Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

People v. Abtahi, 2020 IL App (1st) 181631

Appellate Court 

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. 

FARZAD ABTAHI, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. First District, Sixth Division 

No. 1-18-1631

Filed April 24, 2020

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 96-CR-07106; the 

Hon. Steven G. Watkins, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

Marc M. Barnett, of Chicago, for appellant.

Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg 

and Brian K. Hodes, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the 

People.

Panel JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Cunningham and Connors concurred in the judgment and 

opinion. 
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OPINION

¶ 1 Defendant Farzad Abtahi 1 appeals from the dismissal of his petition for relief from 

judgment filed pursuant to section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 

5/2-1401 (West 2018)), which alleged the trial court’s order entering judgment on his guilty 

plea to possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver was void. On appeal, 

defendant argues the circuit court erred by dismissing his petition without considering his 

argument on the merits. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶ 2 I. JURISDICTION 

¶ 3 The trial court dismissed defendant’s petition on June 27, 2018. Defendant filed his notice 

of appeal on July 3, 2018. Accordingly, this court has jurisdiction pursuant to article VI, section 

6, of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 6) and Illinois Supreme Court Rule 

603 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) and Rule 606 (eff. July 1, 2017), governing appeals from a final 

judgment of conviction in a criminal case entered below.

¶ 4 II. BACKGROUND

¶ 5 In 1996, defendant was charged with manufacture or delivery of a substance containing 

heroin (720 ILCS 570/401(c)(1) (West 1996)). On September 2, 1997, at a hearing attended 

by defendant and private counsel, the State informed the trial court that the parties had reached 

an agreement in which defendant would plead guilty to “Class 1 possession with intent” in 

exchange for a recommendation of probation. The trial court admonished defendant that, by 

pleading guilty, he would “give up” his right to a trial, including his right to be proven guilty 

beyond a reasonable doubt, confront witnesses, present evidence, and testify on his own behalf. 

Defendant acknowledged that he understood. Defendant also understood that his signature on 

the documents meant he was giving up his right to a jury trial and a presentence investigation 

in the case. 

¶ 6 The State provided the following factual basis for the plea:

“If the State were to proceed to trial in this matter, [we] would call Chicago Police 

Officer Luis Caspo who would testify *** January 18th, ’96, *** he was executing a 

search warrant [at a specified location]. He observed the Defendant whom he would 

identify in open court. He would testify at that location, he did recover one foil packet 

of suspect heroin.

The Defendant was placed under arrest. *** If called to testify, Jorge Gomez would 

testify he’s an expert in forensic chemistry, that he received one packet ***, that he 

weighed and analyzed the contents of the item and found the contents to test positive 

for heroin in the amount of 11.57 grams. 

At this time [defendant] committed the offense, he was over the age of 17.” 

The State asked if defendant stipulated to those facts, and defense counsel replied, “So 

stipulated.” The trial court then asked defendant, “Are those the facts you are pleading guilty 

to?” Defense counsel replied, “Yes, he is.” 

1

In the record, defendant’s name also appears as Farzad Abtahim. 
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¶ 7 The trial court accepted defendant’s guilty plea and sentenced him to two years’ probation. 

Finally, the trial court admonished defendant of his right to appeal, stating, “First you’d have 

to file a written petition to vacate your plea in the next 30 days stating the reasons why you 

feel your plea should be vacated.” When the trial court asked defendant if he understood his 

right to appeal, defendant responded, “Yes, your Honor.” The record does not show that 

defendant filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea or an appeal.

¶ 8 On October 2, 2017, defendant filed a section 2-1401 petition through the same attorney 

who represented him at the plea hearing. The petition alleged that the trial court knew 

defendant was not a United States citizen but did not admonish him that he was pleading guilty 

to a “deportable offense.” According to defendant, the “lack of proper admonishments 

regarding the effect of his plea on his immigration status was clearly a prime factor in [his] 

decision to plead guilty.” Defendant also claimed that (1) he had an “extremely meritorious 

defense,” (2) he likely would have been found not guilty had he gone to trial, (3) the factual 

basis for the plea failed to establish he possessed the purported controlled substance, and 

(4) the State’s factual recitation alleged the substance was found in a “foil packet” while a 

police report stated it was found in a “clear plastic bag.” Based on the foregoing, defendant 

alleged his conviction was “void” and should be vacated even though he filed his petition after 

the two-year limitations period expired. 

¶ 9 The State filed a motion to dismiss defendant’s section 2-1401 petition, arguing that 

defendant failed to establish he was exempt from the limitations period because the trial court 

had personal and subject-matter jurisdiction; the statute he was charged and convicted under 

was constitutional; and defendant did not allege disability, duress, or fraud.2 Moreover, even 

if defendant were able to overcome the outlined procedural barriers, his claims lacked merit 

because the factual basis for his plea was sufficient, he did not seek to withdraw his plea, and 

the law in effect at the time of the plea did not require the trial court to admonish him about 

immigration-related consequences. 

¶ 10 Defendant filed a reply, asserting he “did not state on the record that he was guilty” but 

only acknowledged he would surrender certain rights by pleading guilty and, therefore, the 

trial court “did not have jurisdiction to make a finding of guilty” or “to impose any sentence.” 

The State filed a response in which it reaffirmed that the trial court had jurisdiction to enter the 

challenged judgment. 

¶ 11 At the hearing on defendant’s section 2-1401 petition, the circuit court reviewed the plea 

hearing transcript and asked defense counsel why he answered affirmatively when the trial 

court asked whether defendant was pleading guilty pursuant to the stated factual basis. Defense 

counsel responded, “at the time, I thought it was a fair deal” and he “only” filed the petition 

due to defendant’s “deportation problem.” 

¶ 12 On June 27, 2018, the circuit court entered an order dismissing defendant’s section 2-1401 

petition, stating it was untimely and that defendant failed to demonstrate that the trial court 

lacked personal or subject-matter jurisdiction and did not allege that his conviction rested on a 

facially unconstitutional statute. 

2

The record omits one page of the State’s motion.
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¶ 13 III. ANALYSIS

¶ 14 On appeal, defendant argues the circuit court “abused its discretion” by dismissing his 

section 2-1401 petition without addressing the merits because defendant never pled guilty on 

the record and, therefore, the trial court did not have jurisdiction to enter his guilty plea or 

sentence him. 

¶ 15 Section 2-1401 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2018)) provides a statutory 

procedure through which a party may challenge a final order or judgment in civil and criminal 

proceedings after 30 days from entry. People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 28. To prevail, 

a movant must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, (1) the existence of a meritorious 

claim or defense, (2) due diligence in presenting the claim or defense, and (3) due diligence in 

filing the petition. Warren County Soil & Water Conservation District v. Walters, 2015 IL 

117783, ¶ 37. 

¶ 16 Generally, a movant must file a section 2-1401 petition within two years of the challenged 

judgment unless the limitations period is waived by the opposing party. 735 ILCS 5/2-1401(c) 

(West 2018); Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 28-29. An exception to the two-year limitation 

exists where the petition attacks a final judgment on the ground that it is void. Thompson, 2015 

IL 118151, ¶ 29. A judgment is void only where it (1) was entered by a court lacking 

jurisdiction or (2) rests on a facially unconstitutional statute. Id. ¶¶ 31-32; see also People v. 

Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 19. The allegation “that the judgment or order is void 

substitutes for and negates the need to allege a meritorious defense and due diligence.” 

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Walters, 2015 IL 117783, ¶ 48. We review a circuit court’s 

decision regarding a section 2-1401 petition alleging that a judgment is void de novo. Bank of 

America, N.A. v. Kulesza, 2014 IL App (1st) 132075, ¶ 14; see also Willis Capital LLC v. 

Belvedere Trading LLC, 2015 IL App (1st) 132183, ¶ 19 (“Where the trial court dismisses a 

section 2-1401 petition without holding an evidentiary hearing, our standard of review is 

de novo.”). 

¶ 17 In this case, defendant does not assert that the statute under which he was charged and 

convicted is facially unconstitutional. Instead, defendant argues that the trial court lacked 

jurisdiction to enter judgment on the guilty plea because defendant did not plead guilty on the 

record.

¶ 18 “ ‘Jurisdiction is a fundamental prerequisite to a valid prosecution and conviction. Where 

jurisdiction is lacking, any resulting judgment rendered is void and may be attacked either 

directly or indirectly at any time.’ ” Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 11 (quoting People v. 

Davis, 156 Ill. 2d 149, 155 (1993)). Jurisdiction is composed of two elements: personal 

jurisdiction and subject-matter jurisdiction. Id. ¶ 12. Personal jurisdiction refers to a court’s 

power to “bring a person into its adjudicative process.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

A trial court acquires personal jurisdiction over a criminal defendant when he appears 

personally before it. People v. Rios, 2013 IL App (1st) 121072, ¶ 16. Subject-matter 

jurisdiction refers to a court’s power to “hear and determine cases of the general class to which 

the proceeding in question belongs.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Castleberry, 2015 IL 

116916, ¶ 12. Pursuant to the Illinois Constitution, trial courts are vested with jurisdiction over 

all justiciable matters. Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 9; Davis, 156 Ill. 2d at 156. 

¶ 19 Here, the record clearly shows that the trial court had both personal and subject-matter 

jurisdiction when it entered judgment on defendant’s guilty plea. By being present at the plea 

hearing, defendant conferred personal jurisdiction on the trial court. See Rios, 2013 IL App 
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(1st) 121072, ¶ 16. Furthermore, defendant was charged under a criminal statute, so the trial 

court had subject-matter jurisdiction over his case. See Davis, 156 Ill. 2d at 156. Because the 

trial court had the requisite jurisdiction to enter the challenged judgment, defendant fails to 

demonstrate that the judgment was void. See Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 31. Consequently, 

defendant was not excused from the limitations period, and the circuit court properly dismissed 

defendant’s section 2-1401 petition.

¶ 20 IV. CONCLUSION 

¶ 21 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 

¶ 22 Affirmed.