United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 14-3397

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Humphrey Ezekiel Etenyi

lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

v.

Loretta E. Lynch, Attorney General of the United States

lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent

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Petition for Review of an Order of the

 Board of Immigration Appeals

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 Submitted: June 9, 2015

 Filed: August 21, 2015

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Before GRUENDER, MELLOY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

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GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

Humphrey Ezekiel Etenyi, a native and citizen of Kenya, petitions for review

of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision dismissing his appeal from

an order of removal. Because substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that

Etenyi falsely claimed citizenship on a Form I-9, we deny his petition.
Etenyi came to the United States on a student visa in 2006. After he graduated

in 2011, he remained in the country and married a United States citizen. Soon after

they married, Etenyi’s wife submitted a petition for an immediate-relative visa on

Etenyi’s behalf. Etenyi concurrently filed an application to adjust his status to that

of a lawful permanent resident. See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a). The Department of

Homeland Security (“DHS”) denied Etenyi’s application. DHS stated that Etenyi’s

status could not be adjusted because he had falsely claimed that he was a United

States citizen on a Form I-9 when he applied for a job in 2009.

1

DHS sent Etenyi a notice to appear alleging that he was removable because of

thisfalse citizenship claim, see 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(3)(D), and because he violated the

conditions of his non-immigrant status by remaining in the United States after

completing his studies, see 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(C)(i). At a hearing before an

immigration judge (“IJ”), Etenyi admitted that he did not comply with the student

visa. However, he denied that he had falsely claimed citizenship on the Form I-9. 

2

Etenyi instead contended that the form had been pre-populated with his personal

information. Although he confirmed that his name, address, social security number,

and date of birth were correct, he claimed that he did not notice the checked box

asserting, under penalty of perjury, that he was a “citizen of the United States.” The

IJ considered the signed Form I-9, Etenyi’s testimony, Etenyi’s social security card

that stated DHS authorization was required before Etenyi could work, and evidence

of Etenyi’s effortsto ensure that his socialsecurity card was accurate. Ultimately, the

IJ concluded that Etenyi’s testimony was not credible. Because Etenyi had falsely

The Form I-9, also known as the Employment Eligibility Verification Form,

1

attests to an individual’s authorization to work in the United States. Margaret C.

Jasper, Legal Almanac: The Law of Immigration § 8:3 (3d ed. 2008).

This concession does not moot the case because Etenyi nevertheless could

2

have been eligible for permanent residency as an immediate relative of a U.S. citizen. 

See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a).

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represented himself as a citizen of the United Statesfor a purpose or benefit under the

Immigration and Nationality Act (“the Act”), the IJ held that Etenyi wasineligible for

adjustment of status. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(ii)(I).

Etenyi appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. Dismissing Etenyi’s appeal, the

BIA held that Etenyi was removable because he had signed the Form I-9 and thereby

adopted its contents. In addition, the BIA held that the IJ did not clearly err in its

“finding of fact . . . that [Etenyi] presented [this] falsified evidence . . . to obtain

unlawful employment.” Finally, the BIA rejected Etenyi’s argument that 8 U.S.C.

§ 1324a(b)(5) precludes the use of a Form I-9 in a removal proceeding. Etenyi now

appeals.

“We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo, but we accord substantial

deference to the BIA’s interpretation of the statutes and regulations it administers.” 

Garcia-Gonzalez v. Holder, 737 F.3d 498, 500 (8th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation

marks omitted) (quoting Spacek v. Holder, 688 F.3d 536, 538 (8th Cir. 2012)). “We

will not disturb the BIA’s findings of fact unless they are unsupported by substantial

evidence,” id., and “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to

conclude to the contrary,” Goswell-Renner v. Holder, 762 F.3d 696, 699 (8th Cir.

2014). Though we ordinarily review only the BIA’s decision, “we also review the

IJ’s decision as part of the final agency action” if “the BIA adopted the findings or

the reasoning of the IJ.” Garcia-Gonzalez, 737 F.3d at 500 (quoting Spacek, 688

F.3d at 538).

Etenyi raises several challenges on appeal. First, he argues that the IJ erred in

her factual findings because, at one point in her oral opinion, the IJ stated that Etenyi

personally “checked the box on FormI-9,” whereas Etenyi claims that the formshows

the check was inserted by a computer. As an initial matter, we review the IJ’s

findings only to the extent that they were adopted by the BIA. See id. at 500. And

the BIA did not adopt this specific finding. Instead, the BIA found that Etenyi was

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removable “regardless of whether he marked the box” on the Form I-9 because he

nevertheless signed the form and adopted the false claim of citizenship. We thus

reject Etenyi’s contention that the factual finding of the IJ, as adopted by the BIA, is

unsupported by substantial evidence. Id.

This leads to Etenyi’s second argument. Etenyi assertsthat, even if the BIA did

not find that Etenyi personally marked the box, the BIA erred when it accepted the

IJ’s credibility determination rejecting Etenyi’s claim that he never saw the

citizenship claim in the pre-populated form. Our case law establishes that an IJ’s

credibility determination receives great deference. After all, “an immigration judge

is in the best position to make credibility findings because [s]he sees the witness as

the testimony is given.” Mayo v. Ashcroft, 317 F.3d 867, 871 (8th Cir.), as amended

(June 25, 2003) (quoting Hartooni v. I.N.S., 21 F.3d 336, 342 (9th Cir. 1994)). An

IJ’s adverse credibility finding therefore is “conclusive unless any reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” R.K.N. v. Holder, 701

F.3d 535, 537 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Ali v. Holder, 686 F.3d 534, 538 (8th Cir.

2012)). And the evidence in this case does not compel that conclusion.

The evidence at issue, as noted by the IJ, included the Form I-9 with the false

claim of citizenship, Etenyi’s testimony that he reviewed other information on the

form before signing it, Etenyi’s signature, and the fact that Etenyi, at the time he

completed the form, had a college-level education from an American university. See

R.K.N., 701 F.3d at 538 (noting that the IJ must support an adverse credibility finding

with “specific, cogent reasons for disbelief” (quoting Osonowo v. Mukasey, 521 F.3d

922, 927 (8th Cir. 2008))). Etenyi’s Form I-9 stated that the applicant claimed

citizenship “under penalty of perjury,” and directly above Etenyi’s signature, the form

read: “I am aware that federal law provides for imprisonment and/or fines for false

statements or use of false documentsin connection with the completion of thisform.” 

This combination of facts and circumstances led the IJ to reject Etenyi’s claim that

he “failed to read the entire form and failed to note the box was checked.” See Matter

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of D-R-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 445, 453-55 (BIA 2011) (noting that an IJ may make

reasonable inferencesfrom direct and circumstantial evidence in the record). In light

of the great deference we afford to an IJ’s credibility determination, we cannot say

the agency’s conclusion was unsupported by substantial evidence. See

Garcia-Gonzalez, 737 F.3d at 500.

In addition to these factual contentions, Etenyi raises several legal arguments,

beginning with a challenge to the standard of review applied by the BIA. We review

these legal challenges de novo. Id. The Code of Federal Regulations provides the

BIA with authority to review the legal conclusions of an immigration judge de novo. 

8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(ii). Etenyi argues that the BIA did not apply this standard

because it did not “assess[] whether the evidence presented by DHS supported the

legal conclusion that the DHS had met its burden of proving removability.” We

disagree. In its dismissal, the BIA affirmatively stated that it reviews legal issues de

novo, “including whether the parties have met the relevant burden of proof.” The

BIA then noted that the IJ had “determined that there was clear and convincing

evidence the respondent was removable.” These statements, combined with the

BIA’s independent review of the evidence, reveal that the BIA employed the proper

standard of review.

Etenyi next argues that the BIA should have found that DHS did not prove by

clear and convincing evidence that Etenyi made a false claim of citizenship because

the Form I-9 constituted the “sole evidence” of this claim. This argument fails. 

When Etenyi signed the form, he adopted its contents and thus falsely represented

himself as a citizen to a potential employer. Accordingly, this Form I-9 evidence is

sufficient. See Dakura v. Holder, 772 F.3d 994, 999 (4th Cir. 2014) (collecting

cases). 

Etenyi attempts to undermine this conclusion in two ways. First, he argues that

a Form I-9 cannot serve as the basis for a false claim of citizenship in a removal

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proceeding. See Chamber of Commerce of U.S. v. Whiting, 563 U.S. ---, 131 S. Ct

1968, 1974 (2011) (noting that under 8 U.S.C. § 1324a(b)(5), a Form I-9 “may not be

used for purposes other than for enforcement of” the Immigration Reformand Control

Act and “other specified provisions of federal law”). As the BIA noted, we have

squarely addressed this argument several times, and we consistently have held that

the language of 8 U.S.C. § 1324a(b)(5) does not preclude the use of a Form I-9 in

removal proceedings. See, e.g., Downs v. Holder, 758 F.3d 994, 997 (8th Cir. 2014). 

This argument therefore is foreclosed.

Second, Etenyi relies upon Kirong v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 800 (8th Cir. 2008),

to argue that DHS must present more than the Form I-9 to satisfy its burden of proof. 

However, our analysis in Kirong reflected the format of a prior version of the Form

I-9, not the Form I-9 at issue in this case. Id. at 801. The previous format included

a box that stated “I am a citizen or national of the United States.” Id. (emphasis

added). This disjunctive phrasing rendered the alien’s statement ambiguous as to

whether his “attestation involved a claim of citizenship or nationality.” Id. at 805. 

The box on Etenyi’s Form I-9 states only that the applicant is “[a] citizen of the

United States.” Because this phrasing is unambiguous, an alien who attests to the

validity of the checked “citizen of the United States” box by signing this FormI-9 has

made an objectively false representation of citizenship—and citizenship alone. 

Etenyi signed and submitted a Form I-9 with thisformulation to his employer, and we

thus require no additional evidence.

Because Etenyi is inadmissible for permanent residence, he is ineligible for

relief in the form of an adjustment of status. To qualify for adjustment of status, an

alien must demonstrate that he is admissible. Kirong, 529 F.3d at 804. And an alien

isinadmissible if he falsely represents himself “to be a citizen of the United Statesfor

any purpose or benefit” under the Act. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(ii)(I). Etenyi made

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this false representation by adopting the erroneous information on the Form I-9

submitted to his employer. Accordingly, he is ineligible for adjustment of status.

3

For the foregoing reasons, we deny Etenyi’s petition for review.

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On appeal, Etenyi argues that DHS did not show intent as he claims isrequired 3

by 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(3)(D). Because Etenyi did not raise these issues before the

BIA, we lack jurisdiction to consider them. See Sultani v. Gonzales, 455 F.3d 878,

884 (8th Cir. 2006) (“Failure to raise an issue before the agency constitutes a failure

to exhaust administrative remedies and deprives this court of jurisdiction to hear the

matter.”).

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