J. F. GATES CLA, The Lepidoptera

Rapa Island

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1971 NUMBER 56
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ZOOLOGY

NUMBER 56

j . F. Gates Clarke Th e Lepidoptera

of

Rapa Island

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1971
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Contents

Page

Introduction 1

The Island 5

Food Plants 11

The Fauna 12

Species Previously Recorded 12

Species Newly Recorded 13

Species and Subspecies Described as New 13

Endemicity 21

Acknowledgments 21

Disposition of Specimens 27

Systematic Arrangement 27

Family Nymphalidae 27

Family Sphingidae 27

Family Arctiidae 27

Family Noctuidae '. 28

Family Geometridae 52

Family Lathrotelidae 58

Family Pyralidae 61

Family Alucitidae %

Family Tortricidae 99

Family Olethreutidae 124

Family Garposinidae 134

Family Gelechiidae 137

Family Cosmopterigidae 144

Family Momphidae 162

Family Glyphipterigidae 164

Family Yponomeutidae 167

Family Epermeniidae 174

Family Heliodinidae 176

Family Gracillariidae 182

Family Tineidae 188

Family Lyonetiidae 222

BibUography 228

Index 275

m
ABSTRACT

Clarke, J. F. Gates. The Lepidoptera of Rapa Island. Smithsonian Contributions

to Zoology, number 56, 282 pages, 1971.—One hundred thirty species of Lepidoptera

are recorded from Rapa Island, of which 77 were previously unreported. Of these,

47 species and 2 subspecies are described as new to science. The adults or genitalia,

or both, of all species are figured. Hosts are recorded where known.
J. F. Gates Clarke The Lepidoptera

of

Rapa Island

Introduction

The first lepidopteron known from Rapa is a specimen

of Anatrachyntis incertulalla (Walker), now in the

British Museum, collected 18 April 1883 by J. J.

Walker and previously recorded in the literature by

Walsingham (1907, p. 515) as Stagmatophora

{Proterocosma) tridigitella. It was not until 1925,

when members of the British Saint George Expedition

made collections on this island, that any considerable

knowledge of the fauna was acquired. As a result of

this expedition 53 species of Lepidoptera were recorded

in the literature. In July of 1934 the Mangarevan Expedition, from the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, visited the island but there is no published

record of Lepidoptera collected on Rapa at that time.

In 1963 from 6 September to 15 December, my wife

and I made collections on Rapa, facilitated by a grantin-aid from the United States Office of Naval Research.

This project has been further aided by Smithsonian

Research Foundation Grant SG 0636056, and the results of our expedition are recorded in the following

pages.

This paper is based on the study of 4,990 specimens,

exclusive of pertinent types.

At the outset it was my intention to deal only with

the Microlepidoptera of Rapa, but in order to bring

together in one place a record of all species of Lepidoptera that are presently known to occur on this island, I have included the Macrolepidoptera. Aside

from a few remarks, I have not attempted to expand

the information on the butterflies or larger moths but

have confined detailed treatment to the Microlepi-

/. F. Gates Clarke, Department of Entomology, National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C. 20560.

doptera. Available names have been used, although it

is well known that revisionary studies will lead to

changes in the names of some species.

Comparatively few species from Rapa have been

figured (Poulton and Riley, 1928; Collenette, 1928;

Clarke, 1958). In most cases only the adult or the

genitalia of one sex, or none at all, have been illustrated.

Even in this work one or the other sex for a few species

has not been figured because of the lack of examples.

For the male genitalia of the Cosmopterigidae one

new term is proposed. The structure in question occurs

in the articulation between the anellus and harpe, and

may be paired or single. It is not clear whether the

structure is part of the anellus or a basal projection of

the harpe, but when the parts are disarticulated it

sometimes remains attached to the anellus and other

times to the harpe (Figures 122, 124). It is generally

digitate or may be modified in several ways. For this

structure I propose the name prospicuus.

The color descriptions are based on Ridgway, 1912,

Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. Obviously,

all colors and hues are not represented in Ridgway, but

I have adhered as closely as possible to his standards.

Where necessary I have endeavored to use a more descriptive term.

In this paper I am presenting, for the first time, maps

of the distribution of some of the genera and species

herein recorded. By no means should these maps be

considered as representing the total distribution of

these taxa, but rather a record of what collectors have

found to date. When we consider the relatively few

specimens that have been taken we must realize that

our knowledge of these animals is very imperfect indeed. On the other hand, the distribution patterns of

such species as Vanessa itea and of the genus Tanaoctena present a very clear picture of the area presently

occupied by them. Moreover, the distribution maps of

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 1.—Rapa Island showing collecting localities.

Praeacedes thecophora and Decadarchis flavistriata, to

name but two, demonstrate with what great facility

some species and genera may be dispersed over the

world. Of the 7,000 islands in the Pacific and those in

the Indo-Australian region we know comparatively

little, and our meager knowledge of these vast areas can

only give us a very slight indication of what will eventually be discovered, what relationships really exist, and

what the widely scattered points of origin of the Pacific

Fauna really are.

The distribution maps are based on specimens in the

British Museum (Natural History), the Rijksmuseum

van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, and the Smithsonian

Institution.

The peculiarities of the microlepidopterous fauna,

revealed by the specimens collected by members of the

Saint George Expedition (1924-1925), induced Meyrick to postulate his theory of the existence of

"Palaeonesia," in which he lowers and raises the sea

level 12,000 feet in a few effortless paragraphs. There

is no geological evidence to support Meyrick's contention that a land mass of 400 miles in length existed in

the vicinity of Rapa, but it is interesting to note the

conviction with which his proposal was made (1926,

p. 271):

I am satisfied that the extent and character of this endemic

fauna postulates former conditions very different from those

now existing, ... . A rise of 12,000 feet in the sea bottom

of the South Pacific is required to show these results, but I

entertain no doubt that such an elevation must have existed

since the Eocene period, because it is absolutely the only explanation possible. Such a rise would . . . convert Rapa into

an elongate island some 400 miles in length ... .

Meyrick further states (1929, 490):

Its continued existence as a denned and isolated unit over

a considerable period of time entitles it to a name for purposes

of discussion and if it has not previously obtained this recognition, I suggest that of Palaeonesia.
NUMBER 5 6

FIGURES 2, 3.—2, Embarkation from Papeete, Tahiti, 1 September 1963, on "Manureva." Thelma

Clarke seated; Mr. Gaston Allain, Administrator, Tubuai (Austral) Islands, on gangplank.

3, Rugged southwest coast of Rapa.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 4, Haurei Bay and harbor entrance from slope of Perau. Village of Haurei at

upper right. 5, Village of Haurei from Point Teakauraee.
NUMBER 5 6

Despite Meyrick's apparent error with regard to the

existence of "Palaeonesia" it was his fascinating theory

that stimulated us to undertake our own expedition to

the island. We were not prompted so much by a desire

to prove or disprove his theory as by a wish to discover

evidence of zoogeographical connections other than

those already proposed. I had hoped to find evidence

of some connection between Rapa, New Zealand, and

Australia and southern South America. The evidence

of zoological and botanical relationships between the

Australian, southern South American, and South African regions is already well established. These relationships are carried to some of the Southern

Hemisphere oceanic islands, but as far as I am able to

ascertain, from a study of the material at hand, there

is no connection between the fauna of Rapa and that

of the Americas, with the possible exception of that

suggested by the relationship between Orinympha and

Pseudorinympha. There is very strong evidence of a

relationship between the fauna of Rapa and those of

New Zealand and Australia and the New Guinean

Region.

A great many of the species found on Rapa are

habitual wanderers; many are widespread and easily

become established on out-of-the-way places. Strong

flyers are known to cover wide expanses of ocean under

their own power, others are blown willy-nilly from

place to place, and exhibit great powers of survival.

The refuse-feeders appear to exhibit no limits to their

abilities to move from place to place, and they can always find an abundance of decaying vegetable matter

on which to feed. Although the refuse-feeders can be

blown from one place to another, or they may be

transported on floating debris, their dispersal is undoubtedly effected primarily through the agency of

man. As far as Rapa is concerned, dispersal by "rafting" for all intents and purposes can be ruled out

unless ocean currents previously were vastly different

from what they are today, because rarely does anything in the form of driftwood reach the shores of the

island.

Although we can account for the arrival of refusefeeders, and perhaps a few others, on the island

through transportation by man either in the canoes

of the early arrivals, or later during historic times in

ships, how do we explain the presence of the endemic

fauna and the species of other genera which are also

found elsewhere? Meyrick's "Palaeonesia" was to him

". . . absolutely the only explanation possible," but, in

view of recent discoveries, it seems that the most logical

means of dispersal is through wind currents over long

periods of time. The chance arrival, however remote,

of a single or a few immigrant species may lead to a

whole diverse fauna in a particular group such as the

Cosmopterigidae of the Hawaiian Islands, or, to a

lesser extent, the Crambidae of the Juan Fernandez

Islands. Ladd (1960, p. 148) has calculated the number of typhoons in the western Pacific using 1957 as a

typical year with 17 disturbances. Taking four typhoons as an average for each year there would have

been 500,000 cyclonic disturbances that have occurred

in the Pacific since the close of the Cretaceous and

certainly these or lesser disturbances could account

for a great deal of dispersal. Obviously, the mere presence of small Microlepidoptera on widely separated

islands refutes the assertion that they are "delicate"

insects.

The Island

The island of Rapa (Rapa Iti, Oparu or Rap-a) is

situated in 27.37.15' south latitude and 144.20.04' west

longitude. It is volcanic in origin and was probably

formed as early as the Eocene period. It is one of the

few oceanic islands on which coal has been found, the

coal having been formed in a lake which once filled

much of the ancient crater. The crater was subsequently breached, thus forming the present bay and

harbor (Figure 4). Goal samples have been dated

variously from over 1,000,000 to 25,000,000 years. As

one might expect, the pollen grains of Cyperaceae

predominate. This family of plants still constitutes a

considerable proportion of the flora. Pollen of Coprosma in a form comparable to that of C. cookei, and

C. rapensis is also present in the coal (Cranwell, 1964,

p. 46).

The island is extremely rugged (Figures 3, 12, 13,

17). Water oozes and runs out at the lower levels

almost everywhere, filling many of the trails, some of

which have been worn to a depth of a foot or more,

and it is nearly impossible to venture anywhere without getting wet. The highest point on the island is

Perau (Figure 8), which reaches a height of 2,077

feet (639 m) and the island is noted for its numerous

"aiguille" (needles) (Figures 12, 13). The periphery

of the island is deeply cut by many bays (Figures 1,

4, 10), at the head of which each has an extensive

swamp. Formerly, when the population was much
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 6, 7.—6, Looking east from outskirts of Haurei village. Taga, upper right; Miscanthus

in foreground; beyond, mixed brushy area of Hibiscus, Eugenia, Psidium, Rubus, etc., and

Pandanus on left 7, Thelma Clarke beside tree of Pandanus teetorius, at Point Maraia, 9 October

1963.
NUMBER 5 6

FIGURES 8, 9.—8, Looking northwest Perau (639 m, 2,077 feet) on right Pukutaketake (369 m,

1,200 feet) on left Note patches of indigenous vegetation on hillsides. 9, Looking west Hiri Bay

on left, Pukutaketake (369 m, 1,200 feet) extreme right background and Morogouta (246 m,

800 feet) extreme upper right
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 10, 11.—10, Looking eastward from trail to Maugaoa. On right Anatakun Bay and

Point Temavee. "Rapa Iti" is small conical island at end of point. Central bushy area is mixed but

consists principally of Metrostderos. 11, Maugaoa at 300 m, 950 feet. Bird nest fern (Asplenium

nidus), Rubus rosaefolius, Freycinetia, etc.
NUMBER 5 6

larger than now, all of these swamps were used to

grow taro (Colocasia), as evidenced by the extensive

terracing, but now that the population is reduced to a

few more than 300x these areas are not so extensively

cultivated and the terracing has fallen into disrepair.

It seems quite probable that before the island was

heavily populated it was covered with a forest of fairly

large trees, and indeed we found stumps of two or

more feet in diameter. As fuel requirements increased

with an increase in population, the forest was cut back

so that now the lower slopes have had practically all

trees removed and the original vegetation has been replaced by grasses, ferns, and other weeds (Figures 5,

8,10). Dr. Elwood C. Zimmerman, who was a member

of the Mangareva Expedition of 1934, after viewing

our photographs, stated that there has been a noticeable reduction of forest since the time he visited the

island.

Despite the deforestation some elements of the original forests, such as the giant tree fern, Cyathea rapense,

and the myrtaceous Metrosideros, can still be found

at sea level. The dominant grasses are Miscanthus

floridulus (Labill.) Warberg (ex. Schum. and Laut.)

and Paspalum paniculatum L., with such weedy

plants as Lycopodium cernum L., Ipomea gracilis R.

Br. (I. littoralis Bl.), Rubus rosaefolius J. E. Sm.,

Bidens pilosa L., Rumex crispus L., Sonchus oleraceus

L., and the fern Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underwood. The Rubus and Dicranopteris are harsh elements in the thick growth and are a constant annoyance to the bare-legged natives.

In all the wet places, but particularly in and around

the taro patches, Commelina diffusa Burm. f. (C.

nudiflora L.), and Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara,

are abundant. Associated with these are cyperaceous

plants and small grasses. Also in such areas will be

found Siegesbeckia orientalis L., and other weedy

species.

East of the village of Haurei (Figure 6) is an excellent collecting area of mixed vegetation. Besides

the dominant Miscanthus (foreground), there will be

found at least three species of Hibiscus: Begonia sp.,

Eugenia jambos L., Psidium guajava L., and P. littorale Raddi, gardenia, Rubus, Manihot sp. (M. esculenta?), Ficus, the weeds and wet area species mentioned above; Dolichos lablab L., Bidens pilosa L.,

Pandanus tectorius Solander, and other less conspicuous plants. This area and the lower valleys contain

1

15 December 1963 population 306.

numerous cultivated species. Among them are lime,

orange, banana, mango (Mangifera indica L.), avocado, fig, coffee, and such garden varieties as onion,

carrots, lettuce, beans, peas, cabbage, raddish, potato,

and beet. It is doubtful that the mangos produce fruit,

and we saw none, although the trees produced flowers.

Fifty coconut trees (Cocos nucifera L.) grow reluctantly but do not produce nuts because of the cold

temperature. The coffee, the ripe beans of which are

harvested from the ground, has an especially fine

flavor but only a small amount is produced, a little of

which is exported.

On the lower slopes mixed with the grasses and

small ferns will be found Vaccinium rapae Skottsberg,

the low, vinelike Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Lindl.,

Carexi feanii F. Brown, Scirpus nodosus Rottboel,

Metrosideros, Eugenia, and Ipomea. The Metrosideros

becomes more abundant with an increase in altitude

until it is one of the dominant trees on the higher

mountains. Pandanus was not found above 500 feet

on the main island but the small satellite Karapoo

rahi, at the southern tip of Rapa, is a virtual forest of

this tree. At from 300 to 500 feet Fitchia rapensis F.

Brown and Oparanthus rapensis (F. Brown) appear,

and at about the same altitude Oparanthus Icoriaceus

(F. Brown) and Corokia make their debut (Figures

14, 17), the latter becoming one of the dominants at

higher altitudes. Dodonaea viscosa var. stokesiana

F. Brown, which is the most attractive shrub to the

large, conspicuous, endemic otiorhynchine weevils of

Rapa, makes its appearance at about this point. A

little higher Veronica (Hebe) rapensis F. Brown will

be found on the exposed ridges, and all the steep slopes

and steep-sided ridges are abundantly covered with

Freycinetia. At the higher altitudes, besides the dominant Cyathea (Figure 16), other large ferns such as

Asplenium nidus, mosses, and lichens become abundant. The endemic Myoporum rapense F. Brown was

found at only one locality, Pariati Bay (Figures 18, 19,

20), along with Scirpus nodosus and Pandanus.

The weather is very unfavorable for the entomologist

most of the time, the frequent heavy rains and strong

winds greatly reducing the time that one can spend in

the field. During our stay heavy rain occurred on 27

days and many other days were cold and windy. Probably the best months are December and January, the

worst months, July and August. Following is a record

of the rainfall for 1963. This can be taken as a reasonable example of what one can expect
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 12, 13.—12, Maurua (550 m, 1,807 feet) center and Pukumaru (600 m, 1,960 feet)

from slope of Maugaoa. White spots on slope are goats. 13, Maurua right, Maugaoa left

Frtyeinetia in foreground.
NUMBER 5 6

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

mm

45.1

248. 1

188.9

286.7

248.2

167.8

115.3

358.7

93. 1

258.4

87.4

171.6

inches

1.8

9.5

7.5

11.4

9.9

6.7

4.6

14.3

3.7

10.3

3.5

6.8

Total 2, 269. 3 90.0

Despite the poor weather and low temperatures

the populations of some of the insects are enormous.

During the month of September the Tipulidae occurred in such hordes that it was impossible to collect

anything else at light because the sheet (Figure 15)

was literally covered with a plethora of flies. On 14

October, at Anatakuri Bay, great quantities of a small

moth came to light. In my field notes I wrote:

"Cosmopterix aphranassa appeared in thousands nearly

11

smothering us and greatly complicating collecting other

things." On a third occasion, on 23 November,

Dichelopa sericopis swarmed all over the sheet, leaving

scarcely any room for anything else. It was interesting

that copulation of many pairs took place on the collecting sheet.

Most of our collecting was accomplished with a

"black light," powered by a six-volt automobile battery,

suspended beneath a gasoline (petrol) pressure lamp

(Figure 15), the two suspended in front of a white

sheet. We also spent much time "beating" shrubs and

trees. By this method we obtained no less than 14

species of Microlepidoptera from Pandanus alone;

subsequently 12 of these species were reared from

various parts of this tree.

Nearly 800 specimens in our collection were reared.

My wife was responsible for the care of the larvae and

their rearing, and it is to her cpnscientious effort that

we owe our success in this phase of the project. The

food plants and our numbers, and the native names,

when known, are as follows:

Species

R 1. Psidium guajava L.

R 6. Psidium littorale Raddi (or a form of P. guajava)

R 2. Metrosideros collina (Forster) A. Gray var. ? glaberrima A. Gray.

R 3. Metrosideros collina (Forster) var. ? villosa A. Gray

R 7. Eugenia jambos L.

R 8. Ipomoea gracilis R. Br. (/. littoralis Bl.)

R 9. Hibiscus australensis Fosberg.

R 10. Commelina diffuse Burm. f. (C nudiflara L.)

R 11. Bidens pilosa L.

R 18. Sonchus oleraceus L.

R 32. Fitchia rapensis F. Brown

R 35. Oparanthus ? coriaceus (F. Brown)

R 40. Oparanthus rapensis (F. Brown)

R 39. Siegesbeckia orientalis L.

R 12. Dolichos lablab L.

R 13. Mangifera indica L.

R 14. Vaccinium rapae Skottsberg

R 15. Rubus rosaefolius J. E. Sm.

R 41. OsUomeles anthyllidifolia Lindl.

R 19. Rumex crispus L.

R 20. Cyathea rapense Copeland

R 21. Cyperus javanicus Houtt (C. pennatus L.)

R 27. Scirpus nodosus Rottboell

R 38. Carex? jeanii F. Brown

R 25. Corokia collenettei Riley

R 23. Corokia collenettei Riley

R 26. Pandanus tectorius Solander

R 22. Veronica {Hebe) rapensis F. Brown

R 29. Fiats sp.

R 30. Manihot sp. (probably M. esculenta Crantz)

Family

Myrtaceac

Myrtaceae

Myrtaceac

Myrtaceae

Myrtaceae

Convolvulaccae

Malvaceae

Commelinaceae

Compositac

Compositae

Compositae

Compositae

Compositae

Compositae

Compositae

Anacardiaccae

Ericaceae

Rosaceae

Rosaccac

Polygonaceae

Cyatheaceae

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

Cyperaceae

Escaloniaceae

Escaloniaceae

Pandanaceae

Scrophulariaceae

Moraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Native name

tuvava

tuvava

rata

rata

kaika

eoe

urupuku

maapuaturu

nau

piti

vi rapa

mona

fara
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Species Family

R 31. Myoporum rapense F. Brown Myoporaceae

R 37. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara Onagraceae

R 42. Dodonaea viscosa var. stokesiana F. Brown Sapindaceae

R 28. Lycopodtum cernuum L. Lycopodiaccac

R 36. Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underwood Polypodiaceae

R 16. Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. (Ex. Schum. Gramincae

and Laut.).

R 17. Paspalum pardculatum L. Gramineac

Native name

Practically all of the records of food plants we recorded were previously unknown. It is strange that

the food plants of several of the endemic species of

moths are "weed" species which have been introduced

and the original or native hosts are unknown. It is

surprising, also, that the endemic Corokia does not

constitute the food of any endemic microlepidopteron,

as far as we know, although a single dried fruit of this

plant contained a larva of Stathmopoda perfuga (Meyrick) , which yielded an adult. This is not significant because the species of Stathmopoda feed on any dead

vegetable matter.

Of the 95 species of Microlepidoptera, including

pyralids, now recorded from the island, we were successful in rearing 35, approximately 36.5 percent.

The Fauna

In this paper 130 species and subspecies of Lepidoptera

are recorded, both from the literature and from our

own collecting. Before our visit 53 species were known

from the collections of the Saint George Expedition.

The species are as follows:

Species Previously Recorded

Rhopalocera

Hypolimnas bolina Linnaeus

Heterocera

Celama insularum Collenette

Callopistria meridionalis (Collenette) (Eriopus)

Prodenia litura (Fabricius)

Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval)

Elydna nonagrica (Walker)

Chasmina tibialis (Fabricius)

Amyna natalis (Walker)

Phlegetonia delatrix (Guenee)

Achaea janata (Linnaeus)

Mocis frugalis (Fabricius)

Phytometra chalcites (Esper)

Phytometra albostriata (Bremer and Grey)

Anomis flava flava (Fabricius)

Anomis vitiensis (Butler)

Anticarsia irroratc (Fabricius)

Simplicia caeneusalis (Walker)

Hydrillodes melanozona Collenette

Hypena longfteldae Collenette

Luceria oculalis (Moore)

Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus)

Gymnoscelis erymna (Meyrick)

Cleora stenoglypta Prout

Cleora dodonaeae Prout

Homoeosoma inexplorata Meyrick

Eurohodope ardescens Meyrick

Piletocera signiferalis Wallengren

Hymenia fascialis Cramer

Tatobotys biannulalis (Walker)

Marasmia hemicrossa Meyrick

Marasmia trapezalis Guenee

Diasemia ramburialis Duponchel

Psara licarsisalis Walker

Isocentris illectalis Walker

Scoparia exterminata Meyrick

Scoparia psednopa Meyrick

Nesoscopa exsors Meyrick

Dichelopa honoranda Meyrick

Dichelopa sericopis Meyrick

Dichelopa deltozancla Meyrick

Dichelopa ceramocausta Meyrick

Dichelopa iochorda Meyrick

Dichelopa exulcerata Meyrick

Spilonota thyellopis Meyrick

Crocidosema plebejana Zeller

Argyroploce aprobola Meyrick

Stoeberhinus testaeeus Butler

Cosmopterix aphranassa Meyrick

Ulochora perfuga Meyrick

Gracillaria hilaropis Meyrick

Gracillaria crypsidelta Meyrick

Decadarchis pelotricha Meyrick

Decadarchis sphenacma Meyrick

Of the material collected by the Saint George Expedition, that recorded as Gymnoscelis erymna Meyrick

was misdetermined and is, in fact, Gymnoscelis concinna Swinhoe. Also, Tatabotys biannulalis (Walker)

and Isocentris illectalis Walker were misidentified and

are, respectively, Cometura picrogramma Meyrick and

Hyalobathra variabilis, new species. Gracillaria crypsi-
NUMBER 56 13

delta Meyrick is a synonym of Gracillaria hilaropis

Meyrick, leaving 53 valid species known from the

island up to the time of our visit

Thirty previously described species were collected

by us and are:

Species Newly Recorded

Rhopalocera

Vanessa (Bassaris) itea (Fabricius)

Heterocera

Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampton

Tiracola plagiata (Walker)

Platysenta illecta (Walker)

Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel)

Peridroma saucia (Hubner)

Gymnoscelis concinna Swinhoe

Cometura picrogramma Meyrick

Cadra cautella (Walker)

Strepsicrates holotephras (Meyrick)

Bactra litigatrix Meyrick

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

Cosmopterix melanarches Meyrick

Trissodoris honorariella Walsingham

Echinoscelis hemithia Meyrick

Anatrachyntis incertulella (Walker)

Anatrachyntis megacentra Meyrick

Anatrachyntis similis Bradley

Labdia dicyanitis Meyrick

AnthophUa chalcotoxa Meyrick

Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)

Lissocnemitis argolyca Meyrick

Sttomorpha rutella Zeller

Mono pis crocicapitella Clemens

Praeacedes thecophora (Walsingham)

Erechthias zebrina (Butter)

Choropleca terpsichorella (Busck)

Decadarchis minuscula (Walsingham)

Decadarchis flavistriata (Walsingham)

Opogona aurisquamosa (Walsingham)

Species and Subspecies Described as New

1. Euplexia vetula

2. Chloroclystis pitoi

3. Lathroteles obscura

4. Hyalobathra variabilis

5. Glyphodes eudoxia

6. Tirsa fiona

7. Uresiphita polygonalis ochrocrossa

8. Metasia chionostigma

9. Metasia gnorisma

10. Metasia empelioptera

11. Piletocera signiferalis isola

882-271 O—71 2

12. Scoparia tivira

13. Stangeia rapae

14. Dichelopa messalina

15. Dichelopa rhodographa

16. Dichelopa anthracodelta

17. Dichelopa dendrophila

18. Dichelopa vaccinii

19. Dichelopa lupicinia

20. Dichelopa myopori

21. Dichelopa argyrospUoides

22. Dichelopa pulcheria

23. Tritopterna galena

24. Cryptophlebia nythobia

25. Carposina paracrinifera

26. Carposina apousia

27. Palintropa peregrina

28. Autosticha merista

29. Trissodoris thelmae

30. Semolina leucotricha

31. Iressa neoleuca

32. Batrachedra monophthalma

33. Tebenna bradleyi

34. Tanaoctena indubitata

35. Pseudorinympha laeta

36. Terthroptera eremosesia

37. Ochromolopis incrassa

38. Stathmopoda percnophthalma

39. Stathmopoda argyrosticha

40. Gracillaria verina

41. Petula phalarata

42. Nesoxena pandani

43. Decadarchis cirrhogramma

44. Decadarchis pagophila

45. Decadarchis phaeoptera

46. Decadarchis melanospila

47. Decadarchis coprosoma

48. Biastolemma coarctata

49. Opogona allaini

The families are represented by the following 29

genera in the Rhopalocera and Macroheterocera:

Hypolimnas, Vanessa, Hippotion, Celama, Utetheisa,

Peridroma, Tiracola, Platysenta, Mythimna, Euplexia,

Luceria, Callopistria, Spodoptera, Prodenia, Elydna,

Chasmina, Amyna, Chrysodeixis, Achaea, Mocis, Anticarsia, Anomis, Phlegetonia, Simplicia, Hydrillodes,

Hypena, Chloroclystis, Gymnoscelis, and Cleora. Of

these 29 genera not one is endemic on Rapa.

In the Microlepidoptera there are 57 genera: Lathroteles, Eurhodope, Homoeosoma, Cadra, Scoparia,

Diasemiopsis, Marasmia, Spoladea, Glyphodes, Uresiphita, Tirsa, Herpetogramma, Cometura, Hyalobathra,

Metasia, Piletocera, Stangeia, Dichelopa, Nesoscopa,

Strepsicrates, Crocidosema, Platypeplus, Tritopternat

Cryptophlebia, Bactra, Carposina, Stoeberhinus$

Phthorimaea, Autosticha, Palintropa, Cosmopterix,
14

Trissodoris, Echinoscelis, Labdia, Jressa, Semolina,

Anatrachyntis, Batrachedra, Anthophila, Tebenna,

Tanaoctena, Terthroptera, Pseudorinympha, Stathmopoda, Lissocnemitis, Ochromolopis, Gracillaria,

Parectopa, Monopis, Praeacedes, Nesoxena, Decadarchis, Erechthias, Petula, Biastolemma, Choropleca, and

Opogona.

Of the microlepidopterous genera seven are endemic

and one, Lathroteles, forms the basis for a new and

endemic family.

The 86 genera are distributed in the following 21

families:

Nymphalidae 2

Sphingidae 1

Arctiidae 2

Noctuidae 21

Geometridae 3

Lathrotelidae 1

Pyralidae 15

Alucitidae 1

Tortricidae 2

Olethreutidae 6

Carposinidae 1

Gelechiidae 4

Cosmopterigidac 7

Momphidae 1

Glyphipterigidae 2

Yponomeutidae 3

Heliodinidae 2

Epermeniidae 1

Gracillariidae 2

Tineidae 8

Lyonctiidae 1

Because of the remoteness of the island one would

expect to find on it an unusually interesting fauna.

Such is the case.

It is obvious that the origins of the diverse fauna are

multiple, some very ancient with present-day indications of remote relationships to continental areas, and

some of more recent connections, which are only of

importance because they demonstrate the ease with

which some species are dispersed and become

established.

Of the genera of the Macrolepidoptera not one is

endemic. Both butterflies are "wanderers" and are not

confined to Rapa. The noctuid genera are well known

outside the island but five species in this family are

unknown elsewhere.

Three of the Geometridae are endemic but one,

Gymnoscelis concinna Swinhoe is, presumably, an

introduction from the Indian Region.

To find a new family in Lepidoptera at this late

date is, to say the least, an unexpected surprise. Such

is the case, however, with what I have dubbed the

Lathrotelidae. As expressed by Dr. Eugene Munroe,

world authority on the Pyralidae, "Unless you want

to redescribe the family Pyralidae you must define a

new family." Unfortunately, the tiny moth, which is

the basis for the new family, is represented by only

two examples, both females, so that not much can be

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

said about it. It would appear, however, that this is

a relic species and very ancient in origin.

There are 21 species in the Pyralidae divided as

follows: Scoparia (3) , Metasia (3) , Marasmia (2) ,

and the remaining 13 genera with one each. The six

species in Scoparia and Metasia are endemic and

probably represent in each genus derivatives of a single

ancient immigrant species. Both species of Marasmia

are grass feeders, are fairly widespread, particularly

in the case of M. trapezalis, and could have arrived on

the island in ancient or modern times. As to time of

arrival the same can be said for D. ramburialis, S.

recurvalis, and H. licarsisalis. These three seem to

disperse easily. S. recurvalis is known to be subject to

variation in various islands, and in the Hawaiian

Islands some examples are marked very strikingly

with yellow—so much so that one was described as a

distinct species, Hymenia exodias Meyrick. The same

tendency to yellow appears in some Marquesan

examples, but the Rapa series seems to be normal with

only a suggestion of variation in one or two specimens.

Under Uresiphita polygonalis ochrocrossa I will

discuss the differences between some of the populations of this species. Since these various populations

are isolated it is obvious that incipient speciation is

taking place, but since nothing is known of the

genetics of polygonalis it is not possible to relate the

changes under the various environmental conditions

to time. I suspect that the dispersal was ancient and

random, but perhaps is a continuing phenomenon,

and that, so far, there has been no opportunity for

recombination of characters between the various elements of the world population. The same might be

said of Piletocera signiferalis isola, but the differences

between the various populations of this species are

not as striking as in the case of polygonalis.

One genus of Pyralidae, Tirsa, is described as new

and certainly it is not clear from what or where it is

derived because no close relatives have been recognized. Glyphodes eudoxia, new species, in its somber

coloration is a considerable departure from other

members of this widely distributed genus and is probably a remnant of a more extensive but unsuccessful

fauna on the island.

The genus Stangeia (Alucitidae) with the one

endemic species rapae was proposed for a European

species, but finds its greatest development in Australia.

We must conclude, therefore, that Stangeia is

Australian and that rapae derives its origin from that
NUMBER 5 6 15

continent. Since rapae feeds in Siegesbeckia orientalis,

a weed species, it probably was imported with it. When

the Australian species of Stangeia have been carefully

studied, it is possible that rapae may fall as a synonym

to one of them.

All of the Tortricidae on Rapa are endemic. The

genus Nesoscopa has one species and it was not until

1962 that a second species was discovered in the

New Hebrides. From this meager information and the

distribution of the two species we might infer that their

origin was in New Guinea. Up until the time of this

writing the second tortricid genus, Dichelopa, was

represented by 27 described species; in this paper 9

more are described as new. The 27 previously described species are known from the Marquesas (13),

Tahiti (2), Australia (6), and Rapa (6). No other

areas, either insular or continental, are known to have

representatives of the genus; nor do they have anything

closely related. This suggests a very early origin and

proliferation of endemic species peculiar to the area—

similar to, but not nearly as extensive as that found in

the genus Hyposmocoma of the Hawaiian Islands. Undoubtedly more species of Dichelopa will be discovered,

particularly in the Marquesas, Society, and Tubuai

islands. Its pattern of distribution is followed by other

genera or species described below, but it is strange

that the genus has not yet been discovered in the

Hawaiian Islands.

Seven species in six genera of Olethreutidae are

found on Rapa. Of these, three species are endemic.

The genus Cryptophlebia, with one endemic species, is

widely distributed from Australia to Africa, throughout the western and central Pacific to Japan and the

Hawiian Islands, with a single species in Argentina.

This appears to be an ancient group with its origin

probably in the Southern Hemisphere. Crocidosema

plebejana presents an interesting case. It is probably

American in origin but has been distributed to the

four corners of the earth. Actually, plebejana is a complex "species" with widely separated populations developing independently within its great range. There

is an American population that differs from the Rapa

segregate as demonstrated by the male genitalia

(Figures 104<r, d); another population in the Juan

Fernandes Islands, known only from females, with a

constant venational difference; presumably three distinguishable segregates in Hawaii; and undoubtedly

others in various localities throughout the world. The

genus Tritopterna, with one endemic species, is rather

rare but is fairly widespread in the Pacific. Its point

of origin is probably New Guinea.

The two species of Carposinidae, both endemic, are

related to the Hawaiian forms and are part of the

well-known endopacific endemic fauna.

In the Gelechiidae there are four genera, each with

one species. The refuse-feeding Stoeberhinus testaceus

is strictly a Pacific insect and is widely distributed in

that area. Although it does not flourish in the cold

climate of Rapa, it undoubtedly will be able to maintain

itself. The ubiquitous Phthorimaea operculella is distributed in commerce and will be found just about

everywhere that potatoes are eaten. Autosticha is

another common Oriental and Pacific genus and has

only one species on the island. Next, let us consider

an interesting example of so-called "discontinuous distribution." The genus Palintropa contains two closely

related, but distinct species, separated by 9,000 miles:

hippica from Ceylon and peregrina from Rapa. The

species are close but distinct, and despite the 9,000

miles separating them there is no question of their

affinities. It seems obvious in this case that the distributional pattern of this genus is a result of the lack of

collecting. The point is, though, is this an Indian form

that has reached Rapa or an ancient Rapan form that

has reached Ceylon?

The Cosmopterigidae find their greatest development in the Pacific area, particularly in Hawaii where

extensive evolutionary radiation has produced hundreds of species. "Little Rapa" has its share of eleven

species in seven genera but of these only four species

are endemic. Cosmopterix is a worldwide genus with

two species. One, melanarches, was previously known

from the Society Islands; the other, aphranassa, is endemic. Trissodoris has two species: thelmae which is

endemic and honorariella which is the type-species of

the genus and is distributed all the way from Pitcairn

Island and Hawaii to Rapa, Borneo, and Ceylon. The

origin of the genus was probably in Australia where

there are related forms, but its distribution is limited

only by the distribution of Pandanus. Although this

species can be, and probably is, dispersed by convection

currents and cyclonic disturbances, its chief mode of

dispersal is undoubtedly by the agency of man, particularly ancient man; the Polynesians and other Pacific

races use Pandanus extensively in building their houses

or making such items as mats and baskets. In the construction of their houses they use the dry, hanging

leaves, and it is these leaves that are infested with Tris-
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 14, 15.—14, Maugaoa at 300 m, 950 feet Mixed vegetation dominated by Oparanthus,

Corokia, Metrosideros, Rubus, and Freycinetia. 15, Collecting sheet at same point as Figure 14.

"Black light" shows as white bar below pressure lamp.
NUMBER 56 17

sodoris species and which are transported from place

to place. The same might be said for the distribution of

the very closely related genus Echinoscelis, the larva of

which also feeds in Pandanus (see Figure 21). Labdia

dicyanitis is probably a central Pacific species, presently

known only from the Marquesas Islands and Rapa.

Iressa and Semolina are known only from Rapa and

each has one species. One other genus, Anatrachyntis,

occurs on Rapa and contains three species, all widely

distributed in the Pacific and each apparently dependent on Pandanus as a host.

In the Momphidae there is a single endemic species,

Batrachedra monophthalma, which feeds in a cyperaceous plant. This group probably was more extensively

represented in ancient times when the Cyperaceae were

so common on the island, but has died out with the

decline in the abundance of hosts.

The family Glyphipterigidae has two species on

Rapa: Anthophila chalcotoxa and Tebenna bradleyi.

The former was described from Tonga and the larva

feeds on Ficus. It is easy, therefore, for chalcotoxa and

other members of the genus Anthophila to become dispersed because of the abundance of Ficus throughout

the Pacific. Tebenna bradleyi is obviously a migrant to

Rapa from Australia or New Zealand.

The yponomeutid genus, Tanaoctena, presents an

interesting, but restricted, distribution which is similar

to that of Dichelopa. There are only four species: one

in New Zealand, one each in Tasmania and Australia,

and one on Rapa (Figure 132). The Rapa species is

most nearly related to dubia of New Zealand. Even the

family assignment of this peculiar genus is suspect, but

regardless of its placement the species are obviously related. The two other yponomeutid genera, Pseudorinympha and Terthroptera, each with one species, are

endemic, but it is the former that conjurs speculative

thought as to its origin and relationship. The only significant difference between Pseudorinympha and the

North American Orinympha is the absence of an ocellus

in the former and presence in the latter. Although the

presence or absence of ocelli is generally considered

important, it is not known to what extent this may be

significant. If in fact these two genera are related, as

they appear to be, then the relationship must be very

ancient and the connection was probably by way of

Antarctica when its climate was more moderate than it

is today. Although this relationship may seem highly

improbable and remote, it is certainly not any more

impossible than the presence of the yponomeutid genus

Melitonympha in the Juan Fernandes Islands, Chile,

and Texas!

Of the four species of Heliodinidae, three are endemic and the fourth, Ussocnemitis argolyca, is found

also only in the Marquesas.

The Gracillariidae are represented by three species—

two endemic, one apodemic. It is the latter, Parectopa

pontiftcalis, that presents a host-species relationship that

is interesting and conforms, to a large extent, with the

south central Pacific distribution pattern. It was described from Rurutu, one of the Austral Islands not

very distant from Rapa, and it occurs on Rapa.

The host of pontiftcalis is Metrosideros, which is

found commonly in the Australian-New Zealand area

as well as in the Hawaiian Islands, Austral Islands, and

South Africa. The relatives of pontificalis (minietta,

pyrelictis, hieranthes, paradisia, thriambica, gamelia,

coccinea, zehntneri, haemataula, collischema, and

tegulata) are from New Zealand, Samoa, Ceylon and

Java, India, and Assam, following very closely the distribution of Metrosideros (Figure 141). Although

Metrosideros occurs in the Hawaiian Islands and South

Africa, no relative of pontificalis has yet been found—

undoubtedly a matter of collecting.

Six of the 17 Tineidae might be termed "tramp

species" and are undoubtedly distributed around the

world in commerce. These are: Mono pis crocicapitella,

Praeacedes thecophora, Decadarchis flavistriata, D.

minuscula, Setomorpha rutella, and Erechthias zebrina.

All are refuse-feeders, stored products pests, or feed in

dead and decaying vegetable matter. Except for the

ease with which they are transported, they are of no

particular importance zoogeographically. Decadarchis

is largely a Pacific genus, except for the two nearly

pan-tropical species mentioned above. On Rapa there

are ten species, all but two of them endemic. The little

known and closely related genus Nesoxena is presently

recorded only from Tahiti, Rapa and Ontong Java, and

the Tuamotus although it will probably be found

through much of the tropical Pacific where its food

plants, Pandanus and Cocos, are common. The two

endemic genera, Biastolemma and Petula, do not have

any known close relatives and their origin is very obscure. The nearly ankylosed male genitalia of B.

coarctata are unlike anything else known in the Tineidae. Opogona of the Lyonetiidae is a large and wellknown genus in the Old World and the Pacific Islands,

but its place of origin, like that of the coconut, is

obscure.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

\

i

\ < 1

V

v

<1 "7

17

I

PI

h

,;f

u

V - \

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j

p

r;

11

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• • .

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y s • • •

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f

FIGURES 16, 17.—16, The tree fem, Cyathea, on slope of Maugaoa at 308 m, 1,000 feet 17,

Teumukopuke (154 m, 500 feet). Pandanus, Fitchia, Metrosideros in foreground. Tevaitau

(fort) center, Maugaoa, left background, Maurua upper right
NUMBER 56 19

FIGURES 18, 19.—18, Pariati Bay. Scirpus nodosus and Pandanus teetorius. 19, Pariati Bay.

iiyoporum rapense (left) and Scirpus nodosus. Thelma Clarke examining Dichelopa myopori,

new species, attached to iiyoporum.
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 20, 21.—20, Myoporum rapense growing among rocks at Pariati Bay, 30 October 1963.

21, Larval work of Trissodoris honorariella and Echinoscelis hemithia. Large holes and cases at

upper left made by former, small holes and small cases made by latter.
NUMBER 3 6 21

In a considerable number of the Microlepidoptera

of Rapa there is the peculiar feature of the black or

gray-tipped whitish hind wing. It is noticeable in

three families, Lathrotelidae, Pyralidae, and Tortricidae, and is present in Lathroteles obscura, Metasia

chionostigma, M. gnorisma, M. empelioptera, Scoparia

psednopa, S. tivira, S. exterminata, Dichelopa sericopis, D. myopori, D. lupicinia, D. deltozancla, D.

dendrophila, D. rhodographa, D. honoranda, D.

anthracodelta, D. vaccinii, and to a lesser extent in

D. exulcerata. I know of no restricted geographical

area such as Rapa where such a feature is present.

Endemicity

On an island as remote as Rapa one should expect to

find a high percent of endemicity in the fauna. The

fact is, however, that it is unexpectedly low. Neither

of the butterflies is endemic and of the total of Macrolepidoptera recorded only 8 out of 32 species, or 25

percent, are endemic. Of the 96 Microlepidoptera, 60

or 62.5 percent are endemic.

Acknowledgments

Many individuals have aided with this project in one

way or another. Among these I wish to give special

thanks to Dr. Sidney Galler, assistant secretary for

science, Smithsonian Institution, formerly with the

Office of Naval Research, who was instrumental in

securing with his office the contract under which this

project was undertaken. This project received further support in the form of a Smithsonian Research

Foundation Grant. To Gaston Allain, Administrator

of the Austral Islands (Tubuai Islands), without

whose help we could not have reached Rapa, and

who, upon our return, received us most cordially and

hospitably in his home, our gratitude. To Dr. PaulEmile Victor, of Paris and Papeete, I am deeply grateful for his intercession with the governor of French

Polynesia and for his great interest in our entomological exploration of Rapa.

I wish to express my appreciation to the authorities

of the British Museum (Natural History) for permission to examine and study pertinent types; and to my

friends and colleagues there, especially D. S. Fletcher,

Paul E. S. Whalley, M. Shaffer, A. H. Hayes, and

W. H. T. Tarns, who aided with determinations. John

D. Bradley, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology,

is, as usual, due special thanks for his unselfish help, not

only with determinations, but also for answering

numerous questions. I wish to thank Dr. J. Linsley

Gressitt, Department of Entomology, Bernice P. Bishop

Museum, Honolulu, for the privilege of studying Caryolestis praedatrix Meyrick and other pertinent types.

I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Eugene Munroe, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, for

advice and help with certain of the pyraloids.

My colleagues at the Smithsonian Institution are

always a source of help in many ways, and I wish to

express my appreciation to Drs. E. L. Todd, Donald

R. Davis, Ronald Hodges, and Donald Duckworth.

For botanical names I am indebted to Drs. Dan H.

Nicholson, William Stern, Jason Swallen, and Raymond Fosberg. For verification of names I wish to

thank Dr. Allan Hanson, Department of Anthropology,

University of Kansas.

The drawings for this paper were made by Andre

del Campo Pizzini and Mrs. Jung Lea Smith, staff

artists. The color plates were executed by Mr. Pizzini

as were the maps. The photographs of the moths and

food plants were taken by Jack Scott and Victor

Kranz, except Plate 3 a, b and the figures on Plate

6 for which I am indebted to the authorities of

the British Museum (Natural History). All illustrations of the island and people are reproduced from

photographs by my wife and me.

We owe the deepest appreciation to Teone and

Teone Vahine,2 who allowed us to use their home

during our stay on the island, without which we

would have been unable to work. We wish to thank

"Doc" Taupua,3 Medical Aid, for help on many

occasions and for transportation in his boat to places

on the "outside" of the island. I owe a special debt of

gratitude to my chief guide, Teretina, a most reliable

aid on all night excursions into the mountains.

Last, I wish to express my deep appreciation to my

wife, Thelma. She accompanied me to Rapa as a

volunteer aid, as she has on several less difficult expeditions, and it was she who performed the successful

rearing of the Microlepidoptera, one of the most

important phases of the expedition. In addition, she

undertook all household chores, freeing me for other

pursuits. Thus she merits a lasting debt of gratitude.

* Known to us as Mr. and Mrs. Sam Pito.

8

 Recently drowned on one of his "outside" trips.
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

23

FIGURES 22, 23.—22, Point Teakauraee. Larval work of Partctopa pontificatis on Metrosidcros

eollina var. glaberrima. 23, Same as above, enlarged. At left, cones constructed by larvae.
NUMBER 56 23

FKWRBS 24, 25.—24, Teone. 25, Teone VahinL
24

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

27

FIGURES 26, 27.—26, "Doc" Taupua, medical aid. 27, Chief guide, Teretina.
25

FKWRB 28.—"Doc" Taupua and family.
26

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOOf

FIGURES 29, 30.—29, Teone Vahini making "popoi." 30, "Popoi" making—a social event
NUMBER 56 27

Disposition of Specimens

The holotypes of all species are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, unless otherwise indicated. Paratypes will be

placed in the National Museum of Natural History, and

in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and the

British Museum (Natural History), London. Specimens of previously described species, where series are

sufficiently large, will also be placed in the museums

in Paris and London.

Family NYMPHALIDAE

Genus Hypolimnas Hubner

Hypotimnas bolina (Linnaeus)

PLATE 3a, b

Papilio bolina Linnaeus, 1758, p. 479.

Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus), Seitz, 1908, p. 549, fig.

118b.—Poulton and Riley, 1928, p. 460.—Hudson, 1928,

p. 32, pi. 5: figs. 18,19.

The inclusion of this species is based on the extensive treatment given by Poulton and Riley of the material collected by Collenette while he was a member

of the Saint George Expedition. During our stay on

the island, from early September to mid-December,

bolina did not appear.

I am indebted to the authorities of the British Museum (Natural History) for the illustrations of specimens from Rapa in that collection.

Genus Vanessa Fabricius

Vanessa (Bassaris) itea (Fabricius)

PLATE 3C

Papilio itea Fabricius, 1775, p. 498.—Donovan, 1805, pi.

26: fig. 1.

Vanessa itea (Fabricius), Godart, 1819, p. 321, no. 57.—

White, 1855, pL 2: figs. 2, 2.—Hudson, 1928, p. 35, pi. 4:

fig. 8.

Bassaris itea (Fabricius), Hubner, 1821, p. 2, pi. 24.

Pyrameis itea (Fabricius), Doubleday, 1849, p. 202.—Seitz,

1908, p. 526, figs. 117 d,e.

This beautiful species, described from New Zealand

and also found in Australia, was first seen by us on

Rapa on 18 November in the morning of a warm,

sunny day. The species is restless and fast in flight, but

because of its habit of returning to its "territory" this

individual was seen several times during the day and

ultimately captured late in the afternoon. During the

next month several specimens were observed, usually

flying parallel to a cliff-face high up in the hills. One

of the older residents of the island, Mr. Pito, told us

that itea was formerly very common but that the

numbers had decreased in recent years.

Hudson (1928, p. 35) states that the food plant is

Urtica incisa but we did not find the host on Rapa.

Apparently this is the first record of the occurrence of

itea on this island. It was not recorded (Poulton and

Riley, 1928) by the Saint George Expedition, nor

by the Bishop Museum Mangareva Expedition which

visited the island in July 1934. Nothing has been reported on any Lepidoptera collected on Rapa by the

latter expedition.

It is interesting, however, that Collenette (1925,

p. 260) states, "We could only record one species of

butterfly, but another seen at close quarters on the last

day of our visit, sitting on a bush overhanging a stream,

answered to the descriptions of none of the island butterflies and must remain as a subject of speculation

unless and until one of its kind is taken by some other

visitor." Collenette did not describe the specimen but

in all probability it was itea.

Family SPHINGIDAE

Genus Hippotion Hubner

Hippotion Hubner, 1819, p. 135. (Type-species: Sphinx

celerio Linnaeus, 1758, p. 491 [subsequent designation by

Rothschild and Jordan, 1903, p. 747].)

Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus)

PLATE 6;

Sphinx celerio Linnaeus, 1758, p. 491.

Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus), Collenette, 1929, p. 487.

We did not see any evidence of this species but

Collenette reared three specimens from larvae feeding on Colocasia antiquorum Schott

Family ARCTHDAE

Subfamily NOLINAE

Genus Celama Walker

Celama Walker, 1865, p. 500. (Type-species: Celama liparisalis Walker, 1865, p. 500 [by monotypy].)
28

Celama insularum Collenette

PLATE 6a

Celama insularum Collenette, 1928, p. 469, pi. 21: fig. 2-

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Family NOCTUIDAE

Subfamily AGROTINAE

Genus Peridroma Hiibner

C. insularum is based on the <$ holotype and ?

allotype, collected by C. L. Collenette when the Saint Peridroma Hiibner, 1821, p. 227. (Type-species: Phalaena

George Expedition visited Rapa. We did not see this

species.

Noctua saucia Hiibner, [18O3]-[18O8] [subsequent designation by Tutt, 1892, p. 8; also by Grote, 1895, p. 20].)

Subfamily ARCTIINAE

Genus Utetheisa Hiibner

Utethetsa Hiibner, 1819, p. 168. (Type-species: Noctua ornatrix Linnaeus, 1758, p. 511 [subsequent designation by

Kirby, 1892, p. 345].)

Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson

FIGURE 31; PLATE 4a

Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson, 1907, p. 239.

A single male of this was collected 22.X.1963 on

Maurua, 600'(181 m).

Peridroma saucia (Hiibner)

FIGURE 32; PLATE Ah

Phalaena Noctua saucia Hiibner, [1803]-[1803], fig. 378.

Four females of saucia were collected at Haurei

from 10-15.IX. 1963. This is another nearly cosmopolitan species.

Genus Tiracola Moore

Tiracola Moore, 1881, p. 351. (Type-specie»: Agrotis plagiata Walker, 1857, p. 740 [by monotypy].)

FIGURE 31.—Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 29

FIGURE 32.—Peridroma saucia (Hubner): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and

aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

382-271 0—71-
30

Tiracola plagiata (Walker)

FIGURE 33; PLATE 4d

Agrotis plagiata Walker, 1857, p. 740.

A single male specimen of plagiata was collected on

Maurua, 600'(181 m), 22.X.63. Although we record

this specimen as plagiata, a complex of species is involved here which must await revision before a proper

application of names can be made. The figure of the

genitalia should provide easy identification at a later

date.

Subfamily AMPHIPYRINAE

Genus Platysenta Grote

Platysenta Grote, 1874, p. 28. (Type-species: Platysenta atriciliata Grote, 1874, p. 28 [subsequent designation by Grote,

1874; p. 20].)

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Platysenta illecta (Walker)

FIOURE 34; PLATE, 4/

Perigea illecta Walker, 1865, p. 684.

This Asiatic species was moderately common on

Rapa. We have 8 specimens as follows: Maugaoa,

750' (231 m), 2 cf cf (18.IX.1963)); Piahu, 750' (231

m),cf (ll.X.1963);Haurei,2 dd, ? (13.IX.1963);

Tevaitau, 75O'(23l m), d (11.X.1963); 200'(61 m)

? (21.IX.63).

The species was recently established in Hawaii

(Todd, 1962).

Genus Mythimna Ochsenheimer

Mythimna Ochsenheimer, 1816, p. 78. (Type-species: PhaU

aena Noctua turca Linnaeus, 1761, p. 322 [designated by

Samouelle, 1819, p. 2511.)

33 a

33 b

FIGURE 33.—Tiracola plagiata (Walker): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and

aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 31

FIGURE 34.—Platysenta illecta (Walker); a, ventral view of

male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b,

aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
32

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 35.—Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel): a, ventral view

of female genitalia; b, ventral view of male genitalia with

left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus.

Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel)

FIGURE 35; PLATE Ag

Noctua loreyi Duponchel, 1827, p. 81, pi. 105: fig. 7.

In our series of loreyi from Rapa there are 6 o" o*

and 18 ? ? . Most are from Haurei, 6 d o*, 16 $ ?

(8-17.IX.1963); also a ° from the same locality,

which was reared from a pupa found in a dead tree fern

(Cyathea) frond. The moth emerged 12.XII.1963.

One $ is from Piahu, 750'(231 m) (11.X.1963).

Genus Euplexia Stephens

Euplexia Stephens, 1829, p. 41. (Type-species: Phalaena

Noctua lucipara Linnaeus, 1758, p. 518 [by monotypy].)

Euplexia vetula, new species

FIGURE 36; PLATE 5d, h

Alar expanse 44-52 mm.
NUMBE

R 5 6

33

Labial palpus blackish fuscous with some mixture

of brown scales. Antenna fuscous, narrowly and in-

distinctly annulated blackish fuscous. Head fuscous

mixed with light brown. Thorax fuscous, posterolater-

ally mixed with grayish scales. Forewing ground color

fuscous with slight leaden cast; basal dash consisting

of black and buff scales; orbicular and reniform slightly

lighter than ground color and contained within a

large, blackish-fuscous triangular patch; (in one speci-

men the reniform is almost wholly buff and the orbicu-

lar contains some buff scales); on outer third of costa

three, very small, pale spots; subterminal line consisting

of a series of small, confluent blackish-fuscous triangles

edged outwardly with buff or clay color; terminal line

blackish fuscous; veins indicated by scattered blackish-

fuscous scales; fringe fuscous. Hind wing light sepia;

discal mark obsolete; exterior line fuscous; outer mar-

gin fuscous. Foreleg blackish fuscous; tarsal segments

narrowly annulated brownish apically; midleg black-

ish fuscous; tibial spurs black, annulated buff basally

and apically; hind leg fuscous with scattered buff

scales; tibial spurs black with buff basal and apical

annulations; tarsal segments with a few buff scales

apically. Abdomen fuscous mixed with gray and buff

scales, the gray and buff abundant posteriorly.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11795. Ostium broad,

ventral edge convex. Inception of ductus seminalis at

posterior end of bursa copulatrix laterally. Ductus bur-

sae membranous anteriorly, posterior three-fifths

sclerotized. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum

absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70070.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maurua, 600' (181 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the ? holotype (25.X.1963) and

3 $ 9 paratypes, Maurua, 600' (181 m) (22 &

25.X.1963); Maugaoa, 950' (292 m) (7.XI.1963).

This species is assigned to Euplexia with some mis-

giving, but until the group to which it belongs is

revised, it is as well placed here as anywhere. Un-

fortunately, the male of vetula is unknown, and were

it known perhaps a better generic placement could

be made.

FIGURE 36.—Euplexia vetula, new species. Ventral view of

female genitalia.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

This striking moth has at least two forms as shown on

Plate bd, h. Of the four specimens collected three are

like that illustrated in Plate 5h.

Genus Luceria Walker

Luceria Walker, 1859, p. 853. (Type-species: Luceria novatusalis Walker, 1859, p. 854 [by original designation].)

NOTE: The preface to vol. 19 (Walker) is 12 November 1859 but the actual date of publication is 10 December 1859. Walker's name may be preoccupied by

Luceria Heinemann, 1859, preface dated 14 November 1859 [actual date of publication?]. Hampson, 1895,

Fauna of British India, 3:95, lists Luceria Walker,

1859, as a junior synonym of Chusaris Walker, 22

January 1859, with type-species: Chusaris retatalis

Walker, 1859 [by monotypy].

FIGURE 37.—Luceria oculalis (Moore): a, ventral view of

male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b,

aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

37a

SMITH
NUMBER 5 6 35

Hampson's synonymy is open to question, and I am

unable to ascertain the actual date of publication of

Heinemann's work so am retaining Luceria Walker.

Luceria oculalis (Moore)

FIGURE 37; PLATE 22a

Rivula oculalis Moore, 1877, p. 614.

Luceria oculalis (Moore), Collenette, 1928, p. 485.

We found oculalis rather commonly at low elevations

(never over 750* (231 m), principally in September

and none after late October. It was present at sea

level in April (Collenette, 1928, p. 485).

Genus Callopistria Hiibner

Callopistria Hiibner, 1821; p. 216. (Type-species: [=Noctua

pteridis Fabricius, 1794, p. 90, no. 269] Eriopus juventina

Cramer, 1782, pi. 400: fig. 4 [subsequent designation by

Grote, 1874].)

Callopistria meridionalis Collenette

FIGURE 38; PLATE 5a

Callopistria meridionalis Collenette, 1928, p. 471, pi. 21;

fig. 4.

Sixteen specimens of meridionalis were collected in

April 1925 by Collenette. We found it in September

and October but it was not common.

Genus Spodoptera Guenee

Spodoptera Guenee, 1852, p. 153. (Type-species: Hadena

mauritia Boisduval, 1833, p. 92 [subsequent designation by

Hampson, 1894, p. 248].)

Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval)

FIGURE 39; PLATE 4<?

Hadena mauritia Boisduval, 1833, p. 92.

Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval), Collenette, 1928, p. 474.

This is another widespread species, not only found

commonly on Pacific Islands, but also in continental

areas.

Genus Prodenia Guenee

Prodenia Guenee, 1825, p. 159. (Type species: [=Neuria

retina Herrjch-Schaffer, 1846, p. 292, (supplement) pi.

29: fig. 145]. Hadena littoralis Boisduval, 1833, p. 91, pi.

13: fig. 8 [subsequent designation by Grote, 1874].)

Prodenia litura (Fabricius)

FIGURE 40; PLATE 4b

Noctua litura Fabricius, 1775, p. 601.

Prodenia litura (Fabricius), Collenette, 1928, p. 473.

A cosmopolitan species found on many Pacific islands where its polyphagus habits permit easy survival.

It has been collected on Rapa in April, September,

and October and probably occurs throughout the year.

Genus Elydna Walker

Elydna Walker, 1858, p. 1712. (Type-species: Elydna transversa Walker, 1858, p. 1712 [by mototypy].)

Elydna nonagrica (Walker)

FIGURE 41; PLATE 4e; PLATE 6d

Curgia nonagrica Walker, 1864, p. 166.

Elydna nonagrica (Walker), Collenette, 1928, p. 474.

In the three and one-half months we spent on the

island only two specimens of nonagrica were collected.

Collenette (1928) recorded seven specimens collected

in April, so obviously the species is much more common

at that time of year.

Genus Chasmina Walker

Chasmina Walker, 1856, p. 146 (Type-species: Chasmina cygnus Walker 1856, p. 147 [subsequent designation by Hampson, 1910, p. 351].) Hampson (1910, p. 351) actually cites

Bombyx tibialis Fabricius as the type species of this genus

but on page 353 he indicates that Chasmina cygnus Walker,

a species originally included in the genus, is a junior synonym of Bombyx tibialis Fabricius.

Chasmina tibialis (Fabricius)

FIGURES 42,43; PLATE 5e

Bombyx tibialis Fabricius, 1775, p. 578.

Chasmina tibialis (Fabricius), Collenette, 1928, p. 474.

This widespread species was relatively common from

sea level up to 750' (231 m). Collenette (1928 p.

474) recorded it from low elevation in April, and it

probably occurs throughout the year.
36

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 38.—Callopistria meridionalis Collenette: a, ventral view of female genitalia j b, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 37

FIGURE 39.—Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 40.—Prodenia litura (Fabricius): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and

aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 39

FIGURE 41.—Elydna nonagrica (Walker): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and

aedeagus removed; b, outer side of harpe to show scale tuft; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of

female genitalia.
40

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 42.—Chasmina tibialis (Fabricius): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and

aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 41

Subfamily ERASTRIINAE

Genus Amyna Guenee

Amyna Guenee, 1852, p. 406. (Type-species: Amyna selenampha Guenee, 1852 [subsequent designation by Hampson,

1894, p. 250].)

Amyna natalis (Walker)

PLATE 6b, c

Berresa natalis Walker, 1858, p. 214.

Amyna natalis (Walker), Collenette, 1928, p. 475.

The presence of natalis in the fauna of Rapa was recorded by Collenette (1928, p. 475) but we did not

encounter the species.

Subfamily PHYTOMETRINAE

Genus Chrysodeixis Hiibner

Chrysodeixis Hiibner, 1821, p. 252. (Type-species: Noctua

chalcites Esper, 1798, p. 447, pi. 141: fig. 3 [designated by

Hampson, 1913, p. 452].)

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper)

FIGURE 44; PLATE 7/

Noctua chalcites Esper, 1798, p. 447, pi. 141; fig. 3.

Phytometra chalcites (Esper), Collenette, 1928, p. 479.

This is a common species which we found throughout our visit at practically all localities and all

elevations.

Chrysodeixis albostriata (Bremer and Grey)

PLATE 6g, h, i

Plusia albostriata Bremer and Grey, 1853, p. 18.

Phytometra albostriata (Bremer and Grey), Collenette, 1928,

p. 479.

The record of presence of this species in Rapa's fauna

is based on the 7 specimens reared by Collenette; we

did not see it

FIGURE 43.—Chasmina tibialis (Fabricius). Ventral view of

female genitalia.
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOOY

FIGURE 44.—Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper): a, ventral view

of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed;

b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 43

FIGURE 45.—Achaea janata (Linnaeus): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and

aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Subfamily CATOCALINAE

Genus Achaea Hiibner

Achaea Hubner, 1823, p. 269. (Type-species: Noctua

melicerta Drury, 1770 [1773], p. 46, pi. 23: fig. 1

[subsequent designation by Moore, 1885, p. 163].)

Achaea Janata (Linnaeus)

FIGURES 45, 46; PLATE 7C

Geometra Janata Linnaeus, 1758, p. 527.

Achaea janata (Linnaeus), Collenette, 1928,p. 477.

Although we observed this species on several occasions during the daytime it was, apparently, not as

common as when the Saint George Expedition visited

Rapa. We collected only three specimens, these in

a worn condition, although others were seen flying

in brushy areas during the daytime.

Genus Mods Hubner

Mods Hubner, 1823, p. 267. (Type-species: Noctua undata

Fabricius, 1775, p. 600 [subsequent designation by

Hampson, 1913, p. 76].)

Mods frugalis (Fabricius)

FIGURE 47; PLATE 6e

Noctua frugalis Fabricius, 1775, p. 601.

Mods frugalis (Fabricius), Collenette, 1928, p. 478.

We have eleven specimens as follows: Haurei,

2 dd, 6 ? $ (8.IX.-to 4.XII.1963); Maugaoa,

750' (231 m), ? (18.IX.1963); Point Teakauraee,

o* (9.IX.1963); Point Tepapa, ? (9.XII.1963).

Genus Anticarsia Hubner

Anticarsia Hubner, 1825, p. 340. (Type-species: Anticarsia

gemmatilis Hubner, 1818, pi. 27; figs. 153, 154 [subsequent

designation by Grote, 1874, p. 44].)

FIGURE 46.—Achaea janata (Linnaeus). Ventral view of

female genitalia.
NUMBER 56 45

FIGURE 47.—Mocis frugalis (Fabricius): a, ventral view of

male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b,

aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

882-2710—71-
46

48

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Anticarsia irrorata (Fabricius)

FIGURE 48

Noctua irrorata Fabricius, 1781, p. 506.

Anticarsia irrorata (Fabricius), Collenette, 1928, p. 481.

A total of only six specimens of irrorata, all females,

were collected atHaurei (18.IX. to9.XII.1963).

Subfamily OPHIDERINAE

Genus Anomis Hiibner

Anomis Hiibner, 1821, p. 249. (Type-species: Anomis erosa

Hiibner, 1821, p. 249 [by monotypy].)

Anomis flava fiava (Fabricius)

FIGURE 49; PLATE 5b, g; PLATE 6/

Noctua flava Fabricius, 1775, p. 601.

Anomis flava flava (Fabricius), Collenette, 1928, p. 480.

Five specimens of the variable flava were collected

from sea level at Haurei to 950/(292 m) at Maurua

and Maugaoa from 25.X to 23.XI.1963.

Anomis vitiensis (Butler)

FIGURE 50; PLATE 5C

Genitis vitiensis Butler, 1886b, p. 408.

Anomis vitiensis (Butler), Collenette, 1928, p. 480.

A female of vitiensis was reared from Hibiscus

species, (R9) collected at Haurei. The moth emerged

9.X. 1963.

Subfamily EUTELIINAE

Genus Phlegetonia Guenee

Phlegetonia Guenee, 1852, p. 301. (Type-species; Phlegetonia

catephioides Guenee, 1852 [subsequent designation by

Hampson, 1912, p. 701.)

Phlegetonia delatrix (Guenee)

FIGURE 51 ; PLATE 5/

Penicillaria delatrix Guene'e, 1852, p. 304.

Phlegetonia delatrix (Guenee), Collenette, 1928, p. 476.

Although apparently widely distributed it is not common on Rapa. Collenette (1938, p. 476) only enFIGURE 48.—Anticarsia irrorata (Fabricius). Ventral view of

female genitalia.
NUMBER 56 47

FIGURE 49.—Anomis flava flava (Fabricius): a, ventral view

of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b,

aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
48

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 50.—Anomis vitiensis (Butler). Ventral view of

female genitalia.
NUMBER 58 49

FIGURE 51.—Phlegetonia delatrtx (Guenee): a, ventral view

of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b,

aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

countered one and in more than three months' time

we collected only two (12 and 24.X.1963), both at

sea level.

Subfamily HYPENINAE

Genus Simplicia Guenee

Simplicia Guen6e, 1854, p. 51. (Type-species: Herminia rectalis Eversmann, 1842, p. 558 [subsequent designation by

Desmarest, 1876, p. 217].)

Simplicia caeneusalis (Walker)

FIGURE 52; PLATE Id

Sophronia ? caeneusalis Walker, 1859, p. 94.

Simplicia caeneusalis (Walker), Collenette, 1928, p. 481.

Only four female specimens of caeneusalis were encountered and all are from low altitudes. In April 1925,

members of the Saint George Expedition collected a

cf and $ of this species.

Genus Hydrillodes Guenee

Hydrillodes Guen6e, 1854, p. 65. (Type-species: Hydrillodes

lentalis Guenee, [subsequent designation by Moore, 1885,

p. 237].)

Hydrillodes melanozona Collenette

FIGURES 53, 54; PLATE 7e

Hydrillodes melanozona Collenette, 1928, p. 481, pi. 21, fig. 6.

Nine specimens of melanozona were collected, September to November dates, and all were taken above

500'(153 m).

Genus Hypena Schrank

Hypena Schrank, 1802, Fauna Boica, p. 163. (Type-species:

Pyralis proboscidalis Linnaeus, 1758, p. 533 [subsequent

designation by Curtis, 1829, p. 288].)

FIGURE 52.—Simplicia caeneusalis (Walker). Ventral view

of female genitalia: a, detail of wall of bursa copulatrix,

enlarged.
NUMBER 5 6 51

53b

FIGURE 53.—HydriUodes melanozona Collenette: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, outline of harpe from saccular edge.
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 54.—Hydrillodes melanozona Collenette. Ventral

view of female genitalia.

Hypena longfieldae Collenette

FIGURE 55; PLATE la, b

Hypena longfieldae Collenette, 1928, p. 483, pi. 21; fig. 11.

This is another high level form, but apparently with

a more restricted range than that of Hydrillodes melanozona. Our entire series of longfieldae was collected

between 600' and 800' (185-246 m).

This is an extremely variable species. Two common

forms are illustrated on Plate la, b.

Family GEOMETRIDAE

Subfamily GEOMETRINAE

Genus Cleora Curtis

Cleora Curtis, 1825, p. 88. (Type-species: Geometra cinetaria

Denis and Schiffermxiller, 1776, p. 101 [by original

designation].)

Cleora stenoglypta Prout

FIGURE 56; PLATE 8C, d, g, h

Cleora stenoglypta Prout, 1929, p. 272.

This is a common species of which we collected 46

specimens during our visit. It occurred throughout the

time we were on the island and was found at all localities. The variation in stenoglypta is so great that no two

specimens are exactly alike.

Cleora dodonaeae Prout

FIGURE 57; PLATE 8b, f

Cleora dodonaeae Prout, 1929, p. 273.

Collenette reared a series of this moth from Dodonaea viscosa L., (Prout, 1929, p. 273), but we did not

observe any larvae during our expedition. Our series

consists of seven collected specimens.

Subfamily STERRHINAE

Genus Gymnoscelis Mabille

Gymnoscelis Mabille, 1868, p. 656. (Type-species: Geometra

pumilata Hubner [1809-1813], pi. 75: fig. 389 [by

monotypy].)
NUMBER 5 6 53

fi:

FIGURE 55.—Hypena longfieldae Collenette: a, ventral view

of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b,

aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

wM&mm ••-•4

^%< ^

55 c
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

56a

FIGURE 56.—Cleora stenoglypta Prout: a, ventral view of

female genitalia; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed.
NUMBER 5 6 55

FIGURE 57.—Cleora dodonaeae Prout: a, ventral view of male

genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus;

c, ventral view of female genitalia.

57 b

57c
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Gymnoscelis concinna Swinhoc

FIGURE 58; PLATE Be

Gymnoscelis concinna Swinhoe, 1902, p. 651.

Gymnoscelis erymna Mcyrick, Prout, not Meyrick, 1929,

p. 271.

A check of the types in the British Museum (Natural

iistory) revealed that Prout (1929, p. 271) misidentiied the Rapa species and that it is, in fact, concinna

ind not erymna.

This moth is not common on Rapa. In three months

•nly 2 o* o* and 3 $ ? were collected, all above 75(y

231m).

2enus Chloroclystis Hiibner

Ihloroclystis Hiibner, 1825, p. 323. (Type-species: Geotnetra

coronata Hiibner, 1825 [subsequent designation by HuUt,

1896, p. 263].)

Chloroclystis pitoi, new species

IOURE 59; PLATE 8a

Alar expanse 17-22 mm.

Labial palpus ochraceous buff; second segment sufused brownish on outer side with some blackish irIOURE 58.—Gymnoscelis concinna Swinhoe: a, ventral view

f female genitalia; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of male

enitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed.

58b
NUMBER 56

FIGURE 59.—Chloroclystis pitoi, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia and corema with

left side and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia; d, enlarged detail

of the wall of buna copulatrix.
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

roration. Antenna grayish brown with ill-defined darker

annulations. Head ochraceous buff with fuscous band

on face and similarly colored median spot posteriorly.

Thorax ochraceous buff; anteriorly a broad fuscous

band; at middle and posteriorly, fuscous spots; tegula

fuscous at base and subapically. Forewing ground color

ochraceous buff; on middle four irregular transverse

lines the antemedial and postmedial fuscous; median

pair grayish; on costa, between base and antemedial

line, a pair of fuscous dashes; terminal third of wing

with three suffused grayish-fuscous blotches; subterminal band grayish; terminal line narrow, fuscous; cilia

ochraceous buff blotched with brown and gray. Hind

wing ochraceous buff; median transverse line irregular,

fuscous and preceded by three less distinct fuscous lines;

in outer half of wing three ill-defined, irregular, transverse fuscous lines broken between veins 3 and 4 by the

ground color; terminal line fuscous; cilia ochraceous

buff blotched brown and gray. Foreleg buff, suffused

fuscous; midleg buff; tarsal segments grayish fuscous on

outer side; hind leg buff with ill-defined, small grayish

spot on each of first three tarsal segments at base. Abdomen buff, irregularly marked fuscous, and brown

dorsally.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11773. Harpe about as

long as tegumen and vinculum combined, broadest at

base, somewhat constricted before cucullus; costa

strongly, but narrowly, sclerotized. Gnathos with lateral

arms somewhat flattened, moderately broad, terminating in a sharp point. Uncus triangular, apex rounded

posteriorly. Vinculum rather broad, with anteroventral,

transverse bar serving as base for lateral coremata.

Tegumen triangular, moderately highly arched. Anellus

consisting of a large oval plate with posteromedian

U-shaped extension. Transtilla a sclerotized bar with

ventral ring, the latter open at middle anteriorly and

with median, elongate, paired process posteriorly.

Aedeagus as long as remaining part of genitalia,

straight, stout, bulbous basally; vesica armed with several long rows of very fine cornuti.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11774; D.S.F. R5, R6.

Ostium very wide, slitlike; ventral edge slightly concave. Inception of ductus seminalis from dorsoanterior

end of bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae broad, flattened,

sclerotized in posterior two-thirds. Bursa copulatrix

very strongly rugose; inner wall ornamented by numerous small spines.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70071.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Tevaitau, 800' (245 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o* holotype, 11 cf &, and 28

? $ paratypes as follows: Haurei, 3 $ $ (11-21.IX.-

1963); Maugaoa, 800/ (245 m), 5 ? ? (18.IX.1963);

Maurua, 60C (184 m), 2 d<?, 5 ? ? (16.IX to

22.X.1963); Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 5 o" o", ?

(7.X.1963); Tevaitau, 2OO'-8OO' (61-245 m), 4 o" o",

14 $ $ (21.IX-1.X.1963).

The figure of pitoi on Plate 8 is of an average specimen which reminds one, to some extent, of Gymnoscelis

concinna, but the markings of pitoi are more suffused

and there is less of the pale coloring in the basal half of

the forewing. The species is variable but where a question of identity occurs the genitalia will suffice for

separation.

It gives me great pleasure to name this for Teone,

known to us as "Mr. Pito," who adopted us and helped

us at every turn.

LATHROTELIDAE, new family

TYPE-GENUS.—Lathroteles, new genus, hereby

designated.

Forewings and hind wings entire. Forewing with 1st

anal absent. Hind wing devoid of special scaling; frenulum a single spine in female. Maxillary palpus well

developed. Tongue present, scaled. Tympanum absent

It appears that this family is derived from, and is

closely related to, the Pyralidae. The most important

difference between them is the absence of the tympanum in the Lathrotelidae which, were we to include

this taxon in the Pyralidae, would necessitate a redefinition of the latter family. The antennal socket in the

Lathrotelidae is separated from the eye as in the

Pyraustinae, Scopariinae, and Nymphulinae of the

Pyralidae.

Lathroteles, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Lathroteles obscura, new species by

monotypy and present designation.

Antenna about two-thirds the length of forewing,

heavily scaled; scape without pecten. Labial palpus

about twice as long as depth of head, decumbent; second segment nearly twice as long as third, compressed,

somewhat roughened beneath; third segment pointed.

Maxillary palpus well developed, porrect. Tongue well

developed, scaled. Head with appressed scales; ocellus
NUMBER 5 6 59

present and prominent. Thorax smooth. Posterior tibia

smooth. Forewing smooth, termen slightly emarginate

at middle, costal and dorsal edges straight, divergent,

11 veins; lb simple; lc absent; 2 from well before angle

of cell; 3 and 4 coincident, stalked with 5; 6 to termen; 7 to apex, out of the stalk of 8 and 9; 10 approximate to stalk of 8 and 9; 11 from outer fifth of cell.

Hind wing with 7 veins; 2 from angle of cell; 3 and 4

coincident, out of 5; 6 connate with the stalk of 7 and

8, from angle of cell; 8 anastomosing for short distance

at outer end of cell.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Signum absent.

This strange genus, as pointed out, is related to the

pyraloids but has no close relative with which to

compare it. The antenna is thickened by rather dense

scaling, rather unusual in a female, and it is probable5

though highly conjectural, that the antenna is even

more conspicuously developed in the male.

Lathroteles obscura, new species

FIGURE 60; PLATE 9a

Alar expanse 7 mm.

Labial palpus white; second segment with blackishfuscous shade on outer side; third segment grayish

fuscous apically. Antenna blackish fuscous; scape

ocherous white basally. Head blackish fuscous; frons

ocherous white. Thorax blackish fuscous anteriorly,

white posteriorly. Forewing ground color black; at

basal fourth a broad, irregular white transverse fascia

followed on costa, slightly before middle, by a round

white spot; just beyond middle of costa a quadrate

white spot continued as in ill-defined, irregular transverse line; from apical fifth of costa a transverse bar,

narrowed inwardly, bent toward base of wing, then

continued transversely as a broadened fascia and again

narrowed at tornus; the transverse costal bar preceded

inwardly by a closely approximated white spot; subterminally two whitish transverse blotches; cilia ocherous white broken by three broad, blackish, transverse

bands.

Hind wing very pale cinereous; cilia concolorous.

Foreleg ocherous white, suffused grayish fuscous on

outer side; midleg similar but shading paler; hind leg

sordid white; tarsal segments faintly annulated grayish.

Abdomen grayish fuscous dorsally, ocherous white,

suffused grayish ventrally.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11688, 11689. Ostium

very small, round. Antrum narrow, sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis slightly anterior to antrum.

Ductus bursae slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix

membranous. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USN1M 70080.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Perau, 1900* (585 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the ? holotype (15.X.1963) and

one $ paratype with identical data.

Unfortunately, no males of this rare little moth were

found, although we watched for the moth at the higher

altitudes all during our stay on Rapa. Nothing resembling it was found at the higher elevations in the

Marquesas Islands (1968) where one might expect to

find a relative, nor is anything like it known from any

other locality.
60

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOOY

FIGURE 60.—Lathroteles obscura, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, lateral aspect of

head; c, posterior leg; d, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6

Family PYRALIDAE

Key to the Genera of Pyralidae

1. Vein 7 of forewing present 4

Vein 7 of forewing absent 2

2. Vein 4 of forewing present 3

Vein 4 of forewing absent Cadra

3. Veins 4 and 5 of forewing stalked Homoeosoma

Veins 4 and 5 of forewing connate Eurkodope

4. Veins 6 and 7 of forewing approximate at base 5

Veins 6 and 7 of forewing remote at base Scoparia

5. Labial palpus distinctly upturned 6

Labial palpus otherwise 7

6. Vein 10 of forewing out of stalk of 8 and 9 Cometura

Vein 10 separate but approximate to stalk of 8 and 9 Spoladea

7. Labial palpus long, porrect, 3rd segment straight or bent downward 8

Labial palpus otherwise 13

8. Labial palpus less than twice the length of head 10

Labial palpus at least twice the length of head 9

9. Veins 2 to 5 of forewing approximate PiUtoctra

Vein 2 of forewing remote from 3 Uresiphita

10. Hind wing emarginate Diasemiopsis

Hind wing not emarginate 11

11. Vein 10 of forewing free from stalk of & and 9 Hyalobathra

Vein 10 of forewing anastomosing with stalk of 8 and 9 12

12. Vein 7 of forewing out of stalk of 8 and 9 Tina

Vein 7 of forewing separate from stalk of 8 and 9 Herpetogramma

13. Veins 7 and 8 of hind wing anastomosing beyond base of vein 6 14

Veins 7 and 8 of hind wing not anastomosing beyond base of 6, and 6 out of stalk 7 and 8

Metasia

14. Third segment of labial palpus compressed, rounded anteriorly Glyphodts

Third segment of labial palpus reduced, hidden Marasmia

61

Genus Hyalobathra Meyrick

Hyalobathra Meyrick, 1885b, p. 445. (Type-species:

Hyalobathra archeleuca Meyrick, 1885b, p. 445 [by monotypy].)

Hyalobathra variabilis, new species

FIGURE 61; PLATE Wg

Isocentris illectalis (Walker) Meyrick, not Walker, 1929,

p. 166.—Viette, 1949, p. 324.

Alar expanse 22-29 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white; first segment with

spot of pale cinnamon buff on outer side; second

segment light cinnamon buff on outer side; third segment almost wholly cinnamon buff. Antenna pale

cinnamon buff with some fuscous irroration toward

base. Head cinnamon anteriorly, pale cinnamon buff

posteriorly. Thorax very light avellaneous. Forewing

ground color maize yellow, overlaid with tawny and

suffused fuscous; costa, from base to apical third,

882-271 O—71 5

broadly avellaneous; at basal third, from costa to

dorsum a thin, outwardly curved, irregular, transverse

fuscous line; from apical third of costa an outwardly

curved irregular fuscous line extends to vein 3, then

inwardly straight to vein 2, thence to dorsum; before

veins 2 and 3 and inside curve of postmedian line, a

fuscous shade (in some specimens this shade forms a

well-defined blotch); between the postmedian line

and termen a short, ill-defined fuscous line extends

from costa to veins 2 or 3; on underside two fuscous

bars, repeating the outer two lines of upper side,

extend as far as vein 4; cilia mixed tawny and yellow.

Hind wing sordid white in costal area suffused fuscous

toward inner margin, and crossed by two irregular

fuscous lines; between the lines in anal angle a yellow

blotch irrorate with tawny; cilia white on inner margin, mixed tawny and yellow on outer margin to apex.

Foreleg ocherous white with cinnamon buff on outer

side; midleg and hind leg similar but with less dark

shading; tarsal segments narrowly annulated fuscous.

Abdomen avellaneous dorsally, buff ventrally.
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 61.—Hyalobathra variabilis, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia; d, signum, enlarged.
NUMBER 56 63

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11467, 11469. Harpe

very complicated; sacculus mostly membranous,

expanded, wrinkled; apical half folded, with a comb

of setae on dorsal fold and a large spine inside ventral

fold; several clusters of stiff setae. Uncus with broad

base, narrow median section and dilated apical portion, the latter deeply cleft posteriorly. Vinculum

broadly rounded. Tegumen pyramidal, flattened

ventrolaterally, and giving rise to a group of hairlike

setae on each side, Anellus V-shaped with deep

U-shaped median excavation. Aedeagus weakly

sclerotized, curved.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11468. Ostium funnel

shaped, membranous. Antrum narrowly and lightly

sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis just anterior

to antrum. Ductus bursae membranous with very fine

granulations on inner surface. Bursa copulatrix

membranous, lightly granulated; accessory bursa

arising at junction of ductus bursae and bursa

copulatrix. Signum a diamond-shaped plate, dentate

along median axes. Lamella postvaginalis with two

small sclerotized areas.

TYPE.—USNM 70076.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maurua, 600' (184 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o" holotype (22.X.1963),

14 & & and 30 9 9 paratypes from the following

localities: Maugaoa, 950* (292 m), 2 dd, 7 9 $ ;

Maurua, 600' (184 m), 8 c? o", 7 $ $ ; Morogouta,

750/ (231 m), ? ; Piahu, 750* (231 m), <?; Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 30*0*, 9 ; Tevaitau, 750'

(231 m), <?, 8 9 9- Dates of capture range from

16.IXto23.XI.1963.

This species was not found below 500' (154 m).

In using the description it must be borne in mind

that this species is very variable, the males tending to

be darker and blotchy, and the females generally presenting an ochraceous-orange appearance.

Meyrick misidentified Walker's species (Botys

illectalis Walker, 1859, vol. 18, p. 658), his determination having been based on a single female specimen

labeled "Rapa Island, at light, 800 ft., 17.4.25. St.

George Expedn. G. L. Collenette," in the British

Museum.

The Rapa species is easily distinguished from i7-

lectalis by its great variability, with yellow to brown

ground color, and the absence of the uniformly colored

hind wing of illectalis. Moreover, the cilia of variabilis

are not uniformly white as in illectalis. The differences

in the complicated male genitalia are difficult to describe; the long hairlike scales from the sacculus are

much more pronounced in illectalis than in variabilis;

the arms of the anellus are heavier and broader, the

slender sclerotized rods from the inner face of cucullus

are appreciably longer, and the overall structure is

heavier in illectalis than in variabilis. The most striking difference in the female genitalia lies in the signa.

In illectalis there are four rather slender arms forming, roughly, a diamond-shaped plate. In variabilis the

signum is definitely diamond shaped, the anterior and

posterior arms being broad.

Genus Glyphodes Guenee

Glyphodes Guen6e, 1854, p. 292. (Type-species Glyphodes

stolalis Guene'e, 1854, p. 354 [designated by Hampson,

1896, p. 345].)

Glyphodes eudoxia, new species

FIGURE 62; PLATE lOd

Alar expanse 28-29 mm. Labial palpus basal segment white; second segment buffy olive on outer side,

sordid white on inner surface; third segment buffy

olive. Maxillary palpus buffy olive, apex sordid white.

Antennna brownish olive dorsally, chamois ventrally;

scape brownish olive. Head brownish olive; crown

paler. Thorax buffy olive mixed with chamois and light

drab. Forewing ground color light grayish olive; in

basal third two irregular, transverse, chamois fasciae

edged narrowly on each side with buffy-olive lines; an

irregular, median, transverse, chamois fascia, similarly

edged with buffy olive, extended outwardly at middle

and before tornus with bars of chamois and with a

brownish olive spot at its costal end; on costa, before

apex, three, short, transverse brownish-olive fasciae,

the inner pair bordering the costal end of an ill-defined, transverse, postmedian, chamois fascia with scattered brownish-olive scales indicating its borders;

subterminal area dusted with chamois scales; termen

sharply and narrowly defined, brownish olive; cilia

buffy olive with darker basal line. Hind wing pale

grayish with excurved postmedian and subterminal

band pale chamois edged with light brownish olive;

apex light brownish olive; terminal line dark brownish olive; cilia grayish olive, except whitish around

anal angle, with darker basal line. Foreleg white, over-
6

4

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

laid with light brownish olive on outer side; midleg

and hind leg similar but with scant olivaceous suffusion. Abdomen dorsally brownish olive, strongly

overlaid with chamois; laterally, segments edged with

sordid whitish; ventrally white with slight yellowish

tinge; a few indistinct brownish spots; and tuft dull

pale yellowish brown.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11480. Ostium rather

small, subconical. Inception of ductus seminalis about

posterior one-fourth at a small membranous spot in

the otherwise mostly sclerotized ductus bursae, the

latter compressed for part of its length and spiraled

anteriorly; anterior fifth membranous. Bursa copula-

trix membranous except for minute granulations. Sig-

num absent or faintly indicated by thickening of wall

of bursa copulatrix; lamella postvaginalis lightly

sclerotized.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70073.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maurua, 600' (184 m).

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the $ holotype (16.IX.63) and two

female paratypes: Metua nako, 750' (231 m) (12.XI.

1963); Tevaitau, 750* (231 m) (18.XI.1963).

Unlike most other species of Glyphodes, eudoxia is

a somber colored species with rather ill-defined mark-

ings. In several respects it is similar to G. stolalis Gue-

n£e, but does not have a hyaline hind wing of that

species. It is probably most nearly related to the

Hawaiian G. cyanomichla Meyrick, but is a paler

species. The male of eudoxia is unknown.

Genus Marasmia Lederer

Marasmia Lederer, 1863, p. 385. (Type-species:Marasmia

cicatricosa Lederer, 1863, p. 386 [by monotypy].)

Lederer established this genus for cicatricosa, but

included under question Botys ruralis Walker, 1859

(ruralis Walker p. 666, 915?) which, therefore, can-

not be the type-species. Hampson, (1896, p. 275) cites

as type-species Asopia venilialis Walker, 1859, of which

ruralis and cicatricosa are recognized as synonyms,

along with Botys marisalis Walker and Lasiacme

mimic a Warren.

FIGURE 62.—Glyphodes eudoxia, new species. Ventral view

of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 65

63b1

FIGURE 63.—Marasmia trapezalis (Guen6e): a, ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus

removed; b, aedeagus.

Marasmia trapezalis (Guenee)

FIGURES 63, 64; PLATE 10A

Salbia trapezalis Guenee, 1854, p. 200.

Marasma trapezalis (Guen6e), de Nic6ville, 1903, p. 141, pi.

14: fig. 3.

Botys creonalis Walker, 1859, p. 579.—Moore, 1885, p. 284,

pi. 180, fig. 10.

Botys neoclesalis Walker, 1859, p. 635.

Botys suspicalis Walker, 1859, p. 667.

Botys convectalis Walker, 1865, p. 1411.

Gnaphalocrocis bifurcalis Snellen, 1880, p. 219; 1883, p. 136,

pi. 8: figs. 5, 5a.—Meyrick, 1886b, p. 237.

Dolichosticha perinephes Meyrick, 1886b, p. 236; 1887, p.

217.

Rovanoa creonalis (Walker), Moore, 1885, p. 284, pi. 180:

fig. 10.

Epimima trapezalis (GuenSe), Swinhoe, 1900, p. 464.

Dolichosticha trapezalis (Guenee), Meyrick, 1887, p. 217.

Marasmia trapezalis (Guenee), Shibuya, 1928a, p. 192.—

Meyrick, 1929, p. 163.—Tarns, 1935, p. 276.—Klima, 1939,

pp. 65-67.—Ghosh, 1940b, p. 74, pi. 25.—Ghesquie>e,

1942, p. 125, fig. 2.—Swezey, 1942, p. 209; 1943, p. 38.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 322.—Dick, 1950, p. 390.—Paulian and

Viette, 1956, p. 175.—Venkatraman and Chacko, 1961,

p. 73, fig. 1.

Marasmia trapizalis Guerin [sic!], Sharma, 1964, p. 30.

Marasma [sic!] trapezalis (Guen6e), Green, 1903, p. 141, pi.

14: fig. 3.
6

6 SMITHSONIA

N CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11463. Harpe elongate

oval, three times as long as wide; small projection from

sacculus at basal third; sacculus narrowly rolled in-

wardly at middle. Uncus triangular with elongate,

setose, lateral elements. Vinculum shield shaped. Teg-

umen greatly reduced, wider than long; laterally

swollen forming a nodule emitting hairlike scales.

Anellus membranous. Aedeagus long, straight; vesica

armed with two strong, large cornuti.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11464, 11736. Ostium

transverse, membranous. Inception of ductus seminalis

from posterior edge of bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae

short, flattened, sclerotized except for very narrow sec-

tion where it joins bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix

membranous, posterior third studded with small spines.

Signum a very small, scobinate plate.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History) (creonalis, neoclesalis, suspicalis, convectalis, perinephes,

•trapezalis); Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke, Leiden

(bifurcalis).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Celebes (bifurcalis) ; Santo Do-

mingo (creonalis); Cape of Good Hope (neoclesalis);

Ceylon (suspicalis); South Hindostan (convectalis);

Fiji (perinephes); Sierra Leone (trapezalis).

DISTRIBUTION.—Pantropical: West Indies, Africa,

Ceylon, South India, Fiji, Celebes, Marquesas Islands,

Society Islands, Tuamotus, Austral Islands (Rapa),

Java, Ellice Islands.

In this present collection there are 36 d cf and

33 $ $ from the following localities: Haurei, 30 d d,

26 $ $ ; Maugaoa, 1000' (307 m),d; Maurua, 60C

(184 m), $ ; Ororagi, 300' (92 m), cf; Piahu, 750*

(231 m), d; Point Tepapa, 3 dd, 2 $ $ ; Point

Teakauraee, d

1

, 2 9 9 ; Tevaitau, $ . Dates of capture

range from 8.DX to 7.XI.1963. One reared specimen,

a ?,emerged4.X. 1963.

FOOD PLANTS.—Paspalum paniculatum L. (R17).

P. conjugatum Berg., P. scrobiculatum L., Miscanthus

floridulus (Labillardiere) Warburg. Indian corn, mil-

let, sorghum, sugarcane.

The feeding habits of trapezalis are the same on

Rapa as those for M. hemicrossa.

Apparently this species has attained some degree of

economic importance in Africa and Asia.

FIGURE 64.—Marasmia trapezalis (Guen^e). Ventral view of

female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 67

FIGURE 65.—Marasmia hemicrossa Meyrick: a, ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus

removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Marasmia hemicrossa Meyrick

FIGURE 65; PLATE 9C, d

Marasmia hemicrossa Meyrick, 1887, p. 217.—Hampson,

1898, p. 639.—Meyrick, 1929, p. 163.—Klima, 1939,

p. 67.—Viette, 1949, p. 322.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11728, 11729. Harpe

three times as long as tegumen, narrow basally, broad

distally; costa and ventral edge produced forming a

deep excavation at cucullus; before middle a small

ampulla. Gnathos a narrow, weak band. Uncus divided into two stout elements clothed distally with

stout setae directed anteriorly. Vinculum membranous

with lateral hairlike scale tufts. Tegumen short, broad,

with strong, lateral, hairlike scale tufts. Anellus a

quadrate plate. Aedeagus moderately stout, slightly

curved; vesica armed with one flattened cornutus and

an elongate plate with several stout teeth distally.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11730. Ostium funnel

shaped, membranous. Inception of ductus seminalis at

juncture of sclerotized and membranous parts of ductus

bursae. Ductus bursae strongly sclerotized in posterior

two-fifths, constricted where it joins a swollen, granular

part of the anterior membranous section. Bursa copulatrix membranous; inner surface finely granular. Signum a small sclerotized tooth.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Tahiti.

DISTRIBUTION.—Society Islands (Tahiti, Moorea).

Austral Islands (Rapa).

From this island we have 47 o" o* and 73 9 9 •

All were collected or reared at Haurei (16.X to 6.XI.

1963) except the following: Anatakuri nako, o* 9

(14.X.1963);Maurua, 600'(184m), ? (16.IX.1963);

Metua nako, 750' (231 m), 9 (12.XI.1963) ; Piahu,

750/(231m), 9 (11.X.1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Paspalum paniculatum L.

The larva of hemicrossa forms a longitudinal tube

by rolling the grass-blade lengthwise and feeds on the

blade beyond the roll. In the laboratory the larva

pupated in the leaf roll but no pupae were found in

this situation in the field. Although Miscanthus floridulus was common and adjacent to the Paspalum, we

found no evidence of feeding on it by hemicrossa.

66b

FIGURE 66.—Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius): a, ventral view of male genitalia and corema with

left side and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
NUMBE

R 5 6

69

Genus Spoladea Guenee

Spoladea Guenee, 1854, p. 224.

Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius)

FIGURES 66, 67; PLATE 9g

Phalaena recurvalis Fabricius, 1775, p. 664; 1781, p. 274;

1794, p. 237.—Aurivillius, 1898, p. 169.

Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius), Guenee, 1854, p. 225,

pi. 8; fig. 5.—Hering, 1901, p. 324.

Hymenia recurvalis (Fabricius), Walker, 1859, p. 396.—

Moore, 1885, p. 293.—Wallace and Moore, 1886, p. 364.—

Swinhoe, 1900, p. 455.—Stebbing, 1903, p. 83.—Swezey,

1915, p. 107; 1926; p. 296.—Ogilvie, 1926, p. 44.—

Shibuya, 1928, p. 179, pi. 7; fig. 12; 1929, p.

161.—Illingworth, 1929, pp. 248-254.—Matsumura, 1931,

p. 1037.—Tarns, 1935, p. 274.—Klima, 1939, p. 31.—

Ghesquiere, 1940, p. 119, pi. 4: fig. 7.—Vesey-Fitzgerald,

1941, p. 157.—Swezey, 1942, p. 208.—Viette, 1949a,

p. 322.—Cockayne, 1952, p. 71, pi. 3: figs. 12, 13, 14.—

Mere, 1952, p. 57.—Marion, 1954, p. 44; 1955, p. 76.—

Paulian and Viette, 1955, p. 174, fig. 33.— Inoue, 1955,

p. 163.—Batra, 1956, p. 22.—Rungs, 1957, p. 297.—Viette,

1957, p. 178; 1958, p. 8.—Zimmerman, 1958a, p. 8; 1958b,

p. 52, figs. 37-40.—Mathur, 1959, p. 190, figs. 22-29.—

Singh, 1960, p. 35, figs.—Batra and Bhattacherjee, 1961,

p. 128.—Martin, 1961, p. 6, pi. c4.— Bhattacherjee and

Menon, 1963, p. 252, pi. 1; figs. 1-14.— Nazmi, 1963, pp.

205, 216, fig. 7 (A-D).—Patel, Patel, Patel, 1964, p.

366.—Pak, 1964, p. 58.—Azuma, 1965, p. 55.—Kimball,

1965, p. 200, pi. 24: fig. 25.—Inoue and Maenami, 1968,

p. 532.—Issiki, 1969, p. 76, pi. 37: fig. 148.

Spoladea animalis Guenee, 1854, p. 226.

Zinckenia recurvalis (Fabricius), Zeller, 1852, p. 55—

Lederer, 1863, p. 437.—Walker, 1866, p. 1321.—Snellen,

1872, p. 95.—Meyrick, 1884, p. 308.—Pagenstecher,

1884, p. 280.—Meyrick, 1885, p. 105.—Snelleman in

Veth, 1892, p. 4, Lepidoptera, 75.—Meyrick, 1886, p.

252.—Pagenstecher, 1888, p. 198.—Meyrick, 1888, p.

217.—Moschler, 1890, p. 312.—Snellen, 1891, p. 629.—

Marumo, 1923, pp. 189, 204.

Phalaena Pyralis fascialis Cramer, 1782, p. 236, pi. 398,

fig:0.

Pyralis fascialis Cramer, Stall, 1791, p. 163, pi. 36: fig. 13

(text fig. 12 err.).

Hymenia fascialis (Cramer), Butler, 1880, p. 683; 1883,

p. 117; 1886, p. 384.—Swinhoe, 1884, p. 524; 1886a, p.

867; 1886b p. 457.—Moore, 1889, p. 59.—Dyar, 1903,

p. 373.—Marsh, 1911, pp. 1-15; figs. 1, 2; pi. 1.—

Chittenden, 1913, p. 2, pi. 4; fig. 2.—Meyrick, 1913b,

p. 39.—Zacher, 1916, p. 198, fig. 61.—Watson, 1917, p.

59.—Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, p. 129.—Forbes,

1923, p. 545.—Simmonds, 1924, p. 8.—Hutson, 1926,

D15-D17.—Swezey, 1926b, p. 720.—Poos, 1926, p. 491,

FIGURE 67.—Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius). Ventral view

of female genitalia.
70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

fig. 90.—Hudson, 1928, p. 179, pi. 20; fig. 41.—

Simmonds, 1932 \facialis, sic!], p. 10.—Russell, 1934, p.

31.—McDunnough, 1939, p. 9.—Ghosh, 1940b, p. 151.—

Krauss, 1944, p. 89.—Roonwal and Bhasin, 1954, p. 32.—

Amsel, 1956, p. 201, pi. 26; fig. 2, pi. 83; fig. 6—Thomas,

1958, p. 223.—Butani, 1958, p. 182.—Agenjo, 1963, p.

24, fig. 1.

Hymeria [sic!] fascialis (Cramer), Fullaway, 1914.

Zinckenia fascialis (Cramer), Butler, 1883, p. 117.—

Swinhoe, 1884, p. 524; 1886, p. 437.—Hampson, 1896,

p. 262, fig. 158 (o*); 1898, p. 623, fig. 21 (<?).—

Pagenstecher, 1900, p. 188.—Snellen, 1901, p. 259.—

Leech, 1901, p. 449.—Holland, 1903, p. 392, pi. 47: fig.

28.—de Joannis, 1913, p. 316.—Shiraki, 1913, p. 365.—

Cockerell, 1916, p. 79.—Strand, 1918, p. 37.—Matsumura,

1920, p. 421, pi. 16: fig. 2.—Ogilvie, 1923, p. 7; 1924,

p. 30.—Perry, 1924, p. 13.—Matsumura, 1925, p. 188.—

Kuwayama, Kuribayashi and Oshima, 1925, p. 36, pi. 2:

fig. 3.—Ogilvie, 1925, p. 38.—Kuwayama, 1925, p. 36,

pi. 2: fig. 3.—Nakayama, 1929, p. 275.—Lima, 1950,

p. 31, fig. 26.—Marion, 1955, p. 76.—Janjua and Haque,

1958, p. 138.

Phalaena angustalis Fabricius, 1787, p. 22.

Phalaena Pyralis fascialis Cramer, 1782, p. 1, pi. 398; fig. 0.

Hymenia diffascialis Hubner, 1825, p. 361, no. 3453.

Phycis recurvella Zincken, 1818, p. 143.

Hydrocampa albifascialis Boisduval, 1833, p. 119, pi. 16:

fig. 1.

Hymenia exodias Meyrick, 1904, p. 150.

Odezia hecate var. formosana Shiraki, 1910, p. 146, pi. 35:

fig. 5.

TYPES.—Lost (recurvalis); lost? (fascialis); Vienna? (angustalis); Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Paris? (albifascialis); British Museum (Natural History) (exodias, animalis); Entomological Institute,

Taipeh (formosana).

TYPE LOCALITIES.— East Indies (recurvalis); Japan

(fascialis); Tranquebar, southeast India (angustalis);

Madagascar (albifascialis); Molokai, Hawaii (exodias) ; Formosa (formosana); Pernambuco, Brazil

(animalis).

DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan except in very cold

climates.

FOOD PLANTS.—Numerous. Among the most important are: beets, cotton, tomato, carrot, spinach, eggplant, purslane, cucumber, corn, sugar beets, chenopodiaceous weeds, Amaranthus, Helianthus, Celosia,

etc.

In the United States, and elsewhere, this species is

known as the "Hawaiian beet webworm." In some

areas, particularly India and Ceylon, it is a serious pest

of leafy vegetables.

The specimens from Rapa appear to be fairly typical

but some show evidence of the striking variations such

as are found in Hawaiian examples (Zimmerman,

1958, p. 54, fig. 38). Apparently recurvalis is another

complex "species," which warrants exhaustive study

when sufficient material becomes available.

The name diffascialis is a substitute name for fascialis and recurvella is an emmendation for recurvalis,

so diffascialis and recurvella have the same types and

type localities as do fascialis and recurvalis, respectively.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. Eugene G. Munroe of

Ottawa, Canada, for nearly all the information on the

location of types and for the information on diffascialis

and recurvella.

Genus Cometura Meyrick

Cometura Meyrick, 1886, p. 226. (Type species: Cometura

picrogramma Meyrick, 1886, p. 226 [by monotypy].)

Cometura picrogramma Meyrick

FIGURE 68; PLATE 10/

Cometura picrogramma Meyrick, 1886, p. 226.

Tatobotys biannulalis (Walker) Meyrick (not Walker), 1929,

p. 162.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11485, 11741. Harpe

wide, broadest about middle; three slender sclerotized

hooks near base; culcullus narrowly sclerotized. Gnathos a very small transverse plate with membranous

lateral elements. Uncus divided into two elongate

knobs clothed with stout setae directed dorsad. Vinculum bulbous, ventral edge narrowly sclerotized and

with deep median concavity. Tegumen about half as

long as harpe, narrowed posteriorly; from each side

a conspicuous sclerite giving rise to compact groups

of specialized scales, one coalesced group produced

into three dorsal teeth. Anellus an elongate plate constricted at middle. Aedeagus slender, slightly curved,

base divided forming a Y; on each side a small, dentate plate before apex.

TYPE.—Hope Department of Entomology, University Museum, Oxford, England.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION.—Fiji, Austral Islands.

There are two males from Rapa before me as follows: Haurei (8.IX.1963) and Point Tepapa (15.IX.

1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Meyrick misidentified Walker's species when he recorded it from Rapa, where it does not occur. Walker's
NUMBER 5 6 71

68a

68b

FIGURE 68.—Cometura picrogramma Meyrick: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.

type is in the University Museum, Oxford; it is a male

without abdomen, and the antennal ciliations, absent

in picrogramma, are conspicuous. Moreover, biannulalis is an orange-yellow, brown-marked species not

suffused with gray as is picrogramma, and the two

subcostal spots of biannulalis are oval with pale centers.

The subcostal spots of picrogramma lack pale centers.

For the above reasons I am removing picrogramma

from synonymy.

Tirsa, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Tirsa fiona, new species, by monotypy and original designation.

Labial palpus nearly twice as long as head, triangular, porrect, pointed; first segment rough-scaled ventrally; second segment short; third segment long,

pointed, exposed; maxillary palpus small, closely appressed to dorsal surface of labial palpus. Antenna ciliated in male, simple in female. Frons smooth, slightly

convex; ocellus conspicuous. Legs slender, smoothscaled. Forewing moderately broad, termen gently

convex, 12 veins; 2 twice as far from 3 as 3 is from 4;

4 and 5 approximate toward base; 6 approximate to

the stalk of 8 and 9; 7 out of the stalk of 8 and 9; 10

anastomosing with 9 for a short distance beyond end

of cell; 11 removed from 10. Hind wing with 8 veins;

2 arising well before end of cell; 3 twice as far from 4

as 4 is from 5; 7 and 8 arising free, then coincident for

most of their length; outer margin smooth, convex.

Male genitalia with stout uncus, narrowed distally;

tegumen short; harpe simple, lacking basal process;

vesica armed.

Female genitalia with signum present, elongate, dentate ; accessory bursa present.

The venation of Tirsa is similar to that of Uresiphita

Hiibner and Oeobia Hiibner [Udea], but differs from

both by the origin of vein 7 of forewing from the stalk

of 8 and 9, and by the anastomosis of vein 10 with

the stalk of 8 and 9. The simple harpe and presence of

the accessory bursa also distinguish Tirsa from the
72

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 69.—Tirsa fiona, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, posterior leg; c, ventral view

of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; d, aedeagus; e, ventral view of female

genitalia.
NUMBER 56 73

other two genera. The signum of Tirsa is similar to the

Hawaiian species eucrena and leucozonea, placed by

Zimmerman (1958, figs. 159,160) in Oeobia.

Tirsa fiona, new species

FIGURE 69; PLATE 10«

Alar expanse 24—28 mm.

Labial palpus white; first segment with a touch of

dresden brown anteriorly, second segment almost

wholly dresden brown on outer side; third segment

dresden brown; maxillary palpus dresden brown, somewhat darker apically. Antenna white dorsally, yellowish

ventrally; scape white. Head white; frons narrowly

fuscous laterally. Thorax white; tegula dresden brown

basally. Forewing ground color white; costa dresden

brown to ochraceous buff, usually the latter in females ;

six ill-defined, scattered spots of brown and six small

spots along termen of same color in males; females

usually immaculate except for costa; cilia white. Hind

wing white with spots along termen and in center of

wing of male, brown; female similar, but spots faint or

missing; cilia white. Legs white; fore- and midleg

shaded dresden brown and ochraceous buff; hind leg

immaculate. Abdomen white.

Male genitalia slide JFGG 11479. Harpe elongate,

costa and ventral edge nearly parallel; cucullus bluntly

pointed. Uncus narrowly triangular; anterior half dorsally clothed with strong setae directed forward. Vinculum U-shaped, saccus well developed. Tegumen short,

about as long as broad. Anellus subrectangular, slightly

broader basally, concave posteriorly. Aedeagus moderately stout, proximally narrowed; vesica armed with a

small dentate plate and a few minute, fine spicules.

Female genitalia slides JFGG 11477, 11478. Ostium

membranous, conical. Antrum pear shaped, sclerotized.

Inception of ductus seminalis slightly anterior to antrum. Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa copulatrix

membranous; accessory bursa membranous. Signum

linguiform, dentate.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70074.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Tevaitau, 800' (245 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o* holotype (21.LX.1963), o"

and 11 9 9 paratypes as follows: Maurua, 6W (184

m), 5 ? $ (16.IX to 22.X. 1963); Teumukopuke, SOC

(154 m), 2 $ $ (7.X and 18.XI.1963); Tevaitau,

80W (245 m), o", 4 9 9 (21-29.IX.1963).

In pattern, fiona is similar to Palpitia unionalis

(Hiibner), but there is no indication of the longitudinal

row of spots inside costa of forewing; moreover, the

wings of fiona are more opaque than those of unionalis.

Genus Uresiphita Hiibner

Uresiphita Hubner, 1825, p. 353. (Type-species: Pyralis

limbalis Denis and Schiffermuller, 1775, p. 122 [subsequent

designation by Pierce and Metcalf, 1938, p. 64].)

Uresiphita polygonaUs ochrocrossa, new subspecies

FIGURE 70; PLATE 10a, b

Alar expanse 30-40 mm.

Labial palpus buff; second segment buffy brown on

outer side; third segment similar except buffy brown

ventrally also. Antenna warm buff; somewhat darker

toward base; marked with fuscous. Head light buffy

brown. Thorax buffy brown with some darker scales

mixed; apex of tegula warm buff. Forewing ground

color buff suffused grayish; extreme base of costa narrowly blackish fuscous; costa beyond basal third edged

ochraceous orange; at outer third a curved line of six

blackish-fuscous spots ending on vein 2; on dorsum two

suffused fuscous spots; cilia warm buff mixed with

vinaceous and gray. Hind wing warm buff; costa

and outer margins broadly banded grayish fuscous;

cilia warm buff mixed with gray toward apex. Foreleg

warm buff suffused brownish on outer side; midleg

and hind leg warm buff; tibial spurs grayish fuscous at

apices. Abdomen warm buff; dorsally segments grayish

fuscous with posterior margins narrowly pale buff.

There is great variation in this subspecies and, as can

be seen in Plate 10b, the markings are more contrasting and darker in the females.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11724. Harpe a little

more than four times as long as wide; before middle a

triangular, sclerotized process, its apex a slightly curved,

sharp point; cucullus rounded; sacculus moderately

sclerotized. Uncus nearly as long as tegumen, sides

nearly parallel; apical half clothed with stout setae directed anteriorly. Vinculum broader at middle than

laterally. Tegumen broad basally, narrowed posteriorly; laterally membranous. Anellus an oval sclerotized

plate. Aedeagus moderately stout, nearly straight;

vesica armed with a single, very long cornutus.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11725. Ostium crescentic. Antrum broadly, but moderately, sclerotized.

Inception of ductus seminalis ventral and only slightly
74

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

70 b

FIGURE 70.—Uresiphita polygonalis ochrocrossa, new subspecies: a, ventral view of male genitalia

and corema with left side and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female

genitalia.
NUMBER 58 75

anterior to antrum. Ductus bursae long, membranous

with lightly sclerotized blind sac before bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix membranous with finely granular

inner surface; appendix bursae elongate, membranous.

Signum a large elongate-oval, dentate plate.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70075.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Piahu, 750'(231 m).

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANTS.—Genista, Cytisus, and some other

legumes (Europe); Acacia koa A. Gray, Sophora

chrysophylla (Salisbury) Seemann (Hawaiian Islands) ; Sophora tetraptera J. Miller, cape broom, common broom, and clover (New Zealand). Although the

moth is quite common we did not find the food plant

on Rapa.

Described from the o" holotype, 53 o* o" and 32

9 9 paratypes from the following localities on the

island: Anatakuri nako, 2 9 $ ; Haurei, 9 ; Maugaoa,

95O'(292 m), 6 d d ; Maurua, 600'(184 m), 15 cf o",

5 $ ? ; Morogouta, 75O'(231 m), 2o"o", 4 9 9 ;

Piahu, 750'(231 m), 4 o* o", 9 ; Teumukopuke,

5OO'(154 m), 19 0*0*, 16 9 9 ; Tevaitau, 800'(245

m), 7 o* o*, 3 9 9- Dates of capture range from

10.IX to 23.XI.1963.

I have described this subspecies as new because it is

so distinct from the other known subspecies, which

I regard as separate, all of them being identifiable on

coloration, although there are no substantial structural differences.

This subspecies, ochrocrossa, differs from all the

other described forms by the broadly infuscated costa

of hind wing coupled with a warm buff central area.

The Hawaiian subspecies U. polygonalis virescens

(Butler), new status, regarded by Zimmerman (1958,

p. 116) as a synonym of polygonalis, has a pink underside to forewing and hind wing, and pink fringe

on the hind wing compared with the yellow underside

and yellowish fringe of ochrocrossa. Moreover, the

hind wing of virescens is almost or wholly infuscated as

is that of the New Zealand maiorialis, but the latter

is an altogether darker subspecies with a dark fringe

on the hind wing. European specimens and those from

Teneriffe have bright yellow hind wings with contrasting, clearly defined, black terminal bands. Although apparently of one species, all of these segregates are easily identifiable.

It appears that either the species is highly susceptible

to rapid change under differing environmental conditions, or the various distinct populations have been

separated geographically for a long period of time.

Genus Herpetogramma Lederer

Herpetogramma Lederer, 1863, p. 430. (Type-species:

Herpetogramma servalis Lederer, 1863 [by monotypy].)

Herpetogramma UcarsisaUs (Walker)

FIGURE 71; PLATE 10C

Botys UcarsisaUs Walker, 1859, p. 686.

Herpetogramma UcarsisaUs (Walker), Yamanaka, 1960, p.

324.—Inoue, 1963, p. 93.—Nazmi, 1963, pp. 205, 215.

Pachyzancla UcarsisaUs (Walker) Hampson, 1896, p. 402;

1899, p. 202, fig. 111.—Hering, 1901, p. 102.—Rebel,

1910, p. 431; 1915, p. 146.

Psara UcarsisaUs (Walker), Shibuya, 1928, p. 263, pi. 9:

fig. 6; 1929, p. 204.—Tarns, 1935, p. 286, Ghesquiere,

1942, p. 179, pi. 7: fig. 2.—Viette, 1949a, p. 324.—

Paulian and Viette, 1955, p. 184.—Viette, 1958, p. 10.—

Braithwaite, 1959, p. 588.—Nazmi, 1963, p. 215, figs.

6(A-D).

Botys pharaxalis Walker, 1859, p. 725.

Botys immundalis Walker, 1865, p. 1448.

Entephria? fumidalis Walker, 1865, p. 1486.

Botys serotinalis Joannis 1888, p. 272, pi. 6: fig. 2.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11471, 11731, 11732.

Harpe elongate, widest at middle; costa strongly

sclerotized to beyond middle; cucullus narrowly

rounded; from inside sacculus a sclerotized bar terminating in a short, free point. Gnathos a triangular

plate. Uncus triangular, gradually narrowed posteriorly; apex densely clothed with setae directed anteriorly. Vinculum pointed. Tegumen very short, broad.

Anellus subrectangular, narrowed basally. Aedeagus

rather stout, nearly straight; vesica armed with one

long, lightly sclerotized cornutus, one line of small

cornuti and a cluster of small ones near apex.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11733. Ostium funnel

shaped, membranous. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior lobe of bursa

copulatrix. Ductus bursae short, membranous in posterior half, sclerotized anteriorly. Bursa copulatrix very

long, narrow; left side sclerotized posteriorly and posterior half studded with minute spicules. Signum a

small plate with median, transverse ridge.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History) licarsisalis, pharaxalis, fumidalis, immundalis).
76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

71b

lift

FIGURE 71.—Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker): a, ventral view of male genitalia and corema

with left side and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 77

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Sarawak, Borneo (licarsisalis);

Sidney, Australia (pharaxalis); New Guinea (fumidalis); Java (immundalis).

DISTRIBUTION.—South and East Asia, Malacca,

Borneo, Java, Australia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Syria,

Belgian Congo, Madagascar, Egypt, Cape Verde Islands. The six specimens from Rapa (4 o" d, 2 $ $ )

were collected at Haurei (8.IX to 3.X.1963).

FOOD PLANTS.—Cynodon dactylon Pers. Hyparrhensis species, Beta vulgaris Linnaeus, rice, other grasses.

It is apparent that licarsisalis accepts many grasses

as larval food, but we found no evidence of feeding on

any of the grasses examined, and the moth was not

common during our visit.

Genus Diasemiopsis Munroe

Diasemiopsis Munroe, 1957, p. 166, figs. 11, 12. (Type-species:

Hydrocampa ramburialis Duponchel, 1831, p. 343, pi. 233:

fig. 6. [by original designation].)

Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Duponchel)

FIGURE 72; PLATE 9h

Hydrocampa ranburialis Duponchel, 1831, p. 343, pi. 233:

fig. 6.

Diasemia ramburialis (Duponchel), Guenee, 1854, p. 234.—

Heinemann, 1865, p. 99.—Wocke, 1871, p. 213.—Meyrick,

1884, p. 302.—Leech, 1886, p. 45, pl.6: fig. 2.—Meyrick,

1887, p. 219.—Moschler, 1890, p. 306.—Meyrick, 1895,

p. 404.—Hampson, 1896, p. 411.—Rebel, 1901, p. 58.—

Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, p. 132.—Forbes, 1923, pp.

68, 558.—Shibuya, 1928, p. 270.—Meyrick, 1928, p. 420;

1929, p. 164.—Pierce and Metcalf, 1938, p. 23, pi. 13.—

McDunnough, 1939, p. 13.—Ghesquieie, 1942, p. 181.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 324.—Beirne, 1952, p. 128, pi. 10: fig.

10.—Inoue, 1955, p. 184.—Paulian and Viette, 1955, p.

185.—Marion, 1957, p. 86—Janmoulle, 1962, p. 5.

Nymphula ramburialis (Duponchel), Fischer von Roslerstam,

1842, p. 381, pi. 92: fig. 3a.

Botys ramburialis (Duponchel), Herrich-Schaffer, 1849, p.

26.

Isopteryx melaleucalis Walker, 1859, p. 402.

Diasemia leucophaealis Walker, 1866, p. 1326.

Diasemia reconditalis Walker, 1866, p. 1325.

Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Duponchel), Munroe, 1957, p.

166, figs. 11, 12.—Hanneraann, 1964, pp. 304(224) figs.

224-224<f.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11734. Harpe elongate,

widest about middle; costa and ventral edge evenly

sclerotized, meeting at the narrow cucullus. Uncus

slender, expanded distally, clothed with strong setae

382-271 O—71 6

directed anteriorly. Vinculum expanded laterally, centrally, a narrow bar with small median projection. Tegumen short and broad; strong hair pencils from two

membranous pockets at base laterally. Anellus broad

basally, tonguelike posteriorly. Aedeagus moderately

slender; vesica armed with one strong cornutus and a

line of smaller ones.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11735. Ostium membranous, funnel shaped. Inception of ductus seminalis

from junction of membranous and sclerotized parts of

ductus bursae. Ductus bursae mostly membranous posteriorly; anteriorly heavily sclerotized, broad and flattened. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum a long,

narrow, curved band with central keel.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History) {melaleucalis) , (leodocusalis, leucophaealis, reconditalis);

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (ramburialis).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Corsica (ramburialis); Ceylon

(melaleucalis); United States (leodocusalis); Sydney,

Australia (reconditalis); Moreton Bay (leucophaealis) .

DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan.

From Rapa we have 94 d1 d1 and 27 ? $. All were

collected in the churchyard at Haurei (September and

October dates) except the following: Anatakuri nako,

$ (14.X.1963);Maurua,600'(184m), d1, $ (25.IX

and 22.X.1963); Point Tepapa, $ (15.IX.1963);

Taga, 575' (176 m), ? (4.X.1963); Tevaitau, 75C

(231m), $ (29.IX.1963).

Of this species Meyrick (1929, p. 164) states,

"Ranges from S. Europe to Africa. S. Asia, Australia,

N. America; occasionally found in England, and

clearly a great wanderer."

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown?

Munroe (1957, p. 166) has illustrated and described what he considers to be the true ramburialis

and there is no reason to question his findings. The

Rapa specimens agree with the European material he

describes, but until the types of the presently recognized synonyms are investigated their true relationship

to ramburialis must remain unknown.

At present, ramburialis is considered to be cosmopolitan in distribution but this is now very much in

doubt.

We failed to rear this species and it is curious that

I am unable to find any reference to its food plant or

habits, even in the latest publications on the species.
78

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

72a

FIGURE 72.—Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Duponchel): a, ventral view of made genitalia and corema

with left side and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6

Genus Metasia Guenee

Metasia Guenie, 1854, p. 251. (Type-species: Metasia suppandalis Guenie, 1854, p. 252 [designated by Hampson,

1899, p. 237].)

Metasia chionostigma, new species

FIGURE 73; PLATE \\a,b,e,f

Alar expanse 10-12 mm.

Labial palpus white; second and third segments

marked with blackish fuscous on outer side above.

Maxillary palpus similarly colored. Antenna black.

Head gray; some specimens with white on crown and

posteriorly. Thorax white; anteriorly narrowly black or

blackish fuscous and posteriorly a large spot of same

color; base of tegula black or blackish fuscous. Forewing ground color black or blackish fuscous; extreme

base white; on costa a median white spot, large, quadrate (Plate 11/) or small, nearly obsolete (Plate lla),

from terminal fifth of costa to termen at vein 2, an

irregular, white, transverse line; between this line and

median white spot, a small white spot (absent in some

specimens); at end of cell a small white dot; on dorsum

two small white patches; cilia gray with a blackish

fuscous basal band.

Hind wing white in basal half, fuscous apically and

narrowly around anal angle; cilia gray with a fuscous

basal band. Legs white suffused and banded with fuscous. Abdomen blackish fuscous to black dorsally, grayish fuscous ventrally, all segments narrowly edged

white.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11690, 11692. Harpe

about three times as long as broad; outer surface with

many curved or curled, stiff setae. Uncus broad basally,

narrowed at middle, expanded distally; terminal end

clothed with stiff setae. Vinculum broad at middle.

Tegumen about as long as broad; long, strong setae

from dorsal and lateral surfaces. Anellus a broad,

lightly sclerotized plate, narrowed posteriorly and with

a median, anterior projection. Aedeagus slender

proximally, widened distally; vesica armed with an

elongate cluster of small comuti and a series of larger

ones.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11691, 11693. Ostium

membranous, cupped; antrum broadly, but lightly,

sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis ventral and

anterior to antrum. Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa

79

copulatrix membranous, with scattered, small spines

on inner surface. Signum a small nodule.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70079.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 950' (292 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the d1 holotype (7.XI.1963), 2 d1 o"

and 10 ? $ paratypes: Maugaoa, 950' (292 m), 3

$ $ (5-7.XI.1963); Perau, 19007 (585 m), 2 o"o*,

7 $ $ (15.X.1963).

The costal spot, sometimes reduced as in the holotype (Plate lla) and the much darker coloring distinguish chionostigma from empelioptera immediately.

The male and female genitalia are similar but differ

as described under empelioptera.

Metasia gnorisma, new species

FIGURE 74; PLATE 1 \c, g

Alar expanse 14—17 mm.

Labial palpus light buff; dorsal half of second segment blackish fuscous on outer side; third segment

almost wholly blackish fuscous. Maxillary palpus

blackish fuscous except for spot of buff on inner surface. Antenna grayish buff, annulated fuscous; scape

grayish buff, marked with a few fuscous scales. Head

grayish buff. Thorax buff, irrorate with fuscous; tegula

fuscous anteriorly. Forewing ground color buff to warm

buff; basal two-fifths fuscous, the costal and outer

edges of this area blackish fuscous; beyond the dark

basal area, in cell, a large blotch of ground color,

sometimes extended to form an ill-defined light fascia

(Plate We); at outer, costal side of this light area a

fuscous crescentic mark; outer half of wing fuscous

with an irregular, transverse line of ground color from

outer fifth of costa to vein 3 and some ill-defined buff

spots showing through the darker color; on costa,

before the transverse line, a large blackish-fuscous spot;

underside fuscous except for a buff spot on costa at

outer fifth and a buff spot in cell; cilia grayish buff

with a series of fuscous spots basally. Hind wing basal

two-thirds white, outer third fuscous; cilia white at

anal angle, shading to grayish buff around outer margin

to apex, the latter with a series of fuscous spots. Foreleg

buff; femur and tibia suffused fuscous; tarsal segments

broadly annulated blackish fuscous; midleg and hind

leg buff; tibial spurs and tarsal segments annulated

fuscous. Abdomen buff; dorsally first segment with

spot of fuscous; second and sixth segments immaculate;
80

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

73 c

FIGURE 73.—Metasia chionostigma, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of male genitalia with

left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 56 81

FIGURE 74.—Metasta gnonsma, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and

aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

third to fifth and seventh blackish fuscous except

posterior edge; eighth segment with fuscous spot

posterolaterally.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11461, 11894. Harpe

simple, broadest beyond middle; basal half of outer

surface with strong, flattened, curled setae. Uncus

divided posteriorly, each lobe clothed with stiff setae.

Vinculum rounded, broadest at middle. Tegumen

broader than long. Anellus a lightly sclerotized, linguiform plate, broadly expanded at base. Aedeagus

narrow proximally, widest distally; vesica armed with

an elongate group of small cornuti.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11462. Ostium round;

anterior lip sclerotized. Antrum sclerotized, oval. Inception of ductus seminalis at junction of antrum and

membranous part of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae

short; anterior two-thirds membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum a slender, lightly sclerotized plate with central keel.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70078.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Perau, 1900' (585 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o" holotype (15.X.1963) 5 <S d

and 5 ? $ paratypes from: Maugaoa, 950' (292m),

4 0*0" (23.XI.1963) ; Perau, 1900' (585 m), tf, 5

? 9 (15.X.1963).

The divided uncus and the shape of the antrum

distinguish gnorisma from chionostigma and empelioptera. It may be distinguished, also, from chionostigma

by the spotted cilia of the wings.

Metasia empelioptera, new species

FIGURE 75; PLATE 1 Id

Alar expanse 10-11 mm.

Labial palpus white; second segment blackish

fuscous on outer surface in upper half; third segment

almost wholly fuscous. Maxillary palpus white on inner

side, blackish fuscous on outer side. Antenna sordid

white, shading to gray toward apex. Head ocherous

white, frons shaded laterally with fuscous. Thorax

ocherous white; tegula anteriorly fuscous. Forewing

ground color ocherous white; on base of costa a

rectangular fuscous spot; on basal angle a round

fuscous spot; basal two-fifths of wing shaded with

fuscous, followed by a median fascia of ground color;

beyond the fascia, apical half of wing infuscated lightly

(darker in female) ; at apical fifth of costa a fuscous

spot preceded by a larger area of the white ground

75a

FIGURE 75.—Metasia empelioptera, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b3 aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 83

color; cilia grayish, with a subbasal row of fuscous

spots. The female is more strongly marked than the

male.

Hind wing white; apical third grayish fuscous; cilia

white around anal angle, shading to grayish at apex,

the terminal and apical cilia with a series of subbasal

fuscous spots. Foreleg ocherous white; tibia infuscated

on outer side; tarsal segments banded blackish fuscous;

midleg similar but infuscation of tibia confined to distal end and tibial spurs; hind leg ocherous white; fuscous spot on outer side between tibial spurs; tarsal

segments marked with fuscous on outer side. Abdomen

ocherous white; anterior segments with fuscous irroration dorsally; sixth segment immaculate; seven and

eight fuscous dorsally, eighth with fuscous spot ventroposteriorly.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11473. Harpe simple,

broad basally, narrowed toward cucullus; cucullus

rounded; from outer surface long, strong, curved setae.

Uncus moderately stout, of nearly even width throughout; apex clothed with strong setae. Vinculum

rounded, very broad in median area. Tegumen about

as long as broad, with long, strong setae from dorsal

and lateral surfaces. Anellus a large, lightly sclerotized

plate with median anterior projection. Aedeagus narrow proximally, twice as wide distally; vesica armed

with an elongate patch of small cornuti.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11895. Details of the

female genitalia are almost entirely obscured by heavy

mold. In the ductus bursae, which broadens abruptly

a short distance anterior to the obscured ostium, there

appears to be a small, elongate, sclerotized area. The

bursa copulatrix is membranous, clothed with scattered

spicules as in chionostigma; signum a small, sauroform

tooth.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70077.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Piahu, 750' (231 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the d1 holotype (11.X.I963) and

one ? paratype, Tevaitau, 700' (215 m) (29.IX.

1963).

This species is nearest to chionostigma but differs

from it by having a complete white median fascia.

Also, the harpe of empelioptera is narrower than that

of chionostigma and the vesica lacks the series of large

cornuti of the latter species. In addition, chionostigma

lacks the spotted cilia of empelioptera.

Genus Piletocera Lederer

Piletocera Lederer, 1863, p. 431, pi. 16: fig. 15. (Typespecies: Piletocera violalis Lederer, 1863, p. 431 [by monotypy]-)

Piletocera signiferalis isola, new subspecies

FIGURES 76, 77; PLATE 9e. f

Alar expanse 17-24 mm.

Labial palpus pale buff, second segment pale olive

gray dorsally; third segment grayish drab. Antenna

fuscous with a buff dash at basal fourth dorsally and

buff dorsally beyond middle; scape grayish drab. Head

grayish drab, dorsally mixed with buff; frons with

narrow transverse fuscous bar just beneath base of

antenna. Thorax grayish fuscous; anteriorly narrowly

buff. Forewing ground color grayish drab; orbicular

fuscous with well-defined white crescentic mark in

center; reniform fuscous, filling outer end of cell; from

both orbicular and reniform an outwardly curved

fuscous line extends to dorsum; from outer third of

costa a fuscous line curves outwardly to vein 3 where

it becomes obsolete; middle third of costa and a wedgeshaped mark beyond fuscous transverse line, ocherous

buff; transverse lines bordered outwardly with buff;

cilia grayish drab with darker basal band. Hind wing

grayish drab, shading to ochraceous buff basally and

along costa; a broad, fuscous, transverse fascia at basal

third and another at outer third, each bordered with

buff on outer edge; cilia grayish drab with dark basal

line except for buff band at middle of termen and

ochraceous buff around anal angle to base; foreleg

buff; tibia suffused grayish on outer side and tibial tuft

fuscous, mixed with cluster of long, ochraceous buff

scales; tarsal segments suffused grayish on outer side;

midlegs and hind legs buff; tarsal segments of midleg

slightly suffused grayish on outer side. Abdomen fuscous dorsally, ochraceous buff ventrally; laterally

broadly shaded orange buff.

In the females the coloring is sharper than in the

males, the buff edging of the transverse fasciae broader

and more conspicuous; the reniform is edged outwardly

with a white spot and there is a similar spot on the

middle of the hind wing near costa.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11674, 11726. Harpe

ample, broadest beyond middle; cucullus truncate;

clasper C-shaped. Uncus broad basally, narrowed to

beyond middle, curved, terminated by a spined, oval

knob. Vinculum broad, cup shaped. Tegumen subrectangular, dilated laterally. Anellus a suboval plate,
84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

76 b

FIGURE 76.—Piletocera signiferalis isola, new subspecies: a, ventral view of male genitalia with

left harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 85

77

FIGURE 77.—Piletocera signiferalis isola, new subspecies. Right corema of male, expanded.

broadest ventrally with a winglike expansion on each

side. Aedeagus nearly straight, widest at apex; comuti

consisting of several small rectangular plates and one

narrow rod. Corema greatly involved with modified

scales and setae.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11675, 11727. Ostium

wide, slitlike. Antrum narrowly sclerotized. Inception

of ductus seminalis slightly anterior to antrum. Ductus

bursae short, gradually merging with the bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix membranous with broad band of

tiny stellate signa. Lamella postvaginalis with slightly

sclerotized triangular area.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70107.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the d holotype (24.X.1963), 12

cf cf and 38 $ $ paratypes as follows: Haurei 12

cf cf, 34 $ ? , (28.IX-24.XI.1963); Pariati Bay $,

(30.X.1963); Point Tepapa ? , (15.IX.1963); Point

Teakauraee $, (7.X.1963); Tevaitau, 750' (231 m),

$ (29.IX.1963).

Typical signiferalis was described from Tahiti, but it

is quite evident that the Tahitian and Rapan populations have been isolated for a sufficiently long time to

permit development of two distinct races. Of the Rapan population, Dr. Whalley states (in litteris, 8 November 1967)

. . . I have compared your specimens with ours from Tahiti

(the type locality of signiferalis). Externally there are differences in pattern but there is very little in the genitalia. There

are slight differences but one would have to see a lot more of

this species. I have looked at signiferalis from the other islands. There certainly is a trend to produce endemic "units"

(perhaps species?) in the different islands. As our collection

[BMNH] stands at present I cannot match your Rapa specimens with any other species. If (!) my Tahitian signiferalis

is correct—and as far as one can tell from the original

description .. . it is reasonably close to the description,

then I am sure your specimens are conspecific. However, I

think that they probably represent a good subspecies on Rapa.

Since the above was written my wife and I have acquired a very representative series of signiferalis from

Tahiti. This series confirms Mr. Whalley's interpretation to the letter and demonstrates clearly the differences between signiferalis signiferalis and signiferalis

isola.

Our specimens of typical signiferalis are darker and

average smaller that the specimens of isola. In the

latter the transverse fasciae of the wings exhibit a

broader, but suffused, development of the pale edges
86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

and the underside of the abdomen is paler. Moreover,

the markings of both forewings and hind wings are

more sharply contrasted in the typical race than in

isola, and the white spots are larger and much more

conspicuous.

It is quite probable that the various synonyms associated with signiferalis represent valid geographical

races.

Genus Scoparia Haworth

Scoparia Haworth, 1812, p. 498. (Type-species: Scoparia

cembrae Haworth, 1812, p. 498 [subsequent designation by

Shibuya, 1928a, p. 169].)

All of the Rapa species of Scoparia can be distinguished from closely related forms by the dark apices

of the hind wings.

Key to the Species of Scoparia

Forewing with two well-defined transverse fasciae 2

Forewing without two well-defined fasciae psednopa Meyrick

Forewing heavily dusted and overlaid with dark gray exterminate Meyrick

Forewing with distinct yellowish tinge; not heavily dusted dark gray tivira, new species

Scoparia exterminata Meyrick

FIGURE 78; PLATE 12a, b

Scoparia exterminata Meyrick, 1929, p. 169.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11718. Harpe ample, cucullus broad, rounded, costa sharply convex before

cucullus; on ventral edge at outer two-thirds, a setose

tubercle. Gnathos U-shaped, with long, slender, median process. Uncus narrow, densely clothed with setae.

Vinculum rounded. Tegumen about half as long as

harpe, constricted posteriorly. Anellus round basally

with long posterior process. Aedeagus moderately stout,

bent beyond middle.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11719. Ostium funnel

shaped. Inception of ductus seminalis at juncture of

sclerotized and membranous parts of ductus bursae.

Ductus bursae sclerotized in posterior half, narrowed

and twisted anteriorly; anterior half membranous,

spiraled. Bursa copulatrix granular on inner surface;

appendix bursae membraneous. Signum indicated by

a raised, scobinate area.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

Dis TRIB UTION .—Rapa.

In this collection there are 20 <$ cf and 35 $ $ as

follows: Haurei, d1 (17.IX.1963); Maugaoa, 800-950'

(245-292 m), 7 rfo", 11 ? ? (18.IX-23.XI.1963);

Maurua, 600' (184 m), 5 d1 d1, 9 $ $ (16.IX-22.X.

1963); Metua nako, d1 (12.XI.1963); Morogouta,

750' (231 m), 4 ? $ (10.X.1963); Perau, 1900' (585

m) (15.X.1963); Piahu, 750' (231 m), cf

1963), ? ; Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 2 o*o", 3

? $ (3.XI.1963); Tevaitau, 800' (245 m), 3 o*cf,

6 $ ? (21.IX-18.XI.1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Although Meyrick had both sexes of this species

before him when he described it, he failed to mention

the sex-scaling on the hind wing of the male. This

scaling is whitish ocherous and gives a rough appearance to all of the wing except apex and costa.

Scoparia psednopa Meyrick

FIGURE 79; PLATE 96

Scoparia psednopa Meyrick, 1929, p. 169.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11722. Harpe broadest

before apex; costa convex; cucullus rounded. Gnathos

with long, slender, median projection. Uncus narrow,

bluntly pointed, clothed with fine setae. Vinculum

rounded. Tegumen half as long as harpe, narrowed

posteriorly. Anellus a round, sclerotized plate with long,

posterior projection. Aedeagus moderately stout,

slightly twisted.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11723. Ostium wide,

funnel shaped. Inception of ductus seminalis at juncture of sclerotized and membranous portions of ductus

bursae. Ductus bursae sclerotized in posterior half,

membranous and spiraled in anterior half. Bursa copulatrix studded with fine teeth on interior surface; appendix bursae membranous. Signum a small, scobinate

plate.
NUMBER 5 6

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

The series before me consists of 69 d d and 120

? ? as follows: Anatakuri nako, 9 j Haurei, 2 9 $ >

Metua nako, 750' (231 m), d, 5 9 9 ; Maugaoa,

8OO'-95O/ (245-292 m), 7 d d, 33 9 9 ; Maurua, 600'

(184 m), 2 d d, 9 9 9 ; Morogouta, 750' (231 m),

10 dd, 14 9 9 ; Perau, 1900' (585 m), 2 dd,

5 9 9 ; Piahu, 750' (231 m), 19 d d, 15 9 ? ; Point

Maraia, 9 ', Point Teakauraee, d, 9 ', Teumukopuke,

500' (154 m), 9 d d, 18 9 9 ; Tevaitau, 800' (245

m), 18 d d, 16 9? - Dates of capture range from

6.IX. to 18.XI.1963, but undoubtedly the species occurs throughout the year.

87

FIGURE 78.—Scoparia exterminata Meyrick: a, ventral view

of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b,

aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

78 a

78 c
88

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

79a

FIGURE 79.—Scoparia psednopa Meyrick: a, ventral view of male gemtalia with left harpe and

aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 89

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Of this species, Meyrick (1929, p. 169) remarked,

"This very obsoletely marked form is probably allied

to the preceding [exterminata], and has been adapted

by loss of colouring to the open hill-side."

It appears that its coloring has nothing to do with

hillsides because the species is found in the forested

areas as abundantly (if not more so) as in the open

areas.

Scoparia tivira, new species

FIGURE 80; PLATE 12#, /

Alar expanse 16-20 mm.

Labial palpus first segment ocherous white; second

segment warm buff on inner side, olivaceous gray with

buff spot dorsally on outer side; third segment olivaceous gray. Antenna warm buff; olivaceous gray toward

base dorsally; scape warm buff. Head warm buff

slightly infuscated dorsally. Thorax warm buff, tegula

and posterior part of thorax lightly infuscated. Forewing ground color warm buff to Naples yellow; five

blackish-fuscous marks as follows: a longitudinal dash

at base, a spot at one-third inside costa, an elongate

spot on fold, a smaller one in cell obliquely beyond this

and a triangular spot at end of cell; at basal third an

outwardly curved transverse fascia, a second irregular

transverse fascia from outer third of costa to tornus,

with a dark spot at each end; subterminally a whitish,

crenulate, transverse fascia; at middle of termen a

transverse fuscous spot; entire surface of wing with

irregular infuscated area; cilia buff with a darker basal

line. Hind wing white except grayish-fuscous apex; cilia

white, slightly darker at apex. Foreleg ocherous white;

tibia suffused grayish on outer side; tarsal segments

broadly annulated grayish; midleg similar but less

strongly marked than foreleg; hind leg ocherous white;

tarsal segments with very slight dark suffusion. Abdomen white, suffused grayish dorsally.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11720. Harpe ample,

costa with deep concavity near base, straight beyond;

cucullus broad, rounded; ventral edge with slight diagonal setose ridge. Gnathos with long, slender median

process. Uncus narrow, somewhat constricted apically.

Vinculum rounded. Tegumen about half as long as

harpe, abruptly narrowed posteriorly. Anellus oval basally with elongate posterior process. Aedeagus moderately stout, sharply bent beyond middle.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11721. Ostium funnel

shaped. Inception of ductus seminalis at juncture of

sclerotized and membranous portions of ductus bursae.

Ductus bursae membranous and spiraled in anterior

half, strongly sclerotized in posterior half and broadest

before ostium. Bursa copulatrix with granular inner

surface; appendix bursae membranous. Signum a

raised, granular, round area.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70072.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the holotype <$, 24 o" o" and 34

9 9 paratypes as follows: Maugaoa, 950/ (292 m),

o", 4 $ $ (18.Dt-23.XI. 1963); Metua nako, 750'

(231 m), 2 $ ? (12.XI.1963); Morogouta, 750' (231

m),3<?<?,4$ $ (10.X. 1963); Piahu, 750/(231m),

5 o" o*, 3 $ $ (11.X.1963); Point Ketunui, 40C (123

m), o* (4.X.1963); Pukutaketake, U5(y (353 m), o*

(2.XI.1963); Teumukopuke, 500'(154 m), 5 o" o", 13

? 9 (7.X.1963); Tevaitau, 2OO'-8OO' (61-245 m), 9

o"o",7 9 9 (23.IX.-18.XI.1963).

The three species of Scoparia occurring on Rapa are

similar in appearance but only exterminata exhibits

the dark gray coloring of the forewing and it is the

only one in which modified sex-scaling is found in the

male. The other two are more easily confused, but

tivira has a stronger yellowish cast to the forewing

than that found in psednopa and it is more contrastingly marked. Moreover, psednopa is smoother and is

shiny. The genitalia of the three are similar but in the

male of psednopa the costa is gently convex, in

exterminata there is a sharp convexity beyond middle

of costa, and in tivira the outer two-thirds of costa are

nearly straight, with a deep concavity near base. The

females are very similar and difficult to distinguish

except in the case of tivira, in which the appendix

bursae arises to one side of the bursa copulatrix. In

psednopa the sclerotized portion of ductus bursae is

somewhat flattened and narrowed posteriorly, in

exterminata it is not flattened and is broader toward

ostium than it is anteriorly.

Genus Eurhodope Hiibner

Eurhodope Hubner, 1825, p. 371. (Type-species: Pyralis

pudoralis Denis and Schiffermuller, 1775, p. 124 [subsequent designation by Ragonot, 1885, p. 19].)
90

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

80b

80c

FIGURE 80.—Scoparia tivira, new species: a, ventral view of female genitalia; b, ventral view of

male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 91

81b

SM I"

FIGURE 81.—Eurhodope ardescens Meyrick: a, ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus

removed, and showing expanded right corema; b, aedeagus.

Ragonot's type citation is as follows: ''''Eurhodope

(Cat. p. 371) formed for pudoralis S. V. (rosella, Sc.),

and carnealis (carnella L.). The type of the genus is

rosella Sc, which has since been placed in

Myelois . . . ."

Although rosella was not an included species in

Eurhodope, Ragonot, in the above citation, synonymized pudoralis and rosella. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 69

(a) (IV) provides, "If an author designates (or accepts

another's designation) as type species a nominal species

that was not originally included, and if, but only if,

at the same time he synonymizes that species with one

of the originally included species, his act constitutes

designation of the latter as type-species of the genus."

Eurhodope ardescens Meyrick

FIGURES 81, 82; PLATE 12C, d

Eurhodope ardescens Meyrick, 1929, p. 160.—Viette, 1949a,

p. 321.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11460. Harpe narrow,

costa strongly arched basally, then gently recurved to

a very narrow cucullus. Gnathos curved, pointed.

Uncus broad, lateral edges dentate; posterior edge

indented. Vinculum broad, deeply excavate anteriorly;

posterior edge produced. Tegumen weak, short.

Anellus a narrow, transverse plate; lateral lobes

elongate. Aedeagus shorter than harpe, stout; vesica

armed with one large and several small, cornuti.

Laterally and dorsally the genitalia are clothed with

modified scales and slender setae.
92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 82.—Eurhodope ardescens Meyrick: a, venation of

right wings; b, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 56 93

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11739, 11740. Ostium

broad, slitlike; membranous. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis from bursa copulatrix slightly posterior to middle. Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous; inner surface

clothed with extremely fine spicules. Signum a small

granular patch. Lamella antevaginalis membranous.

Lamella postvaginalis a narrow, sclerotized transverse

plate.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Society Islands, Raiatea.

DISTRIBUTION.—Society Islands (Tahiti, Raiatea);

Austral Islands (Rurutu, Rapa).

In this collection there are 129 cf cf and 199 $ $

as follows: Haurei, 20 <f cf, 36 $ ? ; Maii Bay, d1;

Maugaoa, 950' (292 m), 24 cf cf, 40 ? ? ; Maurua,

600' (184 m), 23 cf cf, 46 $ ? ; Metua nako, 750/

(231 m), 13 cf cf, 12 $ ? ;Morogouta, 750' (231 m),

10 cf cf, 16 ? $ ; Ororagi, $ ; Perau, 1900' (585 m),

? ; Piahu, 750' (231 m), 12 cf cf, 12 ? ? ; Teumukopuke, 50(y (154 m), 12 cf cf, 8 $ ? ; Tevaitau, 750'

(231 m), 14 cf cf, 26 $ ? . This species occurred

throughout our stay on the island and came to light

readily.

FOOD PLANTS.—Mangifera indica L. (R13) (inflorescence) ; Pandanus tectorius Solander (fruit

stalk); Oparanthus rapensis (F. Br.) Sherff (R40).

At Haurei we found larvae in the inflorescence of

Mangifera where there was much webbing. The larvae

appeared to prefer the dead flowers but did not refuse

living examples. Pupation occurred in a mass of pollen,

flowers, and frass, usually against the flower stalk. The

same was true of larvae found on Oparanthus at

Anatakuri Bay, but in this case the webbing was much

more extensive. We did not rear adults from this plant,

the determination having been made from larvae. In

the case of the moth reared from Pandanus, the larva

was feeding on the dead tissue of the fruit stalk.

This species is quite variable as can be seen by a

comparison of Plate 12c, d. The variation is found in

both sexes although both examples illustrated are

females. The size varies from 12 to 22 mm.

Genus Homoeosoma Curtis

Homoeosoma Curtis, 1833, p. 190. (Type-species: Phycis

gemma Haworth, 1812, p. 497 [by monotypy].)

382-271 O—71 7

Homoeosoma inexplorata Meyrick

FIGURE 83; PLATE \2g

Homoeosoma inexplorata Meyrick, 1929, p. 158.—Viette,

1949a, p. 321.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11456, 11683, 11685.

Harpe ample; costa strongly sclerotized; subcostally,

at about basal third, a small setose tubercle. Gnathos

with strong lateral elements and a pointed median

process. Uncus very broad, clothed with strong setae.

Vinculum rounded, broad. Tegumen about as long

as harpe, moderately sclerotized. Anellus a subrectangular sclerotized plate. Aedeagus moderately stout,

slightly broader toward apex than basally; vesica

armed with numerous small cornuti.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11457, 11458, 11686,

11687. Ostium rather wide, funnel shaped, membranous. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior end of bursa copulatrix.

Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous with granular inner surface. Signum absent,

or at most indicated by a concentration of granules;

lamella antevaginalis and lamella postvaginalis

membranous.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Tahiti.

DISTRIBUTION.—Society Islands (Tahiti); Austral

Islands, (Rurutu, Rapa, Raivavae).

FOOD PLANT.—Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (R39).

On 22 November 1963 a single larva of this species

was found at Haurei feeding in the flowers of its host.

The following day the larva began spinning a cocoon

and a cf emerged 5 December 1963.

The collected specimens are as follows: Anatakuri

nako, ? (14.X.1963); Haurei, 4 cfcf, 2 ? $

(11.IX-20.XI.1963); Pariati Bay, cf (30.X.1963);

Point Teakauraee, ? (29.IX.1963); Tevaitau, 20C

(61 m), $ (22.LX.1963).

On our way to Rapa a cf of inexplorata was collected on Raivavae at Raima (3.IX.1963).

Genus Cadra Walker

Cadra Walker, 1864, p. 961. (Type-species: Cadra defectella

Walker, 1864, p. 962 [by monotypy].)

Cadra cautella (Walker)

FIGURE 84; PLATE \2h

Pempelia cautella Walker, 1863, p. 73.

Cadra defectella Walker, 1864, p. 962.
94 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 83.—Homoeosoma inexplorata Meyrick: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of

male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female

genitalia.
NUMBER 3 6 95

FIGURE 84.—Cadra cautella (Walker): a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of male

genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female genitalia.
96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Nephopteryx desuetella Walker, 1866, p. 1719.

Ephestia cahiritella Zeller, 1867, p. 384.—South, 1890, p.

304.—Meyrick, 1895, p. 373.—Van Deventer, 1904,

p. 80.—Barrett, 1905, p. 56.

Ephestia pasulella Barrett, 1875, p. 271.—Ragonot, 1885,

p. 24.

Salebria cautella (Walker) Cotes and Swinhoe, 1889, p. 675.

Ephestia cautella (Walker) Hampson, 1896, p. 66.—Ragonot,

1901, p. 292, pi. 34: fig. 23.—Holland, 1903, p. 414, figs.

234, 235.—Hulst, 1903, p. 434.—Spuler, 1910, p. 202.—

Chittenden, 1911, 40 pp.—de Joannis, 1913, p. 317.—

Dyar, 1914, p. 345.—Zacher, 1916, p. 199.—Barnes and

McDunnough, 1917, p. 149.—Essig, 1920, p. 121.—Forbes,

1923, p. 635.—Essig, 1926, p. 711.—Curran, 1926, p.

386.—Meyrick, 1928, p. 388.—Shibuya, 1928, p. 77.—

Richards and Herford, 1930, p. 380.—Noyes, 1930, p. 80 —

Simmons, Reed, and McGregor, 1931, p. 36—Keifer, 1931,

p. 619.—Richards and Thompson, 1932, p. 197.—Bovingdon, 1933, pp. 1-88.—Norris, 1934, pp. 333-360.—Dickins,

1936, p. 342.—Lehmensick and Liebers, 1937, p. 443.—

Pierce and Metcalfe, 1938, p. 7, pi. 4.—McDunnough,

1939, p. 35.—Ghosh, 1940, p. 196.—Hinton, 1942, pp.

21-25, fig. 4, fig. 12, pi. 1: fig. 2; 1943, p. 193.—Corbet

and Tarns, 1943, p. 64, figs. 56, 62, 110, 147, pi. 3: figs.

8-9.—Hinton and Corbet, 1943, p. 31, figs. 53, 74, 78.—

Essig and Hoskins, 1944, p. 65.—DeLucca, 1949, p. 148.—

Cotton, 1950, p. 733.—Bierne, 1952, p. 82, pi. 6: fig. 5;

figs. 62, 70.—van Deurs, 1952, p. 280.—Rungs, 1953, p.

68.—Kalshoven, 1954, p. 6.—Paulian and Viette, 1955,

p. 188.—Wise, 1955, pp. 527, 528.—Burges, 1956, p. 813.—

Fujimoto, 1956, p. 20, pi. 6: fig. 5.—Takahashi, 1956, p.

179.—Heinrich, 1956, pp. 298, 302-304, figs. 125, 629,

1121.—Janjua and Haque, 1958, p. 107.—Zimmerman,

1958b, pp. 20, 379; figs. 317, 318, 323.—Abraham, 1958,

p. 540.—Somme, 1959, p. 20, fig. 1.—Jensen, 1959, p. 64,

figs. 1(3, 4); 2(3, 4).—Wolff, 1959, p. 124, figs. 5, 8.—

Thomas, Bhardwaj, Bhalla, and Sadanand, 1960, p. 114.—

Methlein, 1961, p. 36.—Takahashi, 1963, p. 117, figs.

1-4.—Tuli and Mookherjee, 1963, p. 379.—Knoche, 1963,

p. 7, figs. 3(2-6); pi. 1, figs. A-E.—Patel, Patel, and Patel,

1964, p. 367.—Zaguliev, 1965, p, 32.

Cryptoblabes formosella Wileman and South, 1918, p. 219.—

Shibuya, 1928, pp. 17, 88.

Xenephestia cautella, (Walker), Gozmany, 1958, p. 223,

fig. E.

Cadra cautella (Walker), Whalley, 1960, p. 183.—Sweeney,

1963, p. 164.—Aitken, 1963, p. 179, fig. 6.—Takahashi

and Muutura, 1964, p. 129, figs. 1-3.—Okumura, 1966,

p. 183.

TYP E LOCALITY.—Ceylon.

DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan.

Two males of this species were taken at Haurei

(23.IX.1963).

FOODS.—Dried and stored vegetable products.

This common, cosmopolitan species is carried in

commerce throughout the world. In American economic literature it is known as the "almond moth," but

in economic literature generally it is referred to as the

"fig moth" or "dried currant moth."

I have figured the genitalia for completeness sake

but for a comprehensive treatment of this species and

allies see Heinrich, Carl, 1956.

Family ALUCIT1DAE

Genus Stangeia Tutt

Stangeia Tutt, 1906, p. 492. (Type-species: Pterophorus

siceliota Zeller, 1847, p. 907 [by monotypy].)—Chapman,

1908, p. 53.—Adamczewski, 1951, pp. 309, 382, pi. 12:

fig. 62.—Bigot, pp. 284, 285 (figs.), 286.

This remarkable genus was established for the

European siceliota. Meyrick placed this and many

other species in Trichoptilus and says of it (1890, p.

485), ". . . a genus of limited extent, but cosmopolitan ; more species are known from Australia than any

other region." It remained for Tutt to recognize the

distinctions between Trichoptilus and Stangeia, but no

figure of the unusual genitalia was published until the

appearance of Adamczewski's paper in 1951 where he

stated (p. 382): "A very strongly sclerotized and very

specialized copulatory apparatus characterizes the

genus Stangeia Tutt." Bigot (1966) treated this and

other related genera and presented simple outline

drawings of both male and female genitalia.

Of the described species belonging here I have

examined the types of only siceliota and xerodes, of

which the lectotype of the latter is designated below.

In Trichoptilus, to which the above and other related species have usually been assigned, the third lobe,

or feather, of the hind wing bears a conspicuous tooth

of black scales, but this is absent, or only faintly

indicated, in Stangeia.

Stangeia xerodes (Meyrick)

Trichoptilus xerodes Meyrick, 1886, p. 14.

Stangeia xerodes (Meyrick), Adamcewski, 1951, p. 309.

"cf, ? , 15-16 mm . . . Toowoomba, Queensland;

Bathurst, New South Wales; Adelaide, Wirrabara, and

Port Lincoln, South Australia; rather common from

September to November."

LECTOTYPE.—cf, 16 mm. "Toowoomba, Queensland. 25.9.79." Slide JFGC 11484. In the British

Museum (Natural History), hereby designated.
NUMBER 96 97

Meyrick says of xerodes (1886, p. 15), "The black

scales in the dorsal cilia of the hindwings [third feather]

are very slight and inconspicuous, yet always perceptible." I have examined Meyrick's series of 20 specimens under this name, but there is only the slightest

suggestion of these scales in only a few of the

specimens.

This species does not occur on Rapa but is included

here to establish the lectotype.

Stangeia rapae, new species

FIGURE 85; PLATE \\h

Alar expanse 13-16 mm.

Labial palpus white; first and second segments

shaded with pale clay color; apical tuft of second segment dark gray to black; third segment with black,

longitudinal ventrolateral line on each side. Antenna

black, each segment semiannulated white; scape black.

Head gray with scattered white scales mixed. Thorax

gray; posteriorly creamy white with three longitudinal

pale, clay-colored lines. Forewing ground color gray,

dorsally suffused pale brownish; on apical third of costa

a slender white dash; apex black; cilia gray, mixed

with white and pale clay color; on dorsum four clusters

of black scales preceded and followed by gray and

white mixed, the fourth, or outer group of black scales,

followed by a conspicuous white patch of cilia. Hind

wing grayish fuscous; cilia gray; third feather with

coarse white scales along basal half. Legs longitudinally striped creamy white and black or gray; tarsal

segments of hind leg gray. Abdomen gray marked

creamy white; ventrally three creamy white longitudinal lines; second segment with two blackish-fuscous

spots posteriorly between ventral longitudinal lines.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11481, 11699. Harpe

long, slender, crescentic, base dilated, irregular. Gnathos and socii absent. Uncus consisting- of paired digitate processes. Vinculum long, narrow with a broad flat

flange around periphery. Tegumen short, broad. Anellus a narrow subrectangular plate with a long, ventral

arm to which aedeagus is attached. Aedeagus moderately stout, terminating in a ventral beaklike process

and a short dorosdistal digitate projection.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11482. Ostium broad,

transverse. Lamella postvaginalis triangular, truncated

posteriorly. Antrum conical. Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior edge of bursa copulatrix. Ductus

bursae about as long as bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix membranous with minute, fine scobinations. Signum absent. Seventh sternum with a thick longitudinal

lobe on each side of ostium.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70081.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei (Em.30.XI.1963).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

Described from the o* holotype, 30 o" o", and 34

$ $ paratypes. All of the specimens are from Haurei

and were either collected or reared on dates from 25.

X to 2.XI.1963.

FOOD PLANT.—Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (R39).

The larvae of this species were found feeding in the

inflorescence of the host. Pupation takes place on the

flower stalks or very small leaves. The infested plants

were found on the southern edge of the village of

Haurei growing next to mixed bushes in a grassy area

at the side of the taro beds.

All of the related species that I have examined are

rather strongly marked with white on the costal area

of the forewing; this marking is absent in rapae. The

genitalia of all species are similar but the male of rapae

differs from the lectotype male of xerodes by a broader

and shorter dilation at base of harpe and a less pronounced swelling in costal third of ventral edge of

harpe. In rapae the basal processes of the 8th sternum

bear a cluster of strong setae, but in xerodes there is

a strong curved spine at the end of each. The female of

rapae is compared with the female type of siceliota.

In the latter species the lateral posterior arms of the

7th sternum are separated by a broad lamella postvaginalis which terminates posteriorly in a sclerotized

point In rapae the lamella postvaginalis is much narrower and terminates in a truncated, sclerotized

triangle.
98

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 85.—Stangeia rapae, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ;

b, lateral aspects of male genitalia in situ and modified 8th segment; c, venation of right wings; d,

ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 56

Family TORTRICIDAE

99

Key to the Genera of Tortricidae

Forewing with vein 7 to costa Dichelopa

Forewing with vein 7 to termen Nesoscopa

Key to the Species of Dichelopa

1. Hind wing with contrasting dark apex and light base 7

Hind wing unicolorous or nearly so 2

2. Forewing with conspicuous dark subterminal spot crramocausta Meyrick

Forewing without such spot 3

3. Hind wing conspicuously mottled pulcheria, new species

Hind wing otherwise 4

4. Forewing with at least one complete yellowish, ochraceous-orange or ochraceous-buff

transverse oblique fascia 5

Forewing otherwise 6

5. Transverse fascia narrow iochorda Meyrick

Transverse fascia broad messalina, new species

6. Alar expanse 25 mm, or more exulcerata Meyrick

Alar expanse 18 mm, or less argyrospiloides, new species

7. Forewing ground color leaden gray or fuscous 8

Forewing otherwise 9

8. Forewing with reddish spots rhodographa, new species

Forewing without reddish spots; immaculate or with cinnamon-buff marking... dendrophila,

new species

9. Forewing with large black or blackish triangular area in outer half anthracodelta,

new species

Forewing otherwise 10

10. Pale area of hind wing not extending to anal angle 11

Pale area of hind wing extending to anal angle tericopu Meyrick

11. Dark area of anal angle only faintly indicated 13

Dark area of anal angle strongly indicated 12

12. Forewing with white fasciae edged with black honoranda Meyrick

Forewing without white fasciae deltozancla Meyrick

13. Forewing ground color cinereous vaccinii, new species

Forewing otherwise 14

14. Forewing ground color cinnamon buff or clay color tnyopori, new species

Forewing ground color silvery gray or pale ochraceous buff lupicinia, new species

Genus Dichelopa Lower

Dichelopa Lower, 1901, p. 76. (Type-species: Dichelopa

dichroa Lower, 190, p. 76 [by monotypy].)

Previous to the publication of this present paper 27

species have been assigned to this genus; 9 are described as new in the following pages, bringing the total

of described forms to 36. The species are now recorded

from Australia (6), the Marquesas Islands (13), Tahiti (2), and Rapa( 15).

Dichelopa iochorda Meyrick

FIGURE 87; PLATE lc; PLATE 15fc

Dichelopa iochorda Meyrick, 1926, p. 273; 1928, p. 492.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Clarke, 1958, p. 103, pi. 51: figs.

2-26.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11744. Harpe broad basally, constricted beyond middle; cucullus narrow,

slightly dilated before apex; sacculus smooth. Gnathos

a sharply pointed hook. Uncus long, slender, curved

ventrad, bifid distally. Vinculum broadly V-shaped.
100

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

1
NUMBER 5 6 101

FIGURE 87.—Dichelopa iochorda Meyrick: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, venation of right wings.

Tegumen rather narrow, about as long as harpe. Anellus broadly oval, posterior edge indented. Aedeagus

long, slender, slightly recurved distally; vesica

unarmed.

Female unknown.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa. The 31 o" cf before me are

from the following localities on the island: Maugaoa,

950' (292 m), 19 d d; Maurua, 600' (184 m), 5

dd; Metua nako, 750' (231 m), d; Perau, 1900'

(585 m), d1; Piahu, 750' (231 m), d ; Pukutaketake,

1100' (338 m), (f ; Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 3

cfd1. Dates of capture range from 18.IX to 23.XI.

1963.

FOOD PLANT.—Cyathea rapense Copeland.

We succeeded in rearing only a single specimen of

iochorda. The larva was collected along with some of

those of D. dendrophila, new species. The habits of the

two species are indistinguishable, both forming short

rolls in the pinnae from which they feed. The larva of

iochorda feeds on the underside, skeletonizing the pinnae. Pupation presumably takes place in debris on the

ground.

It is curious that in the three months we were on

Rapa not a single female of iochorda came to hand,

nor has any other collector found one of that sex. This

suggests some peculiarity in the habit of the females.

The deep incision of the apical portion of the uncus,

forming two long points (foreshortened in the figure)

is atypical for the genus, but in other respects the genitalia place iochorda with its congeners. The recurved

distal end of the aedeagus suggests a close affinity to

exulcerata, but the recurved part of aedeagus is not as

exaggerated in iochorda as it is in that species.
102

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 88.—Dichelopa messalina, new species: a, venation of

right wings; b, ventral view of female genitalia.

Dichelopa messalina, new species

FIGURE 88; PLATE 14, e, f

Alar expanse 16-22 mm.

Labial palpus twice as long as head, cinnamon buff;

outer side of second segment snuff brown; third segment fuscous. Antenna fuscous above, ochraceous basally below; scape ochraceous buff. Head ochraceous

buff. Thorax ochraceous tawny to sepia variously overlaid with ochraceous-buff and ochraceous-orange

scales. Forewing ground color snuff brown to sepia,

variously marked and overlaid with ochraceous buff

and ochraceous orange; from basal fifth an outwardly

oblique ochraceous-orange or ochraceous-buff, transverse fascia; on mid-costa and tornus two spots indicating a similar, but broken, light colored fascia;

beyond tornus, on termen, a similarly colored transverse

dash; all pale markings somewhat mottled with dark

spots, in some cases nearly obscured by them; at end of

cell a buff spot, obsolete in some specimens; cilia tawny

olive. Hind wing grayish fuscous with a faint tawny

hue toward apex; cilia light grayish fuscous with darker

basal line. Foreleg pale buff; femur and tibia sepia on

outer side; tarsal segments broadly annulated fuscous;

midleg similar but with much less dark coloring; hind

leg pale buff. Abdomen grayish fuscous posteriorly;

anterior half lighter.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11341, 11342, 11918.

Ostium small, round, within a cuplike depression. Genital plate narrow, lightly sclerotized. Antrum scarcely
NUMBER 5 6 103

differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis from

posterior end of accessory bursa. Ductus bursae membranous, slender. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70090.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa Maugaoa, 950' (292 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the holotype ? (7.XI.1963) and 17

paratypes as follows: Maugaoa, 950' (292 m), $ ;

Maurua, 600' (184 m). 2 ? ? ; Morogouta, 750'

(231 m), ? ; Perau, 1900' (585 m), 12 ? $ ;

Tevaitau, 750' (231 m), ? . The moths occurred from

16.IX.1963 to 18.XI.1963.

Unfortunately, the male of this species is unknown,

but in all probability it is quite different from the female. There is great intraspecific variation exhibited

by the specimens at hand (plate 14 e, f) and almost as

many varieties exist as there are specimens.

Dichelopa rhodographa, new species

FIGURE 89; PLATE 15a

Alar expanse 9 mm.

Labial palpus grayish fuscous; third segment

fuscous. Antenna grayish fuscous, finely and shortly

ciliated. Head gray, the scales narrowly tipped

cinereous. Thorax grayish fuscous; tegula pale grayish

posteriorly. Forewing ground color leaden gray,

marked with ten broken, narrow, transverse spots and

dashes mixed English red and orange rufous; cilia gray

mixed with a few darker scales. Hind wing white

basally; fuscous around margins and apically; cilia

grayish fuscous with darker basal line. Foreleg grayish

fuscous; tarsal segments broadly banded fuscous; midleg similar; hind leg ocherous white; tibia suffused

grayish; tarsal segments narrowly annulated light

gray. Abdomen grayish fuscous dorsally, pale grayish

ventrally; anal tuft mixed grayish fuscous and ocherous

white.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11816. Harpe broad

basally, costa strongly arched; cucullus rather stout,

bluntly pointed; sacculus sclerotized, ventral edge

serrate, terminal part raised. Gnathos sharply pointed.

Uncus slender basally, apex broadly expanded, anteriorly clothed with heavy spines. Vinculum narrow,

rounded. Tegumen broad, about as long as harpe.

Anellus heart shaped, posterior edge deeply cleft.

Aedeagus slender, curved, sharply pointed.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70083.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Perau, 1000' (307 m).

89b

FIGURE 89.—Dichelopa rhodographa, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Veronica (Hebe) rapensis F. Brown.

(R. 22).

Described from the unique holotype male (Em.

18.XI.1963).

The larva of rhodographa ties and mines the terminal leaves of its host, and in the laboratory the larva

pupated between two tied leaves. Presumably pupation takes place in the same way in nature.

This is the smallest species of the genus known at

the present time, and cannot be very common because

only a few larvae were found despite the fact that the

food plant is abundant. The species was never seen

at light.

In the photograph of the wings the red markings

show up as a faint mottling.

Dichelopa anthracodelta, new species

FIGURE 90; PLATE \b; PLATE \bd

Alar expanse 14 mm.

Labial palpus grayish fuscous; inner surface of

second segment pale grayish. Antenna serrulateciliated; fuscous with grayish annulations. Head

fuscous; crown creamy white. Thorax creamy white

mixed with a few yellowish scales; posteriorly a conspicuous fuscous spot; tegula blackish fuscous

anteriorly. Forewing ground color white; from basal

fourth of costa to basal third of dorsum, blackish

fuscous interrupted by a wedge-shaped area of white,

yellowish, and orange-brown scales; from slightly

before middle of costa to apex a blackish-fuscous triangular patch extends across cell to vein 3; on costa,

in the white space between the two dark patches, a

blackish-fuscous spot; on dorsum four short, blackish

fuscous, transverse bars, the larger of the four on

tornus, mixed and overlaid with yellowish scales; in

white median area several ill-defined yellowish spots;

subterminal area irregularly marked with fuscous,

mixed with yellowish scales. Hind wing whitish basally,

shading to fuscous apically and around margins. Foreleg sordid ocherous white, strongly suffused fuscous on

outside; tarsal segments narrowly annulated whitish;

midleg similar; hind leg gray, tibial spurs fuscous

FIGURE 90.—Dichelopa anthracodelta, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 105

basally; tarsal segments marked fuscous. Abdomen

grayish fuscous dorsally; grayish ventrally.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11411. Harpe very broad

basally, abruptly narrowed at middle; cucullus produced, narrow. Sacculus smooth on ventral edge.

Gnathos terminating in a sharp point Uncus moderately strong, slightly dilated distally. Vinculum bluntly

pointed. Tegumen shorter than harpe, dome shaped.

Anellus heart shaped, sclerotized. Aedeagus rather

short, about as long as harpe, slightly bent; vesica

armed with a single, weak, slender cornutus.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70087.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 950/ (292 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o* holotype (23.XI.1963)

and two o* o" paratypes from Maurua, 600'

(184 m) (17.X. 1963) and Maugaoa, 950> (292 m)

(23.XI.1963).

This striking species cannot be confused with any

of its congeners and does not appear very closely

related to any of them. It is probably as closely

related to honoranda as it is to any of the other included

species.

Unfortunately, the female is unknown.

Dichelopa dendrophila, new species

FIGURE 91; PLATE 1«; PLATE \4g

Alar expanse 9-14 mm.

Labial palpus cinnamon buff; third segment fuscous. Antenna of male fasciculate-ciliated, in female

simple; fuscous. Head fuscous. Thorax fuscous; tegula

occasionally with sparse cinnamon-buff scales. Forewing ground color fuscous with slight purplish tinge;

from basal third an ill-defined, outwardly oblique, cinnamon-buff fascia; a similar fascia from slightly beyond

middle of costa nearly to tornus; in some specimens

the forewing is immaculate, in others strongly marked

(Plate \e), the females more strongly marked than the

males; cilia fuscous, sometimes tinged cinnamon buff

on termen. Hind wing fuscous apically, much paler,

and thinly scaled basally; cilia grayish fuscous with

wide, fuscous basal band. Legs grayish fuscous; femora

somewhat paler. Abdomen fuscous.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11745. Harpe very

broad basally; costa strongly convex; sacculus sclerotized, about half the length of harpe; cucullus digitate. Gnathos terminating in a sharp point. Uncus

long, curved, apical portion very broad; terminal edge

excavated. Vinculum narrow, rounded. Tegumen

about as long as harpe. Anellus a broad, sclerotized

plate; posterior edge concave. Aedeagus about as long

as harpe, straight over most of its length, bluntly

pointed distally.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11746, 11697. Ostium

very small, posteroventral edge V-shaped. Genital plate

membranous. Antrum membranous. Inception of

ductus seminalis from middle of accessory bursa.

Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70082.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Morogouta, 750* (231 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Cyathea rapense Copeland. (R. 20).

Described from the o" holotype (Em. 3.XI.63), 6

o* o* and 12 $ $ paratypes as follows: Morogouta,

750> (231 m), 4 cfc", 11 ? 9 (Em. 28.X to

20.XI.1963); Pukutaketake, HOC (338 m), <?, $

(Em. 19-22.XI.1963); Teumukopuke, 500* (154 m),

d (3.XI.1963).

In general coloration dendrophila is nearest to

ceramocausta but can be distinguished easily from it

by the absence of the dark subterminal spot of forewing. In the male genitalia of dendrophila, the cucullus is produced and the aedeagus is straight; in

ceramocausta the cucullus is not produced and the

aedeagus is slightly curved. In the female the V-shaped

ostium immediately separates dendrophila from

ceramocausta. In addition dendrophila averages much

smaller than ceramocausta.

The larva of dendrophila feeds externally on the

fronds of the tree fem usually skeletonizing the pinnae.

Sometimes the larva constructs a tubular retreat by

webbing the edges of a pinna together. The larval work

is conspicuous, the damaged brown areas contrasting

with the undamaged green parts of the fronds. Pupation may take place in the tubular retreat or in debris

on the ground. The larvae are very sensitive to sharp

knocks administered to the fronds; they leave their

retreats, hanging by a thread of silk, thus easily being

seen.

Presumably the species is well distributed on the

island. In addition to the localities mentioned above,

we collected larvae at Maurua, 600' (184 m) and

Maugaoa, 1,00c (307 m).
106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 91.—Dichelopa dendrophila, new species: a, ventral view of male gemtalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 107

Dichelopa honoranda Meyrick

FIGURE 92; PLATE la; PLATE 15C

Dichelopa honoranda Meyrick, 1926, p. 272; 1928, p. 492.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Clarke, 1958, p. 103, pi. 51; figs.

1-16.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11247. Harpe broad

basally, fleshy; sacculus strongly sclerotized, finely

dentate ventrally, extending beyond cucullus. Gnathos

a short hook. Transtilla narrow, strongly sclerotized,

consisting of two curved lateral arms greatly constricted at center; posterior edge armed with strong

teeth. Uncus very broadly dilated distally; ventral surface clothed with moderately strong setae. Vinculum

narrow, rounded. Tegumen broad, about as long as

harpe. Anellus a rectangular, sclerotized plate. Aedeagus stout, slightly curved, simple. Posterior edge of 8th

sternum narrowly sclerotized and clothed with

moderately long setae.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11248. Ostium protruding. Genital plate with convex scobinate patch on

each side of ostium. Inception of ductus seminalis

slightly anterior to ostium. Ductus bursae membranous.

Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa: Our few specimens 'were

collected only on Maugaoa, 950'(292 m); cf, 2 $ $

(23.XI.1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

We were unable to discover the food plant of this

beautiful and apparently rare species. Meyrick's type

measures 12 mm, ours from 9 mm (cf) to 13 mm (?) .

Dichelopa sericopis Meyrick

FIGURE 93; PLATE \Za,b,c,d

Dichelopa sericopis Meyrick, 1926, p. 272; 1928, p. 492.—

Clarke, 1958, p. 104, pi. 52: figs. 3-3*.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11245. Harpe very broad

basally, bulbous; sacculus strongly sclerotized with

sharp spinous process near base and thick digitate

process ventrally; cucullus fleshy, produced. Gnathos

a long hook, slightly dilated before pointed apex. Uncus

rather short, curved, dilated distally. Vinculum

rounded. Tegumen somewhat longer than harpe, expanded at middle. Anellus sub triangular; posterior

edge excavated. Aedeagus curved, pointed; vesica

unarmed.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11246. Ostium small,

conical. Antrum sclerotized ventrally. Inception of

ductus seminalis slightly before ostium. Ductus bursae

slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous.

Signum absent

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANTS.—Hibiscus australensis Fosberg (R9),

Dolichos lablab L. (R12), 1pomeagracilisR.Br. (R8),

Commelina diffusa Burm. (R10).

This was by far the commonest moth on Rapa during

our visit and, indeed, some nights it occurred in such

swarms that it was virtually impossible to collect anything else. There is no point in listing the localities on

the island for our nearly 900 specimens because sericopis was found everywhere.

The species is variable as may be seen in Plate I3a-d,

but the only species with which it might be confused

is D. lupicinia, new species (Plate I3e,f), which follows. Even so, there are enough points of distinction to

separate fresh specimens but rubbed ones can be distinguished only by the genitalia.

The larva of sericopis, like many species of Tortricidae, is polyphagus and in the early stages is a leaf

miner. Later, the larva folds or rolls the leaf, forming

a retreat and skeletonizes the area around it. Pupation

occurs in the roll or elsewhere. One pupa was found in

the rotten end of a broken Pandanus branch.

Dichelopa vaccinii, new species

FIGURE 94; PLATE 15«, /; PLATE 29«

Alar expanse 10-16 mm.

Labial palpus cinereous; second segment strongly

suffused dark gray on outer side; third segment dark

gray. Antenna of male short ciliated, of $ finely pubescent, dark gray with narrow, paler annulations.

Head dark gray, cinereous posteriorly. Thorax dark

gray; tegula cinereous posteriorly. Forewing ground

color cinereous; at basal fourth an outwardly convex

dark gray fascia, somewhat paler on dorsum, edged

with fuscous; beyond this fascia, on fold, a dark gray

spot; from middle of costa an outwardly oblique,

broad, transverse, dark gray fascia to tornus, edged

with fuscous; on costa, before apex, a dark gray blotch

preceded by a few fuscous dots; between veins 3 and 6

(veins 3 and 4 coincident) a quadrate, dark gray, subterminal spot edged with fuscous; dark markings some-
108

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

92d

PlZZlNI

FIGURE 92.—Dichelopa honoranda Meyrick: a, lateral aspect of female genitalia (bursa copulatrix to right); b, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; d,

aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 109

93b

93 c

93d

FIGURE 93.—Dichelopa sericopts Meyrick: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of male

genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, lateral aspect of female genitalia.

382-271 O—71-
110

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

94 c

94 b

FIGURE 94.—Dichelopa vaccinii, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of male

genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female genitalia

(bursa copulatrix to left).
NUMBER 5 6 111

times irrorate with ocherous-orange scales; cilia gray.

Hind wing whitish basally, grayish fuscous apioally;

cilia whitish around anal angle, gray around termen

and apex with a broad, dark gray basal band. Foreleg

cinereous; femur and tibia strongly suffused grayish

fuscous on outer side; tarsal segments broadly banded

fuscous; midleg similar but with two gray spots on

outer side of tibia and tarsal annulations lighter; hind

leg pale whitish cinereous. Abdomen grayish fuscous

dorsally, whitish cinereous ventrally; anal tuft mixed

cinereous and dark gray.

Male genitalia slide JFGG 11253. Harpe broadly

arched; cucullus short, broad, rounded; sacculus

strongly sclerotized, terminal end free, ventral edge

dentate and with one large tooth near base. Uncus

slender basally; apex broadly expanded and clothed

with heavy spines anteriorly. Vinculum narrowly

rounded, constricted at middle. Tegumen longer than

harpe; socii long, slender lobes. Anellus heart shaped;

posterior edge excavated. Aedeagus slender, curved,

sharply pointed.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11254, 11747. Ostium

small, oval, transverse. Genital plate granular. Antrum

sclerotized and with anterolateral protuberance. Inception of ductus seminalis lateral, from posterior part of

accessory bursa. Ductus bursae long, slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum

absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70088.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 950/ (292 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Vaccinium rapae Skottsberg (R14).

Described from the <f holotype (5.XI.1963), 47

cf cf and 419 ? paratypes as follows: Anatakuri Bay,

3 cf cf; Anatakuri nako, 9 ; Maugaoa, 950* (292 m),

2cf cf,6 9 9;Maurua,600'(184m),2cf cf,3 ? ? ;

Morogouta, GOO' (184m),6cf cf , 7 ? 9.Ororagi,40C

(123 m), cf; Perau, 1900' (585 m); 2 $ $ ; Piahu,

750/ (231 m), cf, 3 9 9 ; Point Ketunui, 400/ (123

m), cf, Point Maraia, 5 cf cf, 9 ; Point Teakauraee,

22 cf cf, 12? $ ; Pukutaketake, 1150' (353 m), cf;

Teumukopuke, 50C (154 m), 3 cf cf, $ ; Tevaitau,

75C (231 m), 5 9 9- Our specimens were reared or

collected between 25.IX.1963 and 4.XII.1963.

Although most of the males are strongly marked as

in the illustration (Plate 15*), there are some in

which the forewing is nearly uniform gray, and in

which none of the dark markings are contrasting. In

this, the immaculate males resemble the females. The

figure (Plate 15/) of the female is of one of the more

contrastingly marked examples. In the black and white

illustrations it can be seen how similar this female of

vaccinii is to that of die female of sericopis (Plate 13c).

In structure of the genitalia sericopis and vaccinii

are very closely related, although there are good points

of difference as can be seen by a comparison of the

figures. A point that further emphasizes their close relationship is the coincidence of veins 3 and 4 of the

forewing.

The larvae of vaccinii were relatively common and

were easily detected between the tied leaves and damaged inflorescence of the food plant. Pupation usually

takes place between two tied leaves which have been

skeletonized by the larva, but judging from the absence

of larvae where damage was obvious, I suspect a fairly

large proportion of larvae pupate in debris.

Dichelopa deltozancla Meyrick

FIGURE 95; PLATE \4c,d,h

Dichelopa deltozancla Meyrick, 1926, p. 272; 1928, p. 492.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Clarke, 1958, p. 99, pi. 49: figs.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11255, 11696. Harpe

broad and fleshy; sacculus strongly sclerotized, with a

large, blunt tooth at basal third and a blunt, free terminal point not extending beyond cucullus. Gnathos a

slender hook. Socii slender digitate processes, slightly

broadly dilated; anterior surface heavily clothed with

strong setae. Vinculum narrow, rounded. Tegumen

strong setae. Vinculum narrow, rounded. Tegumen

slightly longer than harpe. Anellus a broad, sclerotized

heart-shaped plate. Aedeagus slender, curved, with a

patch of very small teeth distally on ventral surface.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11256. Ostium small,

opening dorsal to a broad sternal fold. Genital plate

membranous. Antrum narrowly sclerotized. Inception

of ductus seminalis slightly anterior to antrum. Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa. Our series consists of the following 54 cf cf and 56 $ $ : Anatakuri nako, ? ;

Haurei, $ ; Maugaoa, 80CK (245 m) and 95(K (292 m),

4 cf cf, 6 9 9 ; Maurua, &W (184 m), 9 cf cf, 11

$ $ ; Metua nako, 750* (231 m), cf, $ ; Morogouta,

750* (231m), 4 cf cf, $ ;Piahu,750/(231 m),7 cf cf,

3?$ ; Teumukopuke, 50C (154 m), 18 cf cf, 23
112

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

95b

FIGURE 95.—Dichelopa deltozancla Meyrick: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 113

9 9 ; Tevaitau, 750' (231 m) and 80C (245 m), 11

cf cf ; 9 9 9- Dates of capture and rearing covered

the duration of our visit.

FOOD PLANT.—Fitchia rapensis F. Brown.

Although we have one specimen from near sea level,

the species is generally found at the higher elevations

where its food plant grows among small trees and

shrubs, along the ridges in fairly open situations.

The larva feeds in a web on the upper surfaces of

leaves, mostly along the edges. The edge along which

the larva feeds is drawn slightly toward the midrib,

and the feeding area is covered with a sheetlike web.

There is considerable variation in deltozancla. The

males are usually marked sharply but the markings of

the females are generally suffused and subdued. The

male (Plate \4d) is an unusually strongly marked

specimen and demonstrates clearly the great range of

variation found in some of the species. The females

average slightly larger than the males.

The male, described by Meyrick under deltozancla,

is the male of sericopis as he suspected. He stated (1926,

p. 272), ". . . The 9 is taken as the type, since it is

possible that the single cf may belong properly to the

preceding [sericopis] species."

Dichelopa lupicinia, new species

FIGURE 96; PLATE 13*, /

Alar expanse 10 to 18 mm.

Labial palpus sordid ocherous white; second segment suffused grayish on outer side; third segment

suffused grayish. Antenna serrate in male, simple in

female, finely ciliate, grayish fuscous. Head gray*

Thorax grayish fuscous; tegula tipped grayish. Forewing ground color pale silvery gray crossed by slender,

irregular, antimony yellow transverse strigulae and

dashes; female almost uniform light ochraceous buff;

on costa some small fuscous spots and surface marked

with sparse, very fine fuscous irroration; cilia light

ochraceous buff with grayish suffusion. Hind wing

whitish basally, grayish fuscous toward margins and

apically. Foreleg ocherous white; femur and tibia

suffused grayish on outer side; tarsal segments broadly

grayish fuscous; midleg ocherous white suffused

grayish; hind leg ocherous white. Abdomen grayish

fuscous dorsally, ocherous white ventrally; anal tuft

light ochraceous buff.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11249. Harpe nearly as

broad as long; costa strongly arched; cucullus triangular, bluntly pointed; sacculus strongly sclerotized;

ventral edge roughened; one large curved tooth near

base. Gnathos pointed. Socii slender lobes clothed with

fine setae. Transtilla consisting of two separated,

narrow, pointed, dentate elements. Uncus slender

basally, distally broadly expanded; anterior surface

clothed with strong setae. Vinculum narrowly

rounded, with short, median projection dorsally.

Tegumen slightly longer than harpe. Anellus heart

shaped. Aedeagus slender, curved, pointed.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11250. Ostium small,

round. Genital plate very narrowly sclerotized. Antrum

narrowly and lightly sclerotized. Inception of ductus

seminalis from posterior part of accessory buna. Ductus

bursae slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70089.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Point Maraia.

DisTWBimoN.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANTS.—Hibiscus australensis Fosberg (R9);

Sonchusoleraceush. (R18);Rumexcrispush. (R19);

Metrosideros collina (Forster) van? villosa A. Gray

(R3); Manihot sp. (R30); Pandanus tectorius

Solander (dead wood) (R26).

Although we reared lupicina from two endemic

plants (Hibiscus and Metrosideros) the larvae were

far more abundant on the two weed species, Rumex

and Sonchus, showing an obvious preference for them.

The larvae tie together and skeletonize the leaves and

usually pupate in a folded leaf. I have recorded

Pandanus with the food plants because we reared four

examples from dead wood. It seems more likely, however, that the larvae crawled into the wood only to

pupate.

Described from the cf holotype (Em.26.X.1963),

108 cf cf and 169 $ $ paratypes as follows: Anatakuri nako, 3 cf, 5 $ ; Haurei, 80 cf cf, 86 $ $ ;

Maugaoa, 950/ (292 m), 5 $ $ ; Maii Bay, 2 cf cf;

Metua nako, 750' (231 m), 9 ; Morogouta, 750'

(231 m), cf; Pake Bay, $ ; Piahu, 750' (231 m),

12 ? ? ; Point Maraia, 14 cf cf, 33 9 9 ; Point

Teakauraee, 9 ; Pukutaketake, 1200* (369 m), 4 cf cf;

9 , Teumukopuke, 50C (154 m), 2 9 ?• Dates of

emergence of reared specimens and dates of capture

ranged from September to December.

The males of lupicinia are more strongly marked

than the females, and the dark margins and apex of

the male hind wing are much more extensive and

darker than in the female. The females average larger

than the males.
114

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 96.—Dichelopa lupicinia, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 115

This and the foregoing sericopis can be confused

easily in the field, especially if the specimens are at

all worn. Moreover, the males of lupicinia resemble

very closely the females of sericopis. For a considerable

period on the island we found it difficult to associate

males with females until copulating pairs were

observed. The larvae of both are polyphagus and occur

together in many instances, but reared specimens could

be associated properly by the presence of a faint silvery

luster on the forewing of lupicinia which is absent in

sericopis.

As pointed out under vaccinii the halftone plates

are of little help in separating some of these species.

Because of the variability and similarity of pattern in

the various species, the black and white photographs

do not bring out the specific differences.

Dichelopa myopori, new species

FIGURE 97; PLATE 13*, h

Alar expanse 11-17 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white on inner surface clay

color on outer side. Antenna pubescent, fuscous with

buff annulations. Head clay color, paler and shiny

laterally. Thorax clay color. Forewing ground color

of cf pale cinnamon buff; from basal fifth of costa

to dorsum, slightly before middle an ochraceous-tawny

patch followed by a broad outwardly oblique band of

ground color; beyond the latter a conspicuous, outwardly oblique ochraceous-tawny band; in the center

of the outer dark band abundant leaden metallic

scaling; apical third of wing crossed by fine ochraceoustawny strigulae and scattered leaden scales; at apical

third of costa an ill-defined spot of dark suffusion;

cilia cinnamon buff; 9 forewing clay color without

strong transverse markings as in cT; in some specimens a few ill-defined, fine ochraceous-tawny spots or

dashes. Hind wing of cf white basally, fuscous around

margins and apically; cilia white around anal angle,

ocherous white apically with dark subbasal line; 9

hind wing similar but the dark marginal area paler and

less extensive. Foreleg ocherous white suffused fuscous

on outer side; tarsal segments broadly banded fuscous;

midleg similar but with a narrow band of ground color

on outer side at middle of tibia; hind leg ocherous

white; tarsal segments with tiny spots of fuscous

basally on each. Abdomen gray dorsally, ocherous

white ventrally; anal tuft ocherous white mixed grayish fuscous.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11251. Harpe broad

basally, costa strongly arched; cucullus short, rounded

apically; sacculus strongly sclerotized with rough-edged

raised terminal ridge. Gnathos pointed. Uncus slender

basally, broadly expanded distally; apical portion

densely spined anteroventrally. Vinculum narrow,

rounded. Tegumen broad, sightly longer than harpe.

Anellus an oval plate, deeply cleft posteriorly. Aedeagus slender, slightly curved, pointed.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11252. Ostium small,

round. Genital plate narrow, sclerotized. Antrum

short, strongly sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior surface of accessory bursa. Ductus

bursae slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70086.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Pariati Bay.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Myoporum tapense F. Brown (R31).

Described from the cf holotype (Em. 30.XI.1963),

22 cf cf and 20 9 9 paratypes as follows: Anatakuri

nako, $ (14.X.1963); Metua nako, 7507 (231 m),

2 ? $ (12.XI.1963); Morogouta, 750* (231 m), 9

(10.X. 1963); Pariati Bay, 22 cf cf and 16 9 9 (30.X

to 15.XI.1963).

The larva of myopori feeds in the terminal buds

and leaves and when full-fed the pupa is formed

between spun leaves.

In this species the sexual dimorphism is striking.

The males are strongly marked (Plate 13g) but the

females are, superficially at least, unicolorous and the

dark marginal and apical areas are less extensive and

lighter than those of the males. The male of myopori

might be mistaken for the male of sericopis except

that it is darker and redder. The female of myopori

resembles the female of lupicinia but the former is also

redder and darker than the latter. In the photographs (Plate 13a, f,g,h) the similarities are obvious.

The illustrations of the genitalia show clearly the

differences in structure.

Dichelopa ceramocausta Meyrick

FIGURE 98; FLATS 14a, b

Dichelopa ceramocausta Meyrick, 1926, p. 272; 1928, p.

492._Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Clarice, 1958, p. 99, pi. 49:

figs. 2-26.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

Male genitalia slide JTFGC 11343. Harpe triangular;
116

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

97 b

97a

pizzini

FIGURE 97.—Dichelopa myopori, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 117

98b

FIGURE 98.—Dichelopa ceramocausta Meyrick: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of

male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female

genitalia.
118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

cucullus scarcely produced, bluntly pointed; sacculus

strongly sclerotized with slight projection near base.

Uncus slender basally, curved, greatly dilated distally.

Vinculum rounded, with median indentation. Tegumen broad, about as long as harpe. Anellus an oval,

sclerotized plate with median indentation on posterior

edge. Aedeagus slightly curved, moderately stout, terminating in a blunt point distally.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11344. Ostium small,

funnel shaped. Genital plate narrowly sclerotized.

Antrum membranous. Inception of ductus seminalis

well before ostium. Ductus bursae membranous, slender. Bursa copulatrix membranous, weak. Signum

absent.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa. The series before me consists

of 70 cf o* and 113 $ $ as follows: Anatakuri nako,

$ ; Maii Bay, cf; Maugaoa, 950' (292 m), 16 0*0*,

21 $ 9 ; Maurua, oW (184 m), 8 cf cf, 29 $ $ ;

Metua nako, 75(y (231 m), 3 0" 0" , 9 $ ? ; Morogouta, 750' (231 m), 11 0" 0*, 14 $ $ ; Perau, 1900'

(585 m), 3 cf 0", 3 $ $ ; Piahu, 750' (231 m), 14

cfo", 26 $$ ; Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 10

o" d\ 2 $ ? ; Tevaitau 200'-800/ (61-245 m), 3

cf 0*, 8 $ $ . September to December dates.

Although this was one of the commonest tortricids

on the island, we failed to find its food plant. The

species is found from sea level to the tops of the

mountains but is more frequently encountered at the

higher altitudes than at the lower levels.

Dichelopa exulcerata Meyrick

FIGURE 99; PLATE 15h

Dichelopa exulcerata Meyrick, 1926, p. 273; 1928, p. 493.

—Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Clarke, 1958, p. 100, pi. 50: figs.

2-26.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11698. Harpe broadly

oval; sacculus not strongly sclerotized; cucullus

abruptly narrowed. Socii elongate oval lobes heavily

clothed with long setae. Gnathos a narrow hook. Uncus

oval; anterior surface moderately clothed with strong

setae. Vinculum narrow, rounded. Tegumen rather

compressed, about as long as harpe. Anellus a broad

U-shaped sclerotized plate. Aedeagus moderately stout,

curved, terminating in a distal hook.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa. The 29 specimens before me

are from several places on the island as follows:

Maugaoa, 800* (245 m), 2 cf o", Morogouta, 750' (231

m), cf ; Piahu, 750' (231 m), 5 cf o" ; Teumukopuke,

500' (154 m), 9 0*0*; Tevaitau, 750' (231 m) and

800' (245 m), 12 o" o*- Dates of capture are from

18.IX to 3.XI.1963 inclusive.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Meyrick described exulcerata from 3 cf cf measuring 26-30 mm. In the series before me there is one

specimen measuring 25 mm and one 31 mm. The

remainder fall within the dimensions given by Meyrick. This is a variable species ranging from those with

a speckled appearance to those with coarse, contrasting spots and blotches. This is one of the few species

of this group without the whitish basal part of the

hind wing, a character found commonly in species on

the island, but with an even grayish fuscous coloring.

The female is unknown.

Dichelopa argyrospiloides, new species

FIGURE 100; PLATE 15;

Alar expanse 16 mm.

Labial palpus light cinnamon buff; third segment

lightly infuscated. Antenna fuscous with ocherous

white annulations; scape light cinnamon buff. Head

cinnamon buff; from ocherous white. Thorax cinnamon buff; tegula paler posteriorly. Forewing ground

color ocherous white; from middle of costa to dorsum

before tornus a broad, oblique, dark tawny olive fascia

confluent at tornus with a broad subterminal area of

the same color; a conspicuous triangular spot of

ground color, its base on costa, between the transverse

fascia and subterminal dark area; on costa, in dark

subterminal area, two small spots of ground color;

base of dorsum and four ill-defined transverse fasciae

from dorsum, fuscous mixed with cinnamon buff; cilia

cinnamon buff; pale area with slight silvery luster;

underside fuscous except basal third of costa broadly

and areas opposite coastal triangle, ocherous white.

Hind wing fuscous in apical half, somewhat paler

basally; cilia grayish fuscous with darker basal line.

Foreleg ocherous white; tarsal segments shaded with

fuscous; midleg similar; hind leg ocherous white with

very slight grayish suffusion on tibia and tibial spurs.

Abdomen grayish fuscous dorsally, light ocherous buff

ventrally.
NUMBER 5 6 119

99b

FIGURE 99.—Dichelopa exulcerata Meyrick: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of male

genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11748. Ostium small,

oval, transverse. Genital plate narrowly sclerotized.

Antrum narrowly sclerotized. Inception of ductus

seminalis from posterior part of accessory bursa. Ductus

bursae extremely short, hardly differentiated from

bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix long, narrow,

membranous. Signum absent

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70085.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maurua, 600* (184 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.
120 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 100.—Dichelopa argyrospiloides, new species. Ventral

view of female genitalia.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the unique $ holotype (25 .X. 1963).

There is no doubt that argyrospiloides and pulcheria

belong together and constitute a somewhat anomalous

species group within Dichelopa. The large, thick

papillae anales characterize these two species. Unfortunately, the male of argyrospiloides is unknown but

I suspect that the genitalia will conform to the general

pattern that is characteristic of the genus. As in

pulcheria and exculcerata the hind wing is dark and

lacks the pale basal portion.

As the name suggests, this species reminds one of

the dark form of the North American Archips

argyrospilus (Walker), but it has a narrower forewing

than the latter.

Dichelopa pulcheria, new species

FIGURE 101; PLATE 16a

Alar expanse 20-23 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white; second segment

shaded fuscous laterally; third segment fuscous dorsally. Antenna serrulate-fasciculate, pale brownish

gray, spotted fuscous in basal half; scape fuscous. Head

ocherous white, shaded fuscous anteriorly and posterolaterally. Thorax fuscous with slight brassy hue; tegula

ocherous white apically. Forewing ground color ocherous white suffused brownish; basal fifth fuscous; from

basal two-fifths of costa to vein 8 before apex a triangular cloud with apex on dorsum before tomus; between veins 8 to 11 three small ocherous-white spots

on costa; in pale area between the dark triangular

cloud and termen a series of short transverse fuscous

dashes; between veins 3 and 6, on termen, an irregular

fuscous spot; cilia ocherous white suffused and

spotted fuscous. Hind wing dark gray above,

ocherous white, wholly mottled dark gray, beneath.

Foreleg ocherous white; femur and tibia lightly infuscated; tarsal segments broadly banded fuscous; midleg ocherous white; tibia with two fuscous shaded areas

on outer side; hind leg ocherous white. Abdomen grayish fuscous dorsally, ocherous white ventrally; and tuft

infuscated ocherous white.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11410. Harpe broad

basally; sacculus strongly sclerotized, produced as a

large transverse cone before cucullus; cucullus short,
NUMBER 5 6

FIGURE 101.—Dichelopa pulcheria, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, venation of right wings; d, ventral view of female

genitalia.
122

bluntly pointed. Gnathos terminating in a flat, elongate, very lightly sclerotized plate. Uncus broad basally,

widened about middle, narrowed toward distal end

and terminating in two widely separated points. Vinculum narrow, rounded. Transtilla with each element

C-shaped with long spines from posterior edge. Tegumen about as long as harpe, moderately sclerotized.

Anellus a suboval plate, lateral edges produced slightly.

Aedeagus short, stout, flattened distally, bluntly

pointed apically.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11749. Ostium broad,

slitlike, transverse. Genital plate very narrowly sclerotized. Antrum wide, strongly sclerotized. Inception of

ductus seminalis from accessory buna. Ductus bursae

short, wide, scarcely differentiated from the bursa

copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum

absent. Papillae anales very broad and strong.

TYPE.—USNM 70098.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Perau, 190C (585 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o* holotype and 2 $ $ paratypes all with the same data (15.X.1963).

In general appearance pulcheria is similar in coloring to exulcerata but is a smaller species and can be

distinguished easily from the former by the completely

mottled underside of the hind wing. Like exulcerata it

also lacks the pale basal part of the hind wing. In male

genitalia pulcheria is similar to iochorda as seen in the

divided apical portion of the uncus. The aedeagi of

these two immediately separate them; in iochorda the

aedeagus is long, slender, slightly curved but in pulcheria is short and stout. The females of iochorda and

exulcerata are unknown so no comparison can be

made. The female genitalia of pulcheria are atypical

as can be seen by a comparison with the genitalia of

other females of the genus. The venation of pulcheria,

however, places the species here, as do the male

genitalia.

Genus Nesoscopa Meyrick

Nesoscopa Meyrick, 1926, p. 271. (Type-species: Nesoscopa

exsors Meyrick, 1926, p. 271 [by monotypy].)

In his description of the genus Meyrick stated "Forewings . . . 3-5 approximated from near angle . . ."

but, in fact, vein 3 is well separated from 4 and veins 4

and 5 are connate. His description of the hind wing is

also faulty. He states ".. . 2 from rather near angle,

3-5 rather approximated towards base, 6 and 7 nearly

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

approximated at base." The truth is that vein 2 arises

well before angle and 2, 3, and 4 are about equidistant.

Moreover, veins 6 and 7 are long stalked.

Nesoscopa exsors Meyrick

FIGURE 102; PLATE 16b

Nesoscopa exsors Meyrick, 1926, p. 271; 1928, p. 494.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Clarke, 1958, p. 159, pi. 79: figs.

1-lrf.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11742. Harpe very narrow; sacculus lightly sclerotized; cucullus pointed.

Socii two elongate, weak lobes. Gnathos nearly as long

as harpe, terminating in a sharp point. Uncus short,

rounded, armed with a sharp spine on each side. Vinculum broad, rounded. Tegumen rather wide, somewhat longer than harpe. Anellus a small subrectangular, sclerotized plate. Aedeagus moderately stout,

curved; vesica armed with a cluster of coalesced

cornuti. Transtilla a V-shaped plate with truncated

apex.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11743. Ostium large,

broad, anterior lip deeply concave. Genital plate membranous. Antrum conical, sclerotized anteriorly. Inception of ductus seminalis from about middle of ductus

bursae. Ductus bursae membranous, slender in posterior half, widened, spiraled and strongly sclerotized in

anterior half. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum

absent.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa. There are 24 specimens of

this species before me from the following localities on

the island: Haurei, $ ; Maugaoa, 950' (292 m), 2

<? o", 4 $ ? ; Maurua, 60CK (184 m) 2 $ 9 ; Morogouta, 750* (231 m), d1

; Teumukopuke, 500* (154 m),

7o" o", 3 $ $ ; Tevaitau, 800' (245 m), 4 ? ?.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

It was not until 1962 that Bradley (1962, p. 251)

described a second species of this genus from the New

Hebrides. The two species are strikingly similar but

can be separated easily by the genitalia.

The three o" cf specimens from which Meyrick described his genus and species were in indifferent condition so that he missed, and did not mention, the small

scale tufts of the forewing.

I know of no other tortricid with structures of the

male genitalia such as the uncus, socii, and transtilla

of exsors and psarodes.
NUMBER 5 6 123

FIGURE 102.—Nesoscopa exsors Meyrick: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of male

genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female genitalia.
124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Family OLETHREUTIDAE

Key to the Genera of Olethreutidae

1. Hind wing with vein 5 straight, parallel to vein 4; veins 3 and 4 stalked Cryptophlebia

Hind wing with 5 bent toward base 2

2. Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 separate or connate 3

Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked or united 5

3. Forewing with veins 7 and 8 stalked Tritopterna

Forewing with veins 7 and 8 separate 4

4. Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 connate Platypeplus

Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 separate Bactra

5. Forewing with veins 3, 4, and 5 approximate at termen Crocidosema

Forewing with veins 3, 4, and 5 well separated at termen StrtpsicraUs

Genus Tritopterna Meyrick

Tritopterna Meyrick, 1921, p. 151.

(Type-species: Tritopterna chionostoma Meyrick, 1921,

p. 152 [by monotypy].)

In Meyrick's description of this genus he states

"Forewings. .. . 3 and 4 connate, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7

to termen. Hindwings 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated

at base, 6 and 7 stalked."

Meyrick's description is in error on several points: 3

and 4 of forewing are approximate, 9 is distinctly separate from the stalk of 7 and 8, and 7 goes to apex.

In the hind wing 3 and 4 are approximate, 5 is removed from 4, and 6 and 7 are very closely approximate toward base.

It is quite possible that some variation in venation

exists, but it appears that creases or folds produced effects that led Meyrick to describe characters that could

not be seen clearly without denuding the wings.

Tritopterna anastrepta (Meyrick), new combination

Crusimetra anastrepta Meyrick, 1927, p. 71.

It is surprising that Meyrick described this species

in Crusimetra when chionostoma and anastrepta are

so similar, except for the snow-white inner surface of

the labial palpus of the former. This species has not

been found on Rapa but is included here to bring

together the two above species and the next one

described.

Tritopterna galena, new species

FIGURE 103; PLATE 17C, d

Alar expanse 12-16 mm.

Labial palpus in <?, gray; inner surface of second

segment blackish fuscous; third segment ocherous

white; in female paler with coppery dorsal surface on

second segment. Antenna grayish fuscous; scape

blackish fuscous. Head grayish fuscous, scales coppery

tipped. Thorax blackish fuscous, tegula tipped grayish.

Forewing ground color blackish fuscous; beyond basal

third overlaid with brown and coppery scales, producing longitudinal streaks of ground color in terminal

third; from basal third of costa to apex a series of

paired, short ocherous-white striae alternating with

fuscous streaks; on tornus two or three leaden gray

spots, subterminally a transverse leaden-gray fascia; inside costa, in apical third, an ill-defined series of small

leaden-gray spots; cilia fuscous; dorsal tuft of o* (absent in $ ) grayish fuscous. Hind wing grayish fuscous

with coppery tinge; cilia grayish fuscous with darker

basal band. Foreleg grayish fuscous; tarsal segments

somewhat paler; midleg similar; hind leg gray; tarsal

segments sordid ocherous white. Abdomen fuscous

dorsally, grayish ventrally in o" ; in $, grayish fuscous

dorsally, sordid white ventrally.

Male genitalia slide JFGG 11380. Harpe longer than

tegumen; costa concave; cucullus oval, clothed with

long setae; ventral edge with six short, stout setae;

sacculus moderately sclerotized, with short clasper

from beyond middle; a series of long setae from near

base. Uncus short, slender, distally expanded laterally

into two points; apex truncate. Vinculum narrowly

rounded. Tegumen stout, broad, with two long, curved

setae posteriorly from each side. Anellus broader than

long. Aedeagus short, stout, lightly sclerotized.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11446. Ostium oval,

transverse. Antrum membranous. Inception of ductus

seminalis from middle of ductus bursae. Ductus

bursae strongly sclerotized, twisted for two-thirds its

length. Bursa copulatrix membranous, slightly granular. Signum absent. Lamella antevaginalis lightly
NUMBER 5 6

FIGURE 103.—Tritopterna galena, new species: a, ventral view of female genitalia; b, ventral

view of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; c, venation of right wings.

382-271 O—71 9
126 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

sclerotized. Lamella postvaginalis strongly but narrowly sclerotized.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70091.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Teumukopuke, 500/ (154

m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the cf holotype (7.X.1963) and

one $ paratype with identical data.

It appears that galena is related most nearly to

anastrepta but differs from it by the truncate uncus,

the presence of a spined nodule at the base of cucullus,

and narrower and longer cucullus. I have not seen the

female of anastrepta.

Genus Crocidosema Zeller

Crocidosema Zeller, 1847, p. 721. (Type species: Crocidosema

plebejana Zeller, 1847, p. 721 [by monotypy].)

Crocidosema plebejana Zeller

FIGURE 104; PLATE 17a, b

Crocidosema plebejana Zeller, 1847, p. 721.—Lederer, 1859,

p. 367.—Staudinger and Wocke, 1871, p. 263, no. 1269.—

Ragonot, 1894, p. 221, no. 1221.—Staudinger and Rebel,

1901, p. 110, no. 1968.—Amsel, 1936, p. 351.—Rebel,

1940a, pp. 36, 55.—Bradley, 1961, p. 121.—Agenjo,

1963a, p. 5.

Crocidosema plebeiana Zeller, Walsingham, 1892, pp. 506,

544; 1897, p. 127; 1907, p. 675, pi. 10: fig. 15; 1907,

p. 1002.—Meyrick, 1908, p. 720.—Spuler, 1910, p. 273,

pi. 85: fig. 45.—Fletcher, 1921, p. 52.—Heinrich, 1921,

p. 822, pis. 99: fig. A; 102: figs. C, D; 103: fig. E; 105:

fig. G; 106: fig. B; 108: figs. A-D.—Heinrich, 1923, p.

190, figs. 10, 29, 29a, 325.—Meyrick, 1924, p. 546.—

Gurney, 1925, p. 231.—Ballard, 1925, p. 521.—Willcocks,

1925, pp. 29, 335.—Swezey, 1926c, p. 75.—Meyrick, 1926,

p. 273.—Bottimer, 1926, p. 817.—Meyrick, 1927, p. 72.—

Hopkins, 1928, p. 47.—Hudson, 1928, p. 248, pi. 49: fig.

10.—Meyrick, 1929, p. 494.—Forbes, 1930, p. 91.—

Meyrick, 1930, p. 225.—Heinrich, 1931, p. 11, pi. 7: fig.

23.—Forbes, 1931, p. 350.—Bedford, 1931, p. 391; 1932,

p. 622.—Fletcher, 1932, p. 20.—Cowland, 1933, p. 583.—

Meyrick, 1934a, p. 109; 1934b, p. 346.—McDunnough,

1939, p. 50.—Swezey, 1942, p. 211.—Wells, 1943, p.

265.—Thompson, 1945, p. 163.—Russo, 1947, p. 420 —

El Zoheiry and Asem, 1952, p. 472, pis. 1, 2, 3; 1953,

p. 229.—Swezey, 1954, p. 196.—Clarke, 1958, p. 319, pi.

158: figs. 1-la, 2-2a.—Kamel and Shazli, 1959, p. 193,

figs. 1A-G, 2A-H.—MacKay, 1959, p. 91, fig. 79.—Kimball, 1965, p. 261.—Huggins, 1966, p. 256.

Crocidosema plebiana [sic!] Zeller, Willcocks, 1916, pp. vii,

310, figs. 5, 6.—Swezey, 1942, p. 211.—Linsley and

Usinger, 1966, p. 163.

Eucosma plebeiana (Zeller), Walsingham, 1914, p. 231.—

Philpott, 1923, p. 151.

Crocidosema ptiladelpha Meyrick, 1917b, p. 18.

Crocidosema synneurota Meyrick, 1926, p. 276.

Proteopteryx blackburnii Butler, 1881, pp. 393, 394.

Penthina altheana Mann, 1855, p. 555.

Grapholitha altheana (Mann), Lederer, 1858, p. 343.—

Heinemann, 1863, p. 241.

Steganoptycha altheana (Mann); Staudinger and Wocke,

1871, p. 260.

Stechanoptycha [sic] altheana (Mann), Hartmann, 1879,

p. 191, no. 1221.

Steganoptycha signatana Walsingham (not Douglas), 1894,

pp. 537, 541.

Grapholitha peregrinana Moschler, 1866, p. 139.

Steganoptycha obscura Wollaston, 1879, p. 341.

Paedisca lavaterana Millions, 1863, p. 290, pi. 34: figs. 9-13.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History), (ptiladelpha, synneurota, blackburnii, plebejana); Vienna

Museum (?) {altheana).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—"Syracuse, 10 May" (plebejana) ; Ecuador (ptiladelphia); Albermarle, Galapagos

Islands (synneurota); Hawaiian Islands (blackburnii) ; Madeira (signatana); ? (altheana).

The Rapa population clearly demonstrates the present-day activity of evolutionary processes. Although, at

present, we cannot justify specific separation from the

remaining parts of the world population of plebejana,

the fact remains that the Rapa specimens exhibit

structural differences in the genitalia that set them

apart from, for example, New World specimens. In

the North American examples there are two large,

heavy setae from the outside of the cucullus (Figure

104c), but from the cucullus of the Rapa males, three

or four rather weak spines emerge (Figure 104rf). The

females show no appreciable differences except the

lateral points of lamella antivaginalis are larger. I

strongly suspect now that the similarly marked moths

from the Juan Fernandez Islands, for which I erected

the genus Parasuleima, represent no more than an

extreme expression of change in the single species,

plebejana. I have not seen a male of the Juan Fernandez population, and despite the fact that veins 3

and 4 of the hind wing are coincident (except two

examples with very short branches on one side in

each specimen) the females exhibit unmistakable similarity and demonstrate equally unmistakable close affinity. The signa of the Juan Fernandez females are

considerably smaller than those of the Rapa females

but this development is one of degree, not structure.
NUMBER 5 6 127

104c

FIGURE 104.—Crocidosema plebejana Zeller: a, ventral view of female genitalia; b, ventral

view of male genitalia with left harpe removed and aedeagus in situ; c, cucullus of North

American specimen; d, cucullus of specimen from Rapa.
128 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Strepsicrates Meyrick

Strepsiceros Meyrick, 1881, p. 678. (Type-species: Sciaphila

eject ana Walker, 1863, p. 350 [subsequent designation by

Fletcher, 1929, p. 211].) (praeocc).

Strepsicrates Meyrick, 1888, p. 73 (substitute name).

Strepsicrates holotephras (Meyrick)

FIGURE 105; PLATE 16<r, d

Spilonata holotephras Meyrick, 1924, p. 67; 1927, p. 71;

1929, p. 495.—Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Swezey, 1942, p.

210.

Eucosma eumarodes Meyrick, 1924, p. 68.

Strepsicrates holotephras (Meyrick), Clarke, 1958, p. 596,

pi. 292: figs. 1-la; 2-26.

TYPES.—In the British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Fiji, Lautoka {holotephras);

Fiji, mountains near Lautoka (eumarodes).

FOOD PLANTS.—Psidium guajava L. (tuvava),

Psidium littorale Raddi, Eugenia jambos L. (kaika),

Metrosideros collina var.? villosa A. Gray (rata) (all

Myrtaceae).

FIGURE 105.—Strepiscrates holotephras (Meyrick): a, ventral view of female genitalia; b, detail of the wall of the

bursa copulatrix; c, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe removed and aedeagus in situ.

105b
NUMBER 5 6 129

DISTRIBUTION.—Samoa, Fiji, Marquesas (Nuka

Hiva, Hiva Oa, Tahuata), Tahiti, and Rapa. Our

series from Rapa consists of 99 specimens (54 cf cf,

45 $$ ) as follows: Haurei, 46 cfcf, 41?? ;

Maurua, 600' (184 m), cf; Morogouta, 75(K (231 m),

cf ; Point Maraia, ? ; Taga, 575' (169 m), & ; Point

Teakauraee, 2 cfcf, ? ; Teumukopuke, 5007 (154

m), 3 cf cf, ? ; Tevaitau, 8O(y (245 m), ? .

Although there is some variation in this species, the

specimens are sufficiently similar to be easily placed.

It is therefore surprising that Meyrick should describe

the species under the two names and in two genera

from Fiji specimens collected within a very few miles

of each other.

On Rapa, holotephras is very common, and

although its food plants are myrtaceous we reared

the species from pandanus wood and leaves of several

other plants where apparently the larvae had crawled

to pupate. Pupation generally occurs in a characteristically folded leaf formed by cutting the leaf from

one edge and folding the cut piece toward the midrib.

Full-fed larvae, given thin plastic (cellophane), performed the same routine cutting and folding. Swezey

records this species from the "terminal undeveloped

leaves of guava" in Samoa.

The moths come to light readily but were collected

frequently in the daytime when they were flushed from

grass and fern ground cover.

Strepsicrates thyellopis (Meyrick), new combination

FIGURE 106; PLATE 16«, /, g, h

Spilonota thyellopis Meyrick, 1926, p. 273; 1928, p. 495.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Clarke, 1958, p. 588, pi. 293;

fig. 4.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa. This common species is

found nearly everywhere on the island. We have 223

specimens, reared and collected at light, as follows:

Haurei, $ ; Maugaoa, 80C (245 m) and 95(K (292

m),25cf cf,21 $ ? ; Maurua, 60CK (184 m), 13 cf cf,

4 $ ? ; Metua nako, 750' (231 m), 2 cf cf, 9 ;

Morogouta, 750' (231 m), 4 cf cf, 2 $ ? ; Perau,

190C (585 m), 32 cfcf, 24 $$ ; Piahu, 750'

(231m),7 cfcf,4 $ ? ; Point Maraia, $ ;PointTeakauraee, 25 cf cf, 11 9 ? ; Pukutaketake, 100C (307

m), cf; Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 20 cfcf, 4

? $ ; Tevaitau, 200' to 800' (61-245 m), 5 cf cf, 7

$9.

FOOD PLANTS.—Metrosideros collina var. ? villosa

and Metrosideros collina var. ? glaberrima. Most of the

reared material is from the variety villosa, which grows

virtually from sea level to the tops of the mountains.

The young larva of thyellopis ties the terminal leaves

and skeletonizes them on the inner surfaces. The trichomatous covering of the leaves is mixed with frass

and ejected in a conspicuous mass at the tip of the tied

leaves. In later instars the larva may tie several larger

leaves together and eject frass and pubescent material

as a rim around the feeding area between the tied

leaves.

Strepsicrates dilacerata (Meyrick) is very closely related to thyellopis and undoubtedly the larva will be

found on some myrtaceous shrub as is that of thyellopis.

The type of thyellopis lacks the abdomen so it was impossible to bring these two species together in thenproper relationship until the present time. The differences between the two are slight; the neck of the harpe

of thyellopis is only about two-thirds the width of that

of dilacerata and the constriction of the lamella postvaginalis of thyellopis is twice the width of that of

dilacerata.

I have seen only flown specimens of dilacerata, but

they appear to be consistently paler than specimens of

thyellopis, and average smaller.

Meyrick described thyellopis from flown specimens

which are marked as shown in the previously published

figure (Clarke, 1958) and in Plate 16> of this work.

Reared specimens are very dark, as in Plate 16A, showing none of the contrasting whitish and dark gray motding. Instead, the lighter areas are purplish gray and

the dark areas are blackish fuscous. Frequently the

dark markings are narrowly edged with ochraceous

orange, but this and the purplish color are lost in the

flown specimens shortly after emergence.

Genus Platypeplus Walsingham

Platypeplus Walsingham, 1887, p. 495. (Type-species: Eecopsis aprobola Meyrick, 1886b, p. 275 [by monotypy].)

Platypeplus aprobola (Meyrick)

FIGURE 107; PLATE 18 a, b; PLATE 29a

Eccopsis aprobola Meyrick, 1886b, p. 275.

Argyroploce aprobola (Meyrick), 1910, p. 218; 1911a, p.

275; 1911b, p. 269; 1914a, p. 49.—Fletcher, 1917, pp.

219, 230, 267.—Rao, 1920, p. 282.—Fletcher, 1921, p.

57.—Meyrick, 1926, p. 273; 1927, p. 72; 1928, p. 496.—

Joannis, 1930, p. 719.—Fletcher, 1932, p. 27, pi. 18.—
130 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Viette, 1949a, p. 320.—Roonwal and Bhasin, 1954, pp. 51,

73.—Diakonoff, 1960, p. 133.—Liu, 1964, p. 145.

Temnolopha metallota Lower, 1901, p. 73.

Platypeplus aprobola (Meyrick), Walsingham, 1887, p. 495,

pi. 208: fig. 2.—Fletcher, 1929, p. 179.—Clarke, 1958, p.

572, pi. 285; figs. 1-1 a.—Diakonoff, 1961, p. 68, fig. 24.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History), {aprobola) ; South Australian Museum, Adelaide, (metalIota) (?).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Tonga (aprobola); Cooktown,

Queensland (metallota).

DISTRIBUTION.—Throughout the Indo-Australian

region to the South Pacific islands, including the Society Islands (Tahiti, Raiatea), Austral (Tubuai) Islands (Rurutu, Raivavae, Rapa), north to Formosa—

also Natal. From Rapa we have a series of 141 specimens (70 cf cf, 71 $ ? ) from the following localities:

Haurei, (64 cf cf, 65 ? $) ; Point Teakauraee (5

ef cf, 4 $ $ ) ; Tevaitau (cf, 9 ) ; Maurua ( $ ).

FOOD PLANTS.—This species has been reared from

numerous hosts throughout its range. On Rapa we

reared it from the following plants: Psidium guajava

L., (native name tuvava); Metrosideros collina

(Forster) A. Gray var.? glaberrima A. Gray; M. c.

var.? villosa A. Gray (native name rata); Eugenia

jambos L. (all Myrtaceae) ; Mangifera indica L.

FIGURE 106.—Strepiscrates thyellopis (Meyrick): a, ventral

view of male genitalia with left harpe removed and aedeagus

in situ; b, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBE

R 5 6 13

1

(native name vi rapa) (Anacardiaceae); Bidens pilosa

L. (Compositae). The Bidens record is based on a

specimen reared from a pupa found in a folded leaf

and appears to have been an accidental use of the leaf

for pupation only.

Although aprobola rarely comes to light, it is

extremely abundant in the daytime, particularly in the

late afternoon. It was common from September to

December.

Meyrick's specimens measure 19-20 mm in alar

expanse, but the Rapa population varies from 12-22

mm, most of them being large. At best, this is a complex species exhibiting considerable variation within

any isolated population and more between populations

from different islands. Undoubtedly, the careful study

of large quantities of material from a wide area in the

Pacific will reveal discrete elements, probably of specific

rank. In the meantime, it is not possible to delimit

the segregates, and since they are obviously nearly

related I am retaining the name aprobola for the

entire complex.

Genus Bactra Stephens

Bactra Stephens, 1834, p. 124. (Type-species: Tortrix

lanceolana Hiibner, 1800, fig. 80 [by original designation].)

FIGURE 107.—Platypeplus aprobola (Meyrick) : a, ventral

view of female genitalia; b, ventral view of male genitalia

with left harpe removed and aedeagus in situ.
132

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 108.—Bactra litigatrix Meyrick: a, ventral view of female genitalia; b, ventral view of

male genitalia with left harpe removed and aedeagus in situ; c, right harpe of another specimen

showing variation.
NUMBER 5 6 133

Bactra litigatrix Meyrick

FIGURE 108; PLATE 17*,/, g, h

Bactra litigatrix Meyrick, 1929, p. 495.—Viette, 1949, p.

320.—Clarke, 1958, p. 312, pi. 155; figs. 3-3a.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Society Islands, Tahiti, Fautaua,

2,500 feet.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tahiti, Raiatea, and Rapa. From

Rapa we have a series of 91 specimens (74 cf cf, 17

$ $ ) as follows: Anatakuri Bay, o* ; Anatakuri nako,

d ; Haurei, 59 d d, 12 ? $ ; Maii Bay, d ; Maugaoa,

950' (292 m), <?; Maurua, 900' (276 m), <?;

Morogouta, 700' (215 m), 2 dd; Pariati Bay,

3 dd, 2 $ $ ; Point Teakauraee, 6 d d, 2 $ $ ;

Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), $. The dates range

from 23 September to 28 November. Unquestionably,

the species will be found all over the island. Although

we did not rear litigatrix, the food plants of species of

this genus, Cyperaceae, abound from sea level to the

tops of the highest peaks. The majority of our specimens came from the taro beds at the southern boundary of the village where Cyperaceae were abundant.

The intraspecific variation of this species can be

seen readily in the photographs. Some specimens are

contrastingly marked, others are nearly immaculate.

Slides examined: JFGC 7327, 11319, 11320, 11321,

11322, 11323.

The wing expanse given by Meyrick is 13-14 mm.

Our specimens range in size from 11-18 mm.

Genus Cryptophlebia Walsingham

Cryptophlebia Walsingham, 1899, p. 105. (Type-species:

Cryptophlebia carpophaga Walsingham, 1899, p. 106 [by

monotypy and original designation].)

Cryptophlebia nythobia, new species

FIGURE 109; PLATE 18C

Alar expanse 22 mm.

Labial palpus wood brown, infuscated, and with

faint violaceous reflections on outer side of second

segment; third segment fuscous. Antenna grayish

fuscous; scape wood brown. Head and thorax wood

brown; posterior thoracic crest and anterior part of

tegula mixed with fuscous. Forewing ground color

wood brown, almost obliterated by gray scales and

a faint violaceous hue; on costa a series of many

FIGURE 109.—Cryptophlebia nythobia, new species. Ventral

view of female genitalia.
134

fuscous strigulae; surface of wing marked with many

scattered, short, transverse fuscous dashes; across

middle an oblique brown fascia extends from inside

middle of dorsum to vein 9, beyond end of cell; black

scales irregularly scattered along the fascia; at end of

cell a conspicuous white spot; tornal spot indicated

by a short oblique black bar and a few black scales

on margin; from about apical fourth, on vein 9, an

outwardly curved row of black dashes, edged with

wood brown, extends to vein 4; cilia tawny with a

darker basal line; underside, along costa, olive buff,

mottled with fuscous. Hind wing grayish fuscous; underside mostly olive buff mottled with fuscous; cilia

grayish fuscous with some olive buff scale mixed. Foreleg wood brown suffused fuscous; tarsi fuscous narrowly annulated with buff; (midleg missing); hind leg

light olive buff; terminal four tarsal segments banded

with grayish fuscous. Abdomen grayish fuscous dorsally, pale clay color ventrally with fuscous median

longitudinal line.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11376. Ostium Ushaped. Antrum a short, sclerotized band. Inception of

ductus seminalis dorsal and immediately anterior to

antrum. Ductus bursae short; surface granular. Bursa

copulatrix pear shaped; posteriorly granular. Signa

two large curved, narrow blades. Lamella antevaginalis

more or less rectangular, sclerotized, with a deep concavity posteriorly. Lamella postvaginalis consisting of

two elongate triangular, sclerotized patches.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70092.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the unique $ holotype (19. IX.

1963).

Unfortunately, the male of nythobia is unknown, but

the female suggests that this species is closely related to

C. ombrodelta (Lower). The female of nythobia, however, lacks the conspicuous tornal spot of ombrodelta,

this being indicated only by a short, black dash diagonally between veins lc and 2 and a few black scales

on the tornal margin. The lamella postvaginalis of

ombrodelta also lacks the sclerotized patches of

nythobia.

Family CARPOSINIDAE

Genus Carposina Herrich-Schaffer

Carposina Herrich-Schaffer, 1853, p. 38, pi. 12; figs. 1, 2.

(Type-species: Carposina berberidella Herrich-Schaffer,

1853 [designated by Fernald, 1908, pp. 34, 59].)

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Carposina paracrinifera, new species

FIGURE 110; PLATE 18«, g

Alar expanse 13-15 mm.

Labial palpus white; in o* second segment shaded

and irrorate with blackish fuscous; in $ second segment shaded and irrorate with blackish fuscous; third

segment with broad blackish fuscous band on outer

side. Antenna gray; scape white. Head white with

narrow line of blackish fuscous on face laterally.

Thorax very pale ochraceous buff with large grayishfuscous blotch dorsally; tegula tipped gray. Forewing

ground color sordid white; extreme base ochraceous

buff with costal edge, spot on angle, and a small spot on

outer edge grayish fuscous; on costa at one-third,

middle, and two-thirds blackish-fuscous spots; subapically on costa two similarly colored small spots; six

clusters of raised scales, in pairs at one-third, middle,

and two-thirds, blackish fuscous edged white and light

ochraceous buff; a grayish suffusion between the middle and outer pair of scale tufts, each scale of which

is finely and narrowly edged ochraceous buff; midway between the outer pair of scale tufts and termen a

transverse grayish suffusion, scales edged with ochraceous buff, mixed with scattered black scales; along

termen a series of small, suffused black spots mixed

with ochraceous buff; cilia grayish. Hind wing shining

pale grayish fuscous; cilia grayish with darker basal

band. Foreleg ocherous white overlaid fuscous on outer

side; tarsal segments fuscous annulated; midleg similar; hind leg ocherous white, lightly suffused grayish

on outer side. Abdomen ocherous white suffused

grayish dorsally.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11453. Harpe rather narrow, somewhat broader basally than at middle, narrowest slightly before cucullus; cucullus terminating

in a sharp hook. Gnathos consisting of two convergent,

slender processes, terminating in a cluster of setae.

Uncus absent or only weakly indicated. Vinculum

elongate, narrowly rounded. Tegumen very broad,

short, little more than one-third the length of harpe.

Anellus a small sclerotized plate. Aedeagus long,

slender, dilated beyond middle; vesica with welldeveloped cluster of strong cornuti.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11454. Ostium transverse, oval, large. Antrum strongly sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis posterior to middle of ductus

bursae. Ductus bursae sclerotized for most of its length.

Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signa two pairs of
NUMBER 5 6 135

FIGURE 110.—Carposina paracrinifera, new species: a, ventral

view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed;

b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

pointed processes, each pair arising from a small rectangular plate. Lamella antevaginalis membranous.

Lamella postvaginalis with two converging, elongate

sclerotized areas.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70093.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 950' (292 m).

Dis TRiBUTioN.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the cf holot>pe (23.XI.1963) and

one $ paratype from Morogouta, 750'(231 m)

(10.X.1963).

As the name suggests, paracrinifera is closely related

to the Hawaiian C. crinifera (Walsingham). It differs from crinifera primarily by the broader, dark subterminal scaling of forewing, by the much shorter

aedeagus, more heavily spined vesica, and by the long,

strongly curved setae at the end of the elements of

gnathos.
136

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Carposina apousia, new species

FIGURE 111; PLATE 18/

Alar expanse 16-18 mm.

Labial palpus white; second segment grayish fuscous

and ochraceous buff on outer side; third segment with

grayish fuscous spot dorsally. Antenna grayish fuscous,

basally white; scape white. Head white with grayish

fuscous line in front of eye. Thorax white; dorsally a

grayish fuscous suffusion; tegula with ill-defined grayish suffusion posteriorly. Forewing ground color white;

basal sixth of costa grayish fuscous; at basal third of

costa a blackish-fuscous spot followed by four small,

similarly colored spots on costa; at basal third of

dorsum a cinereous shade; at basal third, on vein la, on

dorsal edge of cell, and at end of cell blackish fuscous

tufts of raised scales, mixed with ochraceous buff and

white; scattered over wing several irregular ochraceous

buff spots and blotches; apical third shaded with gray;

cilia sordid white, shaded gray along termen. Hind

wing pale grayish fuscous, lighter toward base; cilia

sordid white. Foreleg ocherous white, shaded grayish

fuscous on outer side; tarsal segments annulated grayish fuscous; midleg similar but not so heavily shaded;

hind leg ocherous white; tibial spurs faintly grayish.

Abdomen ocherous white, suffused grayish dorsally.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11455, 11825. Ostium

transverse, wide. Antrum narrowly sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis approximately at posterior

two-thirds of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum

absent. Lamella antevaginalis membranous. Lamella

postvaginalis membranous immediately posterior to

ostium, with a prolonged sclerotized area posteriorly.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70094.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 950'(292 m)

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the ? holotype (7.XI.1963) and

one $ paratype from Maurua, WIO'CISI m) (17.X.

1963).

The coloring and pattern of apousia and paracrinifera are strikingly similar, but the two may be separated by the smaller costal spots and the more rounded

FIGURE 111.—Carposina apousia, new species. Ventral view

of female genitalia.
NUMBER 56 137

tuft of raised scales at the end of cell of apousia as

seen in the photographs. The absence of signa in

apousia readily distinguishes it from paracrinifera.

Unfortunately, the male of apousia is unknown.

Despite the absence of signa in apousia it agrees with

paracrinifera in other structural features, is closely

similar in appearance, and is obviously very nearly

related and derived from the same ancestral form. In

the absence of signa this species would appear to belong

in the Australian genus Paramorpha, but because of

the obvious close relationship of the two Rapa species

I cannot justify generic separation.

Family GELECHIIDAE

Key to the Genera of Gelechiidae

1. Third segment of labial palpus acute, smooth 3

Third segment of labial palpus modified 2

2. Third segment plumose ($ only) Stotberhinus

Third segment compressed, and tufted posteriorly Palintropa

3. Forewing with veins 2 and 3 stalked 4

Forewing with veins 2 and 3 separate Phthorimaea

4. Second segment of labial palpus dilated toward apex Autosticha

Second segment of labial palpus not dilated toward apex ( $ only) Stoeberhinut

Genus Phthorimaea Meyrick

Phthorimaea Meyrick, 1902, p. 103 (Type-species: Gelechia

(? Bryotropha) operculella Zeller, 1873, p. 262, pi. 13;

fig. 17 [by original designation].)

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

FIGURE 112; PLATE 19*

Gelechia (?Bryotropha) operculella Zeller, 1873, p. 262, pi.

13; fig. 17.

Because the "potato tuber moth" is so common and

widespread and the literature is so extensive, I have

not treated this species in the same detail as I have

the other Microlepidoptera.

To facilitate identification, however, figures of the

adult and the genitalia are included.

Two males were collected at Haurei 23.X and

12.XII.1963.

Genus Palintropa Meyrick

Palintropa Meyrick, 1913c, p. 160. (Type-species: Palintropa

hippica Meyrick, 1913c, p. 160 [by monotypy].)

Meyrick erected this genus for the single species

hippica, the latter based on two specimens from

Ceylon. In his description Meyrick states, "Forewings

with 2 from angle, 3 absent, . ... " An examination

of a wing slide of his type in the British Museum

reveals clearly the presence of vein 2, arising well

before angle of cell, and what he interpreted as vein

2 is actually vein 3. The fact is that all viens are

present in the forewing. Of the hind wing he writes,

".. . 3 absent, 4 and 5 connate, 6 and 7 stalked."

Here, again, he missed vein 2 which is present, 3 and

4 are short-stalked (perhaps connate in some specimens, a condition which can easily exist), 5 is well

separated from 4, and 6 and 7 are separated by a short,

very oblique section of the discocellular vein.

From the discrepancies one might think that

Meyrick had some other species before him when he

described the genus, but the characters which he did

not see could have been missed easily by anyone using

only a hand lens as Meyrick did. It is always a source

of amazement that Meyrick saw so much as accurately

as he did.

That the presence of this genus should be discovered

50 years after its description, nearly 9,000 miles east

of its original home, on a very remote island, is in

itself interesting and presents some zoogeographical

problems to titillate the imagination. There is no question about the generic identity of the Rapa material,

and undoubtedly this apparent disjunct distribution

of the genus will seem less startling when exhaustive

collecting has been accomplished in the vast areas

between Rapa and Ceylon.

Meyrick (1930b, p. 723 [485]) recorded hippica from

Tonkin, China, establishing a wide distribution for the

species he described from Ceylon.

Had Meyrick known of the presence of this genus

on Rapa, would he have accounted for the Ceylon

species, as he did for the presence of his Dichelopa in

Australia, by the invention of "Palaeonesia"?
138 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Palintropa peregrina, new species

FIGURES 113, 114; PLATE I8d, h

Alar expanse 13-16 mm.

Labial palpus gray, on inner side the scales cinereous-tipped; second segment strongly overlaid fuscous

on outer side; scale tuft of third segment with fuscous

spot distally; extreme tip of third segment buff.

Antenna alternately annulated blackish fuscous and

tawny. Head grayish fuscous, the scales narrowly graytipped. Thorax grayish fuscous; posterior tip fuscous.

Forewing ground color grayish fuscous; from middle

of costa a broad triangular fuscous patch extends to

fold; center of triangular area brown, leaving only

an edge of the darker color; at apex of triangle a strong

scale tuft of fuscous and brown; at apical third a

brownish patch confluent with a scale tuft of fuscous,

gray, and clay color; subapically a narrow transverse

silver line followed by a pair of longitudinal fuscous

FIGURE 112.—Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller): a, lateral

aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus;

c, ventral view of female genitalia.

112b,

112a
Distribution of the Genus PALINTROPA Meyrick

FIGURE 113.—Distribution of the genus Palintropa Meyrick.
140

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 114.—Palintropa peregrina, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, lateral aspect of

male genitalia with aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, lateral aspect of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 141

dashes on a field of brown; around apex and termen

a silver line; cilia mixed fuscous, gray and buff. Hind

wing grayish fuscous, paler basally; cilia grayish

fuscous with a paler basal shade. Foreleg ochraceous

buff; femur and tibia strongly overlaid fuscous on

outer side; tarsal segments broadly annulated fuscous;

midleg similar to foreleg; hind leg light ochraceous

buff and not so strongly overlaid fuscous on outer side;

tarsal segments broadly annulated fuscous. Abdomen

ochraceous buff, suffused fuscous dorsally; ventrally

segments edged fuscous.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11377. Harpes dissimilar;

right harpe broad basally; ventral element broadly

oval with a long, digitate, distal projection; dorsal

element slender basally, broadly dilated distally; from

base, on inner side, a long, slender, digitate process;

left harpe with two slender elements from a broad

base. Gnathos a strongly recurved hook. Uncus sharply

bent slightly beyond middle, distal end terminating in

a compressed oval plate. Vinculum V-shaped. Tegumen about as long as right harpe. Anellus membranous. Aedeagus simple, curved, dilated proximally,

truncated distally, with two small thorns dorsally near

apex.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11671. Ostium small,

asymmetrical. Genital plate strongly sclerotized.

Papillae anales strongly sclerotized, compressed.

Antrum sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis at

posterior third of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae membranous, spiraled. Bursa copulatrix simple, membranous. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70095.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maurua, GOO7 (184 m)

(16.IX.63).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown. We were never able to

locate the host of this species, nor is anything known

of the life history of hippica, the type of the genus.

Described from the o" holotype, 5 o* o" and 2 ? $

paratypes as follows: 2 cfo", 2 ? ? , Maurua, 600'

(184 m) 16.IX to 17.X.63; o% Haurei (13.IX.63);

2 o" o", Teumukopuke, 500/ (154 m) 7.X and 3.XI.63.

The two species of this genus, hippica and

peregrina, are very closely related, the latter differing

from the former primarily by the dark scale tuft of

second segment of palpus and the absence of the

brownish-ocherous spaces preceding and following the

382-271 O—71 10

transverse silvery line. In the male genitalia the dilation of the dorsal element of the right harpe and

stronger and larger gnathos separate peregrina from

hippica. No females of hippica are known so no comparison of the genitalia can be made.

After my determination of this species I submitted

the matter to my friend and colleague, Dr. John D.

Bradley, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, for

his consideration. I quote from his letter of 3 July

1967, as follows:

Comparison of the genitalia and wing venation of the

gelechiid from Rapa with those of Palintropa hippica from

Ceylon confirms them to be very close and that differences

are mainly comparative or quantitative.

The difference in wing development seems rather remarkable: Rapa being an exposed windswept island, the species

from there might be expected to exhibit a tendency to

brachypterism, but, if anything, the reverse is the case and

it is the species from Ceylon which has comparatively narrow

and attenuated wings. Otherwise, the venation of both is

similar.

The male genitalia are similar in structure and the specific

differences are slight and found chiefly in the valvae. In

hippica the upper (dorsal) margin of the membranous costal

arm of the left valva is straight, and the (broad basal part of

the valve) sacculus is dilated ventrally and protrudes or

bulges caudad and is not evenly rounded as in the Rapa sp.

In hippica the membranous costal arm of the right valva is

slightly narrower, the dorsal margin being nearly straight;

the prong-like apical section of the valva is comparatively

narrow and not stout throughout as in the Rapa sp.; and the

ventrodistal margin of the sacculus is oblique and nearly

straight in hippica, not rounded as in the Rapa sp. The uncus

and gnathos are very similar in both and I can find no

describable difference to separate the two spp. The aedeagus

is similar in form, but that of hippica has a prominent subapical barb on the ventral margin, while that of Rapa sp.

has none on the ventral margin but has two small and inconspicuous dentate barbs near the apex on the dorsal

margin.

The processes at the bases of the valvae—? LABIDES—

are similar in both species, except that in hippica the larger

left-hand process curves downwards (ventrad), whereas Rapa

sp. curves slightly inward; but this difference could be due

to mounting, though I am inclined to the opinion that the

difference is probably good.

I trust this is of some help even if it does no more than

confirm the genus and that you have a separate species from

Rapa.

Genus Stoeberhinus Butler

Stoeberhinus Butler, 1881, p. 402. (Type-species: Stoeberhinus testaceus Butler, 1881, p. 402 [by monotypy].)
142 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Stoeberhinus testaceus Butler

FIGURE 115; PLATE 19a, b, c, d

Stoeberhinus testaceus Butler, 1881, pp. 401, 402, fig. 2.—

Walsingham, 1887, p. 171; 1907, p. 486, pi. 13: fig. 28.—

Swezey, 1926c, p. 75.—Williams, 1931, p. 158.—Bradley,

1961, p. 139.

Stoeberhinus testacea Butler, Meyrick, 1925, p. 255; 1926,

p. 274; 1927, p. 84; 1929, p. 497; 1932, p. 206; 1934b,

p. 346.—Gaede, 1937, p. 552.—Viette, 1949a, p. 319.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History) {testaceus).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Honolulu, Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION.—Apparently found in all the archipelagoes of the Pacific: New Hebrides, Fiji, Samoa,

Tutuila, Society Islands, Austral Islands, Marquesas,

Tuamotus, Galapagos, Ontong Java. In the National

Museum of Natural History collection there are specimens from Raivavae (Tubuai or Austral Islands) (3

September 1963), J. F. G. and Thelma M. Clarke,

and Tahiti (September and October dates, 1961,

J. F. G. Clarke).

From Rapa we have the following: Anatakuri Nako,

3 ? $ (14 October 1963) ; Haurei, 5 d o* (13 September to 5 December 1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Dry vegetable matter.

FIGURE 115.—Stoeberhinus testaceus Butler: a, lateral aspect

of male genitalia with aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c,

ventral view of female genitalia.

115b
NUMBER 5 6

l\

143

The moths of testaceus may be beaten from dry

Pandanus thatch or from accumulations of dry vegetable matter on the ground. The adults also come

readily to light.

In 1925 Meyrick (p. 255) sank his Autosticha

demias as a synonym of testaceus but reversed himself

in 1932 (p. 206). I have not seen demias and, therefore, cannot verify Meyrick's findings.

Genus Autosticha Meyrick

Autosticha Meyrick, 1886b, p. 281. (Type-species: Automola

pelodes Meyrick, 1883, p. 34 [by monotypy].)

UP

116

Autosticha merista, new species

FIGURE 116; Plate 19/, g

Alar expanse 16 mm.

Labial palpus light buff; second segment suffused

and irrorate with fuscous on outer side; third segment

with small, but conspicuous, black spot on inner side at

middle. Antenna light buff faintly annulated fuscous;

scape suffused with fuscous. Head light buff; thorax

light buff faintly irrorate with fuscous and with a fuscous spot posteriorly. Forewing ground color light buff

suffused and finely irrorate with fuscous, particularly

in dorsal two-thirds; at basal third, in cell, a black spot

followed at end of cell by a similar spot; on fold,

slightly beyond basal third, a black spot; from apex,

around termen to tornus, a series of blackish-fuscous

spots between the veins; cilia ochraceous buff suffused

fuscous. Hind wing sordid whitish, suffused fuscous in

outer half and anal angle; cilia light ochraceous buff

with grayish terminal and subbasal lines. Legs light

buff sparsely irrorate with fuscous; first tarsal segment

of foreleg strongly overlaid with fuscous. Abdomen

light buff, lightly suffused and sparsely irrorate with

fuscous.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11408. Ostium narrow,

slitlike. Genital plate strongly sclerotized. Antrum

slightly dilated, sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis at junction of ductus bursae and bursa copulatrix.

Ductus bursae partly sclerotized, bent. Bursa copulatrix

with longitudinal thickening on right side. Signum an

elongate plate extending to anterior end of ductus

bursae, with a long, curved process from each side

FIGURE 116.—Autosticha merista, new species: Ventral view

of female genitalia.
144 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

laterally; capitulum prominent. Lamella antevaginalis

strongly sclerotized forming a broad lip ventral to

ostium.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70096.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei (9.XII.63).

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type locality.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown (probably dry vegetable

matter).

Described from the unique ? holotype.

Species of this moderately large genus are distributed

widely through the Pacific area. Of the described species merista appears to be most nearly related to siccivora Meyrick (Java) and stagmatopis Meyrick (S.

India), but differs from both by the presence of a

prominent capitulum. The wing markings are similar

but the black spot on fold is basad of the first discal

spot in both siccivora and stagmatopis but the opposite

in merista.

Family COSMOPTERIGIDAE

Key to the Genera of Cosmopterigidae

1. Forewing vein lb furcate 3

Forewing vein lb simple 2

2. Veins 4 and 5 of hind wing stalked Semolina, new genus

Veins 4 and 5 of hind wing separate Iretta, new genus

3. Forewing with veins 5 to 8 stalked 4

Forewing with veins 5 to 8 otherwise 5

4. Hind wing with vein 4 present Anatrachyntis

Hind wing with vein 4 absent Cotmopterix

5. Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 stalked 6

Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 separate Labdia

6. Forewing vein 8 out of the stalk of 6 and 7 Trissodori*

Forewing vein 8 connate with stalk of 6 and 7 Echinoscelis

Genus Echinoscelis Meyrick

Echinoscelis Meyrick, 1886b, p. 292. (Type-species: Echinoscelis hemithia Meyrick, 1886b, p. 292 [by monotypy].)

In his description of this genus Meyrick states "Forewings .. . 5 and 6 rising out of 7, .. . ." In my

figure of the venation of a Rapa male, vein 5 is distant

from the stalk of 6 and 7.

Echinoscelis hemithia Meyrick

FIGURES 21, 117, 118; PLATE 2d, e; Plate 20a, b, c, d

Echinoscelis hemithia Meyrick, 1886b, p. 292.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Tonga.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tonga, Rapa, Fiji (Labasa).

From Rapa we have 135 specimens, all but 8 of

which were either reared or beaten from the food plant

between 10. IX and 23.X.1963. The eight exceptions

are as follows: Maii Bay, o* ? (23.X); Pariati Bay, cf

(30.X); Point Tepapa, $ (15.IX); Point Teakauraee,

o", 2 ? $ (7-15.X); Teumukopuke, 500* (154m), o"

(7.X).

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander, {fora).

Meyrick described this species in the family Elachistidae, but in the collection of the British Museum it

was placed in the Heliodinidae. It is, however, referable to the Cosmopterigidae and is hereby transferred

to that family.

The unique type (Slide JFGC 11558) is a male although marked "female," and is labeled "Tonga,

Polynesia. Mathew. 1887.1520." Despite the date (one

year later than date of publication), there can be no

question about the authenticity of the type; it is purely

a mistake in dating the specimen.

Echinoscelis is very closely related to Trissodoris,

and the habits of hemithia are quite similar to species

of that genus. The larvae of both feed in the dead

leaves of Pandanus and cut out small cases (Figure 21)

in which the larvae pupate, leaving characteristic holes

in the dead leaves. In the genus Trissodoris the cut out

cases usually slip down between the epidermal layers

of the leaves or fall to the ground. When the larva of

hemithia is fully fed and ready to pupate, however, it
FIGURE 117.—Distribution of the genus Echinoscelis Meyrick.
146

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

118c

FIGURE 118.—Echinoscelis hemithia Meyrick: a, venation of right wings; b, lateral aspect of male

genitalia with aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 147

crawls to some convenient spot on the green leaves or

branches of its host, attaching the case to a suitable

surface with silk, and pupates.

There are two forms of hemithia, the typical form

with the outer two-thirds of the forewing yellow, and

the other with a black or blackish-brown apical third

of the forewing. It is strange that the type from Tonga

and the second specimen in the British Museum, from

Fiji, are both the yellow-tipped form which was by

far the rarer of the two varieties on Rapa. Of the

135 specimens obtained on Rapa, reared from randomly collected larvae and specimens beaten from

Pandanus (only one specimen taken at light), approximately 91 percent have black- or brown-tipped forewings and approximately 9 percent are of the yellowtipped variety.

Unless the composition of the populations on Tonga

and Fiji are very different from that on Rapa, it is

strange indeed that the only two previously known

specimens should be of the type which is rare on this

island.

Genus Trissodoris Meyrick

Trissodoris Meyrick, 1914a, p. 775. (Type-species: Stagmatophora honorariella Walsingham, 1907, p. 515, pi. 15:

fig. 21 [by original designation].)—Clarke, 1965, p. 550,

pi. 271; figs. 1-1*.

Trissodoris honorariella (Walsingham)

FIGURES 21, 119; PLATE 20*,/

Stagmatophora honorariella (Walsingham), 1907, p. 515,

pi. 15: fig. 21.

Trissodoris honorariella (Walsingham), Meyrick, 1914, p.

775; 1927, p. 92; 1934, p. 348.—Swezey, 1942, p. 212.—

Clarke, 1965 p. 550, pi. 271; figs. 1-1 c—Bradley, 1957, p.

100.

Trissodoris honorielle [sic!] Viette, 1949a, p. 318.

Stagmatophora quadrifasciata Walsingham, 1907, p. 516, pi.

15: fig. 22.

Trissodoris quadrifasciata (Walsingham) Meyrick, 1914,

p. 776; 1927, p. 92.—Swezey, 1954, p. 146.—Bradley,

1957, p. 100.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11310. Harpe moderately

slender, about as long as tegumen; cucullus subtriangular. Gnathos with right element stout, long, sharply

bent before apex; apex divided; left element short,

pointed. Vinculum undifferentiated. Tegumen slender,

weakly sclerotized. Anellus an elongate plate slightly

folded longitudinally. Manica long, slender, slightly exceeding gnathos. Prospicuus very slender, long, parallel

to manica. Aedeagus slender, somewhat dilated basally.

Female genitalia slides JFCG 11311, 11788. Ostium

protruding; posterior lip irregular. Papillae anales very

slender, strongly sclerotized, with serrate edge developed for piercing and cutting plant tissue. Inception of

ductus seminalis from posterior half of bursa

copulatrix. Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa

copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History)

(honorariella, quadrifasciata).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Pitcairn Island (honorariella);

New Guinea (quadrifasciata).

DISTRIBUTION.—Hawaii, Pitcairn Island, Fiji,

Samoan Islands, New Hebrides, Australia, Buru,

Sarawak, Ceylon, Marquesas Islands, Tahiti.

All of the Rapa specimens (5 o* cf, 8 ? $ ) were

reared or beaten from Pandanus, one-half mile east

of Haurei, between the dates of 28.X to 30.XI.1963.

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus species.

This is another widespread species in the Pacific

although other forms of the genus do exist in the

area. Undoubtedly honorariella will be found to have

essentially the same distribution as Anatrachyntis incertulella and A. megacentra.

Trissodoris thelmae, new species

FIGURE 120; PLATE 20$, h

Alar expanse 11-12 mm.

Labial palpus creamy white; third segment with

small fuscous spot before apex. Antenna creamy white

with pale brownish spot on a few segments near base.

Head creamy white with slight iridescence and erect

yellowish scales at side. Thorax creamy white; tegula

with orange-yellow spot at base and apex; from thorax

of male, at base of hind wing, a strong yellowish-buff

hair pencil. Forewing ground color creamy white;

basal fifth of costa narrowly fuscous; at base, basal

fifth, and at middle, transverse orange-yellow bands,

the middle band edged outwardly with a few fuscous

scales and costal edge fuscous; at apical third a broadly

C-shaped orange-yellow mark, the open side toward

apex; apex orange-yellow preceded by a lunate fuscous mark; apical cilia pale yellowish, becoming darker

around tornus to dorsal edge. Hind wing in male pale

grayish basally, becoming grayish fuscous toward apex,

in female grayish fuscous; cilia concolorous. Foreleg
148

creamy white; tibia fuscous on outer side; tarsus with

two fuscous bands; midleg similar but tibia marked

with two dull, ill-defined orange-yellow spots; tarsus

with two fuscous annuli; hind leg creamy white; tibia

with an ill-defined, dull orange-yellow spot at middle

and a diffused fuscous spot distally; tarsus with two

fuscous annuli. Abdomen creamy white overlaid cinnamon buff dorsally, with ill-defined fuscous shading

laterally at anterior edges of segments.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11312. Harpe long, slender; cucullus narrowly rounded. Gnathos divided, right

element long, curved; left element short, straight, truncated. Tegumen nearly as long as harpe and with a

conspicuous median protuberance. Anellus tubular.

Aedeagus long, slender, curved with bulbous base.

FIGURE 119.—Trissodoris honorariella (Walsingham): a,

lateral aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; b, ventral view of female genitalia.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBE

R 5 6 14

9

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11313. Ostium tubular,

protruding. Inception of ductus seminalis from pos-

terior end of bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae long,

slender, unornamented. Bursa copulatrix membranous.

Signa six minute, sclerotized points.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70101.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, one-half mile east of

Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander.

Described from the d holotype (27.XI.1963), one

<S and 2 9 $ para types from the same locality (28-

29.X. 1963).

On the underside of the forewing of the male of

thelmae there are two small patches of orange-yellow,

bristlelike scales; there is one large patch of similar

FIGURE 120.—Trissodoris thelmae, new species: a, lateral

aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; b, ventral view

of female genitalia.

120a
150 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

scales in honorariella. The transverse fasciae on the

forewing of thelmae are orange-yellow; those of honorariella are brown. In color and pattern thelmae is

strikingly similar to the Australian Persicoptila euphedra Lower (= larozona Turner) (a Pandanus case

maker), but euphedra lacks the lunate mark before

apex of the forewing of the former.

It gives me much pleasure to name this species for

my wife who accompanied and assisted me on the

Rapa expedition, and who has extracted more species

of Microlepidoptera from Pandanus than any other

person known to me.

Genus Anatrachyntis Meyrick

Anatrachyntis Meyrick, 1915, p. 325. (Type-species: Gracilaria ? falcatella Stainton, 1859, p. 121 [by original designation].)

Anatrachyntis similis (Bradley), new combination

FIGURE 121; PLATE 23a

Pyroderces similis Bradley, 1953, p. 112, figs. 2, 3.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11413. Harpe moderately

long, narrow, costa and ventral margin nearly parallel.

Gnathos right element long, slender, sharply bent at

middle, apex beaked; left element short, stout, bluntly

pointed, and with median, ventral falciform process.

Tegumen about two-thirds the length of harpe, moderately narrow. Manica long, slender, curved, sharply

pointed. Prospicuus slightly more than half as long as

manica, slender, slightly dilated distally. Aedeagus

short, stout.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11892, 11893. Ostium

short, protruding. Antrum not differentiated. Inception

of ductus seminalis from posterior end of bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae slender, slightly sclerotized posteriorly. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Fiji, Viti Levu, Lami, Suva.

DISTRIBUTION.—Fiji, Rapa.

Our series is recorded from: Anatakuri nako, o", 2

$ ?;(14.X.l963);Haurei,28cf c*,21 ? ? (ll.IX.-

28.X.1963); Pake Bay, 4 d cf, 3 ? $ (31.X.1963);

Point Maraia, d\ $ (9.X.1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus (ex. male flowers).

Bradley (1953, p. 112) records the larva of similis

from the male flower of Pandanus. We did not rear the

species but nearly all our specimens were beaten from

the host plant.

Anatrachyntis incertulella (Walker), new combination

FIGURE 122; PLATE 19A

Gelechia incertulella Walker, 1864, p. 658.

Pyroderces incertulella (Walker), Meyrick, 1929, p. 497.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 318.—Swezey, 1954, p. 146.

Stagmatophora (Proterocosma) incertulella (Walker),

Walsingham, 1907, p. 515, pi. 15: fig. 20.

Aeoloscelis aulacosema Lower, 1904, p. 172.

Stagmatophora (Proterocosma) tridigitella Walsingham,

1907, p. 515.

Pyroderces subcarnea Meyrick, 1924, p. 553. (New

synonymy.)

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11784, 11787. Harpe

bent basally, broadened and flattened at cucullus.

Gnathos with right element as long as tegumen, sharply

bent basally, slightly recurved, dilated distally; left

element about half the length of right, moderately

stout, truncated. Vinculum undifferentiated. Tegumen

strongly arched. Anellus a strongly sclerotized, curved

plate. Manica rather stout, strongly curved distally

and with prominent point about middorsally. Prospicuus slender, slightly curved, dilated distally, about

three-quarters the length of the manica. Aedeagus

widely dilated basally and with a broad flange

anteriorly.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11787. Ostium round,

with an expanded lip dorsally. Inception of ductus

seminalis from posterior part of bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix

membranous. Signum absent.

TYPES.—In the British Museum (Natural History)

(incertulella, tridigitella, subcarnea); in the South

Australian Museum (aulacosema).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Sandwich Islands (Hawaii)

(incertulella); Rapa (tridigitella); Rodriguez Id.

(subcarnea) ; Mackay, Queensland (aulacosema).

DISTRIBUTION.—Hawaiian Islands, Australia, Fiji,

Pitcairn; Rurutu, and Rapa (Austral Islands), Okinawa, Tahiti; Nuku Hiva, Hiva Oa, and Fatu Hiva

(Marquesas Islands).

From Rapa we have the following: Anatakuri nako,

cf, $ (14.X);Haurei,4o*d\7 $ $ (11.IX-23.XI);

Maii Bay, <$ (Em. 21X1), ? (Em. 15X1); Ororagi,

200' (61 m), $ (4.XI); Pake Bay, 29 d1 cf, 17 $ 9

(31.X); Point Maraia, ? (31.X).

Probably this species will be found throughout the

Pacific region wherever Pandanus occurs.

The records from the Marquesas Islands and Tahiti

are taken from material recently acquired.

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander.
NUMBER 5 6 151

FIGURE 121.—Anatrachyntis similis (Bradley) : a, lateral

aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; b, ventral view

of female genitalia.
152

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

122a

FIGURE 122.—Anatrachyntis incertulella (Walker): a, lateral aspect of male genitalia with

aedeagus in situ; b, disarticulated harpes with exposed manica and prospicuus on right; c, gnathos

and tegumen; d, ventral view of female genitalia.
123a

FIGURE 123.—Anatrachyntis megacentra (Meyrick): a,

lateral aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; b,

ventral view of female genitalia.

The two specimens from Maii Bay were reared from

larvae found feeding in the dead, dry fruit of Pandanus.

Meyrick (1929) and Swezey (1954) report the larva

feeding in the inflorescence.

The types of incertulella, subcarnea, and tridigitella

lack their abdomens but there is no question of their

identity. I have not seen the type of aulacosema but

accept Meyrick's synonymy in this case.

Anatrachyntis megacentra (Meyrick), new combination

FIGURE 123; PLATE 19i

Pyroderces megacentra Meyrick, 1923, p. 59.—Bradley, 1961,

p. 147.

Male genitalia slide JFGG 11314. Harpe stout basally, broadened and flattened to cucullus. Gnathos

with right element longer than tegumen, sharply bent

basally, broadly expanded distally; left element two153

123 b
154

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

124 b

124a

FIGURE 124.—Cosmopterix melanarch.es Meyrick: a, lateral aspect of male genitalia with

aedeagus in situ; b, harpe with prospicuus attached; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 155

thirds the length of right, compressed and slightly

widened distally. Vinculum undifferentiated. Tegumen

broad, short, about half the length of harpe. Anellus

an elongate, curved plate with posterior tonguelike

projection. Manica long, curved, sharply bent distally,

bluntly pointed. Prospicuus slender, slightly wider in

distal third. Aedeagus bulbous basally with broad

anterior rim.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11315. Ostium funnel

shaped; ventral lip broad, truncated. Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior surface of bursa copulatrix.

Ductus bursae slender, membranous. Bursa copularix

membranous. Signum absent.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Fiji, Dreketi River.

DISTRIBUTION.—Fiji and Rapa, New Guinea, Java,

Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal).

The Rapa specimens are as follows: Haurei, <$, 2

9 9 ; Maii Bay, 4 d d, 9 ; Point Maraia, 2 d d, 4

9 9 ; Point Tepapa, 7 d d, 8 $ $ . Emergence dates

from 16.X to 2.XII. 1963.

FOOD PLANT.—Larva in flowers of Pandanus

(Java) ; larvae in dry fruits and fruitstalks.

Like inccrtulella, megacentra is widespread in the

Pacific region, and, as in the former, megacentra will

probably be found wherever Pandanus occurs.

Although previously recorded as feeding in the

flowers of Pandanus, all of ours were reared from the

dry, dead tissues of the fruits and fruitstalks.

Genus Cosmopterix Hiibner

Cosmopterix Hiibner, 1825, p. 424. (Type-species: Tinea

zieglerella Hubner [1805-1810], Tab. Tinea 44, fig. 306.

[Opinion 866, 1969, pp. 150-151].)

Cosmopterix melanarch.es Meyrick

FIGURE 124; PLATE 21«

Cosmopteryx melanarches Meyrick, 1929, p. 497.—Viette,

1949a, p. 318.

Male genitalia slides, JFGC 11822, 11824, 11826.

Harpe narrow basally, broadly expanded toward

cucullus, the latter broadly rounded. Gnathos with

right element strongly developed, widened about middle, pointed; left element absent. Vinculum undifferentiated. Tegumen short, broad. Anellus tubular.

Aedeagus slender, slightly curved.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11417, 11772. Ostium

very small, round, posteroventral lip produced into a

point. Genital plate membranous. Inception of ductus

seminalis posteriorly from ductus bursae. Ductus bursae

slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous.

Signum absent.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Raiatea (Society Islands).

DISTRIBUTION.—Raiatea (Society Islands) ; Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

From Rapa we have the following 37 cf d and 22

? $ : Anatakuri nako, 2 d d, 9 (14.X.1963);

Haurei, 22 dd, 17 9 9 (17.IX to 19.XI.1963);

Maii Bay, d (23.X.1963); Maugaoa, 950' (292 m),

d (7.XI.1963); Maurua, 600' (184 m), d (22.X.

1963); Morogouta, 750' (231 m), 9 (10.X.1963);

Pariati Bay, 9 (30.X.1963) ; Point Tepapa, 9

(15.IX.1963); Point Teakauraee, 3 dd (29.IX.

1963); Teumukopuke, tf (7.X.1963) ; Tevaitau,

200' (61 m),6 dd, 9 (23.IX-1.X.1963).

Previously, melanarches was known only from the

type locality, but unquestionably it will be found in

other areas in the Southwest Pacific.

We collected most of our specimens during the daytime while they were hovering over fresh cow dung but

some were taken at light. The species frequents grassy

areas, and the larva is probably a miner in grass, but

we did not succeed in rearing it.

Cosmopterix aphranassa Meyrick

FIGURE 125; PLATE 21 g, h

Cosmopteryx aphranassa Meyrick, 1926, p. 274; 1929, p.

497.—Viette, 1949a, p. 318.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11769. Harpe slender,

sickle shaped. Gnathos left element absent; right element stout, curved laterally, flattened distally; dorsal

edge of distal end serrate. Vinculum not differentiated.

Tegumen very short, broad. Manica very stout, strongly

sclerotized distally. Prospicuus stout, curved, present

on both sides. Aedeagus short, slender.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11294, 11295, 11770,

11771. Ostium tubular, protruding. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior part of bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae slender,

sclerotized. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signa two

sclerotized plates with longitudinal keel. Lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, with protruding median process.

On each side of the ostial region there are three groups

of dense scales.
156 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

We have 93 o* cf and 66 ? $ from Rapa as follows:

Anatakuri nako, cf ; Haurei, 80 cf cf, 52 $ $ ; Maii

Bay, cf; Maugaoa, 950' (292 m), 2 cf cf ; Maurua,

600' (184 m), 4 d cf, 7 $ ? ; Morogouta, 750' (231

m), cf, $ ; Piahu, 750' (231 m), cf, 4 $ $ ; Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 2 cf cf; Tevaitau 200' and

800' (61 m, and 245 m), cf, 2 $ ? .

FOOD PLANT.—Miscanthus floridulus (Labill)

Warberg. (R16).

FIGURE 125.—Cosmopterix aphranassa Meyrick: a, lateral

aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; b, ventral view

of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 157

In all open areas where Miscanthus flourishes,

aphranassa is abundant. It was the first species collected after our arrival and was plentiful throughout

our visit; indeed, on occasion it was so abundant at the

collecting sheet that nothing else could be collected.

There are two forms of this species as shown in the

figures on Plate 21. The form in which the dark costal

marks are absent, beyond the postmedian band, as

shown in Plate 21 h is uncommon, the normal form

being that shown in Plate 21 g.

Meyrick described this species from two males and

states of them, "Peculiarly characterized by the white

hind-wings." The specimens he had were worn and the

normal hind-wing color of the male is gray; the female

hind wing is usually so much darker that the sex can

be recognized by that alone.

The larva of aphranassa is a miner in the grass

blades. The miner works lengthwise in the blade and

when the larva encounter dead tissue, or an area too

narrow to be mined, it leaves the old mine and cuts

into the blade starting a new mine. The new opening

is covered with a light web, apparently to prevent the

entrance of predators or parasites. We found no pupae

in the many mines examined, so assume pupation takes

place on the ground. In the laboratory the larvae

pupated in the mine.

ductus seminalis from posterior end of bursa copulatrix

at junction with ductus bursae. Ductus bursae threadlike. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

TYPE.—Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Uahuka, Hane Valley, 30 feet.

DISTRIBUTION.—Marquesas Islands, Rapa.

In addition to the type locality, Meyrick records the

species from two other islands, Uapou and Hiva Oa,

in the Marquesas. From Rapa we have 23 o* cf and

15 $ $ from the following localities: Anatakuri Bay,

o*; Haurei, 19 d o", 14 $ ? ; Ororagi, 300/ (92 m),

o"; Pake Bay, $ ; Tevaitau, 200' (61 m), 2 cfo".

Dates of capture range from 11-IX to 28.XI.1963.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Although Meyrick did not designate a "type" in his

description of dicyanitis, he states (1934, p. 333), "the

type specimens of these [species] are placed in the

Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu." Moreover,

the specimen before me is labeled "Labdia dicyanitis

Meyr., type" in Meyrick's handwriting.

The discovery of dicyanitis on Rapa, more than

1,000 miles to the southwest, although somewhat of a

surprise, points once again to the apparent close relationship between Rapa and the Marquesas Islands,

demonstrated so strikingly by the development of

Dichelopa in both areas.

Genus Labdia Walker

Labdia Walker, 1864, p. 823. (Type-species: Labdia deliciosella Walker, 1864, p. 823 [by monotypy].)

Labdia dicyanitis Meyrick

FIGURE 126; PLATE 21/

Labdia dicyanitis Meyrick, 1934, p. 347.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11423. Harpe long,

slender, longer than gnathos and tegumen combined;

cucullus dilated. Gnathos with long, curved right element terminating in a hook; left element a small

nodule. Vinculum not differentiated. Tegumen broad,

strongly sclerotized, with slender digitate process from

ventral edge on left side. Anellus funnel shaped.

Manica long, slender, curved, lightly sclerotized. Prospicuus slender, curved, about two-thirds the length of

the manica. Aedeagus short, dilated basally, the latter

surrounded by a narrow rim.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11424. Ostium a short

double tube. Genital plate membranous. Inception of

382-271 O—71 11

Semolina, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Semolina leucotricha, new species,

by monotypy and present designation.

Labial palpus about three times as long as head, recurved, ascending; second segment slightly roughened

beneath; third segment slender, acute. Maxillary

palpus minute, appressed to base of tongue. Head

smooth, lateral tufts slightly spreading. Antenna serrulate in male, simple in female; scape with pecten.

Forewing narrow, apex pointed, 12 veins; lb simple;

2 to 5 nearly parallel; 2 from outer three-fifths of cell;

3 nearer to 4 than to 2; 6 and 7 out of 8 (bases of

vein:; obsolescent); 9 connate with 8; 10 well removed

from 9; 11 from slightly beyond middle of cell. Hind

wing with 8 veins; 2 and 3 parallel; 4 and 5 stalked;

6 and 7 preserved at margins only, 7 to costa; 8 very

short, bent inwardly toward cell and enclosing between it and costa a swollen pad giving rise to an expansible hair tuft (Plate 29k); costa of male folded

over dorsal surface of wing forming pocket to receive

hair tuft.
158

Male genitalia typically cosmopterigid without

greatly modified abdominal segments associated.

Female genitalia without signum; posterior abdominal segments normal.

Semolina is most nearly related to the Marquesan

Asymphorodes but differs from it by the presence of

veins 3 of forewing in both male and female and the

stalking of veins 4 and 5 of hind wing (4 and 5 remote

in hind wing of Asymphorodes) ; veins 6 and 7 of forewing are out of 8 in Semolina, but 6 is connate with

the stalk of 7 and 8 in Asymphorodes.

Semolina, Iressa, and Asymphorodes all have in

common simple vein lb of forewing.

In Meyrick's description of Asymphorodes there

appear to be several discrepancies: He states ". . .

ocelli posterior," but I am unable to find ocelli.

Further, ". . . lb furcate," appears to be in error.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 126.—Labdia dicyanitis Meyrick: a, lateral aspect

of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; b, ventral view of

female genitalia.

126a
NUMBER 5 6 159

Semolina leucotricha, new species

FIGURE 127, PLATE 2\c,d

Alar expanse 8-10 mm.

Labial palpus pale cinereous; second segment

suffused gray on outer side; third segment with a very

dark gray longitudinal line anteriorly. Antenna black

with longitudinal white line dorsally, the latter broken

into dashes distally. Head brownish gray. Thorax light

brownish olive. Forewing ground color light brownish

olive; at middle of costa a buff shade; before apex and

on tomus outwardly oblique buff streaks; at end of cell

a fuscous spot (obsolete in some specimens); cilia gray

with light brownish suffusion. Hind wing very light

brownish olive, somewhat paler toward base; cilia

gray with brownish suffusion. Foreleg pale cinereous;

femur and tibia suffused dark gray on outer side; tarsal

segments broadly annulated blackish; midleg similar;

hind leg suffused gray on outer side. Abdomen brownish olive dorsally, buff ventrally.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11420, 11897. Harpe

rather broad basally, constricted beyond middle;

cucullus rounded. Gnathos left brachium very stout,

flattened, pointed. Right brachium long, slender,

sharply pointed. Tegumen about as broad as long,

narrowed dorsally. Manica long, slender, curved,

tapered to a sharp point. Prospicuus broad, spatulate.

Aedeagus short, slender, bulbous basally.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11421. Ostium very

small, opening from a heavily sclerotized, protruding

tube; at base of tube a stalked pit giving rise to four

long setae. Ductus bursae partly sclerotized; very

slender. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70099.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the d holotype (29.X.1963), 2

o* d1 and 3 ? $ paratypes all from the same locality

with dates from 28.IX to 11.XL 1963.

This species was collected, along with Iressa

neoleuca, by beating the trunks of small trees.

Iressa, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Iressa neoleuca, new species, by

monotypy and present designation.

Labial palpus three times as long as head, slender,

ascending; second segment smooth scaled, nearly as

long as third; third segment acute. Head smooth except

for rough scales above eye; ocellus absent. Antenna

serrulate in male, simple in female; scape with pecten.

Forewing narrow, 12 veins; lb not furcate; 2 and 3

distant, both from before angle of cell; 3, 4, and 5

about equidistant; 6 out of the stalk of 7 and 8; 7 to

costa; 9 removed from 8; 9, 10, and 11 about equidistant. Hind wing lanceolate; 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 about

equidistant from each other; 6 and 7 stalked. Conspicuous hair pencil laterally from metathorax of male.

Hind tibia rough scaled dorsally.

Male genitalia typically cosmopterigid but with

closely associated, greatly modified, and thickened abdominal flaps. Seventh sternum of male strongly

sclerotized, hemicylindrical.

Female genitalia with signum absent; sixth and

seventh sterna strongly sclerotized.

This genus is nearly related to Labdia but differs

from it in significant characters. In the forewing of

deliciosella, vein lb is forked but in Iressa it is simple;

vein 5 is approximate to the stalk of 6 and 7 and vein

8 arises from the stalk of 6 and 7; in Iressa vein 5 is

distant from the stalk of 7 and 8 and 6 arises from

the stalk. In the hind wing of deliciosella veins 6 and 7

are separate, in Iressa veins 6 and 7 are stalked. Labdia

does not have the enormous, modified abdominal flaps

of Iressa.

Iressa neoleuca, new species

FIGURE 128; PLATE 21a, b

Alar expanse 9-12 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white; second segment

grayish fuscous on outer side; third segment grayish

fuscous anteriorly. Antenna gray with paler annulations; scape ocherous white, grayish fuscous ventrally

and posteriorly. Head ocherous white. Thorax ocherous

white; tegula grayish fuscous. Thoracic hair pencils

vary from ocherous white to avellaneous and extend to

near posterior end of abdomen. Forewing ground color

grayish fuscous; from base of costa to near middle a

light buff streak; at three-fifths of costa an elongate

light buff spot, and preapically a similarly colored,

short, transverse streak; dorsum ocherous white, the

light streak bent toward apex beyond tornus; on

termen three, sometimes confluent, ocherous white

spots; cilia grayish, mixed ocherous white opposite

terminal spots. Hind wing gray; cilia light gray. Fore-
160 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 127.—Semolina leucotricha, new species: a, lateral aspect of head showing palpus; b,

lateral aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 161

FIGURE 128.—Iressa neoleuca, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, lateral aspect of head

showing palpus; c, ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; d, ventral view of female

genitalia.
162 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

leg and midleg ocherous white, shaded gray on outer

side; hind leg ocherous white; distal end of tibia with

gray spot; tarsal segments with two or three grayish

dashes. Abdomen buff ventrally, grayish fuscous

dorsally.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11418. Harpe very long,

slender, widest beyond middle, sickle shaped. Gnathos

right brachium slender, curved, pointed; left brachium

digitate. Tegumen strongly sclerotized, robust, distorted. Aedeagus minute, slender, bulbous basally.

Manica very long, slender, curved basally, dilated;

prospicuus a large, flattened process which becomes

narrow and attenuated beyond middle.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11419. Ostium small,

oval, opening dorsal, and attached to a strongly modified 7th sternum. Antrum sclerotized. Inception of

ductus seminalis at junction of ductus bursae and buna

copulatrix. Ductus bursae sclerotized most of its length,

membranous anteriorly. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70100.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown (probably decaying vegetable matter).

Described from the o* holotype (23.XI.1963), 14

c? cf and 22 $ $ paratypes as follows: Haurei, 14

o* c", 18 ? $ (30.IX to 27.XI.1963); Maii Bay, ?

(23.X.1963); Point Maraia, 3 ? ? (31.X.1963).

This species and the following species, triformis, are

similar and closely allied, but the ocherous white head

and thorax of neoleuca immediately distinguish it from

the former in which the head and thorax are white.

The genitalia are also strikingly similar and difficult

to separate. The 7th sternum of neoleuca, however, is

densely sclerotized and fused with a much reduced 8th

sternum forming an inflexible half-cylinder around

the genitalia; that of triformis is normal and has a

strongly sclerotized, narrow 8th sternum. Sternum 6

of neoleuca terminates in a median projection. The

6th sternum of triformis terminates in a solidly attached median patch of modified scales.

The male genitalia, and associated abdominal segments, are the most involved structures I have encountered and defy accurate description.

Most of our specimens were collected by beating the

trunks of trees in a coffee grove, a short distance east

of Haurei.

Iressa triformis (Meyrick), new combination

Labdia triformis Meyrick, 1927, p. 89.

As indicated above, triformis is closely related to

neoleuca and is hereby transferred to the new genus

Iressa.

In placing this species in Labdia, Meyrick either

overlooked or misinterpreted the characters. As can be

seen from the drawing of the wing venation, there are

several obvious differences between Labdia and Iressa.

Moreover, the very unusual development of the

posterior lateral abdominal flaps of triformis and

neoleuca immediately distinguish them from Labdia

deliciosella Walker, the type-species of Labdia.

This species (triformis) does not occur on Rapa but

is included to provide proper placement.

Family MOMPHIDAE

Genus Batrachedra Herrich-Schaffer

Batrachedra Herrich-Schaffer, 1853, p. 54; pi. 9: figs. 18-21.

(Type-species: Ornix turdipennella Kollar, 1832 [= Gracillaria pratngusta Haworth, 1828] [by monotypy].)

Batrachedra monophthalma, new species

FIGURE 129; PLATE 23b, c

Alar expanse 9-14 mm.

Labial palpus maize yellow; second segment with

dark gray or blackish shade on outer side; third segment with a black spot at base and one at apex on

outer side. Antenna ochraceous buff, paler distally

with small blackish spots dorsally; before apex a black

band, followed by a black spot and two more black

bands. Head maize yellow suffused ochraceous buff.

Thorax maize yellow suffused ochraceous buff and

with a small fuscous streak posteriorly. Forewing

ground color maize yellow overlaid ochraceous buff;

base of costa fuscous, remainder of costa and tornal

area speckled with fuscous; on fold a conspicuous

blackish spot at basal third; in basal angle a pale

avellaneous shade; cilia pale grayish buff. Hind wing

very light avellaneous, darker toward apex; cilia

slightly lighter. Foreleg ocherous white, suffused grayish fuscous on outer side; midleg ocherous white suffused ochraceous buff; tibia with three oblique grayishfuscous bands on outer side; tarsal segments with

grayish-fuscous spot basally on outer side; hind leg

ocherous white; tibia suffused and irrorate grayish
NUMBER 5 6 163

FIGURE 129.—Batrachedra monophthalma, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with

left harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
164 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

fuscous on outer side; tibial spurs grayish fuscous;

tarsal segments grayish basally. Abdomen ochraceous

buff; ventrolaterally grayish fuscous.

The moth appears darker than the ground color

indicates because of the grayish speckling and ochraceous buff suffusion.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11430. Harpe long,

slender, widest at base, tapering to a narrow cucullus.

Gnathos narrow, U-shaped. Uncus long, curved,

pointed, dilated basally. Vinculum narrow, rounded.

Tegumen two-thirds as long as harpe, narrowed distally. Anellus mostly membranous with long, lateral

lobes. Aedeagus longer than harpe, slender, slightly

curved; vesica unarmed.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11431. Ostium funnel

shaped, membranous. Antrum sclerotized anteriorly,

scobinate posteriorly. Inception of ductus seminalis

at anterior edge of antrum. Ductus bursae membranous anterior to antrum, inner surface very finely

dentate about middle, spiraled anteriorly. Signum a

large, narrow, sclerotized, dentate plate.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70097.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANTS.—Cyperus javanicus Houtt (C. pennatus L.) (R21); Scirpus sp., lacustris L. ? (tule).

Described from the o* holotype (Em. 27.XI.1963),

29 cf d1 and 41 $ 9 paratypes as follows: Anatakuri

nako, 3 $ ? (14.X.1963); Haurei, 6 <? c?, 15 $ ?

(9.IX.-4.XII.1963); Maugaoa, 800'-950' (245-292

m), 3 o" o", 5 ? ? (18.IX.-7XI.1963);Maurua,600'

(184 m), 3 c?o", 4 $ $ (17-25.X.1963); Metua

nako, 750' (231 m), o" (12X1.1963); Morogouta,

750' (231 m), <? (10.X.l%3); Ororagi, 300/ (92 m),

? (10.XI.1963); Point Maraia, 5 <? <f, 5 ? ? (21-

29.XI.1963); Pukutaketake, 1150' (353 m), o" (27.

XI.1963); Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 3 cfc?, 2

? $ (7.X.-3.XI.1963); Tevaitau, 20O'-800' (61-245

m), 6 0*0", 6 ? $ (23.LX.-18.XI.1963).

This species and B. arenosella (Walker) are closely

related, but the conspicuous dark spot at basal third,

in fold of forewing, at once distinguishes monophthalma from arenosella. The signum of monophthalma

is an elongate, sclerotized, dentate plate extending the

length of the bursa copulatrix, but that of arenosella is

a much shorter, oval plate.

The larva of monophthalma webs the flowers and

immature fruits on which it feeds. A tough cocoon is

formed in the inflorescence.

When at rest the adult stands with the same attitude

as that of Gracillaria species but uses only the mesothoracic legs. The prothoracic legs are tucked neatly

under the thorax.

Family GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE

Genus Anthophila Haworth

Anthophila Haworth, 1810, p. 471. (Type-species: Phalaena

Tortrix Fabriciana Linnaeus, 1767, p. 880 [subsequent designation by Fletcher, 1829, p. 16].)

Anthophila chalcotoxa (Meyrick), new combination

FIOURK 130; PLATE 22C

Simatthis chalcotoxa Meyrick, 1886, p. 287; 1929, p. 504.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 317.

Male genitalia slide JFGG 11371. Harpe about twice

as long as broad, somewhat dilated at cucullus; sacculus thickened; from base a sclerotized ridge reaching

to about middle of harpe. Uncus and gnathos absent.

Vinculum broad, rounded. Tegumen very narrow,

U-shaped. Anellus an elongate plate, dilated about

middle, then continued posteriorly as two curved plates

more or less forming a tube. Aedeagus moderately

stout, slightly twisted.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11701,11756. Ostium

small, round, within a sclerotized ring. Antrum sclerotized and cylindrical. Inception of ductus seminalis at

anterior edge of antrum. Ductus bursae membranous.

Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum a finely dentate plate. Lamella antevaginalis moderately sclerotized. Lamella postvaginalis membranous.

Lectotype: o* "Tonga, Polynesia. Mathew 1887.

4360." A second label reads "Walsingham Collection,

1910-427." A third label bears the name "Simaethis

chalcotoxa Meyr. Tr. Ent. Soc. London, 1886, 287. cotype." Slide JFGC 11370, hereby designated.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Tonga, Polynesia.

DISTRIBUTION.—Society Islands: Moorea, Eimeo,

7-9.IV. 1883, Walker; Bora Bora, Vanilla Plantn.

20.VI.1925, L. E. Cheesman; Fiji, Natora 5 Jan. 1919

R. Veitch; EUice Ids. Nui, 21.IX.1924, P. A. Buxton

and G. A. Hopkins; Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Ficus species.

Although the lectotype is dated 1887, the year following the date of publication, we must attribute this

discrepancy purely to error in recording because only

one collection was made in the area by G. F. Mathew,

from which the species was described.
NUMBER 5 6 165

FIGURE 130.—Anthophila chalcotoxa (Meyrick): a, ventral

view of female genitalia; b, ventral view of male genitalia

with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus.

There is one other c? specimen in the British Museum from the original collection with the data as

given above.

The earliest known collection of a lepidopteron

on the island of Rapa was made by J. J. Walker, 18.

IV. 1883, and indeed this was also the earliest known

specimen of this species! If this specimen is representative of the population existing at that time, then the

pale central area of the hind wing was darker and

grayer than in the present-day specimens. There is no

question about the identity of the early example and

those collected by us, and it appears that we have evidence of evolutionary change within the period of

little more than 80 years.

The series before me has the sexes evenly divided,

42 d1 c? and 42 $ ? , both collected as adults and

reared. The first was collected 25.X and the last 7.XII.

1963. The whole series was obtained from two small,

domestic fig trees east of the village. In the village itself

there were several fig trees but no specimens of moths

were collected there.
166 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

131a

FIGURE 131.—Tebenna bradleyi, new species: a, ventral

view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed;

b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

Genus Tebenna Billberg

Tebenna Billberg, 1820, p. 90. (Type-species: Tinea bjerkandrella Thunburg, 1784, p. 79 [subsequent designation by

Bradley, 1966, p. 220].)

Tebenna bradleyi, new species

FIGURE 131; PLATE 22d

Alar expanse 9—11 mm.

Labial palpus basal segment white; second segment

dark gray and white mixed, and with large yellowbrown spot on outer side in basal half; third segment

speckled gray and white. Antenna black with narrow

white annulations. Head gray and white mixed. Thorax

grayish fuscous with very fine median white line; tegula

white on inner edge and apex, and with scattered ochraceous-orange scales. Forewing ground color grayish

fuscous; basal fourth leaden metallic with two longitudinal, broad ochraceous-orange dashes; antemedian
NUMBER 5 6 167

fascia outwardly curved, widest on dorsum, indicated

by closely packed (but not solid) white scales; postmedian fascia similar, beginning at costal third, extending outwardly to vein 6, then inwardly to tornus;

subterminal line consisting of scattered whitish scales;

on middle of costa a black spot mixed with leaden

metallic scales; astride outer end of cell a large black

spot with leaden metallic scales in center; on middorsum a similar but smaller spot; on tornal half of termen

a transverse black dash edged outwardly with leaden

metallic scales; subapically an outwardly curved line

of leaden metallic scales; some scattered ochraceousorange scales in median area; cilia dark gray with a

fuscous basal band and whitish median band; apical

cilia white tipped. Hind wing grayish fuscous, somewhat darker toward margins; in outer third a white

dash astride veins 3 to 5; cilia similar to those of forewing but nearly all white tipped. Legs white, banded

with blackish fuscous. Abdomen blackish fuscous dorsally, white ventrally.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11425, 11429, 11927.

Harpe very broad, short; ventral margin strongly convex, setose; cucullus truncate with conspicuous,

triangular ventral projection. Vinculum very broad

basally, triangular. Tegumen a narrow band widened

at middle. Anellus tubular, semimembranous. Aedeagus twice as long as vinculum, curved, thickest in

basal third; vesica armed with elongate series of

dentate cornuti.

Female genitalia slides JFGG 11427, 12038. Ostium

very small, round. Inception of ductus seminalis from

near junction of ductus bursae and bursa copulatrix.

Ductus bursae strongly sclerotized in posterior threefifths. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum a long,

narrow band of small teeth.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70102.

TYPE LOCALITY.—New Zealand, Haumoana,

Hawkes Bay.

DISTRIBUTION.—Australia, New Zealand, Rapa,

India.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o* holotype (13.XI.1965, T. H.

Davies) and 63 paratypes as follows: 40 cTo", 10

? ? with identical data same as holotype; 6 cfd1,

5 °. $ , Australia, New South Wales, Parramatta

(22.X. 1879, Raynor) (Walsingham collection); $ ,

India, Bihar, Pusa (23.11.1928, E. Hassan); o", Rapa,

Anatakuri nako (14.X.63).

This species has been confused in collections with

T. bjerkandrella (Thunburg), but differs from it by

having a much shorter harpe, without the extension

of the sacculus of that species (Pierce and Metcalfe,

1935, pi. 23), and a much narrower signum than in

bjerkandrella.

Family YPONOMEUTIDAE

Genus Tanaoctena Turner

Tanaoctena Turner, 1913, p. 204. (Type-species: Tanaoctena ooptila Turner, 1913, p. 205 [by monotypy].)

Tanaoctenota Meyrick, 1918, p. 188. (Type-species: Tanaoctena ooptila Turner, 1913, p. 205 [by original designation].)

Cylicophora Turner, 1927, p. 156. (Type-species:

Cylicophora collina Turner, 1918 [by monotypy].) (New

synonymy.)

For the above new synonymy I am indebted to my

good friend and colleague, Dr. Ian F. B. Common of

C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, Australia. Having had experience with the Tasmanian and Australian species as

well as T. dubia Philpott (1931, p. 34) from New

Zealand, he recognized immediately the generic position of the species from Rapa, which is described next.

Tanaoctena indubitata, new species

FIGURES 132,133; PLATE 22g, h

Alar expanse 16-22 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white; outer side shaded

with pearl gray. Antenna pale gray; scape suffused

fuscous dorsally, much paler anteroventrally. Head

drab; face ocherous white. Thorax gray, suffused

fuscous. Forewing ground color drab; basal fourth

fuscous in o* except on dorsum; in $ , basal patch indicated primarily by ill-defined, transverse fuscous bars;

on costa, slightly before middle a more or less welldefined fuscous quadrate patch extending nearly to

cell; in cell, at one-third, a fuscous spot and a similarly

colored but smaller spot at end of cell; middle of

dorsum white mottled fuscous; terminal fifth of wing

with ill-defined fuscous spots; cilia gray. Hind wing

light pearl gray, nearly white basally; cilia light gray.

Foreleg ocherous white; femur and tibia lightly

suffused fuscous on outer side; 1st tarsal segment blackish fuscous, remaining tarsal segment grayish fuscous;

midleg ocherous white with slight fuscous suffusion on

outer side; hind leg ocherous white. Abdomen gray

dorsally, ocherous white ventrally.
168 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 5 6 169

133 b

FIGURE 133.—Tanaoctena indubitata, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view

of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
170

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11243. Harpe elongate,

triangular, costa convex, armed with short, stiff setae

beyond middle to cucullus; cucullus narrowly rounded.

Gnathos broad, robust, apex rounded. Uncus thick,

bluntly pointed. Vinculum absent? Tegumen broad,

produced laterally as two thick arms expanded posteriorly. Anellus tubular but much involved, with a

large ventral membranous pad surrounded by a

sclerotized ring. Aedeagus very slender, dilated basally.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11244. Ostium tubular,

protruding, strongly sclerotized. Papillae anales forming a rosette. Inception of ductus seminalis anterior

to middle of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae slender,

membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum

absent Lamella antevaginalis membranous; lamella

postvaginalis sclerotized, granular.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70104.

TYPE LOCALITY—Rapa, Tevaitau, 750'(231 m).

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

Described from the d holotype (18.XI.1963), 6

cf cf and 15 $ ? paratypes as follows: Maugaoa,

800'(245 m), 3 o* o" (18.IX.63), 950'(292 m), 8

$ ? (7-23.XI.63); Maurua, 60(K(184 m), tf, 9

(25.IX.63, 17.X.63); Metua nako, 750* (231 m), ?

(12.XI.63); Morogouta, 750' (231 m), cf, 2 ? $

(10.X.63); Piahu, 750' (231 m), $ (11.X.63);

Tevaitau, 750'-800/(231-245 m), <?, 2 $ ?

(18.XI.63).

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

The New Zealand dubia has been reared from Coprosma robust a Raoul, and in all probability the larva

of indubitata will be found on Coprosma cookei Fosb.,

or C. rapensis F. Br., both of which occur on Rapa.

This species is nearest to the New Zealand dubia but

has a more rectangular forewing and a paler hind wing.

The genitalia are unusual, and in the case of the

male it is difficult to identify certain of the structures.

In the anellus, the sides of which appear to be much

folded, there is a large ventral membranous pad enclosed by a large sclerotized ring. The membranous

pad, through which the aedeagus passes, is associated

with the tubular part of the anellus, but what is the

ring? If it is part of the anellus, it is a strange development indeed. Posterolaterally on the tegumen, there

are two raised points clothed with setae, which appear

to be socii. There is no evidence of a vinculum in the

usual sense, but in this species it is represented only by

a very thin membrane. The papillae anales of the feSMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

male are very unusual, forming a nearly complete

circle.

Pseudorinympha, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Pseudorinympha laeta, new species,

by monotypy and present designation.

Antenna about three-fifths the length of forewing,

rather stout, finely ciliated; scape with small eye cap.

Labial palpus as long as head is deep, cylindrical,

drooping; third segment slightly longer than second,

slightly swollen distad. Maxillary palpus rudimentary.

Tongue well developed, naked. Head with appressed

scales; ocellus absent. Thorax smooth. Posterior tibia

smooth. Forewing smooth, termen oblique, costal and

dorsal edges nearly parallel, 12 veins; lb furcate; lc

strongly preserved at margin; 2 from well before angle

of cell; 4 and 5 connate; 7 to termen; 8 and 9 connate;

11 from about middle of cell, sinuate below stigma.

Hind wing with 7 veins by coincidence of 3 and 4; 2

from well before angle of cell; 2 to 7 nearly parallel;

3 plus 4,5, and 6 nearly equidistant.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Signum absent.

Pseudorinympha is extremely close to the North

American Orinympha, and indeed, differs only by the

absence of ocelli, which may or may not be significant.

In the absence of a male of Pseudorinympha from

Rapa, and a female of Orinympha, I am describing

Pseudorinympha as new, albeit with considerable misgiving. In Meyrick's description of Orinympha he

states "4 absent" from the forewing. This is not so as

can be seen from my figure of his type (1965, p. 5, pi.

176: fig. la), in which the venation is identical to that

of Pseudorinympha.

With the discovery of a male it will be possible to determine whether or not the genera are synonymous, but

until such time it is appropriate to consider such geographically distant relatives as separate.

Pseudorinympha laeta, new species

FIGURE 134; PLATE 22e

Alar expanse 12-13 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white; second and third segments with longitudinal fuscous blotch on outer side.

Antenna grayish fuscous; scape ocherous white, suffused pale fuscous. Head ocherous white, suffused

fuscous anteriorly. Thorax ocherous white suffused

fuscous anteriorly and with a pair of small fuscous
NUMBER 5 6 171

134 b

FIGURE 134.—Pseudorinympha laeta, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, lateral aspect of head showing palpus;

c, ventral view of female genitalia.

dots posteriorly; tegula overlaid with fuscous. Forewing ground color sordid white variously spotted and

marked with fuscous; at base of costa a fuscous spot

followed to middle of costa by a series of similarly

colored indistinct spots; from middle to apical third,

along costa, a series of four fuscous spots, and subapically on costa a large spot of the same color; subterminally a series of four small fuscous dots; on

middle of dorsum a large fuscous blotch extends across

fold and is preceded on dorsal edge by three small

fuscous spots; cilia grayish fuscous. Hind wing fuscous

from cell outwardly; paler basally and semihyaline in

cell. Foreleg ocherous white; tarsal segments spotted

with fuscous; midleg ocherous white; tibia with a

conspicuous fuscous spot distally on outer side; tarsal

segments suffused fuscous; hind leg ocherous white;
172

tarsal segments with very slight infuscation. Abdomen

ocherous white, suffused grayish fuscous dorsally except last two segments.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11702. Ostium small,

round; anterior edge produced ventrally as a scoopshaped projection. Genital plate membranous. Anterodorsally to papillae anales, a median sclerotized knob.

Antrum narrow, sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis at junction of sclerotized portion of antrum and

remaining membranous part of ductus bursae. Bursa

copulatrix membranous; interior surface finely

granular. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70103.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Teumukopuke, 500'(154

m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the ? holotype (7.X.1963) and

one $ paratype, Haurei (29.X.1963).

The relationship between laeta and the North

America (Texas) Orinympha aetherias Meyrick appears unmistakable. Had it not been for the paucity

of material, the relation between the two species could

have been judged with more certainty. Moreover, it is

not possible to compare the two more favorably because aetherias is represented by a male and laeta by

a pair of females.

Terthroptera, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Terthroptera eremosesia, new species, by monotypy and present designation.

Antenna about three-fifths the length of forewing,

serrulate and very finely and short ciliated; scape with

a few elongate, stout scales lying closely appressed

ventrally. Labial palpus about twice as long as head,

drooping; third segment slightly longer than second,

acutely pointed. Maxillary palpus well developed,

swollen distally. Tongue well developed, naked. Head

with appressed scales; ocellus present, Thorax smooth.

Posterior tibia smooth. Forewing smooth, termen

oblique, costal and dorsal edges nearly parallel, 12

veins, all separate; lb furcate; lc strongly developed;

2 from well before angle; 3 from angle; 4 and 5

approximate at base; 7 to termen; 11 from basal third

of cell. Hind wing with 8 veins, all separate; 2 from

well before cell; 3, 4, 5 about equidistant; 6 and 7

parallel.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Terthroptera is closely related to Pseudorinympha

but differs from it by the presence of an ocellus; 4 and

5 and 8 and 9 of forewing are separate, and 11 arises

much nearer the base of cell. In the hind wing Terthroptera has 8 veins, in Pseudorinympha there are 7.

Despite the loss of the genitalia, I do not hesitate

to erect this genus to accommodate the single species

on Rapa which, when recovered, will be easily

recognized.

Terthroptera eremosesia, new species

PLATE 22/

Alar expanse 13 mm.

Labial palpus sordid white, overlaid grayish fuscous

on outer side. Antenna gray, faintly annulated whitish

toward base; scape sordid white suffused grayish

dorsally. Head sordid white suffused grayish fuscous

laterally. Thorax sordid white suffused grayish

fuscous anteriorly; tegula grayish fuscous basally. Forewing ground color sordid white; basal fourth grayish

fuscous, this color continued in dorsal two-thirds of

wing to beyond end of cell, forming an undulating

boundary with costal lighter third; along costa about

a dozen short, well-defined, fuscous bars; a similar, but

less well-defined, series of short bars on dorsum; apical

fourth of wing mottled; cilia pale gray and grayish

fuscous mixed. Hing wing gray; cilia pale gray. Foreleg sordid white; femur and tibia suffused grayish;

tarsal segments grayish fuscous; midleg similar but

tibia with well-defined, broad, grayish-fuscous band

distally, and tarsal segments not so dark; hind leg

sordid white; femur overlaid grayish fuscous on outerside; tibial spurs and tarsal segments lightly suffused

grayish. Abdomen gray dorsally, sordid white ventrally.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70105.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 950' (292 m).

DISTRIBUTION—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the unique c? holotype

(23.XI.1963).

Unfortunately the abdomen of this specimen was

lost, but despite this loss the species is distinct and

readily recognized and its presence in the fauna of the

island should be made known.

Although eremosesia is generically related to

Pseudorinympha laeta, they are widely different in

pattern as can be seen by comparison of the figures.
NUMBER 5 6

Genus Plutella Schrank

Plutella Schrank, 1802, p. 169. (Type-species: Phalaena

Tinea xylostella Linnaeus, 1758, p. 538 [=Cerostoma

maculipennis Curds, 1832] [by monotypy].)

Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)

FIGURE 135, PLATE 226

Phalaena Tinea xylostella Linnaeus, 1758, p. 538.—Hiibner,

1796, p. 119.

Alucita xylostella (Linnaeus), Duponchel, 1838, p. 11, pi.

293: fig. 10.

Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), Schrank, 1802, p. 169.—

Guen£e, 1846, p. 101.—Herrich-Schaffer, 1854, p. 106.—

Wocke, 1871, p. 281.—Moschler, 1890, p. 341.—Viette,

1952, p. 3.—Paulian and Viette, 1955, p. 153.—Bradley

and Pelham-Clinton, 1967, p. 127.—Bradley, 1967a, p.

510, fig 7.

Cerostoma maculipennis Curtis, Westwood, 1854, p. 223, pi.

49: fig. 1548.—Walsingham and Durrant, 1897, pp. 173-

175.

Plutella maculipennis (Curtis), Berg, 1880, pp. 85-91, 99-

109.—Rebel, 1901, p. 137.—Dyar, 1903, p. 492, no.

5503.—Walsingham, 1907, p. 652.—Spuler, 1910, p. 452,

pi. 47: fig. 44.—Meyrick, 1914, p. 59.—Walsingham, 1914,

p. 343.—Fullaway, 1914, pp. 43, 46.—Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, p. 183, no. 7683.—Marsh, 1917, pp. 1-10,

pis. 1, 2.—Britton, 1920, p. 96.—Brethes, 1923, pp. 162-

163, figs. 1, 2.—Forbes, 1923, p. 341.—Miles, 1924, pp.

45-48.—Perry, 1924, p. 13.—Essig, 1926, p. 742.—

Hopkins, 1927, pp. 23-32, pi. 2.—Meyrick, 1928, p. 802.—

Bondar, 1928, pp. 259-260.—King, 1929, pp. 373-390,

pi. 1.—Thorpe, 1929, pp. 621-634.—Romanova, 1930, p.

564.—Forbes, 1930, p. 100.—Muggeridge, 1930, pp. 253-

264, figs. 1-9.—Meyrick, 1931, p. 283.—Amsel, 1936, p.

354.—Walker and Anderson, pp. 343-348.—List, 1937.

p 676.—Hardy, 1938, pp. 343-372, figs. 1-10, pi. 9.—

Robertson, 1939, pp. 330A-339A, figs. 1-4; pp. 341A364A, figs. 5-10.—McDunnough, 1939, p. 89, no. 8878.—

Bourquin, 1939, pp. 409-413, figs. 1-3.—Brooks and Allen,

1940, p. 56.—Ghosh, 1940, pp. 129-130, pi. 62: figs.

1-4.—Lloyd, 1940, pp. 451-484, pis. 18-19.—Ghesquiere

1940, pi. 7: fig. 1 [39], fig. 3.—Rebel, 1940, pp. 38, 55.—

Ghesquiere, 1941, p. 763.—Reid, 1941, pp. 1-35, figs. 1-7;

1942, p. 1, fig. lc—Walker and Anderson, 1943, pp. 343-

344.—Jones, 1943, p. 182.—Lima, 1945, pp. 317-319, figs.

201-203.—Kanervo, 1946, pp. 143-153, fig. 1.—Ahmad,

1949, p. 205.—Ullyett, 1947, pp. 77-202, figs. 1-30.—MacNay, 1948, p. 77.—Paulian, 1949, p. 351, fig. 4.—Lamont

and Callan, 1950, p. 206.—Ford, 1951, pp. 90, 91, pi. 12:

fig. 17.—Skala, 1951, p. 182, pi. 18.—Hill, 1952, p. 59.—

Agenjo, 1952, p. 69.—MacNay, 1953, pp. 66-94.—Paramonow, 1954, p. 78.—Inoue, 1954, p. 34.—Harcourt, 1955,

p. 900, no. 9751; 1956, pp. 155-160, figs. 1-7.—Tanada,

1956, pp. 320-329, figs. 1-4.—MacNay, 1957, p. 92.—Harcourt, 1957, p. 554, figs. 1, 2.—Hassanein, 1958, p. 326, figs.

382-271 O—71 12

173

1-3.—Wakely, 1958, p. 139.—Janjua, Ahmad and Haque,

1958, pp. 148, 157.—MacNay, 1959, p. 76; pp. 32-43.—

Friese, 1960, p. 20.—Simonds and Rao, 1960, p. 278.—

Harcourt, 1960, p. 419, figs. 1, 2; p. 517, fig. 1.—Gupta

and Thorsteinson, 1960, pp. 241-250.—MacNay, 1961,

p. 251.—Ben, 1961, pp. 69-70.—Harcourt, 1961, p. 280,

figs. 1, 2.—Pastokhov, 1964, p. 42.—Wolff, 1964, p. 51.—

Benander, 1965, p. 22.—Kimball, 1965, p. 291.—Azuma,

1965, p. 56.—Hua, 1965, pp. 1-4, pi. 1A-5B.—Merivee,

1966, p. 497.—Johansson and Svensson, 1968, p. 127.—

Abraham and Padmanaban, 1968, pp. 513-519.—Kawabe,

1968, p. 539.

Plutella cruciferarum Zeller, 1843, p. 283.—Stainton, 1854,

p. 68; 1869, p. 328.—Heinemann, 1870, p. 117.—Fry,

1880, p. 347.—Snellen, 1882, p. 542.—Meyrick, 1886, p.

177; 1895, p. 702.—Veitch, 1929, p. 68.

Cerostoma annulatellus Wood, 1839, p. 223, pi. 49: fig. 1547.

Plutella annulatella Wood, Herrich-Schaffer, 1851, fig. 350.

Plutella limbipennella Clemens, 1860, p. 6; 1872, p. 90.

Plutella mollipedella Clemens, 1860, p. 6; 1872, p. 91.

Cerostoma brassicella Fitch, 1856, p. 170.

Cerostoma dubiosella Beutenmuller, 1889, p. 27.

Gelechia cicerella Rondani, 1876, p. 20, pi. 1: figs. 3-5.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11790. Harpe ample,

widest beyond middle; ventral margin armed with

strong setae; sacculus with cluster of long, stiff setae.

Gnathos rather involved, with sclerotized plates on

each side. Uncus absent. Vinculum twice as long as

wide, terminating in a point. Tegumen a rather narrow band. Anellus a V-shaped plate. Aedeagus trifid;

middle arm long and very slender; lateral arms short,

stout. Corema well developed.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11791. Ostium oval,

moderately broad. Antrum very slender, sclerotized.

Inception of ductus seminalis approximately at junction of ductus bursae and bursa copulatrix. Ductus

bursae slender membranous. Bursa copulatrix

membranous. Signum absent.

TYPES.—Linnean Society, London {xylostella);

Melbourne Museum Australia ? (maculipennis);

annulatella (?); Philadelphia Academy of Sciences,

Philadelphia {limbipennella, mollipedella); lost (brassicella, dubiosella); ? (cicerella).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Europe (xylostella, maculipennis) ; England (annulatella); North America

(limbipennella, mollipedella, brassicella, dubiosella);

Italy (cicerella).

DISTRIBUTION.—Cosmopolitan.

For the complete known distribution of this widespread, economic species, consult Series A (Agricultural), Map 32 (revised), published by the
174

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

135a

135b

FIGURE 135.—Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus): a, ventral view of male genitalia, showing corema.

with left harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London,

1967.

FOOD PLANTS.—Cultivated and wild Cruciferae.

Our small series from Rapa consists of 7 <S o* and a

? , collected in the village of Haurei, 8.IX.-19.IX.

1963, and a d, Tevaitau, 800'(245 m), 29.IX.63.

The species was very common in gardens where

cabbage was grown and where the larvae riddled the

plants. No controls were exercised, but a partial control was effected by the predaceus odonaton Ischnura

aurora aurora Braur.

This species is so well known that even the description of the genitalia appears to be superfluous. The

trifid aedeagus alone will identify the male.

Family EPERMENIIDAE

Genus Ochromolopis Hiibner

Ochromolopis Hiibner, 1825, p. 408. (Type-species: Tinea

ictella Hiibner [1810-1813], pi. 53: fig. 261 [subsequent

designation by Fletcher, 1929, p. 150].)

According to Gaedike (1966, p. 630), neither the

location of the type nor the type locality of the typespecies of Ochromolopis are known. This "European"

genus, then, might have been described from any one

of numerous places. There are, however, two European

species, ictella Hiibner and staintonella (Stainton),

assigned to this genus, and Diakonoff (1955, pp. 98,

100) described oculigera and dentata from New
NUMBER 5 6 175

Guinea. It is probably not surprising, therefore, to find

a species in such an isolated spot as Rapa, and unquestionably others will appear in the Pacific region.

Ochromolopis is very closely related to the North

American Acanthedra Meyrick, differing in venation

only by the stalking of veins 7 and 8 of the forewing.

Ochromolopis incrassa, new species

FIGURE 136; PLATE 23d

Alar expanse 12-14 mm.

Labial palpus pale gray; second segment blackish

fuscous on outer side with scattered, minute, white

irroration; third segment similarly colored, extreme

apex tawny olive. Antenna scape and basal five segments of shaft blackish fuscous, remainder grayish

dotted blackish fuscous; apex of scape gray. Head

blackish fuscous; frons grayish. Thorax blackish

FIGURE 136.—Ochromolopis incrassa, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of male genitalia with

aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female

genitalia.

136 c

SMITH
176 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

fuscous with narrow, transverse, tawny-olive band

posterior of middle; apex of tegula clay color. Forewing ground color blackish fuscous, the dark areas

marked by numerous, fine transverse tawny-olive

strigulae; at one third a tawny olive fascia with two

narrow, blackish-fuscous strigulae; a similar, narrower band at apical third; in middle of cell a black

dot followed outwardly by white scales; at end of cell

a black dot preceded by white scales and a cinnamonbuff longitudinal streak and followed outwardly by a

spot of gray and then a cinnamon-buff patch; apical

third of costa marked with two or three small, claycolored spots; on dorsum four blackish-fuscous tufts

of scales; cilia gray to clay color, the apical cilia barred

blackish fuscous; extreme apex blackish fuscous. Hind

wing gray, paler basally; cilia light gray, darker toward

apex. Legs light clay color variously barred and annulated blackish fuscous. Abdomen gray dorsally, light

clay color ventrally.

Male genitalia sKde JFGC 11381. Harpe broad

basally; costa greatly expanded, terminating in a long,

curved, pointed hook; sacculus sclerotized to beyond

middle; cucullus narrow, bluntly pointed. Uncus twice

as long as tegumen, curved, pointed. Vinculum a

narrow band. Tegumen very short, twice as wide as

long. Anellus a heavily sclerotized curved tube. Aedeagus stout, curved, as long as harpe; vesica armed

with one long cornutus.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11382. Ostium wide,

transverse; ventral lip sclerotized. Antrum broadly

sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior end of bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae very short.

Bursa copulatrix membranous, sculptured with fine,

longitudinal ridges. Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70106.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maurua, 60C (184 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o* holotype (22.X.1963), one

cf and two $ $ paratypes as follows: <J, $,

Maugaoa, 950/ (292 m) (7.XI.1963); $, Tevaitau,

750' (231m) (18.XI.1963).

According to the figure in Gaedike (1966 p. 681, pi.

4: fig. 3b) of O. ictella, veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing

are very closely approximate or connate, but in the

Rapa species these veins are short stalked; on the other

hand, Diakonoff (1955 p. 98) states that these veins

are long stalked and draws attention to the fact that

this is the essential difference between the New

Guinean and European species. It seems likely, as

Diakonoff contends, that these differences are not

significant, but the fact remains that, with regard to

the condition of veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing, the

Rapa species is nearer ictella than are the New

Guinean species. Spuler's figure (1910, p. 435, fig. 185)

shows the condition of veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing

of ictella to be almost identical to that of incrassa.

The forewing presents some interesting points. In

incrassa vein lc is weakly preserved at margin and

vein 2, although nearly obsolete, is discernible. In

neither of the figures cited above (Spuler, 1910;

Gaedike, 1966) is there any indication of the presence

of these veins, and Diakonoff (1955 p. 98) states that

vein 5 is absent and that vein 2 arises slightly before

angle. In my opinion it is vein 2 that is absent (if any

vein is actually absent) and not vein 5. The obsolescence of vein 2 in incrassa would indicate that vein 2

is disappearing and that the reduction had not

progressed as far as in the European and New Guinean

species.

Family HELIODINIDAE

Genus Stathmopoda Herrich-Schaffer

Stathmopoda Herrich-Schaffer, 1853, p. 54, 283, pi. 9: figs.

17, 22. (Type-species: Phalaena Tinea pedella Linnaeus,

1761, p. 367 [subsequent designation by Fletcher, 1929,

p. 208].)

On Plate 9 Herrich-Schaffer figured two species,

pedella and pinicolella, referred to on page 54. On

page 283, however, only one species, pedella, is included in the genus. Stainton (1854 p. 227) states,

"Only one species is at present known in this genus."

Although the above two authors used Stathmopoda in

the same sense with one species included, the typespecies was not clearly fixed until Fletcher cited

9, p. 208).

Stathmopoda perfuga (Meyrick), new combination

FIGURE 137; PLATE 24*

Ulochora perfuga Meyrick, 1926, p. 274.

Asymphorodes perfuga (Meyrick), 1929, p. 501.—Viette,

1949a, p. 318.

"cf ? . 12-13 mm. .. . At low level; 3 ex., in poor

condition."

LECTOTYPE.— $, 12 mm. "Rapa Island. At light,

11.4.25. St. George Expedn. C. L. Collenette," hereby
NUMBER 5 6 177

FIGURE 137.—Stathmopoda perfuga (Meyrick): a, venation of right wings; b, lateral aspect of

male genitalia with aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female genitalia.
178 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

designated. The specimen is in very poor condition,

without abdomen and marked "TYPE cf" in the

British Museum (Natural History).

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11389. Harpe rectangular; sacculus broadly sclerotized basally; cucullus wide,

rounded. Gnathos short, broad basally, apex falciform.

Uncus nearly as long as tegumen, stout, pointed.

Vinculum with saccus somewhat produced. Tegumen

shorter than harpe, stout. Anellus a lightly sclerotized

U-shaped plate. Aedeagus stout, pointed ventralh/ at

distal end; vesica sculptured with lightly sclerotized

ridges.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11669, 11670, 11768.

Ostium very wide, funnel shaped. Antrum sclerotized.

Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior side of

bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae short, thick, membranous anterior to antrum. Bursa copulatrix membranous with slight sculpturing around signa. Signa

two elongate, sclerotized plates with central keel.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

In our series there are 131 specimens as follows:

Anatakuri Bay (cf); Anatakuri nako, 3 cf <f ; Haurei,

54 cfcf, 26 ?? ; Maugaoa, 950'(292 m), cf,

6 ? ? ; Maurua, 600/(184 m), cf, 9 $ ? ; Metua

nako, 750*(231 m), 2 cfcf, 3 $$ ; Morogouta,

750'(231 m), cf, 2 $ $ ; Ororagi, 750'(231 m), cf;

Piahu, 750^231 m), cf; Point Tepapa, 3 cfcf, ? ;

Point Teakauraee, 200^(61 m), cf, ? ; Teumukopuke,

500/(154 m), 3 cf cf, 5 ? ? ; Tevaitau, 800/(245 m),

cf, 5 $ $. The above were collected from 11.IX to

9.XII.1963. The specimens from which the species was

described were collected in April, so it is probably fair

to assume that perfuga occurs throughout the year.

FOOD PLANT.—Corokia collenettei Riley (R25)

(dried fruit); Mangifera indie a L. (R13) (inflorescence) ; Fitchia rapensis F. Brown (R32) (dead dry

fruits).

Although we reared this species from three readily

identifiable plants, there is no doubt that the larvae

of species of this genus will feed on almost any dry or

dead plant material. The fruit of the Corokia, from

which one specimen was reared, was old and dry but

still attached to the living plant. The larva on Mangifera was unquestionably feeding in the dead inflorescence and was obtained in conjunction with rearing

a series of Eurhodope ardescens Meyrick.

Most of the specimens of our series were obtained

by beating brush and trees from which the moths were

easily obtained. Generally, the moths were found in

clusters of dead leaves hanging on the plants.

Meyrick described perfuga in the genus Ulochora

and later (1929) transferred it to Asymphorodes. He

was wrong in both cases. In the first place, his

Ulochora was incorrectly described and was based on a

single female in poor condition. In the forewing all

veins are present and not with vein 4 absent as stated,

and 9 is out of the stalk of 7 and 8. In placing perfuga

in Asymphorodes he was again mistaken, Asymphorodes being clearly referable to the family

Cosmopterigidae, while perfuga is referable to the

genus Stathmopoda in the family Heliodinidae.

At this time it is not possible to assign the genus

Ulochora properly, although Meyrick placed it in the

Cosmopterigidae, because the type lacks the abdomen

and other essential characters. In any case, perfuga and

streptosema (type-species of Ulochora) are generically

distinct; veins 6 and 9 of the forewing of perfuga are

separate from 7, but in streptosema vein 9 is out of

the stalk of 7 and 8.

Stathmopoda percnophthalma, new species

FIGURES 138,139; PLATE 24a, b

Alar expanse 7-10 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white; second segment suffused gray subapically on outer side; third segment

grayish on outer side. Antenna gray; scape ocherous

white. Head shining light silvery gray anteriorly; posteriorly very pale vinaceous buff. Thorax gray; tegula

shining silvery gray. Forewing ground color grayish

olive; basal angle buff; on dorsum a short buff streak;

(in many specimens, especially the males, the two buff

markings are obsolete or absent); cilia gray. Hind

wing and cilia gray. Foreleg ocherous white; tarsal

segments dark gray on outer side; midleg ocherous

white with no appreciable dark suffusion; hind leg

ocherous white; tibia with apical fourth and apical

spur dark gray; tarsal segments gray on outer side.

Abdomen gray dorsally, ocherous white ventrally.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11827. Harpe broad and

lightly sclerotized basally, constricted at middle, curved

to cucullus; cucullus rounded; sacculus produced at

middle, apically rounded. Gnathos a digitate process.

Uncus narrowly triangular; laterally a row of stiff
NUMBER 5 6 179

138a

i'l'.v"-:-. •.•'•v t*-;?f

138b

FIGURE 138.—Stathmopoda percnophthalma, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with

left harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.

setae directed ventrad. Vinculum a broad band produced dorsally. Tegumen broad basally, abruptly narrowed before middle. Anellus membranous. Aedeagus

stout, apically terminating in a ventral point.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11828. Ostium very

broad, funnel shaped. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis from junction of ductus

bursae and bursa copulatrix. Ductus brusae short,

membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous, ornamented posteriorly with very fine, weak ridges. Signum

pyramidal.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70117.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 950' (292 m).

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the d holotype (23.X.1963), 53

c? o" and 32 $ $ paratypes from the following localities: Anatakuri Bay, 0* (28.XI.1963); Haurei, 3 o* o*

(8.X-18.XI.1963); Maii Bay, $ (23.X.1963); Maugaoa, 950' (292 m), 13 0*0", 7 $ $ (2.XI.-11.XII.

1963); Maurua, 600' (184 m), 11 <? &, 5 ° $

(16.IX-22.X.1963); Morogouta, 750' (231 m), <?, 2

? $ (10.X.1963); Point Tepapa, $ (26.XI.1963);

Teumukopuke, 500' (154 m), 9 dV , 4 $ $

(7.X-3.XI.1963); Tevaitau, 2OO'-8OO' (61-245 m),

15 0*0*, 12 $ ? (29.IX.-1.X.1963).

In color this approaches perfuga, but it is grayer and

is a smaller species. Moreover, perfuga never exhibits

a pale basal angle of the forewing as does

percnophthalma.
18

0

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Stathmopoda argyrosticha, new species

FIOURE 140; PLATE 24<r, d

Alar expanse 8-10 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white with slight ochraceous

buff suffusion on outer side. Antenna very pale ochra-

ceous buff; scape ocherous white. Head ocherous white,

sometimes suffused ochraceous orange. Thorax ocher-

ous white, posteriorly ochraceous orange; tegula ocher-

ous white. Forewing ground color ocherous white;

extreme edge of basal third of costa black; from base

of wing to two-fifths a silver gray streak; from basal

angle an outwardly oblique ochraceous-orange or

ochraceous-tawny shade; on dorsum a similarly colored

crescentic mark and at end of cell a large, similarly

colored spot (in some specimens the ochraceous mark-

ings are suffused); apical third of wing frequently

wholly suffused ochraceous orange or ochraceous

tawny; cilia gray. Hind wing light gray, darker api-

cally; cilia gray. Foreleg ocherous white; tibia and

tarsal segments marked black; midleg ocherous white;

hind leg ocherous white; tibia with small, black apical

spot on outer side. Abdomen pale, gray dorsally, ocher-

ous white ventrally.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11829. Harpe broad

basally, weakly sclerotized; costa deeply excavated;

cucullus narrow; sacculus produced into a point.

Gnathos slender, pointed. Uncus broadly hoodshaped;

lateral row of stiff setae directed ventrad. Vinculum a

broad band, median part produced dorsally. Tegumen

broad basally, constricted at middle. Anellus membran-

ous. Aedeagus stout; ventrally apex bluntly pointed.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11830. Ostium broad,

transverse. Antrum slightly sclerotized. Inception of

ductus seminalis at junction of bursa copulatrix and

ductus bursae. Ductus bursae short, membranous.

Bursa copulatrix membranous, ornamented posteriorly

with very fine, weak ridges. Signum a sclerotized plate

with high, curved keel.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70084.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 950'(292 m).

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o* holotype (23.XI.1963), 14

cf d and 30 ? $ paratypes as follows: Anatakuri Bay,

c* (28.XI.1963); Haurei, 2 $ ? (22 and 24.XI.

FIGURE 139.—Stathmopoda percnophthalma, new species.

Ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 lfli

140a

FIGURE 140.—Stathmopoda argyrosticha, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
182 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

1963); Maugaoa, my-950'(245-292 m), 4 ^, 4

9 9 (18.IX.-23JCI.1963); Maurua, 600/(184 m), 6

0*0*, 9 ? $ (16.IX.-22JC.1963); Perau, IMP (585

m), 3 9 9 (15.X.1963); Piahu, 750'(231 m), 3 ? $

(11.X.1963); Point Tepapa, $ (26.XI.1963); Teumukopuke, 500^ 154 m), 2 0*0*, 3 $ $ (7.X.-3.XI.

1963); Tevaitau, 200/-800/(61-245 m), <?, 5 9 9

(23-29.IX.1963).

The two species, argyrosticha and percnophthalma,

are very closely related but can be distinguished easily

by the silver streak and bright coloring of argyrosticha,

which are absent in percnophthalma. The broad uncus

and elongate signum with high keel also distinguish

percnophthalma from argyrosticha.

In general appearance argyrosticha is nearest the

New Zealand caminora, but may be distinguished from

it by the lighter costal two-thirds of forewing.

Genus Lissocnemitis Meyrick

Lissocnemitis Meyrick, 1934, p. 352. (Type-species: Lissocnemitis argolyca Meyrick, 1934 [by monotypy].)

Meyrick's description of this genus was incomplete,

the venation being completely omitted: forewing with

12 veins; la and lb free, simple; 2 from well before

angle of cell; 3 from angle; 3, 4, 5, and 7 nearly equidistant; 6 and 8 out of the stalk of 7; 7 to costa; 9 approximate to the base of 7; 10 and 11 from near outer

end of cell. Hind wing with cell open, 6 veins; 2 and 3

from common stalk; 4 and 5 absent; 6 and 7 stalked.

In Meyrick's type the hind tibia have a few bristlelike hairs, not smooth as described. In this respect Lissocnemitis resembles closely the Australian Pachyrhabda and may, in fact, be synonymous. I have not

been able to compare the two genera.

Lissocnemitis argolyca Meyrick

PLATE 24/

Lissocnemitis argolyca Meyrick, 1934, p. 352.

TYPE.—Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu,

Hawaii.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Marquesas Islands, Hiva Oa,

Atuona Valley, 300 feet.

DISTRIBUTION.—Marquesas Islands, Rapa. One

specimen from Haurei (17.IX.1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Unfortunately, the abdomen of the single female

from Rapa is missing. The type is a male but there appears to be no doubt about the identity of the Rapa

specimen.

Family GRACILLARIIDAE

Genus Parectopa Clemens

Pare do pa Clemens, 1861, p. 209. (Type-species: Parectopa

lespedezaefoliella Clemens, 1861, p. 210 [by monotypy].)

Parectopa pontificalis Meyrick

FIGURES 141, 142; PLATE 23«; PLATE 29/

Parectopa pontificalis Meyrick, 1929, p. 505.

Parectopa pontificalus [sic!] Viette, 1949a, p. 316.

" ? . 10-11 mm. . . . Austral Is., Rurutu, up to 650

feet, March; 3 ex. This approaches still nearer than

the Samoan pyrelictis to the New Zealand miniella."

LECTOTYPE.— $ , 10 mm. "Rurutu, Austral Islands,

at light, 650 ft. 23.3.25. St. George Expedn. C. L.

Collenette." Slide JFGC 11474. A large label with

name and reference to original description and "Type

9 " is attached to pin. A small, white label bears the

inscription "P263." Lectotype hereby designated.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11786. Harpe simple,

narrow basally, widened toward cucullus; cucullus

rounded. Vinculum with very slender, greatly lengthened saccus, dilated distally. Tegumen very weakly

sclerotized. Anellus tubular, clothed with fine setae

on outer surface. Aedeagus twice as long as harpe,

nearly straight; vesica armed with about a dozen very

small, weak cornuti.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11475, 11789. Ostium

small, round. Antrum a narrow sclerotized band. Inception of ductus seminalis well removed anteriorly

from antrum. Ductus bursae long, slender. Bursa

copulatrix membranous. Signa two slightly curved

blades.

LECTOTYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Austral Islands, Rurutu.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rurutu, Rapa.

We have 17 o* 0* and 31 ? ? from the following

localities on the island: Maugaoa, 950^292 m), 2

o* o \ 2 ? $ ; Maurua, 60O'(184 m), d\ 9 5 Perau,

1900/(585 m), 2 $ $ ; Point Maraia, 4 tf o \ 4 9 9 ;

Pukutaketake, 1OOO/(3O7 m), 3 9 9 ; Point Teakauraee, 200'(61 m), 9 dV , 12 9 $ ; Tevaitau, 200'

(61 m), c*, 7 ? 9 . Emergence and collecting dates

ranged from 12.X.-11.XII. 1963.
DISTRIBUTION of the PLANT GENUS

Metrosidaros%at\4 Poroctopa pontificalia

and Allies A

FIGURE 141.—Distribution of Pareetopa pontifiealis Meyrick, its relatives, and the plant genus

Metrosideros.
184

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 142.—Parectopa pontificalis Meyrick: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 185

FOOD PLANT.—Metrosideros collina (Forster) A.

Gray [varieties glaberrima A. Gray (R2) and villosa

A.Gray(R3)].

The larval habits of pontificalis are rather involved.

First, the larva makes a tortuous serpentine mine, ending in a blotch mine at one edge of the leaf, and filled

with frass. When about half grown, the larva leaves

the blotch mine and migrates to a second leaf, which

it cuts from the edge toward the midrib. The cut edge

is rolled to form a cone (Figure 23) on the underside of

the leaf, with the apex of the cone pointing downward.

The larva continues to feed inside the cone until nothing but the thin upper epidermis remains to preserve

the shape. The cone becomes filled with frass at the

small end, or bottom. When the larva is fully fed it

cuts an exit hole, either in the base (upper end) or in

the side of the cone near the base. The larva then goes

to a third leaf, which it folds longitudinally at one

edge and pupates within the fold.

In the laboratory larvae preferred cellophane in

which to pupate and ignored fresh leaves.

The group to which pontificalis belongs contains

miniella (New Zealand), pyrelictis (Samoa), hieranthes, paradisic, and thriambica (Ceylon), gamelia

(Java), coccinea, zehntneri, and haemataula (India),

and collischema and tegulata (Assam).

It will be seen on the distribution map that the distribution of the group to which pontificalis belongs

follows very closely the distribution of the plant genus

Metrosideros. This is not to say, however, that all the

species indicated above feed on plants of this genus, but

the correlation is interesting.

Genus Gracillaria Haworth

Gracillaria Haworth, 1828, Lepidoptera Britannica, p. 527.

(Type-species: Gracillaria anastomosis Haworth, 1828,

p. 530 [synonym of Tinea syringella Fabricius, 1794, p. 328]

[subsequent designation by Curtis, 1883, p. 10, pi. 479].)

Gracillaria hilaropis Meyrick

FIGURE 143; PLATE 23g, h

Gracillaria hilaropis Meyrick, 1926, p. 274.—Viette, 1949a,

p. 316.

Gracillaria crypsidelta Meyrick, 1926, p. 275; 1929, p. 505.—

Viette, 1949a, p. 316.—Clarke, 1955, p. 106. (New

synonymy.)

[hilaropis]

"o" 9 • 12-13 mm., At80C; 3 ex."

LECTOTYPE.— $ , 13 mm. "Rapa Island, at light.

800 ft., 17.4.24, St. George Expedn. C. L. Gollenette,"

hereby designated. Slide JFGC 11383. This specimen

is marked "Type d1" in die British Museum (Natural

History).

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11384. Harpe simple,

widest beyond middle; cucullus truncate. Uncus

scarcely differentiated, rounded. Vinculum with saccus

broad, produced, nearly as long as harpe. Tegumen

moderately narrow. Anellus a narrow sclerotized plate;

posterior edge truncate. Aedeagus long, slender, gently

tapering to a blunt point.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11385. Ostium small,

transverse; lamella postvaginalis broadly sclerotized.

Antrum a narrow sclerotized band. Inception of ductus

seminalis at anterior edge of antrum. Ductus bursae

very slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous with very fine sculpturing. Signa two long,

slender, pointed rods.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Rapa {hilaropis, crypsidelta).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Of this species we have 9 cf <f and 9 ? ? from the

following localities: Anatakuri nako, <f, 3 $ $

(14.X.1963); Maugaoa, 950* (292 m), 4 cf cf, 2 $ $

(18.IX.-23.XI.1963); Maurua, 600' (184 m), g

(17.X.1963; Fiahu, 750' (231 m), (11.X.1963);

Teumukopuke, 500* (154 m), 2 cf cf, 3 ? ? (7.X.-

3.XI.1963); Tevaitau, 200* (61 m), $ (23.IX.1963).

This is a variable species, some of the females lacking almost all of the fuscous purple coloring.

The type of crypsidelta is in very poor condition,

without head or abdomen, and is no more than a

badly stained specimen of hilaropis. I am, therefore,

placing crypsidelta in synonymy.

Gracillaria verina, new species

FIGURE 144; PLATE 23/

Alar expanse 10 mm.

Labial palpus buff; second segment shaded ochraceous buff toward apex; third segment ochraceous buff.

Antenna buff, narrowly annulated grayish fuscous.

Head buff suffused gray on crown. Thorax buff

suffused grayish; tegula grayish fuscous anteriorly.

Forewing ground color buff, speckled grayish fuscous

and with brassy hue; base of costa grayish fuscous;

slightly beyond middle of costa a grayish-fuscous spot,
186 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

143 a

143 b

FIGURE 143.—Gracillaria hilaropis Meyrick: a, ventral view

of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed;

b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 187

two ill-defined similarly colored spots in fold and a

small, round, grayish-fuscous spot at end of cell; cilia

light gray. Hind wing grayish fuscous, somewhat paler

basally; cilia light gray. Foreleg buff; femur with

grayish-fuscous blotch distally on outer side; tibia

grayish fuscous on outer side; first tarsal segment

grayish fuscous, remaining segments with grayishfuscous spot distally; midleg similar; hind leg burl

with spot of grayish fuscous on middle of femur; tibia

suffused grayish; tarsal segments with ill-defined gray

spots distally. Abdomen grayish fuscous dorsally, buff

ventrally; segments 2, 3, and 4 each with black spot

laterally.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11898. Ostium narrow,

transverse, slitlike. Antrum narrowly sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis slightly anterior to antrum.

Ductus bursae membranous, slender. Bursa copulatrix

membranous, finely scobinate. Signa two curved, short

blades, the posterior one arising from a crescentic plate.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70109.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maugaoa, 800'(245 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the unique $ holotype (18.IX.-

1963).

The obvious difference between verina and hilaropis

is the complete absence of any sign of the large, yellow

costal triangle of forewing in the former. The much

shorter signa of verina immediately distinguish it from

hilaropis. Unfortunately, the male of verina is

unknown.

FIGURE 144.—Gracillaria verina, new species: a, ventral view

of female genitalia; b, detail of wall of bursa copulatrix.
138 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Family TINEIDAE

Key to the Genera of Tineidae

1. Apex of forewing upturned Dicadarckis

Apex of forewing not upturned 2

2. Vein 2 of hind wing swollen at base and from middle of cell ChoropUca

Vein 2 of hind wing not as above 3

3. Forewing with 12 veins, all separate 4

Forewing otherwise 5

4. Hind wing with 8 veins, all separate Pituia

Hind wing with 7 veins; 5 and 6 coincident Pnuactdts

5. Forewing with fovea Monopis

Forewing without fovea 6

6. Forewing with 11 veins, all separate 8

Forewing with 12 veins 7

7. Forewing with 7 and 8 connate or stalked Nesoxena

Forewing with 7, 8, and 9 stalked Setomorpha

8. Cell of forewing broadest near outer end; veins 2-9 bunched from end Biastolemma

Cell of forewing narrowed outwardly, veins 2 and 9 distant from others Erechthias

Genus Setomorpha Zeller

Setomorpha Zeller, 1852, p. 95. (Type-species: Setomorpha

rutella Zeller, 1852, p. 96 [by monotypy].)

Setomorpha rutella Zeller

FIGURE 145; PLATE 25«

Setomorpha rutella Zeller, 1852, p. 96.—Diakonoff, 1938,

pp. 399-414, figs. 1-10.—Ghesquiere, 1940, p. 11, pi. 3:

fig. 4; 1941, p. 763.—Corbet and Tarns, 1943, pp. Ill,

119, figs. 200, 235, 262, pL 5: figs. 9, 10.—Hinton, 1956,

p. 261.—Viette, 1956, p. 533.—Gozmany, 1967, pp. 1-100,

figs. 1-98:

Male genitalia slides JFGG 11272, 11757. Harpe

broadest toward base, fleshy; cucullus terminating in

a strong, sharply pointed hook. Gnathos absent. Uncus

absent. Vinculum narrow, produced into a long,

dilated median process. Tegumen subrectangular.

Anellus strongly developed, narrow, fused with base

of harpe. Aedeagus slightly longer than tegumen,

slender, tapering to a point apically.

Female genitalia slides JFGG 11273, 11758. Ostium

wide, transverse, somewhat protruding. Antrum not

differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis at about

anterior fourth of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae membranous. Signum absent

TYPE.—Stockholm Museum {rutella).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Africa {rutella).

DISTRIBUTION.—General in the tropical and subtropical regions.

From Rapa we have 4 o* o" and 2 $ $ (10.IX.-

28.X.63), all collected in our dwelling at Haurei.

FOODS.—A wide variety of stored vegetable and

animal materials.

Diakonoff (1938) has given a full and excellent

account of this species, including synonymy, distribution, and habits, and it would belabor the point to

repeat it here. Hinton (1956) has presented a discussion of the species and excellent figures of the larval

characters. I have added recent references to this

species.

Genus Monopis Hubner

Monopis Hubner, 1825, p. 401. (Type-species: Tinea rustir

cella Hubner, 17%, pi. 3: fig. 17; [1810] 1813, pL 49: fig.

339 [by monotypy].)

Monopis crocicapitella (Clemens)

FIGURE 146,147; PLATE 25/

Tinea crocicapitella Clemens, 1860, p. 258; 1872, pp. 49,

51.—Chambers, 1878, p. 163.—Walsingham, 1882, p.

170.—Busck, 1903, p. 184.

Monopis crocicapitella (Clemens), Dyar, 1903, p. 570.—

Dietz, 1905, p. 33.—Walsingham, 1907, p. 728.—Barnes

and McDunnough, 1917, p. 193.—Meyrick, 1922, p. 269.—

McDunnough, 1939, p. 105.—Rebel, 1940, p. 45.—Ghesquiere, 1940, pp. 1, 5.—Hinton and Corbet, 1943, p. 33,

fig. 63.—Woodroffe and Southgate, 1952, p. 288.—Janmoulle, 1955, p. 4.—Petersen, 1957, p. 168, figs. 139,

140.—Schaffner, 1959, p. 47.—Petersen, 1960, p. 231.—

Capuse and Georgescu, 1963, p. [829], figs. 1-9.—Petersen,

1964, p. 405.—Kimball, 1965, p. 300, no. 9635.—Clarke,

1965, p. 103.—Gozmany, 1967, p. 19.

Tinea hyalinella Staudinger, 1871, p. 229.
NUMBER 5 6 189

Blabophanes lombardica Hering, 1889, p. 295.

Blabophanes heringi Richardson, 1893, p. 14.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11404, 11405. Harpe

more than twice as long as wide, costal and ventral

edges nearly parallel; cucullus bluntly pointed.

Gnathos stout; lateral elements separate, pointed

distally. Uncus as long as gnathos; divided. Vinculum a

narrow ring; saccus longer than harpe, slender. Tegumen narrow. Anellus membranous, tubular. Aedeagus

slightly longer than saccus; sharply pointed distally.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11762. Ostium transverse, wide, ventral lip produced, sclerotized, posterior

edge concave. Antrum broadly sclerotized. Inception of

ductus seminalis at junction of antrum and membranous portion of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae

FIGURE 145.—Setomorpha rutella Zeller: a, ventral view

of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed;

b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

145 b

145 c
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

146 a

146 b

i

FIGURE 146.—Monopis crocicapitella (Clemens): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, lateral aspect, outline of male genitalia to show

uncus and gnathos, and aedeagus in situ.

membranous, not sharply differentiated from bursa

copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signa about

30 sharp, dentate processes forming a ring.

TYPES.—Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (crocicapitella); ? (hyalinella), Museum Stettin;

(lombardica), British Museum (Natural History) ?

(heringi).

TYPE LOCALITIES. "North America" (crocicapitella) ; Greece (hyalinella); Europe (lombardica);

England (heringi).

DISTRIBUTION.—Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii,

South America, Africa, Saint Helena, North America,

French Polynesia.

Our Rapa specimens are distributed as follows:

Anatakuri nako, <? (14.X.1963); Maurua, 600' (184

m), 7 o* cf, ? (16.IX.-25.X.1963); Tevaitau, 200'-

7(XF(61-215 m), 4 tf o* (21.IX.-1.X.1963).

FOODS.—Textiles, furs, and refuse.

Undoubtedly crocicapitella is carried in commerce

and is much more widely distributed than present
NUMBER 5 6 191

147

S3K/HTH1

records indicate. Because of its habits it occurs in

habitations as well as out-of-doors.

Genus Praeacedes Amsel

Praeacedes Amsel, 1954, p. 55 (Type-species: Praeacedes

deluccae Amsel, 1954, p. 55 [by monotypy].)

Praeacedes thecophora (Walsingham)

FIGURES 148, 149; PLATE 25C, d

Tinea thecophora Walsingham, 1908, p. 1024.—Rebel,

1940b, p.45.

Titaenoses thecophora (Walsingham), Peterson, 1958, p. 417.

Praeacedes deluccae Amsel, 1954, p. 55, fig. 7; 1955, p. 29.

Tinea despecta Meyrick, 1919, p. 274.—Viette, 1949a, p. 316.

(New synonymy.)

Male genitalia slides JFGC 10768, 11270, 11302,

11303, 11304, 11906. Harpe nearly four times as long

as wide; cucullus rounded. Gnathos a broad band with

posterior, median point. Uncus wide basally with long

median point. Vinculum a narrow ring, saccus extremely slender, slightly longer than harpe. Tegumen

broad, short, strongly arched. Anellus tubular; dorsoposterior edge deeply concave; ventral side flattened,

subrectangular in outline. Aedeagus with two long,

slender elements.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11271, 11305, 11306,

11307, 11440, 11907. Ostium small, irregular, proFIOURZ 147.—Mono pis erode apitella (Clemens): a, ventral

view of female genitalia; b, signa, enlarged; c, sderotized

plates in (?) receptaculum seminalis.

147 b
192 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 5 6

193

FIGURE 149.—Praeacedes thecophora (Walsingham): a,

ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus

removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

truding. Genital plate sclerotized, posteriorly produced

in two lateral lobes. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis well before ostium. Ductus

bursae membranous with broad granular band slightly

posterior to bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signa two irregular, sclerotized plates.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History) thecophora, despecta); Delucca collection, Malta

(deluccae).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Brazil (thecophora); British

Guiana (despecta); Malta (deluccae).

DISTRIBUTION.—North, Central, and South America, Borneo, Ceylon, Formosa, Azores, Teneriffe, Rapa,
194 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Hawaii.

In the National Museum of Natural History collection we have specimens from Caracas, Venezuela (14.

VII.1939, C. H. Ballou 1064, Rf. wool), Cordoba,

Mexico (Knab collection reared together with Tineola

uterella Walsingham?), and two North American

localities: Merritt Island, Florida (12.111.56. Howden

and Howells. Rf. horned owl nest); Charleston, South

Carolina (November 1951, M. Leland).

From Rapa we have 16 o* o* and 22 ? ? from

Haurei. The dates range from 12.LX. to 3.XII.1963.

FOODS.—Refuse, etc.

Obviously, the presence of thecophora on Rapa can

be explained by its having been introduced in commerce. We can account for its wide distribution, mostly

in tropical areas, in the same manner.

The usual behavior of thecophora is similar to that

of Pheroeca walsinghami (Busck), both commonly

being found when their case-making larvae crawl up

the walls of houses, inside or out The name "plaster

moth" is frequently applied to these species because

of this habit

We found thecophora commonly in our small dwelling on Rapa where the case-carrying larvae were

crawling up the plaster walls or the adults were flying

about the house along with Setomorpha rutella Zeller.

The males of thecophora are easily distinguished

from other tineids by the peculiar, divided aedeagus.

Meyrick (1919, p. 274) said of this species, "The only

species known to me in which 5 and 6 of hindwings

are normally coincident ....* ' This character is constant in all the Rapa specimens except a male in which

an additional vein is lost in the hind wing and a female

with 5 and 6 connate, not coincident, as found by

Meyrick.

Petula, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Petula phalarata, new species by

monotypy and present designation.

Antenna about as long as forewing in male, fasciculate, long ciliated; in $ about three-fifths length of

forewing, serrulate, finely ciliated. Labial palpus upturned, slender; third segment fourth-fifths the length

of second. Maxillary palpus minute, four-segmented;

apical segment pointed, penultimate segment with

spreading scales. Tongue rudimentary, maxillae separate. Head rough; ocelli absent Thorax smooth. Posterior tibia clothed with hairlike scales. Forewing

smooth, termen oblique, costa slightly arched, dorsal

edge nearly straight, 12 veins, all separate; 2 from outer

three-fourths of cell; 3 from angle; 4 twice as far from

5 as it is from 3; 7 to costa; 10 twice as far from 9 as

9 is from 8; 11 from basal fourth of cell. Hind wing

with 8 veins, all separate; 2 from outer fourth; 5, 6,

and 7 nearly equidistant.

MALE OENITALIA.—Gnathos absent. Uncus absent

or rudimentary.

FEMALE OENITALIA.—Signum absent.

Petula is closely related to the Australian-Tasmanian

genus Chrysoryctis, but differs from it primarily by the

long, slender labial palpus and fasciculate, long-ciliated

antenna of the male.

Petula phalarata,, new species

FIGURES 150,151; PLATES 24f, 25g, h

Alar expanse 9-16 mm.

Labial palpus fuscous black; inner side gray.

Antenna gray, annulated fuscous black. Head cream

buff; face suffused grayish. Thorax fuscous black. Forewing ground color fuscous black; on middle of dorsum

a cream buff spot (in female the spot suffused, larger,

and not sharply defined as in male), sometimes extended as a narrow cream buff line on dorsal edge; at

end of cell an ill-defined black spot Hind wing gray,

paler basally, with brassy hue. Forelegs and midlegs

buff, overlaid dark gray on outer sides; tarsal segments

narrowly annulated buff; hind leg dark gray; tarsal

segments annulated buff. Abdomen gray.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11436. Harpe broad,

short; cucullus narrow, recurved, bluntly pointed;

sacculus strongly convex; costa concave. Vinculum unusually broad and heavy; saccus a short, broad pocket.

Tegumen narrowed posteriorly. Socii fingerlike.

Anellus a strongly sclerotized plate, semitubular posteriorly. Aedeagus slender, straight, narrowed distally.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11449. Ostium very

small, semicircular. Genital plate moderately sclerotized. Antrum narrowly sclerotized. Inception of

ductus seminalis slightly anterior to antrum. Ductus

bursae membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous.

Signum absent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70111.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the <? holotype (29.X.1963), 10
NUMBER 5 6 195

il50d

:••: *

150e

150f

FIGURE 150.—Petula phalarata, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, lateral aspect of head

showing palpus; c, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; d,

aedeagus; e, posterior leg; /, ventral view of female genitalia.
FIGURE 151.—Petula phalarata, new species. Anterior view

of denuded head showing mouthparts.

cf cf and 2 ? ? paratypes as follows: Haurei, 7 cf cf,

2 ? $ (28.X.-23.XI.1963); Pake Bay, cf (31.X.

1963); Point Teakauraee, 2 cf cf (2.XI.1963).

Several of our specimens were beaten from

Pandanus, where the larva is probably a refuse-feeder,

and from tree trunks.

The females average much larger than the males and

the ground color tends to be a little lighter. The black

spot at end of cell is thus more clearly denned in the

females (Plate

Genus Erechthias Meyrick

Erechthias Meyrick, 1880, p. 261. (Type-species: Erechthias

charadrota Meyrick, 1880, p. 268 [designated by Fletcher,

1929, p. 83].)

Erechthias zebrina (Butler)

FIGURES 152, 153; PLATE 27/I

Argyresthia zebrina Butler, 1881, p. 403.

Ereunetis zebrina (Butler), Walsingham, 1907, p. 715, pi.

25: fig. 16.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Ereunetis lanceolata Walsingham, 1897, p. 158.—Forbes,

1930, p. 148; 1931, p. 382.

Ereunetis xenica Meyrick, 1911, p. 301.

Comodica lanceolata (Walsingham), Walsingham, 1914, p.

346.

Erechthias zebrina (Butler), Meyrick, 1915, p. 253; 1930,

p. 322.—Viette, 1949a, p. 316.

Erechtias [sicf] zebrina (Butler), Gresquiere, 1940, p. 86.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11759, JDB. 1965.

Harpe broadest at base, tapered evenly to the bluntly

pointed cucullus. Uncus rather broad, divided posteriorly, lightly sclerotized laterally. Vinculum a broad

band; saccus elongate, narrow. Tegumen a narrow

band. Anellus semitubular. Aedeagus long, very

slender, curved; vesica armed with an elongate cluster

of spiculate cornuti.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11760. Ostium oval,

small, ventral lip strongly sclerotized. Inception of

ductus seminalis at posterior fourth of ductus bursae.

Ductus bursae membranous except for lightly

sclerotized posterior fourth; anteriorly ornamented

with fine transverse ridges. Signum a moderately narrow crescentic plate; capitulum prominent, narrowly

pyramidal.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Honolulu, Hawaii (zebrina);

Saint Thomas, Danish, West Indies (lanceolata);

Seychelles, Cascade Estate, Mahe (xenica).

DISTRIBUTION.—Pantropical: Brazil, Saint Thomas,

Porto Rico, Mexico, Panama Canal Zone, Cuba,

Jamaica, Seychelles, Mauritius, Ceylon, India, Java,

Summatra, Assam, Belgian Congo, Cameroun, Madagascar, Hawaii, Rapa. From Rapa we have the following: Haurei, 5 cfcf, ? (21.IX.-22.XI.1963).

FOOD PLANTS.—Fruits of Cola acuminata Schott and

Endl., and of false cotton; galls of Lophira data

Banks; also abandoned cocoons (Ghesquiere, 1940, p87).

Two or our specimens were beaten from Pandanus

where, undoubtedly, the larvae had fed on dry or

decaying vegetable matter.

The genitalia of zebrina indicate a very close affinity

to species of Decadarchis.

Genus Nesoxena Meyrick

Nesoxena Meyrick, 1929, p. 506. (Type-species: Nesoxena

strangulata Meyrick, 1929, p. 507 [by monotypy].)

Caryolestis Meyrick, 1934, p. 109. (Type-species: Caryolettis

praedatrix Meyrick, 1934, p. 110 [by monotypy].) (New

synonymy.)
Distribution of the Species ERECHTHIAS ZEBRINA (Butler)

FIGURE 152.—Distribution of Erechthias zebrina (Butler).
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 153.—Erechthias zebrina (Butler): a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 199

The type of strangulata is practically denuded and

any reference to color, except the yellowish sex scaling

on the hind wing, is purely imaginary. Moreover, the

abdomen is missing, the thorax is a mere skeleton, and

the wings are damaged. The only possible excuse

Meyrick could have had for describing this moth was

his fascination for the venation of the hind wing—a

secondary sexual character! The same venation as seen

in pandani, described below, is absent in the male of

praedatrix, though the latter is obviously congeneric.

Unquestionably strangulata is closely related to pandani from Rapa, if not conspecific, but the latter point

cannot be determined until more material is obtained

from the Tuamotus.

In Meyrick's description of Caryolestis he states:

Forewing lb simple, 2 from angle 2b [3?] equidistant, 7 to

costa, 7 and 8 in male short-stalked, in female parallel, 8-10

from near end of cell, 11 from towards base. Hindwings . . .

in male 2 from near angle, 2 and 3 closely approximated

towards base, in female 2 from 5/6, 3 from angle not approximated, 4 absent in both sexes; 5 and 6 in male shortstalked, in female nearly parallel, 5-7 more crowded together

in male than in female.

An examination of the denuded type cf wing reveals

some quite different characters: lb is furcate, not simple; 2 and 3 are stalked from angle. In the hind wing

2 actually arises well before 3+4 but runs parallel and

therefore gives the superficial appearance of approximation to them; 7 also is absent, but a very strong vein

8 arises at base and runs to costa before apex.

Nesoxena praedatrix (Meyrick), new combination

FIGURES 154, 155

Caryolestis praedatrix Meyrick, 1934, p. 110.—Viette, 1949a,

p. 316.

TYPE.—Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu,

Hawaii.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Tahiti, Tetiaroa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tahiti.

To date praedatrix is known only from Tahiti but

the species described below is similar and nearly related

to it.

FOOD PLANT.—Cocos nucifera L.

Nesoxena pandani, new species

FIGURES 156, 157; PLATE 25a, b; PLATE 29C

Alar expanse 16-23 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white; second segment mostly

overlaid fuscous on outer side with a few pure white

scales mixed: third segment sparsely irrorate with

fuscous. Antenna ocherous white, irregularly marked

with short grayish streaks; scape ocherous white,

notched distally. Head ocherous white, slightly darker

on crown. Thorax olive brown. Forewing ground color

deep olive buff; base olive brown, this shade fading

toward tornus and costal half of wing; extreme dorsal

edge of dark shade, brown; dorsum narrowly ocherous

white to tornus; a slender, longitudinal, black streak

on tornal edge; entire surface of wing with sparse,

scattered grayish or brownish scales; cilia deep olive

buff. Hind wing olive buff; modified costal scales of

male ocherous white to yellowish; cilia very pale olive

buff. Foreleg ocherous white heavily overlaid fuscous;

midleg similar, but fuscous marking reduced to streaks

and spots; hind leg ocherous white; tibial vestiture

more ochraceous buff.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11391. Harpe broadest

about middle; costa abruptly notched at outer third,

then concave; cucullus rounded. Uncus divided distally; narrowly sclerotized laterally with lateral row

of setae. Vinculum a narrow band; saccus broad, half

as long as harpe. Tegumen a moderately wide band.

Anellus cup shaped basally, constricted beyond middle,

posteriorly crescentic. Aedeagus about as long as harpe,

slender, pointed; vesica unarmed.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11435, 11695. Ostium

small, cup shaped. Inception of ductus seminalis

slightly anterior to ostium. Ductus bursae long, slender,

membranous, gradually widening where it joins bursa

copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum a

crescentic plate; capitulum short, stout.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70110.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander (R26)

{fata).

Described from the o" holotype (Em. 27.IX.1963),

30 cf cf and 33 9° . paratypes all from Haurei

(12.IX-28.XI. 1963) except: Anatakuri nako, ?

(14.X.1963); Point Maraia, d (31.X.1963); Point

Tepapa, $ (26.XI.1963). All dates include emergence

of the reared specimens as well as those beaten from

Pandanus.

The larva of pandani feeds on the dead tissue of the

dry, hanging leaves within the rolled edges. The prepupal larva constructs a long, spindle-shaped cocoon
200

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

1

1

1

I

I

i
NUMBER 5 6 201

FIGURE 155.—Nesoxena praedatrix (Meyrick): a, venatii

of right wings; b, ventral view of male genitalia with 1<

harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus.
202 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 156.—Nesoxena pandani, new species: a, venation

of male right wings; b, venation of female right wings; c,

ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagui

removed; d, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 203

157 //

FIGURE 157.—Nesoxena pandani, new species. Ventral view

of female genitalia.

/
V

distribution of the Genus DEGA0AARCHIS

FIGURE 158.—Distribution of the genus Decadarchis Meyrick.
NUMBER 5 6 205

of fibers (Plate 29c) and silk, sometimes as long as

45 mm. The pupa is extruded at the time of emergence.

The Tahitian praedatrix and pandani are similar in

appearance, but the male of pandani has an elongate

patch of modified scales on the upper side of the hind

wing, as in strangulata, which is absent in praedatrix.

As can be seen from the figures of the genitalia, the

two species are very close structurally as well as in

superficial appearance. The chief points of difference

in the male genitalia lie in the costa and base of the

harpe, the latter having a double extension (articulation) of the costa in pandani and a single extension

in praedatrix.

Nesoxena semifusca (Bradley), new combination

Decadarchis semifusca Bradley, 1961, p. 165, pi. 7: fig. 14,

pi. 19: figs. 13, 14.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Ontong Java, Leuaniua.

DISTRIBUTION.—Ontong Java.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

C. semifusca is similar to praedatrix but costa of

harpe is not deeply notched as in that species.

I have included semifusca here to bring together the

four known, strikingly similar species of this genus,

but semifusca, strangulata, and praedatrix do not

occur on Rapa.

Genus Decadarchis Meyrick

Decadarchis Meyrick, 1886, p. 290. (Type-species:

Decadarchis melanastra Meyrick, 1886, p. 291 [by

monotypy].)

Decadarchis pelotricha Meyrick

FIGURES 159, 160; PLATE 27C, d; PLATE Z9g, h, i, j

Decadarchis pelotricha Meyrick, 1926, pp. 275, 506.—Viette,

1949a, p. 316.

"cf, 15-16 mm. .. . At 800 feet; 3 ex."

LECTOTYPE.—The male in the British Museum

(Natural History) labeled "TYPE cf " hereby designated. It is labeled "Rapa Island. At light, 11.4.25.

St. George Expedn. C. L. Collenette." A small, white

label bears the inscription "M96." In addition there is

the large label with the name and reference to the

original description. Slide JFGC 11392.

382-271 O—71 14

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11396. Harpe broadest

beyond middle; costa sharply convex; cucullus deeply

excavated. Uncus divided distally, weakly sclerotized

laterally. Vinculum broad; saccus produced. Tegumen

a narrow band. Anellus cup shaped proximally, concave distally. Aedeagus long, slender, slightly bent;

vesica armed with one short, strong cornutus.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11393, 11694. Ostium

narrow, longitudinal. Inception of ductus seminalis

well before ostium. Ductus bursae slender, membranous. Bursa copulatrix ornamented with a reticulum of

fine ridges. Signum a large, broadly C-shaped plate;

capitulum elongate, rectangular.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

We have 18 cf cf and 4 $ ? from the following

localities: Anatakuri nako, cf (14.X.1963); Haurei,

5 cf cf, 3 ? ? (13.IX.10.XII. 1963); Maurua, 600'

(184 m), cf, ? , (16.IX and 17.X.1963); Morogouta,

750'(231 m), cf (7.X.1963); Point Maraia, (2.XI.

1963); Teumukopuke, 500'(154 m), 8 cf cf (7.X.-3.

XI.1963); Tevaitau, 800'(245 m), cf (29.IX.1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander (R26).

Our reared specimens were obtained from the dead

wood of Pandanus. Pupation occurs within the burrow

and the cocoon is constructed of frass, bits of wood, and

silk. The pupa is extruded at the time of emergence.

The majority of our specimens was collected by

beating the dead leaves in which the adults hide during the daytime.

Decadarchis cirrhogramma, new species

FIGURE 161; PLATE 266

Alar expanse 14—18 mm.

Labial palpus light ochraceous buff; second segment

with olive brown line on outer side dorsally; basal half

of third segment olive brown on outer side. Antenna

light ochraceous buff; scape olive brown dorsally and

with conspicuous, dorsal, subterminal notch in male;

female with irregular olive brown spotting on shaft.

Head ochraceous buff suffused brownish. Thorax olive

brown. Forewing ground color olive brown; from base

to tornus, along fold, an irregular ochraceous-buff line,

distinct in male, almost obliterated by ground color in

female; cilia olive brown except some ochraceous buff

at tornal edge. Hind wing brownish gray; cilia con-
206 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

<V4

159b • •

• c

FIGURE 159.—Decadarchis pelotricha Meyrick: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe

and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 207

FIGURE 160.—Decadarchis pelotricha Meyrick: a, venation

of male right wings; b, venation of female right wings; c.

ventral view of female genitalia.
208 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 161.—Decadarchis cirrhogramma, new species: a,

ventral view of female genitalia; b, ventral view of male

genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus.
NUMBER 5 6 209

colorous. Foreleg and midleg dull, pale ochraceous

buff overlaid brownish on outer sides; hind leg similarly colored except tibia clothed with light gray scales

and hairlike scales; tarsal segments faintly annulated

gray. Abdomen shining brownish gray, rough scaled

along pleura; in male 6th segment with long hairlike

scales posterodorsally; eversible glandular sacs posterolaterally on second segment.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11443. Harpe broad;

costa strongly convex with strong setal patch about

middle; ventral margin gently convex, with deep excavation before the pointed cucullus. Uncus broad,

divided apically. Vinculum very broad, truncated

anteriorly. Tegumen a very narrow ring. Anellus deeply

cup shaped, anteriorly, broadly Y-shaped posteriorly.

Aedeagus long, stout; vesica armed with one long,

strongly sclerotized cornutus.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11444. Ostium small,

round. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of ductus

seminalis slightly anterior to ostium. Ductus bursae

membranous with small pocket at junction with bursa

copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix membranous with very

weak reticulum of small ridges. Signum a broad, curved

plate; capitulum prominent, dilated distally.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70115.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Perau, 190O'(575 m).

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o* holotype (15.X.1963) and

4 $ ? paratypes as follows: 3 ? ? , Perau, 1900'(585

m) (15.X.1963); ? , Maugaoa, 950(292 m) (23.XI.

1963).

The male genitalia place cirrhogramma in the

pelotricha-pagophila group, but the extremely long

cornutus of cirrhogramma immediately distinguishes

it from both. In coloring, this species resembles

phaeoptera, but cirrhogramma is a much smaller insect and the former lacks any suggestion of the

ochraceous-buff, longitudinal line.

Decadarchis pagophila, new species

FIGURE 162; PLATE 26a

Alar expanse 13-14 mm.

Labial palpus white, slightly suffused pale buff; second segment fuscous ventrally. Antenna warm buff;

scape deeply notched subapically. Head white, suffused

pale buff; some fuscous below scape. Thorax white;

posteriorly a small, median fuscous spot; tegula fuscous

basally. Fore wing ground color white, suffused buff;

base of costa broadly fuscous, this shade continued to

apex as a strong, longitudinal, median line; from midcosta a slender, outwardly oblique, fuscous streak;

beyond this a very slender fuscous line meets a similar

terminal line at apex; well inside dorsal edge a slender,

longitudinal fuscous streak; cilia white with subterminal and terminal fuscous bands. Hind wing very pale

grayish; cilia white suffused pale buff. Foreleg femur

buff overlaid fuscous on outer side; tibia and tarsus

fuscous; midleg similar except tarsal segments buff,

spotted fuscous dorsally; hind leg buff; 3rd and 4th

tarsal segments with small fuscous spot basally.

Abdomen buff.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11451. Harpe broad;

costa strongly convex; cucullus pointed; sacculus produced apically as a blunt point. Uncus divided posteriorly. Vinculum broad U-shaped. Tegumen very

short, broad, dorsoposteriorly a narrow band only.

Anellus a broad, deep cup anteriorly, straplike posteriorly. Aedeagus slender, slightly curved; vesica

armed with one strong, curved cornutus.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70112.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Tevaitau, 800/(245 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the o" holotype (29.IX.1963) and

2 cf d1 paratypes with identical data.

In superficial appearance pagophila resembles

sphenacma, but the median longitudinal line of

pagophila is much stronger than that of sphenacma,

the costa is straighter than that of the latter, and

pagophila is a smaller insect. They can be distinguished

easily by the genitalia as will be seen by a comparison

of the figures.

Decadarchis sphenacma Meyrick

FIGURE 163; PLATE 27 a, b; PLATE 296

Decadarchis sphenacma Meyrick, 1926, pp. 275, 506.

Decadarchis citrogramma Meyrick, 1931b, p. 165. (New

synonymy.)

[sphenacma]

"cf ? • 15-26 mm. .. . At low level; 4 ex."

LECTOTYPE.— $ , 26 mm. "Rapa Island. At light,

14.4.25 St. George Expedn. C. L. Collenette," hereby
210 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 162.—Decadarchis pagophila, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.

designated. Slide JFGG 11394. A small, white label

bears the inscription "M93." A third label gives the

name and reference to the original description and is

marked "TYPE" at lower left

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11763. Harpe broadest

beyond middle, costa convex, ventral edge gently

rounded, cucullus pointed. Uncus half as long as harpe,

divided, weakly sclerotized laterally. Vinculum narrow, elongate, saccus produced. Tegumen bandlike,

very narrow mediodorsally. Anellus elongate, deeply

cupped proximally; distal edge concave. Aedeagus long,

slender, gently curved; vesica armed with one strong

cornutus.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11395. Ostium small,

longitudinal, V-shaped. Inception of ductus seminalis

near anterior third of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae

membranous, broadened before bursa copulatrix.

Bursa copulatrix lined with network of small, irregular

ridges. Signum a large, broadly crescentic plate; capitulum prominent, subrectangular.

TYPES.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Rapa (sphenacma); Fiji, Lautoka (citrogramma).

DISTRIBUTION.—Fiji and Rapa.

The specimens before me are from the following

localities on the island: Haurei, 2 cf o*, 2 ? $ (18.X.-

11.XII.1963); Morogouta, 750' (231 m), d (10.-

X.1963); Point Tepapa, $ (26.XI.1963).

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander (fruitstalk).
NUMBE

R 5 6 21

1

Five of our six specimens were either reared or

beaten from Pandanus, but it seems likely that any

dead or dry vegetable refuse would provide suitable

food.

I have compared the types of sphenacma and citrogramma, and our Rapa material, and am convinced of the synonymy.

Decadarchis minuscula (Walsingham)

FIGURE 164; PLATE 26*,/

Ereunetis minuscula Walsingham, 1897, p. 155; 1907, p. 716.

—Swezey, 1909, p. 12, pi. 2: figs. 7-9.—Busck, 1911,

p. 80.—Walsingham, 1914, p. 347.—Forbes, 1930, p. 147.

—Williams, 1931, p. 156, pi. 26: figs. 7-9.

FIGURE 163.—Decadarchis sphenacma Meyrick: a, ventral

view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus re-

moved ; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
212

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

/ ^

164b

FIGURE 164.—Decadarchis minuscula (Walsingham): a,

ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus

removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

Decadarchis minuscula (Walsingham), Meyrick, 1929, p. 505.

—Ghesquiere, 1940, p. 86.—Vesey-FitzGerald, 1941, p.

158.—Swezey, 1942, p. 215.—Viette, 1949a, p. 316.—

Davis, 1953, p. 85.—Swezey, 1954, pp. 21, 147, 160, 187.—

Diakonoff, 1967, p. 265, fig. 762.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11407, 11792. Harpe

widest at middle; costa slightly concave before middle;

cucullus rounded. Uncus divided posteriorly, lightly

sclerotized laterally. Vinculum elongate; saccus nearly

as long as harpe, terminating in a point. Tegumen a

moderately broad band. Anellus narrow, cup shaped

proximally. Aedeagus long, slender, curved; vesica

armed with one conspicuous, sharply pointed cornutus.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11761. Ostium small,

elongate, ventral lip concave. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis well before
NUMBER 5 6 213

ostium. Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa copulatrix

membranous. Signum a short, wide, spatulate plate;

capitulum columnar, slightly longer than signum.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—West Indies.

DISTRIBUTION.—Pantropical. West Indies, Virgin

Islands, Florida, Hawaii, Marquesas Islands, Rapa,

Tahiti, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Seychelles, Samoa, Nigeria, Belgian Congo, Java, Guyana (from gall on

mango). The Rapa specimens are from: Haurei, $

(13.IX.1963); Tevaitau, 20O'(61 m), 2 d d (22.-

IX. 1963).

FOOD PLANTS.—The dead or decaying tissue of many

hosts such as coconut, Pandanus, acacia, cacao, and

Thespesia.

As our few records indicate, the species was not

common on Rapa while we were there. Busck provides

an interesting item concerning minuscula in his report

recorded in the Proceedings of the Entomological

Society of Washington, 1911, p. 81 :

Mr. Busck said that he looked under the floor of the warehouse at Baracoa [Cuba], which was elevated about 4 feet

above the ground, and thought he saw merely rough boards

until a flying moth apparently disappeared through a crack;

he then looked closer and realized that the rough appearance

of the boards was effected by thousands of these moths resting

close together under the floor, and he then found the cracks

of the floor filled with the galleries of the larvae.

This species does not appear in our North American lists although Busck clearly records it from Florida

in the aforementioned article.

Decadarchis flavistriata (Walsingham)

FIGURE 165; PLATES 27<r, 29d

Ereunetis flavistriata Walsingham, 1907, p. 716, pi. 25: fig.

18.—Swezey, 1909, p. 9, pi. 2: figs. 1-6.—Williams, 1931,

p. 152, pi. 25: figs. 1-2, pi. 26: figs. 1-6.—Viette, 1951,

p. 14.—Shiroma, 1963, p. 209.

Erechthias flavistriata (Walsingham), Meyrick, 1929, p.

505.—Viette, 1949a, p. 316.

Decadarchis flavistriata (Walsingham), Veitch, 1923, p. 9,

pi. 2: fig. 2.—Bradley, 1961, p. 163; 1962, p. 270.

Male genitalia slide JFGC 11406. Harpe with long,

outwardly curved process from middle of costa; cuculus

truncate. Uncus divided, lightly sclerotized laterally.

Vinculum rounded, somewhat flattened ventrally.

Tegumen a narrow band. Anellus short, cup shaped

proximally. Aedeagus rather slender, slightly curved,

distally flattened; vesica armed with minute, spiculate

cornuti.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11401. Ostium small,

round, ventral lip concave. Antrum very narrowly

sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis well before

ostium. Ductus bursae slender, membranous. Bursa

copulatrix membranous. Signum a broad blade with

long, curved, ventral bar; capitulum irregular, as long

as ventral bar.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Lanai, Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION.—Hawaii, New Zealand, Solomon

Islands, Polynesia, Java, Malaya, New Hebrides, Fiji.

The Rapa specimens were reared or collected from

the following localities: Anatakuri nako, 2 ? $

(14.X.1963); Haurei, 4 dd, 3 $ $ (15.IX-29.XI.

1963); Maii Bay, 5^0 * (12.XI.-7.XII.1963); Pake

Bay, d (31.X.1963); Point Maraia, 3 d d (31.X.

1963); Point Tepapa, 2 ? $ (15.IX.-9.XII.1963);

Teumukopuke, 6OO'(154 m), d (7.X.1963). Dates

of emergence of reared specimens and dates of capture

are combined.

FOOD PLANTS.—Sugarcane (Viette and others);

Cocos nucifera L. (flowers; Meyrick); Pandanus

tectorius Solander (R26) (dry, dead fruits, leaves).

In Fiji flavistriata is known as the "budmoth of

sugarcane."

The three species, flavistriata, lampadacma, and

euophthalma are similar in appearance and all have

similar habits, but the female genitalia of flavistriata

immediately distinguish it from the other two. The

signum of flavistriata consists of a capitulum attached

to a strongly sclerotized bar. From the latter a strong,

curved, broad blade projects anteriorly and transversely

across the bursa copulatrix. The signum of euophthalma consists of a capitulum with a strong hook

anteriorly. Because of these differences I am removing

euophthalma from synonymy of flavistriata.

Erechthias lampadacma belongs in Decadarchis and

I present what I consider the correct synonymy in the

text that follows.

Decadarchis lampadacma (Meyrick), new

combination

Erechthias lampadacma Meyrick, 1921, p. 458.

Decadarchis euophthalma Meyrick, 1924, p. 83.

(New synonymy.)

Bradley \ 1961) placed euophthalma in the synonymy of flavistriata, but he had not examined the gen-
214

italia of euophthalma. The type of the latter is a female,

not a male as recorded (slide JFGC 11400), and a comparison of the genitalia with those of the type of lampadacma, also a female, confirms their identity. Both were

reared from coconut.

This species does not occur on Rapa.

Decadarchis phaeoptera, new species

FIGURE 166; PLATE 24/I

Alar expanse 22-24 mm.

Labial palpus buff; outer side of second segment

clay color and suffused buffy brown; third segment clay

color on outer side. Antenna clay color annulated

fuscous; scape buffy brown. Head light clay color.

Thorax buffy brown. Forewing ground color buffy

brown; base of costa narrowly edged fuscous; on costa

at basal fourth, slightly before middle and at apical

third, ill-defined olive-brown shades; at basal third

FIGURE 165.—Decadarchis flavistriata (Walsingham): a,

ventral view of male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus

removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

165a

165 b
NUMBE

R 5 6

of wing, astride cell, an olive-brown spot; at end of

cell a similarly colored spot; termen and apex narrowly

olive brown; cilia clay color. Hind wing light grayish

olive; cilia olive buff. Foreleg clay color; femur, tibia,

and tarsal segments buffy brown on outer side; midleg

light clay color; tibia and tarsal segments marked with

buffy brown on outer side; hind leg clay color; tarsal

segments faintly marked with buffy brown. Abdomen

clay color.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11445. Ostium oval;

laterally and anteriorly the edges sclerotized. Antrum

not differentiated. Inception of ductus seminalis well

before ostium. Ductus bursae membranous. Bursa

copulatrix membranous, sculptured with a reticulum

of fine ridges; posteriorly, at junction with ductus

bursae, a sclerotized bulge. Signum a curved, sclerotized

blade, broad basally, tapering to a blunt point;

capitulum prominent.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70114.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Maurua, 600'(184 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the ? holotoype (16.IX.1963) and

one $ paratype with identical data.

Unfortunately the male of phaeoptera is unknown,

but the genitalia of the female place it close to sphenacma. The bursa of the latter, however, lacks the

sclerotized bulge at the junction with the ductus bursae,

and the capitulum is curved and irregular. The fore-

wing of phaeoptera is much darker than that of sphenacma and lacks the longitudinal streaking of that

species.

Decadarchis melanospila, new species

FIGURE 167; PLATE 26g, h

Alar expanse 8-11 mm.

Labial palpus black; second segment shining white

dorsally; third segment with spot of white dorsally. An-

tenna pale ochraceous buff; basal four segments of

shaft and scape black; some grayish shading on seg-

ments before apex, gray annulated. Head black, frons

grayish. Thorax black; apical half of tegula white.

Forewing ground color pale ochraceous buff, slightly

darker dorsally; extreme base of costa black; from near

base to apical third, costal area pearl white, the area

FIGURE 166.—Decadarchis phaeoptera, new species. Ventral

view of female genitalia.

215
216

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

1

167c

FIGURE 167.—Decadarchis melanospila, new species: a, ventral view of male genitalia with left

harpe and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 217

narrowed outwardly; on middle of costa a blackish

spot; an oval black dot at apex; from apical fourth of

costa to termen a slender, outwardly oblique brown

line; beyond, and parallel to this, a slender white line

followed by a light brown triangle; the latter bordered

outwardly by a narrow white triangle; cilia pale buff,

shading to white before apex, then gray. Hind wing

pearl white with faint pinkish tinge, cilia ocherous

white except brownish at apex. Foreleg ocherous white;

tibia blackish on outer side; tarsal segments black; midleg ocherous white; basal and terminal tarsal segments

spotted black; hind leg ocherous white. Abdomen

ochraceous buff.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11908, 11910. Harpe

slightly more than twice as long as broad, broadest before cucullus; on outer costa a cluster of strong setae;

cucullus with two long setae from apex. Uncus moderately short, broad, divided apically. Vinculum a narrow ring; saccus short, broad basally; pointed distally.

Tegumen a moderately broad band. Anellus a deep cup

basally; apically lightly sclerotized, expanded laterally.

Aedeagus about one and one-half times the length of

harpe, nearly straight, moderately slender; vesica

armed with one long, lightly sclerotized, rodlike

cornutus.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11909, 11911. Ostium

funnel shaped. Antrum not differentiated. Inception of

ductus seminalis well before ostium. Ductus bursae

membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous, partly

sculptured with fine wrinkles. Signum sickle shaped

with one strongly dentate edge; capitulum slender,

digitate.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70113.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Point Tepapa.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander (?).

Described from the d holotoype (15.IX.1963); 26

c?cf and 21 $ $ paratypes as follows: Anatakuri

Bay, ? (28.XI.1963); Anatakuri nako, 2 ? $ (14.X.

1963); Haurei, 19 0*0*, 16 $ $ (11.IX.-3.XII.

1963); Maii Bay, 2 dd, ? (23.X.1963); Ororagi,

3OO'(92 m), d (14.XI.1963); Pake Bay, 2 dd (31.

X.1963); Point Tepapa 2 d d, ? (26.XI.1963).

The adults were found most commonly by beating

the dry leaves of Pandanus, and it is very likely that

the larva feeds on the dead tissue of this plant. It is

probable that the larvae feed on dead tissues of other

plants also.

This small, handsome species appears to be most

nearly related to D. pagophila, new species, but differs

markedly in color and pattern as will be seen by a

comparison of the figures.

Decadarchis coprosoma, new species

FIGURE 168; PLATE 26C, d

Alar expanse 13-18 mm.

Labial palpus pale ochraceous buff with slight violaceous iridescence on inner side; outer side with three

or four dense clumps of brown scales. Antenna ochraceous buff, annulated brown; scape fuscous; scape

with deep dorsal notch in male. Head grayish fuscous

mixed ochraceous buff. Thorax grayish fuscous; tegula

tipped light ochraceous buff. Forewing ground color

light ochraceous buff suffused brownish with irregular

fuscous spots, streaks, and fine irrorations; about middle, between dorsal edge and fold, an oval fuscous

spot; in some specimens a slender, longitudinal, fuscous streak from base to termen below apex; cilia light

ochraceous buff, suffused brownish and with scattered

fuscous scales. Hind wing light gray; in male, pale

clay color sex scaling along costal edge of cell. Foreleg

light ochraceous buff, all segments overlaid fuscous

on outer sides; midleg similar except femur suffused

fuscous apically, tibia with two fuscous bars; tarsal segments barred with fuscous on outer side; hind leg light

ochraceous buff. Abdomen light ochraceous buff, suffused brownish dorsally.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11439, 11452, 11913,

11914, 11916, 11917. Harpe broadest beyond middle;

costa strongly convex with cluster of strong setae at

middle. Uncus mostly membranous, divided distally.

Vinculum produced into an elongate, triangular saccus. Tegumen a weak, narrow band. Anellus cup

shaped anteriorly; weakly sclerotized and flattened

posteriorly. Aedeagus moderately stout; only slightly

bent; vesica armed with one long cornutus, dilated

distally, apex with one to four points. Eighth intersegmental membrane with dorsolateral coremata.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11437, 11441, 11450.

Ostium small, round, cup shaped. Antrum not differentiated. Ductus seminalis slightly anterior to ostium.

Ductus bursae slender, membranous, with narrow,

fleshy, bent protuberance anteriorly. Bursa copulatrix

membranous. Signum a curved, subtriangular plate;

capitulum short, stout, produced at one side.
218

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

168c

i

168d

FIGURE 168.—Decadarchis coprosoma, new species: a, venation of right wings; b, ventral view of

male genitalia with left harpe and aedeagus removed; c, aedeagus; d, ventral view of female

genitalia; e, outline to show variation in detail of female characters.
NUMBER 5 6 219

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70116.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Tevaitau, 800/(245 m).

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown.

Described from the d holotype, 10 d d and 5 $ $

paratypes as follows: Haurei, cf (20.IX.1963);

Maurua, 600'(184 m), $ (25.IX.1963); Morogouta,

750'(231m), d (1 O.X.I963); Pariati Bay, ? (30.X

1963); Piahu, 750'(231 m), ? (11.X.1963); Teumukopuke, 500'(154 m), 6 d d, 2 ° $ (7.X.-3.XI.

1963); Tevaitau, 800/(245 m), 2 d d (29.IX.1963).

D. coprosoma looks like a small phaeoptera but has

a less pointed forewing and can be distinguished from

phaeoptera and other related species by the peculiar,

bent protuberance at the anterior end of the ductus

bursae.

Biastolemma, new genus

TYPE-SPECIES.—Biastolemma coarctata, new species, by monotypy and present designation.

Antenna about two-thirds the length of forewing,

slightly thicker in male than in female, sparsely and

finely short ciliated; scape with pecten. Labial palpus

spreading, third segment compressed. Maxillary palpus

slender, folded, 5 segmented. Tongue rudimentary,

maxillae moderately long. Head rough; ocellus absent.

Thorax smooth. Posterior tibia clothed with long, hairlike scales. Forewing with termen emarginate, apex

pointed, costa and dorsal edge nearly straight, parallel,

11 veins; lb simple; lc strong, nearly anastomosing

with lb at outer fifth, forming pocket containing, in

male, modified scales; 2 from slightly before angle of

cell; 3 and 4 coincident; 5 and 6 connate; 7 to costa;

10 very short; 11 arising near base of cell. Hind wing

lanceolate, 8 veins; 2 from outer fourth of cell; 3 from

angle; 4 connate with stalk of 5 and 6 or 4 stalked with

5 and out of 6; 6 to apex; 7 separate. First sternum of

male with paired coremata.

MALE GENITALIA.—Gnathos absent; uncus membranous.

FEMALE GENITALIA.—Signum present.

I know of no genus in the Tineidae with which

Biastolemma can be properly compared. The compact

male genitalia cannot be opened to show the inner

faces of the harpes and the character of the anellus

cannot be determined; presumably it is membranous.

The uncus is membranous, chiefly indicated by a pair

of setaceous papillae. The labial palpi are very similar

to those of the genus Opogona, divergent with third

segment of each compressed, but the head of Biastolemma is not flattened and smooth as in that genus.

Biastolemma coarctata, new species

FIGURES 169, 170; PLATE 21f,g

Alar expanse 8-10 mm.

Labial palpus ocherous white; second segment fuscous on outer side; third segment fuscous in basal half

on outer side. Antenna buff with ill-defined grayish

annulations; second segment of shaft of male with

conspicuous digitate process; scape with slight infuscation. Head ocherous white. Thorax ocherous white;

posteriorly a median fuscous spot; tegula tawny olive

basally. Forewing ground color ocherous white; extreme costal edge fuscous basally; from middle of costa

a short fuscous streak confluent with an elongate, outwardly oblique, tawny olive patch; from apical third of

costa a short fuscous streak confluent with a narrow,

outwardly oblique, tawny olive streak; beyond this a

conspicuous, outwardly oblique, fuscous bar extends

from costa to apex; from middle of fold a longitudinal

tawny olive streak edged on coastal side by a very

slender fuscous line; in some specimens (Plate 27 g) the

longitudinal line extends from base to termen beyond

tornus; from base, along dorsum, scattered fuscous and

tawny olive scales; cilia ocherous white mixed with

tawny olive. Hind wing gray, apex narrowly edged by

short fuscous line; cilia ocherous white. Foreleg ocherous white overlaid dark gray on outer side; midleg

ocherous white; tarsus with two dark gray dashes on

outer side; hind leg ocherous white; tibial hairlike

scales light gray. Abdomen ocherous white, suffused

gray dorsally.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11415, 11764, 11912,

11915. In general, the male genitalia are very compact,

the base of harpe, anellus, and gnathos (if present)

ankylosed. Harpe bulbous basally, narrowed distally,

and divided at cucullus. Uncus membranous at most.

Vinculum robust, long, produced into a pointed saccus.

Tegumen a narrow, weakly sclerotized band. Aedeagus

very stout, almost as long as remainder of genitalia;

vesica spiculate.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11765. Ostium transverse, oval. Genital plate strongly sclerotized. Antrum

sclerotized. Inception of ductus seminalis at junction

of antrum and membranous part of ductus bursae.

Ductus bursae swollen, membranous posteriorly, then

granular and broadening at junction with bursa
220

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

169f

FIGURE 169.—Biastolemma coax data, new species: a, venation of male right wings; b, venation

of female right wings; c, lateral aspect of male genitalia with aedeagus removed; d, aedeagus;

e, ventral view of female genitalia; /, coremata of 1st sternum.
NUMBER 5 6 221

170b

FIGURE 170.—Biastolemma coarctata, new species: a,

anterior view of denuded head to show mouthparts; b, modification of antennal segments, enlarged.

copulatrix. Bursae copulatrix membranous. Signum a

triangular plate with a single, long, sclerotized spine

projecting forward.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70118.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION.—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander.

Described from the o* holotype (Em. 24.XI.1963)

16 cf o" and 11 $ $ paratypes as follows: Anatakuri

nako, cf (14JC.1963); Haurei, 14 0*0", 9 ? $

382-271 O—71 10

(15.IX.-2.XII. 1963); MaiiBay ? (Em. 20.IX.1963);

Point Maraia, o* (9.X.1963); Point Tepapa, $

(26.XI.1963). Both emergence and ordinary collecting dates are included.

Only one specimen, the male from Anatakuri nako,

was collected at light, and this in a Pandanus grove.

All of the others were collected by beating Pandanus

or were reared from the dead, dry fruit or dry leaves

of that plant. The cocoon is constructed of tightly

cemented silk, plant fiber, and frass. The area, onehalf mile east of Haurei, where most of the material

was collected, is shown in Figure 6.

This species exhibits several interesting characters,

particularly in the male. The male genitalia are so

compact that it is impossible to examine all the structures without dismembering the whole. Even then it

is difficult to be sure of the various parts. In both male

and female lb is simple and lc is strongly developed.

Near the outer end these two veins nearly anastomose,

and in the males in the area between the two veins,

there is an elongate patch of dense, modified, short

scales. This patch is covered by an umbrella of long,

spatulate scales, which arise in the dorsal area, curve

outwardly and obliquely toward the center of forewing, covering the elongate patch of dense scales between lb and lc. Moreover, in the male the second

segment of the antennal shaft (not the scape) is enlarged and has a long, digitate, terminal process. The

next two segments are modified so that they, combined

with the second segment, form a conspicuous notch.

Genus Choropleca Durrant

Choropleca Durrant, 1914, p. 366. (Type-species: Cyane

visaliella Chambers, 1873, p. 112 [by original designation].)

Diachalastis Meyrick, 1920, p. 363 (Diachalastis tetraglossa

Meyrick, 1920, p. 363 [by monotypy].) (New synonymy.)

The genus Diachalastis was based on a unique male

specimen, without abdomen, from Lautoka, Fiji. The

characters of the genus are essentially as given, but in

the forewing veins 4 and 5 are connate, not equidistant.

In the hind wing the cell is closed, not open as described by Meyrick, and 5 and 6 are approximate or

separate, not short stalked.

Diachalastis is closely related to Dryadaula Meyrick,

as indicated by the highly specialized and anomalous

genitalia.

For the genus Dryadaula, Bradley (1966, p. 218)

proposed the subfamily Dryadaulinae in the family
222

Lyonetiidae. Because of the anomalous genitalia, this

proposal seems highly justified but I would place the

genus in the Tineidae.

The type-species of Dryadaula is the Australian

D. glycinopa Meyrick. The genus contains other Australian species and the New Zealand D. pactolia

Meyrick.

Choropleca terpsichorella (Busck)

FIGURES 171, 172,173; PLATE 28a, b

Cyane terpsichorella Busck, 1910, p. 134.—Williams, 1931,

p. 157, pi. 27: figs. 5, 6,8.

Choropleca terpsichorella (Busck), Durrant, 1914, p. 367.

Diachalastis tetraglossa Meyrick, 1920, p. 363. (New

synonymy.)

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11399, 11750. Harpes

asymmetrical; right harpe slender, with digitum from

near base; sacculus flattened and expanded into a

blunt median projection; cucullus clothed with long,

dense setae; left harpe distorted, constricted at middle;

cucullus a large, flattened plate with a basal, inner,

irregular process attached to middle of harpe; a large,

elongate, irregular projection from base of harpe. Vinculum asymmetrical, distorted, widest on right side.

Tegumen sides narrow. Anellus an irregular plate,

'elongated on left side. Aedeagus short, widest at base,

tapered to blunt point.

Female genitalia slide JFGC 11751. Ostium asymmetrical, opening on left side. Genital plate strongly

sclerotized, asymmetrical. Inception of ductus seminalis

from side of bursa copulatrix. Ductus bursae threadlike, membranous. Bursa copulatrix membranous. Signum absent. Papillae analcs small, widely separated,

rounded lobes.

The genitalia are remarkably asymmetrical and

defy accurate description. The male genitalia are

involved and closely associated with the asymmetrical

eighth sternum. Dorsally on the abdomen of the male,

between the second and third segments, is a large pit

with paired, large scale tufts (Figure 1726).

TYPES.—National Museum of Natural History

{terpsichorella) ; British Museum (Natural History)

(tetraglossa).

TYPE LOCALITIES.—Honolulu, Hawaii (terpsichorella) ; Fiji, Lautoka (tetraglossa).

DISTRIBUTION.—Hawaii, Fiji, Rapa.

The 33 c? cf and 38 $ 9 Rapa specimens are from

the following localities: Haurei, 31 o*cf, 36 ? ?

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

(23.IX.-23.XI.1963); Maugaoa, 95O'(292 m), $

(5.XI.1963); Point Maraia, c? (31.X.1963); Teumukopuke, 500'(154 m), d (1.XI.1963); Tevaitau, 200'

(61 m), o" (23.IX.1963).

FOOD PLANTS.—Dead tissue of Pandanus, banana,

and sugarcane.

This is the "Dancing moth," so-called because of

its habit of gyrating rapidly on any surface upon

which it alights. Swezey (1909, p. 20) has given an

account of the habits of this species and has figured

the imago, larva, and pupa.

Both Swezey (op. cit.) and Busck (1910, p. 135)

have speculated that the species is introduced from

America. Apparently this speculation was based on the

presumed generic identity with Cyane Chambers, and

Busck stated, "Though I have as yet not seen the

present species, Cyane terpsichorella, from Central

America, there is no doubt that it has been introduced

into Hawaii from there and that it will eventually turn

up in collections from the continent." Since the above

was written, nearly 60 years have elapsed and much

collecting has been done in the neotropics, yet the species still remains a Pacific insect, where I believe its

origin lies.

I have compared carefully the Rapa specimens with

the types of terpsichorella and tetraglossa and there is

no doubt about their identity.

Occasionally terpsichorella was seen flying in the

afternoon but most of our specimens were collected by

beating Pandanus and Hibiscus.

Fanuly LYONETIIDAE

Genus Opogona Zeller

Opogona Zeller, 1853, p. 507. (Type-species: Opogona dimidiatella Zeller, 1853, p. 508 [by monotypy].)

Opogona aurisquamosa (Butler)

FIGURE 174; PLATE 28 c, d

Argyresthia? aurisquamosa Butler, 1881, p. 403.

Opogona aurisquamosa (Butler), Walsingham, 1907, pp. 713,

737, pi. 25: fig. 14.—Swezey, 1909, p. 16, pi. 3: figs. 1-3.—

Meyrick, 1929, p. 505.—Williams, 1931, p. 156, pi. 27:

figs. 1-3.—Meyrick, 1934, p. 354.—Swezey, 1940, p. 366;

1942, p. 133.—Holdaway and Look, 1942, p. 259.—Viette,

1949a, p. 316.—Swezey, 1954, pp. 116, 160.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11358, 11766. Harpe

very thick, heavily sclerotized basally; sacculus terminating in a blunt point; cucullus narrow, curved. Socii

greatly enlarged, subrectangular, armed with coarse,
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Dirtribution of the Genus CHOROPLECA

FIGURE 171.—Distribution of the genus Choropleea Durrant

to

to

OS
224

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

172a

FIGURE 172.—Choropleca terpsichorella (Busck) : a, ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus

in situ; b, expanded coremata; c, modified 8th segment.
NUMBE

R 5 6 225

stout setae. Vinculum broad; saccus very slender, about

three times the length of harpe. Tegumen short and

broad. Anellus membranous or only lightly sclerotized

at most. Aedeagus very long, slender, sharply pointed

distally; basally divided into two divergent points

forming a Y.

In describing the two large posterolateral pads of the

male genitalia as socii, I do so with some misgiving.

They do not appear to be widely separated parts of the

uncus, the latter is apparently absent, but they are so

grossly exaggerated it seems doubtful that such a de-

velopment of the socii would take place. The anal tube

is ventroanterior to these pads so they cannot be ele-

ments of the gnathos.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11359, 11767. Ostium

small, protruding. Antrum sclerotized. Inception of

ductus seminalis at junction of membranous and

sclerotized portions of ductus bursae. Ductus bursae

long, slender, sclerotized posteriorly. Bursa copulatrix

thick walled, ornamented with transparent pits. Sig-

num a curved plate with divergent points on each

side anteriorly.

TYPE.—British Museum (Natural History).

TYPE LOCALITY.—Hawaii, Honolulu.

DISTRIBUTION.—Tahiti, Easter Island, Marquesas

Islands, Fiji, Kermadec Islands, Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Pandanus tectorius Solander (R26),

etc.

Our Rapa series consists of 10 o* cf and 23 $ $ as

follows: Haurei, 10 d

1

 d\ 20 ?? (15.IX-7.XII.

FIGURE 173.—Choropleca terpsichorella (Busck): a, venation

of right wings; b, ventral view of female genitalia.
226

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

174b

174c

FIGURE 174.—Opogona aurisquamosa (Butler): a, oblique

view of male genitalia with aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus;

c, ventral view of female genitalia.
NUMBER 5 6 227

1963); Maii Bay, $ (Em. 18.XI.1963); Morogouta,

750'(231 m), ? (10.X.1963); Teumukopuke, 50(y

(154 m), $ (7.X.1963).

The female from Maii Bay was reared from the dry

fruits of Pandanus. The species is recorded from a multitude of dead and decaying plants, and the larva will

undoubtedly accept almost any decaying vegetable

matter.

Opogona allaini, new species

FIGURE 175; PLATE 28 e, f, g, h

Alar expanse 10-14 mm.

Labial palpus light buff. Antenna light buff, gradually darkening to drab apically. Head drab; frons light

buff. Thorax drab with slight violaceous iridescence;

FIGURE 175.—Opogona allaini, new species: a, ventral view

of male genitalia with aedeagus and left harpe removed;

b, aedeagus; c, ventral view of female genitalia.

175 b
228 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

posteriorly a small median buff spot. Forewing ground

color drab with green and violaceous iridescence basally; on dorsum, from near base and extending to fold,

a pale cinereous area which widens at middle of dorsum and extends across fold as a short triangle; on basal

third of costa a pale cinereous triangular spot; from

middle of costa to near apex a pale cinereous area extended transversely at apical third as a point to near

termen; cilia drab with olivaceous hue. Hind wing

drab, paler toward base; cilia olivaceous buff at anal

angle, shading to olivaceous drab apically. Legs buff;

posterior tibia and tarsal segments infuscated. Abdomen buff ventrally; dorsally drab with violaceous

iridescence.

Male genitalia slides JFGC 11357, 11901, 11902,

11903. Harpe three times as long as broad, terminating

in a stout, long, sharp curved point; costa with fleshy

digitate process arising slightly beyond middle. Socii

two quadrate lobes clothed with short, stout setae.

Vinculum narrow, produced into a long saccus. Tegumen a short, broad band. Anellus a tiny sclerotized

plate. Aedeagus slender, slightly curved, terminating in

an acute point; base divided into two short arms.

Female genitalia slides JFGC 11361, 11904. Ostium

a small, longitudinal slit with lateral longitudinal ridge

on each side. Antrum narrow, elongate, sclerotized.

Inception of ductus seminalis from posterior part of

ductus bursae. Ductus bursae membranous for most

of its length. Bursa copulatrix thick-walled, studded

with small, round, transparent pits. Signum a strongly

sclerotized half-cylinder with spinous process from

each of two anterior points. Lamella antevaginalis

moderately sclerotized with U-shaped anterior margin.

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 70119.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Rapa, Haurei.

DISTRIBUTION .—Rapa.

FOOD PLANT.—Unknown, but "beaten from Pandanus tectorius Solander."

Described from the o" holotype (25.IX.1963), 10

cf cf and 4 9 ? paratypes as follows: Anatakuri nako,

2 o* o*, (14.X.1963); Haurei, 6 d" c?, 3 9 $ (17.IX.-

3.XII.1963); Maii Bay, o" (23.X.1963); Maugaoa,

950/(292 m), d1 (5.XI.1963); Maurua, 600/(184 m),

9 (25.IX.1963).

This is easily distinguished from aurisquamosa by

the very dark ground color or the pale markings on

dorsum and costa of forewing.

The illustrations on Plate 28 show the extent and

prominence of the pale markings of the forewing. In

some specimens the markings are clearly defined (Plate

28h) but in others they are obsolete (Plate 28*).

It gives me much pleasure to name this species in

honor of Mr. Gaston Allain, Administrator of the

Tubuai Islands, who was of such great help while we

were in French Polynesia.

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NUMBER 5 6 235

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236 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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238 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Liu, Siu-king

1964. Note on Nine Litchi Flower and Fruit Borers in

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Lloyd, D. C.

1940. Host Selection by Hymenopterous Parasites of the

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1942. See Holdaway, F. G., and William C. Look.

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1901. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Australian Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings

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1904. Descriptions of New Species of Australian Elachistidae, etc. Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society of South Australia, 28:

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Mabille, M. P.

1868. Notices sur les Lepidopteres de la Corse avec une

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MacKay, Margaret Rae

1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 91 (Supplement 10): 1-338, figures 1-161.

MacNay, C. Graham

1948. A Summary of the More Important Insect Infestations and Occurrences in Canada in 1947. Seventyeighth Annual Report of the Entomological Society

of Ontario, 78: 71-89.

1953. Summary of Important Insect Infestations, Occurrences and Damage in Canada in 1952. Eighty-third

Annual Report of the Entomological Society of

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1959. Saskatchewan. Insects of the Season 1958 in Saskatchewan. The Canadian Insect Pest Review, 37

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1959. Summary of Important Insect Infestations, Occurrences and Damage in Agricultural Areas of Canada in 1958. Annual Report of the Entomological

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1961. Summary of Important Insect Infestations, Occurrences, and Damage in Agricultural Areas of Canada in 1960. Proceedings of the Entomological

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McDunnough, J.

1917. See Barnes, Win., and J. McDunnough.

1939. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the

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Maenami, T.

1968. See Inoue, Hiroshi, and T. Maenami.

Mann, Josef

1855. Die Lepidopteren, gesammelt auf einer entomologischen Reise in Corsika im Jahre 1855. Verhandlungen des zoologischbotanischen Vereins in Wien,

5: 529-572.

Marion, H.

1954. Contribution a Petude des Pyralidae de Madagascar. Mimoires de I'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Series E, Entomology, 5(3): 39-62, figures

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1957. Classification et nomenclature des Pyraustidae

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Marsh, H. O.

1911. Papers on Insects Affecting Vegetables. The Hawaiian Beet Webworm. United States Department

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1917. Life History of Plutella maculipennis, the Diamond-back Moth. Journal of Agricultural Research,

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Martin, Edward L.

1961. British Pyralid and Plume Moths: A supplement.

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Marumo, Nobukatsu

1923. List of the Lepidoptera of the Islands Tanegashima

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206, plate 3.

Mathlein, Rolf

1961. Studies on Some Major Storage Pests in Sweden,

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Statens Vdxtskyddsansta.lt Meddelanden [National

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Mathur, R. N.

1959. Immature Stages of Indian Lepidoptera Pyralidae,

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Matsumura, S.

1920. Conspectus of Japanese Injurious Insects. Pages 1-

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1925. An Enumeration of the Butterflies and Moths from

Saghalien, with Descriptions of New Species and

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1931. 6000 Illustrated Insects of Japan-Empire. Pages ixxiii, 1-1497+1-191, many text-figures; 10 plates

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Menon, M. G. Ramdas

1963. See Bhattacherjee, N. S., and M. G. Ramdas

Menon.
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Mere, R. M.

1952. A Pyrale New to Britain. Entomologist's Gazette,

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Merivee, E.

1966. Kapsakoi (Plutella maculipennis Curt.) Fotoperioodiline reaktsioon. Akadeemia Nauk Estonskoi

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1938. See Pierce, F. N., and J. W. Metcalf.

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1880. Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera.

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1881. Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera.

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1883. Notes on Hawaiian Micro-Lepidoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 20: 31-36.

1884. XV. On the Classification of the Australian Pyraiidina. Transactions of the Entomological Society

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1885a. On Lepidoptera from St. Vincent The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 22: 105-106.

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London, 1885: 421-456.

1886a. On the Classification of the Pterophoridae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,

1886: 1-21.

1886b. VIII. Descriptions of Lepidoptera from the South

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1887. XII. On Pyralidina from Australia and the South

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1918. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 2: 177-192.

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1920. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 2: 353-368.

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240 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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1925. In Wytsman, Genera Insectorum. LepidopteraHeterocera. Family Gelcchiadae, 184: 1-290, 5

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1926. On Microlepidoptera from the Galapagos Islands

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1927. Insects of Samoa and Other Samoan Terrestrial

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British Museum (Natural History), London.

1928. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. Pages

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1929a. The Micro-Lepidoptera of the "St. George" Expedition. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 76: 489-521.

1929b. Pacific Pyrales of the "St. George" Expedition.

Transactions of the Entomological Society of London^!: 155-169.

1930. Microlepidoptera of Mauritius. Transactions of the

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1931a. Reports of an Expedition to Brazil and Paraguay

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1931b. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4: 161-176.

1932. Exotic Microlepidoptera, 4: 193-208.

1934a. Pyrales and Microlepidoptera of the Society Islands.

Pacific Entomological Survey Publication 6(A22):

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1934b. Pyrales and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Islands. Pacific Entomological Survey Publication 7

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M'Gregor, E. A.

1931. See Simmons, Perez, W. D. Reed, and E. A.

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Miles, Herbert W.

1924. The. Diamond-back Moth, Plutella maculipennis.

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Milliere, P.

1863. I: Iconographie et description de Chenilles et

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Mookherjee, P. B.

1963. See Tuli, S., and P. B. Mookherjee.

Moore, Frederick

1877. The Lepidopterous Fauna of the Andaman and

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1881. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Asiatic

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1884- The Lepidoptera of Ceylon, 3(1) : i.-. . . , 1-88

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1889. List of the Lepidoptera of Mergui and Its Archipelago Collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Mr. John Anderson, F.R.S.,

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Moriuti, Sigeru

1956. Preliminary Notes on the Life History of the Diamondback Moth. Entomological Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture,

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Moschler, H. B.

1866. Aufzahlung der in Andalusien 1865 von Herrn

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1890. Die Lepidoptern-Fauna der Insel Portorico. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 16: 77-360, 1 plate.

Muggeridge, J.

1930. The Diamond-back Moth. Its occurrence and Control in New Zealand. The New Zealand Journal of

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Munroe, Eugene

1957. North American Components of the Genus Diasemia of Authors. The Canadian Entomologist,

89: 164-170, illustrated.

1965. Zoogeography of Insects and Allied Groups. Annual Review of Entomology, 10: 325-344.

Mutuura, Akira

1964. See Takahashi, Fumiki, and Akira Mutuura.

Nakayama, Shonosuke

1929. A List of More Important Injurious Insects in

Chosen. Annals of the Agricultural Experiment

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Nazmi, N. H.

1963. A Redescription of the Pyraustinae of Egypt

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Nideville, Lionel de

1903. Notes on Insect Pests from the Entomological Section, Indian Museum, 5(3): 1-216, plate 1-20.

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Norris, M. J.

1934. Contributions to the Study of Insect Fertility. Ill:

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1934: 333-360.

Noyes, Winefred M.

1930. Moth Pests in Cocoa and Confetcionery. Bulletin

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Ogilvie, Lawrence

1923. Notes on Plant Diseases and Pests. Agricultural

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1924. Preliminary Report of the Plant Pathologist for

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Reports of the Board and Department of Agriculture for the Year 1923: 28-34. Bermuda.

1925. Report of the Plant Pathologist for the Year 1924.

In Bermuda Reports of the Board and Department

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Okumura, George T.

1966. The Dried-fruit Moth. California Department of

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Oshima, Kishiro

1925. See Kuwayama, Satoru, Kazue Kuribayashi, and

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Padmanaban, M. D.

1968. See Abraham, E. V., and M. D. Padmanaban.

Pagenstecher, Arnold

1884. Beitrage zur Lepidopteren-Fauna von Amboina.

Jahrbucher des Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde, 37: 150-326.

1888. Beitrage zur Lepidopteren fauna des Malayischen

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1900. Die Lepidopteren-fauna des Bismarck-Archipels.

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Pak, Sea-Wook

1964. Some Moths from Dagelet Island. Korean Journal

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Paramonow, S.

1954. Hauptschadlinge der Okulturen der Ukraine.

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Patel, H. K., R. C. Patel, and V. C. Patel

1964. Short Notes. Record of Some New Insect-pests of

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Patel, R. C.

1964. See Patel, H. K., R. C. Patel, and V. C. Patel.

Patel, V. C.

1964. See Patel, H. K., R. C. Patel, and V. C. Patel.

Paulian, Renaud

1949. Recherches sur les insectes d'importance biologique

de Madagascar (1). Les chenilles du chou a Madagascar. Mimoires de I'Institut Scientifique de

Madagascar. Serie A, 3(3): 347-352, figures 1-5.

Paulian, R., and P. Viette

1955. Essai d'un catalogue biologogique des Lepidopteres

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Pelham-Clinton, E. C.

1967. See Bradley, J. D., and E. C. Pelham-Clinton.

Perry, W. M.

1924. Report of the Horticulturist. In Thompson, Report

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Petersen, Von Gunther

1957-

1958. Die Genitalien der palaarktischen Tineiden (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie

1957, 7(1/2): 55-176, figures 1-149, plates 1-4;

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1960. Contribuci6n al conocimiento de la distribution

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1964. Zweiter Beit rag zur Kenntnis der geographischen

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Philpott, Alfred

1912. Descriptions of Three New Species of Lepidoptera.

Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 1911,

44: 115-116.

1923. Article 14: Notes and Descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings

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1931. Notes and Descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute,

62: 26-36, illustrated.

Pierce, F. N., and J. W. Metcalfe

1935. The Genitalia of the Tineid Families of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands. An Account of the

Morphology of the Male Clasping Organs and the

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1938. The Genitalia of the British Pyrales with the Deltoids and Plumes. An Account of the Morphology

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Poos, Fred

1926. A New Pest of Spinach in Virginia. Virginia Truck

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Poulton, E. B., and N. D. Riley

1928. The Rhopalocera of the "St. George" Expedition,

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1: figures 1-2.

Prout, Louis B.

1929. The Geometridae of the "St. George" Expedition

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Ragonot, E. L.

1885. Revision of the British Species of Phycitidae and

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242 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

1894. Notes synonymiques sur les Microlepidopteres et

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Annales de la SocietS Entomologique de France,

63: 161-226, plate 1.

1901. Monographie des Phycitinae et des Galleriinae. In

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8: 1-xli, 1-602, plates 24-27. Imprimerie General

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Rao, Y. Ramachandra

1920. Lantana Insects in India. Mimoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological Series,

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Rao, V. P.

1960. See Simmonds, F. J., and V. P. Rao.

Rebel, H.

1901. In Staudinger, O., and H. Rebel, Catalog der

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1915. Neuer Beitrag zur Lepidopteren Fauna der Samoainseln. 2. Beiheft zum Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten. Mitteilungen

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1940a. Die Lepidopterenfauna des Azorischen Archipels.

Societas Scientarum Fennica. Commentationes Biologicae 8(1): 1-49, 1 map.

1940b. Eine Lepidopteren-Ausbeute von Madeira. Societas Scientarum Fennica. Commentationes Biologicae 8(1): 50-59, 2 plates.

Reed, L. B.

1941. See Reid, W. J. Jr., Chas. E. Smith, L. B. Reed,

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1942. See Reid, W. J., C. E. Smith, L. B. Reed, and C. O.

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Reed, W. D.

1931. See Simmons, Perez, W. D. Reed, and E. A.

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Reid, W. J., Jr., Chas. E. Smith, L. B. Reed, and W. A.

Thomas.

1941. Field Studies of Insecticides Used To Control Cabbage Caterpillars in the South. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 782:

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Reid, W. J., C. E. Smith, L. B. Reed, and C. O. Bare.

1942. Studies in the Control of Cabbage Caterpillars with

Derris in the South. United States Department of

Agriculture Circular 615: 1-26, figures 1-9.

1964. Resume des observations en surface et en altitude.

Ministere des travaux publics et des transports

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Richards, O. W., and G. V. B. Herford

1930. Insects Found Associated with Cacao, Spices and

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Richards, O. W., and W. S. Thomson

1932. A Contribution to the Study of the Genera Ephestia,

Gn. (including Strymax, Dyar), and Plodia, Gn.

(Lepidoptera, Phycitidae), with Notes on Parasites of the Larvae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 80: 169-250, plates 5-12.

Richardson, N. M.

1893. Blabophanes heringi at Portland: Distinct from B.

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Riley, L. A. M.

1926. Notes on the Flora of Rapa. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. Royal Botanical Garden, Kew,

51-56.

Riley, N. D.

1928. See Poulton, E. B., and N. D. Riley.

1966. See Zimmerman, Elwodd C, and N. D. Riley.

1967. See Zimmerman, Elwood C , and N. D. Riley.

Robertson, Phyllis L.

1939. Diamond-back Moth Investigation in New Zealand.

New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology,

20(5A): 330A-339A, figures 1-4; (6A): 341A364A, figures 5-10.

Romanova, V. P.

1930. On Pests of Mustard in the Northern Caucasus [in

Russian]. Bulletin of Northern Caucasus Plant Protection Station, 133-138. (Review of Applied Entomology, A 1930,19: 563-564.)

Rondani, Camillo

1876. Papilionaria aliqua microsoma. Bulletino della Societa Entomologica Italiana. 8(1): 19-24, plate 1.

Roonwall, M. L., and G. D. Bhasin

1954. A List of Insect Pests of Forest Plants in India

and the Adjacent Countries. Indian Forest Bulletin,

171(1) (NewSeries): 5-93.

Roslerstamm, J. E. Fischer Edlen von

1834-1842. Abbildungen zur Berichtigung und Erganzung

der Schmetterlingskunde, besonders der MicroUpidopterologie ah Supplement zu Treitschke's und

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1918. New Species of Pyralidae from Formosa. The Entomologist, 51(665): 217-219.

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1916. The Insect and Related Pests of Egypt. The Insect

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1931. Handbook of Insects and Other Invertebrates of

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1879. XXXVIII: Notes on the Lepidoptera of St. Helena,

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1839. Index Entomologicus; or, a Complete Illustrated

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1952. Monopis crocicapitella (Clem.) {Lep. Tineidae)

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1960. On the Known and Unknown Species of the

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Zimmerman, Elwood C.

1938. Cryptorhynchinae of Rapa. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 151: 1-75, figures 1-6, plates 1-4.

1958a. Insects of Hawaii. 7: Macrolepidoptera, i-ix,

1-542, 423 figures, bibliography. University of

Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

1958b. Insects of Hawaii. 8: Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea,

i-ix, 1-456, figures 1-347. University of Hawaii

Press, Honolulu.

Zimmerman, Elwood C, and N. D. Riley

1966. Gracilaria Haworth, 1828 (Insecta, Lepidoptera):

Proposed Addition to the Official List of Generic

Names. Z.N.(S.), 1757. Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature, 23(4): 186-187.

1967. Further Comment on the Case of Gracilaria versus

Gracillaria (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Z.N.(S), 1757.

Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 24(5): 267-

268.

Zincken, Johann

1818. Die Linneischen Tineen in irhe natiirlichen Gattungen autgeldst und beschreiben. Germar Magazin

Entomologie, 1818, 3: 113-176.

250 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 1.—a, Dichelopa honoranda Meyrick; b, D. anthracodelta, new species; c, D. iochorda

Meyrick; d, D. myopori, new species; e, D. dendrophila, new species; f, D. deltozancla, Meyrick.
PLATES
NUMBER 5 6 251

PLATE 2.—a, Decadarchis melanospila, new species; b, Petula phalarata, new species; c, Parectopa

pontificalis Meyrick; d, Echinoscelis hemithia Meyrick, dark form; e, E. hemithia Meyrick,

typical; /, Gracillaria hilaropis Meyrick.
252 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 3.—a, Hypolimnas boltna (Linnaeus), $ ; b, H. bolina (Linnaeus), 9 ; c, Vanessa (Bassaris) itea (Fabricius), $.
NUMBER 5 6 253

PLATE 4.—a, Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson, $ ; b, Prodenia litura (Fabricius), $ ; c,

Spodoptera tnauritia (Boisduval), $ ; d, Tiracola plagiata (Walker), $ ; e, Elydna nonagrica

(Walker), $ ; f, Platysenta illecta (Walker), $; g, Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel), $ ; h,

Pendroma saucia (Hubner), 2 .

382-271 O—71 17
254 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 5.—a, Callopistria meridionalis Collenette, 9 ; b, Anornis flava flava (Fabricius), 9 ; c,

A. vitiensis (Butler), 9 ; d, Euplexia vetula, new species, 9 paratype; e, Chasmina tibialis

(Fabricius), $ ; f, Phlegetonia delatrix (Guenee), $ ; g, Anomis flava flava (Fabricius), $,

dark form; h, Euplexia vetula, new species, $ holotype.
NUMBER 5 6 255

If*

£m &' W ^ |&

PLATE 6.—a, Celama insularum Collenette, (holotype); b, Amyna natalis Walker, $ ; c, A.

natalis Walker, 9 ; d, Elydna nonagrica Walker, 2 ; e, Mocis frugalis (Fabricius), $ ; /, Anomis

flava flava (Fabricius), $ ; g, Chrysodeixis albostriata (Bremer and Gray), 9 ; h, C. albostriata

(Bremer and Gray), 9 , i, C albostriata (Bremer and Gray), $ ; j , Tippotion celerio (Linnaeus),

S.
256 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 7.—a, Hypena longfteldae Collenette, $ ; b, H. longfieldae Collenette, $, dark form;

c, Achaea Janata (Linnaeus) $ ; d, Simplicia caeneusalis (Walker), $ ; e, Hydrillodes melanozona Collenette, $ ; /, Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper), 3 .
NUMBER 5 6 257

PLATE 8.—a, Chloroclystis pitoi, new species, 9 paratype; b, Cleora dodonaeae Prout, $ ; c,

C. stenoglypta Prout, $ ; d, C. stenoglypta Prout, $ ; e, Gymnoscelis concinna Swinhoe, $ ; /,

Cleora dodonaeae Prout, 9 ; g, C. stenoglypta Prout, $ ; h, C. stenoglypta Prout, $.
258

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 9.—a, Lathroteles obscura, new species, $ paratype; b, Scoparta psednopa Meyrick, $ ; c,

Marasmia hemicrossa Meyrick, $ ; d, M. hemicrossa Meyrick, $ ; e, Piletocera signiferalis isola,

new subspecies, $ holotype; /, P. signiferalis isola, new subspecies, $ paratype; g, Spoladea

recurvalis (Fabricius), $ ; h, Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Duponchel), 9-
NUMBER 5 6 259

PLATE 10.—a, Uresiphita polygonalis ochrocrossa, new subspecies, $ holotype; b, U. polygonalis

ochrocrossa, new subspecies; 9 paratype; c, Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker), 9 ; d,

Glyphodes eudoxia, new species, 9 paratype; e, Tirsa fiona, new species, 9 paratype; /, Cometura

picrogramma Meyrick, $ ; g, Hyalobathra variabilis, new species, 9 paratype; h, Marasmia

trapezalis Guenee, 9-
260 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 11.—a, Metasia chionostigma, new species, $ holotype; b, M. chionostigma, new species,

$ paratype; c, M. gnorisma, new species, 9 paratype; d, M. empelioptera, new species, $

holotype; e, M. chionostigma, new species, $ paratype; /, M. chionostigma, new species, $

paratype; g, M. gnorisma, new species, $ holotype; h, Stangeia rapae, new species, $ paratype.
NUMBER 5 6 261

I I

PLATE 12.—a, Scoparia exterminata Meyrick, $ ; b, S. exterminata Meyrick, 9 ; c, Eurhodope

ardescens Meyrick, $ ; d, E. ardescens Meyrick, $ ; e, Scoparia tivira, new species, $ paratype;

f, S. tivira, new species, $ paratype; g, Homoeosoma inexplorata Meyrick, $ ; h, Cadra cautella

(Walker), $.
262 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 13.—a, Dichelopa sericopis Meyrick, $ ; b, D. sericopis Meyrick, $ ; c, D. sericopis

Meyrick, 9 ; d, D. sericopis Meyrick, 9 ; e, D. lupicinia, new species, $ holotype; /, D. lupicinia,

new species, 9 paratype; g, D. myopori, new species, $ paratype; h, D. myopori, new species,

9 paratype.
NUMBER 5 6 263

PLATE 14.—a, Dichelopa ceramocausta Meyrick, <$ ; b, D. ceramocausta Meyrick, $ ; c, D.

deltozancla Meyrick, $ ; d, D. deltozancla Meyrick, $ (extreme form); e, D. messalina, new

species, 9 paratype; /, D. messalina, new species, $ holotype; g, D. dendrophila, new species, $

holotype; h, D. deltozancla Meyrick, $ .
264 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 15.—a, Dichelopa rhodographa, new species, $ holotype; b, D. iochorda Meyrick, $ ;

c,D. honoranda Meyrick, $ ; d, D. anthracodelta, new species, $ holotype; e, D. vaccinii, new

species, $ holotype; /, D. vaccinii, new species, $ paratype; g, D. argyrospiloides, new species,

$ holotype; h, D. exulcerata Meyrick, $.
NUMBER 5 6 265

PLATE 16.—a, Dichelopa pulcheria, new species, $ holotype; b, Nesoscopa exsors Meynck, $ ;

c, Strepsicrates holotephras (Meynck), $ ; d, S. holotephras (Meynck), $ ; e, S. thyellopis

(Meyrick), $ ; f, S. thyellopis (Meynck), $, with costal hair penil expanded; g, S. thyellopis

(Meyrick), $, same as above, enlarged; h, S. thyellopsis (Meyrick), $.
266 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 17.—a, Crocidosema plebejana Zeller, $ ; b, C. plebejana Zeller, 5 ; c, Tritopterna

galena, new species, $ holotype; d, T. galena, new species, $ paratype; e, Bactra litigatrix

Meyrick, $ ; f, B. litigatrix Meyrick, $ ; g, B. litigatrix, Mayrick, $ ; h, B. litigatrix Meyrick, $ .

(The four photographs illustrate the variation in this species.)
NUMBER 5 6 267

PLATE 18.—a, Platypeplus aprobola (Meyrick), $ ; b, P. aprobola (Meyrick), 9 ; c, Cryptophlebia nythobia, new species, $ holotype; d, Palintropa peregrina, new species, $ paratype;

e, Carposina paracrinifera, new species, $ holotype; /, C. apousia, new species, $ holotype;

g, C. paracrinifera, new species, $ paratype; h, Palintropa peregrina, new species, lateral aspect

of head showing labial palpus.
268

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

a

PLATE 19.—a, Stoeberhinus testaceus Butler, 6"; b, S. testaceus Butler, $ ; c, S. testaceus

Butler, dorsal view of plumose male labial palpus; d, S. testaceus Butler, lateral aspect of normal

female labial palpus; e, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), $ ; f, Autosticha merista, new species;

$ holotype; g, A. merista, new species, lateral aspect of head showing labial palpus; h,

Anatrachyntis incertuleUa (Walker), 9 ; i, A. megacentra (Meyrick), $.
NUMBER 5 6 269

PLATE 20.—a, Echinoscelis hemithia Meyrick, S, typical; b. E. hemithia Meyrick, $, typical;

c. E. hemithia Meyrick, $, black tipped form; d. E. hemithia Meyrick, 9, black tipped form;

e. Trissodoris honorariella (Walsingham), $ ;f.T. honorariella (Walsingham), $ ; g. T. thelmae,

new species, $ paratype; h, T. thelmae, new species, $ paratype.

382-271 O—71- -18
270

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 21.—a, Iressa neoleuca, new species, $ paratype; b, I. neoleuca, new species, 9 paratype;

c, Semolina leucotricha, new species, $ holotype; d, S. leucotricha, new species, $ paratype;

e, Cosmopterix melanarches Meyrick, $ ; f, Labdia dicyanitis Meyrick, $ ; g, Cosmopterix

aphranassa Meyrick, 9 ;h,C. aphranassa Meyrick, $, light form.
NUMBER 5 6 271

PLATE 22.—a, Luceria ocularis (Moore), $ ; b, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), $ ; c, Anthophila

chalcotoxa (Meyrick), $ ; d, Tebenna bradleyi, new species, $ paratype; e, Pseudorinympha

laeta, new species, $ holotype; /, Terthroptera eremosesia, new species, $ holotype; g,

Tanaoctena indubitata, new species, $ holotype; h, T. indubitata, new species, 9 paratype.
272 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 23.—a, Anatrachyntis similis (Bradley), $ ; b, Batrachedra monophthalma, new species,

$ paratype; c, B. monophthalma, new species, $ paratype; d, Ochromolopis incrassa, new

species, $ paratype; e, Parectopa pontificalis Meyrick, $ ; /, Gracillaria verina, new species, $

holotype; g, G. hilaropis Meyrick, $ ;h,G. hilaropis Meyrick, 9 •
NUMBER 5 6 273

PLATE 24.—a, Stathmopoda percnophthalma, new species, $ paratype; b, S. percnophthalma,

new species, 9 paratype; c, S. argyrosticha, new species, $ holotype; d, S. argyrosticha, new

species, 9 paratype; e, S. perfuga (Meyrick), $ ; /, Lissocnemitis argolyca Meyrick, $ ;

g, Petula phalarata, new species, $ paratype; h, Decadarchis phaeoptera, new species, 9

holotype.
274

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 25.—a, Nesoxena pandani, new species, $ paratype; b, N. pandani, new species, 9

paratype; c, Praeacedes thecophora (Walsingham), $ ; d, P. thecophora (Walsingham), 9',

e, Setomorpha rutella (Walsingham), $ ; f, Monopis crocicapitella (Clemens), $ ; g, Petula

phalarata, new species, $ paratype; h, P. phalarata, new species, $ paratype.
NUMBER 5 6 275

\

PLATE 26.—a, Decadarchis pagophila, new species, $ holotype; b, D. cirrhogramma, new species,

$ holotype; c, D. coprosoma, new species, $ paratype; d, D. coprosoma, new species, $ paratype; e, D. minuscula (Walsingham), $ ; f, D. minuscula (Walsingham), 9 ; g, D. melanospila,

new species, $ holotype; h, D. melanospila, new species, $ paratype.
276 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 27.—a, Decadarchis sphenacma Meyrick, $ ; b, JT. sphenacma Meyrick, 9- ; c, D. pelotricha

Meyrick, $ showing expanded scale tuft of hind wing; d, D. pelotricha Meyrick, $ ; e, D.

flavistriata (Walsingham), $ ;f, Biastolemma coarctata, new species, $ paratype; g, B. coarctata,

new species, 5 paratype; h, Erechthias zebrina (Butler), $.
NUMBER 5 6 277

PLATE 28.—a, Choropleca terpsichorella (Busck), $ ; b, C. terpsichorella (Busck), 9 ; e,

Opogona aurisquamosa (Butler), $ ; d, O. aurisquamosa (Butler), 9 ; e, O. attaint, new species,

$ paratype; /, O. allaini, new species, $ holotype; g, O. allaini, new species, $ paratype; h, O.

attaint, new species, 9 paratype.
278

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 29.—a, typical folds of leaves of Eugenia jambos Linnaeus, made by larvae of

Platypeplus aprobola (Meyrick), extruded pupa cases shown; b, cocoon and extruded

pupa cases of Decadarchis sphenacma Meyrick from Pandanus fruit stalk; c, cocoons

and extruded pupae cases of Nesoxena pandani, new species; d, cocoon and extruded

pupa case of Decadarchis flavistriata (Walsingharn) on Pandanus; e, tied leaves of

Vaccinium rapae Skottsberg and extruded pupa case of Dichelopa vaccinii, new species;

/, folded edge of Metrosideros collina (Forster) A. Gray, var., and pupa case of

Parectopa pontificalis Meyrick; g, extruded pupa case of Decadarchis pelotricha

Meyrick in wood of Pandanus; h, head of Decadarchis pelotricha Meyrick, $ ; i, head

of Decadarchis pelotricha Meyrick, $ ; ;, expanded scale tuft on hind wing of

Decadarchis pelotricha Meyrick, $ ; k, expanded hair pencil from costa of hind wing

of Semolina leucotricha, new species.
Index

Principal species references are entered in boldface.

Achaea Hiibner, 13, 44

janata (Linnaeus), 12, 44

albostriata (Bremer and Grey), Chrysodeixis, 12

allaini, new species, Opogona, 13, 227

ALUCITIDAE, 96

Amyna Guenee, 13, 41

natalis (Walker), 12,41

anastrepta (Mcyrick), Tritopterna, 124

Anatrachyntis Meyrick, 1, 14, 17, 150

incertulella (Walker), 1, 13, 150

megacentra (Meyrick), 13, 153

similis (Bradley), 13, 150

subcarnea Meyrick, 150

Anomis Hiibner, 13, 46

flava flava (Fabricius), 12, 46

vitiensis (Butler), 12,46

Anthophila Haworth, 14, 164

chalcotoxa (Meyrick), 13, 17, 164

anthracodelta, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 21, 104

Anticarsia Hiibner, 13, 44

irrorata (Fabricius), 12,46

aphranassa Meyrick, Cosmopterix, 11, 12, 15, 155

apousia, new species, Carposina, 13, 136

aprobola (Meyrick), Platypeplus, 12, 129

ARCTIIDAE, 27

ardescens Meyrick, Eurhodope, 12, 91

argolyca Meyrick, Lissocnemitis, 13, 17, 182

argyrospiloides, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 118

argyrosticha, new species, Stathmopoda, 13,180

aurisquamosa (Butler), Opogona, 13, 222

Autosticha Meyrick, 13, 15,143

merista, new species, 13, 143

Bactra Stephens, 13, 131

litigatrix Meyrick, 13, 133

Batrachedra Herrich-Schaffer, 14, 162

monophthalma, new species, 13, 17, 162

biannulalis (Walker), Tatobotys, 12

Biastolemma, new genus, 14, 17, 219

coarctata, new species, 13, 17, 219

bolina (Linnaeus), Hypolimnas, 12, 27

bradleyi, new species, Tebenna, 13, 17, 166

Cadra Walker, 13, 93

cautella (Walker), 13,93

caeneusalis (Walker), Simplicia, 12, 50

Callopistria Hiibner, 13, 35

meridionalis Collenette, 12, 35

Carposina Herrich-Schaffer, 13, 134

apousia, new species, 13, 136

paracrinifera, new species, 13, 134

CARPOSINIDAE, 134

Caryolestis Meyrick, 21, 196

cautella (Walker), Cadra, 13,93

Celama Walker, 13, 27

insularum Collenette, 12, 28

celerio (Linnaeus), Hippotion, 12, 27

ceramocausta Meyrick, Dichelopa, 12, 115

chalcites (Esper), Chrysodeixis, 12, 41

chalcotoxa (Meyrick), Anthophila, 13, 17, 164

Chasmina Walker, 13, 35

tibialis (Fabricius), 12, 35

chionostigma, new species, Metasia, 13, 21, 79

Chlorodystis Hiibner, 13, 56

pitoi, new species, 13, 56

Choropleca Durrant, 14, 221

terpsichorella Busck, 13, 222

tetraglossa Meyrick, 221

Chrysodeixis Hiibner, 13, 41

albostriata (Bremer and Grey), 12, 41

chalcites (Esper), 12,41

cirrhogramma, new species, Decadarchis, 13, 205

Cleora Curtis, 13, 52

dodonaeae Prout, 12, 52

stenoglypta Prout, 12, 52

coarctata, new species, Biastolemma, 13,17, 219

Cometura Meyrick, 13, 70

picrogramma Meyrick, 12, 13, 70

concinna Swinhoe, Gymnoscelis, 12, 13,14, 56

coprosoma, new species, Decadarchis, 13, 217

COSMOPTERIGIDAE, 144

Cosmopterix Hiibner, 13, 155

aphranassa Meyrick, 11, 12, 15,155

melanarches Meyrick, 13, 15, 155

crocicapitalla (Clemens), Monopis, 13, 188

Crocidosema Zeller, 13, 126

plebejana Zeller, 12, 15 126

crypsidelta Meyrick, Gracillaria, 12

Cryptophlebia Walsingham, 13, 15, 133

nythobia, new species, 13, 133

Cylicophora Turner, 167

Decadarchis Meyrick, 2, 14, 17, 205

cirrhogramma, new species, 13, 205

coprosoma, new species, 13, 217

euophthalma Meyrick, 213

flavistriata (Walsingham), 2, 13, 17, 213

lampadacma (Meyrick), 213

melanospila, new species, 13, 215

minuscula (Walsingham), 13, 17, 211

pagophila, new species, 13, 209

279
280 SMITHSONIAN

Decadarchis Meyrick—Continued

pelotricha Meyrick, 12, 205

phaeoptera, new species, 13, 214

sphenacma Meyrick, 12, 209

delatrix (Guenee), Phlegetonia, 12, 46

deltozancla Meyrick, Dichelopa, 12, 21, 111

deluccae Amsel, Praeacedes, 191

dendrophila, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 21, 105

despecta Meyrick, Praeacedes, 191

Diachalastis Meyrick, 221

Diasemiopsis Munroe, 13, 77

ramburialis (Duponchel), 12, 14, 77

Dichelopa Lower, 13, 15, 99

anthracodelta, new species, 13, 21, 104

argyrospiloides, new species, 13, 118

ceramocausta Meyrick, 12, 115

deltozancla Meyrick, 12, 21, 111

dendrophila, new species, 13, 21, 105

exulcerata Meyrick, 12, 21, 118

honoranda Meyrick, 12, 21, 107

iochorda Meyrick, 12, 99

lupicinia, new species, 13, 21, 113

messalina, new species, 13, 102

myopori, new species, 13, 21, 115

pulcheria, new species, 13, 120

rhodographa, new species, 13, 21, 103

sericopis Meyrick, 11, 12, 21, 107

vaccinii, new species, 13, 21, 107

dicyanitis Meyrick, Labdia, 13, 17, 157

dodonaeae Prout, Cleora, 12, 52

dubia Philpott, Tanaoctena, 17, 170

Echinoscelis Meyrick, 14, 17, 144

hemithia Meyrick, 13, 144

Elydna Walker, 13, 35

nonagrica (Walker), 12, 35

empelioptera, new species, Metasia, 13, 21, 82

EPERMENIIDAE, 174

Erechthias Meyrick, 14, 196

zebrina (Butler), 13, 17,196

eremosesia, new species, Terthroptera, 13, 172

erymna Meyrick, Gymnoscelis, 12, 56

eudoxia, new species, Glyphodes, 13, 14,63

euophthalma Meyrick, Decadarchis, 213

Euplexia Stephens, 13, 32

vetula, new species, 13, 32

Eurhodope Hubner, 13, 89

ardescens Meyrick, 12, 91

exodias Meyrick, Hymenia, 14

exsors Meyrick, Nesoscopa, 12, 122

exterminata Meyrick, Scoparia, 12, 21, 86

exulcerata Meyrick, Dichelopa, 12, 21, 118

fascialis Cramer, Hymenia, 12

fiona, new species, Tirsa, 13, 73

flava flava (Fabricius), Anomis, 12, 46

flavistriata (Walsingham), Decadarchis, 2, 13, 17, 213

food plants, 11

frugalis (Fabricius), Mocis, 12, 44

galena, new species, Tritopterna, 13, 124

GELECHIIDAE, 137

GEOMETRIDAE, 52

GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE, 164

Glyphodes Guen6e, 13, 63

eudoxia, new species, 13, 63

gnorisma, new species, Metasia, 13, 21, 79

Gracillaria Haworth, 14, 185

crypsidelta Meyrick, 12, 185

hilaropis Meyrick, 12, 185

verina, new species, 13, 185

GRACILLARIIDAE, 182

Gymnoscelis Mabille, 13, 52

concinna Swinhoe, 12, 13, 56

erymna Meyrick, 12, 56

HELIODINIDAE, 176

hemicrossa Meyrick, Marasmia, 12,68

hemithia Meyrick, Echinoscelis, 13, 144

Herpetogramma Lederer, 13, 75

licarsisalis (Walker), 12, 75

hilaropis Meyrick, Gracillaria, 12, 13, 185

hippica Meyrick, Palintropa, 15, 137

Hippotion Hubner, 13, 27

celerio (Linnaeus), 12, 27

holotephras (Meyrick), Strepsicrates, 13, 128

Homoeosoma Curtis, 13, 93

inexplorata Meyrick, 12, 93

honoranda Meyrick, Dichelopa, 12, 21, 107

honorariella (Walsingham), Trissodoris, 13, 15, 147

Hyalobathra Meyrick, 13, 61

variabilis, new species, 12, 13, 61

Hydrillodes Guenee, 13, 50

melanozona Collenette, 12, 50

Hypena Schrank, 13, 50

longfieldae Collenette, 12, 52

Hypolimnas Hubner, 13, 27

bolina (Linnaeus), 12, 27

illecta (Walker), Platysenta, 13, 30

illectalis Walker, Isocentris, 12

incertulella (Walker), Anatrachyntis, 13, 150

incrassa, new species, Ochromolopis, 13, 175

indubitata, new species, Tanaoctena, 13, 167

inexplorata Meyrick, Homoeosoma, 12, 93

insularum Collenette, Celama, 12

iochorda Meyrick, Dichelopa, 12,99

Iressa, new genus, 14, 17, 159

neoleuca, new species, 13, 159

triformis (Meyrick), 162

irrorata (Fabricius), Anticarsia, 12, 46

isola, new subspecies, Piletocera signiferalis, 13, 14, 83

itea (Fabricius), Vanessa, 1, 13, 27

janata (Linnaeus), Achaea, 12,44

Labdia Walker, 14, 157

dicyanitis Meyrick, 13, 157

laeta, new species, Pseudorinympha, 13, 170

Iampadacma (Meyrick), Decadarchis, 213

Lathroteles, new genus, 13, 14, 58

obscura, new species, 13, 21, 59

LATHROTELIDAE, new family, 58

leucotricha, new species, Semolina, 13, 159

licarsisalis (Walker), Herpetogramma, 12, 75

Lissocnemitis Meyrick, 14, 182

argolyca Meyrick, 13, 17, 182
NUMBER 36 281

litigatrix Meyrick, Bactra, 13, 133

litura (Fabricius), Prodenia, 12, 35

longfieldae Collenette, Hypena, 12, 52

loreyi (Duponchel), Mythimna, 13, 32

Luceria Walker, 13,34

oculalis (Moore), 12, 32

lupicinia, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 21, 113

LYONETIIDAE, 222

Marasmia Lederer, 13, 14, 64

hemicrossa Meyrick, 12, 68

trapezalis (Guenee), 12, 14,65

mauritia (Boisduval), Spodoptera, 12, 35

megacentra (Meyrick), Anatrachyntis, 13, 153

melanarches Meyrick, Cosmopterix, 13, 15, 155

melanospila, new species, Decadarchis, 13, 215

melanozona Collenette, Hydrillodes, 12, 50

meridionalis Collenette, Callopistria, 12, 35

mcrista, new species, Autosticha, 13, 143

messalina, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 102

Metasia Guenee, 13, 14, 79

chionostigma, new species, 13, 21, 79

empelioptera, new species, 13, 21, 82

gnorisma, new species, 13, 21, 79

minuscula (Walsingham), Decadarchis, 13, 17,211

Mods Hubner, 13,44

frugalis (Fabricius), 12,44

MOMPHIDAE, 162

monophthalma, new species, Batrachedra, 13, 17,162

Monopis Hiibner, 14, 188

crocicapitella (Clemens), 13, 188

myopori, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 21, 115

Mythimna Ochsenheimer, 13, 30

loreyi (Duponchel), 13, 32

natalis (Walker), Amyna, 12, 41

neoleuca, new species, Iressa, 13, 159

Nesoscopa Meyrick, 13, 15, 122

exsors Meyrick, 12, 122

Nesoxena Meyrick, 14, 17, 196

pandani, new species, 13, 196

praedatrix (Meyrick), 196

semifusca (Bradley), 205

strangulata Meyrick, 196, 199

NOCTUIDAE, 28

nonagrica (Walker), Elydna, 12, 35

NYMPHALIDAE, 27

nythobia, new species, Cryptophlebia, 13, 133

obscura, new species, Lathroteles, 13, 21, 59

ochrocrossa, new subspecies, Uresiphita polygonalis, 13, 14, 73

Ochromolopis Hiibner, 14, 174

incrassa, new species, 13, 175

oculalis (Moore),Luceria, 12, 35

OLETHREUTIDAE, 124

operculella (Zeller), Phthorimaea, 13, 15, 137

Opogona Zeller, 14, 17, 222

allaini, new species, 13, 227

aurisquamosa (Butler), 13, 222

Orinympha Meyrick, 5, 17, 170

pagophila, new species, Decadarchis, 13, 209

Palintropa Meyrick, 13, 137

peregrina, new species, 13, 15, 138

pandani, new species, Nesoxena, 13, 196

paracrinifera, new species, Carposina, 13, 134

Parectopa Clemens, 14, 182

pontificalis Meyrick, 17, 182

pelotricha Meyrick, Decadarchis, 12, 205

percnophthalma, new species, Stathmopoda, 13, 178

peregrina, new species, Palintropa, 13, 15, 138

perfuga (Meyrick), Stathmopoda, 12,176

Peridroma Hiibner, 13, 28

saucia (Hubner), 13, 28

Petula, new genus, 14,17, 194

phalarata, new species, 13, 194

phaeoptera, new species, Decadarchis, 13, 214

phalarata, new species, Petula, 13, 194

Phlegetonia Guenee, 13, 46

delatrix (Guenee), 12,46

Phthorimaea Meyrick, 13, 137

operculella (Zeller), 13, 15, 137

picrogramma Meyrick, Cometura, 12, 13, 70

Piletocera Lederer, 13, 83

signiferalis isola, new subspecies, 13,14,83

pitoi, new species, Chloroclystis, 13, 56

plagiata (Walker), Tiracola, 13, 30

Platypeplus Walsingham, 13, 129

aprobola (Meyrick), 12, 129

Platysenta Grote, 13, 30

illecta (Walker), 13,30

plebejana Zeller, Crocidosema, 12, 15, 126

Plutella Schrank, 173

xylostella (Linnaeus), 13, 173

pontificalis Meyrick, Parectopa, 17, 182

Praeacedes Amsel, 2, 14, 191

deluccae Amsel, 191

despecta Meyrick, 191

thecophora (Walsingham), 2, 13, 17, 191

praedatrix (Meyrick), Nesoxena, 196

Prodenia Guenee, 13, 35

litura (Fabricius), 12, 35

prospicuous, 1

psarodes Bradley, Nesoscopa, 122

psednopa Meyrick, Scoparia, 12, 21, 86

Pseudorinympha, new genus, 5, 14, 17, 170

laeta, new species, 13, 170

pulchelloides Hampson, Utetheisa, 13, 28

pulcheria, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 120

PYRALIDAE, 61

ramburialis (Duponchel), Diasemiopsis, 12, 14, 77

rapae, new species, Stangeia, 13, 14, 15, 97

recurvalis (Fabricius), Spoladea, 14, 69

rhodographa, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 21, 103

rutella Zeller, Setomorpha, 13, 17, 188

saucia (Hubner), Peridroma, 13, 28

Scoparia Haworth, 13, 14, 86

exterminata Meyrick, 12, 21, 86

psednopa Meyrick, 12, 21, 86

tivira, new species, 13, 21, 89

semifusca (Bradley), Nesoxena, 205

Semolina, new genus, 14, 17,157

leucotricha, new species, 13, 159
282 SMITHSONIAN

sericopis Meyrick, Dichelopa, 12, 21, 107

Setomorpha Zeller, 186

rutella Zeller, 13,17, 188

signiferalis Wallengren, Piletocera, 12

similis (Bradley), Anatrachyntis, 13, 150

Simplicia Guenee, 13, 50

caeneusalis (Walker), 12, 50

sphenacma Meyrick, Decadarchis, 12, 209

SPHINGIDAE, 27

Spodoptera Guen6e, 13, 35

mauritia (Boisduval), 12, 35

Spoladea Guenee, 13, 69

signiferalis Wallengren, Piletocera, 12

recurvalis (Fabricius), 14, 69

Stagmatophora Herrich-Schaffer, 1

tridigitella Walsingham, 1

StangeiaTutt, 13,96

rapae, new species, 13, 14, 15,97

xerodes Meyrick, 96

Stathmopoda Herrich-Schaffer, 14, 176

argyrosticha, new species, 13, 180

percnophthalma, new species, 13,178

perfuga (Meyrick), 12, 176

stenoglypta Prout, Cleora, 12, 52

Stoeberhinus Butler, 13, 141

testaceus Butler, 12,15,142

strangulata Meyrick, Nesoxena, 196, 199

Strepsicrates Meyrick, 13, 128

holotephras (Meyrick), 13, 128

thyellopis (Meyrick), 12, 129

sub came a Meyrick, Anatrachyntis, 150

Tanaoctena Turner, 1, 14, 167

dubia Philpott, 17, 170

indubitata, new species, 13,167

Tebenna Billberg, 14, 166

bradleyi, new species, 13, 17, 166

terpsichorella (Busck), Choropleca, 13, 222

Terthroptera, new genus, 14, 17,172

eremosesia, new species, 13, 172

testaceus Butler, Stoeberhinus, 12, 15, 142

tetraglossa Meyrick, Choropleca, 221

thecophora (Walsingham), Praeacedes, 2, 13, 17, 191

thelmae, new species, Trissodoris, 13, 15, 147

thyellopis (Meyrick), Strepsicrates, 12, 129

tibialis (Fabricius), Chasinina, 12, 35

TINEIDAE, 188

Tiracola Moore, 13, 28

plagiata (Walker), 13, 30

Tirsa, new genus, 13, 14, 71

fiona, new species, 13, 73

tivira, new species, Scoparia, 13, 21, 89

TORTRICIDAE, 99

trapezalis (Guenee), Marasmia, 12, 14,65

tridigitella Walsingham, Stagmatophora

triformis (Meyrick), Iressa, 162

Trissodoris Meyrick, 14, 147

honorariella (Walsingham), 13, 15, 147

thelmae, new species, 13, 15,147

Tritopterna Meyrick, 13, 15, 124

anastrepta (Meyrick), 124

galena, new species, 13, 124

Uresiphita Hiibner, 13, 73

polygonalis ochrocrossa, new subspecies, 13, 14, 73

Utcthesia Hiibner, 13, 28

pluchelloides Hampson, 13, 28

vaccinii, new species, Dichelopa, 13, 21, 107

Vanessa Fabricius, 13, 27

itea (Fabricius), 1, 13, 27

variabilis, new species, Hyalobathra, 12, 13, 61

verina, new species, Gracillaria, 13, 185

vetula, new species, Euplexia 13, 32

vitiensis (Butler), Anomis, 12, 46

xerodes Meyrick, Strangeia, 96

xylostella (Linnaeus), Plutella, 13, 173

YPONOMEUTIDAE, 167

zebrina (Butler), Erechthias, 13, 17, 196

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