ALAN BR1ND Bre din-Archb oldSmithsonian Biological

Survey of Dominica:

The Dermaptera

Earwigs) of Dominica

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 63

Alan Brindie Bredin-ArchboldSmithsonian Biological

Survey of Dominica:

The Dermaptera

(Earwigs) of Dominica

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON
ABSTRACT

Brindle, Alan. Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica:

The Dermaptera (Earwigs) of Dominica. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology,

63, 25 pages, 1971.—An account of the known Dermaptera of Dominica is presented, largely based on material collected during the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica. This material is now in the United States

National Museum. Of the nine species of the order in the material examined, six

are new records for the island, and one of these is described as new. One additional

new record for Dominica, based on a specimen in the Manchester Museum, is

included, and all known previous records of Dermaptera from the island are

given, making a total of thirteen species now known from Dominica.

The composition of the Dermaptera fauna of Dominica, and the relation of

the various species to other species found in the West Indies, or species found on

the mainland of South, Central, or North America, is discussed.

A short account of the structure of the male genitalia and the taxonomy of the

Dermaptera is included, together with the biology and distribution of the order.

Keys to all families or subfamilies of the New World Dermaptera are given,

together with keys to, and figures of, all genera and species recorded from

Dominica. The figures either show the entire insect, or show the male or female

forceps, the structure of the male forceps being one of the most important characters in taxonomy.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1971

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 . Price 40 cents (paper cover)
Alan Brindle Bredin-ArchboldSmithsonian Biological

Survey of Dominica

The Dermaptera

(Earwigs) of Dominica

The Dermaptera form a relatively small, but welldefined order, closely allied to the Orthoptera.

Usually three suborders have been recognized—

Hemimerina or Diploglossata; Arixenina; and the

Forficulina, although Popham (1961) has presented

a case for ordinal status for the Hemimerina. The

suborder Hemimerina includes a single genus Hemimerus Walker, which is associated with rats of

the genus Cricetomys in Africa, and is much different

from the Forficulina in structure. The suborder

Arixenina includes the single genus Arixenia Jordan,

which is associated with bats in Indonesia and

Sarawak, and this genus is considerably different

from the Forficulina. It is the Forficulina which

represents the Dermaptera as generally understood.

The Dermaptera are distinctive by the possession

of forceps on the end of the abdomen; these forceps

are usually sexually dimorphic, those of the males

being much more distinctive than those of the females. In the immature stages the forceps are simple,

and resemble those of the females, except in certain

primitive families in which the forceps of the immature stages are represented by segmented cerci. In

the adults, elytra and wings are often present; the

elytra extend down to about the second abdominal

tergite when fully developed, while the wings, when

fully developed, are folded beneath the elytra and

only the tips project beyond. The description of the

wings of earwigs always refers to this exposed portion

only. When expanded the wings form a quadrant

and are supported by radiating veins.

Alan Brindle, Manchester Museum, The University, Manchester 13, England.

Little is yet known of the biology and ecology of

the Dermaptera, and such studies as have been

made concern the more well distributed and common species. The eggs are laid in moist, dark, and

sheltered situations and parental care on the part

of the female is a notable feature. In temperate climates the adult stage may be reached after a few

months but this period is probably reduced in the

tropics.

Adult earwigs are mainly nocturnal, hiding by

day under stones, beneath bark, or in other dark

places, emerging at night to feed. At night some

species are strongly attracted to light. Although

Dermaptera are generally omnivorous, little is certain about the food of most species.

Dermaptera are characteristically tropical or subtropical in distribution, and the order reaches its

maximum richness in the equatorial forests of the

world; the main requirements of the species in general appear to be warmth and humidity, and the

percentage of species which are found in arid climates is small. Isolated oceanic islands tend to have

a very poor fauna of Dermaptera, but continental

islands may support a relatively rich fauna, providing that the islands are tropical or subtropical,

and are well forested. The Dermaptera fauna of

islands tends to fall into three groups— (1) endemic

species, (2) species common to neighboring countries, and (3) cosmopolitan species. The endemic

spedes may represent relict forms, or they may have

developed from a single or successive invasions

from neighboring countries; the second group tends

to be more dominant on continental than on oceanic

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

islands; while the cosmopolitan species may be

equally dominant on both oceanic and on continental islands, and tend to supplant the endemic

species.

The distribution of Dermaptera largely is controlled by climatic conditions, but the present distribution of some species appears to be the result of

accidental introductions into various countries. The

distribution of earwigs is not necessarily related to

their ability to fly, and the most widely distributed

earwig is Euborellia annulipes (Lucas), which has

neither wings nor elytra, and was originally described

from a specimen introduced into the Jardin des

Plantes in Paris. Although many species have fully

developed, and apparently functional, wings, flight

in earwigs is rarely recorded, possibly partly because

of their nocturnal habits. The worldwide distribution of the cosmopolitan species seems to be due to

their habit of hiding in crevices during the day,

especially in timber or other material which is

transported from country to country by commerce.

The importation of plants in particular tends to

introduce specimens which are hiding in the basal

leaves or other parts of the plants. Although

stringent precautions are now taken in many countries, such precautions are relatively of modern

origin, and it is probably this accidental introduction by commerce which is at least partly responsible

for the wide distribution of the cosmopolitan

spedes. These species have a relatively wide

tolerance of environmental conditions, and introductions may lead to the establishment of the

species. Many other species are also similarly introduced into various countries, but since these species

are less tolerant of changes in environment, they

only survive if the old and the new environments

are similar.

Distribution

The distribution of the West Indies Dermaptera is

not adequately known, and the present recorded

distribution may be misleading on account of the

scarcity of records. Comparatively few species of the

order are known from the West Indies, and a much

richer fauna could be expected since the islands

have a tropical or subtropical climate, and the larger

islands at least offer suitable habitats. The main

paper on the Dermaptera of the West Indies is that

of Rehn and Hebard (1917) in which the distribution of the various species is well summarized. No

previous paper on the Dermaptera of Dominica has

been published, and only six previously recorded

species have been traced by the present author. In

the present paper a total of thirteen species are recorded from Dominica, of which seven are new to

the island. One species is described as new. The

present total of species is mainly based on the material collected in the present survey, but additional

records from the literature have been added, so that

the present paper attempts to present a complete

account of the Dermaptera of Dominica, as far as

yet recorded.

The Dermaptera of Dominica include the following three groups—(1) the endemic group, (2)

the American group, and (3) the cosmopolitan

group.

(1) THE ENDEMIC GROUP.—The endemic group

may be divided into two sections—(a) the species

endemic to the West Indies, and (b) the species

endemic to Dominica.

(a) This section consists of three species—Euborellia caraibea Hebard; Marava unidentata

(Beauvois); and Doru albipes (Fabricius). The firstnamed species is very closely related to Euborellia

ambigua (Borelli) and Euborellia janeirensis

(Dohrn), these three species forming a relatively

well-defined section of the genus in which the elytra

are short and the wings are not visible. E. janeirensis

has a distribution extending from Brazil northward

to Guyana, but is replaced further north, in Costa

Rica, by E. ambigua, which extends northward to

Florida. E. ambigua may have a localized habitat,

since it seems to be restricted to mangrove swamps

in coastal localities, but E. janeirensis apparently is

widely distributed in the countries in which it

occurs.

Marava unidentata is very closely similar to

Marava pulchella (Serville), and these names were

regarded as synonymous by Burr (191 lb). Rehn and

Hebard (1917), however, regard these species as

distinct, and this seems to be justified, but the main

difference between the species is the distribution.

Although M. unidentata is restricted to the West

Indies, M. pulchella is confined almost completely

to North America, and is the mainland species, except for a record by Rehn (1925) from Cuba: these

specimens may have resulted from an accidental introduction from the United States. Both of these

species have two forms, one form in which the elytra
NUMBER 63

and wings are normally developed, and one form in

which the elytra are short and the wings absent or

concealed. Although the males of these species can

be separated by the form of the pygidia, the females

appear to be identical externally, and isolated

females are only determined from the locality.

Doru albipes is a larger and strikingly colored

earwig which has a wide range in the West Indies,

but is very distinct from the other known members

of the genus which occur from South to North

America, and it does not appear to be closely related

to any one species in particular. D. albipes, therefore, shows no clear affinity to either South or North

America.

(b) There are two species in the second section—

Marava dominicae (Rehn and Hebard), and the

species described as new in the present paper, Parasparatta dominicana. Both these species are closely

related to other Neotropical species. Rehn and Hebard (1917) consider M. dominicae to be allied to

Marava modesta (Bruner) from Trinidad, but M.

dominicae is equally closely related to Marava

jamaicana (Rehn and Hebard), Marava silvestrii

(Borelli), and other species of this genus. Parasparatta dominicana possibly is most closely related

to Parasparatta quinquepunctata from Brazil: the

general shape of the male pygidium is similar in

both species.

(2) THE AMERICAN GROUP.—The American group

consists of four species—Carcinophora percheron

(Guerin-Meneville and Percheron); Labia dorsalis

(Burmeister); Spongovostox ghilianii (Dohrn) ; and

Parasparatta nigrina (Stal), all of which occur in

South and Central America, but not in North

America. Labia dorsalis has the most northerly distribution, extending as far north as Cuba in the

West Indies, and as far north as Mexico on the

mainland.

(3) THE COSMOPOLITAN GROUP.—The cosmopolitan species consist of Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli);

Euborellia stdli (Dohrn); and Labia curvicauda

(Motschulsky) , of which only the last species has

fully developed elytra and wings. The first-named

species has a wide distribution in almost all faunal

Regions, and is typically maritime, occurring along

seacoasts in the Palaearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental

Regions, as well as in the Neotropical and Nearctic

Regions. Both E. stdli and L. curvicauda are almost

circumtropical, and occur in the Ethiopian,

Oriental, and Neotropical Regions.

Although Anisolabis maritima also is recorded

from inland localities, all published records may not

be correct, since the various species of Anisolabis

sometimes differ very slightly and the main distinctions lie in the male genitalia; records of isolated

females, therefore, should be regarded with some

reserve. Both Euborellia stdli and Labia curvicauda

are reasonably distinct on external characters, and

records of these species usually are correct.

The position of Labidura xanthopus (Stal) is

doubtful. It is very closely similar to the cosmopolitan species, Labidura riparia (Pallas), and indeed

may only be a form of this species. L. riparia is quite

variable and numerous synonyms, largely based on

color or on minor structural differences, are known.

Brindle (1966) regarded xanthopus as distinct from

riparia because of the different shape of the parameres of the male genitalia in the specimens examined, but later studies have indicated that these

differences may not be constant. L. xanthopus is

Neotropical in distribution, and occurs along with

L. riparia in the Neotropical Region.

The Dermaptera fauna of Dominica, as far as yet

recorded, therefore, shows most affinity to that of the

Neotropical Region, particularly that of the northern part of South America, and the southern part of

Central America, and almost no affinity to that of

the Nearctic Region. The preference of Dermaptera

for tropical and subtropical climates, however, results in the Neotropical Region having by far the

greatest number of species of the New World, and

the Dermaptera fauna of the Nearctic Region is

poor.

As regards the fauna of the West Indies as a whole,

there are few endemic species which are not closely

related to some mainland species. Formicilabia

caribea Rehn and Hebard, from the Dominican Republic (island of Hispaniola) , is an unusual genus

and species which seems to be very distinctive, but

this genus may prove to be related to genera of the

Geradnae from Central America, rather than to the

genera of the Spongiphorinae, in which it is at present placed: its affinities, thus, are likely to be with

the Neotropical Region.

In the fauna of Dominica, only Doru albipes

(Fabricius) is a West Indian species that is very

different from other species of the genus which occur

on the mainland: albipes has a number of characters, such as coloration, the type of pygidial spine,

and the elongation of the parameres of the male
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

genitalia, which are unusual in the genus. The two

endemic species of Dermaptera from Dominica are

both related to mainland species.

If the Dermaptera fauna of Dominica has been

derived from the mainland, the spread of these

species obviously has been through Trinidad. The

relatively small differences between the endemic

species and some mainland species may suggest that

such a spread has been of comparatively recent

origin. Too little, however, is known of the West

Indies Dermaptera, and further studies on this order

in the islands are necessary before an adequate

knowledge of the fauna is attained, and its possible

origin can be assessed with some confidence.

Taxonomy

The classification and taxonomy of the Dermaptera

is based on the structure of the male genitalia, and

the female genitalia have not been systematically

studied. The male genitalia usually are distinctive

in the more primitive families, as well as in some

groups of the higher families; in the Forficulidae,

however, the male genitalia tend to be uniform in

structure so that they are less useful in taxonomy.

The fact that the male genitalia form the basis of

the present classification and taxonomy, however,

means that only male specimens can be adequately

determined, and that female specimens must be determined by their association with male specimens.

This reliance on the male genitalia for taxonomy

is further increased by the structure of the forceps,

since those of the males are often distinctive, while

those of the females are much more similar to each

other.

Although females can be determined only in association with males, if the present keys are used, in

practice isolated female specimens can often be satisfactorily determined on external characters. These

characters, however, are derived from those of the

male, and a knowledge of the male genitalia is

essential in the determination of female specimens.

The description of a number of species from the

Neotropical Region in the past, based on single females, has led to considerable confusion, and it is

now difficult to associate these females with any

known males. New species should be based only on

males, and preferably on a series containing both

sexes. A future study of the female genitalia is highly

desirable, and such a study may enable a much more

satisfactory system of keys to be devised.

The male genitalia of the Dermaptera, following

the nomenclature of Hincks (1956), consist of

paired penes or a single penis, from which project

parameres. There are two groups.

GROUP 1.—In the more primitive families the

genitalia consist of paired penes, which are fused

medially, sometimes along their length, or only at

the bases (Figures 1, 2, PE) . From the distal end of

each penis arises a paramere (Figures 1, 2, P) , and

from the distal part of each penis arises a distal lobe

(Figures 1, 2, DL) , in which a virga (Figures 1, 2, v)

is usually visible. The virga may be apparently

absent (Figure 3) but this may be due to lack of

sclerotization and the virga may not be readily seen

without suitable staining techniques. Sclerites or

denticulated areas or lobes may be associated with

the distal lobe or virga.

In the families Diplatyidae and Pygidicranidae,

both distal lobes are directed backward (Figure 1);

in the families Carcinophoridae and Labiduridae,

one lobe is directed backward and one directed forward, at rest (Figures 2,3,4). In erection, both distal

lobes are directed forward, and mounted genitalia

sometimes show this condition.

GROUP 2.—In the higher families, the male

genitalia consist of a single penis (Figures 5,6, PE) ;

this bears paired parameres on the distal edges

(Figures 5,6, P) , but in consequence of the single

penis, only one distal lobe is present, and this is

median in position (Figures 5,6, DL) . In the distal

lobe is a virga (Figures 5,6, v), with which is often

associated sclerites and denticulated areas, frequently of some complexity in the Labiidae (Figure

5). In the Forficulidae (Figure 6), however, the

virga usually is not associated with prominent

sclerites or denticulated areas, but is short and broad

and broadened basally to form a vesicle. When

everted the distal lobe is extended well beyond the

parameres, and the virga is reversed; any denticulated areas or sclerites passing into the anterior end

of the distal lobe.

The above nomenclature differs from that of Burr

(1915, 1916), and a comparison of the terms used

is given below.

HINCKS (1956) BURR (1915,1916)

Penis = Metaparamere

Paramere = Proparamere
NUMBER 63

Distal lobe = Praeputial sac

Virga = Virga

The virga usually is considered as the sclerotized

portion of the ductus ejactulatorius.

The males are easily distinguished from the females by the structure of the forceps, these usually

being sexually dimorphic; or by the number of

visible abdominal segments, the males having ten

segments, and the females having eight segments.

The male genitalia lie beneath the last free sternite,

the penultimate sternite, and are exposed if this

sternite is lifted.

Nomenclature

The system of families as set out in Popham (1965)

is generally adopted in the present paper, but superfamilies are not used, and the family Labiidae is

placed immediately before the family Forficulidae.

On this basis, the Diplatyidae are regarded as a

distinct family, not as a subfamily of the family

Pygidicranidae as in Burr (1911b) and Hicks

(1955), while the Carcinophoridae and Labiduridae

are recognized as distinct families, not as subfamilies

of the Psalidae as in Burr (1911b). The name

Psalidae is not now used, the modern name being

the Carcinophoridae, following the substitution of

the generic name Carcinophora Scudder for the preoccupied Psalis Serville.

Since Boeseman (1954) showed that Marava

grandis (Dubrony), the type species of Marava

Burr, was identical to Prolabia arachidis (Yersin),

the type species of Prolabia Burr, the latter genus

falls as a synonym of the prior name Marava. Brindle

(1968 and in press (a) and (b)) has completed a

revision of the New World Labiidae, and some reallocation of species and genera has been found

necessary in these papers. The nomenclature and

synonymy of the Labiidae in the present paper follows this revision.

Acknowledgments

The material on which the present paper is based

is that collected during the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica, and contained

in the United States National Museum. A few additional records have been added from the literature

and these are indicated in the text. I am indebted to

Dr. Karl V. Krombein for permission to examine the

collection, and to Dr. Ashley B. Gurney who kindly

arranged for the loan of the material. Dr. Gurney

also assisted in other ways, including giving details

of the various localities, and checking the manuscript, a task which was also undertaken by Dr.

O. S. Flint. Any errors which may occur in the paper

are, however, the responsibility of the present author. The following collectors are represented in the

material of Dermaptera from Dominica—D. M.

Anderson; R. T. Bell; Dale F. Bray; J. F. G. Clarke;

Thelma M. Clarke; D. R. Davis; O. S. Flint, Jr.;

R. Gagne"; A. B. Gurney; P. J. Spangler; T. J. Spilman; and W. W. Wirth.

Key to families or subfamilies of the NEOTROPICAL DERMAPTERA

1. Male genitalia with paired distal lobes (Figures 1-4) 2

Male genitalia with a single median distal lobe (Figures 5-6) 10

2. Both distal lobes directed backward (Figure 1) 3

One distal lobe directed backward, one directed forward (Figures 2—4) 6

3. Femora without, or with only indistinct longitudinal ridges 4

Femora with well marked longitudinal ridges 5

4. Elytra and wings normally developed; claws with a large

arolium Pygidicranidae (Pyragrinae)

Elytra and wings absent; claws without an arolium Pygidicranidae (Esphalmeninae)

5. Small slender earwigs, 15 mm or less in total length Diplatyidae

Large broad earwigs, 20-30 mm in total length Pygidicranidae (Pygidicraninae)

6. Prosternum evenly narrowed posteriorly Carcinophoridae (Gonolabiinae)

Prosternum not evenly narrowed posteriorly 7

7. Mesosternum rounded posteriorly Carcinophoridae (Carcinophorinae)

Mesosternum truncate posteriorly 8

8. Antennae with 25-35 segments; elytra always present,

wings often present and visible Labiduridae

Antennae with less than 20 segments; elytra absent or rudimentary,

wings absent or concealed 9
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 1-6.—Male genitalia: 1, Diplatys sp. (Diplatyidae); 2, Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli)

(Carcinophoridae); Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Carcinophondae); 4, Labidura xanthopus

(St&l) (Labiduridae); 5, Maraud unidentata (Beauvois) (Labiidae); 6, Doru albipes (Fabricius)

(Forficulidae). (DL = distal lobe; P — paramere; PE — penis; V = virga).
NUMBER 63

9. First antennal segment shorter than the distance between the antennal bases;

abdomen depressed; forceps trigonal basally Carcinophoridae (Parisolabiinae)

First antennal segment longer than the distance between the

antennal bases; abdomen fusiform; forceps usually

cylindrical throughout Carcinophoridae (Brachylabiinae)

10. Second tarsal segment simple Labiidae

Second tarsal segment flattened and bilobed Forficulidae

Only the Carcinophoridae (Carcinophorinae),

Labiduridae, Labiidae, and Fornculidae, have representatives on the island of Dominica, as far as

present records are concerned, although species belonging to the Diplatyidae and Pygidicranidae

(Pyragrinae) are known from other islands in the

West Indies.

Family CARCINOPHORIDAE

Subfamily CARCINOPHORINAE

This is one of the largest subfamilies of the order.

The species are typically dark in coloration, and

apterous. In some species, however, rudimentary

elytra may be present, and all degrees of development of the elytra are found in the subfamily, from

the small lateral flaps of Euborellia stdli to the fully

developed elytra of Carcinophora percheron. Wings

are visible in a minority of species. The posterior

segments of the abdomen in the males are often

more strongly punctured or rugose laterally, and

each segment may have a longitudinal ridge on each

side associated with the rugose area. The forceps are

usually short, the branches broad and usually more

curved in the males than in the females. The male

genitalia have paired penes, united at the base only

in most species, and a virga may not be visible

(Figures 2,3).

Distributed in all faunal Regions, but principally

Ethiopian and Oriental.

Key to Dominican genera of the CARCINOPHORINAE

1. Virga of male genitalia absent, or at least often not visible; distal lobes with prominent and

sharply denned denticulated pads, parameres short and broad (Figure 3); smaller species

Euborellia Burr

Virga of male genitalia visible; distal lobes without prominent and sharply defined denticulated pads, parameres longer and more slender (Figure 2); larger species 2

2. Elytra and wings absent (Figure 7); male forceps with branches more strongly curved and

more asymmetrical (Figure 7) Anisolabis Fieber

Elytra always present, wings usually visible (Figure 8); male forceps with branches less widely

separated, less strongly curved and more symmetrical (Figure 8) ... .Carcinophora Scudder

Genus Anisolabis Fieber

Anisolabis Fieber, 1853, p. 257 [type-species: Forficula maritima Bonelli, by designation of Scudder, 1876a, p. 289].

Medium to large earwigs, always entirely without

elytra or wings; blackish or partly reddish brown;

abdomen widened medially, depressed; male forceps

with branches widely separated basally, usually

asymmetrical; those of female with branches closer

together, and much less curved. Parameres of male

genitalia long, virga slender (Figure 2) .

Distributed in all faunal Regions, but possibly

best represented in the Ethiopian Region. Most

species have a restricted distribution, but one species,

maritima (Bonelli), is cosmopolitan in distribution,

and this is the only species recorded from Dominica.

Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli)

FIGURES 2, 7

Forficula maritima Bonelli in Gene, 1832, p. 224 [Mediterranean Region].

Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli), Burr, 1911b, p. 29. Rehn and

Hebard (1917), p. 638.

This species is not represented in the present collection, but is recorded from Dominica by Rehn and

Hebard (1917) without exact locality. The species
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 7.—Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli), male dorsal.

is widely distributed in the West Indies, in both the

Greater and Lesser Antilles.

LENGTH.—Body 15-18 mm., forceps 3-3.5 mm

(males), 2.5-3 mm (females). Shining black; antennae brown; legs yellowish or brown, usually

unicolorous; cuticle almost impunctate, very sparsely

and weakly punctured on some abdominal tergites.

Head broad, eyes small, pronotum large and transverse, widened posteriorly; abdomen widened

medially and depressed. Each branch of male forceps

trigonal at base, cylindrical distally, strongly curved,

branches asymmetrical; those of female with

branches closer together, and almost straight except

for curved apices.

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan; found in all

faunal Regions except Australasian; typically maritime, and occurs along seacoasts. It is, however, subtropical or tropical in distribution and does not

extend into the temperate zones for any appreciable

distance.

Genus Euborellia Burr

Borellia Burr, 1909, p. 325 [type-species: Anisolabis moesta

Gene, by original designation] [generic name preoccupied

by Borellia Rehn 1906, Orthoptera].

Euborellia Burr, 1910, p. 448 [new name for Borellia Burr

1909].

Mainly rather smaller earwigs, and more slender

than Anisolabis; brown to black, shining. Originally

the genus was erected for those species of the Carcinophorinae in which the elytra were represented

by lateral flaps on the mesonotum, but Burr (1915)

amended this to include those species in which the

male genitalia have short and broad parameres.

This amendment leads to the inclusion in this genus

of four groups of species, based on the degree of

development of the elytra, or the absence of the

elytra, and the presence or absence of visible wings.

1. Elytra entirely absent (Figure 9).

2. Elytra rudimentary, represented by lateral flaps

on the mesonotum (Figure 10).

3. Elytra larger, and meeting along sutures; wings

absent or concealed (Figure 11).

4. Elytra normally developed, and wings visible

(as Figure 8).

The last group are almost entirely Old World in

distribution, but the African Euborellia cincticollis

(Gerstaecker), recorded from the Nearctic Region
NUMBER 63

(Gurney, 1950) as an adventive, appears to be variable in the development of the elytra, and may belong to either groups 3 or 4 above. Recent studies,

however, have suggested that more than one species

may be represented in the present concept of E.

cine tic ollis.

Distribution in all faunal Regions, but possibly

mainly Oriental. One species, Euborellia annulipes

(Lucas) is cosmopolitan in distribution, and has

the widest distribution of all earwigs, while E. st&li

(Dohrn) is almost circumtropical.

Two species are recorded from Dominica.

Key to Dominican species of Euborellia

1. Elytra reduced to lateral flaps on the mesonotum (Figure 10); smaller species E. stali (Dohrn)

Elytra larger, meeting or overlapping along sutures (Figure 11); larger species

E. caraibea Hebard

E.annulipes (Lucas) (Figure 9) is recorded from

Jamaica and Barbados by Rehn and Hebard (1917),

and from Cuba, Trinidad, and Guadeloupe, by

Burr (1910). This species is easily distinguished

from the two species keyed out above by the total

absence of elytra.

Euborellia st&li (Dohrn)

FIGURE 10

Forcinella stali Dohrn, 1864, p. 286 [Java].

Anisolabis mirtuta Caudell, 1907, p. 168 [Puerto Rico].

Euborellia stali (Dohrn); Burr, 1911b, p. 31.

Euborellia tninuta (Caudell); Burr, 1911b, p. 31 [thought to

be the same species as stali]. —Rehn and Hebard, 1917,

p. 639.

Euborellia stali (Dohrn): Hebard, 1923, p. 206 [confirmation

of synonymy of minuta with stali].

This species is known from the Greater Antilles, but

it has not, apparently, previously been recorded from

the Lesser Antilles; the present records are the first

for Dominica.

LENGTH.—Body 7-9 mm., forceps 1-1.5 mm

(males), 1 mm (females). A small, narrow, shining

black earwig; antennae brown, one or more distal

segments whitish; legs yellow, femora banded with

dark brown or black. Head less broad than Anisolabis; pronotum as broad as long, or almost so,

widened posteriorly; elytra represented by elliptical

flaps on each side of the mesonotum; abdominal

tergites lightly punctured, and abdominal tergites

7-9 with sides rugose and with lateral ridges on each

side. Branches of male forceps less strongly curved

than Anisolabis, and almost symmetrical. Female

forceps with branches rather similar, but somewhat

straighter and closer together.

MATERIAL.—Dominica, Roseau, 7 February 1964,

Dale F. Bray, 1 cT, 1 9 ', 1-6 miles West of Pont

Casse, 24 May 1964, O. S. Flint, Jr., 2 $ ; Grande

Savane, 14 July 1965, D. M. Anderson, 1 <f.

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—Almost circumtropical, but

apparently absent from the Pacific. Occurs in the

Oriental, Ethiopian, Neotropical, and Nearctic Regions, but is restricted to tropical or subtropical

areas.

Euborellia caraibea Hebard

FIGURE 11

Euborellia ambigua (Borelli 1909), Rehn and Hebard, 1917,

p. 638 [partim].

Euborellia caraibea Hebard, 1922, p. 322.

Not represented in the present material, but recorded by Rehn and Hebard (1917) from Roseau,

Dominica.

Shining black or dark brown; antennae brown,

basal segments paler; legs yellowish brown, femora

darker on external faces. Head and pronotum similar to those of st&li; elytra relatively large, meeting

or overlapping along sutures; wings absent or concealed; a small scutellum visible. Abdominal tergites

6-9 of male rugose laterally and each tergite with a

lateral ridge on each side. Branches of forceps of

both sexes similar to those of st&li.

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—Restricted to the West

Indies. Recorded from Bahamas, Cuba, and Jamaica,

as well as Dominica, by Hebard (1922).

Genus Carcinophora Scudder

Psalis Serville, 1831, p. 34 [no type-species cited] [preoccupied by Psalis Huebner, 1823, Lepidoptera].

Carcinophora Scudder, 1876a, p. 291 [type-species: Chelidura

robusta Scudder, 1869, by original designation].
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Spandex Burr, 1915, p. 537 [type-species: Psalis pulchra Rehn

1903, by original designation].

Rather small to very large species; elytra always

present, and wings usually visible; dark brown to

blackish, sometimes partly yellow or red; elytra

with yellow spots or patches or entirely dark, wings

dark or partly yellow. Pronotum relatively small;

abdomen not greatly widened or depressed. Male

genitalia similar to those of Anisolabis, but virga

usually more prominent and more or less indurated;

parameres generally acuminate.

Entirely Neotropical in distribution.

One species is recorded from Dominica.

Carcinophora percheron (Guerin-Meneville and

Percheron)

FIGURE 8

Forficula percheron Guerin-Meneville and Percheron, 1839,

p. 6 [French Guiana].

Forficula flexuosa Burmeister, 1838, p. 753 [French Guiana;

Guyana].

Spongophora bipunctata Scudder, 1862, p. 415 [? Mass.,

U.SJV.].

Psalis pulchra Rehn, 1903, p. 303 [Costa Rica].

Labia pictipennis Bruner, 1906, p. 138 [Trinidad].

Carcinophora percheron (Guerin-Meneville and Percheron),

Popham and Brindle, 1966, p. 275.

This species appears to be most common in Trinidad, which may be its main center, but it has also

been recorded from South and Central America. It

does not appear to have been previously recorded

from Dominica. The above record for Massachusetts

is doubtful, since Scudder (1876a) when suggesting

the synonymy of bipunctata with the present species,

remarked that the specimen was presumably from

Massachusetts, but, if so, "very probably imported."

Reichardt (1968) has published the above synonymy.

Length: body 13-18 mm., forceps 2-3 mm.

Blackish, shining; head reddish, sometimes darker;

antennae blackish, first two segments yellow and one

or more distal segments white; pronotum yellow

laterally; each elytron with a large yellow or reddish

yellow spot; wings reddish yellow at base; legs yellow. Head broad, eyes small, pronotum narrow,

widest anteriorly; elytra and wings always fully developed. Abdominal tergites punctured. Male forceps with branches trigonal at base, cylindrical distally, each branch not strongly curved; those of Percheron), male, dorsal.
NUMBER 63 11

IO 11

FIGURES 9-11.—Euborellia: 9, annulipes (Lucas); 10, stdli (Dohm); 11, caraibea Hebard.

female similar but branches straighter and more

contiguous.

MATERIAL.—Dominica, Pont Casse, 23-26 November 1964, P. J. Spangler, 1 $; Virgin Rain Forest,

Central Forest Reserve, L-l 1, SO December 1964, Bell

and Bell, 1 cf; 1.6 miles west of Pont Casse, 24 May

1964,0. S. Flint, Jr., 1 tf, 3 $ ; 1.5 miles east of Pont

Casse, 20 January 1965, in rotting banana trunks,

D. M. Anderson, 1 cf, 1 9 .

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—West Indies (Trinidad,

Dominica); South America (Brazil, Guyana, French

Guiana) and the southern part of Central America

(Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua) .

Family LABIDURIDAE

This family, according to Popham (1965), includes

three subfamilies, the Apachyinae, the Allostethinae,

and the Labidurinae. The first two subfamilies are

entirely Old World in distribution, as also are most

species of the Labidurinae, but this latter subfamily

has four New World species.

Subfamily LABIDURINAE

A small subfamily of small to very large species,

always with elytra and often with visible wings; legs

short or long; antennae long. Male forceps of vari-
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

able length, branches either short and stout or

greatly elongated and slender, branches always

widely separated at base and with or without inner

teeth; those of female shorter, branches contiguous.

Four species of this subfamily occur in the New

World—Forcipula americana (Bormans) and Forcipula quelchi Burr, both of which are restricted to

South America, and two species of Labidura, which

are more widely distributed.

Genus Labidura Leach

Labidura Leach, 1815, p. 48 [type-species: Forficula gigantea

Fabricius, by monotypy].

Demogorgon Kirby, 1891, p. 513 [type-species: Demogorgon

batesi Kirby, by original designation].

Usually large or very large earwigs; general coloration yellowish to black, often variegated in color;

branches of male forceps stout, only slightly curved,

not greatly elongated, and with one inner tooth;

those of female with branches contiguous and

shorter, inner margins dentated. Virga of male

genitalia broad at base, and with an inner sinuous

tube (Figure 4).

Two species of the genus occur in the New World,

Labidura riparia (Pallas), and Labidura xanthopus

(Stal), but the relation of these two species to each

other is uncertain, and has been briefly mentioned

earlier in the present paper.

Labidura riparia is cosmopolitan in distribution,

and is very variable in certain structural features as

well as in color. Labidura xanthopus is entirely

Neotropical in distribution, and is only distinct

from riparia externally on one character—this is the

presence of short longitudinal ridges on the median

part of the posterior abdominal tergites, resembling

the milling of a coin (Figure 12). These ridges are

only present in males, and may be weakly indicated

or almost absent. L.xanthopus is often without

visible wings and strikingly colored, being yellow or

orange-yellow, variegated with dark brown or blackish, but since these features are variable, little reliance can be placed on them. Demogorgon longipennis Borelli is a form of this species with fully

developed elytra and visible wings, while Labidura

livida Dubrony is an extremely pale form, almost

uniformly light yellowish brown. The genus Demogorgon was erected by Kirby (1891) mainly on the

presence of these ridges on the abdominal tergites,

but these are certainly not of generic rank and it is

FIGURE 12.—Labidura xanthopus (St&l), male, dorsal.
NUMBER 63 13

doubtful if they are of specific rank. An account of

such variation is given in Brindle (1966), in which

xanthopus is considered as a distinct species, but

future studies may show that it is only a form of

riparia.

The present female from Dominica is referred to

Labidura xanthopus since it corresponds better with

females of this species in the Manchester Museum

than with females of Labidura riparia. The females

of xanthopus are usually more slender than those of

riparia, and are more contrastingly colored, but there

are no certain distinguishing characters between

them.

Labidura xanthopus (Stal)

FIGURES 4, 12

Forficula xanthopus Stal, 1855, p. 48 [Brazil].

Labidura livida Dubrony, 1879, p. 93 [Brazil].

Demogorgon batesi (Brazil), D. bicolor [South America], D.

adelphus [Brazil]. D. patagonicus (Argentine), Kirby, 1891,

pp. 514-515.

Demogorgon longipennis Borelli, 1904, p. 4 [Argentine].

Labidura xanthopus (St&hl), Burr, 1911b, p. 37.

Labidura brasiliensis Moreira, 1932, p. 16 [Brazil],

This species has not been previously recorded from

the West Indies, but forms of Labidura riparia have

been noted from the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and

Puerto Rico. This is the species recorded as Labidura

bidens (Olivier) by Rehn and Hebard (1917).

LENGTH.—Body 14-25 mm, forceps 6-9 mm

(males), 3.5-5 mm (females). Generally yellowish,

variegated with dark brown or blackish, but variable

in color. Elytra blackish, sutures and lateral margins

broadly yellow, abdomen yellow, with a broad

median longitudinal blackish band, the edges of

which are irregular. The general color, however,

may range from uniformly light yellow or brown to

the more strongly marked varieties or forms. Most

of the synonymy quoted above concerns color varieties. Elytra often short and wings often not visible,

but both elytra and wings may be normally developed. Male forceps with branches well separated

at base, trigonal basally and cylindrical distally,

almost straight, inner margin of each branch with

one tooth (Figure 12); forceps of female with

branches contiguous, almost straight, and with the

inner margin of each branch dentated for basal half

or more.

MATERIAL.—Dominica, Clarke Hall, 8 May 1964,

O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 $ .

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—Neotropical Region only;

previously recorded from Brazil, Argentine, Bolivia,

and Surinam.

Family LABIIDAE

This is one of the largest families of the order, and

mainly consists of small species, although some Neotropical species are large. The family is well represented in the New World, and 126 species of this

family are included in a revision of the Neotropical

and Nearctic Labiidae in course of publication

(Brindle, 1968, and in press (a) and (b)). The

species of the family are distinct by the simple second

tarsal segment and by the single penis and single

distal lobe of the male genitalia. The distal lobe is

usually associated with sclerites and denticulated

areas of some complexity. The forceps are almost

always sexually dimorphic, those of the males being

longer and with the branches well separated at the

base, while those of the females have short branches

which are more or less contiguous throughout.

Of the nine subfamilies recognized at present, the

Vandicinae are confined to tropical Africa, and the

Isopyginae to Madagascar, while the Nesogastrinae

are entirely Oriental and Australasian in distribution. The other six subfamilies are represented in

the New World, but both the Pericominae and the

Strongylopsalinae are restricted to South America,

while the Geracinae so far are known from South

and Central America, and there are no present

records from the West Indies. Three subfamilies

have representatives in Dominica.

Key to Dominican subfamilies of the LABIIDAE

1. Body strongly depressed; pronotum narrow and usually with a narrowed anterior part forming a distinct neck; dorsal surface of head flat Sparattinac

Body normally convex; pronotum not narrowed anteriorly to form a distinct neck; dorsal

surface of head more or less convex 2
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

2. Third antcnnal segment shorter than the fifth; elytra usually punctured and pubescent; eyes

small Labiinae

Third antennal segment as long as or longer than the fifth; elytra always glabrous, and almost

always impunctate; eyes often large Spongiphorinae

Subfamily SPARATTINAE

A distinct subfamily, easily recognized by the greatly

flattened body, a shape which is associated with life

under the bark of trees. Elytra and wings normally

developed; legs compressed laterally; eyes small.

Male forceps variable in shape but branches well

separated at base and with a prominent pygidium

present between the bases of the branches of the

forceps; forceps of female usually shorter than those

of the male and the pygidium generally of a different

shape.

Except for the single genus Auchenomus Karsch,

the subfamily is entirely New World in distribution.

One genus is represented in Dominica.

Genus Parasparatta Burr

Parasparatta Burr, 1911a, p. 61 [type-species: Sparatta nigrina

Still, by original designation].

Usually dark in color and small in size; distinct from

all other New World genera of the subfamily by the

strongly punctured and pubescent elytra—all other

genera having the elytra smooth and glabrous. Only

one species has been previously recorded from

Dominica, Parasparatta nigrina; the second species

now recorded is described as new.

Key to Dominican species of Parasparatta

Mainly dark brown or blackish; abdomen sometimes reddish posteriorly; male pygidium

trifid at apex; female pygidium short, without small tubercles P. nigrina (StAl)

Pronotum yellow, abdomen mainly reddish brown; male pygidium not trifid at apex; female

pygidium short and broad, and with small tubercles P. dominicana, new species.

Parasparatta nigrina (Stal)

FIGURES 17, 18

Sparatta nigrina St&l, 1855, p. 350 [Brazil].

Parasparatta nigrina (St&l), Burr, 1911a, p. 61; 1911b, p. 60.

Parasparatta nigrina (St&l), Brindle, 1968, p. 298 [Dominica].

Not represented in the present collection; the above

record from Dominica, without exact locality, appears to be the only one published for this species

from Dominica.

LENGTH.—Body 5-6.5 mm, forceps 1.25-1.75 mm.

Usually almost entirely blackish; legs partially yellow and abdomen sometimes reddish posteriorly;

forceps black or reddish. Each branch of male forceps rather short and stout, with three small inner

teeth; pygidium long, apex trifid, actual shape and

length variable; each branch of female forceps

shorter than those of male, broader, and with a

ventral inner flange, pygidium short, transverse,

without tubercles.

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—Neotropical Region. Recorded from Brazil, Argentine, and Dominica in

Brindle (1968). The species has previously been

recorded from the West Indies, Paraguay, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, but these records may refer to

one of the other species of Parasparatta.

Parasparatta dominicana, new species

FIGURES 13, 14

In the key to species of Parasparatta in Brindle

(1968, p. 296), the present species would key down

to Parasparatta quinquepunctata Borelli, from

Brazil, and it appears to be most closely related to

this species. From quinquepunctata, the male of

dominicana differs by having a pentagonal pygidium

with small teethlike projections on the angles

(Figure 13). In the male of quinquepunctata, the

pygidium also has five teeth, but these are arranged

on the triangular distal part of the pygidium, the

pygidium itself is pentagonal but short (Figure 15).

The female pygidium of quinquepunctata has three

small teeth (Figure 16), while that of dominicana

has the posterior margin smoothly concave (Figure

14).

MALE.—Length body 7.5 mm, forceps 3.5 mm.
NUMBER 63 15

14

17

18

(3

16

FIGURES 13-18.—Parasparatta: 13,14, dominicana new species, male dorsal and female forceps;

15,16, quinquepunctata Borelli, pygidia; 17,18, nigrina (Stil) male and female forceps.
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Head, elytra, and wings blackish; antennae dark

brown; mouthparts, pronotum, and legs yellow;

abdomen reddish brown, darkened basally; forceps

yellowish brown.

Head broad, depressed, sutures absent, lateral

margins rounded and posterior margin concave; eyes

small. Antennae 12-segmented in type, first segment

shorter than distance between the antennal bases;

second segment quadrate; ratio of first six segments

as follows: 12:2:6:6:8 : 9. Distal segments not

greatly elongated, but strongly narrowed toward

bases. Pronotum quadrate, very slightly narrower

posteriorly, lateral margins straight, and posterior

margin convex. Elytra broad, twice as long as pronotum, posterior margin truncate; wings well developed. Head, pronotum, elytra, and wings evenly

and closely covered with fine hairs, pale on head

and pronotum, dark on elytra and wings, the hairs

stronger on the lateral margins.

Legs with femora strongly widened but laterally

compressed; tibiae broadest about basal third,

laterally compressed; tarsi cylindrical, basal segment

as long as both distal segments in all legs; legs pubescent, femora and tibiae with longer and stiffer hairs;

tarsi with numerous short ventral yellow hairs; claws

relatively long.

Abdomen gradually widened distally, tergites

pubescent and punctured, and with long marginal

setae laterally; dorsal margins of tergites with minute tubercles; last tergite transverse, posterior margin depressed medially between the bases of the

forceps; penultimate sternite with posterior margin

evenly rounded.

Forceps with branches well separated at base, each

branch only slightly curved, trigonal for basal twothirds, inner margin flattened and forming a narrow

ventral flange, the flange with a tooth about onethird from base, the rest of the flange with margin

irregular; a small longitudinal dorsal ridge at base;

distal part of each branch cylindrical. Pygidium

declivent, angular ventrally, lateral margins with

two small teethlike projections, distal half triangular

in shape, dorsal margin of pygidium rounded.

FEMALE.—Length: body 7 mm, forceps 2.5 mm.

Similar to male, but tergites 1-7 more reddish in

color; forceps shorter, each branch well separated

at base, trigonal for basal two-thirds, inner margin

flattened, the margin of this flange crenulated and

with one or more larger teeth. Pygidium transverse,

lateral margins slightly convex, posterior margin

concave.

MATERIAL.—Holotype male: Dominica, En Haut

Jean, 7 December 1964, P. J. Spangler (USNM

71218); allotype female, data as holotype. Paratypes:

Syndicate Est, 6 March 1964, Dale F. Bray, 1 cT; En

Haut Jean, 7 December 1964, P. J. Spangler 3 $ ;

Pont Casse, 12 March 1965, W. W. Wirth, 3 tf; S.

Chiltern Est., 17 August 1965, D. M. Anderson 1 $ .

All the types are in the United States National

Museum, except for one paratype male (Pont Casse)

and one paratype female (En Haut Jean), in the

Manchester Museum. The paratypes vary in size

from 6-8 mm in body length, the forceps of the

males measuring between 2.5-3.5 mm, and those of

the females measuring between 1.5-2.5 mm.

Subfamily LABIINAE

A subfamily of mainly small species; the eyes are

always small and the elytra and wings usually punctured and pubescent. The genus Labia Leach is

related to some genera of the Spongiphorinae, while

the Old World genus Chaetospania Karsch is more

related to the genera of the Sparattinae. Two genera

are recorded from the New World, of which one,

Purex Burr is restricted to the mainland of South

and Central America, but the other genus, Labia

Leach, has a wider distribution and is recorded from

the West Indies.

Genus Labia Leach

Labia Leach, 1815, p. 118 [type-species: Forficula minor

Linnaeus, by monotypy].

Small to very small species; eyes small; basal

antennal segments relatively short, distal segments

more or less cylindrical, but sometimes moniliform;

elytra and wings often normally developed, elytra

always pubescent and usually punctured. Forceps of

males often with slender branches, widely separated

at base, but sometimes short and broad; forceps of

female with branches contiguous.

The species of this genus occur in all faunal Regions, but are mainly distributed in the tropical and

subtropical parts of the Old World. Two species,

Labia minor (Linnaeus) and Labia curvicauda
NUMBER 63 17

(Motschulsky) are cosmopolitan in distribution, but

the former is mainly temperate or subtropical in

distribution, whereas the latter is subtropical or

tropical. L.minor occurs in the Nearctic Region but

not in the Neotropical Region.

Two species occur in Dominica.

Key to Dominican species of Labia

1. Elytra and wings dark brown to blackish, not metallic, punctured and pubescent; abdomen

reddish. Forceps of both sexes short, very broad at base L. curvicauda (Motschulsky)

Elytra and wings blackish, with a metallic sheen, impunctate and almost glabrous; abdomen

dark brown or dark reddish. Forceps of both sexes more slender L. dorsalis Burmeister)

21

22 23 24

FIGURES 19-24.—Forceps: 19, Marava unidentata (Beauvois); 20, Labia curvicauda (Motschulsky);

21, Labia dorsalis (Burmeister); 22, Marava unidentata (Beauvois); 23, Marava dominicae (Rehn

and Hebard); 24, Spongovostox ghilianii (Dohrn).
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Labia curvicanda (Motschulsky)

FIGURE 20

Forficesila curvicauda Motschulsky, 1863, p. 2 [Ceylon].

Labia curvicauda (Motschulsky), Burr, 1911b, p. 56. —Rehn

and Hebard, 1917. p. 640.

Recorded from Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic,

Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and St. Vincent in

the West Indies, but not previously recorded from

Dominica.

LENGTH.—Body 4-5 mm, forceps 0.5-0.75 mm. A

small depressed species, head, pronotum, elytra, and

wings blackish, rather shining; legs yellowish, femora darkened basally; abdomen and forceps reddish; sometimes the pronotum is yellow. Head

cordiform, posterior margin concave, antennal segments moniliform; pronotum small, much narrower,

than head, quadrate; elytra and wings almost always

fully developed, with pale pubescence; legs short;

abdominal tergites punctured and pubescent. Each

branch of male forceps short, trigonal and broad at

base, the broad part forming a large tooth; distal

part of branch cylindrical and curved; pygidium

large and transverse; forceps of female with branches

contiguous, except at extreme base, branches very

broad at base, evenly narrowed distally; pygidium

small and rounded.

MATERIAL.—Dominica, S. Chiltern, 25 March

1964, Dale F. Bray, 1 $ ; Belle Fille River, 3 miles

southwest of Castle Bruce, 400 ft, 1 January 1965,

R. T. Bell, 1 $; Clarke Hall, 1-10 and 11-20

November 1965, W. W. Wirth, 2^, 1 9 .

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—Occurs in all faunal Regions, and is almost circumtropical in distribution.

It is an adventive in many countries but is restricted

to tropical or subtropical climates, in which conditions it can become established. It extends from

Brazil as far north as Florida on the mainland of

America.

Labia dorsalis (Burmeister)

FIGURE 21

Forficula dorsalis Burmeister 1838, p. 754 [Colombia].

Labia chalybea Dohrn, 1864, p. 429 [Venezuela].

Labia glabricula Kirby, 1891, p. 520 [Brazil].

Labia trinitatis Bruner, 1906, p. 136 [Trinidad].

Labia annulata (Fabricius), Burr, 1911b, p. 56 [partim].

Labia dorsalis (Burmeister), Rehn and Hebard, 1917, p. 641.

The present species occurs mostly on the mainland of

South and Central America, but is known from the

Dominican Republic, Cuba, Trinidad, and Montserrat, in the West Indies. It is recorded from

Dominica in Burr (1910, p. 456) as Labia trinitatis

Bruner.

LENGTH.—Body 5 mm, forceps 0.5-0.75 mm. A

small, rather broad and depressed species; head,

pronotum black, shining; elytra and wings black,

with a distinct metallic sheen; antennae brown or

darker, segments moniliform; legs yellow, femora

with at least basal half blackish, tibiae dark

medially; abdomen and forceps reddish or darker.

Branches of male forceps well separated at base, each

branch slender, trigonal only at extreme base,

cylindrical distally, very gently curved, and with a

small inner tooth; pygidium large, narrowed distally,

posterior margin concave and with a postero-lateral

tooth at each side; forceps of female trigonal at extreme base, cylindrical distally, almost straight,

broadened at base to form an obtuse tooth; pygidium

narrow, with a pointed apex.

MATERIAL.—Dominica, S. Chiltern, 25 March

1964,, Dale F. Bray, 1 cf» 1 $ ; Fortune, 1 August

1964, T. J. Spilman, 1 tfWORLD DISTRIBUTION.—Neotropical Region. Recorded from Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela,

Surinam, Panama, Honduras, Costa Rica, and

Mexico, as well as the records previously listed for

the West Indies.

Subfamily SPONGIPHORINAE

The species of this subfamily are generally larger in

size than those of the Labiinae; the elytra and wings

are almost always impunctate and glabrous. Some

of the Neotropical species are large, some males of

certain species reaching a total length of nearly 40

mm, but half of this length is due to the length of

the forceps. The eyes are often large or very large

in size.

Six genera are Neotropical, but representatives of

only two genera are recorded from Dominica.
NUMBER 63 19

Key to Dominican genera of the SPONGIPHORINAE

1. Distal antennal segments more or less cylindrical; elytra often with yellow spots or patches

Spongovostox Burr

Distal antennal segments strongly moniliform; elytra unicolorous Marava Burr

Genus Spongovostox Burr

Spongovostox Burr, 1911a, p. 59 [type-species: Forficula

quadrimaculatus Stal, by original designation].

Microvostox Hebard, 1917a, p. 310 [type-species: Spongovostox alter Burr by original designation] [partim].

Small species, blackish or dark brown, often with

yellow stripes on the elytra and wings; antennal segments rather long, cylindrical; elytra and wings

normally developed. Forceps of male with branches

well separated at base, pygidium often prominent;

forceps of female with branches contiguous or

almost so.

The species of this genus occur in the Ethiopian,

Oriental, Australasian, Neotropical, and Nearctic

Region, no species being cosmopolitan; all are

endemic to one Region or other. One species is recorded from Dominica.

Spongovostox ghilianii (Dohrn)

FIGURE 24

Labia ghilianii Dohrn, 1864, p. 424 [Brazil, French Guiana,

Venezuela].

Labia ghilianii Dohrn, Burr, 1911b, p. 56.

Microvostox ghilianii (Dohrn), Hebard, 1920, p. 348.

Spongovostox ghilianii (Dohrn), Brindle, in press (b).

This species has not been previously recorded from

any island in the West Indies.

LENGTH.—Body 4.75-5.25 mm, forceps 1-1.25 mm.

Head and pronotum black; antennae yellowish

brown; elytra dark brown with a humeral yellow

patch, not sharply denned; wings yellow at base;

legs yellow, extreme base of femora darker; abdomen dark brown, blackish laterally and toward

base; forceps dark brown or yellowish brown. Eyes

very large. Each branch of male forceps slender,

smooth, only slightly curved, widely separated at

base; pygidium short, transverse, and with a dorsomedian peglike projection; forceps of female with

branches slender, smooth, and more or less contiguous; pygidium small.

MATERIAL.—Dominica, 7 February 1964, Dale F.

Bray, 1 ? ; Clarke Hall, 23 March 1964, Dale F.

Bray 1 ? ; 30 April 1964, O. S. Flint Jr., 2rf; 8 May

1964, O. S. Flint Jr., 1 $ ; Pont Casse, 8-13 October

1966, A. B. Gurney, 1 $ .

This species has been rarely recorded since its first

description, and there is some doubt as to whether all

the original material examined by Dohrn (1864) is

conspecific. The present specimens have been compared with a male type from Venezuela, in the

Vienna Museum; the other specimens examined by

Dohrn are presumably in the Zoological Institute,

Warsaw, with the rest of his collection.

As now defined, this species is recorded from the

three countries originally quoted—Brazil, French

Guiana, and Venezuela, in addition to the present

record for Dominica.

Genus Marava Burr

Marava Burr, 1911a, p. 60 [type-species: Labia grandis Dubrony, by original designation].

Prolabia Burr, 1911a, p. 60 [type-species: Forficula arachidis

Yersin, by original designation].

Larex Burr, 1911a, p. 60 [type-species: Spongophora rogersi

Bormans, by original designation].

Laprobia Hincks, 1960, p. 29 [type-species: Forficula unidentata Beauvois, by original designation].

The above synonymy is given in Brindle (in press

(b)); the genus is now interpreted rather widely,

but there is a good deal of variation in structural

features between various species, and a good deal of

variation is intraspecific. In some species elytra and

wings may be fully developed, or the elytra may be

reduced and the wings concealed or absent; these

differences may be associated with a difference in

the size of the eyes, the form with fully developed

elytra and wings having the larger eyes. All species

however have the antennal segments strongly narrowed toward the bases, some of the basal antennal

segments being almost conical in shape.

A revision of the Labiidae of the Old World is in

preparation by the present author, and the exact

limits of the distribution of Marava, as now defined,
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

is not clear. At present the genus is known to have

species in all faunal Regions, and one species, Af.

arachidis (Yersin) , is cosmopolitan in distribution.

Two species are recorded from Dominica, one

species of which is restricted to the West Indies, and

the other species is restricted to Dominica.

Key to Dominican species of Marava

1. Pronotum as broad as long; male pygidium with the posterior margin produced medially into

a more or less triangular shape, but with the apex truncate M. unidentata (Beauvois)

Pronotum transverse; male pygidium with posterior margin deeply concave

M. dominicae (Rehn and Hebard)

Marava unidentata (Beauvois)

FIGURES 19, 22

Forficula unidentata Beauvois, 1805, p. 165 [San Domingo].

Labia brunnea Scudder, 1876b, p. 258 [Cuba].

Prolabia unidentata (Beauvois), Burr, 1911b, p. 12. —Rehn

and Hebard, 1917, p. 647.

Laprobia unidentata (Beauvois), Hincks, 1960, p. 156.

Marava unidentata Beauvois), Brindle, in press (b).

Previously recorded from the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti,

Dominican Republic, and Jamaica. Not represented

in the present collection, but a female from Dominica, without exact locality, is in the Manchester

Museum.

LENGTH.—Body 5-7 mm, forceps 1.75-2.25 mm.

This species has two forms, one in which the elytra

are short and the wings absent or concealed, and a

second form in which the elytra and wings are fully

developed. Shining, reddish or yellowish brown,

sometimes darker on head and pronotum; antennae

brown, basal segments yellow; legs yellow; elytra

reddish brown, dark brown when fully developed;

wings, when present, dark brown with a basal yellow spot. Abdomen reddish brown, often dark

brown or blackish laterally and at the base. Eyes

small (wingless form) or large (winged form).

Branches of male forceps trigonal at base, cylindrical

distally, only slightly curved, inner margin of each

branch with one basal and one distal tooth, but

either of these teeth may be absent; there is, however, always one or two teeth on each branch.

Pygidium variable in size, but similar in shape,

always with posterior margin produced; female

forceps with branches slender, almost straight,

broader at base where there is a small obtuse tooth;

pygidium small and rounded.

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—West Indies, distribution

as given above.

Marava dominicae (Rehn and Hebard)

FIGURE 23

Prolabia dominicae Rehn and Hebard, 1917, p. 643 (Dominica).

Marava dominicae (Rehn and Hebard), Brindle, in press (b).

The original material from Dominica and described

by Rehn and Hebard (1917) seems to be the only

published record of this species. It seems to be certain, however, that the record of Marava mexicana

(Bormans) from Dominica in Burr (1910, p. 456)

refers to Marava dominicae. The pygidium of the

male in both species is large, and has a deep excision

on the posterior margin, but the excision of mexicana is triangular, while that of dominicae is semicircular. M.mexicana is also smaller in size, with a

body length of 4-4.5 mm, and the forceps measure

1.5-1.75 mm; the femora are entirely dark brown,

and this species is confined to Mexico.

LENGTH.—Body 5-6 mm, forceps 1.8-2.5 mm.

Dark reddish brown, shining; antennae dark brown,

basal segments yellow; legs yellow, femora with

brown rings, sometimes faint; forceps and pygidium

yellowish brown. Elytra short and wings absent or

concealed, or elytra and wings normally developed;

eyes always large. Branches of male forceps widely

separated at base, each branch trigonal basally,

cylindrical distally, inner margin dentated, and with

a larger tooth; pygidium large, posterior margin

deeply concave; forceps of female similar to those of

unidentata, but more slender.

Material.—Dominica, S. Chiltern, 6 February

1964, Dale F. Bray, 1 tf; Syndicate Est, 6 March

1964, Dale F. Bray, 1 cf, 1 9 ; 6 miles west of Pont

Casse, 7 July 1964, T. J. Spilman, 1 9 ; Pont Casse,

2 miles northwest, 16 May 1965, D. R. Davis, 1 9 ; S.

Chiltern, 17 August 1965, D. M. Anderson, 1 cf, 1 9 ;

Portsmouth, 19-21 October 1966, A. B. Gurney,
NUMBER 63 21

1 cf; S. Chiltern, 2 November 1966, A. B. Gurney,

1 d\ 1 9.

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—Dominica.

Family FORFICULIDAE

This large family consists of species of medium to

large size; the species being distinctive by the structure of the second tarsal segment, and by the possession of a single penis and single distal lobe in the

male genitalia. The second tarsal segment is flattened dorso-ventrally, and is more or less cordiform

when seen from a dorsal viewpoint, the third, distal,

segment arising from the dorsal surface of the second. The male genitalia is relatively simple in structure, the only visible structure in the distal lobe

being the virga, which is often short, and which is

often dilated basally, forming a vesicle. No sclerites

or very prominent denticulated areas are associated

with the distal lobe; denticulations do occur, but

these are mainly inconspicuous. The parameres are

usually only weakly sclerotized.

Five subfamilies may be recognized at present,

although there is some uncertainty about the value

of all these subfamilies. The subfamilies Anechurinae and Opisthocosmiinae are entirely Old

World in distribution, only representatives of the

Forficulinae, Neolobophorinae, and Ancistrogastrinae occur in the New World. Bey-Bienko (1936)

regards the Anechurinae as forming part of the

Forficulinae, and Burr (1911b) does include some

New World genera in the Opisthocosmiinae, but

these genera are now included in the other subfamilies. Only the subfamily Forficulinae is represented in Dominica.

Subfamily FORFICULINAE

This rather large subfamily is mainly Old World in

distribution, and only three genera are represented

in the New World. Of these the genus Forficula

Linnaeus, is only represented by a single adventive

species, F. auricularia (Linnaeus). The other two

genera are endemic to the New World: Doru Burr,

and Skalistes Burr, of which the latter is restricted to

the mainland of America. Recent studies have

shown that species placed in another genus in Burr

(1911b), Anechura vara Scudder and A. biolleyi

Borelli, really belong to the genus Skalistes. The

single Australian species of Doru is thought to have

been a possible introduction from America (Brindle,

in press (c)).

One genus is represented in Dominica.

Genus Doru Burr

Doru Burr, 1907, p. 123 [type-spedes: Forficula linearis

Eschscholtz by original designation].

Phaulex Burr, 1911b, p. 78 [type-species: Forficula albipes

Fabricius by original designation].

Very similar to Forficula in general features; slender

or more robust insects, with long antennae and legs;

abdomen more or less depressed; forceps of male

slender, branches well separated at base and never

greatly broadened; pygidium spinelike or spatulate;

forceps of female with branches slender but contiguous, pygidium small and inconspicuous.

With the single exception of Doru spiculiferum

(Kirby), known only from the originally described

27

25

FIGURES 25-27.—Doru albipes (Fabricius), forceps.
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

male specimen from New South Wales, and which

is thought to have been an introduction, all the

species of the genus are Neotropical or Nearctic. Of

the thirteen species known, one is recorded from

Dominica.

Doru albipes (Fabricius)

FIGURES 25, 26, 27

Forficula albipes Fabricius, 1787, p. 224 [West Indies].

Forficula bimaculata Beauvois, 1805, p. 165 [San Domingo].

Phaulex albipes (Fabricius), Burr, 1911b, p. 78.

Doru bimaculata (Beauvois), Burr, 1911b, p. 79.

Doru albipes (Fabricius), Rehn and Hebard, 1917, p. 649.—

Menozzi, 1931, p. 324.

Doru bimaculatum (Beauvois), Menozzi, 1931, p. 325.

Recorded from both the Greater and Lesser Antilles

—Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto _Rico,

Tortola, Dominica, and St. Vincent.

LENGTH.—Body 8-15 mm, forceps 2.5-10 mm

(males), 2-3 mm (females). Head black; antennae

brown, basal segments yellow; pronotum yellow with

black longitudinal stripes of varying width; elytra

dark brown or blackish, with a large yellow anterior

spot; wings yellow; legs yellow; abdomen blackish;

forceps dark red. Last tergite of male with four

tubercles arranged transversely near the posterior

margin. Male forceps evenly curved or sinuate, without any inner teeth on the branches; the branches

variable in length; pygidium triangular, or with the

apex produced into a short spine; forceps of female

short, branches more or less straight, inner margin

broader medially; pygidium small, rounded.

MATERIAL.—Dominica, Clarke Hall, 8 May 1964,

O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 $ ; 26-30 November 1964, P. J.

Spangler, 1 $ ; 1-7 December 1964, P. J. Spangler,

2 o", 2 $ ; 5 February 1965, J. F. G. Clarke and

Thelma M. Clarke, 1 <f, 2 $ ; Hodges R. Mouth,

Swamp Forest, 27 February 1965, W. W. Wirth,

1 cf; Clarke Hall Est. 16 July 1965, D. M. Anderson,

1 cf; 6 September 1965, D. M. Anderson 2 cf; 19

April 1966, R. Gagne, 1 <?; Pont Casse, 23-27

October 1966, A. B. Gurney, 2 9 .

WORLD DISTRIBUTION.—West Indies.

List of Dermaptera recorded from Dominica

Demaptera

Endemic Endemic South and „

to to West Central

 Co?m

°-

Dominica Indies America P°ul

In present Previously

collection recorded

CARCINOPHORIDAE

1. Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli)

2. Euborellia stali (Dohrn)

3. Euborellia caraibea Hebard

4. Carcinophora percheron GuerinMeneville and Percheron)

LABIDURIDAE

5. Labidura xanthopus (St&l)

LABIIDAE

6. Parasparatta nigrina (St&l)

7. Parasparatta dominicana, new species

8. Labia curvicauda (Motschulsky)

9. Labia dorsalis (Burmeister)

10. Spongovostox ghilianii (Dohrn)

11. Marava unidentata (Beauvois)

12. Marava dominicae (Rehn and Hebard)

FORFICULIDAE

13. Doru albipes (Fabricius)

Total

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
NUMBER 63 23

Literature Cited

Beauvois, Palisot de

1805. Insectes Recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique,

Pages 34-37, 165. Paris.

Bey-Bienko, G.J.

1936. Fauna of the U.S.S.R. (Dermaptera). Pages 1-239.

Moscow.

Boeseman, M.

1954. The Dermaptera in the Museums at Leiden and

Amsterdam. Zoologische verhandelingen, Leiden,

21:1-122.

Borelli, Alfredo

1904. Viaggio del Dr. Alfredo Borelli nella Repubblica

Argentina e nel Paraguay. Bollettino dei Musei di

Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 19:1-5.

Brindle, Alan

1966. A Revision of the Subfamily Labidurinae (Demaptera, Labiduridae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9(13): 239-269.

1968. A Revision of the Labiidae (Dermaptera) of the

Neotropical and Nearctic Regions, Part 1, Pericominae, Strongylopsalinae, and Sparattinae. Journal of Natural History, 2:273-303.

In press (a). Ibid, Part 2, Gcracinae and Labiinae.

In press (b). Ibid. Part 3, Spongiphorinae.

In press (c). A Revision of the Genus Doru Burr (Dermaptera: Forfkulidae). Papiis Arulsos de Zoologia,

Sao Paulo.

Bruner, L.

1906. Report on the Orthoptera of Trinidad, West Indies.

Journal of the New York Entomological Society,

14:135-165.

Burmeister, H.

1838. Handbuch der Entomologie, 2: 743-756. Berlin.

Burr, Malcolm

1907. A Preliminary Revision of the Forficulidae (sensu

stricto) and of the Chelisochidae, Families of the

Dermatoptera. Transactions of the Entomological

Society of London, 1907:91-134.

1909. Notes on the Classification of the Dermaptera.

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1909: 320-328.

1910. The Dermaptera (Earwigs) of the United States

National Museum. Proceedings of the United States

National Museum, 38: 443-467.

1911a. Vorlaufige Revision der Labiiden. Deutsche Entomologische National-Bibliothek, 2: 58-61.

1911b. Genera Insectorum. Fascicule 122 (Dermaptera).

Pages 1-112, Bruxelles.

1915. The Male Genital Armature of the Dermaptera,

Parts 1 and 2. Journal of the Royal Microscopical

Society, 1915: 413-447, 521-546.

1916. The Male Genital Armature of the Dermaptera,

Part 3. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society,

1916: 1-18.

Caudell, A.N.

1907. On Some Forficulidae of the United States and

West Indies. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 15: 166-170.

Dohrn, H.

1864. Versuch einer Monographic der Dermaptera (continued). Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, 25: 285-

296.

Dubrony, Auguste de

1879. Etude sur quelques Forfkulides exotiques. Anales

de la Sociedad espanola de historia natural, 8: 91-96.

Fabricius, J.C.

1787. Mantissa Insectorum, 1:224-225. Hafniae.

Fieber, F.

1853. Synopsis der Europaeischen Orthoptera. Lotos, 3:

69-75.

Gene, G.

1832. Saggio di una monografia della Forficula indigene.

Annales della Sciences di Regno Lombardo-Veneto,

2: 215-228.

Guerin-Meneville, F.E., and A.R. Percheron

1839. Genres des insectes au exposition detaillee detour les

caracteres propres a chacun des genres de cette class

d'animaux, 6:3. Paris.

Gurney, A.B.

1950. An African Earwig New to the United States, and

a Corrected List of Nearctic Dermaptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington,

52: 200-203.

Hebard, Morgan

1917a. A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Dermaptera of Panama. Transactions of the American

Entomological Society, 43: 301-334.

1917b. Dermapterological Notes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1917: 231-

250.

1920. American Dermaptera of the Museum National

d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Proceedings of

the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

1920: 337-353.

1922. The janeirensis Group of the Genus Euborellia, with

the Description of a New Species (Dermaptera).

Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 47: 319-324.

1923. Studies in Indian Dermaptera. Memoirs of the

Department of Agriculture in India, 7:195-242.

Hincks, Walter D.

1955. A Systematic Monograph of the Dermaptera of the

World. Part 1. (Diplatyinae). Pages 1-132. British

Museum (Natural History).

1956. Dermaptera in Tuxen, S.L., Taxonomist's Glossary

of Genitalia in Insects. Pages 66-69. Copenhagen.

1960. Notes on Dermaptera, IV. Descriptions of New

Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Royal

Entomological Society of London, (B) 29: 155-159.

Kirby, W.F.

1891. A Revision of the Forficulidae, with Descriptions of

New Species in the British Museum. Journal of

the Linnaean Society (Zoology) 23: 502-531.

Leach, W.F.

1815. Observations on the Genus Ocythoe of Rafinesque.

with a Description of a New Species. Edinburgh

Encyclopaedia, 9: 57-175.
24

Menozzi, Carlo

1931. Contribute) alia conoscenza dei Dermatteri della

Repubblica Dominicana. Bollettino del Laboratorio

di Zoologia generate ed agraria, Portici, 25: 322-326.

Moreira, Carlo

1932. Forficulideos do Brasil. Institute Biologico de

Defesa Agricola, Rio de Janeiro, boletin No. 7,

pages 1-34.

Motschulsky, Victor de

1863. Essai d'un Catalogue des Insectes de l'lle Ceylan.

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36: 1-4.

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1961. On the Systematic Position of Hemimerus Walker—

a Case for Ordinal Status. Proceedings of the Royal

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98: 126-136.

Popham, Edward J., and Alan Brindle

1966. Genera and Species of the Dermaptera, Part 3.

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Rehn, James A.C.

1903. Notes on Exotic Forficulids or Earwigs, with Descriptions of New Species. Proceedings of the

United States National Museum, 29: 501-515.

1925. Notes on West Indian Dermaptera, with the Description of a New Species of Vostox. Transactions

of the American Entomological Society, 51:19-26.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Rehn, James A.C, and Morgan Hebard

1917. Studies in West Indian Earwigs (Dermaptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

37: 635-651.

Reichardt, Hans

1968. Catalogue of New World Dermaptera (Insecta),

Part II. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo,

22: 35-46.

Scudder, Samuel, H.

1862. Materials for a Monograph of the North American

Orthoptera, Including a Catalogue of the Known

New England Species. Jonrnal of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1862: 409-480.

1876a. Critical and Historical Notes on Forficulariae; Including Descriptions of New Generic Forms and an

Alphabetical Synonymic List of the Described Species. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural

History, 18: 287-332.

1876b. A Century of Orthoptera, Decade VI, Forficulariae

(North America). Proceedings of the Boston Society

of Natural History, 18:257-264.

Serville, A. de

1831. Revue methodique des insectes de l'ordre des

Orthopteres. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris,

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1855. Nya Orthoptera. Ofversigt af K. Vetenskapsakademiens forhandlingar, Stockholm, 12: 348-350.
Index

[Names of new species in italics, page numbers of principal references in boldface.

albipes, Doru, 6 (fig.), 21 (fig.), 22

Anisolabis, 7

maritima, 6 (fig.), 7,8 (fig.), 22

caraibea, Euborellia, 9,11 (fig.), 22

Carcinophora, 9, 10

percheron, 10 (fig.), 22

curvicauda, Labia, 17 (fig.), 18,22

dominicae, Marava, 17 (fig.), 20,22

dominicana, Parasparatta, 14, 15 (fig.), 22

dorsalis, Labia, 17 (fig.), 18, 22

Doru, 21

albipes, 6 (fig.), 21 (fig.), 22

Euborellia, 8, 9 (key)

caraibea, 9, 11 (fig.), 22

stali, 9, 11 (fig.). 22

ghilianii, Spongovostox, 17 (fig.), 19, 22

Labia, 16, 17 (key)

curvicauda, 17 (fig.), 18, 22

dorsalis, 17 (fig.), 18, 22

Labidura, 12

xanthopus, 6 (fig.), 12 (fig), 13, 22

Marava, 19, 20 (key)

dominicae, 17 (fig.), 20,22

unidentata, 6 (fig.), 17 (fig.), 20, 22

maritima, Anisolabis, 6 (fig.), 7, 8 (fig.), 22

nigrina, Parasparatta, 14, 15 (fig.), 22

Parasparatta, 14 (key)

dominicana, 14, 15 (fig.), 22

nigrina, 14, 15 (fig.), 22

percheron, Carcinophora, 10, (fig-). 22

Spongovostox, 19

ghilianii, 17 (fig.), 19,22

stali, Euborellia, 9, 11 (fig.). 22

unidentata, Marava, 6 (fig.), 17 (fig.), 20,22

xanthopus, Labidura, 6 (fig.), 12 (fig.), 13, 22

25

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throughout the printed text. They will be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively;

however, if a group of figures is treated as a single figure, the individual components should be

indicated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references:

"Figure 9b.n If illustrations (usually tone photographs) are printed separately from the text as

full pages on a different stock of paper, they will be termed Plates, and individual components

should be lettered (Plate 9b) but may be numbered (Plate 9: figure 2). Never combine the

numbering system of text illustrations with that of plate illustrations. Submit all legends on pages

separate from the text and not attached to the artwork.

In the bibliography (usually called "Literature Cited"), spell out book, journal, and article

titles, using initial caps with all words except minor terms such as "and, of, the." (For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language.) Underscore

(for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume, number, and

page citations: "10(2) :5-9." Spell out such words as "figures" and "plates" (or "pages" when

used alone).

For free copies of his own paper, a Smithsonian author should indicate his requirements on

"Form S6M (submitted to the Press with the manuscript). A non-Smithsonian author will receive

50 free copies; order forms for quantities above this amount with instructions for payment will be

supplied when page proof is forwarded.