Á"-

OF AGRICULTURAL

AND HOUSEHOLD

PESTICIDES

SAFE USE

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UItt»« STWK DEP*«l«i#T.OF AGRICULTURE ' AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK ^0.32lJ,,

PREFACE

Safety in the use of chemical pesticides is a major concern in a world

that must control food-destroying pests in order to provide enough food

for its rapidly multiplying population.

In the United States it is evident that we must continue to use chemical pesticides. There is no alternate means of adequately controlling

most of the rodents, insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, fungi, and other

pests that take heavy toll of our Nation's agricultural production. It is

estimated that nearly a third of our potential production is lost to these

pests despite our use of pesticides.

Pesticides are used by farmers primarily to protect their crops and

livestock. They are used by people in all walks of life to protect their

health, comfort, and property. They are essential to our national economy and well-being.

Pesticides can be poisonous to humans, domestic animals, pollinating

insects, or wildlife if they are not properly used. But pesticides can be

safe if they are used for their prescribed purposes and as directed by competent authorities. The precautions and procedures by which they may

be used safely on the farm and in the home are discussed on the following

pages.

This reference work has been prepared to aid farm advisers, county

agricultural agents, extension home economists, and others who carry out

the educational activities of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Each

chapter is written to present its information in sufficient detail to minimize the need for cross-reference; thus, for the convenience of the user,

several safety recommendations are repeated in different chapters.
CONTENTS

Page

Preface i

Farm precautions 1

Selecting pesticides 1

Storing pesticides 1

Disposing of empty containers and unwanted pesticides 2

Mixing and handling pesticides 3

Applying pesticides 4

Protecting livestock 4

Caring for equipment 5

Home and garden precautions 7

General precautions 7

Home precautions 7

Garden precautions 8

Safe aerial application 9

Dispersal equipment precautions 9

Ground-crew precautions 9

Pilot precautions 10

Management and supervision 11

Page

Respiratory devices and protective clothing _ 12

Respiratory devices -- 12

Protective clothing 15

What to do if chemical poisoning occurs 19

First-aid treatments 19

Artificial respiration 32

Protecting wildlife from pesticides 33

Protecting fish, birds, and mammals 33

Protecting honey bees 34

Protectmg wildlife in forest pest-control

operations 36

Federal law governing pesticide labeling and

marketing 37

Obtaining registration 37

Labeling procedures 38

Enforcement regulations 40

Relative toxicities of chemical pesticides 41

Chemical and commonly used names of agricultural and household pesticides 59

*?, I c Prepared by

f^ AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE

The information and illustrations on artificial respiration that appear on pages 32 and 33

are hy courtesy of the American National Red Cross.

The following illustrations are hy courtesy of the companies indicated: Figures 5, 8, and 9,

Acme Protection Equipment Company; figure 13, Bill Jack Industries, and figures 4, 6, 12,

and 14, Mine Safety Appliance Company.

Washington, D.C. Issued January 1967

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 50 cents.

11
SAFE USE OF AGRICULTURAL AND

HOUSEHOLD PESTICIDES

FARM PRECAUTIONS

The population of the United States is increasing

at the rate of 3 milHon persons each year; it is expected to double in the next 35 years.

To feed new multitudes of Americans, farmers

must increase their output progressively year by

year. They must control the destructive pests that

otherwise would seriously curtail farm production.

To control the pests, they must use chemical

pesticides.

Observance of the following precautions will insure safe use of pesticides on the farm.

Selecting Pesticides

1. Select a pesticide recommended for a specific

use by a competent authority. This authority may

be a county agricultural agent or adviser, a specialist from an agricultural college, or a current publication of a State experiment station or extension

service or of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.i

2. Select a formulation that is effective against

the pest to be controlled and suited for safe application with the equipment available.

3. If there is a choice between using a coarse

spray or a dust, select the spray to reduce drift

hazards. The average particle size of dusts is considerably smaller than that of most sprays; dusts,

1 For general recommendations on the selection of insecticides, see Agriculture Handbook 313, ''Suggested Guide for

the Use of Insecticides To Control Insects Affecting Crops,

Livestock, Households, Stored Products, and Forest Products,"

available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price $r.

therefore, tend to drift considerably farther than

sprays.

4. Select granules if they are as effective and as

economical for your purpose as a spray or a dust.

Granules rarely create a drift problem. However,

granular pesticides may remain active in the soil

longer than other forms of the same materials.

5. Where possible, purchase wettable powders,

emulsifiable concentrates, or dusts in containers of

such a size that one or more containers can be entirely used for each tank charge; this eliminates the

hazard of 'handHng and storing partly filled

containers.

6. When there is a choice of formulations of a

pesticide, consider these relative hazards:

• An oil-soluble formulation is usually more

hazardous to operators than a water-soluble formulation; it is more easily absorbed through the

skin.

• Formulations that are not completely soluble

are less hazardous than water-soluble or oil-soluble

formulations.

Storing Pesticides

1. Store pesticides in their original containers;

never transfer a pesticide to a food or beverage

container.

2. See that the labels remain on stored containers.

3. Store pesticides in a dry place where they can1
not be reached by children, animals, or unauthorized persons.

4. Never store both poisonous and harmless chemicals in the same place. To do so increases the

danger of mistaking a poisonous chemical for a

harmless one.

5. Do not store herbicides or defohants near insecticides; if you do, cross contamination may

occur.

6. Remove from storage only the amount of material needed for 1 day's apphcation.

Disposing of Empty Containers and

Unwanted Pesticides

Empty containers and unwanted pesticides can

be serious hazards if they are not disposed of properly. Safe disposal can be accomplished as follows:

Empty Containers

1. Before disposing of large containers, empty

remnants of pesticide into a pit dug in level sandy

soil, in a place where they cannot contaminate

water sources. Rinse the containers with water

after emptying.

2. Do not convert empty drums or barrels into

livestock feed troughs, water-storage tanks, or raft

floats; they could be sources of feed or water contamination.

3. Dispose of large metal drums in one of these

ways:

• Return them to the supplier.

• Sell them to a firm dealing in used drums or

barrels that is equipped to neutralize the toxicity

of adhering materials. Contact your pesticide dealFigure 1.—Chopping holes in pesticide container to prevent its reuse.
Figure 2.—Safe way to open and pour a bag of wetfable powder: A, Operator cuts bag near top to prevent spillage; B, he holds

bag low in receptacle to prevent billowing or blowing of powder ; C, when pouring powder into spray tank, he holds bag low

and pours slowly.

er for the names and addresses of such firms in your

area.

• Take them to a sanitary land-fill type of dump.

Inform the operator of the dump that the drums

contain residues of poisonous materials; warn him

that poisonous vapors may be produced if the containers are burned. Before leaving, remove lids or

bungs from the containers; chop holes in the containers with a sharpened pickax to prevent reuse

(fig. 1).

• If none of the preceding disposal means are

available to you, find a private disposal site that

you will use only for empty containers and unwanted pesticide. Select a site away from homes,

streams, ponds, pastures, and cropland; be sure it

is not on the watershed of a public or private water

supply.

4. Deposit small containers at a public dump, or

bury them at least 18 inches deep at a private disposal site. First remove the caps or lids; punch

holes in metal containers; crush glass containers.

5. Burn combustible containers, except herbicide

containers, unless the container label warns against

burning. Do this when the wind will not cause

contaminated smoke to drift over nearby homes,

people, livestock, crops, or the person doing the

work. Caution: Some municipalities have restrictions against burning; consult local authorities before burning containers.

6. Dispose of herbicide containers as follows:

• Do not burn them. When herbicides or defoliants volatilize, the resulting vapors may be

poisonous to humans, and they may damage nearby

plants, crops, or shrubbery. Herbicides or defoliants containing chlorates may explode when heated.

• Break glass herbicide containers. Chop holes

in top, bottom, and .sides of metal containers so

they cannot collect water or be reused, or crush

them under a tractor wheel or with an ax or sledge

hammer. After breaking or puncturing them, bury

the containers at a depth of 18 inches or more at a

safe disposal site, or take them to a dump that does

not burn its refuse.

Unwanted Pesticides

First, offer to give unwanted pesticides to a responsible person in need of the materials. If this

is not practicable, bury dry pesticides at a depth

of at least 18 inches in a safe disposal site. Pour

liquid pesticides into a pit dug in sandy soil. Do

not take unwanted pesticides to an incinerator.

Mixing and Handling Pesticides

1. Mix and prepare pesticides in the open or in

a well-ventilated place. When handled in close

quarters, highly toxic pesticides may cause poison-
ing through inhalation. If the pesticides are volatile liquids, they may cause fires or explosions.

2. Open pesticide containers carefully to prevent

billowing of dusts or splashing of liquids.

3. Pour pesticides carefully to avoid spilHng.

Hold the container from which you are pouring

close to the receiving container. (See fig. 2).

4. Use special containers—drums or pails—for

mixing pesticides; never use food or beverage

containers.

5. Never use your mouth to siphon a pesticide

from a container.

6. Do not mix pesticides in concentrations higher

than those recommended. Measure accurately.

These practices will help insure the appUcation of

correct and safe dosages.

7. Avoid spilHng concentrates on the skin or

clothes, and keep them away from the eyes, mouth,

and nose. If any is spilled, wash it off the skin

with soap and water and change contaminated

clothing immediately. Launder contaminated

clothing before wearing it again.

8. If pesticide gets into the eyes, flush the eyes

with plenty of water for 5 minutes; call a physician.

9. If pesticide is swallowed, apply the first-aid

treatment printed on the container label. Telephone a physician. If you cannot reach a physician, telephone the nearest hospital for further instructions. (See ^'What To Do If Chemical

Poisoning Occurs,'' pp. 19 to 33.)

10. Always wear rubber gloves when handling

concentrates. Rinse the gloves well with water

before removing them; do not turn gloves inside

out when removing.

11. To safely mix and prepare some pesticides,

it is necessary to wear a respiratory device and protective clothing. The container label will tell if

these precautions are needed.

12. Do not smoke, eat, or drink when mixing

pesticides.

Applying Pesticides

1. If the container label prescribes it, wear a

respiratory device and protective clothing when applying a pesticide. (See ''Respiratory Devices and

Protective Clothing," pp. 12 to 18.)

2. Do not apply dosages greater than those recommended on the container label.^

3. Time your appHcations to prevent illegal pesticide residues from remaining on food, feed, or forage

crops; allow the prescribed number of days' interval

between the last pesticide application and harvest

or grazing. 1

4. Guard against drift of pesticides onto nearby

crops, pastures, or grazing livestock, or onto

streams, ponds, lakes, or other fish-bearing waters.

Do not dust or spray on a windy day.

5. Guard against runoff of pesticides into sources

of water supply. Do not apply pesticides near dug

wells, cisterns, or any other water sources into

which they may run or be washed by rain. Do not

clean application equipment, dump unwanted pesticides, or dispose of empty containers near these

places.

6. When applying spray or dust, work into the

breeze or at a right-angle to it; thus the pesticide

will be blown away from instead of onto you. If

this is not practicable, wear a respirator.

7. Do not smoke, eat, or drink while actually applying pesticide. Suspend the operation and thoroughly wash hands and face before doing any of

these things.

8. Be careful not to rub eyes or mouth with your

hands during applications.

9. If you should feel ill while applying pesticide,

stop work at once and get medical attention.

10. At the end of a day's work, bathe and change

all clothing. Launder the clothing before wearing

it again.

11. If your shoes are leather and have become

heavily contaminated with a pesticide that can be

absorbed through the skin, do not wear them again;

burn or bury them. It is impossible to efficiently

decontaminate leather shoes. Rubber shoes may

be washed with soap and water.

Protecting Livestocit

The residues of some chemicals—pesticides and

drugs—can accumulate in animal tissues. Some

chemical residues remain in the bodies of livestock

a long time ; other chemical residues are soon broken

down and eliminated..

Prevent the presence of illegal amounts of pesticide or drug residues in the meat of slaughtered

livestock; very few tolerances have been established

1 For detailed information on recommended amounts of

insecticide to apply, and the number of days' interval to allow

between the last application and harvest or grazing of crops,

see Agriculture Handbook 313, ''Suggested Guide for the Use

of Insecticides To Control Insects Affecting Crops, Livestock,

Households, Stored Products, and Forest Products," available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, at $1 a

copy, or refer to State pubUcations containing this information.
for such residues. Avoid residues in milk; there is

no legal tolerance for any chemical in milk.

Observe these precautions:

1. Use only pesticides or drugs that are registered

or licensed as suitable for your specific purpose.

2. Treat animals only with the pesticides or drugs

recommended for their specific needs by a competent authority (county agricultural agent or adviser, specialist of a State agricultural college, veterinarian, or a current publication of a State experiment station or extension service or of the U.S.

Department of Agriculture).

3. Allow the recommended interval between the

last pesticide application and harvest or grazing of

feed crops.

4. Do not feed cannery wastes, trimmings from

vegetable packing houses, or other food byproducts

to hvestock unless you have ascertained that these

materials do not contain pesticide residues that will

carry through into the meat or milk.

5. Place covers over feed and water containers

when applying pesticide near or on areas occupied

by livestock.

6. After treating dairy cows with antibiotics or

other drugs, withhold their milk from the market

for the length of time specified by the veterinarian

or by the instructions on the container label.

7. After treating animals with pesticides or drugs,

allow the prescribed interval (stated in number of

days) between the last treatment and slaughter.

Refer to the container label for this information.

8. Keep insecticides thoroughly mixed when applying them to livestock. Otherwise some animals

may receive too much of the active ingredient for

safety, or too little for adequate pest control.

9. Do not spray or dip recently weaned calves

when the weather is bad; the exposure may kill

them.

10. When treating cow barns or milk rooms for

insect control, use only chemicals labeled for this

purpose. Follow the label directions precisely.

11. Be sure to clean spraying equipment, including hose, before using it for spraying cattle or other

livestock.

12. When preparing back rubbers, don^t use burnt

motor oil. Top oils and valve oils usually contain

poisonous materials that get into the crankcases of

motors and contaminate the burnt oil that is available from garages and filling stations.

When any of the following insecticides are applied to dairy cows or beef animals by means of

back rubbers, stop the treatment no later than the

indicated number of days before freshening or

slaughter:

Applied to dairy coivs: Days

Ciodrin, 1 percent o

Methoxychlor, 5 percent 14

Ronnel, 1 percent 2I

Applied to beef animals:

Ciodrin, 1 percent 0

DDT, 5 percent 30

Dioxathion, 13^ percent 0

Malathion, 2 percent 0

Methoxychlor, 5 percent 0

Ronnel, 1 percent 42

Toxaphene, 5 percent 28

14. After spraying animals with insecticide be

sure the animals are thoroughly dry before allowing

them to wade in ponds, lakes, or streams.

15. Do not use a spray or dip if an oily or gummy

film appears on its surface after it has been mixed;

the chemical may have deteriorated and consequently the active ingredient may not be evenly

distributed in the mixture.

Caring for Equipment

1. For efficient and safe appHcation, keep equipment in good mechanical condition. Replace parts

promptly when they show signs of wear or malfunction. Give special attention to valves, nozzles,

tubing, connections, and other components that

may cause leakage.

2. Cahbrate the equipment accurately 1 so it will

dispense the prescribed amount of pesticide per

acre. Underdosage from faulty cahbration would

be ineffective against the pests you are trying to

control; overdosage could be a prime cause of illegal

residues.

3. If possible, use separate equipment to apply

different types of pesticides. A minute herbicide

residue in a tank loaded with insecticide could

seriously damage susceptible plants; also, insecticide residue in a herbicide tank could cause ill

effects.

4. If it is necessary to use the same equipment for

several types of pesticides, clean it thoroughly beiFor instructions on the calibration of application equipment, see Agriculture Handbook 313, "Suggested Guide for

the Use of Insecticides to Control Insects Affecting Crops,

Livestock, Households, Stored Products, and Forest Products," available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, at $1

a copy, or refer to State publications containing this information.
tweeri changes. Different cleaning procedures are

required to remove different pesticide residues from

application equipment, as follows:

Herbicides.—If a sprayer has contained herbicide, clean it by one of the following two methods:

• Thoroughly flush the tank with warm water

and a detergent. Then fill it with a solution of 1

part household ammonia in 100 parts of water.

Run some of the solution through the sprayer boom

and nozzles. Allow the solution to remain in the

equipment for 12 to 24 hours, then remove it and

rinse the equipment with water.

• Rinse the tank for about 2 minutes with a 0.25

percent suspension of activated charcoal {}4 pound

of activated charcoal in 10 gallons of water) to

which has been added a small quantity of a household detergent. Run some of the suspension

through the boom and nozzles. Empty the tank

and rinse with clean water.

Neither of the above methods is always completely effective. To test the equipment after

cleaning, fill it with water and spray seedlings of a

sensitive plant such as bean, tomato, or a sensitive

weed. If the plant is not affected within 2 days,

the equipment is safe for further use.

Wettnble powders.—Rinse the tank with water

containing a wetting agent or a detergent; then

rinse with plain water.

Dusts.—Remove as much of the residual dust

as possible. Then fill the hopper with plain talc,

clay, or other inert material. Empty the hopper.

Repeat this procedure if necessary.

Emulsions.—Flush the tank with large quantities

of water, with agitator running. Rinse once or

twice with an oil solvent (paint thinner or herbicidal

naphtha). Flush again with water, and drain.

Solutions.—Rinse with the same kind of solvent

used in the formulation previously contained in the

tank; if this was an organic solvent, you may use

paint thinner, herbicidal naphtha, or fuel oil. Drain

the tank and rinse with soapy water. Rinse again

with plain water.

RESPONSIBILITY FOR ILLEGAL RESIDUES

IN MILK

The owner of milk as it is marketed is held responsible for any pesticide residues in the product. The

producer also is held responsible, even though he

had no direct control over the pesticide appUcations

from which the contamination resulted. If a pesticide residue is detected in milk, the milk may be

condemned and the producer may be told that milk

from his cows may not be marketed until a residue

is no longer present.

If the owner or producer markets niilk containing

illegal residues in interstate commerce, the milk is

subject to Federal seizure and the shipper is subject

to prosecution and injunction. The Food and

Drug Administration collects and analyzes milk

samples by very sensitive equipment capable of

detecting and measuring minute amounts of residue. Some States are also equipped to make such

analyses. The Food and Drug Administration notifies State officials and owners when residues are

found. State officials halt shipment of the contaminated milk and maintain surveillance over the

producing farms until the residue problems are corrected. Both Federal and State agencies emphasize preventive measures.

NEMATOCIDE PRECAUTIONS

Handle nematocides with great care. Follow the

manufacturer's directions exactly. Variations in

soils or cHmate may affect the action of nematocides. Ask your county agricultural agent oi* State

agricultural experiment station for advice as to the

best method of application in your area, and the

avoidance of possible harmful effects. For detailed information on the use of nematocides, see

Agriculture Handbook 286, ''Chemical Control of

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes,'' available from the

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; price 15

cents.
HOME AND GARDEN PRECAUTIONS

Housekeepers and home gardenersfrequently face

the problem of controlling insects and other pests

that contaminate food, destroy property, injure

garden produce, or cause personal annoyance.

Some of these pests, at times, cannot be controlled

without using pesticides.

If not handled and applied properly, many pesticides used in the home or garden can injure people

or pets. Most pesticide poisonings occur to children under 5 years of age. And most of the poisonings, whether to adults, children, or pets, are caused

by carelessness. They can be prevented.

Pesticides, if carefully used, will give satisfactory

pest control in the home and garden without endangering anyone. To insure safety, housekeepers

and home gardeners should strictly observe the following precautions.

General Precautions

1. Read the label. This is the first rule of safety in

using any pesticide—read the label and follow the

directions and "precautions printed on it.

2. Store pesticides in closed, well-labeled containers where children or pets cannot reach them.

Do not store them under the sink, in the pantry, or

in the medicine cabinet. Do not store them near

food of any kind.

3. Store application equipment as you do pesticides—out of the reach of children or pets. Label

each duster or sprayer with the name of its pesticide

contents.

4. Do not save or reuse empty pesticide containers. Dispose of containers promptly as follows:

• Do not puncture pressurized containers. Do

not burn them; they may explode and cause bodily

injury or start fires.

• Wrap the empty containers, including bags

and cartons, in heavy layers of newspaper or other

paper. If you have trash-collection service, deposit them with the trash for removal. If you do

not have this service, crush metal containers and

break glass containers; take them to a public dump,

or bury them at least 18 inches deep at a place

where they will not contaminate water sources.

5. Do not apply more pesticide than the label

recommends. Overdosage is wasteful and may be

dangerous.

6. If you use poisoned bait to control rats, mice.

or other pests, either indoors or outdoors, place it

where children or pets cannot find it.

7. When opening a liquid pesticide container,

keep your face away from, and to one side of, the

cap or lid.

8. Mix or prepare dusts or sprays outdoors or in

a well-ventilated room.

9. In handling any pesticide, avoid contact with

the skin. Do not get pesticide near your mouth,

eyes, or nose.

10. If pesticide gets in your eyes, flush the eyes

with water for 5 minutes; get medical attention.

11. Never smoke, eat, or drink while handling a

pesticide. After finishing the work, wash exposed

skin surfaces with soap and water.

12. If you spill pesticide on your clothing, launder the clothing before wearing it again.

13. If you become ill during or shortly after using

a pesticide, call a physician immediately.

14. If you accidentally swallow^ some pesticide,

call a physician at once. From the container label,

read to him the names of the active chemical ingredients; follow his instructions for first-aid treatment. (See '^What To Do If Poisoning Occurs,''

pp. 19 to 33.)

Home Precautions

In addition to the preceding general precautions^

housekeepers should observe the following precautions to insure the proper and safe use of pesticides

in the home.

1. Apply each form of pesticide for its proper

purpose :

Surface sprays.—These sprays have coarse particles that dampen or wet the surfaces to which

they are apphed. When the spray dries, a thin

deposit of pesticide remains. The deposit usually

is invisible.

Buy surface sprays in pressurized containers; or

buy a liquid insecticide and apply it with a household hand sprayer that produces a continuous coarse

spray.

Space sprays and aerosols.—These two forms of

sprays are designed for application into the air.

They are effective against flying insects, and also

may be used to penetrate the hiding places of other

insects and drive them into the open where they

may be killed with a surface spray or dust.

The particles or droplets of a space spray are
finer than those of a surface spray, and float in the

air for a time. The particles of an aerosol are finer

than those of a space spray, and float in the air for

a longer time.

Do not apply a coarse surface spray into the air

of a room; it may be hazardous if so applied. Use

a space spray or aerosol that is designed and labeled

for this purpose.

Dusts.—Pesticidal dusts usually contain the same

active ingredients as sprays. They are used for

surface applications, and may be blown by a household hand duster into cracks, corners, and other

places hard to reach with sprays.

Poisoned baits.—As the name implies, poisoned

baits are materials on which a pest will feed, to

which a poison has been added. They are used to

control rodents such as rats and mice and some

other pests. Poisoned baits are applied by placing

them where they will be encountered by the pest to

be controlled.

2. Some sprays sold in pressurized containers

may be labeled for both surface and space applications. If you use one of these products for spraying in the kitchen or pantry, first place cooking and

eating utensils, and food, where they WAII not be

contaminated by falling particles of spray.

3. Some people are allergic to the materials in

space sprays and aerosols. If you find that you

are allergic to a particular pesticide formulation,

select another formulation suitable for the purpose.

4. Do not use inside the house any pesticide that

requires a respirator or gas mask in its application.

5. Keep children away when you are applying

pesticide.

6. Do not spray entire floors, walls, or ceihngs

with pesticide. This would be wasteful, and would

leave residues where they would come in contact

with human beings or pets.

7. Keep persons and pets out of treated rooms

until the rooms have been aired.

8. Remove aquariums, and birds, cats, dogs, and

other pets, and their food and water bowls before

spraying or dusting.

9. When spraying, dusting, or dipping pets, use

only a pesticide labeled for the purpose.

10. Unless the container label states otherwise,

assume that all prepared sprays are flammable.

Do not spray near an open flame. Turn off gas

pilot lights before spraying. Do not smoke while

spraying.

11. Sometimesfumigation is needed to rid a house

of rodents, termites, bed bugs, or other pests. Fumigation should be done only by a professional exterminator or other experienced person.

Occupants must leave a house before it may be

fumigated, and they should not return until the

fumigated house has been thoroughly aired. Airing usually requires from 24 to 48 hours, the time

depending on the type of fumigant used. The entire operation—fumigating and airing—requires

from 2 to 4 days.

Garden Precautions

The information that follows applies to both

flower and vegetable gardening. It is fundamentally the same advice given for commercial farming (pp. 1 to 6).

The difference between home gardening and commercial farming is basically in scope. The householder usually pursues his gardening as a hobby.

He cultivates a small piece of ground—a backyard

or a lot—for pleasure rather than profit. He is

usually not physically exposed to pesticides for long

periods. He may handle pesticide concentrates

that are very toxic before being diluted for application, but he does not—or should not—handle,

mix, apply, or store on his premises the extremely

toxic chemicals that are often used in commercial

farming.

In addition to the general precautions (pp. 7, 8),

the home gardener should observe the following:

1. When mixing or handling concentrates, wear

rubber gloves. Rinse them w^ell with water before

removing.

2. Use special containers for mixing pesticides.

Never use food or beverage containers.

3. Apply a pesticide only on the plants for which

it is recommended. Apply it only against the specific pests it is designed to control. The container

label will tell.

4. Do not apply dosages heavier than those recommended on the container label.

5. Do not apply dust or spray on a windy day.

When there is a breeze, apply the dust or spray

from the windward side of the area being treated,

so the breeze will blow the pesticide away from you,

not onto you.

6. Do not allow pesticides to drift onto adjoining

property. Do not apply pesticides near wells or

cisterns or any other water sources into which

they may run or be washed by rain. Do not clean

application equipment, empty unwanted pesticide,

or dispose of empty containers near these places.

7. To prevent harmful residues from remaining

8
on edible plants, it may be necessary to allow a

waiting period between the time of the last pesticide

application and the time edible parts of the plant

are picked. The length of the waiting period varies for different pesticides on different plants. Read

the container label for this information.

8. Do not apply pesticide to a lawn when people

or pets are on it. After treating a lawn to control

soil pests, sprinkle it with water to wash the pesticide from the grass into the soil. This will reduce

the hazard to children and pets; it will not reduce

the effectiveness of the treatment. Do not allow

children or pets on the lawn until the grass has

dried.

How large can a home garden be? It can be as

large as a small farm if there is enough land around

the house. When your gardening expands to the

point where you use power equipment and are exposed to pesticides for long periods, refer to ''Farm

Precautions,'^ pp. 1 to 6, for safety information apphcable to such conditions.

SAFE AERIAL APPLICATION

Application of pesticides by aircraft has developed into an extensive, skilled profession. Various

hazards are associated with the work; they can be

minimized by observance of the precautions given

in this handbook.

Commercial pest-control operators teach their

employeesthe principles of both safety and efficiency.

They provide supervision to insure that these principles will be observed during operations. Some

agricultural colleges and commercial schools offer

short courses in efficient, safe aerial application of

pesticides.

The personnel of most aerial application companies are familiar with safety precautions that

must be taken in their work. The information

given here is addressed primarily to farmers—to

acquaint them with the protective services to which

they are entitled when they contract for professional pesticide application.^

Generally, safety measures in aerial apphcation

relate to four major areas: (1) Dispersal equipment

precautions, (2) ground crew precautions, (3) pilot

precautions, and (4) management and supervision.

Dispersal Equipment Precautions

Safe operation cannot be achieved or maintained

without the proper equipment. Consider these

recommendations:

1. The aircraft is the most important item of

equipment. Use the type of aircraft best suited

1 For detailed information on aerial application equipment

and operational efficiency, see Agriculture Handbook 287,

^'Aerial Application of Agricultural Chemicals," available

from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, at 20 cents a copy.

for the job. Fixed-wing aircraft are usually more

practicable than other types for treating large areas

where the swath runs are long. Helicopters are

safer and more maneuverable for treating small

areas, or plots, particularly those in which there

are obstacles.

2. Protect pilots, and increase operating efficiency,

by using aircraft specially designed for pesticide

application. These aircraft are equipped with numerous safety features, including:

• Special ventilation that reduces pilot exposure

to chemicals.

• Provision for pilot comfort, to reduce fatigue.

• Good visibility in all directions.

• Ease of control during slow flight; partial

aileron control during stalls.

3. If you apply spray with a fixed-wing aircraft

that has boom-and-nozzle equipment, see that the

boom length is not more than three-fourths of the

wingspan. If the boom is longer and extends close

to the wingtips, the spray will be picked up by the

wingtip vortices and may drift outside the treatment area.

4. See that the dispersal equipment has a positive-cutoff valve that will prevent leaking when

you shut off the spray at the end of the runs or when

flying over pastures, ponds, lakes, streams, or other

sensitive areas. A valve that incorporates the

suck-back feature also reduces the risk of dribbling

nozzles.

Ground-Crew Precautions

1. Each member of the ground crew—whether

mixer, loader, or flagman—should have available

goggles, respirator, rubber gloves and boots, and

9
an extra set of coveralls. He should have access to

a shower or an adequate supply of soap and water.

2. Wearing protective clothing and a respirator

may be optional with members of the ground crew

if they are handling materials no more toxic than 2,

4-D, DDT or malathion, or mixtures of them.

Ground crews should wear full protective equipment and take all other reasonable precautions

when working with materials as toxic as endrin or

parathion.

3. Ground-crew personnel should change clothing and bathe at the end of each day's work, or immediately if a concentrate or highly toxic mixture

gets on the skin.

4. Members of the ground crew should learn to

recognize symptoms of pesticide poisoning. These

symptoms are often more obvious to others than

to the victim himself; any abnormal action may

indicate the onset of poisoning. The personnel

should know what to do in emergency. (See '^What

To Do If Chemical Poisoning Occurs/' pp. 19 to 33.)

5. If water is drawn from streams or ponds for

mixing purposes, make sure that no pesticide flows

back into the water source.

6. If pesticide is spilled while it is being mixed

or loaded, clean it up or otherwise protect persons

or animals from coming in contact with it. On a

hard-surfaced area, hosing the spot thoroughly

with water will reduce hazard. If pesticide is

spilled on bare ground, cover it with earth.

Pilot Precautions

The pilot bears a greater responsibility for safe

operation than other members of an aerial application team. He must be alert to conditions that

might affect him personally; and he must guard

against drift and other hazards that could, in one

way or another, injure humans, livestock, crops, or

wildlife.

Personal Protection

Applicator pilots usually experience less actual

exposure to pesticides than do personnel of the

ground crew. This is not so under certain conditions. For personal safety, pilots should observe

these precautions:

1. Anticipate greater than normal hazard—

• When the pesticide being applied is highly

concentrated or very toxic.

• When applying any of the organic phosphorus

compounds; exposure to these materials may cause

rapid impairment of vision.^

• When fatigue results from flying for long periods.

2. Do not assist the ground crew in mixing or

loading pesticides. Stay on the windward side of

these operations to avoid inhaling toxic fumes or

dusts.

3. Before takeoff, make certain there are no pesticide leaks or spillage inside the aircraft. These

could endanger you during the time required to disperse the load.

4. If you are to be exposed to high concentrations

of pesticide, wear a full-face gas mask; or wear a

pilot's supplied-air respirator of the type illustrated

on page 17. If you prefer to wear goggles, use a

type that will seal tightly with a half-face gas mask

around the nosepiece.

5. When applying dust formulations, make sure

there is no leakage of dust into the cockpit.

6. When protection of the hands is required,

wear cloth work gloves. Wear them only while

they remain dry, and wash them thoroughly after

each day's use.

7. Always wear a crash helmet and shoulder harness during flights.

8. Learn to recognize symptoms of pesticide poisoning. They may include dizziness, blurred vision,

watering of the eyes, or nausea. Stop flying when

you first notice what might be a symptom. Do

not resume flying until all possible symptoms have

disappeared and their cause has been eliminated.

9. Bathe at the end of each day's work, and send

your work clothes to be laundered before using

them again.

Drift Control

Precautions to control the aerial drift of pesticidal dusts or sprays are largely the responsibility

of the pilot. Drift cannot be prevented entirely,

but it can be reduced to the point where it will do

no appreciable harm. Following is the basic information on aerial drift control:

1. Dusts tend to drift much farther than coarse

sprays. If there is a choice between using a dust

or a coarse spray, use a spray. Granular material

is less likely to drift than either a dust or a spray.

2. Coarse spray droplets do not drift as far as

fine spray droplets. Use the coarsest spray that

will give effective and economic coverage. Oil1 If your work requires the application of organophosphates,

take blood cholinesterase tests at regular intervals. Before

you first handle the material, take a test to determine your

natural cholinesterase level.

10
/

Figure 3.—Ground-crew members of aerial application team wear protective clothing while handling highly toxic pesticide.

spray droplets tend to drift farther than waterspray droplets.

3. Reducing the height of night will reduce the

extent of drift. Fly the aircraft at the lowest

height compatible with effective dispersal of pesticide and safety of operation.

4. High wind velocity makes it impossible to

control drift. If increasing wind velocity creates a

drift hazard, stop application immediately.

5. Calibrate dispersal equipment precisely. Adjust it to produce the desired dosage at the predetermined speed of the aircraft. If flow rates should

be changed by diluents, additives, or other causes,

adjust the cahbration accordingly.

6. Under some conditions, a very high temperature prevents the pesticide from settling to the

ground within the treatment area. If this situation

occurs, postpone applications.

7. In uneven terrain, even on a calm day, the

"downhill" movement of surface air can carry spray

or dust a considerable distance outside the treatment area. Make allowance for this air movement.

8. Do not make aerial applications to fields or

plots so small that drift to adjoining areas is unavoidable. Ground equipment should be used to

treat these small areas.

9. Take particular care to prevent drift onto

homes, barns, streams, lakes, ponds, or pastures.

Make your swath runs parallel to these places; do

not make turns over them.

Other Pilot Precautions

1. Do not prime the dispersal equipment or test

the flow rate while ferrying between the airstrip

and the area being treated.

2. After completing a job, do not dump pesticide

remaining in the aircraft while returning to the airstrip. Instead, return to the airstrip, drain the

unused pesticide into a properly labeled container,

and store it in a safe place. If you must dispose of

excess pesticide, dust or spray, bury it at least 18

inches deep in a disposal site where it can do no

damage.

3. See that the aircraft and its equipment are

cleaned daily; the cleaning prevents pesticide from

accumulating. Do this cleaning where the drainage will soak into the ground; select a place from

which the drainage will not run into a sewer, ditch,

pond, or stream.

Management and Supervision

Managers or owners of aerial application firms,

and their operation supervisors, have distinct responsibilities for insuring safe operation. An individual applicator who has only one aircraft and

a few helpers must himself assume the same responsibilities.

Managers or owners should—

1. Equip the aircraft with all safety devices

needed to protect the pilot, prevent leakage of

pesticide, and reduce drift.

2. Equip the aircraft with adjustable dispersal

apparatus that produces the desired droplet size,

deposit pattern, and application rate.

3. Provide safe, up-to-date loading equipment.

This is essential to the safety of the ground crew;

11
it can add greatly to the efficiency of operation.

4. When pilots or other workers are exposed to

organophosphates, make it mandatory for them to

take blood cholinesterase tests at prescribed intervals.

Operation supervisors should—

1. Make sure all workers understand the nature

of the chemical being handled, and what to do if

poisoning occurs.

2. Do these things before starting an operation:

• Get in touch with a physician and a hospital

in the area; describe the work being done and the

chemical being used, so that, if there is an emergency, they will know what treatment is needed.

• Post the names of the physician and the hospital at the mixing site.

3. Require all members of the ground crew to

wear the necessary protective clothing.

4. If a pilot or any of the crew shows signs of

poisoning, see that he gets medical attention at

once; remove him from contact with toxic material

for at least a week.

5. When highly toxic chemicals are being handled, assign at least two men to assist each other

in the work, and to watch each other for symptoms

of overexposure to the materials.

6. Clear the treatment area of people and animals before starting applications. Notify beekeepers so they can take measures to protect their

colonies. See that precautions are taken to prevent

people or livestock from entering a treated area

until it is safe for them to do so. Inform residents

near the treatment area of any precautions they

need to take before, during, or after applications.

7. Provide for the safe disposal of empty pesticide containers. When carelessly discarded, these

containers are a menace to humans and animals.

(See ^'Disposing of Empty Containers and Unwanted Pesticides,^' p. 2.)

RESPIRATORY DEVICES AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

People who work with pesticides—in their manufacture, packaging, or application—depend for their

personal safety on respiratory devices and protective clothing. Respiratory devices prevent inhalation of toxic dusts, vapors, or gases; many of them

also protect the eyes or the entire head. Articles

of protective clothing prevent pesticides from contacting the skin, and should be worn whenever it

is necessary to handle pesticides that may be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts.

Respiratory Devices

Two kinds of respiratory devices—chemical-cartridge respirators and gas masks—are most generally

used to prevent the inhalation of pesticides. A

third kind, supplied-air respirators, is also used.

Chemical-Cartridge Respirators

Most chemical-cartridge respirators are designed

as half-face masks that cover the nose and mouth

but do not protect the eyes (fig. 4). They have one

or two cartridges attached to the facepiece by a

1 The activated charcoal contained in respirator cartridges

adsorbs the molecules of vapors or gases by holding them to its

surfaces. The chemicals other than charcoal contained in

gas-mask canisters usually absorb these gases or vapors by

''swallowing" them, or taking them inside.

holder. The cartridges contain a chemical, usually

activated charcoal, that adsorbs i toxic vapors or

gases.

Respirator facepieces are equipped with one-way

valves that allow air for inhaling to enter through

the cartridges but prevent the moist, exhaled air

from venting through them.

All chemical-cartridge respirators approved by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture are equipped

also with filters that remove dust and spray particles.

Gas Masks

Most gas masks are designed to cover the entire

face and protect the eyes. Their facepieces are

made to hold a chin-type canister or connect to a

chest-type canister by means of a flexible hose. A

chest-type canister may be fastened on either the

chest or back of the operator by straps. (See figs.

6 and 10.)

Canisters serve the same purpose for gas masks

as cartridges do for respirators, but gas-mask canisters contain more of the poison-removing materials and therefore have a longer service life.

Because they fit more closely, full-face gas masks

will not leak as easily as half-face masks or respirators.

12
^^ y \^

^

/

Figure 4.—Chemical-cartridge respirator equipped with two

cartridges.

Figure 5.—Full-face gas mask equipped with chin-type

canister.

Supplied-Air Respirators

A supplied-air respirator is one in which pure air,

under pressure, is delivered through a flexible tube

to the operator's mask. There are two types—the

constant-flow type, and the demand-flow type.

Constant-flow type

Some constant-flow respirators provide, under

steady pressure, air that has been purified by having been drawn through a filter and canister before

being delivered to the operator's mask.

Other constant-flow respirators do not have a

filter or canister, but supply pure air that has been

forced to the operator's mask from an uncontaminated source.

Some constant-flow respirators are available in

units that can be mounted on tractors or other application equipment (fig. 7). These units operate

on 6- to 24-volt direct current or 11,5-volt alternating current.

Demand-flow type

A demand-flow respirator, like the constant-flow

type, delivers pure air to the operator. It differs,

however, in that the air flow is not constant; it is

alternately off and on. When the operator exhales, the flow stops; when he inhales, it starts.

Usually the air is supplied from a compressed air

tank or cylinder. This type of respirator employs

a full facepiece connected to a "demand" valve that

regulates the start and stop of the flow (fig. 8).

A demand-flow mask connected to a compressedair cylinder is satisfactory for short-period use.

Cylinders are available in several sizes. The most

common size contains 22 cubic feet of air—enough

for 15 to 20 minutes of service.

Length of Service Life

Respirators and gas masks are dependent, respectively, on cartridges and canisters for their effectiveness. The cartridges and canisters must be

replaced when their absorbent or adsorbent capacities become exhausted.

Cartridges and chin-type canisters usually have

shorter service lives than chest-type canisters because they contain less of the chemical material.

Different types give service for various lengths of

time. The U.S. Bureau of Mines requires that a

gas-mask canister have a service life of at least

Y<¿ hour when used by an operator performing mod13
érate exercise in gas concentrations up to 2 percent.

The service life of these devices is affected by

humidity, temperature, and the volume of the

operator's breathing. High humidity shortens the

service life, in use or in storage. Mists, sprays of

water, and rain also shorten the service life.

Tests by the U.S. Department of Agriculture

have shown that cartridges or canisters in storage

gradually lose their effectiveness because of exchange of air within the units; this exchange is

caused by changes in temperature and atmospheric

pressure.

Uses of Respiratory Devices

Respiratory devices should be purchased and used

only for the specific purposes for which they are designed. Some of these devices are limited in the

range of their effectiveness. For example, a cartridge or canister that protects against certain specific pesticides may not protect adequately against

J

Figure 6.—Full-face gas mask connected by flexible hose to

canister mounted on operator's chest.

mixtures of the same pesticides. However, several

available devices will give protection against all the

commonly used pesticides.

Further information on this subject is available

in a pubhcation entitled "Respiratory Devices for

Protection Against Certain Pesticides." If you

wish a copy, write to the Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville,

Md., 20705; ask for ARS 33-76-1.

Uses of chemical-cartridge respirators

Generally, chemical-cartridge respirators are used

for protection against dusts or mists during the field

handling of pesticides. They do not give adequate

protection to an operator handling highly concentrated pesticides.

The label on a pesticide container will tell if the

protection of a respirator or gas mask is needed.

Chemical-cartridge respirators are generally worn

by operators engaged in the following work:

1. Handling pesticides during the loading of application equipment.

2. Disposing of pesticide containers or unwanted

pesticides.

3. Work in which the operator is exposed for

only a short time to small amounts of highly toxic

pesticide.

4. Field work in which the operator is exposed

continuously during the day or for successive days

to pesticides in amounts so small that they are almost

undetectable. Exposure to appreciable amounts requires the use of a gas mask or a supplied-air respirator.

Uses of gas niasl(s

Because they are equipped with canisters and

with facepieces that fit more closely, gas masks give

greater protection than chemical-cartridge respirators. They should be used by operators engaged

in the following work:

1. Formulating or mixing pesticides in closed or

poorly ventilated places. Full-face gas masks

should be used; chemical-cartridge respirators do

not give adequate protection against inhalation of

pesticidal dusts, mists, or vapors under these conditions.

2. When applying fumigants to grain. Follow

instructions of the fumigant manufacturer. When

concentrated fumigating material is applied directly

to the surface of grain, there may be very high

concentrations of gas close to the air inlet of the

gas-mask canister if it is mounted on the operator's

chest. Thus, gas concentrations in the intake air

14
Figure 7.—A constant-flow, supplied-air respirator protects the operator of this spraying rig.

may be reduced by mounting the canister on the

operator's back (fig. 10).

3. Applying highly toxic pesticide by aircraft.

A full-face gas mask is recommended. If a halfface gas mask is used, the goggles must seal tightly

with the mask around the nosepiece.

4. Any work that directly exposes the operator

to concentrated dusts, sprays, or aerosols—as in

greenhouses, in closed places, or at the rear of a

power-driven rig.

5. Dusting or spraying under tobacco shade

cloth, or in citrus groves in hot or calm weather.

Uses of supplied-air respirators

Supplied-air respirators are generally used by operators who work in grain elevators, ship holds, the

inside of tanks, or other places where the natural

supply of oxygen in the air is low or where high concentrations of pesticides are in the air.

Lightweight, supplied-air respirators that have

full-face masks are available to pilots engaged in

aircraft application (fig. 13).

Protective Clothing

In conjunction with respiratory devices, which

prevent inhalation of pesticides, protective clothing

is used to prevent contact of pesticides with the

skin.

Skin contact can occur with any form of pesticide—dust, liquid, spray, aerosol, or vapor. To be

effective, protective clothing must be made of materials that prevent or greatly resist the penetration

of any of these forms. Also, the materials must

be washable because the clothing should be washed

thoroughly after each use to remove the toxic elements that have been kept from reaching the skin

of the wearer.

Protective Clothing Requirements

The amount of protective covering an operator

needs is determined by (1) the toxicity, concentration, and vapor action of the pesticide he is working

with; (2) the degree of his exposure; (3) the length

of exposure; and (4) the extent to which the pesticide can be absorbed through the skin. Requirements vary in a number of details; these are some

examples:

1. An operator applying concentrated aerosol in

a greenhouse (a closed area) is greatly exposed. He

should wear complete covering—hood, coveralls,

rubber gloves, and boots or washable shoes. He

15
requires a full-face gas mask equipped with a canister and fume-type filter. (See fig. 11.)

2. An operator applying a toxic chemical inside

a tank should wear the same protective clothing

described above. He requires a supplied-air respirator. (See fig. 9.)

3. An operator spraying in a citrus grove should

wear a rain hat or hood, raincoat, washable gloves,

and washable shoes. He may use a chemical-cartridge respirator or a gas mask.

4. An operator dusting or spraying a field crop

should wear a hat, coveralls, washable gloves, and

washable shoes. He may use a chemical-cartridge

respirator.

Figure 9.—Spraying inside a tank. Operator uses a suppliedair respirator and wears a complete outfit of protective

clothing. This equipment is also used when fumigants are

applied in ship holds and other close quarters.

Figure 8.—Demand-flow, supplied-air respirator. Flow of

compressed air from cylinder is regulated by a valve; the

flow starts when the operator inhales, and stops when he

exhales.

16

Figure 10.—Operator uses gas mask while applying fumigant

to grain. The canister is mounted on the operator's back

where the intake air is not highly contaminated by the

fumigant.
Figure 11.—Applying aerosol in a greenhouse. Operator Figure 12.—Tiiis head and shoulder covering (hood) seals

wears a full-face gas mask, rubber hood, rubber gloves, tightly around the gas-mask facepiece; it protects skin

and washable coveralls. Rubber boots are worn inside the areas that the mask does not cover,

pants.

Figure 13.—Light-weight, supplied-air respirator designed for use of pilots engaged in aircraft application of pesticides.

17
Figure 14.—Two types of protective clothing: L, Hat, jacliet, pants, and rubber boots worn inside pants; R, hat, fuli-Iength

raincoat, and rubber boots.

18
WHAT TO DO IF CHEMICAL POISONING OCCURS

If a person becomes poisoned by a chemical, his life may depend on prompt treatment.

Call a physician immediately and give the proper first-aid treatment indicated in the

following table.

First-Aid Treatments

Follow these procedures for finding the proper

first aid treatment to give for chemical poisoning:

1. In the first column of the following table, find

the commonly used name of the chemical that

caused the poisoning.

2. In the second column, opposite the name of

the chemical, find the type of poisoning to which the

victim was exposed. The types are : Internal (when

the chemical has been swallowed), external (when

it has come in contact with the skin), inhalation

(when it has been inhaled), and eye (when it has

come in contact with the eyes).

3. In the third column, opposite the type of

poisoning, find the number of the proper treatment.

4. At the bottom of the following page, under

TREATMENT, find the corresponding number

and follow the directions.

5. If the victim has been exposed to more than

one type of poisoning (by swallowing plus skin contact, for example), apply the indicated treatment

for each type.

Table 1.—^First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning

Commonly used name

of chemicaU poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Acetone Internal

Inhalation..

Eye

0

(D

(2)

Alpha naphthylthiourea Internal

Inhalation.. %

Amiben Internal ®

Acrylonitrile Internal

Inhalation. _

(D

(D

Amitrole Internal ®

Ammonium nitrate Internal (D

Internal

External

Eye

(D

(!)

Aldrin

Ammonium sulfamate Internal ®

AMS Internal ®

AUethrin Internal ® Aramite Internal

External

®

AUyl alcohol Internal

External

InhalationEye

(D

®

(2)

®

Arsenic compounds,

inorganic insoluble

Internal

External. _. Î

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

FIND PROPER TREATMENT AT BOTTOM OF FOLLOWING PAGE

19
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Arsenite desiccant Internal

External--_

Inhalation. _ 1

Benzene Internal

Inhalation. _

Eye

®

®

(!)

Bidrin Internal

External

Inhalation..

Eye

Arsonate, calcium

propyl

Internal

External. __ 1

0

(D

(D

Arsonates, except Internal ® (!)

calcium propyl

arsonate Binapacryl Internal

External...

Atrazine Internal ® Eye 1

Barban Internal

Eye $

Boric acid Internal ®

Benefin Internal

Eye $

Bromacil Internal ®

Bensulide Internal 0)

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to ''Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

TREATMENT

Apply the treatment whose number corresponds

to the number in the third column of the table, opposite the type of poisoning to which the victim

has been exposed.

Q) Induce vomiting by giving victim a tablespoon of salt in a glass of warm w^ater. Repeat

treatment until vomit fluid is clear. Have victim

lie down and keep warm and quiet until a physician

arrives.

(2) Do not induce vomiting. Give victim large

quantities of milk, or whites of eggs beaten in water.

Q) Give victim a cathartic—2 tablespoons of

Epsom salt in water, or milk of magnesia in either

milk or water.

(J) Give victim a stimulant—plenty of strong

tea or coffee.

(§) If clothing has been contaminated, remove

the clothing and wash the subject's skin thoroughly

with soap and water; then flush the skin with plenty

of water.

(g) If the chemical has been inhaled, get the victim into fresh air immediately. If breathing has

stopped, apply artificial respiration (see p. 32).

Get medical attention.

Q) If the chemical has gotten into the victim's

eyes, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least

5 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.

20
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemical^

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemical^

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Brozone Internal

External-__

Inhalation__

®

(D

(D

CDEC Internal

External

Eye

(D

Cacodylic acid Internal (D

Chlorates, including

magnesium and

sodium salts

Internal (D

Cadmium Internal

Inhalation. _ (D

Calcium arsenate Internal ® Chlorbenside External

Eye

(D

Captan Internal ® (!)

Carbaryl Internal

External

(D

(D

Chlordane Internal

External

0)

(D

Carbon disulfide Internal

External

Inhalation__

Eye

(D

(D

(D

Chlorobenzilate Internal (D

Chloroform Inhalation__ (D

Chloropicrin External

Inhalation__

Eye

(D

®

®

Carbon tetrachloride Internal

External

Inhalation. _

0)

(D

(D Ciodrin Internal

External

Eye

®

(D

(!)

Carbophenothion Internal

External. __

Eye

0

(D

(!)

CIPC Internal

External

0

(D

CDAA Internal

External

Eye

®

(D

(D

Citronella, oil of Internal ®

Copper compounds Internal

External

®

(D

CP 15336 Internal ®

Cryolite Internal ®

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

21
Table L—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemical^ poisoning Treatment Commonly used nameof chemical!

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Cyatiamid Internal

External ®

Dalapon and salts External

Eye

(D

Cyanide, calcium Internal ® DATC Internal

External-__

Eye

®

Cyanide, inorganic Internal

Inhalation-

® (D

(2)

DCPA External,. _

Inhalation__

Eye

Cynem Internal

External

Eye

Inhalation-

®

®

®

©

(D

®

(2)

DCU Internal

Eye

(D

2, 4-D Internal

External

Eye

®

®

®

®

DDD Internal ®

DD-Mixture Internal

External

(D

DAC Internal ® ®

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to ^'Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

TREATMENT

Apply the treatment whose number corresponds

to the number in the third column of the table, opposite the type of poisoning to which the victim

has been exposed.

Q[) Induce vomiting by giving victim a tablespoon of salt in a glass of warm water. Repeat

treatment until vomit fluid is clear. Have victim

lie down and keep warm aad quiet until a physician

arrives.

@ Do not induce vomiting. Give victim large

quantities of milk, or whites of eggs beaten in water.

(a) Give victim a cathartic—2 tablespoons of

Epsom salt in water, or milk of magnesia in either

milk or water.

(s) Give victim a stimulant—plenty of strong

tea or coffee.

(§) If clothing has been contaminated, remove

the clothing and wash the subject's skin thoroughly

with soap and water; then flush the skin with plenty

of water.

(§) If the chemical has been inhaled, get the victim into fresh air immediately. If breathing has

stopped, apply artáficial respiration (see p. 32).

Get medical attention.

(2) If the chemical has gotten into the victim's

eyes, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least

5 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.

22
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemicaU poisoning Treatment Commonly used nameof chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

DDT Internal

External

0

(D

Diehlorovos Internal

External

Inhalation, _

Eye

(D

(D

DDVP Internal

External..-

Eye

®

(D

(2)

(D

Dicryl Internal (D

Def Internal

External (D

Dieldrin Internal

External

Eye

(D

Demeton Internal

External

0

(D

(!)

Dilan Internal

External...

Eye

®

Diallate Internal

External

Eye __.

(D

®

(!)

Dinitrocresol Internal

External

Eye

0)

Diazinon Internal

External

Eye

®

(D

(!)

(D

(!)

Di-n-propyl maléate

isosafrol condensate

(n-propyl isomer)

Internal (D

Dibrom Internal

External-__ (D Dioxathion Internal

External

(D

Dibutyl succinate Internal ® (D

Dicamba Internal ® Diphacinone Internal (D

Dichlobenil Internal 0

Diphenamid Internal ®

Dichlone External

Eye

(D

(2)

Diphenatrile Internal ®

Diphenylamine Internal (D

External

Inhalation-

(D

(D

Dichloroethyl ether Diquat Internal

External (D

DiSyston Internal (D

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

23
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemical^

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Diuron Internal

External

Eye

0

(D

Endosulfan Internal

External

Eye

®

(D

(2)

DMPA External-__

Eye

(D

(Z)

Endothall Internal

External

Eye

(D

DNBP External-__

Eye

(D (Z)

Endrin Internal

External

Eye

(D

DNSBP External--_

Eye (2)

(D

(2)

EPN Internal

External

Inhalation—

Eye

(D

(D

(D

(2)

Dowfume MC-2 Internal

External---

Inhalation. _

Eye

(D

®

®

(2)

EPTC Internal ®

1 If you know only the chemical name, find

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp.

the commonly used name by referring to ^'Chemical and Commonly Used Names

59 to 65.

TREATMENT

Apply the treatment whose number corresponds

to the number in the third column of the table, opposite the type of poisoning to which the victim

has been exposed.

C¿) Induce vomiting by giving victim a tablespoon of salt in a glass of warm water. Repeat

treatment until vomit fluid is clear. Have victim

lie down and keep warm and quiet until a physician

arrives.

(2) Do not induce vomiting. Give victim large

quantities of milk, or whites of eggs beaten in water.

Q) Give victim a cathartic—2 tablespoons of

Epsom salt in water, or milk of magnesia in either

milk or water.

@ Give victim a stimulant—plenty of strong

tea or coffee.

(5) If clothing has been contaminated, remove

the clothing and wash the subject's skin thoroughly

with soap and water; then flush the skin with plenty

of water.

(§) If the chemical has been inhaled, get the victim into fresh air immediately. If breathing has

stopped, apply artificial respiration (see p. 32).

Get medical attention.

© If the chemical has gotten into the victim's

eyes, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least

5 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.

24
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used nameof chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Erbon Internal

External. __

Eye

(D

(Z)

Fenuron External. __

Eye

®

(2)

Ferbam External

Eye

®

(2)

Ethion Internal

External

Inhalation..

Eye

(D

(D

(D

(2)

Fluoride : inorganic,

water soluble

Internal ®

Folpet External ®

Ethyl bromide Inhalation. _ ® Formaldehyde Internal

External

Inhalation..

Eye

(D

(D

®

(2)

Ethylene dibromide Internal

External

Inhalation..

Eye

®

(!) Genite 923 Internal ®

Ethylene dichloride Internal

External

Inhalation..

Eye

(D

(D

(D

Guthion Internal

External

Inhalation..

Eye

®

®

(2)

EXD Internal

External

Eye

®

(D

(2)

Heptachlor Internal

External

Eye

®

(2)

Hypochlorites Internal

External

Eye

®

®

Fenac Internal (D

Fenson Internal

External (D

(2)

I.P.C. Internal ®

Fenthion Internal

External

Inhalation..

Eye

(D

(D

®

(Z)

Kelthane Internal

External

Eye

®

(2)

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

25
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemicai^

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemical^ poisoning Treatment

Kepone Interna?

External--.

Eye

(D

Lindane Internal

External---

Eye

(D

(D

(2)

Kerosene (alone) Internal 2 (D Linuron Internal

External

Inhalation. _

Eye

®

KOCN Internal (D ®

(D

(!) Lead arsenate Internal ®

Lenthane 384 Internal

External---

Eye

0)

(D

(Z)

Malathion Internal

External---

(D

(D

Maleic hydrazide Internal (D

Lime sulfur External-_-

Eye

(D

(2) Maneb External

Eye

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides/' pp. 59 to 65.

2 If a kerosene-base product contains toxic pesticide, follow first-aid directions on the container label.

TREATMENT

Apply the treatment whose number corresponds

to the number in the third column of the table, opposite the type of poisoning to which the victim

has been exposed.

Q) Induce vomiting by giving victim a tablespoon of salt in a glass of warm water. Repeat

treatment until vomit fluid is clear. Have victim

lie down and keep warm and quiet until a physician

arrives.

(2) Do not induce vomiting. Give victim large

quantities of milk, or whites of eggs beaten in water.

Q) Give victim a cathartic—2 tablespoons of

Epsom salt in water, or milk of magnesia in either

milk or water.

@ Give victim a stimulant—plenty of strong

tea or coffee.

(§) If clothing has been contaminated, remove

the clothing and wash the subject's skin thoroughly

with soap and water; then flush the skin with plenty

of water.

® If the chemical has been inhaled, get the victim into fresh air immediately. If breathing has

stopped, apply artificial respiration (see p. 32).

Get medical attention.

(2) If the chemical has gotten into the victim's

eyes, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least

5 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.

26
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

MCPA Internal ® MH Internal ®

MCPB Internal

Eye (Z)

Mirex Internal (D

Molinate Internal

Eye

(D

Mecoprop Internal ® (Z)

Mercury compounds:

inorganic salts,

except calomel

Internal (D Monolinuron Internal (D

Monuron External

Eye

®

Methaldehyde Internal

External

Eye

®

(D

(Z)

(!)

Morestan Internal

External

(D

(D

Methoxychlor Internal ® Mylone External-__

Eye

(D

Methyl bromide External

Inhalation—

Eye

(D

®

(!)

®

Nabam Internal

External

Eye

(D

Methyl chloride External

Inhalation—

Eye

(D

(D

(Z)

(!)

N-1-naphthyl

phthalamic acid

Internal

External

(D

(D

Méthylène chloride Internal

External-__

Inhalation. _

0)

(D

(D

Neburon External

Eye

®

(!)

Nemacide (V-C 13) Internal

External

Eye.......

®

Methyl parathion Internal

External.. _

Inhalation. _

Eye

(D

(D

®

(Z)

(D

(!)

Nemagon Internal

External

Eye

(D

Methyl Trithion Internal

External

InhalationEye

(D

®

(!)

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

27
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemical!

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used nameof chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Nicotine and its salts Internal

External

Inhalation__

Eye

®and0

(D

®

Orthodichlorobenzene External

Eye

(D

Ovex External (D

Paradichlorobenzene External

Eye

(D Nemex Internal

External. __

Inhalation. _

Eye

®

(D

(D

(Z)

Paraquat Internal

External (D

N, N-diethy]

toluamide

Internal

Eye

Parathion Internal

External

Inhalation__

Eye

(D

(D

®

(2) N-octal bicycloheptene

discarboximide

InternaL__ (D

N-otylsulfoxide of

isosafrole

Internal ®

Paris green Internal

External (D

Norea Internal ®

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides, pp. 59 to 65.

TREATMENT

Apply the treatment whose number corresponds

to the number in the third column of the table, opposite the type of poisoning to which the victim

has been exposed.

Q) Induce vomiting by giving victim a tablespoon of salt in a glass of warm water. Repeat

treatment until vomit fluid is clear. Have victim

lie down and keep warm and quiet until a physician

arrives.

(2) Do not induce vomiting. Give victim large

quantities of milk, or whites of eggs beaten in water.

Q) Give victim a cathartic—2 tablespoons of

Epsom salt in water, or milk of magnesia in either

milk or water.

OP Give victim a stimulant—plenty of strong

tea or coffee.

(§) If clothing has been contaminated, remove

the clothing and wash the subject's skin thoroughly

with soap and water; then flush the skin with plenty

of water.

\§) If the chemical has been inhaled, get the victim into fresh air immediately. If breathing has

stopped, apply artificial respiration (see p. 32).

Get medical attention.

(7) If the chemical has gotten into the victim's

eyes, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least

5 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.

28
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemical^

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

PBA Internal ® Phosdrin Internal

External

Inhalation..

0

P-chlorophenyl phenyl

sulfone

External _.__ (D 0

0

PCP Internal

External-__

Eye

(D

(Z)

Phosphamidon Internal

External

Inhalation..

Eye

0

0

©

PEBC Internal ®

0

Phosphorus, white or

yellow

Internal

External

Eye

XCN.

Pebulate Internal (D 0

0

Pentachlorophenol Internal

External

Eye

0

(D

(!)

0

Picloram Internal 0

Pine oil Internal 0

Peroxyacetic acid External (D

Piperonyl butoxide Internal 0

T^prf.Viíínp Internal

External

Eye

®

(D

(Z)

Pival Internal 0

P.M.P. Internal 0

Internal

External. __

Eye

®

(D

(!)

Phenols Potassium cyanate Internal

External

Inhalation. _

0

0

®

Pyrazon Internal

External

0

0

Phenyl mercuric

acetate

Internal

External. _-

Eye

(Î)and0

(D

(!)

Pyrethrins Internal

External...

Eye

0

0

Phorate Internal 0

External

Inhalation..

Eye

0

(D

(D

0

Quaternary ammonium

compounds

Internal

External

Eye

0

0

0

Red squill Internal 0

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

29
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemical^

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Ronnel Internal

External

Inhalation. _

Eye

(D

Shell Compound 4072 Internal

External. __

Inhalation. _

Eye

0

(D

(D

Rotenone External __.-

Eye

®

(2)

Siduron Internal ®

Silvex Internal

Eye

(D

Ryania Internal 0) (D

Sabadilla powder External___

Eye

(D

(2)

Simazine Internal ®

Sodium isopropyl

* xanthate

External-..

Eye

(D

Sesamin Internal 0) (D

Sesone Internal

External-__

Eye

(D

®

—¿

Sodium

trichloroacetate

External. __

Eye

(D

(!)

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to "Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

TREATMENT

Apply the treatment whose number corresponds

to the number in the third column of the table, opposite the type of poisoning to which the victim

has been exposed.

(1) Induce vomiting by giving victim a tablespoon of salt in a glass of warm water. Repeat

treatment until vomit fluid is clear. Have victim

lie down and keep warm and quiet until a physician

arrives.

(¿) Do not induce vomiting. Give victim large

quantities of milk, or whites of eggs beaten in water.

QP Give victim a cathartic—2 tablespoons of

Epsom salt in water, or milk of magnesia in either

milk or water.

(^ Give victim a stimulant—plenty of strong

tea or coffee.

\§) If clothing has been contaminated, remove

the clothing and wash the subject's skin thoroughly

with soap and water; then flush the skin with plenty

of water.

QS) If the chemical has been inhaled, get the victim into fresh air immediately. If breathing has

stopped, apply artificial respiration (see p. 32).

Get medical attention.

\]j If the chemical has gotten into the victim's

eyes, flush the eyes with plenty of water for at least

5 minutes. Get medical attention immediately.

30
Table 1.—First-aid treatments for chemical poisoning—Continued

Commonly used name

of chemicaU

Type of

poisoning Treatment Commonly used name

of chemical!

Type of

poisoning Treatment

Sorbic acid Internal ® Thanite Internal

External

Eye

(D

Strobane Internal

External

Eye

®

(D

(2)

(D

Thiram Internal

Eye

(D

Strychnine, and its Internal ® ®

salts (sulfate)

Toxaphene Internal

External

Eye

®

Sulfur Eye (2) (D

Sulphenone Internal ®

(2)

Trialate Internal

2, 4, 5-T Internal

External. __

Eye

(D

(D

(2)

®

Trichlorfon Internal ®

Vernolate Internal (D

Internal Tartar emetic (D Warfarin Internal ®

Internal

External

(D

(D

TCA

Zectran Internal

External

Eye

0)

(D

TDE Internal 0) (2)

1080 (Ten eighty) Zinc phosphide Internal

External (D Tepp Internal

External

Inhalation. _

Eye

(D

(D

®

(Z)

Zinc salts (considered

as zinc, not as anions)

Internal (Dandd)

Zineb Inhalation..

Eye

(D

Tetraethyl dithio- Internal

External. __

Inhalation..

Eye

®

(D

(D

(2)

nopyrophosphate

Zinophos Internal

External

Inhalation.

Eye

0)

(D

®

(2) Thallium sulfate Internal

External

Eye

(D

(D

(Z)

Ziram External

Eye

(D

(2)

1 If you know only the chemical name, find the commonly used name by referring to ''Chemical and Commonly Used Names

of Agricultural and Household Pesticides," pp. 59 to 65.

31
Artificial Respiration

There are various effective ways to give artificial

respiration manually. The hack-pressure-arm-lift

method is described here.

If there is foreign matter visible in the victim's

mouth, wipe it out quickly with your fingers or

a cloth wrapped around your fingers. Then follow this procedure:

1. Position of the subject.—Tlsice the victim facedown, bend his elbows and place his hands one

upon the other, turn his head slightly to one side

and extend it as far as possible, making sure that

the chin is jutting out. (See fig. 15.)

2. Position of the operator.—Kneel at the head of

the victim. Place your hands on the flat of his

Figure 15.—Position of the subject. Figure 17.—Compression phase.

Figure 16.—Position of the operator. Figure 18.—Expansion phase.

32
back so the palms lie just below an imaginary line

running between the armpits. (See fig. 16.)

3. Compression phase,—Rock forward until your

arms are approximately vertical and allow the

weight of the upper part of your body to exert

steady, even pressure downward upon the hands.

(See fig. 17.)

4. Expansion phase.—Immediately draw the victim's arms upward and toward you, applying enough

lift to feel resistance and tension at his shoulders.

(See fig. 18.) Then lower the victim's arms to the

ground.

Repeat this cycle about 12 times per minute,

checking the mouth frequently for obstruction.

If an assistant is available, have him hold the

victim's head so the jaw continues to jut out. (See

fig. 19.) The assistant should be alert to detect

any stomach contents in the mouth, and keep the

mouth as clean as possible at all times.

Figure 19.—Assistant can hold victim's head and keep his

mouth clean.

PROTECTING WILDLIFE FROM PESTICIDES

It is estimated that only a small percent of the

total area of the United States is being treated with

pesticides each year. Most of the untreated areas

are wooded or wilderness land, or rangeland—

natural habitats of wildlife.i

It might appear, therefore, that injury to wildlife

from pesticides must be confined to relatively small

geographic areas. However, improperly handled

pesticides may be carried by wind or water into

adjacent or distant areas; in those areas also they

may contaminate fish or other forms of wildlife.

Pesticides are essential to the protection of our

forests and rangelands. They are also used to improve game habitat, and to destroy undesirable

species that harm or compete with game. Their

use may cause some harm to wildlife. But this

harm can be minimized if pesticides are handled

judiciously and with caution.

Desirable wildlife contributes substantially to our

health, happiness, and welfare. Bees pollinate

plants that produce our food. Fish serve as food

and prevent decaying matter from polluting our

rivers, lakes, and streams. Wild creatures help

1 The term ''wildlife" is used here in its broad sense, which

includes fish, birds, beneficial insects, and all other forms of

animal life that have not become domesticated.

make nature beautiful and enhance enjoyment of

outdoor life. We must protect them from unnecessary injury.

Following are outlined the basic precautions that

will minimize pesticide injury to wildlife. The

ways in which these precautions can be effectively

applied vary widely, and must be determined by

pesticide users in the light of conditions that prevail in their individual situations.

Protecting Fish, Birds, and Mammals

Pesticides can cause unnecessary injury to wildlife chiefly by the following occurrences:

1. Drift of pesticides to wooded areas occupied

by wildlife; drift to land areas not intended for

treatment; and drift to fish-bearing waters.

2. Runoff or washoff by rain from treated areas

to fish-bearing waters.

3. Applications made too often or in excessive

dosages.

4. Applications of pesticides that have toxicities

unnecessarily high for the required control.

5. Applications made at the wrong times.

6. Carelessness.

33
Observe these precautions:

1. Use the least toxic and least persistent pesticide that is effective for your purpose.

2. Guard against drift of pesticides to wooded

areas inhabited by wildlife.

• When there is a choice between a coarse spray

and a dust, apply a coarse spray.

• Use granular forms of pesticide where they are

as effective as sprays or dusts. Granules are seldom a drift hazard.

• Where practicable, apply pesticide with ground

equipment rather than aircraft; drift from ground

application is more easily controlled.

• Do not apply pesticide when wind velocity is

high enough to cause significant movement of pesticide from the target area.

• Follow pesticide label precautions for wildlife

protection.

3. Prevent runoff of pesticides into fish-bearing

waters.

• Mix pesticides, and fill, empty, or repair application equipment, in an area from which spilled

pesticide cannot drain or be washed by rain into

ponds, lakes, streams, or other bodies of water.

• Do not use streams or the borders of lakes or

ponds as boundaries of plots to be treated. Set the

boundaries far enough back from these places so

the pesticide cannot run or be washed into them.

(This does not apply to the controlled use of herbicides for the treatment of vegetation at the wateres

edge.)

• Do not treat extensive areas of water in one

operation; the decaying vegetation that would result might deplete the oxygen content of the water

to the point of causing fish kills.

• If the pesticide label so specifies, consult State

water authorities before applying pesticide directly

to water.

4. Where practicable, time pesticide applications

so they will not be made during the spring migration

and nesting period of birds. Consult your county

agricultural agent, state fish and game department,

or a field office of the fish and wildlife service for

further information.

Protecting Honey Bees

The pollination of certain crops by honey bees

and other insects is important to our agriculture.

It is in our best interest, therefore, to protect these

pollinators when we use pesticides.

Many honey bee colonies in the United States are

made unproductive each year by careless use of

pesticides. Much of this loss can be prevented by

the observance of simple precautions.

Bees may be poisoned when they feed on nectar

or pollen contaminated with certain pesticides.

They may also be poisoned when they fly through

a cloud of pesticide dust or spray, or walk on the

treated parts of a plant. They may be overcome

by the fuming action of certain pesticides, either in

the field or in the hive if the material has drifted

there.

Protect bees by observing these precautions:

Grower Precautions

1. Use pesticide only when necessary,—Do not

apply a pesticide unless its benefit will outweigh

any injury it might cause to pollinators.

Consider the effect the pesticide will have on the

pollination of crops in the area. An application of

insecticide on tasseling corn, for example, might increase the production of the corn, but by reducing

the population of insect pollinators it could seriously

reduce the production of legumes, cucurbits, melons, or fruits in adjoining fields.

2. Select the right pesticide.—All pesticides are

not equally dangerous to bees. Some pesticides

may kill an entire colony; others may weaken it

severely; and still others may cause no appreciable

damage. The grower should avoid use of the more

hazardous materials on flowering plants attractive

to bees. Although honey bee colonies may be removed, there is no practical way to protect native

bees from hazardous pesticides. (See the accompanying list, ^^Relative Hazards of Insecticides to

Honey Bees.")

3. Notify beekeepers.—Beekeepers should be notified several days before pesticide is applied to an

area. This will give them an opportunity to move

or otherwise protect the colonies.

4. Prevent drift.—Bees sometimes cluster outside

the hive entrance on hot evenings. If this occurs

where the colonies are likely to be exposed to drifting pesticide, the applications should be delayed

until the bees move inside the hive. If a toxic

material drifts into the apiary, the bees may be

killed by its fuming action or by direct contact with

it even when they are in the hive. Therefore, care

should be taken to prevent the drift of pesticides

near bee colonies.

5. Use sprays instead of dusts.—Most sprays are

coarser than dusts and do not drift as far or remain

in the air as long as dusts. When a pesticide is

applied in spray form, bees are usually less seriously

injured than when the same material is applied in

dust form.

34
Granular formulations are less likely to drift than

than either dusts or sprays; they are seldom hazardous to bees.

6. Use ground equipment—Aircraft discharge a

greater volume of pesticide, at higher altitudes, and

with greater turbulence than ground machines.

This greater volume increases the likeHhood that

flying bees will come in contact with the material.

The greater turbulence and altitude increase the

hkelihood of drift onto adjacent crops where bees

may be foraging. Thus, pesticides applied by

ground equipment will usually cause less injury to

RELATIVE HAZARDS OF INSECTICIDES TO

HONEY BEES

[A list of commonly used Insecticides, grouped according to their relative hazards to honey bees.

Terms preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.]

Group l.^Hazardous to Bees if They Are Present at Time of Treatment or

Within a Few Days Afterward

Aldrin Dichlorvos

Arsenicals Dieldrin

Benzene Dimethoate

hexachloride EPN

*Bidrin Fenthion

Calcium *Guthion

arsenate Heptachlor

Carbaryl Lead arsenate

Chlordane Lindane

*Ciodrin Malathion

Diazinon

Methyl

parathion

*Methyl

Trithion

Mevinphos

Naled

Parathion

Phosphamidon

TEPP

*Zectran

*Zinophos

Group 2. ^Hazardous to Bees Only if Applied

Where They Are Foraging

Carbophenothion *Di-Syston *Perthane

Chlorobenzilate Endosulfan Phorate

Coumaphos Endrin Ronnel

DDT Fenson TDE

Mirex

Group ¡.-^Relatively Nonhazardous to Bees

AUethrin Dioxathion Rotenone

Aramite Ethion Ryania

Binapacryl *Genite 923 *Strobane

Bordeaux *Kelthane Sulfur

mixture Methoxychlor Tetradifon

Chlorbenzide *Morestan Toxaphene

Cryolite Nicotine sulfate Trichlorfon

Dalapon Ovex Zineb

Demeton Pyrethrins Ziram

Dilan

bees than the same materials applied by aircraft.

7. Time pesticide applications.—Least damage

will occur to the bees if the crop is treated at a time

when it is unattractive to them. This may be before or after flowering; it may be at night; or it may

be at a time of day when bees are not visiting the

plants. For example, a highly toxic material may

be applied to alfalfa before the flowers appear, and

may cause no damage to nearby bee colonies; the

same material applied a week or two later to the

same field when it is in bloom may kill or seriously

damage the colonies.

Beekeeper Precautions

1. Place colonies in a safe area,—Bee colonies

should be placed beyond the borders of a field likely

to be treated with a pesticide toxic to them.

2. Know the pesticides,—Beekeepers should have

a knowledge of the pesticides commonly used in

their areas, and should understand their effects on

bees. They should be prepared to protect the bees

if informed that a highly toxic material is to be

appHed.

3. Identify the colonies,—The name, address, and

telephone number of the beekeeper should be placed

conspicuously in the apiaries. Neighboring farmers should be informed of the apiaries' new location,

and requested to notify the beekeeper if they plan

to apply highly toxic pesticide.

4. Confine the colonies,—When very toxic pesticides are to be applied, the bee colonies may be

covered with plastic sheeting that will confine the

colonies and exclude pesticide spray, dust, or fumes.

Heat builds up rapidly under plastic exposed to the

sun. Therefore the confinement should be limited

to a few hours after dawn. This may be long

enough to protect the bees from some pesticides,

applied at dawn, that do not have a long residual

effect.

Colonies may be covered with wet burlap for a

day or more, even during the hottest weather, and

the bees will not suffer from lack of air or water.

They should be covered at night when all the bees

are in the hives. During the day, sprinkle the

burlap with water hourly or more often (fig. 20).

Burlap probably would not give complete protection to colonies located in a field treated with a

pesticide that has fuming action.

Beeè use water in their food and for cooling the

hive. Colonies under confinement soon become

stressed if they lack water. Water shortage causes

symptoms similar to spray poisoning. If wet bur35
Figure 20.—Using wet burlap to protect colonies from pesticide: A, Covering the colonies; B, sprinkling the burlap.

lap is used to cover colonies, it provides water for

the bees and helps cool the colony.

5. Move the colonies.—When some of the highly

toxic pesticides are to be applied repeatedly to the

same area, the only way to protect bee colonies is

to move them several miles from the treated area.

Moving has disadvantages. It usually is an emergency measure, requires hard work, and must be

done at night when the bees are in the hive. Also,

the apiaries often must be moved to a less satisfactory location. A possible solution to this problem

is to convince the neighboring grower that the bees

are important to him as pollinators of crops. If he

will use the pesticides that are the least toxic to

bees, it may eliminate the necessity of moving the

bees from place to place.

Protecting Wildlife in Forest PestControl Operations

Some of the most important pest-control operations in the United States are for the protection of

our forests, national parks, and rangelands.

In an average year, insects and disease organisms

kill about 2.38 billion cubic feet of timber in this

country. The destruction would be many times as

great were it not that the U.S. Departments of

Agriculture and the Interior, as well as State agencies,* wage a continuing fight against forest and

rangeland pests. Their chief weapons are chemical pesticides applied by ground methods or by

aircraft.

In their use of pesticides. Government agencies

follow the basic practices described in this publication for the protection of wildlife. Each pest-control program is carefully planned. Before pesticide

is applied, any clearance required by State or local

regulation is obtained. The least hazardous of

effective chemicals are used, at the lowest effective

dosage. To protect aquatic life, strips along lake

shores and large streams are left untreated; only

part of an area containing major fish-bearing

streams is treated in any one year. Pilots are instructed not to treat sensitive areas, and to apply

pesticides so they will not drift outside target areas.

36
FEDERAL LAW GOVERNING PESTICIDE LABELING AND MARKETING

The labeling and marketing of pesticides sold or

distributed in interstate commerce are regulated

under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947, as amended, i In the language of the Act, the materials are referred to as

economic poisons, but they are commonly called

pesticides.

The Act defines an economic poison as (1) ''any

substance or mixture of substances intended for

preventing, destroying, repelHng, or mitigating any

insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, weeds, or other

forms of plant or animal life or viruses, except

viruses on or in Hving man or other animals, which

the Secretary of Agriculture shall declare to be a

pest,'' and (2) ''any substances or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.''

The basic purpose of the Act is protection of the

public from personal or economic injury. This law

guards not only purchasers of pesticides, but all

persons who may come in contact with them or with

materials that may have been treated with them.

A further purpose is to reduce possible pesticidal

hazard to wildlife, crops, and soil.

Responsibihty for administering the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act is assigned to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and

has been delegated by the Secretary of Agriculture

to the Department's Pesticides Regulation

Division.

Obtaining Registration

Before a pesticide can be legally marketed in interstate commerce it must be registered with the

Pesticides Regulation Division. To obtain registration, a manufacturer nmst submit copies of his

label and adequate research data to support all the

claims made for his product. The label and supporting data are carefully reviewed by specialists to

determine the following:

1. Will the product be effective against the pests

named on the label and can it be used effectively

without causing damage to the crops or objects to

which it is applied?

2. Does the label bear warning and caution statements that are adequate, when complied with, to

prevent injury to the user or other persons or beneficial animals that are exposed?

3. Will the product, when used as directed, leave

residues in excess of legal tolerance2 on or in harvested food or feed?

The pesticide manufacturer must petition the

Food and Drug Administration to set a tolerance

for his product to cover any residues likely to result

when the product is used for the purpose that will

be stated on its label.

When the tolerance is estabhshed, scientists in

the Department of Agriculture's Pesticides Regulation Division will approve registration of the product only after ascertaining that its residues will

be within the prescribed Umits when used according

to directions on the label.

^ Copies of the Act and regulations for its enforcement are

available from Pesticides Regulation Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250.

2 A tolerance is the maximum amount of pesticide residue

that may lawfully remain on food or feed when it is marketed

or used; it is expressed in parts per million, by weight. Residue tolerances are established by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,

under provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic

Act. This Act is enforced by the Food and Drug Administration.

SCOPE OF THE FEDERAL ACT

The Federal Act applies to pesticides sold or distributed in interstate commerce, to those sold or

distributed within the District of Columbia or the

Territories, and to those exported or imported in

foreign commerce, with these exceptions:

The Act does not apply to pesticides shipped in

interstate commerce and used for experimental purposes by agencies authorized by law to conduct

research in this field. However, shipments for experimental use by others are subject to temporarypermit requirements.

Economic poisons delivered for shipment to a

foreign country are not subject to the Act when they

are prepared or packed in accordance with specifications or directions of the foreign purchaser.

37
If the examining scientists find that the product

or its labeling does not meet the requirements of

the law, the applicant is notified. He is given an

opportunity to make appropriate changes and,

when necessary, submit additional supporting data.

If the scientists are convinced that the product

can be used effectively and safely without leaving

illegal residues in or on food or feed when label

warnings and directions are carefully followed, a

registration is issued. A copy of the application

is stamped "Accepted," is dated, and is returned to

the applicant.

Federal registration is valid for 5 years, after

which it is canceled unless the registrant requests

that it be extended. A registration may be denied

or canceled at any time such action is found necessary to protect the public.

Most States have laws similar to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, regulating the marketing of pesticides within the State.

Federal registration does not remove the requirement

for State registration.

Labeling Regulations

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act provides that certain information be

printed on the container labels of registered pesticides. This provision is made for the protection of

humans, domestic animals, wildlife, crops, water

supplies, and other values. It also helps to prevent

fraudulent merchandising.

All users of pesticides—from housewives to commercial pest-control operators—should become familiar with the labeling facts that follow, and

should use them as a guide in the purchase and safe

application of these materials. Almost anyone

may need to become a user at one time or another.

The label of a registered pesticide usually must

carry the following information:

• Brand name or product name.

• Ingredient statement.

• Warning or caution statement.

• Directions for use.i

• Net contents.

• Name and address of manufacturer.

• The USDA registration number.

Brand Name or Product Name

The name used on the container label must not

be misleading in any respect, including the composition, usefulness, or safety of the product. Even

if a name is registered by the Patent Office as a

trademark, it may not be used on the label if it is

misleading.

Ingredient Statement

The label on a pesticide container must bear

either—

1. A statement of the name and percentage of

each active ingredient and the total percentage of the

inert ingredients, or

2. A statement of the names of the active ingredients in the descending order of the quantities

present, followed by a statement of the names of

each of the inert ingredients, if any, in the descending order of the amount of each, and the total percentage of the inert ingredients.

Warning or Caution Statement

For determining the needed precautionary labeling, pesticides have been classified in four categories of toxicity. The category in which a pesticide is classed determines the type of warning or

1 Directions for use of agricultural pesticides may be carried

on leaflets or other printed matter that accompanies the

products.

Figure 21.—Scientist analyzes sample of a pesticide to determine whether it leaves a residue.

38
caution statement that must appear on the label,

as follows:

• Products in category I are classed as highly

toxiCy and this must be indicated clearly and prominently on the label. The labels of pesticides in this

category must bear (1) a skull and crossbones and

the word POISON printed in red; (2) the '^signal''

word DANGER, the sentence KEEP OUT OF

REACH OF CHILDREN, and an appropriate

warning statement; (3) an antidote statement; (4)

emergency first-aid instructions that can be followed by a layman; and (5) the instruction ^'If

swallowed, or if symptoms of poisoning occur, call

a physician immediately.''

• Products in category II are classed as in the

range of one-tenth as toxic as those in category I.

Their label requirements are the same as for products in category I except that the skull and crossbones and the word POISON is not required and

the signal word is WARNING. The label must

bear the sentence KEEP OUT OF REACH OF

CHILDREN, and an appropriate warning statement.

• Products in category III are classed as in the

range of one-tenth as toxic as those in category II.

These are slightly toxic. Their labels must bear the

signal word CAUTION, the sentence KEEP OUT

OF REACH OF CHILDREN, and an appropriate

caution statement.

• Products in category IV are classed as in the

range of one-tenth as toxic as those in category III.

These have little or no toxicity and may not require

a caution or antidote statement. Some may be

irritating to the skin, nose and throat, or eyes; if so,

their labels should carry this information.

For certain pesticides, special caution statements

may be required on the label. These are examples:

• FLAMMABLE ! Keep away from open flame.

Turn off pilotlights and electric motors before using.

• Contents under pressure. Do not store near

heat or open flame.

• Avoid spray drift to susceptible plants. This

product may injure cotton, beans, peas, or ornamentals. It is less likely to drift when applied as

a coarse spray.

• Thoroughly clean spray equipment with a

suitable chemical cleaner before using it to apply

other material.

• Do not store near fertilizer, seeds, insecticides,

or fungicides.

• Vapors from this product may injure susceptible plants in the immediate vicinity.

Directions for Use

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act specifies that pesticide labeling must bear

directions for the product's use, and that the directions, when complied with, must be adequate for

the protection of users and the public.

Label statements of intended use must be specific and not false or misleading. Unjustifiable

broad claims, promising or implying performance

that the product cannot deliver, must not appear

on the label.

The need for detailed directions for use is considered greater on products intended for household

or home-garden use than on products intended for

large-scale agricultural use. Detailed directions for

use may not be required on products intended for

use by commercial pest-control operators or for

products intended for use in manufacturing

processes.

Directions for use must be stated in such terms

and with such clearness that they will be readily

understood by the user. Under some circumstances, directions for use may be printed in a

leaflet or circular accompanying the product rather

than on the container label.

Net Contents

The container label of a registered pesticide must

bear a statement of the net weight or measure of

the content. If the product is a liquid, the content

must be stated in terms of liquid measure; if it is

solid, semisolid, viscous, or a mixture of solid and

liquid, the content must be stated in terms of

weight.

Name and Address of IManufacturer

The name and address of the manufacturer, registrant, or person or firm for whom the product is

registered must appear on the label of a registered

pesticide. If the name is other than that of the

manufacturer, the label should indicate this fact.

USDA Registration Number

All labels must bear the registration number assigned to the product. The number must be preceded by the phrase '*USDA Registration No.'' or

'^USDA Reg. No.''

39
Enforcement Procedures

After a product is on the market it must continue

to meet the requirements of the Federal Insecticide,

Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. The Pesticides

Regulation Division is responsible for enforcing the

Act.

The Division has inspectors located throughout

the United States who check pesticides offered for

sale at wholesale and retail levels.

The inspectors purchase samples of pesticides on

the open market, and send them to the Division's

laboratories for examination. Many States cooperate with the Division in the collection of pesticide

samples. The samples are analyzed to determine

whether the ingredients are present in the amounts

stated on the label, and whether the products contain any adulterants.

Laboratory or field tests may also be made to

determine the effectiveness of the product when

used according to label directions. Pharmacological tests are made to determine whether safety precautions on the label are adequate.

If a product is found to be in violation of the law,

legal action is taken against the shipper. For

minor violations, this may consist of instructing the

shipper to bring it into compliance with the law.

If the violation is more serious, the shipment may

be seized and, if necessary, criminal action may be

brought against the shipper.

Figure 22.—Sample of a pesticide purchased from a retail

store is sealed before it is sent to the Pesticides Regulation

Division's laboratories for chemical and biological evaluations.

40
RELATIVE TOXICITY OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

The hazards associated with the use of chemical

pesticides are often in ratio to the relative toxicities

of the materials. The toxicities depend largely on

the nature of the active ingredients and the percent

of their concentration in the mixtures or dilutions

that are handled or applied.

But the hazard of a chemical may depend more

on the way it is used than on its inherent toxicity.

For example, a highly toxic material applied in a

low concentration or at a low dosage may be less

hazardous than a much less toxic material applied

in a high concentration or at a high dosage.

The following table was prepared by the Pesticides Regulation Division, Agricultural Research

Service. It shows the relative toxicities to humans

of the commonly used agricultural and household

pesticides. The data in the table are based on extensive tests, and are used as a guide in the regulation of pesticide registration and labeHng.

Terms used in the table to indicate relative toxicities are equivalent to terms required on labels of

registered pesticides, as follows:

• Very high appHes to products in Registration

Category I, whose labels are required to bear a skull

and crossbones and the words, ''Danger—Poison.''

• High applies to products in Category II, whose

labels are required to bear the word, ''Warning/'

and a warning statement.

• Medium applies to products in Category III,

whose labels are required to bear the word, "Caution," and a caution statement.

• Low appHes to products in Categories III or

IV whose labels may or may not be required to

carry a caution statement.

(See "Warning, or Caution Statement," p. 38.)

Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Acetone Acetone Liquid 50 and above Low

Acrolein 2-Propenal Liquid Technical Very high

Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile Liquid 39.5 Very high

Aldrin Hexachloro hexahydroendo,

exodimethanonaphthalene

(95%)

Wettable powder 60 and above Very high

Granules 10 to 60 High

Dust or granules Below 10 Medium

Spray, solution,

dust, or fertilizer

Usual 2 Low

Allethrin AUyl homolog of cinerin I Dust Below 1.0 Medium

Ally] alcohol 2-Propene-l-ol Technical or aerosol 81.0 High

Alpha naphthylthiourea Alpha naphthyl thiourea Bait 30 and above Very high

Below 30 High

Amiben 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic

acid

Emulsifiable concentrate, or granules

Usual 2 Medium

' Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

41
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides Continued

Commonly used

name^ Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Amitrole 3-Amino-l,2,4-triazole Wettable powder,

liquid, or aerosol

Usual 2 Low

Ammonium nitrate Ammonium nitrate Liquid Usual 2 Medium

Ammonium sulfamate Ammonium sulfamate Powder 80 and 95 Low

AMS Ammonium sulfamate Wettable powder Usual 2 Low

*Aramite 2-(p-tertiary-butyl-plienoxy)

isopropyl-2-chloroetliyl

sulfite

Wettable powder, or

emulsifiable concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

Arsenic compounds,

inorganic insoluble

Arsenic compounds,

inorganic insoluble

(various compounds)

Dust, liquid, or

wettable powder

50 and above

arsenic

Very high

10 to 50 as

arsenic

Medium

Solution, dust, or

wettable powder

Below 10 as

arsenic

Medium

5 and above

as arsenic

Very high

1 to 5 as

arsenic

High

Below 1 as

arsenic

Medium

Arsenite desiccant Arsenic acid Liquid Usual 2 Very high

Arsonate, calcium

propyl

Calcium propylarsonate Dust or wettable

powder

Usual 2 High

Arsonates, except

calcium propyl

arsonate

Arsonates, except calcium

propyl arsonate

(various compounds)

Dust or wettable

powder

Usual 2 Medium

Atrazine 2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-

isopropylamino-s-triazine

Wettable powder 80 Medium

Barban 4-Chloro-2-butynyl mchlorocarbanilate

Emulsifiable concentrate, or wettable

powder

Usual 2 Low

Benefin N-butyl-N-ethyl-alpha,

alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2,

6-dinitro-p-toluidine

Emulsifiable concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

Bensulide S-ethyl hexahydro-lHazepine-1-carbothioate

Emulsifiable concentrate, or granules

Usual 2 Medium

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

42
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Benzene Benzene Liquid 15 and above Medium

*Bidrin Dimethyl phosphate of 3-

hydroxy N, N-dimethylciscrotonamide

Technical 75 to 90 Very high

Binapacryl 2-sec-butyl-4, 6-dinitrophenyl* 3-methyl-2-

butenoate

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, or dust

Usual 2 Low

Boric acid Boric acid Bait 20 and above Low

Bromacil 5-Bromo-3sec-butyl-6-

methyluracil

Wettable powder, or

granules

Usual 2 Low

Brozone Methyl bromide + chloropicrin in petroleum

solvent

Liquid (pressurized) Usual 2 Very high

Cacodylic acid Dimethylarsinic acid Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, or on

vermiculite

Usual 2 High

Cadmium (Cadmium compounds) Dust 29 Very high

Calcium arsenate Calcium arsenate Dust or granules 50 and above,

as arsenic

Very high

10 to 50, as

arsenic

High

Below 10 Medium

Captan N-Trichloromethylthio-4-

cyclohexene-1, 2-dicarboximide

Technical, wettable

powder, or dust

Usual 2 Low

Carbaryl 1-Naphthyl N-methylcarbamate

Dust or wettable

powder

Usual 2 Medium

Carbon disulfide Carbon disulfide Emulsifiable concentrate, or solution

90 and above Very high

10 to 90 High

Below 10 Medium

Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Emulsifiable concentrate, or solution

10 and above High

Carbophenothion S-[(p-chlorophenylthio)

methyl] 0, 0-diethyl

phosphorodithioate

Wettable powder, or

dust

Usual 2 High

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

43
Table 2. Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

name! Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

CDAA 2-Chloro-N, N-diallylacetamide

Emulsifiable concentrate, or granules

Usual 2 High

CDEC 2-Chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate

Emulsifiable concentrate, or granules

Usual 2 Medium

Chlorates, including

magnesium and

sodium salts

Chlorates (various

compounds)

Wettable powder, or

dust

Usual 2 Low

Chlorbenside p-chlorobenzyl p-chlorophenyl sulfide

Wettable powder, or

dust

Usual 2 Low

Chlorbenzilate Ethyl 4, 4'-dichlorobenzilate Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, or dust

Usual 2 Low

Chlordane Octachloro-4, 7-methano

tetrahydroindane (60%)

Emulsifiable concentrate (Agriculture,

industrial use)

25 to 72 Medium

Technical spray or

wettable powder

Usual 2 Medium

Dust or wettable

powder

25 and below Low

Chloroform Chloroform Liquid 10 and above Medium

Chloropicrin Trichlorophenyl sulfone Wettable powder Usual 2 Very high

Chloropropene

(mixed)

Chloropropene

(mixed)

Fumigant Usual 2 High

Chloroxuron 3-[p-(chlorophen-oxy)

phenyl]-!, 1-dimethylurea

Wettable powder 50 Medium

*Ciodrin Dimethyl phosphate of

alpha-methylbenzyl-3-

hydroxy-cis-crotonate

Oil solution, emulsifiable concentrate,

or aerosol

Usual 2 High

CIPC Isopropyl N-(8-chlorophenyl) carbamate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

50 and above Medium

Citronella, oil of Citronella, oil of Liquid lotion, or

candle

Usual 2 Medium

Copper compounds Copper compounds (Various

formulations)

Wettable powder or

dust

10 and above

as copper

Low

Coumaphos 0, 0-diethyl 0.3-chloro-4-

methyl-2-oxo-2H-l-benzopynan-7yl phosphorothioate

Wettable powder or

dust

Usual 2 High

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

44
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

CP 15336 S-2, 3-dichloroallyl N, Ndiisopropyl-thiolcarbamate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

Cryolite Sodium fluoaluminate Solution, oil or dust Usual 2 Low

*Cyanamid Calcium cyanamide Granules 42 Medium

Cyanide, calcium Calcium cyanide Liquid Usual 2 Very high

Cyanide, inorganic (Cyanide compounds,

inorganic)

Liquid 5 and above Very high

Liquid Below 5 High

Cynem 0, 0-Diethyl 0, 2-pyrazinyl

phosphorothioate

Emulsifiable concentrate, or granulesUsual 2 Very high

2, 4-D 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic

acid and inorganic salts

or

2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic

acid, organic esters, and

amine salts

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, dust, or

granules

Usual 2 Low

DAC Dimethyl-tetrachloroterephthalate

Wettable powder, or

granules

Usual 2 Medium

*Dalapon and salts 2, 2-Dichloropropionic acid,

and salts

Liquid or wettable

powder

20 and above Low

DATC S-2, 3-Dichloroallyl N, Ndiisopropyl-thiolcarbamate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

DCPA Dimethyl-tetrachloroterephthalate

Wettable powder, or

granules

Usual 2 Medium

DCU 1, 3-Bis(2,2,2-tri-chloro1-hydroxyethyl) urea

Wettable powder Usual 2 Low

DDD Dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethane

Technical, emulsifiable concentrate,

or wettable powder

Above 25 Medium

Emulsifiable concentrate (agricultural

and industrial use) ;

dust or wettable

powder (household

use)

25 and below Low

*DD-Mixture Dichloro propene dichloropropane & related

Cs hydrocarbons

Technical Usual 2 High

i Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

45
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Ck)ntinued

Commonly used

name* Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

DDT Dichlorodiphenyl-tri chloroethane

Technical, emulsifiable concentrate,

or wettable powder

Above 25 Medium

Dust, wettable

powder, (household

use) ; emulsifiable

concentrate

25 and below Low

DDVP 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl

phosphate

Wettable powder or

emulsifiable concentrate

3.0 and above Very high

Emulsifiable concentrate, or bait.

0.5 to 3.0 High

Emulsifiable concentrate, or bait.

Below 0.5 Medium

Resin strips 20 Low

*Def Tributylphosphorotrithioate Emulsifiable concentrate, or dust

Usual 2 High

Demeton 0, 0-diethyl 0-(and S-)

2-(ethylthio)ethyl

phosphorothioates

Emulsifiable

concentrate

2 and below Very high

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Below 2 High

Diallate S-2, 3-dichloroallyl N, Ndiisopropyl-thiolcarbamate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

*Diazinon 0, 0-diethyl 0-(2-isopropyl6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)

phosphorothioate

Wettable powder or

emulsifiable concentrate

15 and above High

Dust or granules Below 15 Medium

Emulsifiable concentrate, dust, or bait.

Aerosol (household

use)

0.5 Medium

Dibrom 1, 2-Dibromo-2, 2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate

Emulsifiable concentrate, dust, or bait

Usual 2 Medium

Dibutyl succinate Dibutyl succinate Emulsifiable concentrate, or spray

Usual 2 Low

Dicamba 2-Methoxy-3, 6-dichlorobenzoic acid 3, 6-Dichloro-o-anisic acid

Technical, emulsifiable concentrate,

or granules

Usual 2 Medium

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

46
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Dichlobenil 2, 6-Dichlorobenzonitrile Wettable powder, or

granules

Usual 2 Medium

Dichlone 2, 3-Dichloro-l, 4-naphthoquinone

Wettable powder, or

paste

Usual 2 Low

Dichloroethyl ether Dichloroethyl ether Liquid 10 and above High

Liquid Below 10 Medium

Dichlorvos 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl

phosphate

Wettable powder or

emulsifiable concentrate

3.0 and above Very high

Emulsifiable concentrate or bait

0.5 to 3.0 High

Emulsifiable concentrate or bait

Below 0.5 Medium

Resin strips 20 Low

*Dicryl y, 4'-Dichloro-2-methylacrylanilide

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

Dieldrin Hexachloro epoxy ester of

benzene sulfonic acid

Granules 10 to 60 High

Dust or granules Below 10 Medium

Fertilizer, dust,

spray or solution

(household use)

Usual 2 Low

*Dilan 2-Nitro-l, l-bis(p-chlorophenyl)butane

or

2-Nitro-l, l-bis(p-chlorophenyl)propane

or

Mixtures of the above

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, or dust

Usual 2 Low

Dinitrocresol 4, 6-Dinitro-o-cresol

Di-n-propyl maléate

isosafrol condensate

(n-propyl isomer)

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Solution, dust

10 and above

Usual 2

Very high

Di-n-propyl maléate

isosafrol condensate

(n-propyl isomer)

Low

Dioxathion 2j 3-p-dioxane S.S.-bis

(0,0-diethylphosphorodithioate)

Emulsifiable concentrate

25 and above Very high

Dust Usual 2 Medium

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

47
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Diphacinone 3-Diphenylacetyl-l, 3-indandione and salts

Technical powder Above 3.0 Very high

Bait 0.1 to 3.0 High

Diphenamid N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide

Wettable powder or

granules

Usual 2 Medium

Diphenatrile Diphenylacetonitrile Fertilizer granules

or vermiculite

Usual 2 Low

Diphenylamine Diphenylamine Dust 25 Medium

*Diquat 6, 7-Dihydrodi-pyrido

(l,2-2:2',r-C) pyrazidinium salt

Wettable powder,

emulsifiable

concentrate, or dust

Usual 2 High

*DiSyston 0,0-Diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)

ethyl] phosphorodithioate

Wettable powder, or

granules

Usual 2 Medium

Diuron 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-l,ldimethylurea

Wettable powder or

aqueous suspension

Usual 2 Low

*DMPA 0-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl) 0-

methyl isopropylphosphoroamidothioate

Emulsifiable concentrate, or granules

Usual 2 Medium

*DNBP 4, 6-Dinitro-o-sec-butyl

phenol

Emulsifiable concentrate, or granules

Usual 2 Very high

Dust 3.0 Low

DNOSBP 4, 6-Dinitro-o-sec-butyl

phenol

Granules Usual 2 Very high

*Dowfume MC-2 Methyl bromide + chloroicrin (MBR-CP)

Liquid 98 Very high

Endosulfan 6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachlorol,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro9-methano-2,4,3-

benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide

Granular 10 to 60 High

Dust or granules Below 10 Medium

Spray, dust, or solution (household use)

Usual 2 Low

*Endothall 7-Oxabicyclo (2.2.1)

heptane-2,3-dicarboxolic

acid

Solution or granules Usual 2 High

Endrin Hexachloroepoxyoctahydroendo, endo-dimethanonaphthalene

Dust, wettable

powder, or emulsifiable concentrate

2.5 and above) Very high

Dust, wettable

powder, emulsifiable concentrate,

or bait

Below 2.5 High

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

48
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

name! Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

EPN 0-Ethyl 0-p-nitrophenyl

phenylphosphonothioate

Dust, emulsifiable

concentrate, wettable powder, or

granules

Above 2 Very high

Dust 2 and above High

Aerosol (greenhouse use)

10 Very high

EPTC S-Ethyl N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate

Emulsifiable concentrate, or granules

Usual 2 Medium

Erbon 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)

ethyl 2,2-dichloropropionate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Low

Ethion 0,0,0',0'tetraethyl Wettable powder or

emulsifiable concentrate

15 and above High

Granules Below 15 Medium

Ethyl bromide Ethyl bromide Liquid 10 and above Low

Ethylene dibromide Ethylene dibromide Liquid 10 and above Medium

Ethylene dichloride Ethylene dichloride Solution 10 and above Medium

*EXD Diethyl dithiobis

(thionoforimate)

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

*Fenac 2,3,6-Trichlorophenylacetic acid

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, or granules

Usual 2 Medium

Fenson p-chlorophenyl-benzenesulfonate

Wettable powder 50 and above Low

Fenthion 0,0-dimethyl 0-[4—(methylthio)m-tolyl]

phosphorothioate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 High

Fenuron 3-Phenyl-l, 1-dimethylurea Wettable powder,

liquid, or powder

Usual 2 Low

Ferbam Ferric dimethyl dithiocarbamate

Dust or wettable

powder

3 and above Low

Fluoride: inorganic,

water soluble

(Various fluoride compounds)

Powder or Hquid 10 and above High

1 AT 111 • • 1

Powder or bait Below 10 Medium

' The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

49
Table 2.—Relative toxîcitîes of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Folpet N-trichloromethyl thiophthalimide

Wettable powder or

dust

Usual 2 Low

Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Solution or dust 4 and above Very high

*Genite 923 2,4 Dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, or dust

Usual 2 Low

*Guthion 0,0-Dimethyl S-[4-oxo-l,2,

3-benzotriazin-3 (4H)-

ylmethyl] phosphorodithioate

Emulsifiable concentrate, solution,

wettable powder,

dust, or granules

Above 2.0 Very high

Dust 2.0 and below High

Heptachlor Heptachloro tetrahydro4, 7-methanoindene

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, dust, or

granules

10 and above High

Dust or granules Below 10 Medium

FertiUzer 2.5 or 5.0 Low

Hypochlorites Sodium and potassium

hypochlorites

Solution 10 and above Medium

I.P.C. Isopropyl N-phenyl

carbamate

Solution 50 and above Medium

*Kelthane l,l-bis(Chlorophenyl)

2,2,2-trichloroethanol

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Above 25 Medium

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, or dust

25 and below Low

*Kepone Decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-

metheno-2H-cyclobuta[cd]

pentalen-2-one

Wettable powder,

dust, or bait

Usual 2 High

Kerosene sprays, and

similar formulas containing other petroleum distillates

Kerosene and other

petroleum distillates

(various formulations)

Liquid 10 and above Medium ^

KOCN Potassium cyanate Wettable powder,

crystals, or

pellets

Usual 2 Medium

Lead arsenate Lead arsenate Wettable powder, or

dust

Usual 2 High

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

3 Low or medium for kerosene alone; high or very high for kerosene-base compounds containing toxic materials.

50
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

*Lethane 384 B-butoxy B'-thiocyano

diethyl ether

Emulsifiable concentrate, oil spray, or

aerosol

Usual 2 Medium

Lime sulfur Calcium polysulfide Liquid, dust Usual 2 Low

Lindane Benzene hexachloride

(gamma isomer 99% and

above)

Wettable powder,

dust, solution, or

emulsifiable

concentrate

25 and above High

Dry, for agricultural

use. Solution,

spray (contact), or

emulsifiable concentrate, for

household use

Below 25 Medium

Linuron 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-lmethoxy-1-methylurea

Wettable powder Usual 2 Low

Malathion 0,0-diethyl dithiophosphate

of diethyl mercaptosuccinate

Emulsifiable concentrate or wettable

powder

20 and above Medium

Emulsifiable concentrate, spray, bait,

dust, wettable

powder, or aerosol

(oil base)

Below 20 Low

Maleic hydrazide l,2-Dihydropyridazine-3,

6-dione

Wettable powder, or

liquid

Usual 2 Low

Maneb Manganese ethylene bis

dithiocarbamate

Wettable powder, or

dust

Usual 2 Low

*MCPA 2-Methyl-4 chlorophenoxyacetic acid

Solution (sodium

salt), dust, or

granules

Usual 2 Low

MCPB 4-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) butyric acid

Emulsifiable concentrate, or liquid

Usual 2 Low

Mecoprop 2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid

Emulsifiable concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

Mercury compounds:

inorganic salts,

except calomel

(Mercury compounds) Solution or soluble

powder

20 and above,

as mercury

Very high

Dust Below 20, as

mercury

High

Metaldehyde Metaldehyde Bait or dust Usual 2 High

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

51
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides Continued

Commonly used

name^ Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Methoxychlor 2,2-Bis (p-methoxphenyl)-

1,1,1-trichloroethane

Wettable powder,

emulsifiable concentrate, or dust, or

aerosols (household use)

Usual 2 Low

Methyl bromide Methyl bromide Liquid 68.6 Very high

Methyl chloride Methyl chloride Propellant Usual 2 Medium

Méthylène chloride Dichloromethane Technical Usual 2 Medium

Methyl parathion 0,0-dimethyl 0-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate

Emulsifiable conceatrate, or spray

Above 2.0 Very high

Dust or emulsifiable

concentrate

2.0 and

below

High

*Methyl Trithion 0,0-dimethyl S-(p-chlorophenylthio) methyl

phosphorodithioate

Dust or emulsifiable

concentrate

2.5 to 44.2 High

*MH l,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridiazinedione

Wettable powder or

emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Low

Mirex Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3

4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta

[cd] pentalene

Bait Usual 2 Medium

Molinate S-ethyl hexahydro-lH

azepine-1-carbothioate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

71 High

Monolinuron 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-lmetiioxy-l-methylurea

Wettable powder 50 Medium

Monuron 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-l, 1-

dimethylurea

Wettable powder or

granules

Usual 2 Low

*Morestan 6-Methyl-2,2-quinoxalinedithiolcychc S-Sdithio-carbamate

Wettable powder 25 Medium

*Mylone Tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H Wettable powder Usual 2 Medium

Nabam Disodium ethylene bis

dithiocarbamate

Liquid 3 and above Medium

N-1-naphthyl

phthalamic acid

N-1-naphthylphthalamic

iacid

Wettable powder 90 Low

Neburon l-Butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l-methylurea

Wettable powder Usual 2 Low

Granules Usual 2 Low

Ï Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

52
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

name^ Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

*Neiiiacide (VC-13) 0-2, 4-Dicblorophenyl 0,0-

diethyl phosphorothioate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Very high

*Nemafos 0,0-diethyl 0,2-pyrazinyl

phosphorothioate

Emulsifiable concentrate or

granules

Usual 2 Very high

*Nemagon 1,2-Dibronio-3-chloropropane

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Above 10 High

10 and below Medium

Nemex Dichloroproprane dichloropropene and chloropicrin

Liquid 50/50 Very high

Nicotine and its salts Nicotine compounds Solution or spray 5.0 and above Very high

Solution or dust 1 to 5.0 High

Solution Below 1.0 Medium

Dust Below 2.0 Low

N,N-diethyl toluamide N,N-diethyl toluamide Liquid 40 and above Medium

Spray or dust Below 40 Low

N-octyl bicycloheptene

heptene dicarboximide

N-octal bicyclotheptene

dicarboximide

Solution or dust Usual 2 Low

N-Octylsulfoxide of

isosafrole

N-octylsulfoxide of

isosafrole

Solution, aqueous Usual 2 Low

Solution, oil 4.0

Norea 3-(Hexahydro-4, 7-methanoindan-5-yl)-l, 1-dimethylurea

Wettable powder, or

granules

Usual 2 Low

Orthodichlorobenzene Orthodichlorobenzene Crystals 10 and above Low

Ovex p-chlorophenyl p-chJorobenzenesulfonate

Wettable powder 50 and above Low

Aerosols (with

methyl chloride)

10 and above High

Paradichlorobenzene Paradichlorobenzene Crystals, in vacuum

cleaner attachments

Technical Low

*Paraquat 1, r-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium salt (dichloride

or bis methylsulfate)

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

53
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

name! Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Parathion 0,0-diethyl O,p-nitrophenyl

thiophosphate

Dust, emulsifiable

concentrate,

wettable powder, or

granules

Above 2.0 Very high

Dust 2.0 and above High

Aerosol (greenhouse

use)

10 Very high

Paris green Copper acetoarsen-ite Bait, dust, or spray Technical See arsenic

*PBA Polychlorobenzone acid Liquid Usual 2 High

p-chlorophenyl phenyl

sulfone

p-chlorophenyl phenyl

sulfone

Wettable powder Usual 2 Low

PCP Pentachlorophenol Technical, wettable

powder, pellets,

solution, or flakes

Usual 2 High

PEBC S-propyl butylethylthiolcarbamate

Emulsifiable concentrate, or

granules

Usual 2 Medium

Pebulate S-propyl butyl-ethylthiocarbamate

Granules 10 Medium

Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, granules,

crystals, or oil

solution

Usual 2 Medium

Peroxyacetic acid Peracetic acid Solution 40 and above High

*Perthane Diethyl diphenyl

dichloroethane (95%) and

related reaction products

(5%)

Technical,

emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder

Above 25 Medium

Emulsifiable concentrate or

petroleum oil

solution, for

agricultural and

industrial use

25 and below Low

Phenols Phenol, cresol, cresyhc

acid, and others

Liquid 10 and above High

Liquid 2 to 10 Medium

Phenyl mercuric Phenylmercuric acetate Solution 5 and above Very high

acetate

Solution Below 5 High

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

54
Table 2.—^Relative toxîcitîes of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

name! Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Phorate 0,0-Diethyl S-(ethylthio)

methyl phosphorodithioate

Granules 5 to 10 Very high

Phosdrin 2-Carbomethoxy-l-methylvinyl dimethy] phosphate

(alpha isomer) not less

than 60% and related

compounds not more

than 40%

Dust granules Above 2 Very high

Dust or aerosol

(greenhouse use)

2 and below High

Phosphamidon 2-Chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl

dimethyl phosphate

Wettable powder,

emulsifiable concentrate, or solution

Above 2 Very high

Dust 2 and below High

Phosphorus, white or

yellow

Phosphorus, white or

yellow

Paste 1 and above Very high

Picloram 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid

Emulsifiable concentrate or

granules

Usual 2 Medium

Pine oil Pine oil Solution Usual 2 Low

Piperonyl butoxide Alpha-[2-butoxy-ethoxy

ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene

Dust, wettable

powder, spray, or

oil solution

Usual 2 Low

*Pival 2-Pivalolyl-l,3-indandione,

and salts

Powder or concentrate

Above 3.0 Very high

Powder or concentrate

0.1 to 3.0 Medium

Baits 0.025 Low

*P.M.P. 2-Isovaleryl-l,3-indandione,

and salts

Powder or concentrate Above 6.0 Very high

Powder or concentrate 0.1 to 6.0 Medium

Bait 0.05 to 0.55 Low

Potassium cyanate Potassium cyanate Wettable powder Usual 2 Medium

Pyrazon 5-Amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl3- (2H)-pyridazinone

Wettable powder or

emulsifiable concentrate

Usual 2 Low

Pyrethrins Pyrethrins (various

compounds)

Dust, ground flowers,

or water base spray

0.5 to 2.5 Low

Spray, kerosene

extract, emulsifiable concentrate,

or aerosol

Usual 2 Medium

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

55
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Quaternary ammonium Quaternary ammonium

compounds

Liquid 10 and above Medium

compounds

Below 10 Low

Red squill Red squill Bait 10 Low

Ronnel 0,0-dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, dust,

spray aerosol, oil

solution, or bait

Usual 2 Medium

Dry, in feed

supplement

Usual 2 Low

Rotenone Rotenone (plant derivative) Wettable powder,

dip, dust, or emulsifiable concentrate

Usual 2 Low

Ryania Ryania speciosa Dust Usual 2 Low

Sabadilla powder Sabadilla powder (plant

derivative)

Liquid or dust Usual 2 Low

Sesamin 2.6-bis(3,4-methylene-dioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo [3,3,0] octane

Solution Usual 2 Low

*Sesone Sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyethyl sulfate

Wettable ])()W(ler 90 Medium

Shell Compound 4072 2-Chloro-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl

phosphate

Enuilsifiabh^ concentral (\, or

granules

Usual 2 High

Siduron l-(2-Methylcyclohexyl)-3-

phenylurea

Wettable p()W(l(M', or

iertiliz(MUsual 2 Low

Silvex 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)

propionic acid

Emulsifiable

concent rate

Wettable ])()W(lei-, or

granules

Wettai)le powder

( îranules ( p(^ll(^ts),

wettable powder,

or eniulsiiiable

con C(M itrate

Usual 2 Low

Simazine 2-Chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-5-triazine

Usual 2 Low

Sodium isopropyl

xanthate

Sodium isopropyl xanthate Usual 2 Low

Sodium trichloroacetate

Sodium trichloroacetato Usual 2 Low

Sorbic acid 2, 4-Hexadienoic acid Technical 99 Low

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

56
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

name^ Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

*Strobane Terpene polychlorinates

(chlorinated mixture of

campene and related

terpenes containing 65

to 69%)

Emulsifiable concentrate dry, wettable

powder, dust, or

oil solution

25 and aboviÎ High

Self propelled spray 0.5 to 6.0 Low

Strychnine and its

salts (sulfate)

Strychnine and its salts

(various formulations)

Technical powder

tablet, bait

Usual 2 Very high

Sulfur Sulfur Wettable powder, or

dust

Usual 2 Low

*Sulphenone p-Chlorophenyl phenyl

sulfone

Wettable powder Usual 2 Low

2,4,5.T 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acids, and inorganic

salts

or

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, organic and

amine salts

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, granules,

or dust

Usual 2 Low

Tartar emetic Antimony potassium

tartrate

(A protective ingredient in zinc phosphide arsenic or

thalHum products)

Usual 2 Medium

*TCA Trichloracetic acid Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Low

TDE l,l-Dichloro-2, 2-bis (pchlorophenyl) ethane

Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder or dust

Usual 2 Medium

1080 (Ten eighty) Sodium fluoracetate Concentrate or bait Usual 2 Very high

Tepp Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Emulsifiable concentrate dust, spray,

bait, or aerosol

1 and above Very high

Dust Below 1 High

Tetradifon p-Chlorophenyl 2,4,5-

trichlorophenyl sulfone

Wettable powder 25 and 50 Low

Tetraethyl dithionopyrophosphate

Tetraethyl dithionopyrophosphate

Bait or aerosol 1 and above Very high

Below 1 High

*Thanite Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

powder, or dust

Usual 2 Low

Í Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

57
Table 2.—Relative toxicities of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Commonly used

namei Chemical name Formulation Percent of

concentration

Toxicity to

humans

Thiram Tetramethyl thiuram

disulfide

Dust or wettable

powder

20 and above Low

Toxaphene Chlorinated camphene

containing 67 to 69%

chlorine

Dust or wettable

powder

25 and above High

Dust or granules Below 25 Medium

Trialate S-2,3, 3-Trichloroallyl

N,N-disopropylthiol

carbamate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

10 and above Medium

Trichlorofon Dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro1-hydroxyethyl)

phosphonate

Technical 90 to 99 High

Wettable powder or

dust

Usual 2 Medium

Vernolate S-Propyl dipropylthiocarbamate

Emulsifiable

concentrate

Usual 2 Medium

Warfarin 3-"(Alpha-acetonylbenzyl)

4-hydroxycoumarin

Technical Above 3 Very high

Powder 0.1 to 3.0 High

Bait 0.025 Low

*Zectran 4-Dimethylamino 3,5-

xylyl methylcarbamate

Emulsifiable concentrate or

wettable powder

Usual 2 High

Zinc phosphide Zinc phosphide Powder 10 and above Very high

Paste 2 to 10 High

Bait Below 2 Medium

Zinc salts (considered

as zinc, not as anions)

Zinc salts (various

compounds)

Solution 5 and above,

as zinc

Medium

Zineb Zinc ethylene bis

(dithiocarbamate)

Wettable powder 10 and above Low

Zinophos 0,0-Diethyl 0,2-pyrazinyl

phosphorothioate

Emulsifiable concentrate, or

granules

Usual 2 Very high

Ziram Zinc dimethyl

dithiocarbamate

Dust or spray 3 and above Low

T

1 Names preceded by an asterisk (*) are trade names.

2 The percent of concentration in which the product is generally sold or used.

58
CHEMICAL AND COMMONLY USED NAMES OF AGRICULTURAL

AND HOUSEHOLD PESTICIDES

[Listing of chemical names is alphabetical; numerals are disregarded]

If you know only the chemical name of a product, look opposite it in this

list to find the commonly used name. If you know the commonly used name and

wish to find the chemical name, refer to the first two columns in table 2, pp. 41

to 58.

Chemical name

Acetone

Commonly used name

Acetone

Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile

Allyl homolog of cinerin I Allethrin

3-(AIpha-acetonylbenzyl)

4-hydroxycoumarin

Warfarin

Alpha-[2-butoxy-ethoxy Piperonyl butoxide

ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy 2-propyltoluene

Alpha naphthyl thiourea Alpha naphthyl thiourea

5-Amino-4-chloro-2-

phenyl-3-(2H)-

pyridazinone

Pyrazon

3-Amino-2,5-

dichlorobenzoic acid

Amiben

3-Amino-l,2,4-triazole Amitrole

4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid

Picloram

Ammonium nitrate Ammonium nitrate

Ammonium sulfamate Ammonium sulfamate;

AMS

Antimony potassium

tartrate

Tartar emetic

Arsenic acid Arsenite desiccant

Arsenic compounds, inorganic insoluble

(various compounds)

Arsenic compounds,

inorganic insoluble

Arsonates, except calcium

propyl arsonate

(various compounds)

Arsonates, except

calcium propyl

arsonate

B-butoxy B'-thiocyano

diethyl ether

Lethane 384

Chemical name

Benzene

Commonly used name

Benzene

Benzene hexachloride

(gamma isomer 99%

and above)

Lindane

1,1-Bis (chlorophenyl)

2,2,2-trichloroethanol

Kelthane

2,6-Bis(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-

dioxabicyclo [3,3,0]

octane

Sesamin

2,2-Bis (p-methoxyphenyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane

Methoxychlor

l,3-Bis(2,2,2-tri-chloro1-hydroxyethyl) urea

DCU

Boric acid Boric acid

5-Bromo-3sec-butyl-6-

methyluracil

Bromacil

l-Butyl-3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- 1-methylurea

Neburon

(Cadmium compounds) Cadmium

Calcium arsenate Calcium arsenate

Calcium cyanamide Cyanamid

Calcium cyanide Cyanide calcium

Calcium polysulfide Lime sulfur

Calcium propylarsonate Arsonates, calcium

propyl

59
Chemical and commonly used names of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Chem^ical nam,e

2-Carbomethoxy-lmethylvinyl dimethyl

phosphate (alpha isomer) not less than 60%

and related compounds

not more than 40%

Com,m,only used name

Phosdrin

Chemical name

Copper compounds

(various formulations)

(Cyanide compounds,

inorganic)

Commonly used name

Copper compounds

Cyanide, inorganic

Decachlorooctahydro-1,

3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta[cd] pentalen-2-one

l,2-Dibromo-3-

chloropropane

l,2-Dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl

phosphate

Dibutyl succinate

Kepone

Carbon disulfide Carbon disulfide

Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride Nemagon

Chlorates (various

compounds)

Chlorates, including

magnesium and

sodium salts

Dibrom

Chlorinated camphene

containing 67 to 69%

Toxaphene

Dibutyl succinate

chlorine 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile Dichlobenil

2-Chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate

CDEC l,l-Dichloro-2,2-bis (pchloropheny]) ethane

TDE

2-Chloro-4,6-bis

(ethylamino)-s-triazine

Simazine

Barban

Dichlorodiphenyldichlorethane

DDD

4-Chloro-2-butynyl mchlorocarbanilate

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DDT

Dichloroethyl ether

Di chloromethane

2-Chloro-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl

phosphate

2-Chloro-2-diethylcarShell Compound 4072

Phosphamidon

Atrazine

Dichloroethyl ether

Méthylène chloride

3',4'-Dich]oro-2-methylarylanilide

Dicryl

bamoyl-1-methylvinyl

dimethyl phosphate

2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-

isopropylamino-striazine

2,3-Dichloro-l,4-

naphthoquinone

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and

inorganic salts

or

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, organic

esters, and amine salts

Dichlone

2,4-D

Chloroform Chloroform

2-Chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide

CDAA

3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-lmethoxy-1-methylurea

MonoHnuron 2,4-Dichlorophenyl

benzene sulfonate

Genite 923

Chloropropene (mixed)

Citronella, oil of

Chloropropene (mixed)

Citronella, oil of

3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-

1-1-dimethylurea

Diuron

2,4-Dichlorophenyl ester

of benzene sulfonic acid

2,4-Dichlorophenyl ester

Copper acetoarsenite of benzene sulfonic acid

60

Paris green
Chemical and commonly used names of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Chemical name

Dichloropropane

dichloropropene and

chloropicrin

Com,m.only used nam^e

Nemex

Dichloropropene

dichloropropane and

related C3 hydrocarbons

DD-Mixture

2,2-Dichloropropionic

acid and salts

Dalapon and salts

2,2-Dichlorovinyl

dimethyl phosphate

Dichlorovos; DDVP

Diethyl diphenyl

dichloroethane (95%)

and related reaction

products (5%)

Perthane

Diethyl dithiobis

(thionoformate)

EXD

6,7-Dihydrodi-pyrido

(l,2-2:2',r-C)

pyrazidinium salt

Diquat

l,2-Dihydropyridazine-3,

6-dione

Maleic hydrazide

l,2-Dihydro-3,

6-pyridiazinedione

MH

4-Dimethylamino 3,5-

xylyl methylcarbamate

Zectran

Dimethylarsinic acid Cacodylic acid

l,l'-Dimethyl-4,4'-

bipyridinium salt

(dichloride or bis

methylsulfate)

Paraquat

Chem,ical name

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol

4,6-Dinitro-o-sec-butyl

phenol

Commonly used name

Dimtrocresol

DNBP; DNOSBP

Di-n-propyl maléate

isosafrol condensate

(n-propyl isomer)

Di-n-propyl maléate

isosafrol condensate

(n-propyl isomer)

Diphenylacetonitrile

3-Diphenylacetyl-l,3-

indandione and salts

Diphenatrile

Diphacinone

Diphenylamine

Disodium ethylene bis

dithiocarbamate

Diphenylamine

Nabam

Dodecachlorooctahydrol,3,4-metheno-2Hcyclobuta [cd]

pentalene

Mirex

Ethyl bromide Ethyl bromide

Ethyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate

Chlorobenzilate

Ethylene dibromide Ethylene dibromide

Ethylene dichloride Ethylene dichloride

Ferric dimethyl

dithiocarbamate

Ferbam

Formaldehyde Formaldehyde

Heptachloro tetrahydro4,7-methanoindeneHeptachlor

Hcxachloro epoxy ester Dieldrin

of benzene sulfonic acid

Dimethyl phosphate of

alphamethylbenzyl-3-

hydroxy-ciscrotonate

Ciodrin Hexachloro hexahydroendo exodimethanonaphthalene (95%)

Aldrin

Dimethyl phosphate of

3-hydroxy N,N-dimethyl-ciscrotonamide

Bidrir

Dimethyl-tetrachloroterephthalate

Dimethyl (2,2,2-trichlorol-hydroxyethyl)

phosphonate

DAC; DCPA

Trichlorofon

6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachlorol,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-9-methano-2,4,3-

benzodioxathiepin-3-

oxide

Endosulfan

Hexachloroepoxyoctahydroendo, endodimethanonaphthalene

Endrin

61
Chemical and commonly used names of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Chemical name

2,4-Hexadienoic acid

Com^monly used nam,e

Sorbic acid

3-(Hexahydro-4,7-

methanoindaii-5-yl)-

1,1-dimethylurea

Norea

Isobornyl

thiocyanoacetate

Thanite

Isopropyl N-(3- CIPC

chlorophenyl) carbamate

Isopropyl N-phenyl

carbamate

I.P.C.

2-Isovaleryl-l,3-

indandione, and salts

P.M.P.

Kerosene and other

petroleum distillates

(various formulations)

Kerosene sprays, and

similar formulas

containing other

petroleum distillates

Lead arsenate Lead arsenate

Manganese ethylene bis

dithiocarbamate

Maneb

(Mercury compounds) Mercury compounds:

inorganic salts, except

calomel

Metaldehyde Metaldehyde

2-Methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid 3,6-Dichloro-o-anisic acid

Dicamba

Methyl bromide Methyl bromide

Methyl bromide +

chloropicrin

Dowfume MC-2

Methyl bromide +

chloropicrin in

petroleum solvent

Brozone

Methyl chloride Methyl chloride

MCPA

Chem^ical name Commonly used name

2-(2-Methyl-4-chloro- Mecoprop

phenoxy) propionic acid

1 -(2-Methylcyclohexyl)- Siduron

3-phenylurea

6-Methyl-2,2- Morestan

quinoxalinedithiolcyclic

S-S-dithio-carbamate

1-Naphthyl N-methylcarbamate

Carbaryl, Sevin

N-Butyl-N-ethyl-alpha,

alpha, alpha-trifluoro2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine

Benefin

Nicotine compounds Nicotine and its salts

(sulfate)

2-Nitro-l,l-bis(p-chloro- Dilan

phenyl) butane

or

2-Nitro-l,l-bis(p-chlorophenyl) propane

or

Mixtures of the above

N-1-Naphthyl

phthalamic acid

N-1-Naphthyl

phthalamic acid

N,N-Diethyl toluamide N,N-Diethyl toluamide

N,N-Dimethyl-2,2- Diphenamid

diphenylacetamide

N-Octyl bicycloheptene N-Octyl bicycloheptene

dicarboximide dicarboximide

N-Octylsulfoxide of

isosafrole

N-Octylsulfoxide of

isosafrole

N-Trichloromethylthio4-cyclohexene-1,2-

dicarboximide

Captan

N-(trichloromethyl thio) Folpet

phthalimide

2-Methyl-4 chlorophenoxyacetic acid

4-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) butyric acid

MCPB

Octachloro-4, 7-methano Chlordane

tetTahydroindane (60%)

0-2,4-Dichlorophenyl 0,0- Nemacide (VC-13)

diethyl phosphorothioate

62
Chemical and commonly used names of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Chemical name

0-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)

0-methyl isopropy]-

phosphoroamidothioate

Com,m,only used nam,e

DMPA

0-Ethyl 0-p-nitrophenyl EPN

phenylphosphonothioate

0,0-Diethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl

mercaptosuccinate

Malathion

0,0-Diethyl 0-(and S-)

2-(ethylthio)ethyl

phosphorothioates

Demeton

0,0-Diethyl 0,3-chloro-4- Coumaphos

Chem^ical name

0,0-Dimethyl S-[4-oxol,2,3-benzotriazin-3

(4H)-yl-methyl]

phosphorodithioate

Commonly used name

Guthion

0,0-Dimethyl S-(pchlorophenylthio)

methyl phosphorodithioate

Methyl trithion

0,0,0',0' Tetraethyl

S,S'-methylene bisphosphoroditbioate

Ethion

Orthodichlorobenzene

7-Oxabicyclo (2,2,1)

heptane-2,3-

Orthodichlorobenzene

Endothall

benzopynan-7yl phos- dicarboxolic acid

phorothioate Paradichlorobenzene Paradichlorobenzene

0,0-Diethyl 0-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate

Diazinon p-chloroben"yl pchlorophenyl sulfide

3-[p-(chlorophen-oxy)-

phenyl]-!, 1-dimethylurea

p-chlorophenyl-benzenesulfonate

3-(p-chlorophenyl)-l,ldimethylurea

p-chloropheny] p-chloro

benzenesulfonate

p-chlorophenyl phenyl

sulfone

Chlorbenside

Chloroxuron

0,0-Diethyl O,p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate

Parathion

Fenson

0,0-Diethyl 0,2-pyrazinyl

phosphorothioate

Cynem; Nemafos;

Zinophos

Monuron

0,0-Diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio) ethyl] phosphorodithioate

DiSyston Ovex

Sulphenone

0,0-Diethyl IS-(ethyltmo) Phorate

methyl phosphorodithioate

p-chlorophenyl 2,4,5-

trichlorophenyl sulfone

Pentachlorophenol

Tetradifon

0,0-Dimethyl 0-[4-(methylthio) m-tolyl]

Fenthion

PCP

Peracetic acid Peroxyacetic acid

phosphorothioate Phenol, cresol, cresylic

acid, and others

Phenols

0,0-Dimethyl 0-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate

Methyl parathion

3-Phenyl-l,l-dimethylurea

Phenyl mercuric acetate

Phosphorus, white or

yellow

Fenuron

0,0-Dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-

trichlorophenyl)

phosphorothioate

Ronnel

Phenyl mercuric acetate

Phosphorus, white or

yellow

63
Chemical and commonly used names of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Chemical name

Pine oil

Com,m.only used nam,e

Pine oil

Chemical nam,e

Sodium ñuoaluminate

Com.m.only used nam.e

Cryolite

2-Pivalyl-l,3-indandione, Rival Sodium fluoracetate 1080 (Ten eighty)

and salts

Sodium isopropyl

xanthate

Sodium isopropyl

Polychlorobenzoic acid PBA xanthate

Potassium cyanate Potassium cyanate;

KOCN

Sodium trichloroacetate Sodium trichloroacetate

S-[(p-chlorophenylthio)

methyl] 0,0-diethyl

phosphorodithioate

S-propyl butylethylthiol

carbamate

Carbophenothion

PEBC

2-Propenal

2-Propene-l-ol

2-(p-tertiary-butylphenoxy) isopropyl-2-

chloroethyl sulfite

Acrolein

AUyl alcohol

Aramite

Pyrethrins

S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate

Vernolate

Pyrethrins (various

compounds) S-2,3,3-trichloro-allyl N,

N-disopropylthiol carbamate

Triallate

Quaternary ammonium Quaternary ammonium

compounds compounds

Strychnine and its salts

(various formulations)

Sulfur

Strychnine and its salts

(sulfate)

Sulfur

Red squill

Rotenone (plant

Red squill

Rotenone

Ryania

derivative)

Ryania speciosa

Terpene polychlorinates

(chlorinated mixture of

campene and related

terpenes containing 65

to 69% chlorine)

Tetraethyl dithionopyrophosphate

Tetraethyl pyrophosphate

Tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl2H

Strobane

Sabadilla powder (plant

derivative)

S-2,3-Dichloroal]yl N,Ndiisopropyl-thiolcarbamate

Sabadilla powder

_— —. — — ^_!. — ^— ..-1 ^— —

DATC;CP 15336;

Diallate

Sulfotep

Tepp

Mylone

2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl 3-methyl-2-

butenoate

Binapacryl

S-ethyl hexahydro-lHazepine-1-carbothioate

Bensulide; Molinate

Tetramethyl thiuram

disulfide

Thiram

S-ethyl N,N-dipropylthio

carbamate

-EPTC

Thallium sulfate (various

compounds)

Thallium sulfate

Sodium and potassium

hypochlorites

Sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyethyl sulfate

Hypochlorites

Sesone

TributylphosphorotrithioateDef

Trichloracetic acid TCA

64
Chemical and commonly used names of agricultural and household pesticides—Continued

Chemical name Commonly used name

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy- 2,4,5-T

acetic acids, and inChemical name

2,3,6-Tri chloropheny1-

acetic acid

Commonly used name

Fenac

organic salts

or

Trichlorophenyl sulfone Chloropicrin

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, organic and

Zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate

Ziram

amine salts

Zinc ethylene bis

(dithiocarbamate)

Zinc phosphide

Zinpb

2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophe- Erbon

noxy) ethyl 2,2-dichloropropionate Zinc phosphide

2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophe- Silvex

noxy) propionic acid

Zinc salts (various

compounds)

Zinc salts (considered

as zinc, not as anions)

Trade names are used in this publication solely for the purpose of

providing specific information. Mention of a trade name does not

constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or an endorsement by the Department over

other products not mentioned.

-^ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTHOaOFFIG«: 1966—O 223-070

65
vIH:

0^286 FOLLOW THE LABEL

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE