic radius (ft) 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.0

Bankfull slope (ft/ft) .004 .004 .004 .004 .012 .028

Sinuosity 1.1 1.1

Stream class1 C4 C4 C4 C3b

Valley type2 II II II III

D84 (mm) 110 118 136 147

D50 (mm) 50 35 52 69

D100 (mm) 229 76 457 305

1

C-class streams are characterized by Rosgen (1996) as located in narrow to wide valleys, constructed from alluvial deposition, with well-developed flood 

plains.

2

Valley Type II is characterized by moderate slope with gentle sloping sides in colluvial valleys while Valley Type III is characterized by alluvial fans and 

debris cones (Rosgen, 1996)

Figure 16. Longitudinal profile at Manada Creek showing locations of two surveyed cross sections, Fort Indiantown Gap facility, 

Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

761 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 

103 

104 

0 200 400 600 800 

Elevation, in feet

Station, in feet 

1218 

1,000 1,200 1,400 

USGS Streamgage 

01573482 at 

station 0 

Thalweg

EXPLANATION

Water surface 

Bankfull surface 

Cross-section 761 

Cross-section 1218 
Simulations of Groundwater Flow 35

functioning flood plain to dissipate the forces associated with 

natural, intermittent flooding (with the exception of the area in 

the immediate vicinity of the Fogarty Road culvert).

Debris piles were common throughout the reach; field 

observations suggested that the majority of this debris originated from the steep hillsides of the adjacent ridges because 

of slope failure and dead material washing into the stream 

from the flood-plain areas. Limited streambank erosion and 

(or) channel migration undoubtedly added to the total debris 

within the stream channel. This debris caused local areas of 

high energy and scour as was noted by the observation of 

“bright” or clean sediment in these areas. Clean sediments 

were readily visible in the field because the biological coatings 

were removed by abrasion as the particles were transported 

downstream. These clean sediments were eventually deposited 

in local scour holes or stored in bars upon recession of flood 

waters and the consequent decrease in the energy required to 

transport them.

Geomorphic data collected within this Manada Creek 

reach suggested it was stable and could be conditionally considered graded, assuming the stream was allowed to recover 

to pre-flood condition with no changes in runoff response 

or sediment supply upstream within the watershed. This 

reach had recently been subjected to a large-magnitude flood 

resulting from the remnants of Hurricane Ivan on September 

18, 2004 (1,700 ft3/s as compared to an estimated bankfull 

discharge of 330 ft3/s). The reach remained relatively intact 

with little sign of erosion or disturbance other than an influx 

of debris from the surrounding hillsides and flood plain and 

the associated local scour holes as water was forced around 

these obstructions. The largest change between pre- and 

post-flood conditions, with the exception of added debris, was 

the removal of many bars and other fine sediments along the 

streambed and banks.

At cross-section station 761 (fig. 16 and table 18), 

calculations indicated the stream at bankfull flow had the 

potential to move an estimated 49- to 114-mm particle; the 

largest particle (Di) was 229 mm in a core sample collected 

from an adjacent mid-channel bar (formed largely of displaced 

bed materials and not stored transient sediments). To move 

the 229-mm particle, the estimated mean bankfull water depth 

required was 6.2 ft, and the estimated bankfull water-surface 

slope required was 0.012 ft/ft. The existing mean bankfull 

water depth at cross-section 761 was 2.4 ft, and the existing 

bankfull water-surface slope was 0.004 ft/ft. At cross-section 

1218 (fig. 16 and table 18), calculations indicated the stream 

had the potential to move an estimated 35- to 82-mm particle; 

the largest particle (Di) in a core sample collected from an 

adjacent point bar was 76 mm. To move a 76-mm particle, 

the estimated mean bankfull water depth required was 2.1 ft, 

and the estimated bankfull water-surface slope required was 

0.004 ft/ft. The existing mean bankfull water depth at crosssection 1218 was 1.9 ft, and the existing bankfull water-surface slope was 0.004 ft/ft.

These data indicated that much of the fine sediment had 

been washed downstream by the flood event caused by precipitation from the remnants of Hurricane Ivan, leaving mostly 

large material within the stream channel, as noted at crosssection 761. Fine material would likely be deposited within 

the region of this cross section until the reach again comes into 

equilibrium with additional sediment supplied from upstream 

in the watershed. Where previous bars or portions of those 

bars remain, such as downstream at cross-section 1218, data 

suggested that Manada Creek had sufficient energy to transport these sediments through the reach without eroding the 

streambed, which was armored by much larger particles as 

observed upstream at cross-section 761. This data, along with 

the presence of an available, functioning flood plain, suggested 

a graded condition exists within the Manada Creek Watershed 

within and above this geomorphic study reach.

Simulations of Groundwater Flow

Computer models of groundwater flow were developed 

on a regional scale surrounding the entire area of the FIG 

facility to simulate patterns of groundwater movement from 

recharge to discharge areas on the basis of a generalized conceptual model of the regional hydrogeology. Vertical groundwater-flow patterns were illustrated by use of a 2-dimensional 

finite-element, cross-sectional model and horizontal patterns 

of flow were illustrated by use of a 3-dimensional finite-difference model. Locations of the cross-sectional and 3-dimensional models are shown in figure 17.

Conceptual Model

A conceptual model of recharge, movement, and discharge of groundwater was used to guide development of the 

cross-sectional and 3-dimensional models. The groundwaterflow system at the FIG facility was conceptualized as a 

complex system in which water moves through the subsurface 

within fractured bedrock from topographically high areas to 

low areas, discharging as base flow to local streams. Recharge 

to the system is by precipitation. The distribution of the 

recharge can vary spatially because of differences in precipitation amount, slope, aspect, soils, and rock type.

 Groundwater-flow patterns in the local system are 

affected by the numerous rock types of differing lithologic 

and hydrologic properties, the folded and faulted geologic 

structure, and the distribution of fractures. Discharge from the 

system is to local streams on and near the FIG facility. Substantial interbasin flow was probably unlikely because of the 

well-integrated drainage network and steep topography, but 

that possibility was tested with the cross-sectional model.

Cross-Sectional Model

A 2-dimensional, steady-state, finite element, crosssectional model was constructed along a representative trace 

in the central part of the FIG study area. The cross section was 

constructed from Stony Creek in the northwest to Swatara 
36 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Figure 17. Location of the 2-dimensional, cross-sectional model (trace A-A’), and extent of the 3-dimensional finite-difference 

model at Fort Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

A

A’

0 2 4 MILES

0 3 6 KILOMETERS

Stony Creek

EXPLANATION

Stream

Fort Indiantown Gap

EXTENT OF 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL GRID

MODEL ROWS

MODEL COLUMNS

A A’

76°40' 76°30'

40°30'

40°20'

Active domain of

3-dimensional finitedifference model

Trace of 2-dimensional crosssectional model shown

in figures 18-20

Man

a

da

Creek

Swatara

Creek

Man

a

da

Creek

Swatara

Creek
Simulations of Groundwater Flow 37

Creek in the southeast (fig. 18). Groundwater-flow paths were 

simulated quantitatively along this trace using the modeling 

software TopoDrive (Hsieh, 2001).

The model was 11,000 m long with 100 columns (each 

110 m wide) and 10 rows dividing the saturated thickness of 

the aquifer into 10 layers of variable thickness. The top surface 

of the cross section was represented as the water table and the 

aquifer thickness varied from 300 m on the eastern end of the 

section to about 500 m beneath the ridges (fig. 18).

The geologic structure represented in the model was 

generalized into five units with similar horizontal hydraulic 

conductivity, as indicated by different colors in figure 18. 

The monoclinal beds dipping to the north from Second and 

Blue Mountains are part of a larger synclinorium to the north. 

Geologic units to the south of Blue Mountain were generalized 

and represented by discontinuous horizontal beds displaced 

by thrust faults in this area. At the base of the model, horizontal units of low hydraulic conductivity were used to simulate 

a conceptualized decrease in water-bearing fractures and 

groundwater flow at depth. The values of hydraulic conductivity assigned to each geologic unit in the cross-sectional model 

are given in table 19.

Simulations from the 2-dimensional cross-sectional 

model showed the strong influence of topography on groundwater-flow paths, resulting in groundwater basins that were 

essentially coincident with surface-water basins. In the Training Corridor area, groundwater flow was contained between 

Second Mountain and Blue Mountain. Groundwater recharge 

in the Training Corridor moved from topographically high 

areas toward the valley between the mountains, and discharged to Manada Creek (fig. 19). In the southern part of the 

cross-sectional model, which included the Cantonment Area, 

groundwater moved from topographically high areas toward 

the valleys and was discharged to local streams that were 

tributaries to Swatara Creek to the south.

Hypothetical simulations, constructed by varying the 

hydraulic conductivity of geologic units in the 2-dimensional 

cross-sectional model, were conducted to determine if groundwater was likely to flow from the Training Corridor area northward into Stony Creek valley. In hypothetical modeling simulations, interbasin groundwater flow to the north under Second 

Mountain could only be achieved by assigning a narrow band 

of highly permeable, northward-dipping bedrock with a good 

hydraulic connection to Stony Creek, surrounded by much less 

permeable units. In this simulation, one hydrogeologic unit 

with a hydraulic conductivity of 0.01 m/d encompassed most 

of the study area and a single unit with hydraulic conductivity of 86 m/d extended from the Training Corridor to the 

Stony Creek valley (fig. 20). Given that a nearly 4-order-ofmagnitude difference in hydraulic-conductivity difference 

was needed under Second Mountain in the model to simulate 

interbasin groundwater flow to Stony Creek, it is unlikely that 

groundwater is able to move out of the Training Corridor area 

to the north.

3-Dimensional Model

A steady-state 3-dimensional model was developed to 

simulate regional groundwater flow by use of the finite-difference groundwater-flow model MODFLOW-2000 (Harbaugh 

and others, 2000) and particle-tracking program MODPATH 

(Pollock, 1994). The model was used to simulate the general 

altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface and to 

illustrate generalized groundwater-flow paths in the Training 

and Cantonment Areas. Because the model was uncalibrated, 

the results could differ substantially if the assumed model 

parameters are not representative of actual conditions.

Figure 18. Crosssectional model 

through the Fort 

Indiantown Gap 

study area showing 

topography, hydraulicconductivity values, 

and local geographic 

features (vertical 

exaggeration times 

10).

EXPLANATION

Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 

in meters per second

1.4 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-7

6.0 x 10-7

2.2 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-6

Swatara

Creek

Blue

Mountain

Training corridor

Manada

Creek

Second

Mountain

Stony

Creek

Cantonment area

NORTH SOUTH

1,310

1,150

985

820

655

490

330

165

0

-165

-330

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

-50

-100

Elevation, in meters

Elevation, in feet

11,000 METERS
38 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Table 19. Hydraulic-conductivity values assigned to represent geologic units in the cross-sectional and 3-dimensional groundwater 

models of the Fort Indiantown Gap area, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

Geologic unit Geologic age

Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, in meters per day

Median

values from

specific-capacity 

data

Values used in the

cross-sectional model

and color code used

in figures 18–19

Values used in the 

upper layer of the 

3-dimensional

finite-difference

model

Mauch Chunk Formation Mississippian 1.4 × 10-6 1.4 × 10-6 1.4 × 10-6

Pocono Formation Mississippian 4.0 × 10-7 2.2 × 10-7 3.0 × 10-7

Spechty Kopf Formation1 Mississippian 4.0 × 10-7 2.2 × 10-7 6.0 × 10-7

Duncannon Member of Catskill Formation Devonian 1.0 × 10-7 2.2 × 10-7 2.9 × 10-7

Clarks Ferry Member of Catskill Formation Devonian 2.1 × 10-7 2.2 × 10-7 2.2 × 10-7

Sherman Creek Member of Catskill Formation Devonian 1.7 × 10-6 1.8 × 10-6 1.7 × 10-6

Irish Valley Member of Catskill Formation Devonian 5.8 × 10-7 6.0 × 10-7 5.8 × 10-7

Trimmers Rock Formation Devonian 5.8 × 10-7 6.0 × 10-7 5.8 × 10-7

Hamilton Group Devonian 2.1 × 10-6 2.2 × 10-6 2.1 × 10-6

Onondaga Formation Devonian/Silurian 5.8 × 10-7 Not present in section 5.8 × 10-7

Bloomsburg Formation Silurian 2.2 × 10-6 2.2 × 10-6 2.2 × 10-6

Clinton Group Silurian 1.4 × 10-6 1.4 × 10-6 1.2 × 10-6

Tuscarora Formation Silurian 3.0 × 10-7 2.2 × 10-7 3.0 × 10-7

Martinsburg Formation Ordovician 6.8 × 10-7 6.0 × 10-7 6.8 × 10-7

Hamburg Sequence rocks (Multiple Units) Ordovician 1.4 × 10-6 6.0 × 10-7 2.2 × 10-6 1.4 × 10-6

1

Specific-capacity data were not available for the Spechty Kopf Formation, so hydraulic conductivity initially was assigned the same value as the Pocono 

Formation.

Figure 19. Simulated groundwater flow paths in the 2-dimensional cross-sectional model of the Fort 

Indiantown Gap study area.

EXPLANATION

Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, 

in meters per second

1.4 x 10-6

2.0 x 10-7

6.0 x 10-7

2.2 x 10-6

1.8 x 10-6

Swatara

Creek

Blue

Mountain

Training corridor

Manada

Creek

Second

Mountain

Stony

Creek

Cantonment area

NORTH SOUTH

1,310

1,150

985

820

655

490

330

165

0

-165

-330

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

-50

-100

Elevation, in meters

Elevation, in feet

11,000 METERS

Groundwater flow paths

Groundwater head values
Simulations of Groundwater Flow 39

Figure 20. Hypothetical interbasin groundwater flow simulated in the 2-dimensional cross-sectional model 

within a relatively narrow band of northward dipping bedrock with large hydraulic conductivity (blue), 

surrounded by bedrock with smaller hydraulic conductivity (red).

NORTH SOUTH

1,310

1,150

985

820

655

490

330

165

0

-165

-330

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

-50

-100

Elevation, in meters

Elevation, in feet

11,000 METERS

Swatara

Creek

Blue

Mountain

Training corridor

Manada

Creek

Second

Mountain

Stony

Creek

Cantonment area

EXPLANATION

Hypothetical large horizontal 

hydraulic-conductivity values

Hypothetical very low horizontal 

hydraulic-conductivity values

Groundwater flow path

Hypothetical groundwater 

head values
40 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Model Development

The location of the 3-dimensional model is shown in 

figure 17. The modeled area was divided into 161 rows and 

240 columns, creating a grid of square cells 328 ft on a side. 

Lateral boundaries of the model were placed, to the extent 

possible, at natural hydrologic boundaries, which resulted in 

an active model area of a considerably greater size (112 mi2) 

than the area of the FIG facility (26.5 mi2). To the north and 

northwest, Stony Creek was simulated as a specified-head 

boundary. To the north and northeast, the surface-water basin 

divides of small streams were simulated as no-flow boundaries. To the east and south, Swatara Creek was simulated as a 

specified-head boundary. To the south and west, the western 

part of the Manada Creek surface-water basin boundary was 

simulated as a no-flow boundary, and the remaining western 

part of the model was simulated as a no-flow boundary to its 

intersection with Swatera Creek.

Vertically, the model was divided into two layers to 

separate the more highly fractured bedrock aquifers close to 

land surface from the less fractured deeper bedrock aquifers. 

The top of the upper layer was set equal to the altitude of land 

surface from the USGS 30-m digital elevation model. The 

thickness of the upper layer was 50 m throughout the model. 

The bottom layer was 100 m thick, and the bottom surface was 

simulated as a no-flow boundary. The model grid was oriented 

with the rows roughly parallel to the general strike of the rock 

(north-northeast) and has 161 rows and 240 columns. The 

mapped contacts between geologic units at the surface were 

assumed to be vertical with depth (fig. 21).

All inflow to the model was from areal recharge, and all 

discharge was to streams. The assigned recharge value was 

12 in/yr. Streams were simulated with the drain package in 

MODFLOW with altitudes set equal to land surface and the 

drain-conductance multiplier set equal to 5 m/d. No withdrawals from wells were simulated.

Hydraulic-conductivity values were computed using 

specific-capacity data from short-duration, single-well pumping tests obtained from the USGS Ground Water Inventory 

System (GWSI). Those values were subsequently adjusted 

where necessary in the model so that simulated groundwater 

altitudes were below land surface. Horizontal hydraulic-conductivity values assigned to geologic units in the upper layer 

of the 3-dimensional model are presented in table 19. The 

vertical hydraulic conductivity of the upper layer was assumed 

to be one-tenth of the horizontal hydraulic-conductivity value. 

In the lower layer, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity 

was assigned as one-twentieth of the upper layer and vertical hydraulic conductivity was one-fiftieth of the horizontal 

hydraulic conductivity of the lower layer.

Model Results

Simulations were made to illustrate the (1) general 

altitude and configuration of the water table, (2) generalized groundwater-flow paths in the Cantonment Area, and 

(3) advective movement from a hypothetical contaminant in 

the Training Area. The steady-state altitude and configuration 

of the potentiometric surface under natural, unstressed conditions is shown in figure 22. Water-level altitudes ranged from 

325 to 1,070 ft above NGVD 29. The highest water levels 

were present beneath Second Mountain and Blue Mountain. 

From those highs, groundwater-level altitudes decreased 

toward the central part of the Training Corridor and toward 

local stream valleys within the Cantonment Area. The lowest 

groundwater altitudes were along Swatara Creek, the regional 

discharge location for groundwater.

Steady-state groundwater-flow paths were simulated in 

the Cantonment Area by starting a flow path at land surface to 

represent recharge at every cell within the upper layer of the 

model and then by tracking each particle to its discharge location (fig. 23). The flow paths indicated that nearly all groundwater that was recharged in the Cantonment Area discharged 

to a local stream within the FIG facility (fig. 23). Deep 

regional flow beneath the local streams to a distant discharge 

location such as Swatara Creek was not indicated. However, 

groundwater discharged to local streams eventually flowed off 

the FIG facility as part of the streamflow.

Simulated groundwater-flow paths for a hypothetical spill 

or leaking landfill in the western part of the Training Corridor 

area of the FIG facility are shown in figure 24. Flow paths 

showed groundwater movement from a source location to discharge locations within the local headwaters of Manada Creek. 

Simulations indicated that movement of groundwater was 

within a local flow system and not beyond FIG boundaries.

Model Limitations

The groundwater models developed for this study are 

uncalibrated and conceptual in nature and are presented to 

demonstrate the potential usefulness of groundwater modeling 

to show groundwater-flow directions. The hydraulic properties of geologic units beneath the FIG facility have not been 

tested and water levels were not available for calibration, 

so the results should be viewed with caution. The geologic 

structure of the area is complex and was highly generalized 

in this model with two layers. Information on the general 

aquifer properties of geologic units described in county waterresources reports were used to assign hydraulic-conductivity 

values; recharge was assumed to be spatially uniform, and 

GIS data layers of land-surface altitude and stream locations 

were used to define boundary conditions. The model could be 

improved if data were collected to better define hydrologic 

properties and provide observations to which model results 

could be compared.
Simulations of Groundwater Flow 41

Figure 21. Groundwater model area with active area (colored), inactive area (not colored), and the surface 

representation of different geologic units (in various colors).

EXTENT OF ACTIVE CELLS 

IN 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL

EXPLANATION

GEOLOGIC UNITS

Mauch Chunk Formation

Pocono Formation

Spechty Kopf Formation

Duncannon Member of Catskill Formation

Clarks Ferry Member of Catskill Formation

Sherman Creek Member of Catskill Formation

Irish Valley Member of Catskill Formation

Trimmers Rock Formation

Hamilton Group

Onondaga Formation through Poxono Island Formation, undivided

Bloomsburg Formation

Clinton Group

Tuscarora Formation

Martinsburg Formation

Hamburg sequence rocks

EXTENT OF GRID FOR

3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL

FORT INDIANTOWN

GAP BOUNDARY

76°40'

40°30'

40°20'

76°30'

0 2 4 MILES

0 3 6 KILOMETERS
42 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Figure 22. Regional altitude and configuration of the water table simulated in the 3-dimensional model of the Fort Indiantown 

Gap area, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

AREAOF FLOW PATHS

SHOWN IN FIGURE 24

AREAOF FLOW PATHS

SHOWN IN FIGURE 23

EXPLANATION

Simulated water-table

altitude, in feet above

NGVD 29

Stream

76°40'

40°30'

40°20'

76°30'

0 2 4 MILES

0 3 6 KILOMETERS

Stony Creek

Man

a

da

Creek

Swatara

Creek

901 - 1,070

801 - 900

701 - 800

601 - 700

501 - 600

401 - 500

325 - 400

Stony Creek

Man

a

da

Creek

Swatara

Creek
Simulations of Groundwater Flow 43

Figure 23. Groundwater flow paths simulated by the 3-dimensional model of the Cantonment Area of the Fort Indiantown Gap 

facility, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

0 0.5 1 MILE

0 0.5 1 KILOMETER

901 - 1,070

801 - 900

701 - 800

601 - 700

501 - 600

401 - 500

325 - 400

76°36'

40°28'

40°26'

40°24'

76°34' 76°32'

Fort Indiantown Gap

boundary

Stream

Groundwater-flow path

EXPLANATION

Simulated water-table

altitude, in feet above

NGVD 29
44 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

Figure 24. Groundwater flow paths from a hypothetical contaminant spill in the Manada Creek Training Corridor area, Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pa.

Source

Area

0 0.5 1 MILE

0 0.5 1 KILOMETER

EXPLANATION

Stream

901 - 1,070

801 - 900

701 - 800

601 - 700

501 - 600

401 - 500

76°42' 76°41' 76°40' 76°39'

40°26'

40°25'

Groundwaterflow path

Simulated water-table

altitude, in feet above

NGVD 29
Summary 45

Summary

The USGS in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs began a project in the 

summer of 2002 at the Fort Indiantown Gap (FIG) National 

Guard training facility in south-central Pennsylvania. This 

report describes the results of this investigation from 2002 

to 2005. The National Guard is charged with protecting the 

environment while ensuring that the military-training mission 

is achieved. The USGS collected base-line data on water quality, stream habitat, and stage of stream evolution and initiated 

long-term monitoring of water resources on the FIG facility to 

meet the goals of assessing current conditions and protecting 

the resources.

Continuous monitoring of streamflow was conducted 

at two sites that were established for collection of long-term 

record. Annual mean flows for water years 2003–05 indicated 

above-normal streamflow conditions. Instantaneous streamflow was measured at five miscellaneous sites at the same time 

water-quality samples were collected. Water-quality analyses 

included nutrients, metals, major ions, sediment, pesticides, 

volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, and explosives. 

In addition, turbidity was continuously monitored at the two 

continuous-record long-term sites. The continuous turbidity 

data were used to develop daily sediment loads.

Results of the water-quality sampling indicated no 

exceedances for any constituent except iron above the primary 

and secondary drinking-water standards or health-advisory 

levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(USEPA). Iron concentrations were naturally elevated in the 

groundwater within the watershed. The mean iron concentration was about1,800 μg/L at Indiantown Run and 1,900 μg/L 

in Manada Creek; the secondary standard set for iron is 

300 μg/L. The majority of the other constituents analyzed 

were at or below the detection limit. Detectable concentrations 

were measured for two by-products of explosives, compounds 

that currently (2009) have no drinking water or health-related 

standards.

Sediment loads were dominated by the effects of the 

remnants of Hurricane Ivan in September 2004. More than 

60 percent of the sediment load measured during the entire 

study was transported past the monitoring sites in just 2 days 

during that event. Sediment yields from sites within the FIG 

facility, when compared to basins with varying amount of 

disturbed land (agriculture, urban, mining, and forest), were 

similar to yields from areas with higher amounts of undisturbed land (forest).

Aquatic invertebrates were collected at 27 sites in the 

summers of 2002–05. Using mean metrics scores and impact 

classifications, 15 of the 20 sites within the FIG facility were 

considered non-impacted and 5 were slightly impacted. Seven 

sites were outside the boundary of the FIG facility; five of 

those sites were considered non-impacted and two were 

slightly impacted. When sites were broken out by year, the 

number of sites considered non-impacted according to mean 

impact scores increased from 11 in 2002, to 13 in 2003, to 19 

in 2004, and to 22 in 2005. Overall, benthic-invertebrate communities were in a less-affected condition in 2005 compared to 

2002, likely due to the severe drought condition in 2002 rather 

than any specific base operations.

Fish were sampled at 25 of the 27 invertebrate sites in 

2004. Simple statistics such as average length and weight were 

calculated. Several metrics—catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE), 

percent native species, percent intolerant species, percent 

dominant species, and total number of individuals—were calculated to show community differences or similarities among 

all the sites. The sampling totaled 4,818 fish from 33 species 

with a biomass of 36,568 grams. The fish metrics indicated 

most fish communities at sampled sites were healthy. The 

two sites with the highest CPUE, Aires Run above and below 

Quereg Run, also yielded the greatest total number of individuals at a site. The number of sites with 100 percent native 

species was seven. Most sites had 90 percent or more of the 

taxa that were native species. At 20 of the sites, the percent 

intolerant species was 5 percent or less. Trout were found at 

14 sites, on and off the FIG facility. Brook trout were found at 

10 sites, brown trout were found at 9 sites, and rainbow trout 

were found at 3 sites.

A fluvial geomorphic assessment of the FIG facility was 

conducted in two parts in the summer of 2004. The first part of 

the assessment was a delineation of the watersheds within the 

boundaries of the FIG facility and geomorphic stream classification. The second part of the fluvial geomorphic assessment 

involved a detailed analysis of two individual stream reaches 

near the long-term streamgages to predict how “stable” the 

stream channel was, as well as the vulnerability of the stream 

channel to future changes within the watershed. On the basis 

of the total distance of all stream reaches classified within the 

FIG facility, 94 percent were classified as B-class or C-class 

channels and considered “stable;” 6 percent were classified as 

A class, E class, G class, F class, and as undifferentiated B and 

F class and considered “unstable.”

Severe aggradation in both the stream channel and flood 

plain was evident in the downstream portion of the geomorphic study reach near the Indiantown Run streamgage and was 

likely the result of large-magnitude flooding associated with 

the effects of the remnants of Hurricane Ivan on September 

18, 2004, and was not representative of bankfull conditions. 

The other geomorphic study reach was near the streamgage on 

Manada Creek. The reach remained relatively intact with little 

sign of erosion or disturbance from the flooding associated 

with the effects of the remnants of Hurricane Ivan, other than 

an influx of debris and large scour holes as water was forced 

around these obstructions. The most observable change at 

Manada Creek between pre- and post-flood conditions, other 

than added debris, was the obvious removal of many bars and 

other fine sediments along the streambed and banks.

Two groundwater-flow models were constructed as part 

of this study. They included a conceptual, 2-dimensional 

cross-sectional digital model and a preliminary, uncalibrated 

3-dimensional finite-difference model Conceptual modeling of 
46 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

the regional study area indicated that the hydrogeology of the 

area involved a complex system with 21 geologic units and 2 

general hydrologic settings. Cross-sectional or profile modeling indicated localized flow from topographically high areas 

to discharge areas at local streams and creeks in the topographically low areas. This model also indicated interbasin 

flow of groundwater from the corridor area of the FIG facility 

northward to Stony Creek valley was unlikely. An uncalibrated, 3-dimensional finite-difference flow model indicated 

that simulated water-table contours closely reflect observed 

conditions. Also, flow-path analyses indicated that nearly all 

recharge in the Cantonment area flows to local creeks and 

streams on the FIG facility and then leaves via those creeks 

and streams. Finally, simulated results in the Training Corridor 

area indicate that the groundwater-flow model can be used to 

track flow paths from a hypothetical contaminant location to 

eventual groundwater discharge as base flow in local creeks 

and streams.

References Cited

Anders, A.D., and Dearborn, D.C., 2004, Population trends 

of the endangered Golden-cheeked warbler at Fort Hood, 

Texas, from 1992–2001: The Southwestern Naturalist, 

v. 49, no. 1, p. 39–47.

Austin, J.E., and Bruch, C.E., eds., 2000, The environmental 

consequnces of war—Legal, economic, and scientific perspectives: New York, Cambridge University Press, 691 p.

Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B.D., and Stribling, J.B., 

1999, Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and 

wadeable rivers—Periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, 

and fish (2d ed.): Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Water, EPA-841-B-99-002.

Barker, J.L., 1984, Compulation of ground-water-quality data 

in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

84–706, 102 p.

Berg, T.M., and Dodge, C.M., eds., 1981, Atlas of preliminary 

geologic quadrangle maps of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania 

Topographic and Geologic Survey, 4th ed., Map 61.

Bode, R.W., Novak, M.A., Abele, L.E., Heitzman, D.L., and 

Smith, A.J., 2002, Quality assurance work plan for biological stream monitoring in New York state: Albany, N.Y., 

NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, Stream 

Biomonitoring Unit, Bureau of Water Assessment and Management, Division of Water, 41 p. + appendices.

Bode, R.W., Novak, M.A., Abele, L.E., Heitzman, D.L., and 

Smith, A.L., 2004, Thirty-year trends in water quality of 

rivers and streams in New York state based on macroinvertebrate data 1972–2002: New York State Department of 

Environmental Conservation Report, 384 p.

Bonnin, G.M., Todd, D., Lin, B., Parzybok, T., Yekta, M., and 

Riley, D., 2004, Precipitation-frequency atlas of the United 

States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Atlas 14, v. 2, ver. 2.

Carvell, Claire, 2002, Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees under different grassland management regimes: Biological Conservation, v. 103, no. 1, p. 33–49.

Cinotto, P.J., 2003, Development of regional curves of 

bankfull-channel geometry and discharge for streams in the 

non-urban, Piedmont Physiographic Province, Pennsylvania 

and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 03–4014, 27 p.

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, April 2004, Pennsylvania’s 

surface water quality monitoring network (WQN): Harrisburg, Pa., Department of Environmental Protection, 

3800-BK-DEP0636, available at http://164.156.71.80/

VWPage.asp?pageSrc=XDLCabinets_J\

Cdd74bd5b\Fb45042d\F478f329b\Fsf5981f4\

D2751689\3800-BK-DEP0630.ren\prev.

Cooper, E.L., 1983, Fishes of Pennsylvania and the northeastern United States: University Park, Pa., Penn State Press, 

243 p.

Dudley, J.P., Ginsing, J.R., Plumptre, A.J., Hart, J.A., and 

Campos, L.C., 2002, Effects of war and civil strife on 

wildlife and wildlife habitats: Conservation Biology, v. 16, 

p. 319–329.

Durlin, R.R., and Schaffstall, W.P., 2003, Water resources 

data, Pennsylvania, water year 2003, v. 2, Susquehanna and 

Potomac River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data 

Report PA-03-2, 564 p.

 Durlin, R.R., and Schaffstall, W.P., 2004, Water resources 

data, Pennsylvania, water year 2004, v. 2, Susquehanna and 

Potomac River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data 

Report PA-04-2, 566 p.

Eaton, K.P., 1997, Aquatic biological investigation, Manada 

Creek Watershed, Lebanon and Dauphin County. “Unassessed Waters of the Commonwealth” project, Water Management Program, Southcentral Region, PA-DEP.

Ehlen, Judy, and Harmon, R.S., eds., 2001, The environmental 

legacy of military operations: Boulder, Colo., Geological 

Society of America, Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 14, 

228 p.

Fang, S., Wente, S., Gertner, G.Z., and Anderson, A., 2003, 

Uncertainty analysis of predicted disturbance from off-road 

vehicular traffic in complex landscapes at Ft. Hood: Environmental Management, v. 30, no. 2, p. 199–208.

Gauch, H.G., Jr., 1982, Multivariate analysis in community 

ecology: New York, Cambridge University Press, 298 p.
References Cited 47

Grey, J.R., Glysson, G.D., Turcios, L.M., and Schwarz, G.E., 

2000, Comparability of suspended-sediment concentration 

and total suspended solids data: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 00–4191, 20 p.

Harbaugh, A.W., Banta, E.R., Hill, M.C., and McDonald, 

M.G., 2000, MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model—User guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 00–92, 121 p.

Hershfield, D.A., 1961, Rainfall frequency atlas of the United 

States for durations from 30 minutes to 24 hours and return 

periods from 1 to 100 years: Washington, D.C., U.S. 

Department of Commerce, Technical Paper No. 40, 61 p.

Hilsenhoff, W.L., 1988, Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a family-level biotic index: The Journal of the 

North American Benthological Society, v. 7, no. 1, p. 65–68.

Hsieh, P.A., 2001, Topodrive and particleflow—Two computer 

models for simulation and visualization of ground-water 

flow and transport of fluid particles in two dimensions: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open File Report 01–286, 30 p.

Jansen, Amy, 1997, Terrestrial invertebrate community 

structure as an indicator of the success of a tropical rainforest restoration project: Restoration Ecology, v. 5, no. 2, 

p. 115–124.

Klemm, D.J., Lewis, P.A., Fulk, Florence, and Lazorchak, 

J.M., 1990, Macroinvertebrate field and laboratory methods 

for evaluating the biological integrity of surface waters: 

Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/600/4-90/030, Aquatic Biology 

Branch and Development and Evaluation Branch, Quality 

Assurance REsearch Division, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 256 p.

Lanier-Graham, S.D., 1993, The ecology of war—Environmental impacts of weaponry and warfare: New York, 

Walker S. Co., 185 p.

Lydy, M.J., Crawford, C.G., and Frey, J.W., 2000, A comparison of selected diversity, similarity, and biotic indices 

for detecting changes in benthic-invertebrate community 

structure and stream quality: Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology, v. 39, p. 469–479.

Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc., 2000, 

Draft Water Resources Management Plan, National Guard 

Training Center at Fort Indiantown Gap, Lebanon and Dauphin Counties, Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, 2007, 2007 

Pennsylvania fishing summary: accessed Jan. 17, 2007, 

at http://sites.state.pa.us/PA_Exec/Fish_Boat/fishpub/

summary/troutregs_sc.htm.

Plafkin, J.L., Barbour, M.T., Porter, K.D., Gross, S.K., and 

Hughes, R.M., 1989, Rapid bioassessment protocols for use 

in streams and rivers—Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish: 

Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Office of Water Regulations and Standards, EPA 440-4-89-

001, 196 p.

Pollock, D.W., 1994, User’s guide for MODPATH/MODPATH-PLOT, Version 3; a particle tracking post-processing 

package for MODFLOW, the U.S. Geological Survey 

finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 94–464, 249 p.

Rantz, S.E., and others, 1982, Measurement and computation of streamflow, Volume I, Measurement of stage and 

discharge, Volume II, Computation of discharge: U.S. 

Geological Water Supply Paper 2175, 631 p.

Rosgen, D.L., 1996, Applied river morphology: Minneapolis, 

Minn., Printed Media Companies, 352 p.

Rosgen, D.L., 1998, The reference reach field book: Pagosa 

Springs, Colo., Wildland Hydrology, 210 p.

Rosgen, D.L., 2002, River assessment and monitoring, August, 

2002, field guide: Pagosa Springs, Colo., Wildland Hydrology, variously paged.

Roth, N.E., Southerland, M.T., Chaillou, J., Volstad, J.H., 

Weisberg, S.B., Wilson, H.T., Heimbuch, D.G., and Seibel, 

J.C., 1997, Maryland biological stream survey—Ecological status of non-tidal streams in six basins sampled in 

1995: Linthicum, Md., Coastal Environmental Services, 

Chesapeake Bay and Watershed Programs Monitoring and 

Non-Tidal Assessment, CBWP-MANTA-EA-97-2, 151 p. + 

6 appendices.

Simon, Andrew, 1989, A model of channel response in 

disturbed alluvial channels: Earth Surface Processes and 

Landforms, v. 14, no. 1, p. 11–26.

Traver, C.L., 1997, Water quality and biological assessment of 

the Lower Susquehanna River Subbasin: Harrisburg, Pa., 

Susquehanna River Basin Commission, Publication 190.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1995, Soil erosion and 

sediment control plan: Natural Resources Conservation 

Service.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Maximum 

containment level goals and national primary drinking water 

regulations for lead and copper; final rule: Federal Register, 

June 7, 1991, p. 26,460–26,563.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Drinking water 

regulations U.S. Code of Federal regulations, Title 40, Part 

141.61, Part 141.62 and Part 143.30, revised December, 

1992: Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Water, 12 p.
48 Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994, National primary drinking waters standards: EPA 810-F-94-001A, 8 p.

Wilde, F.D., Radtke, D.B., Gibs, Jacob, and Iwatsubo, R.T., 

1999, National field manual for the collection of waterquality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water 

Resources Investigations, book 9, chap. A5 and A6.

Wolman, M.G., 1954, A method for sampling coarse river-bed 

material: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 

v. 35, p. 951–956.

Wood, W.W., 1976, Guidelines for collection and field analysis 

of ground-water samples for selected unstable constituents: 

U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources 

Investigations, book 1, chap. D2, 24 p.
Appendix 1—Parameter Codes, Constituents Analyzed, Reporting Levels, and 

Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards

Appendix 1a. Nutrients, sediment, and major ions.

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; —, no standard]

Parameter

code Parameter name Reporting level (mg/L)

Drinking

water

standard

(mg/L)

80124 Drainage area (square miles)

00900 Hardness, total (mg/L as CaCO3) — —

00915 Calcium, dissolved (mg/L as CA) 0.2 —

00916 Calcium, total recoverable (mg/L as Ca) .2 —

00925 Magnesium, dissolved (mg/L as Mg) .2 —

00927 Magnesium, total (mg/L as Mg) .2 —

00935 Potassium, dissolved (mg/L as K) 3 —

00937 Potassium, total (mg/L as K) 3 —

00931 Sodium adsorption ratio — —

00940 Chloride, dissolved (mg/L as Cl) 3 250

00951 Fluoride, total (mg/L as F) 1 2

00945 Sulfate, dissolved (mg/L as SO4) 5 250

00540 Residue, fixed non filterable (mg/L) 4 —

00530 Residue, total non filterable (mg/L) 4 —

80154 Suspended sediment 1 —

00625 Nitrogen, ammonia plus organic, total (mg/L as N) .5 —

71846 Nitrogen, ammonia, dissolved (mg/L as NH4) .1 —

00610 Nitrogen, ammonia, total (mg/L as N) .1 —

71845 Nitrogen, ammonia, total (mg/L as NH4) — —

00620 Nitrogen, nitrate, total (mg/L as N) .1 10

00630 Nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate, total (mg/L as N) .1 10

00615 Nitrogen, nitrite, total (mg/L as N) .01 1

00605 Nitrogen, organic, total (mg/L as N) —

00600 Nitrogen, total (mg/L as N) — 10

00660 Phosphate ortho, dissolved (mg/L as PO4) .5 —

00671 Phosphorus, orthophosphate, dissolved (mg/L as P) .05 —

00665 Phosphorus, total (mg/L as P) .05 —

00680 Carbon organic, total (mg/L as C) 1 —
50 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 1b. Metals.

Parameter

code Parameter name Reporting level (μg/L)

Drinking

water

standard

(μg/L)

01106 Aluminum dissolved (as Al) 100 50-200

01105 Aluminum, total (as Al) 100

01095 Antimony dissolved (as Sb) 10 6

01097 Antimony total (as Sb) 10 6

01000 Arsenic dissolved (as As) 15 50 (new standard of 10 in 2006)

01002 Arsenic total (as As) 15 50 (new standard of 10 in 2006)

01005 Barium dissolved (as Ba) 10 2,000

01007 Barium total (as Ba) 10 2,000

01010 Beryllium dissolved (as Be) 5 4

01012 Beryllium total (as Be) 5 5

01025 Cadmium dissolved (as Cd) 5 5

01027 Cadmium total (as Cd) 5 5

01030 Chromium dissolved (as Cr) 10 100

01034 Chromium total (as Cr) 10 100

01035 Cobalt dissolved (as Co) 10 100

01037 Cobalt total (as Co) 10 —

01040 Copper dissolved (as Cu) 10 —

01042 Copper total (as Cu) 10 1,300

01046 Iron dissolved (as Fe) 100 1,300

01045 Iron, total, (as Fe) 100 300

01049 Lead dissolved (as Pb) 3 300

01051 Lead total (as Pb) 3 15

01056 Manganese dissolved (as Mn) 10 50

01055 Manganese total (as Mn) 10 50

71890 Mercury, dissolved (as Hg) .2 2

71900 Mercury, total recov (as Hg) .2 2

01060 Molybdenum dissolved (as Mo) 20 —

01062 Molybdenum total (as Mo) 20 —

01065 Nickel dissolved (as Ni) 40

01067 Nickel total (as Ni) 40 —

01145 Selenium dissolved (as Se) 15 50

01147 Selenium total (as Se) 15 15

01075 Silver dissolved (as Ag) 10 50

01077 Silver total (as Ag) 10 100

01057 Thallium dissolved (as Tl) 10 2

01059 Thallium total (as Tl) 10 2

01085 Vanadium dissolved (as V) 10 —

01087 Vanadium total (as V) 10 —

01090 Zinc dissolved (as Zn) 20 5,000

01092 Zinc total (as Zn) 20 5,000
Appendix 1 51

Appendix 1c. Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).

[μg/L, micrograms per liter]

Parameter code Parameter name Reporting level 

(μg/L)

Drinking

water

standard

(μg/L)

39330 Aldrin, total 0.05

39337 Alpha BHC total .05

34671 Aroclor 1016CB total 1 2

39488 Aroclor 1221CB total 1 2

39492 Aroclor 1232CB total 1 2

39496 Aroclor 1242CB total 1 2

39500 Aroclor 1248CB total 1 2

39504 Aroclor 1254CB total 1 2

39508 Aroclor 1260CB total 1 2

39062 Chlordane, cis isomer, water, whole .05 2

39065 Chlordane, trans isomer, water .05 2

39380 Dieldrin, total .05 —

34361 Endosulfan I, water, whole .05 —

34356 Endosulfan II, water, unfiltered .05 —

34351 Endosulfan sulfate total .05 —

34366 Endrin aldehyde total .05 2

39390 Endrin, water, unfiltered, recoverable .05 2

39420 Heptachlor epoxide, total .05 .2

39410 Heptachlor, total .05 .04

39340 Lindane, total .05 .2

39480 Methoxychlor, total .05 40

39310 p’-DDD, total .05 —

39320 p’-DDE total .05 —

39300 p’-DDT, total .05 —
52 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 1d. Explosives.

[μg/L, micrograms per liter; —, no standard]

Parameter code Parameter name Reporting level 

(μg/L)

Drinking

water

standard

(μg/L)

49232 Benzene, 1,3,5-trinitro-, water, filtered 0.12 —

49230 Benzene, m-dinitro- water, filtered .12 —

49229 Benzene, nitro- water, filtered .12 —

34447 Benzene, nitro-, water, unfiltered .12 —

49234 HMX, octogen (cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine), water, filtered .6 —

49233 RDX, cyclonite (cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), water, filtered .6 —

62226 Tetryl, water, unfiltered .12 —

49226 Toluene, 2,4,6-trinitro-, water .12 —

49228 Toluene, 2,4-dinitro-, water, filtered .12 —

49227 Toluene, 2,6-dinitro-, water, filtered .12 —

49221 Toluene, m-nitro-, water, filtered .12 —

49223 Toluene, o-nitro-, water, filtered .12 —

49222 Toluene,-nitro-, water, filtered .12 —

61209 Perchlorate, water,total .01 —
Appendix 1 53

Appendix 1e. Volatile and semi-volatile organics.

μg/L, mirograms per liter; —, no standard]

Parameter code Parameter name Reporting level 

(μg/L)

Drinking

water

standard

(μg/L)

62268 O-Cresol, soil 10 —

34556 1,2,5,6-Dibenzanthracene, total 10 —

77687 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol, water, whole, total 10 —

34621 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, total 10 —

34606 2,4,Dimethylphenol, total 10 —

34601 2,4-Dichlorophenol, total 10 —

34616 2,4-Dinitrophenol, total 10 —

34611 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, total 10 —

34626 2,6-Dinitrotoluene, total 10 —

34581 2-Chloronaphthalene, total 10 —

34586 2-Chlorophenol, total 10 —

30195 2-Nitroaniline, water, whole 50 —

34591 2-Nitrophenol, total 10 —

34631 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine, total 50 —

78300 3-Nitroaniline, water, whole, total 50 —

34657 4,6-Dinitroorthocresol, total 50 —

34636 4-Bromophenylhenyl ether, water, unfiltered 10 —

50312 4-Chloroaniline, water, filtered 10 —

34641 4-Chlorophenylhenyl ether, water, unfiltered 10 —

30196 4-Nitroaniline, water, whole 50 —

34646 4-Nitrophenol, total 50 —

34205 Acenaphthene, total 10 —

34200 Acenapthylene, total 10 —

77057 Acetate, vinyl, water, unfiltered 2 —

49225 Aniline, 2-methyl-, 3,5-dinitro-, water, filtered .12 —

49224 Aniline, 4-methyl-, 3,5-dinitro-, water, filtered .12 —

34220 Anthracene, total 10 —

34247 Benzo ayrene, total 10 —

34230 Benzo b fluoranthene, total 10 —

34242 Benzo k fluoranthene, total 10 —

34526 Benzo[a]anthracene, water, unfiltered 10 —

34521 Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, water, unfiltered, 10 —

39338 Beta benzene hexachloride, total .05 —

34278 Bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane, total 10 —

34273 Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, water, unfiltered 10 —

34283 Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether, total 10 —

39100 Bis(2-etylhexyl)hthalate, whole, water, 10 —

77571 Carbazole, water, unfiltered 10 —

34320 Chrysene, total 10 —

34386 Cyclopentadiene, hexachloro-, water, unfiltered 50 50

34259 Delta benzene hexachloride, total .05 —

81302 Dibenzofuran, water, whole, total 10 —

34336 Diethylhthalate, total 10 —

34341 Dimethylhthalate, total 10 —

39110 Di-n-butylphthalate, total 10 —

34596 Dinoctylhthalate, total 10 —

34376 Fluoranthene, total 10 —

34381 Fluorene, total 10 —
54 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 1e. Volatile and semi-volatile organics.

μg/L, mirograms per liter; —, no standard]

Parameter code Parameter name Reporting level 

(μg/L)

Drinking

water

standard

(μg/L)

39700 Hexachlorobenzene, total 10 1

34403 Indeno (1,2,3-cd)yrene, total 10 —

34408 Isophorone, total 10 —

34292 n-Butylbenzylphthalate, total 10 —

34428 n-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine, total 10 —

34433 n-Nitrosodiphenylamine, total 10 —

34452 Arachlorometa cresol, total 10 —

39032 Entachlorophenol, total 50 —

34461 Phenanthrene, total 10 —

34694 Phenol, water, unfiltered, 10 —

32730 Phenols, total 20 —

34469 Pyrene, total 10 0.2

34506 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, total 1 200

34511 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, total 1 5

34496 1,1-Dichloroethane, total 1 —

34501 1,1-Dichloroethylene, total 1 7

77443 1,2,3-Trichloropropane, water, whole, total 1 —

32103 1,2-Dichloroethane, total 1 5

34541 1,2-Dichloropropane, total 1 5

34546 Trans-1,2-dichloroethene, total 1 —

77103 2-Hexanone, water, whole, total 5 —

81552 Acetone, water, whole, total 10 —

34551 Benzene, 1,2,4-trichloro-, water, unfiltered 1 —

34566 Benzene, 1,3-dichloro-, water, unfiltered 1 —

34571 Benzene, 1,4-dichloro-, water, unfiltered 1 —

34536 Benzene, o-dichloro-, water, unfiltered 1 —

34030 Benzene, total 1 5

32104 Bromoform, total 1 —

77041 Carbon disulfide, water, whole, , total 1 —

32102 Carbon tetrachloride, water, unfiltered 1 5

34301 Chlorobenzene, total 1 100

32105 Chlorodibromomethane, total 1 —

34311 Chloroethane, total 2 —

32106 Chloroform, total 1 —

77093 Cis-1,2-dichloroethene, water, whole,, total 1 7

34704 Cis-1,3-dichloropropene, total 1 —

32101 Bromodichloromethane, water, unfiltered 1 —

77562 Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-, water, unfiltered 10 —

34516 Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-, water, unfiltered 10 —

34396 Ethane, hexachloro-, water, unfiltered 10 —

34371 Ethylbenzene, total 1 7

39702 Hexachlorobutadiene, total μg/L 10 —

78032 Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), water unfiltered 5 —

34413 Methylbromide, total 2 —

34418 Methylchloride,, total 2 —

34423 Methylene chloride, water, unfiltered 1 —

81595 Methylethylketone, water, whole, , total 5 —

78133 Methyl isobutyl ketone, water, whole, total 5 —
Appendix 1 55

Appendix 1e. Volatile and semi-volatile organics.

μg/L, mirograms per liter; —, no standard]

Parameter code Parameter name Reporting level 

(μg/L)

Drinking

water

standard

(μg/L)

85795 m-Xylene/p-xylene, water, unfiltered 2 —

34696 Naphthalene, total 10 —

77135 o-Xylene, water, whole, total 1 —

77128 Styrene, total 1 100

34475 Tetrachloroethylene, total 1 5

34010 Toluene,, total 1 100

34699 Trans-1,3-dichloropropene, total 1 —

39180 Trichloroethylene, total 1 5

39175 Vinyl chloride, total 1 2
56 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation
Appendix 2a. Nutrients, major ions, and metals.

[Pxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; <. less than; N/D, not detected]

Station number 01572809

Statistics P81024 P00916 P00927 P00937 P00929 P00951 P00530 P00625 P71845 P00610

Minimum 1.9 4.4 1.5 3.9 <1 <1 <0.15 <0.18 <0.14

Median 1.74 25 6.2 2.2 8.7 <1 <1 <.15 <.18 <.14

Maximum 32 7.5 2.8 12 <1 <1 <.15 <.18 <.14

n 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Statistics P00620 P00615 P00665 P01105 P01097 P01002 P01012 P01027 P01034 P01037

Minimum <0.15 <0.004 <0.05 <100 <10 15 <5 <5 <10 <10

Median <.15 <.004 <.05 <100 <10 15 <5 <5 <10 <10

Maximum <.15 <.004 <.05 <100 <10 15 <5 <5 <10 <10

n 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Statistics P01042 P01045 P01051 P01055 P71900 P01062 P01067 P01147 P01077 P01059

Minimum <10 250 <3 <20 0.2 <20 40 15 0.94 <10

Median <10 250 <3 <20 .2 <20 40 15 .94 <10

Maximum <10 250 <3 <20 .2 <20 40 15 .94 <10

n 3 3 <3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Statistics P01087 P01092

Minimum <10 20

Median <10 20

Maximum <10 20

n 3 3

Station number 01572950

Statistics P81024 P00900 P00915 P00916 P00925 P00927 P00935 P00937 P00931 P00930

Minimum 15 3.7 2.6 1.4 1.1 0.55 0.5 0.7 2.3

Mean 19 4.9 4.27 1.7 1.69 .72 1.05 .7 4.1

Median 5.48 19 4.9 4.2 1.7 1.6 .72 1.1 .7 4.1

Maximum 23 6.1 6.3 2 3.1 .89 1.7 .7 5.9

n 1 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Appendix 2—Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data

For all tables in appendix 2, if one sample was collected, only the median concentration value is presented; if two samples 

were collected, the minimum and maximum concentration values are presented; if three samples were collected, the minimum, 

median, and maximum concentrations values are presented; otherwise, all statistics are reported.
58 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2a. Nutrients, major ions, and metals.

[Pxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; <. less than; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P00929 P00940 P00951 P00945 P00530 P81054 P80154* P00625 P71845

Minimum 1.5 2.8 0.1 2.4 2 16 16 0.09 0.13

Mean 3.75 4.18 .53 4.31 58.1 419 1,324 .37 .18

Median 2.7 3.6 .25 4.3 16 240 474 .39 .18

Maximum 11 11 1 6.9 590 1,390 11,500 .5 .23

n 40 40 40 40 40 36 32 40 40

Statistics P00610 P00620 P00630 P00615 P00660 P00671 P00665 P00600 P00680 P01106

Minimum 0.022 0.23 0.12 0.002 0.15 0.028 0.017 0.12 0.8 48

Mean .08 .34 .3 .01 .47 .08 .06 .33 1.1 75.75

Median .088 .325 .2 .005 .5 .05 .04 .3 1.1 77.5

Maximum .18 .51 1.3 .01 .5 .22 .38 1.5 1.4 100

n 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Statistics P01105 P01095 P01097 P01000 P01002 P01005 P01010 P01012 P01025 P01027

Minimum 100 <10 <10 <10 4 19 <5 <5 <5 5

Mean 576 <10 11.36 11.25 14.73 21.75 <5 <5 <5 5.71

Median 350 <10 10 10 15 22 <5 <5 <5 5

Maximum 1700 <10 20 15 30 24 <5 <5 <5 10

n 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Statistics P01030 P01034 P01035 P01037 P01040 P01042 P01046 P01045 P01049 P01051

Minimum <10 1 <10 <10 <10 <10 70 140 <3 3

Mean <10 8.73 <10 <10 <10 10.83 167.5 887.09 <3 3.2

Median <10 10 <10 <10 <10 10 140 530 <3 3

Maximum <10 20 <10 <10 <10 20 320 3700 <3 6

n 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Statistics P01056 P01055 P71890 P71900 P01060 P01062 P01065 P01067 P01145 P01147

Minimum <20 10 0.03 0.1 2 20 <40 40 5 5

Mean <20 142.86 .16 .18 15.5 22.73 <40 42.35 7.5 14.32

Median <20 40 .2 .2 20 20 <40 40 5 15

Maximum <20 880 .2 .2 20 40 <40 80 15 30

n 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Statistics P01075 P01077 P01057 P01059 P01085 P01087 P01090 P01092

Minimum <10 0.78 <10 10 <10 10 <20 10

Mean <10 9.74 <10 11.36 <10 10.6 <20 28.5

Median <10 10 <10 10 <10 10 <20 20

Maximum <10 20 <10 20 <10 20 <20 120

n 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 59

Appendix 2a. Nutrients, major ions, and metals.

[Pxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; <. less than; N/D, not detected]

Station number 01572979

Statistics P81024 P00916 P00927 P00937 P00929 P00951 P00530 P00625 P71845 P00610

Minimum 0.73 18 4.4 3.3 7.9 1 22 0.43 0.64 0.04

Maximum 18 4.4 3.3 7.9 1 24 .67 .64 .5

n 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P00620 P00630 P00615 P00605 P00671 P00665 P00600 P71887 P01105 P01095

Minimum 0.24 0.33 0.007 0.17 N/D 0.04 1 4.4 1400 N/D

Maximum .24 .36 .007 .17 N/D .049 1 4.4 1400 N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P01097 P01002 P01012 P01027 P01034 P01045 P01055 P71900 P01062 P01067

Minimum <10 <15 <5 <5 <2 2000 70 0.2 20 40

Maximum <10 <15 <5 <5 <2 2000 70 .2 20 40

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P01147 P01077 P01057 P01059 P01092

Minimum <15 <10 N/D <10 <10

Maximum <15 <10 N/D <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2

Station number 01572981

Statistics P81024 P00916 P00925 P00927 P00935 P00937 P00929 P00951 P00530 P00625

Minimum 0.79 3.7 N/D 1.4 N/D 1.6 3.9 1 24 0.4

Maximum 3.7 N/D 1.4 N/D 1.6 3.9 1 35 .43

n 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P71845 P00610 P00620 P00630 P00615 P00665 P00600 P01105 P01097 P01002

Minimum 0.15 0.12 0.54 0.3 0.005 0.03 0.3 900 <10 15

Maximum .19 .15 .54 .52 .02 .037 .55 900 <10 15

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P01012 P01027 P01034 P01045 P01051 P01055 P71900 P01062 P01067 P01147

Minimum 5 5 <10 1200 3 130 0.2 20 40 15

Maximum 5 5 <10 1200 3 130 .2 20 40 15

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P01077 P01059 P01087 P01092

Minimum <10 <10 <10 20

Maximum <10 <10 <10 20

n 2 2 2 2
60 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2a. Nutrients, major ions, and metals.

[Pxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; <. less than; N/D, not detected]

Station number 01573482

Statistics P81024 P00900 P00915 P00916 P00925 P00927 P00935 P00937 P00931 P00930

Minimum 9 1.9 1.9 0.98 0.9 0.58 0.6 N/D 1.8

Mean 10.67 2.3 2.43 1.19 1.26 .64 1.33 N/D 3.93

Median 8.59 11 2.4 2.4 1.3 1.3 .61 1.1 N/D 5

Maximum 12 2.6 3.3 1.3 1.8 .74 3 N/D 5

n 1 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Statistics P00929 P00940 P00951 P00945 P00530 P80154 P80154* P00625 P71845

Minimum 1.4 0.7 0.1 2.2 1.6 9 9 0.09 0.15

Mean 3.65 1.69 .64 4.15 89 298 1,330 .36 .22

Median 4.2 1.8 1 4.6 63 301 328 .385 .24

Maximum 5 2 1 6.2 300 601 14,000 .54 .26

n 50 50 50 50 54 26 30 50 50

Statistics P00610 P00620 P00630 P00615 P00605 P00660 P00671 P00665 P00600 P71887

Minimum 0.031 0.17 0.12 0.003 N/D <0.5 0.03 0.018 0.67 <3

Mean .1 .32 .34 .01 N/D <.5 .06 .05 .67 <3

Median .1 .3 .2 .004 N/D <.5 .05 .05 .67 <3

Maximum .2 .55 2 .01 N/D <.5 .15 .14 .67 <3

n 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Statistics P00680 P01106 P01105 P01095 P01097 P01000 P01002 P01005 P01010 P01012

Minimum 1.4 28 <100 5 4 10 10 19 <0.5 <0.5

Mean 2.7 66.2 344 9 11 11 15.2 22.7 <.5 <.5

Median 1.5 59 300 10 10 10 15 23.8 <.5 <.5

Maximum 5.2 100 800 10 20 15 30 26 <.5 <.5

n 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Statistics P01025 P01027 P01030 P01034 P01035 P01037 P01040 P01042 P01046 P01045

Minimum <0.5 5 <10 1 <10 <10 <10 10 50 120

Mean <.5 5.23 <10 7.91 <10 <10 <10 11.67 116 386

Median <.5 5 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 10 130 250

Maximum <.5 10 <10 20 <10 <10 <10 20 160 980

n 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Statistics P01049 P01051 P01056 P01055 P71890 P71900 P01060 P01062 P01065 P01067

Minimum <3 3 10 20 <0.05 0.1 <20 3 <40 40

Mean <3 3.27 20 146.4 .15 .19 <20 20.9 <40 42.6

Median <3 3 20 140 .2 .2 <20 20 <40 45

Maximum <3 6 30 420 .2 .2 <20 40 <40 80

n 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 61

Appendix 2a. Nutrients, major ions, and metals.

[Pxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; <. less than; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P01145 P01147 P01075 P01077 P01057 P01059 P01085 P01087 P01090 P01092

Minimum 5 5 <10 0.65 <10 <10 <10 <10 <20 <10

Mean 7 14.2 <10 9.72 <10 10.8 <10 10.7 <20 29.5

Median 5 15 <10 10 <10 10 <10 10 <20 20

Maximum 15 30 <10 20 <10 20 <10 20 <20 60

n 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Station number 01573490

Statistics P00916 P00927 P00937 P00929 P00940 P00951 P00945 P00530 P00625 P71845

Minimum 1.2 0.6 1.4 1.3 0.1 3.3 2 0.25 0.15

Mean 1.39 .92 2.99 2.24 .38 5.38 31.85 .466 .21

Median 2.2 1.4 .8 2.6 1.85 .2 5.15 4 .5 .21

Maximum 1.6 1.8 5 5.2 1 7.7 350 .51 .27

n 1 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

Statistics P00610 P00620 P00630 P00615 P00605 P00660 P00671 P00665 P00600 P71887

Minimum 0.029 0.2 0.13 <0.004 0.3 0.5 0.032 0.018 0.15 3.7

Mean .097 .333 .24 .01 .3 .5 .08 .04 .27 3.7

Median .1 .33 .21 .01 .3 .5 .05 .05 .25 3.7

Maximum .21 .45 .45 .01 .3 .5 .18 .05 .55 3.7

n 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

Statistics P00680 P01106 P01105 P01095 P01097 P01000 P01002 P01005 P01010 P01012

Minimum <2 <100 100 <10 4 <10 8 35 <5 <5

Mean <2 115 344 <10 9.54 <10 13.31 38 <5 <5

Median <2 115 300 <10 10 <10 15 38 <5 <5

Maximum <2 130 800 10 10 <10 15 41 <5 <5

n 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

Statistics P01025 P01027 P01030 P01034 P01035 P01037 P01040 P01042 P01046 P01045

Minimum <5 <5 <10 2 <10 <10 <10 <10 <100 120

Mean <5 <5 <10 9.38 <10 <10 <10 <10 215 386

Median <5 <5 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 215 250

Maximum <5 <5 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 330 980

n 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

Statistics P01049 P01051 P01056 P01055 P71890 P71900 P01060 P01062 P01065 P01067

Minimum <3 <3 20 20 <0.2 <0.2 <20 2 <40 <40

Mean <3 <3 35 60 <.2 <.2 <20 17.2 <40 <40

Median <3 <3 35 40 <.2 <.2 <20 20 <40 <40

Maximum <3 <3 50 170 <.2 <.2 <20 20 <40 <40

n 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
62 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2a. Nutrients, major ions, and metals.

[Pxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; <. less than; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P01145 P01147 P01075 P01077 P01057 P01059 P01085 P01087 P01090 P01092

Minimum <0.5 5 1 0.8 <10 3 <10 <10 20 10

Mean <.5 15 5.5 8.61 <10 9.46 <10 <10 20 17

Median <.5 15 10 10 <10 10 <10 <10 20 20

Maximum <.5 19 19 10 <10 10 <10 <10 20 20

n 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

Station number 01573497

Statistics P81024 P00916 P00925 P00927 P00937 P00929 P00940 P00951 P00945 P00530

Minimum 4.6 N/D 2 0.9 1.7 1.8 0.1 2.2 2

Mean 6.02 N/D 2.38 1.56 4.42 9.19 .43 8.86 20.18

Median 3.06 5.7 N/D 2.35 1.25 4.7 7.8 .2 4.8 5.5

Maximum 8.6 N/D 3 2.6 5.7 31 1 42 200

n 1 17 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Statistics P00625 P71845 P00610 P00620 P00630 P00615 P00605 P00660 P00671 P00665

Minimum 0.12 0.19 0.03 0.35 0.32 0.002 N/D 0.12 0.05 0.02

Mean .34 .19 .08 1.02 1.08 .01 N/D .46 .07 .13

Median .2 .19 .086 .975 .97 .007 N/D .5 .05 .045

Maximum .61 .19 .15 1.7 2 .034 N/D .5 .16 1.2

n 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Statistics P00600 P71887 P00680 P01106 P01105 P01095 P01097 P01000 P01002 P01005

Minimum 1.6 6.9 1.7 20 <100 <10 <10 <10 4 26

Mean 1.87 8.13 1.7 20 387.5 <10 <10 <10 13.25 26

Median 1.6 7 1.7 20 300 <10 <10 <10 15 26

Maximum 2.4 10.5 1.7 20 1100 <10 <10 <10 15 26

n 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Statistics P01010 P01012 P01025 P01027 P01030 P01034 P01035 P01037 P01040 P01042

Minimum <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <10 3 <10 <10 <10 <10

Mean <.5 <.5 <.5 <.5 <10 9.42 <10 <10 <10 <10

Median <.5 <.5 <.5 <.5 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <.5 <.5 <.5 <.5 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

n 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Statistics P01046 P01045 P01049 P01051 P01056 P01055 P71890 P71900 P01060 P01062

Minimum 120 130 <3 <3 20 20 0.04 0.2 <20 <20

Mean 120 490 <3 <3 20 65.8 .04 .2 <20 <20

Median 120 330 <3 <3 20 50 .04 .2 <20 <20

Maximum 120 1600 <3 <3 20 140 .04 .2 <20 <20

n 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 63

Appendix 2a. Nutrients, major ions, and metals.

[Pxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; <. less than; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P01065 P01067 P01145 P01147 P01075 P01077 P01057 P01059 P01085 P01087

Minimum <40 <40 <0.5 5 <10 0.46 <10 <10 <10 <10

Mean <40 <40 <.5 13.3 <10 7.68 <10 <10 <10 <10

Median <40 <40 <.5 15 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <40 <40 <.5 15 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

n 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Statistics P01090 P01092

Minimum <20 <10

Mean <20 19

Median <20 20

Maximum <20 30

n 17 17

*Includes results with the flood event of September 19, 2004. 
64 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2b. Explosives and pesticides.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Station number 01572809

Statistics P49232 P49230 P49228 P49227 P49223 P49221 P49222 P39330 P34361 P39065

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P39337 P34671 P39488 P39492 P39496 P39500 P39504 P39508 P34356

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P39062 P39380 P34351 P34366 P39390 P39420 P39410 P49234 P39340

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P49229 P34447 P39310 P39320 P39300 P39480 P49233 P62226 P49226

Median N/D 0.12 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D 0.12 N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Station number 01572950

Statistics P49232 P49230 P49228 P49227 P49223 P49221 P49222 P39330 P34361 P39065

Minimum <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1

Mean <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.05 <.1 <.1

Median <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.05 <.1 <.1

Maximum <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.05 <.1 <.1

n 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Statistics P39337 P34671 P39488 P39492 P39496 P39500 P39504 P39508 P49226

Minimum <0.05 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <0.12

Mean <.05 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 <.12

Median <.05 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 <.12

Maximum <.05 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 <.12

n 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Statistics P34356 P39062 P39380 P34351 P34366 P39390 P39420 P39410 P49234

Minimum <0.05 <0.1 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.12

Mean <.05 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.05 <.05 <.05 <.12

Median <.05 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.05 <.05 <.05 <.12

Maximum <.05 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.05 <.05 <.05 <.12

n 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 65

Appendix 2b. Explosives and pesticides.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P39340 P49229 P34447 P39310 P39320 P39300 P39480 P49233 P62226

Minimum <0.05 0.12 0.12 <0.1 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1 <0.039 <0.12

Mean <.05 .12 6.71 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.039 <.12

Median <.05 .12 10 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.039 <.12

Maximum <.05 .12 10 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.039 <.12

n 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Station number 01572979

Statistics P49232 P49230 P49228 P49227 P49223 P49221 P49222 P39330 P34361 P39065

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P39337 P34671 P39488 P39492 P39496 P39500 P39504 P39508 P34356

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P39062 P39380 P34351 P34366 P39390 P39420 P39410 P49234 P39340

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P49229 P34447 P39310 P39320 P39300 P39480 P49233 P62226 P49226

Minimum N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Station number 01572981

Statistics P49232 P49230 P49228 P49227 P49223 P49221 P49222 P39330 P34361 P39065

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P39337 P34671 P39488 P39492 P39496 P39500 P39504 P39508 P34356

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
66 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2b. Explosives and pesticides.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P39062 P39380 P34351 P34366 P39390 P39420 P39410 P49234 P39340

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P49229 P34447 P39310 P39320 P39300 P39480 P49233 P62226 P49226

Minimum N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Station number 01573482

Statistics P49232 P49230 P49228 P49227 P49223 P49221 P49222 P39330 P34361 P39065

Minimum <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.12 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1

Mean <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.05 <.1 <.1

Median <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.05 <.1 <.1

Maximum <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.12 <.05 <.1 <.1

n 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Statistics P39337 P34671 P39488 P39492 P39496 P39500 P39504 P39508 P34356 P49226

Minimum <0.05 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <0.05 <0.12

Mean <.05 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <.05 <.12

Median <.05 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <.05 <.12

Maximum <.05 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <.05 <.12

n 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Statistics P39062 P39380 P34351 P34366 P39390 P39420 P39410 P49234 P39340

Minimum <0.1 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.12 <0.05

Mean <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.05 <.05 <.05 .12 <.05

Median <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.05 <.05 <.05 .12 <.05

Maximum <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 <.05 <.05 <.05 .12 <.05

n 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Statistics P49229 P34447 P39310 P39320 P39300 P39480 P49233 P62226

Minimum <0.12 0.12 <0.1 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1 0.18 <0.12

Mean <.12 6.7 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 .245 <.12

Median <.12 10 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 .245 <.12

Maximum <.12 10 <.1 <.05 <.1 <.1 .31 <.12

n 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 67

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Station number 01572809

Statistics P81024 P77687 P34621 P34601 P34606 P34616 P34611 P34626 P49225

Median 1.74 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D 0.12 0.12 N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34581 P34586 P34657 P30195 P34591 P34631 P78300 P49224 P34636

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34452 P50312 P34641 P30196 P34646 P34381 P34205 P34200 P34220

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34526 P34247 P34230 P34521 P34242 P34292 P39338 P34278 P34273

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34283 P39100 P77571 P34320 P34259 P34556 P81302 P34336 P34341

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P39110 P34596 P34376 P39700 P34386 P34403 P34408 P34428 P34433

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P62268 P39032 P34461 P34694 P32730 P34469 P77057 P77562 P34506

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34516 P34511 P34496 P34501 P77443 P34551 P34536 P32103 P34541

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34566 P34571 P81552 P34030 P32101 P34413 P77041 P34301 P34311

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34418 P77093 P34704 P32105 P34423 P81595 P34371 P39702 P34396

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
68 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P78133 P85795 P34696 P77103 P77135 P77128 P78032 P34475 P32102

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34010 P34546 P34699 P32104 P39180 P32106 P39175

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Station number 01572950

Statistics P81024 P77687 P34621 P34601 P34606 P34616 P34611 P34626 P49224

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 50 0.12 0.12 <0.12

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 50 6.7 6.7 <.12

Median 5.48 <10 <10 <10 <10 50 10 10 <.12

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 50 10 10 <.12

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P49225 P34581 P34586 P34657 P30195 P34591 P34631 P78300

Minimum <0.12 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <50 <50

Mean <.12 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <50 <50

Median <.12 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <50 <50

Maximum <.12 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <50 <50

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P34636 P34452 P50312 P34641 P30196 P34646 P34381 P34205 P34200

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <10 <10

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <10 <10

Median <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <10 <10

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P34220 P34526 P34247 P34230 P34521 P34242 P34292 P39338 P34278

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <0.05 <10

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10

Median <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P34273 P34283 P39100 P77571 P34320 P34259 P34556 P81302 P34336

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <0.05 <10 <10 <10

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10 <10 <10

Median <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10 <10 <10

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 69

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P34341 P39110 P34596 P34376 P39700 P34386 P34403 P34408 P34428

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <10

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <10

Median <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <10

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P34433 P62268 P39032 P34461 P34694 P32730 P34469 P77057 P77562

Minimum <10 <10 50 <10 <10 0.02 <10 <2 <1

Mean <10 <10 50 <10 <10 .02 <10 <2 <1

Median <10 <10 50 <10 <10 .02 <10 <2 <1

Maximum <10 <10 50 <10 <10 .02 <10 <2 <1

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P34506 P34516 P34511 P34496 P34501 P77443 P34551 P34536 P32103

Minimum <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <10 <10 <1

Mean <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <10 <10 <1

Median <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <10 <10 <1

Maximum <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <10 <10 <1

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P34541 P34566 P34571 P81552 P34030 P32101 P34413 P77041 P34301

Minimum <1 <10 <10 <10 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1

Mean <1 <10 <10 <10 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1

Median <1 <10 <10 <10 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1

Maximum <1 <10 <10 <10 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P34311 P34418 P77093 P34704 P32105 P34423 P81595 P34371 P39702

Minimum <2 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <5 <1 <10

Mean <2 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <5 <1 <10

Median <2 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <5 <1 <10

Maximum <2 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <5 <1 <10

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Statistics P34396 P78133 P85795 P34696 P77103 P77135 P77128 P78032 P34475

Minimum <10 5 <2 <10 <5 <1 <1 <5 <1

Mean <10 5 <2 <10 <5 <1 <1 <5 <1

Median <10 5 <2 <10 <5 <1 <1 <5 <1

Maximum <10 5 <2 <10 <5 <1 <1 <5 <1

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
70 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P32102 P34010 P34546 P34699 P32104 P39180 P32106 P39175

Minimum <1 <1 0.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Mean <1 <1 .5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Median <1 <1 .5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Maximum <1 <1 .5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Station number 01572979

Statistics P81024 P77687 P34621 P34601 P34606 P34616 P34611 P34626 P49225

Minimum 0.73 <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <10 <10 N/D

Maximum .73 <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <10 <10 N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34581 P34586 P34657 P30195 P34591 P34631 P78300 P49224 P34636

Minimum <10 <10 50 50 <10 50 50 N/D <10

Maximum <10 <10 50 50 <10 50 50 N/D <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34452 P50312 P34641 P30196 P34646 P34381 P34205 P34200 P34220

Minimum <10 <10 <10 50 50 <10 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 50 50 <10 <10 <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34526 P34247 P34230 P34521 P34242 P34292 P39338 P34278 P34273

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 N/D <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 N/D <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34283 P39100 P77571 P34320 P34259 P34556 P81302 P34336 P34341

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 N/D <10 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 N/D <10 <10 <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P39110 P34596 P34376 P39700 P34386 P34403 P34408 P34428 P34433

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <10 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <10 <10 <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P62268 P39032 P34461 P34694 P32730 P34469 P77057 P77562 P34506

Minimum <10 50 <10 <10 0.02 <10 N/D N/D N/D

Maximum <10 50 <10 <10 .02 <10 N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 71

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P34516 P34511 P34496 P34501 P77443 P34551 P34536 P32103 P34541

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D <10 <10 N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D <10 <10 N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34566 P34571 P81552 P34030 P32101 P34413 P77041 P34301 P34311

Minimum <10 <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum <10 <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34418 P77093 P34704 P32105 P34423 P81595 P34371 P39702 P34396

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D <10 <10

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P78133 P85795 P34696 P77103 P77135 P77128 P78032 P34475 P32102

Minimum N/D N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34010 P34546 P34699 P32104 P39180 P32106 P39175

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Station number 01572981

Statistics P81024 P77687 P34621 P34601 P34606 P34616 P34611 P34626 P49225

Minimum 0.79 <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <10 <10 N/D

Maximum .79 <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <10 <10 N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34581 P34586 P34657 P30195 P34591 P34631 P78300 P49224 P34636

Minimum <10 <10 50 50 <10 50 50 N/D <10

Maximum <10 <10 50 50 <10 50 50 N/D <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34452 P50312 P34641 P30196 P34646 P34381 P34205 P34200 P34220

Minimum <10 <10 <10 50 50 <10 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 50 50 <10 <10 <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
72 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P34526 P34247 P34230 P34521 P34242 P34292 P39338 P34278 P34273

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 N/D <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 N/D <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34283 P39100 P77571 P34320 P34259 P34556 P81302 P34336 P34341

Minimum <10 14 <10 <10 N/D <10 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 14 <10 <10 N/D <10 <10 <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P39110 P34596 P34376 P39700 P34386 P34403 P34408 P34428 P34433

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <10 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <10 <10 <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P62268 P39032 P34461 P34694 P32730 P34469 P77057 P77562 P34506

Minimum <10 50 <10 <10 N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D

Maximum <10 50 <10 <10 N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34516 P34511 P34496 P34501 P77443 P34551 P34536 P32103 P34541

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D <10 <10 N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D <10 <10 N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34566 P34571 P81552 P34030 P32101 P34413 P77041 P34301 P34311

Minimum <10 <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum <10 <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P34418 P77093 P34704 P32105 P34423 P81595 P34371 P39702 P34396

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D <10 <10

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D <10 <10

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Statistics P78133 P85795 P34696 P77103 P77135 P77128 P78032 P34475 P32102

Minimum N/D N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D <10 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 73

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P34010 P34546 P34699 P32104 P39180 P32106 P39175

Minimum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

Maximum N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Station number 01573482

Statistics P81024 P77687 P34621 P34601 P34606 P34616 P34611 P34626 P49224

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 0.12 0.12 <0.12

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 6.7 6.7 <.12

Median 8.59 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 10 10 <.12

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 10 10 <.12

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P49225 P34581 P34586 P34657 P30195 P34591 P34631 P78300

Minimum <0.12 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <50 <50

Mean <.12 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <50 <50

Median <.12 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <50 <50

Maximum <.12 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <50 <50

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P34636 P34452 P50312 P34641 P30196 P34646 P34381 P34205 P34200

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <10 <10

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <10 <10

Median <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <50 <10 <10 <10

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P34220 P34526 P34247 P34230 P34521 P34242 P34292 P39338 P34278

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <0.05 <10

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10

Median <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P34273 P34283 P39100 P77571 P34320 P34259 P34556 P81302 P34336

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <0.05 <10 <10 <10

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10 <10 <10

Median <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <.05 <10 <10 <10

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
74 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P34341 P39110 P34596 P34376 P39700 P34386 P34403 P34408 P34428

Minimum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <10

Mean <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <10

Median <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <10

Maximum <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <10

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P34433 P62268 P39032 P34461 P34694 P32730 P34469 P77057 P77562

Minimum <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <0.02 <10 <2 <1

Mean <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <.02 <10 <2 <1

Median <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <.02 <10 <2 <1

Maximum <10 <10 <50 <10 <10 <.02 <10 <2 <1

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P34506 P34516 P34511 P34496 P34501 P77443 P34551 P34536 P32103

Minimum <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <10 <10 <1

Mean <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <10 <10 <1

Median <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <10 <10 <1

Maximum <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <10 <10 <1

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P34541 P34566 P34571 P81552 P34030 P32101 P34413 P77041 P34301

Minimum <1 <10 <10 <10 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1

Mean <1 <10 <10 <10 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1

Median <1 <10 <10 <10 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1

Maximum <1 <10 <10 <10 <1 <1 <2 <1 <1

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P34311 P34418 P77093 P34704 P32105 P34423 P81595 P34371 P39702

Minimum <2 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <5 <1 <10

Mean <2 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <5 <1 <10

Median <2 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <5 <1 <10

Maximum <2 <2 <1 <1 <1 <1 <5 <1 <10

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Statistics P34396 P78133 P85795 P34696 P77103 P77135 P77128 P78032 P34475

Minimum <10 <5 <2 <10 <5 <1 <1 <5 <1

Mean <10 <5 <2 <10 <5 <1 <1 <5 <1

Median <10 <5 <2 <10 <5 <1 <1 <5 <1

Maximum <10 <5 <2 <10 <5 <1 <1 <5 <1

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Statistical Summaries of Water-Quality Data 75

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P32102 P34010 P34546 P34699 P32104 P39180 P32106 P39175

Minimum <1 <1 <0.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Mean <1 <1 <.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Median <1 <1 <.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Maximum <1 <1 <.5 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Station number 01573497

Statistics P81024 P77687 P34621 P34601 P34606 P34616 P34611 P34626 P49225

Median 3.06 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34581 P34586 P34657 P30195 P34591 P34631 P78300 P49224 P34636

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34452 P50312 P34641 P30196 P34646 P34381 P34205 P34200 P34220

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34526 P34247 P34230 P34521 P34242 P34292 P39338 P34278 P34273

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34283 P39100 P77571 P34320 P34259 P34556 P81302 P34336 P34341

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P39110 P34596 P34376 P39700 P34386 P34403 P34408 P34428 P34433

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P62268 P39032 P34461 P34694 P32730 P34469 P77057 P77562 P34506

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D 0.02 N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34516 P34511 P34496 P34501 P77443 P34551 P34536 P32103 P34541

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34566 P34571 P81552 P34030 P32101 P34413 P77041 P34301 P34311

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
76 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Appendix 2c. Semi-volatile and volatile organics.

[Pxxxxx, parameter code–see appendix 1 for name of parameter; n, number of samples; N/D, not detected]

Statistics P34418 P77093 P34704 P32105 P34423 P81595 P34371 P39702 P34396

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P78133 P85795 P34696 P77103 P77135 P77128 P78032 P34475 P32102

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Statistics P34010 P34546 P34699 P32104 P39180 P32106 P39175

Median N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D

n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Appendix 3—Sample Habitat Assessment Forms
78 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation
Appendix 3 79
80 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation
Appendix 3 81
82 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation
Appendix 4—Aquatic Invertebrates: Summary of Site-Assessment Results

Aries Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (ar-1)

Aries Run at Fort Indiantown Gap was in the cantonment area of the Fort Indiantown Gap facility in a narrow riparian buffer zone. The average stream width was about 2 meters, and the depth was 0.1 meter. Over the 4 years of sampling, this site was 

very stable; taxa richness ranged from 25 to 30, the EPT values from 6 to 11, and the HBI scores from 3.91 to 4.22. The caddisfly Chimarra and elmid beetle Optioservus were the dominant taxa. The dominance of these animals was indicative of a slightly 

impacted water-quality condition.

Aries Run above Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (ar-2)

Aries Run above Qureg Run was in the vicinity of the filtration plant in a narrow riparian buffer zone. The average stream 

width was about 2 meters, and the depth was 0.1 meter. This site was highly affected by high-water events in 2003 and the 

placement of a rip-rap structure upstream in 2004. The taxa richness ranged from 20 to 29, the EPT values from 7 to 11, and 

the HBI scores from 4.10 to 4.35. The dominant taxa were the same as Aries Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (ar-1), Chimarra and 

Optioservus (2002-2004), and the beetle Psephenus in 2005. The invertebrate community was indicative of a slightly impacted 

water-quality condition.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. (bcRef-1)

Bow Creek at Grantville was near an interstate highway interchange within a very thin riparian buffer zone containing a 

few residences. The stream width was about 2 meters, and the depth was 0.1 meter. The dominant bottom material was mostly 

gravel. The pH value near 7.5, specific conductance of 400 μS/cm, and the occurrence of gammaridean amphipods were evidence of water quality influenced by limestone. The taxa richness ranged from 16 to 28, the EPT values from 4 to 13, and the 

HBI scores from 4.87 to 5.08. The dominant taxa were the elmid beetles Optioservus and Stenelmis. The invertebrate community 

was indicative of a slightly impacted to moderately impacted water-quality condition.

Bear Hole Run at Suedberg, Pa. (bhRef-1)

Bear Hole Run at Suedberg flowed from a heavily forested ridge on state game lands; the stream width was 1.5 meters, and 

the depth was 0.1 meter. The pH was near 6, and the specific conductance values were about 15 μS/cm. The invertebrate community was indicative of a highly non-impacted condition; taxa richness ranged from 22 to 32, EPT values from 12 to 15, and 

HBI scores from 2.22 to 3.18. The mayflies Paraleptophlebia and Stenonema, the stonefly Leuctra, and hydropsychid caddisflies 

dominated. This stream was reflective of a non-impacted condition.

Evening Branch above Gold Mine Run near Tower City, Pa. (ebMRef-1)

Evening Branch above Gold Mine Run was in a heavily forested (mostly coniferous) area near state game lands. The 

stream width was about 6 meters, and the depth was 0.3 meter. Water quality was representative of a slightly acidic dark water 

condition; pH was near 6.5, and specific conductance was near 30 μS/cm. The dominant bottom material was boulder, making 

collection difficult. Taxa richness ranged from 23 to 37, EPT values from 8 to 13, and HBI scores from 3.49 to 4.85. The invertebrate community was mostly chironomids (Tanytarsus) in composition, which resulted in a slightly impacted designation. The 

site may have better water quality than the invertebrate community indicates, because the EPT taxa may have been present but 

difficult to collect because of the boulders.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa. (fc-1)

Forge Creek near Lickdale is on the boundary of the Fort Indiantown Gap facility and flows off a ridge through mostly 

forested areas. The water chemistry was representative of the area; pH values were near 6.5 and specific conductance values 

were near 30 μS/cm. The dominant substrate was sand, and riffle habitat made up less than 10 percent of the sampling reach. 

The stream width was 1 meter, and depth was 0.1 meter. The invertebrate community metrics and water-quality assessment 

varied greatly over the 4-year period. In 2002, the severe drought condition may have caused the slightly impacted water-quality 

condition because flow was reduced and ambient water temperatures were higher. In 2002, the tubificid worms (tolerance value 

10) were dominant. In 2003 and 2004, worms were replaced by the stonefly Leuctra (tolerance value 0). Perhaps these stoneflies 

were simply absent in 2002 or may have been in a state of diapause. The fact that the HBI score was 6.21 in 2002, the highest at any site in 4 years, 1.79 in 2004, the lowest in 4 years, and 4.43 in 2005 is not easily explained. The site ranks as slightly 

impacted.
84 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Gold Mine Run near Tower City, Pa. (GoldMineRunRef-1)

Gold Mine Run near Tower City is in a forested area that is also part of state game lands. The stream width was about 

2 meters, and the depth was 0.3 meters. This high gradient stream had pH values around 5 and a low specific conductance of 

around 30 μS/cm. There was a good riffle-run-pool sequence with a boulder-rubble-cobble substrate. Taxa richness ranged from 

22 to 28, EPT values from 10 to 11, and HBI scores from 2.05 to 4.26. Although the stonefly Leuctra and blackfly Simulium

were dominant, the numbers of enchytraeid worms and chironomids raised the biotic index score in 2003. The invertebrate community was indicative of a non-impacted water-quality condition.

Indiantown Run below Hatchery at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (HatImpact)

Indiantown Run below Hatchery was in a low-gradient area, heavily forested, and below the GAP trout hatchery. The water 

chemistry was indicative of the land use; the stream exhibited a slight tea color, a pH near 6, and low specific conductance. 

Taxa richness ranged from 24 to 32, EPT values from 4 to 11, and HBI scores from 4.06 to 4.99. In 2002 and 2003, the metrics 

reflected a slightly impacted condition, but in 2004, the scoring was more representative of a non-impacted condition. It appears 

that the large percentage of midges in 2002 and 2003 (60 percent) was influential in lowering the scores. However, in 2004, high 

numbers of Stenonema mayflies raised the overall condition ranking. In 2005, the midges increased again in number and were 

(35 percent) of the taxa richness again raising the HBI score to 4.88. Although no single taxa present, with the exception of the 

midge Micropsectra, pointed to enrichment from the hatchery operations, there was some evidence of that possibility, and the 

HBI scores were indicative of this slight impact. The invertebrate community was indicative of a non-impacted water-quality 

condition.

Indiantown Run above Unnamed Tributary at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (ir-0.5)

Indiantown Run above Unnamed Tributary was a low-gradient site in a mostly forested area with some beaver activity. 

The stream width averaged 5 meters, and depth was 0.5 meter. Taxa richness ranged from 29 to 37, EPT values from 10 to 13, 

and HBI scores from 4.17 to 4.87. In 2002, large numbers of fingernail clams, Sphaerium, were collected, and in 2003 and 

2004, large numbers of chironomids increased the HBI scores. In 2005, an increase in the numbers of Heptageniid mayflies 

and Hydropsychid caddisflies resulted in a lower HBI score. The invertebrate community was just within the non-impacted 

classification.

Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap (ir-1)

Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap was a higher-gradient forested area just downstream of Route 443. The stream 

width averaged 5 meters, and the depth was 0.3 meter. The taxa richness ranged from 28 to 34, EPT values from 13 to 18, and 

HBI scores from 2.31 to 3.92. The presence of chironomids and worms in 2003 raised the HBI score, but overall, the invertebrate community was indicative of a non-impacted water-quality condition.

Indiantown Run above Memorial Lake near Indiantown, Pa. (ir-2)

Indiantown Run above Memorial Lake was off Boundary Road in a mostly forested area. The stream width was about 5 

meters, and the depth was 0.3 meter. The taxa richness ranged from 22 to 26, EPT values from 7 to 11, and HBI scores from 

3.89 to 4.31. Mayflies and hydropsychid caddisflies made up the dominant taxa. The invertebrate community was indicative of a 

slightly impacted water-quality condition, and the scores rose slowly with time showing more impact over the years.

Indiantown Run above Vesle Run (ir-3)

Indiantown Run above Vesle Run displayed a highly bedrock substrate and was within a moderately wide riparian buffer 

zone. The stream width was about 3 meters, and the depth was 0.3 meter. Taxa richness ranged from 20 to 28, EPT values from 

5 to 9, and HBI scores from 4.35 to 5.40. Hydropsychid caddisflies and elmid beetles were the dominant taxa. The invertebrate 

community was indicative of a slightly impacted water-quality condition.

Manada Creek along McLean Road near Manada Gap, Pa. (mc-1)

Manada Creek along McLean Road site is within a forested area. The stream width was about 5 meters, and the depth was 

0.5 meter. During the 4 years of study, a beaver was active in the area. The taxa richness ranged from 33 to 36, EPT values from 

12 to 16, and the HBI scores from 3.64 to 4.96. It appears some of the increase in biotic index score was due to the presence 

of oligochaetes and chironomids such as Micropsectra. Over time, the percentage of chironomids decreased and the numbers 

of mayflies increased, lowering the HBI score and reflecting better water quality over time. The invertebrate community was 

indicative of a non-impacted water-quality condition.
Appendix 4 85

Manada Creek near Manada Gap. Pa. (mc-1.5)

Manada Creek near Manada Gap was of a forested land use within a delayed harvest trout area. The stream width was 

about 10 meters, and the depth was 0.3 meter. The reach included a good mix of riffle-run-pool habitat. The taxa richness ranged 

from 25 to 36, EPT values from 8 to 12, and HBI scores from 3.10 to 4.13. The dominant taxon was the stonefly Leuctra for the 

first 3 years of collection; the fourth year was dominated by the hydropsychid caddisfly, Cheumatopsyche, which raised the HBI 

score. The invertebrate community was indicative of non-impacted water-quality conditions.

Manada Creek below Manada Gap at Manada Gap, Pa. (mc-2)

Manada Creek below Manada Gap was the widest and deepest stream sampled. The stream width was 15 meters, and the 

depth was 1 meter. The area was mostly forested, with a few residences in sight; the reach contained a delayed harvest trout designation. The dominant taxon was the hydropsychid caddisflie Cheumatopsyche in 2002 and 2004. Taxa richness ranged from 27 

to 35, EPT values from 9 to 13, and HBI scores from 3.31 to 4.27. The invertebrate community was indicative of a non-impacted 

water-quality condition as the EPT numbers increased over time.

Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (qr-1)

Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap was in a narrow riparian buffer zone in the base cantonment area. Stream width was 

about 2 meters, and the depth was 0.1 meter. Water chemistry yielded pH near 7 and specific conductance around 200 μS/cm. 

Taxa richness ranged from 19 to 32, EPT values from 2 to 10, and HBI scores ranged from 4.52 to 5.12. The beetles Stenelmis

(2002 and 2005) and Optioservus (2003-2005) and Psephenus (2002) were the dominant taxa. Between sampling events in 

2003 and 2004, a rip-rap dam was constructed and shoreline vegetation was removed immediately above the reach. The aquaticinvertebrate community in 2002 may have been influenced by drought conditions. The invertebrate community was indicative of 

a slightly impacted water-quality condition.

Aires Run below Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (qr-2)

Aries Run below Qureg Run was upstream of the confluence with Reeds Run where a mix of trees and shrubs comprised 

the riparian zone. The stream width was about 3 meters, and the depth was 0.1 meter. The pH was 7.5 and the specific conductance was 250 μS/cm. The taxa richness ranged from 17 to 33, EPT values from 6 to 11, and HBI scores from 4.28 to 4.44. The 

dominant taxa were the beetles Psephenus and Optioservus and the blackfly Simulium (2003 only). The 2002 sample appeared to 

be influenced by drought conditions. The invertebrate community was indicative of a slightly impacted water-quality condition.

Stony Creek near Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (ScMRef-1)

Stony Creek near Fort Indiantown Gap was a tea-colored stream in a highly forested area. The stream width was around 

10 meters, and the depth was 1 meter. The pH was around 6 and specific conductance was near 30 μS/cm. Taxa richness ranged 

from 22 to 33, EPT values from 9 to 14, and the HBI scores from 2.78 to 4.28. Collection of invertebrates at this site was difficult because of the high number of large boulders. The dominant taxon for the first 3 years was the pollution sensitive elmid 

beetle Promoresia, which is in agreement with the non-impacted water-quality assessment. In 2005, the more tolerant midge, 

Micropsectra, increased in number and the site started showing the beginnings of some impact.

St. Joseph’s Spring outflow at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (sjs-1)

St. Joseph’s Spring outflow was in a high-gradient, heavily forested area. Stream width was around 1.5 meters, and the 

depth was 0.1 meter. Taxa richness ranged from 29 to 37, EPT values from 11 to 17, and HBI scores from 2.71 to 3.87. The 

dominant taxa were mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies. The invertebrate community was indicative of a non-impacted waterquality condition.

Trout Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (tr-1)

Trout Run at Fort Indiantown Gap was in a heavily forested, high-gradient area. Stream width was about 1 meter, and the 

depth was 0.1 meter. The pH was around 6 and the specific conductance was near 30 μS/cm. Taxa richness ranged from 31 to 36, 

EPT values from 9 to 14, and HBI scores from 2.78 to 4.29. In 2002, there was barely enough water depth to sample because of 

the lack of riffle areas caused by the drought. The mayfly Maccaffertium and the stonefly Leuctra were the dominant taxa. The 

invertebrate community was indicative of a non-impacted water-quality condition.
86 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Trout Run near Inwood, Pa. (tr-2)

Trout Run near Inwood was in a narrow riparian buffer zone and between several residences. The stream width was about 

3 meters, and the depth was 0.2 meter. A good riffle-run-pool sequence was present. Taxa richness ranged from 32 to 36, EPT 

values from 12 to 16, and HBI scores from 3.06 to 4.03. The dominant taxa were the mayfly Maccaffertium and the caddisfly 

Dolophilodes. This stream had a noticeable high-quality invertebrate community and was indicative of a non-impacted waterquality condition.

UNT Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. (utir-1)

Unnamed Tributary to Indiantown Run stream reach was immediately below a wetland in a forested area. Because this 

was a short tributary, the collection reach was not 100 meters in length. The stream width was about 1 meter, and the depth was 

0.1 meter. There was a large sand-silt component to the substrate. Taxa richness ranged from 24 to 41, EPT values from 8 to 16, 

and HBI scores from 4.31 to 5.34. Large numbers of tubificid and naidid worms in 2003 and 2004 raised the HBI. Although this 

stream had good percentage of EPT values, the presence of oligochaetes and the silt load resulted in a water-quality condition of 

slightly impacted.

UNT Manada Creek near Manada Gap, Pa. (utmcm-1)

Unnamed Tributary near Manada Gap was in a mixed forested, low-brush area heavily canopied with shrubs. Stream 

width was about 1 meter, and the depth was 0.1 meter. The pH was around 6, specific conductance around 20 μS /cm, and 

water temperatures near 16.5°C. Taxa richness ranged from 22 to 46, EPT values from 9 to 17, and HBI scores from 3.15 to 

4.55. The stream was not visible from the access road and exhibited a variety of habitats. The beetle Promoresia and mayfly 

Maccaffertium were dominant. This reach also yielded the highest number of taxa richness collected at all 27 sites over 4 years. 

The HBI for 2002 and 2004 was likely because of the more tolerant chironomid abundance. The invertebrate community was 

indicative of a non-impacted to slightly impacted water-quality condition.

Unnamed Tributary along Horseshoe Trail to Manada Creek at Manada Gap, Pa. (utmcm-2)

Unnamed Tributary along Horseshoe Trail was in a nearly impassable forested area with much overhanging vegetation. The 

stream width was around 1.5 meters, and the depth was 0.2 meter. The substrate was high in silt composition. The taxa richness 

ranged from 26 to 43, EPT values from 11 to 15, and HBI scores from 2.64 to 4.44. The dominant taxa were the stonefly Leuctra

and pollution-sensitive caddisfly Diplectrona until 2005 when chironomids became the dominant animal showing the beginnings 

of impact. The invertebrate community was indicative of a non-impacted water-quality condition until 2005 and was then indicative of a slightly impacted condition.

Unnamed Tributary to Manada Creek at Route 443 near Manada Gap, Pa. (utmcm-3)

This unnamed tributary to Manada Creek directly paralleled Route 443 and flowed within a narrow band of thick shrubs 

and trees. Stream width was around 2 meters, and the depth was 0.3 meter. Taxa richness ranged from 26 to 34, EPT values from 

9 to 14, and HBI scores from 3.22 to 5.40. A large number of naidid worms in 2004 raised the biotic index. In 2003, the midge 

Rheotanytarsus was dominant. The water-quality condition varied from a non-impacted to a slightly impacted condition.

Unnamed Tributary to Manada Creek near Sand Beach, Pa. (utmcvRef-1)

This unnamed tributary to Manada Creek near Sand Beach was in a narrow forested riparian buffer zone, below a large 

diameter culvert pipe and near a housing development. The stream width was around 3 meters, and the depth was 0.3 meter. 

A pH about 7 was recorded and a specific conductance near 300 μS/cm. Taxa richness ranged from 17 to 24, EPT values from 

4 to 9, and HBI scores from 4.56 to 4.95. The dominant taxa were the elmid beetle Stenelmis and the caddisfly Chimarra. The 

site was heavily influenced by the suburban land use with part of the reach stabilized by rip-rap and showed definite effects of 

siltation. The water-quality condition was slightly impacted.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa. (vr-1)

Vesle Run at Indiantown was in a mostly forested area and had a dominant substrate of bedrock. The stream width was 

around 5 meters, and the depth was 0.3 meter. Average measurements of pH were 7.5 and specific conductance were 250 μS/cm. 

The taxa richness ranged from 20 to 27, EPT from 6 to 9, and HBI scores from 3.81 to 5.04. The dominant taxa Psephenus

(beetle) and Cheumatopsyche (caddisfly) were reflective of a slightly impacted water-quality condition.
Appendix 5—Fish Sampling Data: Summary of Site-Assessment Results

Station name: Bear Hole Run at Suedberg, Pa. Date of collection: 08/18/2004

Station identifier: bhRef-1 Station number: 01572124

Lat/Long: 40°30’43”/76°28’23” Number of species at site: 6

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 23+ (shocker unit unplugged before time 

was noted)

Water temperature (°C): 17.41 pH (units): 5.45

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 23.2 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 1.54

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Galeone, Schreffler, Embeck, Hammond

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

74 45 81 1 1–3 4 49 30–62

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

2 1 22 11 11–11 1 101 96–106

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

1 1 12 12 12 1 101 101

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

76 47 1,913 25 1–93 91 121 51–210

Sculpin

Cottus spp.

9 5 56 6 1–11 3 71 47–88

Bluegill sunfish

Lepomis macrochirus

1 1 21 21 21 1 109 109

Total 163 2,105

Anomalies: Brook trout—1 percent with deformed spine
88 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Evening Branch above Gold Mine Run near Tower City, 

Pa. Date of collection: 08/18/2004

Station identifier: ebMRef-1 Station number: 01572112

Lat/Long: 40°31’30”/76°32’30” Number of species at site: 4

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 36

Water temperature (°C): 17.71 pH (units): 5.57

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 20.8 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 2.06

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Galeone, Schreffler, Embeck, Hammond

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Chain pickerel

Esox niger

1 4 49 49 49 5 193 193

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

10 45 775 78 22–257 81 179 129–285

Green sunfish

Lepomis cyanellus

2 9 107 54 47–60 11 138 134–142

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

9 41 29 3 2–4 3 65 52–73

Total 22 960

Anomalies: none

Station name: Gold Mine Run near Tower City, Pa. Date of collection: 08/18/2004

Station identifier: GoldMineRunRef-1 Station number: 01572113

Lat/Long: 40°31’33”/76°32’41” Number of species at site: 1

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 24

Water temperature (°C): 15.73 pH (units): 5.30

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 26.9 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 1.22

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Galeone, Schreffler, Embeck, Hammond

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

29 100 632 22 90 100 113 60–198

Totals 29 632

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 89

Station name: Manada Creek below Manada Gap at Manada Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 08/25/2004

Station identifier: mc-2 Station number: 01573501

Lat/Long: 40°23’32”/76°42’38” Number of species at site: 13

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 36

Water temperature (°C): 17.00 pH (units): 5.92

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 45.4 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 13.14

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, O’Brien, Schreffler, Schott, Botts

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Cutlips minnow

Exoglossum maxillingua

7 5 73 10 1–21 5 85 61–116

River chub

Nocomis micropogon

2 1 77 38 6–71 5 130 85–176

Spottail shiner

Notropis hudsonius

4 3 7 2 1–4 1 56 44–78

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

64 45 123 2 1–4 8 53 40–65

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

12 9 105 8 1–17 7 82 30–107

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

26 18 152 6 1–29 9 69 30–134

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

9 6 347 38 1–113 22 118 40–216

Northern hog sucker

Hypentelium nigricans

4 3 97 24 8–63 6 115 85–177

Margined madtom

Noturus insignis

2 1 32 16 16 2 112 110–113

Rainbow trout

Oncorhynchus mykiss

2 1 441 220 211–230 27 292 180–303

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

6 4 105 17.5 8–57 7 106 86–186

Rock bass

Ambloplites rupestris

1 1 46 46 46 3 120 120

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

2 1 4 2 2 1 46 45–47

Totals 141 1,609

Anomalies: none
90 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Indiantown Run below Hatchery at Fort Indiantown Gap, 

Pa.

Date of collection: 08/25/2004

Station identifier: HatImpact Station number: 01572944

Lat/Long: 40°26’40”/76°36’48” Number of species at site: 6

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 42

Water temperature (°C): 18.21 pH (units): 6.44

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 32 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 5.09

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Low, O’Brien, Schott, Hepp

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

134 65 231 2 1–4 10 51 31–63

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

31 15 214 7 1–43 10 71 32–150

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

9 4 394 44 1–103 15 130 40–201

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

23 11 1,273 55 2–236 54 147 55–281

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

1 1 213 213 213 9 282 282

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

7 3 16 2 1–3 1 57 47–65

Totals 205 2,341

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 91

Station name: Indiantown Run above Memorial Lake near

Indiantown, Pa. Date of collection: 08/25/2004

Station identifier: ir-2 Station number: 01572956

Lat/Long: 40°25’32”/76°36’01” Number of species at site: 8

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 30

Water temperature (°C): 21.64 pH (units): 6.55

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 57.5 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 7.67

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Low, O’Brien, Schott, Hepp

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Spotfin shiner

Cyprinella spiloptera

5 3 23 5 2–7 3 75 60–95

River chub

Nocomis micropogon

21 14 235 11 1–51 27 87 45–164

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

49 33 90 2 1–2 10 49 35–60

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

19 13 114 6 1–11 13 75 45–91

Yellow bullhead

Ameiurus natalis

2 1 8 4 1–7 1 60 41–78

Margined madtom

Noturus insignis

6 4 54 9 5–11 6 98 84–107

Green sunfish

Lepomis cyanellus

39 26 332 9 1–27 38 62 40–117

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

7 5 9 1 1–2 1 44 31–51

Total 148 865

Anomalies: none
92 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Manada Gap near Manada Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 08/23/2004

Station identifier: mc-1.5 Station number: 01573482

Lat/Long: 40°24’24”/76°42’34” Number of species at site: 10

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 72

Water temperature (°C): 14.85 pH (units): 7.35

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 33.2 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 11.23

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Schreffler, O’Brien, Botts, Hepp

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Cutlips minnow

Exoglossum maxillingua

3 2 11 4 3–4 1 66 62–70

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

99 59 183 2 1–3 15 52 36–62

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

9 5 95 11 4–16 8 92 71–111

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

29 17 146 5 1–15 12 70 33–102

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

3 2 127 42 18–78 10 149 114–197

Northern hog sucker

Hypentelium nigricans

1 1 25 25 25 2 127 127

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

19 11 573 30 2–217 47 104 51–279

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

1 1 53 53 53 4 175 175

Bluegill

Lepomis macrochirus

1 1 3 3 3 1 51 51

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

2 1 3 2 1–2 1 50 49–50

Total 167 1,219

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 93

Station name: Manada Creek above McLean Road near Manada

Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 08/23/2004

Station identifier: mc-1 Station number: 01573472

Lat/Long: 40°25’06”/76°41’36” Number of species at site: 9

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 42

Water temperature (°C): 16.74 pH (units): 6.57

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 30.2 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 7.35

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Schreffler, O’Brien, Botts, Hepp

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Cutlips minnow

Exoglossum maxillingua

4 2 37 9 4–22 1 83 68–119

Spottail shiner

Notropis hudsonius

3 1 11 4 3–4 1 70 70–71

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

82 39 155 2 1–4 6 50 26–67

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

75 36 588 8 1–327 21 74 26–190

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

16 8 1,041 65 5–177 37 158 77–257

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

14 7 527 38 3–121 19 139 68–235

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

2 1 243 122 23–220 9 206 132–280

Smallmouth bass

Micropterus dolomieu

1 1 153 153 153 5 228 228

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

14 7 36 3 1–4 1 53 45–65

Total 211 2,791

Anomalies: Creek chub—7 percent with blackspot, Smallmouth bass—100 percent with leeches
94 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Trout Run near Inwood, Pa. Date of collection: 08/24/2004

Station identifier: tr-2 Station number: 01572150

Lat/Long: 40°28’52”/76°33’13” Number of species at site: 17

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 40

Water temperature (°C): not taken pH (units): not taken

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): not taken Discharge (cubic feet per second): 7.06

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Schreffler, O’Brien, Botts, Schott

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Central stoneroller

Campostoma anomalum

4 3 78 20 18–22 5 113 112–115

Cutlips minnow

Exoglossum maxillingua

2 1 12 6 6 1 71 70–72

River chub

Nocomis micropogon

1 1 73 73 73 4 183 183

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

20 14 39 2 1–4 2 53 33–70

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

7 5 61 9 1–17 4 82 40–111

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

24 16 218 9 1–76 13 70 32–195

Fallfish

Semotilus corporalis

5 3 301 60 4–182 18 152 76–218

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

3 2 128 43 3–69 7 168 141–187

Northern hog sucker

Hypentelium nigricans

1 1 11 11 11 1 95 95

Brown bullhead

Ameiurus nebulosus

2 1 12 6 6 1 72 69–74

Margined madtom

Noturus insignis

3 2 44 15 8–24 3 114 92–135

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

2 1 233 116 49–184 14 216 166–265

Sculpin

Cottus spp.

66 45 301 5 1–10 18 68 45–89

Pumpkinseed

Lepomis gibbosus

1 1 11 11 11 1 87 87

Smallmouth bass

Micropterus dolomieu

2 1 176 88 56–120 10 182 160–205

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

2 1 3 2 1–2 1 46 34–59

Shield darter

Percina peltata

2 1 9 4 4–5 1 73 70–76

Total 147 1,710

Anomalies: Blacknose dace—5 percent with blackspot.
Appendix 5 95

Station name: Stony Creek near Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 08/24/2004

Station identifier: ScMRef-1 Station number: 01568693

Lat/Long: 40°28’34”/76°37’51” Number of species at site: 6

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 30

Water temperature (°C): 14.64 pH (units): 6.94

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 32.9 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 7.40

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Schreffler, O’Brien, Botts, Schott

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

2 7 6 3 3 1 68 66–71

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

1 4 1 1 1 1 27 27

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

5 18 792 158 4–350 22 214 68–313

Chain pickerel

Esox niger

1 4 60 60 60 2 212 212

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

13 46 2,193 169 113–239 62 252 223–285

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

6 21 470 78 32–206 13 176 130–270

Total 28 3,522

Anomalies: none.

Station name: Indiantown Run in Gap at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 08/24/2004

Station identifier: ir-1 Station number: 01572948

Lat/Long: 40°26’40”/76°36’09” Number of species at site: 5

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 30

Water temperature (°C): 17.49 pH (units): 6.76

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 46.2 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 1.00

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Schreffler, O’Brien, Botts, Schott

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

114 79 216 2 1–4 37 52 22–60

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

9 6 41 5 1–8 7 65 30–86

Rainbow trout

Oncorhynchus mykiss

1 1 19 19 19 3 123 123

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

20 14 301 15 2–44 52 101 63–164

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

1 1 2 2 2 1 49 49

Total 145 579

Anomalies: none.
96 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Unnamed Tributary to Manada Creek at Route 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Date of collection: 09/07/2004

Station identifier: utmcm-3 Station number: 01573496

Lat/Long: 40°24’10”/76°43’45” Number of species at site: 7

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 33

Water temperature (°C): 19.35 pH (units): 7.09

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 61.1 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 1.16

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Cutlips minnow

Exoglossum maxillingua

2 6 8 4 4 1 68 66–70

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

18 53 46 3 1–4 3 58 36–70

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

7 21 54 8 1–14 3 86 50–114

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

4 12 248 62 1–140 15 157 47–244

Rainbow trout

Oncorhynchus mykiss

1 3 236 236 236 15 302 302

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

1 3 1,027 1,027 1,027 63 445 445

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

1 3 1 1 1 1 48 48

Total 34 1,620

Anomalies: none.

Station name: Indiantown Run above Unnamed Tributary at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.Date of collection: 09/07/2004

Station identifier: ir-0.5 Station number: 01572924

Lat/Long: 40°26’56”/76°37’39” Number of species at site: 3

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 43

Water temperature (°C): 19.89 pH (units): 7.21

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 31.0 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 1.00

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

60 37 106 2 1–8 25 55 22–93

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

78 48 242 3 1–19 56 65 30–123

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

25 15 81 3 1–49 19 54 45–164

Total 163 429

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 97

Station name: Unnamed Tributary to Indiantown Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.Date of collection: 09/07/2004

Station identifier: utir-01 Station number: 01572928

Lat/Long: 40°26’54”/76°37’14” Number of species at site: 5

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 28

Water temperature (°C): 17.72 pH (units): 7.37

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 34.2 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 1.16

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

37 42 45 1 1–2 32 41 25–60

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

44 49 83 2 1–6 60 45 25–81

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

1 1 1 1 1 1 50 50

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

1 1 3 3 3 2 69 69

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

6 7 7 1 1–2 5 45 35–62

Total 89 139

Anomalies: none.

Station name: St. Joseph’s Springs Outflow at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 09/07/2004

Station identifier: sjs-01 Station number: 01572940

Lat/Long: 40°26’40”/76°36’51” Number of species at site: 2

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 30

Water temperature (°C): 16.12 pH (units): 7.70

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25°C): 84.1 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 7.40

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

68 97 129 2 1–4 65 51 22–71

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

2 3 69 34 22–47 35 148 128–169

Total 70 198

Anomalies: none
98 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Aires Run above Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 09/13/2004

Station identifier: ar-2 Station number: 01572814

Lat/Long: 40°25’55”/76°33’13” Number of species at site: 8

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 48

Water temperature (°C): 17.77 pH (units): 7.00

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 252 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 0.61

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly, Schott

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Central stoneroller

Campostoma anomalum

20 3 36 2 1–4 4 50 39–92

Common shiner

Luxilus cornutus

1 1 5 5 5 1 79 79

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

366 50 430 1 1–3 44 47 26–62

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

93 13 149 2 1–7 15 48 30–82

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

155 21 225 4 1–20 23 45 30–118

Fallfish

Semotilus corporalis

1 1 41 41 41 4 170 170

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

40 6 50 1 1–3 5 46 35–62

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

49 7 46 1 1–3 5 35 22–60

Total 725 982

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 99

Station name: Aires Run below Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 09/13/2004

Station identifier: qr-2 Station number: 01572844

Lat/Long: 40°25’32”/76°33’37” Number of species at site: 20

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 63

Water temperature (°C): 20.76 pH (units): 7.79

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 284 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 1.14

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly, Schott

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Central stoneroller

Campostoma anomalum

75 10 207 3 1–6 14 54 44–70

Cutlips minnow

Exoglossum maxillingua

5 .5 24 5 2–11 2 67 55–93

Common shiner

Luxilus cornutus

8 1 26 3 2–5 2 69 64–87

Pearl dace

Margariscus margarita

6 .5 8 1 1–3 .5 45 38–64

River chub

Nocomis micropogon

2 .5 2 1 1 .5 35 34–36

Spottail shiner

Notropis hudsonius

9 1 13 1 1–3 1 49 36–68

Swallowtail shiner

Notropis procne

1 .5 1 1 1 .5 51 51

Bluntnose minnow

Pimephales notatus

10 1 15 2 1–3 1 51 39–66

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

256 34 296 1 1–3 20 46 22–69

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

98 13 242 8 1–9 16 51 30–89

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

104 14 337 3 1–12 22 53 31–101

Fallfish

Semotilus corporalis

19 3 57 3 1–29 4 47 30–147

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

47 6 69 1 1–3 5 50 40–60

Margined madtom

Noturus insignis

6 .5 67 11 4–19 4 100 65–126

Green sunfish

Lepomis cyanellus

1 .5 4 4 4 .5 55 55

Pumpkinseed

Lepomis gibbosus

1 .5 4 4 4 .5 57 57

Bluegill

Lepomis macrochirus

1 .5 2 2 2 .5 42 42

Smallmouth bass

Micropterus dolomieu

1 .5 33 33 33 2 132 132

Largemouth bass

Micropterus salmoides

1 .5 6 6 6 .5 73 73

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

100 13 103 1 1–3 7 40 25–60

Total 751 1,516

Anomalies: none
100 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Indiantown Run above Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa. Date of collection: 09/14/2004

Station identifier: ir-3 Station number: 01572975

Lat/Long: 40°24’56”/75°35’12” Number of species at site: 17

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 52

Water temperature (°C): 22.48 pH (units): 6.98

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 96.5 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 3.66

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly, Schott

Species name

Total

number

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent

total

weight

Average

total length 

(millimeters)

Range of 

total

lengths 

(millimeters)

Central stoneroller

Campostoma anomalum

23 12 552 24 5–43 11 119 72–146

Spotfin shiner

Cyprinella spiloptera

1 .5 4 4 4 .5 70 70

River chub

Nocomis micropogon

69 36 605 9 1–67 12 78 51–182

Golden shiner

Notemigonus crysoleucas

1 .5 12 12 12 .5 107 107

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

5 3 44 9 2–16 1 80 55–105

Fallfish

Semotilus corporalis

11 6 691 63 44–130 14 191 171–240

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

8 4 1,172 146 105–191 23 234 210–262

Yellow bullhead

Ameiurus natalis

14 7 667 48 5–175 13 138 69–222

Margined madtom

Noturus insignis

14 7 136 10 1–15 3 95 47–117

Rock bass

Ambloplites rupestris

4 2 229 57 34–88 5 139 118–158

Redbreast sunfish

Lepomis auritus

14 7 531 38 17–64 11 124 96–148

Green sunfish

Lepomis cyanellus

2 1 31 16 12–19 1 91 84–98

Pumpkinseed

Lepomis gibbosus

3 2 42 14 12–16 1 88 83–94

Bluegill

Lepomis macrochirus

22 11 169 8 1–23 3 68 34–100

Smallmouth bass

Micropterus dolomieu

1 .5 143 143 143 3 225 225

Largemouth bass

Micropterus salmoides

1 .5 7 7 7 .5 81 81

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

1 .5 1 1 1 .5 39 39

Total 194 5,036

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 101

Station name: Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa. Date of collection: 09/14/2004

Station identifier: vr-1 Station number: 01572986

Lat/Long: 40°24’56”/76°35’09” Number of species at site: 13

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 42

Water temperature (°C): 19.33 pH (units): 7.88

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 313 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 0.68

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly, Schott

Species name

Total

number 

per

species

Percent 

of total 

number

Total 

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent 

total 

weight

Average

total 

length 

(millimeters)

Range 

of total 

lengths 

(millimeters)

Central stoneroller

Campostoma anomalum

44 17 110 2 1–6 13 56 39–78

River chub

Nocomis micropogon

2 1 5 2 2–3 .5 54 48–60

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

47 18 66 1 1–3 8 40 22–59

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

45 17 178 4 1–9 22 65 32–91

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

73 28 214 3 1–7 26 57 32–85

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

6 2 7 1 1–2 .5 42 36–50

Yellow bullhead

Ameiurus natalis

1 .5 30 30 30 4 130 130

Margined madtom

Noturus insignis

11 4 76 7 4–9 9 86 66–96

Rock bass

Ambloplites rupestris

1 .5 57 57 57 7 157 157

Green sunfish

Lepomis cyanellus

1 .5 8 8 8 1 77 77

Bluegill

Lepomis macrochirus

1 .5 1 1 1 .5 40 40

Largemouth bass

Micropterus salmoides

5 2 47 9 3–15 6 85 60–104

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

22 8 25 1 1–2 3 40 28–55

Total 259 824

1

Anomalies: Green sunfish—100 percent with fin erosion.
102 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Qureg Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 09/14/2004

Station identifier: qr-1 Station number: 01572834

Lat/Long: 40°26’02”/76°32’36” Number of species at site: 14

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 42

Water temperature (°C): 21.40 pH (units): 7.68

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 199 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 0.35

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly

Species name

Total

number 

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total 

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent 

total 

weight

Average total 

length 

(millimeters)

Range 

of total 

lengths 

(millimeters)

Common shiner

Luxilus cornutus

2 2 31 15 5–26 2 103 73–133

Bluntnose minnow

Pimephales notatus

3 4 8 3 1–6 .5 65 45–94

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

3 4 3 1 1 .5 42 32–49

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

11 13 27 2 1–6 .5 57 40–81

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

20 24 241 12 1–38 13 87 35–152

Fallfish

Semotilus corporalis

6 7 412 69 40–142 23 193 167–250

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

3 4 284 95 67–135 16 209 194–235

Yellow bullhead

Ameiurus natalis

8 10 371 46 6–108 20 134 59–195

Rock bass

Ambloplites rupestris

2 2 177 88 21–156 10 145 101–189

Redbreast sunfish

Lepomis auritus

3 4 66 22 13–29 4 101 82–114

Green sunfish

Lepomis cyanellus

3 4 44 15 12–16 2 87 80–90

Smallmouth bass

Micropterus dolomieu

3 4 97 32 23–40 5 135 121–145

Largemouth bass

Micropterus salmoides

8 10 57 7 3–18 3 74 55–100

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

7 9 8 1 1–2 .5 42 23–58

Total 82 1,826

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 103

Station name: Unnamed Tributary to Manada Creek near Manada

Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 09/15/2004

Station identifier: utmcm-1 Station number: 01573480

Lat/Long: 40°24’48”/76°42’16” Number of species at site: 5

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 53

Water temperature (°C): 21.40 pH (units): 7.68

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 199 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 1.16

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly

Species name

Total

number 

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total 

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent 

total 

weight

Average

total 

length 

(millimeters)

Range 

of total 

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

116 64 188 2 1–4 27 50 38–66

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

23 13 175 8 1–34 25 80 40–150

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

34 19 267 8 1–98 38 72 47–216

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

7 4 67 10 4–22 10 90 64–136

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

1 1 6 6 6 1 58 58

Total 181 703

Anomalies: none
104 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Aires Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 09/15/2004

Station identifier: ar-1 Station number: 01572804

Lat/Long: 40°25’53”/76°33’55” Number of species at site: 9

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 63

Water temperature (°C): 18.88 pH (units): 7.16

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 140 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 0.27

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly

Species name

Total

number 

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total 

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent 

total 

weight

Average

total 

length 

(millimeters)

Range 

of total 

lengths 

(millimeters)

Central stoneroller

Campostoma anomalum

1 0.5 18 18 18 1 122 122

Common shiner

Luxilus cornutus

6 3 50 8 4–14 3 92 77–115

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

43 18 54 1 1–18 3 44 25–62

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

10 4 28 3 1–8 2 60 40–86

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

162 69 1,287 8 1–970 80 71 22–188

Fallfish

Semotilus corporalis

2 1 37 18 12–25 2 129 117–141

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

2 1 99 50 22–77 6 160 133–188

Rock bass

Ambloplites rupestris

1 .5 27 27 27 2 112 112

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

9 4 11 1 1–3 1 38 30–61

Total 236 1,611

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 105

Station name: Trout Run at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Date of collection: 09/15/2004

Station identifier: tr-1 Station number: 01572145

Lat/Long: 40°27’53”/76°35’54” Number of species at site: 3

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 27

Water temperature (°C): 16.43 pH (units): 6.99

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 33.2 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 7.06

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly

Species name

Total

number 

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total 

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent 

total 

weight

Average

total 

length 

(millimeters)

Range 

of total 

lengths 

(millimeters)

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

33 70 57 2 1–3 49 51 30–66

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

2 4 18 9 3–15 15 88 76–100

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

12 26 42 4 2–6 36 68 57–80

Total 47 117

Anomalies: none
106 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Station name: Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. Date of collection: 09/16/2004

Station identifier: bcRef-1 Station number: 01573300

Lat/Long: 40°23’01”/76°39’54” Number of species at site: 10

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 56

Water temperature (°C): 17.72 pH (units): 6.93

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 459 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 7.99

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly, Schott

Species name

Total

number 

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total 

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent 

total 

weight

Average

total 

length 

(millimeters)

Range 

of total 

lengths 

(millimeters)

Cutlips minnow

Exoglossum maxillingua

2 0.5 13 6 3–10 0.5 72 59–86

Spottail shiner

Notropis hudsonius

13 4 95 7 6–9 5 89 85–97

Bluntnose minnow

Pimephales notatus

7 2 20 3 2–5 1 63 57–81

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

150 47 264 2 1–4 14 50 31–71

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

30 9 80 3 1–9 4 58 37–84

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

89 28 863 10 1–45 45 80 40–161

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

13 4 513 39 2–137 27 135 58–229

Pumpkinseed

Lepomis gibbosus

1 .5 11 11 11 .5 76 76

Largemouth bass

Micropterus salmoides

3 1 16 5 3–10 1 66 52–85

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

13 4 29 2 1–4 2 55 42–68

Total 321 1,904

Anomalies: none
Appendix 5 107

Station name: Unnamed Tributary to Manada Creek near Sand 

Beach, Pa. Date of collection: 09/15/2004

Station identifier: utmcvRef-1 Station number: 01573535

Lat/Long: 40°20’36”/76°41’02” Number of species at site: 9

Sampling gear code: backpack electroshocker Time/Pass (min.): 65

Water temperature (°C): 19.24 pH (units): 7.62

Conductance (μS/cm @ 25 °C): 350 Discharge (cubic feet per second): 4.11

Investigators: Bilger, Brightbill, Eggleston, Hainly, Schott

Species name

Total

number 

per

species

Percent of 

total

number

Total 

weight of 

species 

(grams)

Average 

weight 

(grams)

Range of 

weights 

(grams)

Percent 

total 

weight

Average

total 

length 

(millimeters)

Range 

of total 

lengths 

(millimeters)

Cutlips minnow

Exoglossum maxillingua

14 5 99 7 1–16 7 76 47–101

Bluntnose minnow

Pimephales notatus

7 3 14 2 1–4 1 54 44–75

Blacknose dace

Rhinichthys atratulus

111 43 164 1 1–3 12 48 25–62

Longnose dace

Rhinichthys cataractae

6 2 27 4 1–11 2 69 43–101

Creek chub

Semotilus atromaculatus

97 37 946 10 1–68 71 84 30–168

White sucker

Catostomus commersoni

11 4 38 3 1–21 3 53 35–121

Green sunfish

Lepomis cyanellus

1 1 19 19 19 1 97 97

Largemouth bass

Micropterus salmoides

2 1 7 3 3–4 1 65 58–72

Tessellated darter

Etheostoma olmstedi

11 4 16 1 1–3 1 42 25–56

Total 260 1,330

Anomalies: none
108 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation
Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Aires Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run above Qureg 

Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. 

7/31/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/14/02 8/13/03 7/29/04 8/5/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 — 2 — 1 1 2 4 2 1 — 2 —

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMATODA 5 — — — — — — — — 2 — — —

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 — — 2 — — 1 1 1 3 — 2 —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — 2 —

 Naididae 8 1 2 2 1 — — — — 1 1 — —

 Nais 8 — — — 2 — — — 1 — — — —

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — 2

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 — — 1 — — 1 — — — 2 3 —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — — 3 — — 1 1 — 3 1 16 —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — 1 2 1 — — — 1 —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 2 — — — — — — — 2 — — —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pisidiidae 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Pisidium 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Appendix 6—Final Taxa List
110 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Aires Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run above Qureg 

Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. 

7/31/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/14/02 8/13/03 7/29/04 8/5/05

 Sphaerium 6 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 — — — — — — — — 1 — 1 1

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 — — — — — — — — 8 12 9 8

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orconectes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Entomobryidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 1

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Caenidae
Appendix 6 111

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Aires Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run above Qureg 

Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. 

7/31/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/14/02 8/13/03 7/29/04 8/5/05

 Caenis 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eurylophella 2 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Serratella 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetidae 5 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Acentrella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Acerpenna 5 — — — 3 — — 1 1 — — 1 2

 Baetis 6 15 3 7 3 15 10 8 5 8 16 10 6

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Plauditus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 1 — 1 — — — 4 1 — — — —

 Heptageniidae 4 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Epeorus 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucrocuta 1 17 2 8 6 6 9 6 2 — — — —

 Stenacron 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Maccaffertium 3 — — 1 2 — — — 2 — — — —

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gomphidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Lanthus 5 3 1 — — — 4 — — — 1 — —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calopteryx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Argia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctra 0 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Nemouridae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Amphinemura 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —
112 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Aires Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run above Qureg 

Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. 

7/31/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/14/02 8/13/03 7/29/04 8/5/05

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sweltsa 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlidae 3 — — — 4 — — — 4 — — — 2

 Acroneuria 0 4 3 10 — 3 3 4 — 1 — — —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Neoperla 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenus 4 17 8 4 12 8 19 14 27 2 5 6 5

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Elmidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 3

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dubiraphia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 3

 Macronychus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Optioservus 4 25 10 26 25 21 27 38 24 35 29 42 8

 Oulimnius 4 1 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Promoresia 2 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Stenelmis 5 11 6 12 9 5 25 19 10 25 20 45 16

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nigronia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 2 — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 113

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Aires Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run above Qureg 

Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. 

7/31/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/14/02 8/13/03 7/29/04 8/5/05

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Hydroptila 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosoma 0 — — — 2 — — 3 1 — — 2 2

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Chimarra 4 13 16 26 34 22 7 7 — 4 2 6 23

 C. aterrima 4 — — — — — — — 8 — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dolophilodes 4 — 5 4 — — — — — — — — 1

 Wormaldia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lype 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Dipseudopsidae

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropodidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 4

 Cheumatopsyche 5 8 11 12 3 10 4 3 2 11 23 12 2

 Diplectrona 5 — 3 3 — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsyche 4 — 3 14 3 2 2 5 1 1 3 7 6

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — — — — — 1 — — — — 1 —

 Goeridae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —
114 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Aires Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run above Qureg 

Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. 

7/31/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/14/02 8/13/03 7/29/04 8/5/05

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Macropelopiini 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — — — — — — — 2 — — — 6

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 3 — — — 1 — — — 5 — 1 —

 Zavrelimyia 8 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — 4 4 — — 1 — — — — — —

 Pagastia 1 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — —

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 2

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 2

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 3

 Cricotopus 7 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heleniella 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 115

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Aires Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run above Qureg 

Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. 

7/31/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/14/02 8/13/03 7/29/04 8/5/05

 Krenosmittia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parachaetocladius 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracricotopus 4 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 1 1 1 1 — — — — 1 — — 4

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 — — — — — 2

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironominae 5 — — — 3 — — — — — — — 4

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — — — — — — — — — 1 1 —

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum 6 1 2 — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 — — 2 4 — — — 12 — 1 2 11

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — — — — — — — — — 3 — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 — 1 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — — — — — — — 2 —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Stenochironomus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Micropsectra 7 — — — 1 1 — — — — — — —

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 4 — — 6 3 — — 9 1 — — —

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 1 2 2 — 1 1 1 — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 — — — 2 — 5 2 1 1 — 2 2

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — — — — — — 3 1 — — — —

 Tanytarsus 6 — — — 5 1 1 1 5 — — 4 4

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
116 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Aires Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run above Qureg 

Run at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Bow Creek at Grantville, Pa. 

7/31/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/14/02 8/13/03 7/29/04 8/5/05

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 — 14 — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Tipulidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tipula 6 1 — — — — — — — 2 — 1 —

 Antocha 3 — — — 1 — 3 1 — — — — 1

 Dicranota 3 — — 3 — — — 1 — — — — —

 Hexatoma 2 2 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Empididae 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Chelifera 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hemerodromia 6 — — — 1 — 3 2 — — — — —

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 — 1 — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 25 25 26 30 20 28 29 28 22 16 28 38

Total number 138 104 152 142 105 138 136 129 119 121 184 145

Percent dominant taxa (single) 18 15 17 29 21 20 28 28 29 24 24 22

Total EPT Taxa 6 9 11 11 7 7 11 11 5 4 8 13

Total EPT 58 47 87 64 59 36 43 28 25 44 40 52

Percent EPT 42.03 45.19 57.24 45.07 56.19 26.09 31.62 21.71 21.01 36.36 21.74 35.86

HBI 4.1 4.11 3.91 4.22 4.34 4.35 4.1 4.33 4.96 5.08 4.87 4.79

Number Chironomidae taxa 8 6 6 10 7 8 5 8 4 3 6 11

Percent Chironomidae 10.14 10.58 7.24 17.61 8.57 8.70 5.88 24.81 6.72 4.13 6.52 28.28
Appendix 6 117

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Bear Hole Run at 

Suedberg, Pa. 

Evening Branch above 

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa.

8/27/02 8/26/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/15/02 8/20/03 8/3/04 8/15/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 — — 1 — — — — — — 2 2 —

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMATODA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 — — — — — 1 3 — — — — —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — — — — — 2 — 1 — — — —

 Naididae 8 — 3 — — — 2 9 — — 5 — 1

 Nais 8 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 — — — — — 1 — — 13 5 1 —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — — 3 — — — — — —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pisidiidae 6 — 1 2 — — 2 4 1 — 1 — —

 Pisidium 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Sphaerium 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — 4 —

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —
118 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Bear Hole Run at 

Suedberg, Pa. 

Evening Branch above 

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa.

8/27/02 8/26/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/15/02 8/20/03 8/3/04 8/15/05

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 — — — — — — 3 — — 1 — —

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — 3 5 4 1

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 2 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 — — — — — — 1 — — 1 1 —

 Orconectes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Entomobryidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — 6 8 20 — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 — 3 5 — — — — — — 2 1 —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 12 2 — 7 — — — — 3 — 10 3

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Caenidae

 Caenis 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 — — — 1 — — — — — — — 1

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —
Appendix 6 119

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Bear Hole Run at 

Suedberg, Pa. 

Evening Branch above 

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa.

8/27/02 8/26/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/15/02 8/20/03 8/3/04 8/15/05

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eurylophella 2 1 1 — 5 5 3 1 1 2 — — 1

 Serratella 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetidae 5 — — 1 5 — — — — — — — 8

 Acentrella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Acerpenna 5 2 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetis 6 — 7 6 — — — 2 2 6 6 2

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Plauditus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Heptageniidae 4 — — — 1 — — 2 — — — — —

 Epeorus 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucrocuta 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stenacron 7 — — — — — — — — 4 — — —

 Maccaffertium 3 8 4 12 9 14 4 22 5 4 3 12 10

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 — — — — 1 1 — 1 — 1 — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gomphidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lanthus 5 2 — 1 — — 1 — — — — — —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calopteryx 6 — — — — 1 — — 1 — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Argia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — 2 — — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctra 0 9 10 11 18 11 13 13 6 2 25 61 21

 Nemouridae 2 — — — 3 — — — — — — — —

 Amphinemura 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 2 1 — — 1 1 — — — 1 — —

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
120 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Bear Hole Run at 

Suedberg, Pa. 

Evening Branch above 

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa.

8/27/02 8/26/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/15/02 8/20/03 8/3/04 8/15/05

 Sweltsa 0 — — 3 — — — 2 — — — — —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 — 2 6 1 — — — — — 1 1 1

 Perlidae 3 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Acroneuria 0 2 9 4 — 2 2 6 — — 10 — —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Neoperla 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 3

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 — 6 — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Psephenus 4 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Elmidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 4

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dubiraphia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Optioservus 4 — — — 2 — — — — — 2 2 —

 Oulimnius 4 1 3 5 8 — 1 3 — — — 1 —

 Promoresia 2 — 2 7 — 1 — 2 2 1 — — 2

 Stenelmis 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — — — — — 2 1 — — — — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nigronia 4 1 2 1 — — 2 1 1 — — — —

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 — — — — — — — — 4 — — 1

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 4 6 9 7 — — 1 1 — 1 1 —
Appendix 6 121

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Bear Hole Run at 

Suedberg, Pa. 

Evening Branch above 

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa.

8/27/02 8/26/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/15/02 8/20/03 8/3/04 8/15/05

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptila 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosoma 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Chimarra 4 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 C. aterrima 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dolophilodes 4 1 9 6 4 — 1 10 — — 7 1 6

 Wormaldia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Lype 2 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dipseudopsidae

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropodidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — — — 8 — — — 3 — — — 17

 Cheumatopsyche 5 4 4 2 — — — — — — — — —

 Diplectrona 5 — 16 11 — 2 1 3 — — 19 17 —

 Hydropsyche 4 — 5 12 20 4 6 16 9 — — — —

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Goeridae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 1 — — — — — — — — 1 1 —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —
122 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Bear Hole Run at 

Suedberg, Pa. 

Evening Branch above 

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa.

8/27/02 8/26/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/15/02 8/20/03 8/3/04 8/15/05

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopiini 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — — — — — — — — 5 — — 1

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — — — — — 3 1 3 — — — 16

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 2 1 2 — 1 9 2 — 2 2 2 —

 Zavrelimyia 8 — — — — — — — — 1 — 1 1

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pagastia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 — — — — — — 1 1 — — — 3

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 4

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 5

 Cricotopus 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heleniella 3 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Krenosmittia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 123

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Bear Hole Run at 

Suedberg, Pa. 

Evening Branch above 

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa.

8/27/02 8/26/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/15/02 8/20/03 8/3/04 8/15/05

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — 1 — 1 1 — — — — —

 Parachaetocladius 2 1 — 2 — — — 1 1 — — — —

 Paracricotopus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 1 3 — — 1 1 — 1 — 2 1 19

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 — 1 2 1 — — 1 2 — 1 2 9

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironominae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — — 2 — — — — 1 — — 1 —

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 1 2 — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — — — — — 9 — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum 6 — — — — 1 — — — 7 — — —

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 — 6 6 7 — — — 5 — 6 3 150

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Stenochironomus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Micropsectra 7 — 6 — 8 1 — 4 13 12 4 — 51

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 — — — — 5 — — 37 2 — — 5

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 1 1 3 — 1 4 2 — — — 1 —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — — — — 4 — — — — — — —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 — 3 — — 19 2 3 14 6 — — —

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsus 6 — — 2 — 7 14 3 — 5 — — —

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 — 2 — — — 6 6 7 — 6 — —

 Tipulidae 4 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —
124 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Bear Hole Run at 

Suedberg, Pa. 

Evening Branch above 

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Forge Creek near Lickdale, Pa.

8/27/02 8/26/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/15/02 8/20/03 8/3/04 8/15/05

 Tipula 6 — 1 — — — 1 — — 1 — — 1

 Antocha 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dicranota 3 — — — — — 2 1 — — 1 — —

 Hexatoma 2 — — 1 2 — 1 — — — — — —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Empididae 6 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — 1

 Chelifera 6 — — — — — — 1 2 — — — —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — 1 1 — — 1 — 1

 Hemerodromia 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — 1

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 — — — — — — — — — 3 1 —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 22 32 28 27 23 36 37 34 24 31 26 34

Total number 60 124 127 126 91 106 155 131 92 127 139 353

Percent dominant taxa (single) 20 13 9 20 21 13 14 18 14 20 44 24

Total EPT Taxa 12 15 14 16 8 10 13 9 7 12 11 11

Total EPT 47 80 90 93 45 40 99 27 18 77 112 73

Percent EPT 78.33 64.52 69.29 73.81 49.45 37.74 63.87 20.61 19.57 60.63 80.58 20.68

HBI 2.22 2.77 2.6 3.18 3.53 4.19 3.49 4.85 6.21 2.89 1.79 4.43

Number Chironomidae taxa 5 9 7 5 9 7 11 11 10 5 7 11

Percent Chironomidae 10.00 19.35 14.96 14.29 43.96 32.08 12.90 61.07 54.35 11.81 7.91 74.79
Appendix 6 125

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Indiantown Run below 

Hatchery at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Unnamed Tributary at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMATODA 5 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — — — — — 4 — 1 1

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 1 — 17 — — — — — 2 — — —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — 13 1 — — 1 — — — — — —

 Naididae 8 4 5 4 — 3 2 6 — — — — 3

 Nais 8 — — — 21 — — — 22 — — — —

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — 10 — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 — — — — — — 4 — 1 4 — —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — — — — — — — — 2 — 1 —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pisidiidae 6 — — — — — — — 6 — — — 1

 Pisidium 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sphaerium 6 — — — — 3 4 22 — 120 22 13

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —
126 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Indiantown Run below 

Hatchery at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Unnamed Tributary at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 1 — — 1 — — 2 — 1 — — —

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — 2 — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 — 1 1 1 — — — — 1 1 — —

 Orconectes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Entomobryidae 10 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — 2 — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 — — — — — 2 — — — — — —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 — — — — — 2 — — 6 1 1 2

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 — — — — 1 — — — 1 — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Caenidae

 Caenis 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 127

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Indiantown Run below 

Hatchery at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Unnamed Tributary at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eurylophella 2 2 — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Serratella 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetidae 5 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Acentrella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Acerpenna 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 1

 Baetis 6 — 1 1 — — 1 3 — — — — 2

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Plauditus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 — — — — 6 — 10 — — — — —

 Heptageniidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Epeorus 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucrocuta 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stenacron 7 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Maccaffertium 3 — — — — 28 9 61 22 34 17 28 42

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — 5 — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gomphidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lanthus 5 — 1 — 1 — 3 — — — 1 — —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 2

 Calopteryx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Argia 6 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Leuctra 0 19 14 26 59 — 5 5 10 18 5 3 —

 Nemouridae 2 — 1 3 2 — — — — — — — —

 Amphinemura 3 — 3 — — — — — — — — —

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 9 3 10 — — — — 1 — — — —

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
128 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Indiantown Run below 

Hatchery at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Unnamed Tributary at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05

 Sweltsa 0 8 5 4 4 — — — — — — — —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 2 — — — — — — — 2 — — —

 Perlidae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Acroneuria 0 — 8 — — — 1 — — 2 1 1 —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neoperla 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Elmidae 5 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dubiraphia 6 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Optioservus 4 — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Oulimnius 4 — — — — 1 4 8 — 3 — 2 —

 Promoresia 2 1 — — 1 — — — — 2 2 3 5

 Stenelmis 5 — — — — 1 — 1 — 7 — 5 3

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nigronia 4 — — — — 2 1 7 3 5 3 1 4

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 4 5 25 — — — 1 4 1 2 — —
Appendix 6 129

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Indiantown Run below 

Hatchery at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Unnamed Tributary at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptila 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosoma 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — —

 Chimarra 4 — 1 — — — — — 2 — — — 8

 C. aterrima 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dolophilodes 4 1 1 8 1 — 1 1 — — — — —

 Wormaldia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Lype 2 — — — — — — — — — — 1 2

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dipseudopsidae

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Polycentropodidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Polycentropus 6 1 — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — — — 2 — — — 8 1 — — 16

 Cheumatopsyche 5 — — — — 1 1 7 9 43 — 2 3

 Diplectrona 5 10 3 6 — — — — — 3 1 — —

 Hydropsyche 4 2 — 1 — — 1 19 3 1 1 1 20

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — — — — — 3 — — — — —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goeridae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —
130 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Indiantown Run below 

Hatchery at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Unnamed Tributary at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — 2 —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopiini 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — 4

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 — 4 — — 2 5 2 — 7 1 6 —

 Zavrelimyia 8 — 1 — — — — — — 1 — 3 —

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pagastia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — 1 1 — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia 5 — 1 — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Cricotopus 7 — — — — — — — 5 — — — —

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — — — — 3 — 1 1 — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — 1 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heleniella 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Krenosmittia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 131

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Indiantown Run below 

Hatchery at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Unnamed Tributary at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parachaetocladius 2 — 1 4 2 — — — — 1 — 1 —

 Paracricotopus 4 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 3 — — 1 14 5 1 12 — 1 1 1

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 — 1 — — — 1 1 1 — 1 — 3

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Chironominae 5 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — — — — — — — — — — 13 —

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum 6 5 — — 1 5 2 — — — — — 1

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 — — — — 6 9 3 17 1 1 8 —

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — 4 —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stenochironomus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 — — — — — — — 11 — — — —

 Micropsectra 7 13 17 1 4 5 25 — 4 — 26 1 —

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 — — — — — — — — 27 — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 — — 1 — 17 — — 12 — — — 17

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 — — — — 2 5 13 — 3 3 10 —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — — — — — 1 3 — 5 3 5 —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — — — — — — 5 — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 7 15 5 13 13 5 — — — 2 1 —

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsus 6 2 — — — 8 3 — 3 — — 17 —

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 — 19 2 3 — 2 6 15 1 4 1 1

 Tipulidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 2
132 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Gold Mine Run near 

Tower City, Pa.

Indiantown Run below 

Hatchery at Fort Indiantown 

Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Unnamed Tributary at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/27/02 8/14/03 8/9/04 8/10/05 8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05

 Tipula 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Antocha 3 — — — — — — 2 1 — — — —

 Dicranota 3 — 3 1 3 1 — — 1 4 — — —

 Hexatoma 2 — — — — — — 1 — — 1 — —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Empididae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chelifera 6 — — 2 — 1 — 2 — — — — —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — — — 3 — — — —

 Hemerodromia 6 — — — — — — 1 6 — 1 1 —

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 22 27 24 28 24 29 32 38 37 29 37 29

Total number 98 128 130 134 126 104 204 209 317 110 145 150

Percent dominant taxa (single) 19 15 20 53 22 24 30 20 38 24 19 34

Total EPT Taxa 11 11 10 10 4 9 10 11 11 10 11 13

Total EPT 59 43 87 74 36 23 111 66 112 31 41 100

Percent EPT 60.20 33.59 66.92 54.48 28.57 22.12 54.41 31.58 35.33 28.18 28.28 66.67

HBI 2.61 4.26 2.05 3 4.63 4.99 4.06 4.88 4.81 4.87 4.88 4.17

Number Chironomidae taxa 7 9 5 7 12 11 9 16 8 9 14 6

Percent Chironomidae 32.65 32.81 9.23 17.16 61.11 59.62 14.71 35.41 14.51 35.45 49.66 18.00
Appendix 6 133

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Indiantown Run in Gap at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Memorial Lake near 

Indiantown, Pa.

Indiantown Run above Vesle 

Run at Indiantown, Pa.

7/30/02 8/2/03 8/3/04 8/9/05 7/31/02 8/7/03 7/29/04 8/3/05 7/31/02 8/1//03 7/29/04 8/3/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 — — 1 — — — — — — — 3 4

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — 1 1 9 — — — 1

NEMATODA 5 1 — — — 2 — 2 1 — — — —

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 — — — — — — — 1 — 1 1 —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Naididae 8 — 2 — — 2 — 2 — 20 3 — —

 Nais 8 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 1 2 — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — 2 4 — 1 — — — 2 — — —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — 4 1 — — — 1 — —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 — — — — 1 1 — — 2 — — —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — 3 — 4

 Pisidiidae 6 1 — — — 5 — — 2 2 — — 1

 Pisidium 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sphaerium 6 — 2 1 — — 3 7 — — — — —

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —
134 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Indiantown Run in Gap at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Memorial Lake near 

Indiantown, Pa.

Indiantown Run above Vesle 

Run at Indiantown, Pa.

7/30/02 8/2/03 8/3/04 8/9/05 7/31/02 8/7/03 7/29/04 8/3/05 7/31/02 8/1//03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 1 — 1 — 1 — 2 — — — — —

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — 3 — — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 — 3 — — — — — — — — — —

 Orconectes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Entomobryidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — 3 — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 — 11 — — — — — — — — — —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 — — 12 — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Caenidae

 Caenis 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 135

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Indiantown Run in Gap at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Memorial Lake near 

Indiantown, Pa.

Indiantown Run above Vesle 

Run at Indiantown, Pa.

7/30/02 8/2/03 8/3/04 8/9/05 7/31/02 8/7/03 7/29/04 8/3/05 7/31/02 8/1//03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Eurylophella 2 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Serratella 2 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Acentrella 4 — — — — 1 — 6 3 — — — —

 Acerpenna 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetis 6 8 7 5 8 6 2 1 2 1 8 17 15

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — 1 — — — — — — — 14

 Plauditus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 3 7 34 24 11 12 13 — — 6 — 1

 Heptageniidae 4 — — 1 7 — — — — — — — 10

 Epeorus 0 3 — — — 1 — — — — — 1 —

 Leucrocuta 1 — 1 — — 3 — — — — — — —

 Stenacron 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Maccaffertium 3 9 25 14 6 9 21 20 22 17 2 17 9

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gomphidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lanthus 5 2 1 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — — — — 2 — —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calopteryx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — — — — 1 — — 1 — — —

 Argia 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — 2 —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctra 0 5 1 4 — — — — — — — — —

 Nemouridae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Amphinemura 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
136 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Indiantown Run in Gap at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Memorial Lake near 

Indiantown, Pa.

Indiantown Run above Vesle 

Run at Indiantown, Pa.

7/30/02 8/2/03 8/3/04 8/9/05 7/31/02 8/7/03 7/29/04 8/3/05 7/31/02 8/1//03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Sweltsa 0 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 13 1 1 3 — — — — — — — —

 Perlidae 3 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Acroneuria 0 2 1 4 — 4 3 1 2 — 5 — —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neoperla 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Psephenus 4 — — 1 1 1 1 — 1 3 21 2 5

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Elmidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dubiraphia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus 5 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Optioservus 4 1 3 — 3 — — — 3 3 14 2 —

 Oulimnius 4 8 8 17 — — — 1 — — — 1 —

 Promoresia 2 — — 4 — — — — — — — — —

 Stenelmis 5 — — — — — — — — 3 33 1 2

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — — — — 2 1 — — — — — —

 Nigronia 4 1 1 2 2 3 — 1 4 — — 1 —

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 2 9 5 4 — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 137

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Indiantown Run in Gap at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Memorial Lake near 

Indiantown, Pa.

Indiantown Run above Vesle 

Run at Indiantown, Pa.

7/30/02 8/2/03 8/3/04 8/9/05 7/31/02 8/7/03 7/29/04 8/3/05 7/31/02 8/1//03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptila 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — 6 9

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosoma 0 2 — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chimarra 4 — — — — 4 14 12 — 1 1 1 —

 C. aterrima 4 — — — — — — — 10 — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Dolophilodes 4 27 8 23 11 — — — — — — — —

 Wormaldia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lype 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dipseudopsidae — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropodidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — — — 6 — — — 6 — — — 2

 Cheumatopsyche 5 6 6 7 5 30 16 20 16 37 1 16 —

 Diplectrona 5 — — 4 — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsyche 4 3 6 16 21 7 2 12 32 12 1 20 35

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — 7 — — — — — — — 31 —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Goeridae 3 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —
138 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Indiantown Run in Gap at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Memorial Lake near 

Indiantown, Pa.

Indiantown Run above Vesle 

Run at Indiantown, Pa.

7/30/02 8/2/03 8/3/04 8/9/05 7/31/02 8/7/03 7/29/04 8/3/05 7/31/02 8/1//03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Macropelopiini 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — — — — — 1 — 1 — — — —

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 — 1 1 — — — — — 4 3 — —

 Zavrelimyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — — — — — — 5 — — — — —

 Pagastia 1 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — 1

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia 5 1 1 — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — 1 — — 1 — — — — —

 Cricotopus 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heleniella 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Krenosmittia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 139

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Indiantown Run in Gap at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Memorial Lake near 

Indiantown, Pa.

Indiantown Run above Vesle 

Run at Indiantown, Pa.

7/30/02 8/2/03 8/3/04 8/9/05 7/31/02 8/7/03 7/29/04 8/3/05 7/31/02 8/1//03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parachaetocladius 2 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Paracricotopus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 1 1 1 — — — — — 2 — — 1

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 — 3 3 3 — 1 — — — — — —

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironominae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum 6 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 1 6 14 2 1 15 7 8 3 1 — 1

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 — — — — — — — — 2 — — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — — 2 — — — — — —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stenochironomus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Micropsectra 7 — 3 — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 2 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 — — — — 2 — 1 7 6 — — 5

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 1 3 — — — — 7 — — — 6 —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — 2 — — 2 — — — 3 — — —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 1 1 — — — — — — 2 — — —

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Tanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 3 2 2 2 — — 1 — — — 2 —

 Tipulidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —
140 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Indiantown Run in Gap at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Indiantown Run above 

Memorial Lake near 

Indiantown, Pa.

Indiantown Run above Vesle 

Run at Indiantown, Pa.

7/30/02 8/2/03 8/3/04 8/9/05 7/31/02 8/7/03 7/29/04 8/3/05 7/31/02 8/1//03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Tipula 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Antocha 3 — — — — 3 2 4 2 — — — —

 Dicranota 3 2 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hexatoma 2 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Empididae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chelifera 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hemerodromia 6 — — — 1 — — 2 — 4 3 1 1

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 29 34 34 28 26 22 26 25 28 20 21 22

Total number 112 133 196 123 108 103 132 140 141 109 136 121

Percent dominant taxa (single) 24 19 17 21 28 20 15 27 27 30 23 31

Total EPT Taxa 13 13 18 15 11 7 9 9 5 8 8 9

Total EPT 84 84 141 103 77 70 86 94 68 25 109 96

Percent EPT 75.00 63.16 71.94 81.30 71.30 67.96 65.15 67.86 48.23 22.94 80.15 79.34

HBI 2.31 3.92 2.77 3.64 4.12 3.89 4.2 4.31 5.4 4.35 4.99 4.46

Number Chironomidae taxa 6 10 6 7 4 5 6 6 10 3 1 4

Percent Chironomidae 6.25 16.54 10.71 8.13 5.56 19.42 16.67 15.00 17.73 4.59 4.41 6.61
Appendix 6 141

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Manada Creek along

 McLean Road near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek below 

Manada Gap at 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/15/03 7/28/04 8/15/05 8/1/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/6/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 — — 1 — — — 2 — — — 1 —

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMATODA 5 — — — — — — — — — 1 — 1

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 — 1 — — — — — — 13 15 19 —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 4

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Naididae 8 4 1 7 — — — 13 — — 3 8 —

 Nais 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — 3

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 — — — — — 2 — — 2 2 — —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — — — — — 1 5 — —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — 2 —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pisidiidae 6 — 1 1 — — 5 — — — — — —

 Pisidium 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sphaerium 6 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —
142 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Manada Creek along

 McLean Road near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek below 

Manada Gap at 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/15/03 7/28/04 8/15/05 8/1/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/6/05

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 2 — — — 1 — 1 — 2 1 — —

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — 1 — — — — — — — 1

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 — — — — — 1 1 — — — — —

 Orconectes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Entomobryidae 10 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Caenidae

 Caenis 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 2 2 6 7 — — — 1 — 1 — 1

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 143

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Manada Creek along

 McLean Road near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek below 

Manada Gap at 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/15/03 7/28/04 8/15/05 8/1/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/6/05

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — — — — 3 —

 Eurylophella 2 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Serratella 2 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Baetidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Acentrella 4 — — — 1 — — 1 7 — — 1 10

 Acerpenna 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetis 6 19 23 4 4 2 9 10 3 6 9 4 10

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Plauditus 4 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 2 6 13 20 15 3 7 18 4 3 7 9

 Heptageniidae 4 — — — 2 — — — — — — — 1

 Epeorus 0 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Leucrocuta 1 1 — — — — — — — 1 1 — —

 Stenacron 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Maccaffertium 3 4 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 — — — — — 2 2 — — — — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gomphidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lanthus 5 2 — 1 — 1 5 — — — 1 1 —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calopteryx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — — 1 — — — 2 — — — —

 Argia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctra 0 1 3 9 2 18 13 34 3 2 18 7 2

 Nemouridae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Amphinemura 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 — — — 1 — — — — — — — 1

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
144 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Manada Creek along

 McLean Road near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek below 

Manada Gap at 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/15/03 7/28/04 8/15/05 8/1/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/6/05

 Sweltsa 0 2 3 — — — — — — — 1 1 —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 1 1 2 — — — — — 1 — — —

 Perlidae 3 — — — 2 — — — 6 — — — 2

 Acroneuria 0 — 1 4 — 7 6 10 1 11 4 11 —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neoperla 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 — — — 1 — — — — 1 — — —

 Psephenus 4 1 1 1 3 — 1 — 1 4 2 1 1

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Elmidae 5 — — — 9 — — — 7 — — — 3

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dubiraphia 6 — — — — — 2 — — — — — —

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Optioservus 4 3 5 1 4 1 5 1 2 3 4 4 5

 Oulimnius 4 13 4 1 — 1 5 4 — 5 1 6 —

 Promoresia 2 4 — 1 — — 3 19 7 — 1 2 —

 Stenelmis 5 6 1 10 7 — — — 1 — — 2 —

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nigronia 4 — 1 2 — — — — — — 8 3 —

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 — 1 — 1 — 2 4 2 — 6 5 2
Appendix 6 145

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Manada Creek along

 McLean Road near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek below 

Manada Gap at 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/15/03 7/28/04 8/15/05 8/1/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/6/05

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptila 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 2

 Glossosoma 0 — 1 — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chimarra 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 C. aterrima 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dolophilodes 4 — 10 — 6 3 11 1 16 12 5 11 15

 Wormaldia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lype 2 — — 1 — — — — — — 3 — —

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dipseudopsidae

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropodidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — — — 18 — — — 11 — — — 3

 Cheumatopsyche 5 63 28 32 7 9 3 8 65 18 8 9 —

 Diplectrona 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Hydropsyche 4 9 17 12 19 3 1 24 11 4 — 31 30

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goeridae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 1 — 1 — — — — — — 1 — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — — 3 — — — — — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —
146 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Manada Creek along

 McLean Road near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek below 

Manada Gap at 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/15/03 7/28/04 8/15/05 8/1/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/6/05

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 1 — 1 1 — — — — 1 — — —

 Macropelopiini 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 5

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 4 — — — 12 7 — — 7 3 3 —

 Zavrelimyia 8 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pagastia 1 — — — — — — — — — 1 — 1

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 — 1 — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia 5 — — — — — 2 — — — — — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus 7 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — 1

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — — — — — — — — — 4

 Heleniella 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Krenosmittia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 147

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Manada Creek along

 McLean Road near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek below 

Manada Gap at 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/15/03 7/28/04 8/15/05 8/1/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/6/05

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parachaetocladius 2 — — — — — 1 1 — — — — —

 Paracricotopus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 2 — 1 1 4 7 3 — — 1 — —

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 2 3 — 1 — 5 — — — — 4 —

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironominae 5 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — 1 — — 2 1 — — — — — —

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — — 2 — — — — — —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum 6 4 1 — — 2 — — — 4 — — —

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 — 1 — 2 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 —

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 — — — — — — — — — 2 — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stenochironomus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 6 1 3 1 — 3 1 1 — — — —

 Micropsectra 7 3 — 2 — 2 — 4 — — — — —

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 15 — — — 1 — — 1 2 — — —

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 11 11 1 — 2 2 2 — — — 2 —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — — 2 — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 1 — 10 1 1 1 1 1 — — — —

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsus 6 2 2 1 4 2 3 — 10 2 3 — 1

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 3 2 — 1 — 1 — 1 — 2 — —

 Tipulidae 4 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —
148 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Manada Creek along

 McLean Road near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Manada Creek below 

Manada Gap at 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/15/03 7/28/04 8/15/05 8/1/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/6/05

 Tipula 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Antocha 3 — 2 1 — — — 2 — 1 — 1 2

 Dicranota 3 — — — — — 1 — — 1 — — —

 Hexatoma 2 — 2 3 — 1 — 3 1 — — — —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Empididae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chelifera 6 — 6 — — — — — — — — — —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Hemerodromia 6 — — 3 8 — 2 1 3 — — 3 —

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 33 36 33 35 25 36 30 30 27 35 31 30

Total number 196 148 139 144 94 125 164 190 112 122 159 124

Percent dominant taxa (single) 32 19 23 15 19 10 21 38 16 15 20 27

Total EPT Taxa 12 14 12 16 8 9 11 12 9 13 12 13

Total EPT 106 98 86 94 58 51 101 144 59 61 91 88

Percent EPT 54.08 66.22 61.87 65.28 61.70 40.80 61.59 76.32 52.68 50.00 57.23 70.97

HBI 4.96 4.13 3.93 3.64 3.25 3.12 3.1 4.13 3.82 3.31 3.48 4.27

Number Chironomidae taxa 12 9 8 8 11 14 7 7 7 8 4 6

Percent Chironomidae 26.53 14.86 14.39 8.33 31.91 31.20 7.93 10.00 16.96 11.48 8.18 10.48
Appendix 6 149

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Qureg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run below 

Qureg Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Stony Creek near 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/26/03 8/16/04 8/11/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 2 4 2 1 3 — 8 — — — — —

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMATODA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Naididae 8 — — 2 — — — 1 — — — — —

 Nais 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 1 3 — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 4 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pisidiidae 6 — — 1 1 — — — — — — — —

 Pisidium 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Sphaerium 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —
150 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Qureg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run below 

Qureg Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Stony Creek near 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/26/03 8/16/04 8/11/05

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 2 — — — 2 — — — 2 1 4 1

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orconectes 6 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Entomobryidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Caenidae

 Caenis 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 1
Appendix 6 151

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Qureg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run below 

Qureg Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Stony Creek near 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/26/03 8/16/04 8/11/05

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eurylophella 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Serratella 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetidae 5 — — — 11 — — — 1 — — — —

 Acentrella 4 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Acerpenna 5 — 23 12 5 — — — — 10 — 8 —

 Baetis 6 — 45 15 — 14 11 3 — — 9 1 —

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Plauditus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 — 1 1 1 5 — 2 2 — — 1 —

 Heptageniidae 4 — — — 1 — — — — — — — 1

 Epeorus 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucrocuta 1 2 3 4 6 9 3 4 3 — — — —

 Stenacron 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Maccaffertium 3 1 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Gomphidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lanthus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calopteryx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Argia 6 7 — 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — 2

 Leuctra 0 — — 1 — — — — — 4 4 24 —

 Nemouridae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Amphinemura 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
152 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Qureg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run below 

Qureg Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Stony Creek near 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/26/03 8/16/04 8/11/05

 Sweltsa 0 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 — — — — — — — — — 1 3 3

 Perlidae 3 — — — — — — — 1 — — 2 —

 Acroneuria 0 — — — — — 1 — — 1 2 2 —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neoperla 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenus 4 49 12 3 3 54 5 15 32 — — — —

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Elmidae 5 — — — — — — — 1 — — — 6

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dubiraphia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus 5 2 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Optioservus 4 2 9 18 15 23 7 45 15 — — — —

 Oulimnius 4 — — — — — — — — 2 — 3 —

 Promoresia 2 1 — — — — — — — 30 36 59 30

 Stenelmis 5 10 47 55 30 24 3 32 18 — — — —

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Nigronia 4 — — — — — — — 1 — 2 2 —

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — 3 — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —
Appendix 6 153

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Qureg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run below 

Qureg Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Stony Creek near 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/26/03 8/16/04 8/11/05

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptila 6 — — — — — — — 2 — 3 1 —

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — 3 — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Glossosoma 0 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chimarra 4 1 21 14 — 19 6 8 — — — — —

 C. aterrima 4 — — — 12 — — — 2 — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dolophilodes 4 — — — — — 6 1 — 1 6 1 —

 Wormaldia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lype 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dipseudopsidae

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropodidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — — — 2 — — — — — — — 19

 Cheumatopsyche 5 — 9 — 5 12 4 2 1 1 — — —

 Diplectrona 5 — — — — — 1 1 — 5 6 6 —

 Hydropsyche 4 — — — 5 2 1 1 3 — 1 12 2

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — — — — — — — 2 5 1 3

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Goeridae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —
154 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Qureg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run below 

Qureg Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Stony Creek near 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/26/03 8/16/04 8/11/05

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 — — — — — — — 1 1 — — —

 Macropelopiini 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — — — 2 — 1 — 2 — — — 2

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 1 8 1 1 — 1 5 — 1 2 1 —

 Zavrelimyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pagastia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — —

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia 5 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — —

 Cricotopus 7 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — 5 — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — 3 4 —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heleniella 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Krenosmittia 1 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 155

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Qureg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run below 

Qureg Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Stony Creek near 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/26/03 8/16/04 8/11/05

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parachaetocladius 2 — 2 1 — 1 — 4 1 — — — 1

 Paracricotopus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 — 4 — — — 3 — 2 5 6 4 3

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 — 1 — — 1 1 — — 5 25 1 1

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironominae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — — — — — — — — 2 — — —

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum 6 — — — — 5 1 — — — — — —

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 — 1 1 9 — 6 — 14 6 2 6 9

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — — — 1 — 1 — — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — 2 — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Stenochironomus 5 2 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Micropsectra 7 — 2 — — — 2 — — 9 6 14 27

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 1 — — 1 3 — — 6 3 — — 8

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 — 5 — — — 4 1 — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — 5 — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 — 2 — 7 — 3 — 1 1 1 1 2

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Tanytarsus 6 1 15 — 8 1 — — 1 3 — — —

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 — 2 — — — 29 1 — — 17 1 1

 Tipulidae 4 — — — 1 — — — — — — — 1
156 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Qureg Run at Fort 

Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Aires Run below 

Qureg Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Stony Creek near 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

8/13/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/25/03 8/4/04 8/4/05 8/15/02 8/26/03 8/16/04 8/11/05

 Tipula 6 — 2 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Antocha 3 — — — — — 2 1 1 — — — —

 Dicranota 3 — — 1 — — — — — — 1 1 —

 Hexatoma 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Empididae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chelifera 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Hemerodromia 6 — — 1 — 1 — 1 2 — — — —

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 19 32 20 27 17 28 20 33 22 23 33 30

Total number 91 240 136 133 179 107 137 129 96 141 171 133

Percent dominant taxa (single) 54 20 40 29 30 27 33 34 31 26 35 38

Total EPT Taxa 3 7 6 10 6 9 8 11 9 9 14 11

Total EPT 4 103 47 49 61 34 22 19 26 37 64 35

Percent EPT 4.40 42.92 34.56 36.84 34.08 31.78 16.06 14.73 27.08 26.24 37.43 26.32

HBI 4.52 5.12 4.65 4.45 4.31 4.44 4.28 4.38 3.42 3.32 2.78 4.28

Number Chironomidae taxa 4 14 3 9 5 11 4 14 10 8 11 10

Percent Chironomidae 5.49 22.50 2.21 23.31 6.15 22.43 8.03 27.91 37.50 32.62 20.47 41.35
Appendix 6 157

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

St. Joseph Springs 

Outflow at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Trout Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Trout Run near Inwood, Pa.

8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 8/26/02 8/7/03 8/3/04 8/15/05 8/26/02 8/26/03 8/3/04 8/10/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMATODA 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — — — 5 — — — — —

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — 4 — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 — — 3 — — — — — — — — —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Naididae 8 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Nais 8 — — — 4 — — — — — — — 3

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 — — 2 — — 3 1 — — — — —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — 1 — — — 1 — — — 1 2 —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pisidiidae 6 1 — — — 1 — — 1 2 — — —

 Pisidium 6 — — — — — — 8 — — — — —

 Sphaerium 6 — — — — — 3 — — — — 6 —

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —
158 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

St. Joseph Springs 

Outflow at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Trout Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Trout Run near Inwood, Pa.

8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 8/26/02 8/7/03 8/3/04 8/15/05 8/26/02 8/26/03 8/3/04 8/10/05

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 2 — 1 — — — 1 — 3 — — —

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — — — — —

 Orconectes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Entomobryidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — — — 1 — 1 1 — — — —

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 11 2 7 — — 4 — — — — 1 —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 — 1 1 — 5 — 9 4 2 — — 3

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — 10 — — — — — — —

 Caenidae

 Caenis 6 — — — — — — — — 2 — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 — — — — — — — 2 — — — 2

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 159

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

St. Joseph Springs 

Outflow at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Trout Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Trout Run near Inwood, Pa.

8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 8/26/02 8/7/03 8/3/04 8/15/05 8/26/02 8/26/03 8/3/04 8/10/05

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eurylophella 2 — 1 3 — — 6 2 — — — — —

 Serratella 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetidae 5 — — — 6 — — — 9 — — — —

 Acentrella 4 — — — 2 — — — — 1 1 3 1

 Acerpenna 5 — — — — — — 1 — — 1 — —

 Baetis 6 5 7 7 — — 2 8 — 5 3 15 7

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Plauditus 4 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 — — — — — — — — — — 1 2

 Heptageniidae 4 — — — — — — — 21 1 — — —

 Epeorus 0 — — — — — — — — — 1 — 1

 Leucrocuta 1 — — 2 — — — — — 1 — — —

 Stenacron 7 1 — 1 — 1 — 5 — — — — —

 Maccaffertium 3 11 4 9 — 10 23 26 17 21 4 7 23

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gomphidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lanthus 5 1 1 1 — 1 2 — — — — 1 —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calopteryx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Argia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — 1

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — 6 — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 4 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctra 0 6 16 6 15 7 16 38 34 — — 10 3

 Nemouridae 2 — 1 1 1 — 1 5 — — — — —

 Amphinemura 3 — 1 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 — — — — 5 4 3 — — — — —

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
160 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

St. Joseph Springs 

Outflow at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Trout Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Trout Run near Inwood, Pa.

8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 8/26/02 8/7/03 8/3/04 8/15/05 8/26/02 8/26/03 8/3/04 8/10/05

 Sweltsa 0 — 2 3 — — — — — — — — —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 1 2 — 3 — — — — — — — —

 Perlidae 3 — — — 5 — — — — — — — 5

 Acroneuria 0 2 6 3 2 1 5 2 — 1 4 4 —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neoperla 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 5 7 5 — — 1 — — — — — —

 Psephenus 4 2 1 3 — — — — — 7 2 3 1

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Elmidae 5 — — — 5 — — — — — — — 14

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Dubiraphia 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Macronychus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Optioservus 4 2 — — 2 — — — — 2 4 — 6

 Oulimnius 4 3 1 6 — — 1 — — 6 1 5 —

 Promoresia 2 — — — — — — — — 9 4 15 2

 Stenelmis 5 — — — — — — — — 2 1 2 2

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nigronia 4 — — 1 — — — — — 2 — 3 7

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 — — 1 — 3 1 2 1 — — 1 —

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 — — 1 — — 1 — — — — — 2
Appendix 6 161

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

St. Joseph Springs 

Outflow at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Trout Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Trout Run near Inwood, Pa.

8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 8/26/02 8/7/03 8/3/04 8/15/05 8/26/02 8/26/03 8/3/04 8/10/05

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptila 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosoma 0 — — — — — — — — — 1 1 —

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chimarra 4 — — — — — — — — 3 1 — —

 C. aterrima 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dolophilodes 4 9 9 1 29 — — 2 — 2 28 13 —

 Wormaldia 2 — 2 — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — 2 — — — — — —

 Lype 2 — — — — — — — — 2 — 1 1

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dipseudopsidae

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropodidae 6 — — — 3 — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropus 6 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — — — 25 — — — 8 — — — 5

 Cheumatopsyche 5 — — — — — — — — 4 5 12 2

 Diplectrona 5 5 14 28 — 1 4 5 5 1 1 2 —

 Hydropsyche 4 2 4 8 32 — — 1 3 2 5 41 17

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — — — — — — — 1 1 1 —

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goeridae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — 1 2 — — — — — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —
162 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

St. Joseph Springs 

Outflow at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Trout Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Trout Run near Inwood, Pa.

8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 8/26/02 8/7/03 8/3/04 8/15/05 8/26/02 8/26/03 8/3/04 8/10/05

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopiini 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — — — 1 — 2 — — — — 1 1

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 4 6 1 — 1 5 2 — 1 2 — —

 Zavrelimyia 8 — — — — 2 — — 2 — — — —

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — — — — — — — — — 5 — —

 Pagastia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 1 — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia 5 — — — — — 5 — — — — — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heleniella 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Krenosmittia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 163

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

St. Joseph Springs 

Outflow at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Trout Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Trout Run near Inwood, Pa.

8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 8/26/02 8/7/03 8/3/04 8/15/05 8/26/02 8/26/03 8/3/04 8/10/05

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — — — 2 — — — — — —

 Parachaetocladius 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracricotopus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 2 2 3 1 6 3 1 — — 1 — —

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 — — 1 — — 2 1 — — 5 — 2

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironominae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — — — — — — — — 2 — — 2

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — 4 — — — — — — —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum 6 1 — — — 8 1 — — 9 — 1 —

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 — — — 4 — — — — — 13 1 5

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Stenochironomus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Micropsectra 7 2 3 1 — 1 3 1 — 3 2 — 2

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 1 — — — 2 — — 3 — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 1 1 — — — — 2 — 6 5 4 —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — — — — — 3 1 — 2 — — —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 2 — 1 — 8 — 6 — 2 2 3 1

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — — — — — — — — 1 — — 1

 Tanytarsus 6 — 7 2 1 4 — 3 — — — — —

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — 4 — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 — — 1 — — 1 1 — 1 6 — —

 Tipulidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —
164 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

St. Joseph Springs 

Outflow at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Trout Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa. Trout Run near Inwood, Pa.

8/13/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 8/26/02 8/7/03 8/3/04 8/15/05 8/26/02 8/26/03 8/3/04 8/10/05

 Tipula 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Antocha 3 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Dicranota 3 — 3 — 3 — 3 — — 1 3 3 —

 Hexatoma 2 1 2 2 — — — — — — — 1 —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — 2 — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — 1 — — 8

 Empididae 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Chelifera 6 2 2 2 — — 1 — — — — — —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Hemerodromia 6 — — — 3 — — — — — 1 4 1

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 — — — — 2 1 — — — — — —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 29 30 37 21 34 36 30 21 36 32 32 35

Total number 91 111 122 148 103 118 145 124 113 116 169 137

Percent dominant taxa (single) 12 14 23 23 10 19 26 29 19 24 24 19

Total EPT Taxa 11 15 17 11 9 13 14 10 16 13 14 14

Total EPT 57 72 83 123 41 71 108 103 50 56 112 74

Percent EPT 62.64 64.86 68.03 83.11 39.81 60.17 74.48 84.68 44.25 48.28 66.27 54.01

HBI 3.54 2.71 2.98 3.87 4.29 3.46 2.78 2.85 4.03 3.06 3.48 3.97

Number Chironomidae taxa 8 7 7 4 16 10 8 2 8 8 5 7

Percent Chironomidae 15.38 18.92 8.20 4.73 44.66 22.88 11.72 4.03 23.01 30.17 5.92 10.22
Appendix 6 165

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Tributary along 

Horseshoe Trail to Manada 

Creek at Manada Gap, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek at Rt 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/9/05 8/14/02 8/6/03 8/6/04 8/16/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 — — 1 — — — — — — — 1 —

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

NEMATODA 5 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 1 — 1 — — — 1 — — 16 7 —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 6

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Naididae 8 — 5 2 — 4 1 4 — 2 4 120 3

 Nais 8 — — — 1 — — — — — — — 1

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — 3 — — — 4

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 1 — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — — 1 — — — — — 2 — — —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pisidiidae 6 — 2 — 1 — 9 — 3 1 1 — 1

 Pisidium 6 — — — — — — 12 — — — — —

 Sphaerium 6 — — 3 — — — — — — — — —

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —
166 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Tributary along 

Horseshoe Trail to Manada 

Creek at Manada Gap, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek at Rt 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/9/05 8/14/02 8/6/03 8/6/04 8/16/05

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 — — — 5 2 — 1 — 1 — 8 —

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orconectes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Entomobryidae 10 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 1 — 3 — — — 2 — — — — —

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Caenidae

 Caenis 6 6 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 — — 3 3 1 — — 4 — — 1 4

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 167

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Tributary along 

Horseshoe Trail to Manada 

Creek at Manada Gap, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek at Rt 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/9/05 8/14/02 8/6/03 8/6/04 8/16/05

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eurylophella 2 1 1 6 — — — 1 — — — — —

 Serratella 2 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetidae 5 — — — 3 1 — — — — — — —

 Acentrella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Acerpenna 5 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Baetis 6 8 6 3 — 12 2 — — 2 7 14 10

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Plauditus 4 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 1 — 3 — — — — 4 8 2 — 1

 Heptageniidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Epeorus 0 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Leucrocuta 1 1 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Stenacron 7 — — — — — — — — 1 — 1 —

 Maccaffertium 3 16 2 16 2 10 14 10 15 34 5 6 22

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Gomphidae 4 1 — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Lanthus 5 — — — — — — 2 — 1 — — —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calopteryx 6 11 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — 6 5 — — — — — — — 1

 Argia 6 1 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctra 0 7 6 16 — 17 14 17 1 6 — 2 —

 Nemouridae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Amphinemura 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —
168 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Tributary along 

Horseshoe Trail to Manada 

Creek at Manada Gap, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek at Rt 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/9/05 8/14/02 8/6/03 8/6/04 8/16/05

 Sweltsa 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 — — — 1 7 1 — — — — — —

 Perlidae 3 — — — — — — — 2 — — — 2

 Acroneuria 0 1 — 1 — 4 8 2 — 2 1 1 —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Neoperla 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — 2 — — — 1 — — 1 —

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 — — 1 — — — — — 1 — — —

 Psephenus 4 — — 1 — — — — — 1 — — —

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Elmidae 5 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — —

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 2

 Dubiraphia 6 — 2 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Optioservus 4 4 — — 2 — 1 — 2 4 3 1 1

 Oulimnius 4 — 1 5 — 5 3 6 — — 1 1 —

 Promoresia 2 1 22 79 36 — 1 5 — 9 8 29 12

 Stenelmis 5 — — — — — 1 1 1 — — 2 —

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nigronia 4 1 — 1 — — 4 1 1 5 7 10 9

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 — 1 — — — 1 — — — — — —

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 — — 1 — — 1 3 — — — 2 —
Appendix 6 169

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Tributary along 

Horseshoe Trail to Manada 

Creek at Manada Gap, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek at Rt 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/9/05 8/14/02 8/6/03 8/6/04 8/16/05

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptila 6 2 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Glossosoma 0 — — — — — — 2 — — 3 1 —

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chimarra 4 — — — — — — — — — 2 — —

 C. aterrima 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dolophilodes 4 — — — — 4 4 1 3 6 13 6 2

 Wormaldia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Lype 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dipseudopsidae

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropodidae 6 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — 1 — 7 — — — 10 — — — 10

 Cheumatopsyche 5 — 1 7 — 6 2 — 8 11 15 12 4

 Diplectrona 5 — — 3 — 4 10 18 — — — 4 —

 Hydropsyche 4 — — 1 — 2 — 15 2 2 2 23 15

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — 1 2 — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — 2 — — — — — — 1 4 —

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goeridae 3 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 — — 2 — — 2 2 — — — — —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —
170 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Tributary along 

Horseshoe Trail to Manada 

Creek at Manada Gap, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek at Rt 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/9/05 8/14/02 8/6/03 8/6/04 8/16/05

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 — — — 1 — — — — — — — 1

 Macropelopiini 6 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — 1 — — — 1 1 — 3 —

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 5 2 6 1 — 1 — 3 — 2 — —

 Zavrelimyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — — — — — — — — — 6 — 1

 Pagastia 1 — 1 — — — 1 — — — 3 — —

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — 1 — — 1 1 — — — —

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus 7 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — 1 2 — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — 1 — 31 — — — 1 — — 4 —

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — 2 — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Heleniella 3 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Krenosmittia 1 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 1 — — — 1 — — — — — — 1
Appendix 6 171

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Tributary along 

Horseshoe Trail to Manada 

Creek at Manada Gap, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek at Rt 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/9/05 8/14/02 8/6/03 8/6/04 8/16/05

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — — — — 2 5 — — 1 —

 Parachaetocladius 2 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Paracricotopus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 2 1 9 — — 1 1 2 — 1 2 —

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 — — 8 1 2 1 2 — 1 4 3 —

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironominae 5 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Polypedilum 6 — — — 1 4 — 1 1 — — — —

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 — 3 3 6 — 1 2 13 — 5 — —

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Stenochironomus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 1 — 1 5 — — — 1 — — — 1

 Micropsectra 7 5 3 — — 2 6 — — 1 — 3 17

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 9 — — 14 5 — — 5 2 — — —

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 5 3 2 — 3 8 1 — — 18 2 —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — — — — — — — — — 1 1 —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — 1 — — — — — — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 5 13 10 10 1 — — 5 — 2 — 1

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — 3 — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsus 6 — — 2 28 1 1 1 18 — 1 — 2

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 — 1 3 — — 1 — — — — 2 —

 Tipulidae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —
172 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

Tributary along 

Horseshoe Trail to Manada 

Creek at Manada Gap, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek at Rt 443 near 

Manada Gap, Pa.

8/12/02 8/5/03 7/28/04 8/9/05 8/1/02 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/9/05 8/14/02 8/6/03 8/6/04 8/16/05

 Tipula 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Antocha 3 1 — 1 1 1 — 1 — — 2 2 5

 Dicranota 3 1 — — — — 3 — — — — — —

 Hexatoma 2 — 1 — — — — 2 1 — — — —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Empididae 6 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Chelifera 6 — — — — 1 2 1 — — 3 2 —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Hemerodromia 6 — — — 1 — — — 1 — — — 1

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 1 1 1 — — — — — — — — —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 31 33 46 38 26 35 37 43 26 31 34 33

Total number 103 93 226 184 102 111 127 134 107 141 282 145

Percent dominant taxa (single) 15 24 35 45 17 13 14 20 32 13 43 18

Total EPT Taxa 12 9 17 11 12 11 12 15 9 10 14 11

Total EPT 46 20 71 23 69 59 74 55 72 51 78 72

Percent EPT 44.66 21.51 31.42 11.96 67.65 53.15 58.27 41.04 67.29 36.17 27.66 49.66

HBI 4.55 3.82 3.15 4.39 3.27 2.64 2.8 4.44 3.22 3.89 5.4 4.44

Number Chironomidae taxa 8 14 14 16 8 9 10 15 4 10 8 9

Percent Chironomidae 32.04 38.71 21.24 57.61 18.63 18.92 10.24 44.03 4.67 30.50 6.74 17.93
Appendix 6 173

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Sand Beach, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Indiantown Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa.

8/1/402 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/15/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/31/02 8/11/03 7/29/04 8/3/05

PLATYHELMINTHES

 TURBELLARIA

 TRICLADIDA

 Planariidae 1 1 — 8 — — — — — — 1 — —

NEMERTEA

 ENOPLA

 HOPLONEMERTEA

 Tetrastemmatidae

 Prostoma 8 — — — — — — — — — 4 1 3

NEMATODA 5 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

ANNELIDA

 BRANCHIOBDELLAE 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 OLIGOCHAETA

 LUBRICULIDA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lumbriculidae 5 — — 2 — — — — — — — — —

 Eclipidrilus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Lumbriculus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 TUBIFICIDA

 Enchytraeidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Naididae 8 1 — — — — — 58 — — — 5 —

 Nais 8 — — — — — — — 7 — — — —

 N. behningi 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pristina 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tubificidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Tubificidae w/ capilliform setae 10 — — — — — 53 — — 1 — 1 —

 Tubificidae w/o capilliform setae 10 — — — — — — 1 — — — 1 —

 LUMBRICINA 6 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

MOLLUSCA

 GASTROPODA

 MESOGASTROPODA

 Viviparidae

 Campeloma decisum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BASOMMATOPHORA

 Ancylidae

 Ferrissia 6 — — — — — — — — 2 — — —

 Physidae

 Physa 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Planorbella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 BIVALVIA

 VENEROIDA

 Corbiculidae

 Corbicula fluminea 6 — — — — — — — — — 7 — —

 Pisidiidae 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Pisidium 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sphaerium 6 — — — — — 5 4 — — 1 2 —

CHELICERATA

 ORIBATEI 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —
174 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Sand Beach, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Indiantown Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa.

8/1/402 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/15/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/31/02 8/11/03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 HYDRACHNIDIA 8 1 — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Hygrobatidae

 Atractides 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hygrobates 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Sperchonidae

 Sperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticolidae

 Testudacarus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Torrenticola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydryphantidae

 Protzia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lebertiidae

 Lebertia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhynchohydracaridae

 Clathrosperchon 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

ARTHROPODA

 CRUSTACEA

 MALACOSTRACA

 ISOPODA

 Asellidae

 Caecidotea 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lirceus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 AMPHIPODA

 Crangonyctidae

 Crangonyx 6 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Gammaridae

 Gammarus 6 5 2 3 2 — — — — — — — —

 DECAPODA

 Cambaridae 6 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cambarus 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Orconectes 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 INSECTA

 COLLEMBOLA 10 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Entomobryidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isotomurus 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 EPHEMEROPTERA

 Leptophlebiidae 4 — — — — 1 — — 1 — — — —

 Habrophlebia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Habrophlebiodes 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paraleptophlebia 1 — — — — — 1 5 — — — — —

 Ephemeridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemera 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Litobrancha recurvata 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Caenidae

 Caenis 6 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 Ephemerellidae 1 — — — — — — — 3 — — — —

 Attenella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 175

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Sand Beach, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Indiantown Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa.

8/1/402 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/15/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/31/02 8/11/03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Drunella 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ephemerella 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eurylophella 2 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Serratella 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Baetidae 5 — — — 6 — — — 1 — — — —

 Acentrella 4 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Acerpenna 5 — — — — — — 3 — — — — —

 Baetis 6 8 13 16 — — 28 — — 10 1 8 8

 Baetis flavistriga 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Plauditus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isonychia 2 — — 1 — 1 — 1 1 8 1 5 4

 Heptageniidae 4 — — — 6 — — — — — — — 6

 Epeorus 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucrocuta 1 — 4 1 4 — — — — 25 — — 5

 Stenacron 7 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Maccaffertium 3 1 2 — — 28 62 46 81 2 1 39 7

 Maccaffertium modestum 1 — — — — — — — 7 — — — —

 ODONATA 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ANISOPTERA

 Aeschnidae

 Boyeria 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cordulegastridae

 Cordulegaster 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Gomphidae 4 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Lanthus 5 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Stylogomphus 1 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Libellulidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 ZYGOPTERA

 Calopterygidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calopteryx 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hetaerina 6 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Coenagrionidae 8 — — — — 3 — — — — — — —

 Argia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 HEMIPTERA 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Veliidae

 Microvelia 6 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Rhagovelia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 PLECOPTERA 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Capniidae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracapnia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leuctridae 0 — — — — — — — 4 — — — —

 Leuctra 0 — — — — 11 10 21 60 — — — —

 Nemouridae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Amphinemura 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Taeniopterygidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chloroperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Alloperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —
176 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Sand Beach, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Indiantown Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa.

8/1/402 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/15/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/31/02 8/11/03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Sweltsa 0 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Peltoperlidae 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tallaperla 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlidae 3 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Acroneuria 0 — 1 — — — 3 2 — 3 — 6 —

 A. carolinensis 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Agnetina 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eccoptura xanthenes 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neoperla 3 — — 1 5 — — — — — — — —

 Perlesta 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Perlodidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Isoperla 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pteronarcyidae

 Pteronarcys 0 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 COLEOPTERA

 ADEPHAGA

 Gyrinidae

 Dineutus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 POLYPHAGA

 Hydrophilidae

 Enochrus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydrobius 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenidae

 Ectopria 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psephenus 4 6 1 4 1 — — — — 29 1 14 51

 Lampyridae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Elmidae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ancyronxy variegata 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dubiraphia 6 — — — — — — — 8 — — — —

 Macronychus glabratus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macronychus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microcylloepus 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Optioservus 4 9 22 24 16 1 5 — 5 17 3 22 20

 Oulimnius 4 — — — — 6 20 10 — — — — —

 Promoresia 2 — — — — 1 1 — — — — — —

 Stenelmis 5 14 27 44 31 — 5 4 2 24 2 25 9

 Ptilodactylidae

 Anchytarsus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Curculionidae 5 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 MEGALOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Corydalidae

 Corydalus 4 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Nigronia 4 — — — — 1 5 — 9 — — — —

 Sialidae

 Sialis 4 — — — — — — — — 1 — — —

 TRICHOPTERA 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rhyacophilidae

 Rhyacophila 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —
Appendix 6 177

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Sand Beach, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Indiantown Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa.

8/1/402 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/15/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/31/02 8/11/03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Hydroptilidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydroptila 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leucotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Ochrotrichia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosomatidae 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glossosoma 0 — — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Philopotamidae 4 — — — — — — — 2 — — — —

 Chimarra 4 22 11 4 4 — 7 — — 10 2 2 —

 C. aterrima 4 — — — 11 — — — 7 — — — —

 C. obscura 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dolophilodes 4 — — — — — — — 9 — — — —

 Wormaldia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Psychomyiidae 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lype 2 — — — — — — — — — — 2 —

 Psychomyia 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dipseudopsidae

 Phylocentropus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropodidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cyrnellus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Neureclipsis 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polycentropus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsychidae 5 — — — 11 — — — 24 — — — —

 Cheumatopsyche 5 3 10 12 5 28 4 1 4 7 84 6 —

 Diplectrona 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hydropsyche 4 — 1 14 5 6 45 9 15 6 5 18 4

 Hydropsyche morosa gr. 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phryganeidae

 Oligostomis 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brachycentridae

 Micrasema 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Lepidostomatidae

 Lepidostoma 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnephilidae

 Hydatophylax 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pycnopsyche 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Uenoidae

 Neophylax 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goeridae 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Goera 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Leptoceridae 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Oecetis 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molannidae

 Molanna 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Calamoceratidae

 Heteroplectron 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Odontoceridae

 Psilotreta 0 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 LEPIDOPTERA 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —
178 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Sand Beach, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Indiantown Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa.

8/1/402 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/15/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/31/02 8/11/03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Tortricidae

 Archips 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 DIPTERA (red non-midges, purple midges) 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Ceratopogonidae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Atrichopogon 6 — — — — — — 1 1 — — — —

 Probezzia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Bezzia/Palpomyia 6 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

 Chironomidae

 Tanypodinae 7 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopiini 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brundiniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Macropelopia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Natarsiini

 Natarsia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pentaneurini

 Ablabesmyia 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Conchapelopia 6 — 2 — — — — — 8 — — — —

 Nilotanypus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paramerina 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheopelopia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemannimyia gr. 6 — 1 2 3 5 32 6 — 1 — 2 —

 Zavrelimyia 8 — — — — — 2 — — 1 — — —

 Diamesini

 Diamesa 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pagastia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Potthastia longimana 2 — — — — — — 2 — — — — —

 Orthocladiinae 5 — — — 1 — — — 2 — — — —

 Corynoneurini

 Corynoneura 4 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Thienemanniella 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Orthocladiini 5 — — — — — — — — — 1 — —

 Brillia 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Brillia flaviforms 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus 7 — — — — — — — 4 — — — —

 Cricotopus/Orthocladius 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cricotopus bicinctus 7 — — — — — — 11 — — — — —

 Cricotopus vierriensis 7 — — — — — — 9 — — — — —

 Diplocladius 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella brehmi gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella claripennis 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella devonica gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Eukiefferiella pseudomontana gr. 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heleniella 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Heterotrissocladius marcidus gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Krenosmittia 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limnophyes 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Nanocladius 7 — — — — — — — 1 — — — —
Appendix 6 179

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Sand Beach, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Indiantown Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa.

8/1/402 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/15/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/31/02 8/11/03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Orthocladius lignicola 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parachaetocladius 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paracricotopus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Parametriocnemus 5 4 — 1 — — 5 — 4 — — 6 —

 Rheocricotopus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Rheocricotopus robacki 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tvetenia bavarica gr. 4 3 2 2 — — — — 1 — — — —

 Xylotopus par 2 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironominae 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chironomini

 Chironomus 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cryptochironomus 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Glyptotendipes 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Microtendipes pedellus gr. 6 — — — — — 3 — — — — — —

 Microtendipes rydalensis gr. 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paralauterborniella 8 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Paratendipes albimanus 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Phaenopsectra 7 — — — 1 — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum 6 13 — — — 2 — — — 1 — — —

 Polypedilum aviceps 4 3 1 3 5 1 3 — 10 — — 1 1

 Polypedilum fallax 6 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum flavum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum illinoense 7 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum laetum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum scalaenum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Polypedilum tritum 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stenochironomus 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Stictochironomus 9 1 — — — — — — — — — — 1

 Tribelos 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsini 5 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Cladotanytarsus 5 — — — — — — — 6 — — — —

 Micropsectra 7 — — — — 2 39 3 1 — — — 1

 Micropsectra sp. A 7 — — — — 21 — — — — — — —

 Paratanytarsus 6 — — — — — — — — — — 1 —

 Rheotanytarsus 6 4 — — — — — 2 3 — — 1 5

 Rheotanytarsus exiguus gr. 6 — 3 1 — 2 7 — — 1 1 — —

 Rheotanytarsus pellucidus 4 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Stempellina 2 — — — — 1 — — — — — — —

 Stempellina sp. C 4 — — — — — — 1 — — — — —

 Stempellinella 4 1 1 1 — 2 — — 2 1 — — —

 Sublettea coffmani 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tanytarsus 6 — — — 7 — — 2 2 — — — 2

 Zavrelia 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Dixidae

 Dixa 1 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Simuliidae

 Simulium 5 1 — 2 — 1 17 — — — 1 1 —

 Tipulidae 4 — — — 2 — — — — — — — —
180 Surface-Water Quality and Quantity, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater Flow Simulation

Taxonomy Tolerance 

score

Unnamed Tributary to 

Manada Creek near 

Sand Beach, Pa.

Unnamed Tributary to 

Indiantown Run at 

Fort Indiantown Gap, Pa.

Vesle Run at Indiantown, Pa.

8/1/402 8/13/03 8/6/04 8/15/05 7/30/02 8/6/03 8/2/04 8/8/05 7/31/02 8/11/03 7/29/04 8/3/05

 Tipula 6 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Antocha 3 — — — — — 1 2 3 — 3 1 4

 Dicranota 3 — — — 1 — 1 — 1 — — — —

 Hexatoma 2 — — 1 — — — 1 — — — — —

 Limnophila 3 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Limonia 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Molophilus 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Pilaria 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Athericidae

 Atherix 4 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Empididae 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Chelifera 6 — — — — — 1 1 1 — — — —

 Clinocera 6 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Hemerodromia 6 — — — — — 3 7 7 — 4 — 1

 Stratiomyidae 7 — — — — — — — — — — — —

 Tabanidae

 Chrysops 5 — — — — — 1 — — — — — —

 Ephydridae 6 — — — — — — — 3 — — — —

 Psychodidae 10 — — — — — — — — — — — —

Total taxa 24 17 21 23 24 31 28 41 22 20 27 22

Total number 106 104 147 132 128 372 215 314 153 125 174 137

Percent dominant taxa (single) 21 26 30 28 22 14 27 30 19 67 22 40

Total EPT Taxa 4 7 7 9 8 8 10 16 9 6 8 8

Total EPT 34 42 49 57 77 160 90 221 72 94 86 36

Percent EPT 32.08 40.38 33.33 43.18 59.38 43.01 41.86 70.06 47.06 75.20 49.43 26.28

HBI 4.95 4.56 4.76 4.74 4.31 5.34 4.9 3.35 3.81 5.04 4.14 4.28

Number Chironomidae taxa 9 6 6 7 8 8 8 12 5 2 5 5

Percent Chironomidae 29.25 9.62 6.80 15.15 28.13 24.73 16.74 14.01 3.27 1.60 6.32 7.30
Prepared by the West Trenton Publishing Service 

Center.

For more information concerning this report, contact:

Director

U.S. Geological Survey

Pennsylvania Water Science Center

215 Limekiln Road

New Cumberland, PA 07070

dc_pa@usgs.gov

or visit our Web site at:

http://pa.water.usgs.gov
Langland and others—Surface-Water Quantity and Quality, Aquatic Biology, Stream Geomorphology, and Groundwater-Flow Simulation—SIR 2010–5155